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diff --git a/43417-h/43417-h.htm b/43417-h/43417-h.htm index ea804f5..d44f491 100644 --- a/43417-h/43417-h.htm +++ b/43417-h/43417-h.htm @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> Conchological Manual </title> @@ -61,43 +61,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's A Conchological Manual, by George Brettingham Sowerby - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A Conchological Manual - -Author: George Brettingham Sowerby - -Release Date: August 7, 2013 [EBook #43417] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CONCHOLOGICAL MANUAL *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43417 ***</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> <tr> @@ -260,8 +224,8 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p><i>Brongn.</i> Brongniart. Author of "Memoire sur les terrains du Vicentin, d'Italie, de France, et d'Allemagne," &c.</p> - <p><i>Brug.</i> Brugière. Author of "Dictionaire des Vers testacés, dans - l'Encyclopédie," &c.</p> + <p><i>Brug.</i> Brugière. Author of "Dictionaire des Vers testacés, dans + l'Encyclopédie," &c.</p> <p><i>Cuv.</i> The late Baron Cuvier. Author of "Regne Animal," &c.</p> @@ -282,26 +246,26 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p><i>Flem.</i> Fleming.</p> - <p><i>Gmel.</i> Gmelin. Author of an edition of Linnæus's "Systema - Naturæ," &c.</p> + <p><i>Gmel.</i> Gmelin. Author of an edition of Linnæus's "Systema + Naturæ," &c.</p> <p><i>Guild.</i> Rev. Lansdown Guilding.</p> - <p><i>Hübn.</i> Hübner.</p> + <p><i>Hübn.</i> Hübner.</p> <p><i>Humph.</i> The late George Humphrey.</p> <p><i>Lam.</i> Lamarck. Author of "Animaux sans Vertebres," &c.</p> - <p><i>Lin.</i> Linnæus. Author of "Systema Naturæ," &c.</p> + <p><i>Lin.</i> Linnæus. Author of "Systema Naturæ," &c.</p> <p><i>Mont.</i> Montague. Author of "Testacea Britannica," &c.</p> <p><i>Montf.</i> Montfort. Author of "Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques," &c.</p> - <p><i>Müll.</i> Müller. Author of "Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilum," - "Zoologiæ Danicæ," &c.</p> + <p><i>Müll.</i> Müller. Author of "Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilum," + "Zoologiæ Danicæ," &c.</p> <p><i>Ranz.</i> Ranzani. Author of "Considerations sur les Balanes," &c.</p> @@ -384,7 +348,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> facilitate rather than encumber the science. The knowledge of species must be the foundation of every system, and the greater their number, the more necessary it becomes to subdivide them; if, for instance, all the - species now known were to have been included in the 50 genera of Linnæus, + species now known were to have been included in the 50 genera of Linnæus, a single genus would have contained many hundreds of incongruous species, in which case it would be much more difficult to remember them, than if they were to be divided into a far greater number of genera. Every well @@ -409,13 +373,13 @@ passage.<br /><br /> were destitute of shells, although possessing in other particulars, the characters described above, and it was used in order to distinguish them from the <span class="sc">Testacea</span>, which were covered or - internally supported by calcareous parts. In the system of Linnæus, the + internally supported by calcareous parts. In the system of Linnæus, the soft portions are first arranged under the general designation of "Vermes Mollusca," and described without regard to the presence, absence, or character of the shells; and then the shells are separately characterized under the appellation of "Vermes Testacea," without any further notice of the animal, than an indication of the genus to which it belongs; thus the - animal of Cypræa is said to be a Limax, and that of Tellina a Tethys.</p> + animal of Cypræa is said to be a Limax, and that of Tellina a Tethys.</p> <p>The nearest approach to correctness, and the most philosophical method of study will be found in the modern system, adopted by Lamarck and his @@ -538,14 +502,14 @@ passage.<br /><br /> represent a nucleus, the cross lines (<i>l</i>) will shew the consecutive layers, which enlarge their circle as they add to their numbers. This disposition of shelly matter into layers is marked externally by - concentric striæ, or <i>lines of growth</i>, while on the inside the - edges of the laminæ are consolidated into a kind of enamel. If a + concentric striæ, or <i>lines of growth</i>, while on the inside the + edges of the laminæ are consolidated into a kind of enamel. If a perpendicular section of a solid portion of a shell were magnified, it would present, in many instances, an appearance resembling the diagram, fig. 5; <i>a</i> may be taken to represent the horny part of the layers which form the outer coating, named "<i>Periostaca</i>," or "<i>Epidermis</i>;" the undulating line <i>b</i>, is formed by the edges - of the calcareous layers, and causes the striæ, or lines of growth, which + of the calcareous layers, and causes the striæ, or lines of growth, which are often distinguishable on the surface of the shell; the space <i>c</i> is the middle part of those layers, and at <i>d</i> they are consolidated into the enamel which lines the interior.</p> @@ -564,7 +528,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> instance of this may be observed in the common oyster. If a specimen of this shell be broken, the substance will be seen to exhibit a degree of looseness, and a magnifying glass will enable the student to trace - distinctly the laminæ of which it is composed. The accompanying + distinctly the laminæ of which it is composed. The accompanying representation of a magnified section (fig. 6) will shew at <i>a</i>, the external surface, with the foliations or leaves; at <i>b</i>, the parcels of layers which form them; and at <i>c</i>, the pearly structure produced @@ -636,9 +600,9 @@ passage.<br /><br /> plates</i>" by some authors. They are fixed by means of cartilages, on the back of the hinge.—The engraving, fig. 7, represents the accessary valves of a species of Pholas, which was on this account - arranged by Linnæus with the Multivalves. Nearly allied to the Pholades + arranged by Linnæus with the Multivalves. Nearly allied to the Pholades is a set of shells to which De Blainville has given the name - "<i>Tubicolæ</i>," or inhabitants of tubes. In this case, the bivalve + "<i>Tubicolæ</i>," or inhabitants of tubes. In this case, the bivalve shell is connected with a testaceous tube or pipe, to which it is attached either by one or by both valves, or in which it lies attached only by the cartilages of the animal. In the genus Aspergillum, the two @@ -681,11 +645,11 @@ passage.<br /><br /> all the classes and orders, and include by far the greater number of species. They vary in the habits of the animal, and consequently in the situations in which they are found. Some are found buried in sand and - marine mud, and are named "<i>Arenicolæ</i>" or inhabitants of sand; + marine mud, and are named "<i>Arenicolæ</i>" or inhabitants of sand; others in holes of rocks and other hard substances, then they are named - "<i>Petricolæ</i>,"—some of these latter form the holes in which + "<i>Petricolæ</i>,"—some of these latter form the holes in which they live by corroding or eating away the stone. A section of these form - the family of "<i>Lithophagidæ</i>," or stone-eaters, of Lamarck. Others, + the family of "<i>Lithophagidæ</i>," or stone-eaters, of Lamarck. Others, again, take up their parasitical abode in the bodies of animals, and feed upon their substance; as for instance, the Stylifer, which is found in the vital part of star-fish, and Coronula, and Tubicinella, found buried @@ -701,8 +665,8 @@ passage.<br /><br /> substance, secreted by the animal, and joining part of the surface of the shell to that of the stone, coral, or other substance. In this way shells are fixed to each other in groups; this is the case with the Spondyli - among bivalves, and the Serpulæ among univalves. M. de Blainville applies - the term "<i>Fixæ</i>" to these shells. Others are kept in a particular + among bivalves, and the Serpulæ among univalves. M. de Blainville applies + the term "<i>Fixæ</i>" to these shells. Others are kept in a particular place by means of a <i>Byssus</i> or Tendinous fibrous line or bunch of silky hairs, acting as a cable, and allowing the Mollusc to ride as it were at anchor. This Tendon is connected with some part of the animal @@ -894,14 +858,14 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>These are <i>conical</i>, <i>irregular</i>, <i>spiral</i>, or <i>convolute</i>. The <i>conical</i> form is when there is no enrolment - of the apex. Although the Patellæ were described as symmetrical, there + of the apex. Although the Patellæ were described as symmetrical, there are several species of Patelliform shells which are not symmetrical. In Umbrella, for instance, the apex is oblique, the shells being placed obliquely on the animal. In the genus <i>Siphonaria</i>, there is a groove on one side, where the brachia or gills of the animal rest. In the genus Ancylus, it will be observed that the apex bends on one side, and - the animal is like the Limnæa, which has a spiral shell. The cup and - saucer Limpets, or Calyptrædæ, present a group which requires to be + the animal is like the Limnæa, which has a spiral shell. The cup and + saucer Limpets, or Calyptrædæ, present a group which requires to be described, differently from the symmetrical or true Limpets. Their structure is very curious, and they vary considerably among themselves, some of them being simply conical, others nearly flat, or discoidal, and @@ -920,9 +884,9 @@ passage.<br /><br /> </div> <p>The form from which the group derives its generic appellation is that of the cup-shaped or <i>Cyathiform</i> species (fig. 17). In the - Crepidulæ, or Slipper-Limpets, the septum is flat, reaching across the + Crepidulæ, or Slipper-Limpets, the septum is flat, reaching across the opening, like the deck of a vessel; it is then described as - <i>transverse</i> (fig. 20). In Calyptræa Equestris, it has two prominent + <i>transverse</i> (fig. 20). In Calyptræa Equestris, it has two prominent points, and is described as <i>bi-furcated</i> (fig. 18). In another species, it is a three-sided plate rather spiral at the apex (fig. 19).</p> @@ -994,7 +958,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> very remarkable instance also occurs in Bulinus decollatus (cut, fig. 27, 28), so named, because the apex, to the depth of several whorls, falls off, and the shell is <i>decollated</i>. In this, and many more - instances, among Pupæform land shells, the occurrence of this + instances, among Pupæform land shells, the occurrence of this circumstance seems to be by no means rare or accidental, a provision having been made for filling up the opening by a septum. A <i>papillary apex</i> is one which is swelled at the extremity into a little rounded @@ -1085,7 +1049,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <i>posterior</i>, the part nearest to the apex. Thus some apertures are described as <i>posteriorly contracted</i> and <i>anteriorly widened</i>, or the reverse. A <i>linear</i> aperture is one contracted in its whole - length, as in Cypræa. When the whorls are angulated, a <i>trigonal</i> + length, as in Cypræa. When the whorls are angulated, a <i>trigonal</i> aperture is the result, as in many species of Trochus. Some are <i>transversely oval</i>, that is in an opposite direction to the axis, and others <i>longitudinally oval</i>. When the whorls are formed with @@ -1098,14 +1062,14 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <a href="images/cmfigs43-50.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/cmfigs43-50.png" alt="Figs. 43-50." title="Figs. 43-50." /></a> <p style="text-align:center">Fig. 43, Helicina, <i>semilunar</i>; 44, - Pirena, <i>pyriform</i>; 45, Cypræa, <i>linear</i>; 46, Trochus, + Pirena, <i>pyriform</i>; 45, Cypræa, <i>linear</i>; 46, Trochus, <i>trigonal</i>; 47, Cyclostoma, <i>rounded</i>; 48, Chilina, <i>posteriorly contracted</i>; 49, Stomatia, <i>transversely oval</i>; 50, Murex, <i>longitudinally oval</i>.</p> </div> <p>The entire edge of the aperture described generally, is named the - Peritrême, but this term can only be conveniently applied in cases where, + Peritrême, but this term can only be conveniently applied in cases where, in some at least of its characters, it is the same all round, so that one descriptive term is applicable to the whole. As, however, this is of rare occurrence, it is found convenient in descriptions to separate the rim @@ -1139,7 +1103,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <i>recurved</i> and <i>varicose</i>. If the edges meet, so as to form a tube, it is said to be closed, as in some species of Murex and Typhis. The posterior canal is, in some cases, <i>free</i>, or standing out from - the spire, as in some species of Ranellæ; while in others it is + the spire, as in some species of Ranellæ; while in others it is <i>decumbent</i>, running up the sides of the spire, as in Rostellaria (fig. 402, pl.).</p> @@ -1166,20 +1130,20 @@ passage.<br /><br /> case of absence) is named the <i>outer lip</i>. In many cases the edges are united in such a manner, that it is difficult to distinguish where the inner lip terminates, and the outer lip commences: when this is the - case, it is usual to describe the margin or peritrême, as a whole, + case, it is usual to describe the margin or peritrême, as a whole, without distinguishing the parts. The <i>outer</i> lip, sometimes called the right lip, or <i>labrum</i> of continental writers, is sometimes acute, not being of thicker substance than the remainder of the shell. In other cases it is <i>obtuse</i>, or thickened and rounded at the edge. When thickened and turned backwards it is described as <i>reflected</i>; when, on the other hand, it is turned inwards towards the axis, as in the - Cyprædæ, it is <i>inflected</i>, or involute. When it is <i>toothed</i>, + Cyprædæ, it is <i>inflected</i>, or involute. When it is <i>toothed</i>, a distinction must be observed as to whether the dentations are external or internal. If the teeth are small and numerous, it is <i>denticulated</i>; if larger, it is <i>dentated</i>; when expanded into a kind of wing, as in some species of Strombus and Rostellaria, it is described as <i>alated</i>; and a family in Lamarck's system is named - "Alatæ," from this very circumstance. In some of those which are + "Alatæ," from this very circumstance. In some of those which are expanded, the expansion is divided into separate, attenuated portions, they are then said to be digitated.</p> @@ -1189,7 +1153,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <a href="images/cmfigs55-59.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/cmfigs55-59.png" alt="Figs. 55-59." title="Figs. 55-59." /></a> <p style="text-align:center">Fig. 55, Helix, <i>reflected</i>; 56, - Cypræa, <i>involute</i>, <i>denticulated</i>; 57, Sera, <i>alated</i>; + Cypræa, <i>involute</i>, <i>denticulated</i>; 57, Sera, <i>alated</i>; 58, Murex, <i>digitated</i>; 59, Rostellaria, <i>dentated</i>.</p> </div> @@ -1211,7 +1175,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> particularly conspicuous in the genera Cymba and Melo, where, being obliquely spiral and laminar, they are extremely elegant, presenting to the eye graduated repetitions of the line of beauty. In other cases, as - in the Turbinellæ, they are more horizontal and thickened.</p> + in the Turbinellæ, they are more horizontal and thickened.</p> <p>In some cases the columella is swelled into a varicose mass; as in Oliva, Ancillaria, &c.; it is then described as <i>tumid</i> or @@ -1403,7 +1367,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>When the cardinal teeth terminate in a double point, which is not unfrequently the case, they are said to be <i>bifid</i>. The lateral teeth, in various species, are distinguished as terminating <i>near</i> - to, or at a <i>distance</i> from the umbones. In the Nuculæ and Arcæ + to, or at a <i>distance</i> from the umbones. In the Nuculæ and Arcæ there is a row of teeth placed across the hinge lamina. In which case, the lateral cannot be distinguished from the cardinal teeth.</p> @@ -1540,7 +1504,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;">MULTIVALVE SHELLS.</p> <p>These are of three different kinds; first, the "<i>dorsal</i>," as - they are termed by Linnæus, because they form a ridge in the back of the + they are termed by Linnæus, because they form a ridge in the back of the animal. They are composed of eight pieces, or separate valves, placed in a longitudinal series, being joined to each other by inserted lamina, and named <i>Articulata</i> by De Blainville, on that account. The genus @@ -1613,7 +1577,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> enumerate a few of them in this place, although they are explained under their respective letters in the alphabetical part of the work.</p> - <p>When bars or ribs, or large striæ are crossed by others radiating from + <p>When bars or ribs, or large striæ are crossed by others radiating from the umbones, shells are said to be <i>cancellated</i>, as represented in cut, fig. 91. When there is a series of nodules or spines on the upper part of the whorls, they are <i>coronated</i>, as shewn in cut, fig. 92. @@ -1625,7 +1589,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <i>pectinatus</i>, in consequence of this character. Shells are said to be <i>plicated</i> when characterized by angular bendings or foldings in their surface, as shewn in cut, fig. 95. A strong instance of this is - seen in the Ostræa Crista-Galli. When the margin of any shell has a + seen in the Ostræa Crista-Galli. When the margin of any shell has a series of minute notches, resembling the teeth of a saw, it is said to be <i>serrated</i>; when covered with raised points or spines it is <i>aculeated</i>; and when striated in both directions, it is @@ -1672,7 +1636,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> testaceous animals. This order includes tubular shells, which, with the exception of Dentalium, are irregularly twisted, and attached to each other, or to extraneous substances. The first family <i>Dorsalia</i>, - contains the genus Siliquaria (plates, fig. 1), known from the Serpulæ, + contains the genus Siliquaria (plates, fig. 1), known from the Serpulæ, by the slit which passes through the whole length of the shell on the upper surface of the tube. The second family, <i>Maldania</i>, has the genus Dentalium (plates, fig. 2), a species of which are commonly known @@ -1692,7 +1656,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>This class constitutes the tenth of invertebrated animals, and receives its name from the jointed and ciliated branchia which protrude between the opercular valves. They are Multivalve shells, and were all - included in the single genus Lepas in the system of Linnæus, and are + included in the single genus Lepas in the system of Linnæus, and are commonly known by the name "Barnacles." Lamarck has, however, divided them into two distinct orders. First, the <i>Sessile</i> Cirripedes or those which being composed of several valves, joined to each other, side @@ -1704,8 +1668,8 @@ passage.<br /><br /> flattened disc attached by means of a tendinous tube called a peduncle. The first of these orders includes the genera Tubicinella, Coronula, Platylepas, Clitia, Conia, Elmineus, Catophragmus, Octomeris, Balanus, - Creusia, Nobia, Savignium, Pyrgoma, Adna, Megatréma. The second contains - the genera Pentelasmis, Scalpellum, Smilium, Pollicipes, Bisnæus, + Creusia, Nobia, Savignium, Pyrgoma, Adna, Megatréma. The second contains + the genera Pentelasmis, Scalpellum, Smilium, Pollicipes, Bisnæus, Lithotrya, Ibla, Octolasmis, Cineras, Otion.</p> <p>Conchological writers are not agreed as to the propriety of allowing @@ -1734,18 +1698,18 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <blockquote class="b1n b1xtra"> - <p>1. <i>Tubicolæ</i> (plates, fig. 44 to 54), having shelly tubes + <p>1. <i>Tubicolæ</i> (plates, fig. 44 to 54), having shelly tubes besides the valves. This family contains the genera Aspergillum, - Clavagella, Teredina, Teredo, Xylophaga, Fistulana, and Gastrochæna.</p> + Clavagella, Teredina, Teredo, Xylophaga, Fistulana, and Gastrochæna.</p> <p>2. <i>Pholadaria</i> (plates, fig. 55 to 59), cylindrical, living in holes in rocks pierced by the animals. Lamarck places in this family the - genera Pholas and Gastrochæna, the last of which belongs more properly to - the family Tubicolæ, as placed above.</p> + genera Pholas and Gastrochæna, the last of which belongs more properly to + the family Tubicolæ, as placed above.</p> <p>3. <i>Solenacea</i> (plates, fig. 60 to 68), longitudinally (transversely, Lam.) elongated, open at the anterior and posterior - extremities. This family contains the genera Solen, Pholadomya, Panopæa, + extremities. This family contains the genera Solen, Pholadomya, Panopæa, Glycimeris (Solecurtus) and Solenimya.</p> <p>4. <i>Myaria</i> (plates, fig. 69 to 76), ligament internal. A @@ -1764,14 +1728,14 @@ passage.<br /><br /> valve deeper than the other, although regular shells. This small family contains only the genera Corbula and Pandora.</p> - <p>7. <i>Lithophagidæ</i> (plates, fig. 91 to 97), irregular, + <p>7. <i>Lithophagidæ</i> (plates, fig. 91 to 97), irregular, terebrating, living in holes of rocks. The genera are Saxicava, Petricola, and Venerirupis.</p> <p>8. <i>Nymphacea</i> (plates, fig. 98 to 110), ligament external, generally placed upon a prominent fulcrum, which passes from the inside to the outside of the hinge; valves generally gaping at the extremities. - This family contains the genera Sanguinolaria, Psammobia, Psammotæa, + This family contains the genera Sanguinolaria, Psammobia, Psammotæa, Tellinides, Corbis, Lucina, Donax, Capsa, and Crassina.</p> <p>9. <i>Conchacea</i> (plates, fig. 111 to 121), regular, having several @@ -1781,7 +1745,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> closed, especially at the sides; they are always more or less inequilateral. They are divided into the <i>fluviatile</i> and <i>marine Conchacea</i>, the first containing the genera Cyclas, Cyrena, and - Galathæa, found in rivers; and the second, Cyprina, Cytherea, Venus, and + Galathæa, found in rivers; and the second, Cyprina, Cytherea, Venus, and Venericardia.</p> <p>10. <i>Cardiacea</i> (plates, fig. 122 to 130). This family, which @@ -1792,7 +1756,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>11. <i>Arcacea</i> (plates, fig. 131 to 138). These are known by having a row of numerous small teeth on the cardinal hinge in each valve. - The genera included are, Cucullæa, Arca, Pectunculus, Nucula.</p> + The genera included are, Cucullæa, Arca, Pectunculus, Nucula.</p> <p>12. <i>Trigonacea</i> (plates, fig. 139 and 140). It is doubtful whether this family should remain distinct. As of the two genera placed @@ -1838,7 +1802,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>5. <i>Ostracea</i> (plates, fig. 180 to 192). The shells of this family are irregular, generally attached and foliaceous. They compose the - genera Gryphæa, Ostræa, Vulsella, Placuna, Anomia.</p> + genera Gryphæa, Ostræa, Vulsella, Placuna, Anomia.</p> <p>6. <i>Rudistes</i> (plates 193 to 200). This family is composed of a particular association of shells, which appear on one side to be @@ -1846,7 +1810,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> Brachiopoda. They differ from Ostracea in having no hinge or ligament, and only resemble them in their irregularity and foliaceous structure. The following six genera are placed by Lamarck in this - family:—Sphærulites, Radiolites, Calceola, Birostrites, Discina, + family:—Sphærulites, Radiolites, Calceola, Birostrites, Discina, Crania. Of these, Calceola, Discina, and Crania are shewn to belong to the Brachiopoda.</p> @@ -1885,9 +1849,9 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>This order, containing hyaline, symmetrical, non-spiral shells, as above described, is not divided into families, but contains the following - genera, Hyalæa, Cleodora, Limacina, Cymbulia; the first of which, + genera, Hyalæa, Cleodora, Limacina, Cymbulia; the first of which, although composed of a single piece, resembles a bivalve so nearly, that - Linnæus actually placed it in his genus Anomia.</p> + Linnæus actually placed it in his genus Anomia.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;">Order <i>Gasteropoda</i>.</p> @@ -1912,10 +1876,10 @@ passage.<br /><br /> shells of this family, although united by no other general characters, are brought together by the characters of the animals which produce them. The genera are Parmophorus, Emarginula, Siphonaria, Fissurella, - Pileopsis, Calyptræa, Crepidula, Ancylus.</p> + Pileopsis, Calyptræa, Crepidula, Ancylus.</p> <p>4. <i>Bulleana</i> (plates, fig. 247 to 253), contains the genera - Bulla and Bullæa.</p> + Bulla and Bullæa.</p> <p>5. <i>Aplysiacea</i> (plates, fig. 254 and 255). The genera Aplysia and Dolabella are both expanded, somewhat flattened shells, with the apex @@ -1995,7 +1959,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> Triton, are distinguished by having at the anterior termination of the aperture, a more or less elongated canal.</p> - <p>11. <i>Alatæ</i> (plates, fig. 402 to 406). These are known by having + <p>11. <i>Alatæ</i> (plates, fig. 402 to 406). These are known by having the outer lip more or less expanded and generally a posterior canal leaning towards the spire. The genera are Rostellaria, Strombus, and Pteroceras.</p> @@ -2014,11 +1978,11 @@ passage.<br /><br /> Marginella, Volvaria, Columbella, the latter of which would be better placed among the Purpurifera.</p> - <p>14. Convolutæ (plates, fig. 444 to 462). The well-known shells + <p>14. Convolutæ (plates, fig. 444 to 462). The well-known shells contained in this family are distinguished for the small proportion of the spire, if any, which remains uncovered by the last whorl. They might be well divided into two groups, the first containing the genera Ovulum - and Cypræa, under the name of Cypræadæ, which are truly convolute, having + and Cypræa, under the name of Cypræadæ, which are truly convolute, having the spire entirely hidden; and the second containing the genera Oliva. Ancillaria, and Conus.</p> @@ -2118,8 +2082,8 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>ACANTHOCHETES. A name given to a species of Chiton having bunches of bristles at the sides of the valves.</p> - <p>ACARDO. Commerçon. Described from a pair of bony plates, taken from - the vertebræ of the Whale, and mistaken for a bivalve shell, destitute of + <p>ACARDO. Commerçon. Described from a pair of bony plates, taken from + the vertebræ of the Whale, and mistaken for a bivalve shell, destitute of a hinge.</p> <p>ACARDO. Swainson. A generic term applied by Swainson to the nearly @@ -2135,21 +2099,21 @@ passage.<br /><br /> a flat surface, in an open situation, the base will be short and flat; if it be placed in a hollow among other growing substances, it will be lengthened out in order that the aperture of the shell may be even with - the outer surface of the surrounding mass; and if, as in the Acastæ, it + the outer surface of the surrounding mass; and if, as in the Acastæ, it be imbedded in a soft and loose substance, the base, being left to - itself, will take a regular form. The Acastæ are found imbedded in + itself, will take a regular form. The Acastæ are found imbedded in sponges. <i>Ex.</i> Balanus Montagui, of Great Britain, fig. 26. Also found in the Pacific ocean and Philippines.</p> <p>ACAVUS. Montfort. <i>Fam.</i> Limacinea, Blainville; Colimacea, Lamarck. A division of the genus Helix, which may be considered synonymous with De Ferrusac's sub-genus Helicogena. De Montfort has given - H. Hæmastoma, as an example. Fig. 267.</p> + H. Hæmastoma, as an example. Fig. 267.</p> <p>ACCESSARY VALVES, are the smaller or less important testaceous plates, found on the hinge or dorsal margins of the true valves of some shells. Example, the small plates on the hinge of Pholas, fig. 55, <i>a</i>. The - Pholades were placed by Linnæus and Bruguière among multivalve + Pholades were placed by Linnæus and Bruguière among multivalve shells.</p> <p>ACEPHALOPHORA. Blainville. (<i>a</i>, without; <span title="kephale" class="grk" @@ -2161,12 +2125,12 @@ passage.<br /><br /> contains no genera of testaceous Mollusca.</p> <p>ACHATINA, Auctorum. <i>Fam.</i> Colimacea, Lam. (from Achates, an - agate.) <i>Fam.</i> Limacineæ, Bl. <i>Gen.</i> <span + agate.) <i>Fam.</i> Limacineæ, Bl. <i>Gen.</i> <span class="sc">Polyphemus</span>, Montf.—<i>Descr.</i> Shell oval or oblong, sub-turrited, light, thin; aperture oval, or pyriform; outer lip sharp; columella smooth, tortuous, truncated, so as to form a notch at its union with the outer lip.—<i>Obs.</i> It is from this notch - that we are enabled to distinguish Achatinæ from Bulini, which, moreover, + that we are enabled to distinguish Achatinæ from Bulini, which, moreover, generally have a reflected outer lip. The Polyphemi of Montfort have an undulation in the centre of the outer lip. Achatina Virginea, fig. 286. Polyphemus Glans, fig. 288. These land shells are found in various parts @@ -2237,7 +2201,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> four valves. Adna, fig. 32. British Channel and Mediterranean.</p> <p>ADNATE. A term applied by some authors to those shells belonging to - the family of Unionidæ, which have the valves joined together at the + the family of Unionidæ, which have the valves joined together at the dorsal margin, not like other bivalves, by a distinct ligament, but by the substance of the shell itself, the valves appearing to grow together in such a manner that they cannot be separated without one of them being @@ -2247,9 +2211,9 @@ passage.<br /><br /> which when young are "<i>adnate</i>," when fully grown have their valves joined together only by a ligament.</p> - <p>ÆGLIA. Say. A division of "Unionidæ," described as having the "shell + <p>ÆGLIA. Say. A division of "Unionidæ," described as having the "shell cuneate; bosses prominent; cardinal teeth much compressed, placed on one - side of the bosses. Æglia ovata, <i>Say</i>. Occidens <i>Lea</i>. Am. Tr. + side of the bosses. Æglia ovata, <i>Say</i>. Occidens <i>Lea</i>. Am. Tr. iii. pl. 10." Lardner's Encyclopedia of Malacology.</p> <p>AGANIDES. Montf. <span class="sc">Orbulites</span>, Lam.</p> @@ -2260,15 +2224,15 @@ passage.<br /><br /> Auct.</p> <p>AKERA. Bl. The fourth family of the order Monopleurobranchiata, Bl. - containing the genera Bulla, Bullæa and Bellerophon, which, excepting the - last, constitutes the family Bullæana, Lam.</p> + containing the genera Bulla, Bullæa and Bellerophon, which, excepting the + last, constitutes the family Bullæana, Lam.</p> <p>AKERA. A genus of extremely light, horny shells, resembling <span class="sc">Bulla</span>, from which it differs, in the outer lip being separated from the body whorl, which is elastic. <i>Ex.</i> Bulla fragilis, fig. 247.</p> - <p>ALÆA. Jeffrey's. A genus of minute land shells, resembling + <p>ALÆA. Jeffrey's. A genus of minute land shells, resembling <i>Vertigo</i>, but separated because they are dextral, while Vertigo is sinistral. <i>Ex.</i> fig. 292. A. marginata, Pupa marginata, Drap. found in marshy ground, roots of trees, moss, &c. Britain and Southern and @@ -2278,7 +2242,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> Auct. consisting of those species which have cardinal, but no lateral teeth. <i>Ex.</i> A. complanatus, fig. 141. North America and Europe.</p> - <p>ALATÆ. Lam. A family of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. containing the + <p>ALATÆ. Lam. A family of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. containing the following genera which may be thus distinguished.</p> </blockquote> @@ -2301,7 +2265,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> portion of them is spread out in any direction, as in fig. 403. Hippochrenes, Montf. and fig. 147, Unio Alatus.</p> - <p>ALCADIA. Gray? (B. M. Syn. p. 134) Helicinæ which have a notch in the + <p>ALCADIA. Gray? (B. M. Syn. p. 134) Helicinæ which have a notch in the aperture. A distinction which it is impossible to maintain. See <span class="sc">Helicina</span>.</p> @@ -2321,7 +2285,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>AMARULA ——? A genus composed of <span class="sc">Melania</span> Amarula, Auct. and similar species.</p> - <p>AMBIGUÆ. Lam. The fourth section of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, + <p>AMBIGUÆ. Lam. The fourth section of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, containing the family Chamacea, fig. 153 to 155.</p> <p>AMICULA. A genus formed for the reception of <span @@ -2383,7 +2347,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> its author, and the species stands in his system as Succinea cucullata. West Indies.</p> - <p>AMPHIDESMA. Lam. (from <span title="Amphô" class="grk" + <p>AMPHIDESMA. Lam. (from <span title="Amphô" class="grk" >Αμφω</span>, <i>ampho</i>, <i>ambo</i>, <span title="Desmos" class="grk" >Δεσμος</span>, <i>desmos</i>, @@ -2399,7 +2363,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> ligament</i>. This circumstance distinguishes the genus Amphidesma from Tellina, which in other respects it greatly resembles. From Lutraria it may be known by its distinct lateral teeth, and also by its valves being - nearly close all round, while the Lutrariæ gape anteriorly. The species + nearly close all round, while the Lutrariæ gape anteriorly. The species do not appear to be numerous, no fossil species are known. A. <i>Reticulatum</i>, fig. 85. West India Islands, Brazil, Coast of Pacific, &c.</p> @@ -2475,7 +2439,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> signifies Duckbearing, has been given to the shells commonly called Barnacles, on account of an absurd notion entertained among the ancients, that they inclose the young of the Barnacle duck, in an embryo state. The - beautiful bunch of jointed arms, the ciliæ of which serve the purpose of + beautiful bunch of jointed arms, the ciliæ of which serve the purpose of agitating the water, so as to draw in food by the current, were supposed to be the feathers of the future bird. For a description of these shells, see <span class="sc">Pentelasmis</span>; and fig. 34.</p> @@ -2488,12 +2452,12 @@ passage.<br /><br /> of authors, A. striata, for instance, have not the spoon-shaped prominence, but in its place a small, testaceous, moving appendage, connected with the interior of the hinge. These are now separated, and - form the genus <span class="sc">Lyonsia</span>. The genus Næara, Gray, is + form the genus <span class="sc">Lyonsia</span>. The genus Næara, Gray, is composed of Anatina longirostrum, and similar species, which have neither the bony appendage nor the spoon-shaped prominence. Mya is distinguished from Anatina, by the thickness of the shell, and also by having the prominence only in the hinge of one valve. Fig. 69. A. rostrata. The - Anatinæ are found in the East Indies and South Sea Islands.</p> + Anatinæ are found in the East Indies and South Sea Islands.</p> <p>ANATINELLA. G. B. Sowerby. (Dimunition of <i>Anatina</i>). A genus so named from its resemblance to Anatina, from which it differs in being @@ -2510,11 +2474,11 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>ANCILLA. Lam. <span class="sc">Ancillaria</span>, Auct.</p> <p>ANCILLARIA. Auct. <span class="sc">Ancilla</span>, Lam. (<i>A - handmaid.</i>) <i>Fam.</i> convolutæ, Lam. Angyostomata, + handmaid.</i>) <i>Fam.</i> convolutæ, Lam. Angyostomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Smooth, oblong, subcylindrical. Spire short, sutures hidden by enamel. Aperture long, anteriorly emarginated and somewhat effuse. Columella tortuous, oblique, tumid, - truncated.—<i>Obs.</i> The Ancillariæ are pretty shining shells, + truncated.—<i>Obs.</i> The Ancillariæ are pretty shining shells, enveloped almost entirely by the soft parts of the animal. They resemble Oliva, from which they are distinguished by the suture of the spire being filled up with shelly enamel, nearly covering the surface. The whorls in @@ -2522,7 +2486,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> Terebellum by the tumid varix at the base of the columella. The well known Ivory shell, Eburna glabrata, <i>Lam.</i> belongs to this genus, of which a few fossil species are found in the London clay, Calcaire - grossièr and green sand, Turin. The recent species are found in the + grossièr and green sand, Turin. The recent species are found in the Islands of the Indian Ocean and Australian Seas. A. glabrata is represented in the plates fig. 455; A. cinnamonea, fig. 456.</p> @@ -2541,7 +2505,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> turned sidewise and backwards; aperture oval; margin simple.—<i>Obs.</i> Although the little fresh-water shells described under this name, resemble those of the genus Patella, the - animals which produce them are nearly allied to the Lymneanæ. And, it may + animals which produce them are nearly allied to the Lymneanæ. And, it may also be observed, that the shells themselves differ from Patella in not being quite symmetrical, having the apex turned on one side. A. fluviatilis, fig. 246. Found in Great Britain, and in Southern and @@ -2564,10 +2528,10 @@ passage.<br /><br /> narrow, straight apertures, and the columellar lips straight or nearly so. Were it not for the admission of the genus Strombus into this family, it would correspond with <span class="sc">Columellaria</span> and <span - class="sc">Convolutæ</span> of Lamarck.</p> + class="sc">Convolutæ</span> of Lamarck.</p> <p>ANNELIDES. The ninth class of invertebrated animals, divided into - three orders, namely, A. Apodes, A. Antennés, and A. Sedentaires. The + three orders, namely, A. Apodes, A. Antennés, and A. Sedentaires. The last only contains families of testaceous Mollusca. The animals are vermicular, some naked, others inhabiting shelly tubes. See <span class="sc">Sedentary Annelides</span>.</p> @@ -2592,10 +2556,10 @@ passage.<br /><br /> substances by means of a bony appendage, which passes through a large circular opening in the lower valve; muscular impression divided into three irregular portions; hinge destitute of teeth with a short - cartilage.—<i>Obs.</i> The Linnæan genus included not only the + cartilage.—<i>Obs.</i> The Linnæan genus included not only the shells to which the description above given would apply, but also many other genera, such as Crania, Orbicula, Terebratula, &c. which belong - to the Brachiopoda, and are perfectly distinct. The Anomiæ are found in + to the Brachiopoda, and are perfectly distinct. The Anomiæ are found in Europe, N. America, Moluccas, Philippine Islands, &c. Fig. 186, in the plates, is a somewhat reduced representation of a full grown specimen of A. Ephippium. Fig. 187, the hinge of the under valve, with the bony @@ -2623,7 +2587,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> apex. Of a <i>symmetrical</i> conical univalve such as Patella, it is that part where the head of the animal lies, indicated by the interruption of the muscular impression. Of <i>cirripedes</i>, that part - where the ciliæ protrude are anterior; of <i>Brachiopoda</i>, that part + where the ciliæ protrude are anterior; of <i>Brachiopoda</i>, that part which is farthest from the umbones and which corresponds with the ventral margin in other Bivalves. The anterior of <i>symmetrical, convolute univalves</i>, is the outer or dorsal part of the aperture, or that part @@ -2660,10 +2624,10 @@ passage.<br /><br /> which the volutions turn. The outer lip, sometimes called the labrum, is on the opposite side, or the farthest from the axis. If the edges of the inner and outer lips unite all round, they are described as composing the - peritrême. In fig. 318, the aperture is marked by the letter + peritrême. In fig. 318, the aperture is marked by the letter <i>a</i>.</p> - <p>APHRODITA. Lea. (from <span title="Aphroditê" class="grk" + <p>APHRODITA. Lea. (from <span title="Aphroditê" class="grk" >Αφροδιτη</span>, Greek name of Venus.) A genus composed of <span class="sc">Cardium</span> Groenlandicum, Auct. fig. 123*, and other similar species of Cardium, the @@ -2677,7 +2641,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>APICULUM. Humph. <span class="sc">Trochus</span>, Lam.</p> <p>APLEUROTIS. Rafinesque. A genus unfigured and imperfectly described as - differing in some respects from Terebratula and other Brachiopodæ.</p> + differing in some respects from Terebratula and other Brachiopodæ.</p> <p>APLEXUS. Fleming. A genus composed of <span class="sc">Physa</span> Hypnorum, Drap. &c. and described as having the inner lip simple, and @@ -2692,7 +2656,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <span class="sc">Bulla</span> which have the spire uncovered. <i>Ex.</i> Bulla Aplustre, (<i>aplustre</i>, a flag.) Auct. fig. 289.</p> - <p>APLYSIA. Linn. (<i>a</i>, without; <span title="Pluô" class="grk" + <p>APLYSIA. Linn. (<i>a</i>, without; <span title="Pluô" class="grk" >Πλυω</span>, to wash.) <i>Fam.</i> Laplysiens, Lam. Aplysiana, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Horny, transparent, clypeiform, or shield-shaped, placed horizontally on the back of the animal, with its @@ -2719,7 +2683,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>APOROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of the second section of Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. The Thecosmata is the only family of this - order containing any approach to shells, these are Hyalæa and + order containing any approach to shells, these are Hyalæa and Cymbulia.</p> <p>APORRHAIS. Petiver. A genus formed of <span @@ -2741,7 +2705,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> Triton, which is described as having a short spire, being covered with tubercles and umbilicated. Triton Cutaceus, fig. 399.</p> - <p>ARCA. Auct. (Anglicè, a boat.) <i>Fam.</i> Arcacea, + <p>ARCA. Auct. (Anglicè, a boat.) <i>Fam.</i> Arcacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Obliquely transverse, subquadrate, equivalve, or nearly so, inequilateral, thick, ventricose, longitudinally ribbed, dentated near the inner margins; hinge rectilinear, forming a flat, @@ -2750,17 +2714,17 @@ passage.<br /><br /> umbones in each valve; muscular impressions distant.—<i>Obs.</i> The shells composing this genus are easily distinguished from those of all other bivalve shells, by the straight, linear row of small, notched - teeth, and by the area between the umbones. The genus <i>Cucullæa</i> + teeth, and by the area between the umbones. The genus <i>Cucullæa</i> makes the nearest approach to it in this respect, but it may easily be known from it by the outermost teeth on each side of the row being oblique, and lengthened out; and also by the prominent edge of the muscular impression. These shells are found recent, in various marine - localities; fossil, in the tertiary deposits. The Arca Noæ, formerly + localities; fossil, in the tertiary deposits. The Arca Noæ, formerly regarded as the type of this genus, has, with several other species, been separated from it under the name of Bysso-arca, by Swainson, on account of an hiatus in the ventral margin, to admit the passage of a byssus; - this is not found in the true Arcæ. The true Arcæ are mostly tropical. - Arca Antiquata, fig. 131. Bysso-arca Noæ, 132.</p> + this is not found in the true Arcæ. The true Arcæ are mostly tropical. + Arca Antiquata, fig. 131. Bysso-arca Noæ, 132.</p> <p>ARCACEA. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, characterized by a series of teeth placed on the hinge in a line. The genera may be @@ -2775,7 +2739,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>2. <span class="sc">Bysso-arca.</span> Valves gaping. Fig. 132.</p> - <p>3. <span class="sc">Cucullæa.</span> Distant teeth oblique; posterior + <p>3. <span class="sc">Cucullæa.</span> Distant teeth oblique; posterior muscular impression prominent. Fig. 133.</p> <p>4. <span class="sc">Pectunculus.</span> Hinge curved. Fig. 134.</p> @@ -2793,7 +2757,7 @@ passage.<br /><br /> <p>ARCHAIAS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>ARCHONTE. Montf. <span class="sc">Hyalæa</span>, Auct.</p> + <p>ARCHONTE. Montf. <span class="sc">Hyalæa</span>, Auct.</p> <p>ARCINELLA. Schum. <span class="sc">Chama</span> Arcinella, Auct.</p> @@ -2817,10 +2781,10 @@ passage.<br /><br /> >Cephalopoda</span> Monothalamia, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Light, thin, transparent or nearly so, symmetrically convolute, carinated by a double row of tubercles, terminating smooth or tuberculated ribs radiating - towards the centre; aperture large, elongated; peritrême acute, + towards the centre; aperture large, elongated; peritrême acute, interrupted by the body whorl.—<i>Obs.</i> The exquisitely beautiful, light and delicate fabrics included under the above name are - inhabited by a molluscous animal named the <i>Ocythöe</i>, which is + inhabited by a molluscous animal named the <i>Ocythöe</i>, which is provided with tuberculated arms. These, hanging over the sides of the aperture, give to the whole the appearance of a vessel propelled by oars: a poetical illusion further heightened by the broad, flat membranes of @@ -2845,13 +2809,13 @@ whether the animal really belongs to the shell in which it is found, or whether, having destroyed the rightful owner, it has possessed itself of the "frail bark." It is now, however, proved beyond the shadow of a doubt that the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Agonaut'.">Argonaut</span> is the -testaceous part of the Ocythöe, and that the broad membranes +testaceous part of the Ocythöe, and that the broad membranes which in some representations have been artificially placed as sails, are naturally bent backwards over the shell like the mantle of some other molluscs. The interesting experiments of Madame Power, in the Mediterranean, have contributed very materially to lead the investigations of Naturalists to a satisfactory conclusion. -This lady kept a cage under water, in which Argonautæ +This lady kept a cage under water, in which Argonautæ were bred in great numbers, giving her an opportunity of tracing the gradual development of the shell in all its stages, from the elastic and transparent nucleus to the full grown "Paper Sailor." @@ -2888,7 +2852,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Oxystomata.</p> <p>ASPERGILLUM. Lam. (From <i>Aspergo</i>, to sprinkle.) <i>Fam.</i> - Tubicolæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> The small, equal, + Tubicolæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> The small, equal, equilateral valves are cemented into, so as to form part of, a large tube; the umbones are slightly prominent outside. The tube is elongated, rather irregular, granulated with sandy particles, and terminated at the @@ -2918,7 +2882,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> tooth and a slight posterior elevation in the left; muscular impressions, two in each valve, uniform, united by a simple palleal impression; ligament external.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus differs from Venus, - Cytheræa, &c. in not having a posterior sinus in the impression of + Cytheræa, &c. in not having a posterior sinus in the impression of the mantle. The hinge also differs in having but two cardinal teeth. Astarte differs from Crassatella in having no internal cartilage in the hinge. Some of the species are British, others are from America, and one @@ -2988,12 +2952,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Dombeyana, Lam. f. 300. and several similar species, which being more rounded, having thin outer lips and but one fold on the columella, are described under the generic name <i>Chilina</i>, Gray. It appears rather - doubtful whether the Auriculæ are marine or fluviatile, but the animals - appear to be amphibious. The Auriculæ are principally found in Salt + doubtful whether the Auriculæ are marine or fluviatile, but the animals + appear to be amphibious. The Auriculæ are principally found in Salt Marshes of Tropical climates, some small species are found on the Southern European Coasts, as far north as Britain and south as Tierra del - Fuego. The Auriculæ formed a part of the genus Voluta of Linnæus, f. 297. - A. Judæ, f. 298. A. Coniformis.</p> + Fuego. The Auriculæ formed a part of the genus Voluta of Linnæus, f. 297. + A. Judæ, f. 298. A. Coniformis.</p> <p>AURICULATED. Some bivalve shells, such as <i>Pecten</i>, fig. 171, 172, have a flat, broad, somewhat triangular appendage on one or both @@ -3004,7 +2968,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>AURICULACEA. Bl. The second family of the order Pulmobranchiata, thus described; "shell thick, solid; aperture more or less oval, always large, rounded anteriorly, and contracted by teeth or folds on the columella." - This family is included in the genus Voluta of Linnæus, on account of the + This family is included in the genus Voluta of Linnæus, on account of the plaited columellar lip, a character by which that heterogeneous assemblage of shells is distinguished. It forms part of the family of <i>Colimacea</i>, Lam. from which they differ not only in general form, @@ -3027,15 +2991,15 @@ Fig. 485.</p> an elongated, marginal, ligamentiferous area, and an hiatus in the left valve, for the passage of a byssus; one circular muscular impression, near the centre of each valve, with a series of smaller ones arranged in - a line towards the umbones.—<i>Obs.</i> The Meleagrinæ of Lamarck, - Margaritiferæ, Schum. included in this description, consist of the more + a line towards the umbones.—<i>Obs.</i> The Meleagrinæ of Lamarck, + Margaritiferæ, Schum. included in this description, consist of the more rounded species, and do not present the elegant obliquity of form, nor the wing-like auricles from which the genus Avicula receives its name. - The Aviculæ are pearly within. From A. margaritifera, a young specimen of + The Aviculæ are pearly within. From A. margaritifera, a young specimen of which is figured in the plates, fig. 164, is obtained oriental pearls. This is an example of Meleagrina. A. Hirundo, fig. 163, belongs to the genus Avicula of Lamarck. It is, however, needless to continue the - separation. Aviculæ are from E. and W. Indies, Mexico, Coasts of the + separation. Aviculæ are from E. and W. Indies, Mexico, Coasts of the Pacific, Mediterranean, British Islands, &c. Fossil species occur in the London clay, &c.</p> @@ -3076,7 +3040,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> genus differs from Orthoceras in the same manner in which Ammonites differs from Nautilus, having its septa sinuated and branched. A Baculite might be described as a straight Ammonite. This genus is known only in a - fossil state. It is found in the Cretaceous Limestone of Maëstricht and + fossil state. It is found in the Cretaceous Limestone of Maëstricht and Valognes. Fig. 484. B. Faujasii.</p> <p>BALANUS. Brug. (an Acorn; "gland de Mer." Fr.) <i>Order</i> Sessile @@ -3088,7 +3052,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> and posterior pairs. Each valve of the shell is divided into a rough triangular portion pointed towards the apex, and a flat area on each side.—<i>Obs.</i> This description includes the <i>Acasta</i> of - Leach, which growing in sponges, has the base cup-shaped; <i>Conoplæa</i> + Leach, which growing in sponges, has the base cup-shaped; <i>Conoplæa</i> of Say, which being attached to the stems of Gorgonia and sea-weeds has the base elongated and lanceolate, and <i>Chirona</i>, Gray. Balanus is the only genus of Sessile Cirripedes the shells of which consist of six @@ -3097,7 +3061,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Balani are common in all seas, adhering to rocks, corals, floating timber, and to each other. The fossil species are found in the newest strata, at Bordeaux, Paris, &c. Fig. 25. B. Tintinnabulum; 26. - <i>Acasta</i> Montagui; 27. Balanus galeatus, <i>Conoplæa</i>, Say.</p> + <i>Acasta</i> Montagui; 27. Balanus galeatus, <i>Conoplæa</i>, Say.</p> <p>BALANIDEA. Bl. The second family of the class Nematopoda, Bl. corresponding with Sessile Cirripedes, Lam., and consisting of Coronular @@ -3113,7 +3077,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>BALEA. Gray. <i>Fam.</i> Colimacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Spiral, turrited, concentrically striated, sinistral, and covered with a thin brown epidermis; spire composed of numerous whorls, gradually increasing - in size; aperture small, sub-quadrate; peritrême entire, slightly + in size; aperture small, sub-quadrate; peritrême entire, slightly thickened, with a very slight fold on the columella; axis perforated.—<i>Obs.</i> A genus of small land shells, found in moss at the roots of trees in Britain, not very nearly resembling any other @@ -3125,7 +3089,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>BARBATA. Humphrey. <span class="sc">Unio</span>, Lam.</p> <p>BARNACLES. <span class="sc">Pentelasmis</span>, Auct. (fig. 34.) - Called Anatifa, by Linnæus and Lamarck, from the ancient notion that they + Called Anatifa, by Linnæus and Lamarck, from the ancient notion that they were the eggs or embryo of the Barnacle Duck. See <span class="sc">Anatifer</span>.</p> @@ -3187,11 +3151,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> umbones, as in Pecten, fig. 171. See <span class="sc">Auriculated</span>.</p> - <p>BICATILLUS. Sw. A sub-genus of "Calyptrædæ," including those species, - which have cup-shaped internal septa, as for example, Calyptræa + <p>BICATILLUS. Sw. A sub-genus of "Calyptrædæ," including those species, + which have cup-shaped internal septa, as for example, Calyptræa extinctorium, fig. 235.</p> - <p>BICONIA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Calyptrædæ," including those species in + <p>BICONIA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Calyptrædæ," including those species in which the septum is partly spiral.</p> <p>BIFID. Divided, double.</p> @@ -3208,7 +3172,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Bifrons.</p> <p>BI-FURCATE. Double pronged, or having two points. <i>Ex.</i> the - internal appendage of Calyptræa Equestris, fig. 234.</p> + internal appendage of Calyptræa Equestris, fig. 234.</p> <p>BIGENERINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> @@ -3230,7 +3194,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>BIROSTRITES. Lam. (Double Beak.) A fossil formerly considered as a distinct bivalve shell, with conical umbones, and placed in the family of - Rudistes by Lamarck, but now known to be an internal cast of Sphærulites, + Rudistes by Lamarck, but now known to be an internal cast of Sphærulites, fig. 196.</p> <p>BISIPHYTES. Described by De Montfort as resembling a Nautilus, but @@ -3278,8 +3242,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> inclined; axis perforated throughout its length; aperture small, entire, angular at the extremities; columella simple and without folds; outer lip thin, simple, nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis." That author - further remarks, "Mr. Sowerby, junr. à signalé cinque espèces vivant, que - nous rapportons à notre genre." (Sowerby, junr. Conchological + further remarks, "Mr. Sowerby, junr. à signalé cinque espèces vivant, que + nous rapportons à notre genre." (Sowerby, junr. Conchological Illustrations, parts 52 and 53; 50, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury.) The species thus selected are E. splendidula, E. marmorata, E. interrupta, E. imbricata, E. brunnea; the two last of which have the @@ -3323,7 +3287,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> the valves. Fig. 203.</p> <p>3. <span class="sc">Producta.</span> The same, valves produced, - overwrapping; including Leptæna. Fig. 206, 206*.</p> + overwrapping; including Leptæna. Fig. 206, 206*.</p> <p>4. <span class="sc">Terebratula.</span> Hinge of the upper valve produced beyond that of the other, with a pit or foramen; including @@ -3367,7 +3331,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> containing the following genera of symmetrical univalves:—Fissurella, Emarginula, and Parmophorus.</p> - <p>BRISMÆUS. Leach. <i>Order.</i> Pedunculated Cirripedes. + <p>BRISMÆUS. Leach. <i>Order.</i> Pedunculated Cirripedes. Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Seven plates, three pairs lateral, one dorsal; form cylindrically conical; pedicle not described. <i>Hab.</i> Holes in corals. B. Rhophodius, fig. 38.—<i>Obs.</i> This minute shell most @@ -3443,7 +3407,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> 146, 185, 186.) Species occur in Europe, West Indies, Brazil, and South America generally. Some small species are British.</p> - <p>BULLA. Auct. <i>Fam.</i> "Bulléens," Lam. Akera, + <p>BULLA. Auct. <i>Fam.</i> "Bulléens," Lam. Akera, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Generally thin, smooth, oval, oblong or cylindrical, more or less convolute; spire short, depressed, or hidden by the last whorl; aperture long, wide in front, gradually narrowing towards @@ -3453,27 +3417,27 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Akera, fig. 247. The more decidedly convolute species with hidden spires are the Atys, Montf. B. Naucum, fig. 250. B. Lignaria, fig. 251, is Scaphander of Leach. The light, thin species, with extremely wide - aperture, fig. 248, is Bullæa aperta, Lam. The genus Bullinula of Dr. + aperture, fig. 248, is Bullæa aperta, Lam. The genus Bullinula of Dr. Beck, consists of those species which have more produced spines, fig. - 253. The Bullæ are marine, and inhabit all climates. The fossil species + 253. The Bullæ are marine, and inhabit all climates. The fossil species occur in tertiary beds.</p> - <p>BULLÆA. Lam. <span class="sc">Bulla</span> aperta, Auct. fig. 248.</p> + <p>BULLÆA. Lam. <span class="sc">Bulla</span> aperta, Auct. fig. 248.</p> - <p>BULLÆANA. ("Bulléens, Lam.") A family belonging to the first section + <p>BULLÆANA. ("Bulléens, Lam.") A family belonging to the first section of Lamarck's order, Gasteropoda, containing the genus Bulla. The genera - Bullæa, Akera, Aplustra, Atys, Scaphander, Bullinula, into which it has + Bullæa, Akera, Aplustra, Atys, Scaphander, Bullinula, into which it has been divided, may all be fairly included under the name <span class="sc">Bulla</span>.</p> <p>BULLIA. Gray. A genus of shells partly resembling Buccinum, and Terebra in general form, being more elongated than the former and more ventricose than the latter. Mr. Gray remarks in the Synopsis of the - British Museum, page 114, that the Bulliæ resemble the Nassæ in most + British Museum, page 114, that the Bulliæ resemble the Nassæ in most characters, "but they have a very large, broad foot, and the hinder part of the inner lip of the shell being extended beyond the mouth, forms a raised enamelled band round the suture of the whorls, as is also the case - with the Ancillariæ and some Volutes." Bullia vittata, fig. 427, is an + with the Ancillariæ and some Volutes." Bullia vittata, fig. 427, is an example of the genus. The name Subula is given by De Blainville to the other species of Terebra, so that if both these genera were admitted, the old genus Terebra must be expunged.</p> @@ -3482,10 +3446,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> produced conical spires, fig. 253.</p> <p>BYSSOARCA. Sw. (<i>Byssus</i> and <i>Arca</i>.) <i>Fam.</i> Arcacea, - Lam. A genus of bivalve shells, composed of the Arca <i>Noæ</i>, and + Lam. A genus of bivalve shells, composed of the Arca <i>Noæ</i>, and several other species, separated from the genus Arca on account of their shells being attached by means of a byssus passing through an hiatus in - the ventral margins. B. <i>Noæ</i>, fig. 132. The species occur in + the ventral margins. B. <i>Noæ</i>, fig. 132. The species occur in Southern Europe, East and West Indies, China; also, on the coasts of Great Britain.</p> @@ -3497,12 +3461,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> >Βυσσος</span>, <i>byssus</i>, ancient name for linen.) The tendinous fibres by which some Bivalves are as it were anchored or moored to sub-marine substances. A fine example of - this is to be seen in the Pinnæ which bear some resemblance to large + this is to be seen in the Pinnæ which bear some resemblance to large Muscle Shells and have an hiatus in the margins of the valves through which a bunch of silken fibres passes. In the British Museum there is preserved a pair of gloves which have been woven of these fibres. The Byssus is peculiar to some bivalve shells such as Muscles, Hammer - Oysters, Arca Noæ, &c.</p> + Oysters, Arca Noæ, &c.</p> <p>CALCAR. Montf. (a spur.) A genus composed of <span class="sc">Trochus stellaris</span>, Lam. and other depressed species of Trochus which are @@ -3525,8 +3489,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> triangular disc in the lower valve; cardinal margin straight, linear, dentated; lower valve large, deep; upper valve flat, semi-orbicular, forming a kind of operculum to the lower.—<i>Obs.</i> This singular - shell, known only in a fossil state, in the Palæozöic beds, is placed by - Linnæus in the genus Anomia. Lamarck places it among his Rudistes, but + shell, known only in a fossil state, in the Palæozöic beds, is placed by + Linnæus in the genus Anomia. Lamarck places it among his Rudistes, but Mr. Sowerby in his genera of Shells, states that it should be added to the family of Brachiopoda. Fig. 194, 195. C. Sandalina.</p> @@ -3549,10 +3513,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Zool. Journ. 1. pl. 2. Separated from Iridina on account of the hinge margin being smooth.</p> - <p>CALLITHEA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, consisting of those species, + <p>CALLITHEA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, consisting of those species, which like M. sanguisuga, have the "spire and aperture of nearly equal length; internal channel nearly obsolete; shell with longitudinal linear - ribs, crossed by transverse striæ and bands; base contracted." Swainson + ribs, crossed by transverse striæ and bands; base contracted." Swainson Mallac. Lard. Cyclop.</p> <p>CALLOSITY. A term used in general zoology to express those hard horny @@ -3560,7 +3524,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> for instance) in those parts which are most frequently used. It is not used in this sense by Conchologists, who apply it to those undefined tumidities or bumps which appear on the inner surface and hinge of some - bivalve shells, and to the thickening over the umbilicus of Naticæ. + bivalve shells, and to the thickening over the umbilicus of Naticæ. Glycimeris, fig. 67. Natica, fig. 327, 328.</p> <p>CALPURNUS. Montf. <span class="sc">Ovulum</span> <i>verrucosum</i>, @@ -3576,7 +3540,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <blockquote class="b2n b2xtra"> - <p>1. <span class="sc">Calyptræa.</span> Conical; apex central, septum + <p>1. <span class="sc">Calyptræa.</span> Conical; apex central, septum spiral, cup-shaped, or forked; including <i>Infundibulum</i>. Fig. 234 to 238.</p> @@ -3608,9 +3572,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CALYPTRACEA. Bl. The second family of the order Scutibranchiata. Bl. thus described: "Shell more or less conical, not spiral, or very slightly so; aperture large and entire." The genera included in this family are - Crepidula, Calyptræa, Capulus, Hipponyx, and Notrêma.</p> + Crepidula, Calyptræa, Capulus, Hipponyx, and Notrêma.</p> - <p>CALYPTRÆA. Lam. <i>Fam.</i> Calyptracea, Lam. and + <p>CALYPTRÆA. Lam. <i>Fam.</i> Calyptracea, Lam. and Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Conical, patelliform, irregular, with an internal, lateral, salient plate or septum, varying in form.—<i>Obs.</i> The internal appendage is in some species @@ -3618,7 +3582,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> others it is only a small flap; and in others a spiral disc. These last, which are shaped like Trochus, are separated by De Montfort under the appellation <span class="sc">Infundibulum</span>; <span - class="sc">Trochatella</span>, Sw. The Calyptræa may be known from + class="sc">Trochatella</span>, Sw. The Calyptræa may be known from Crepidula by the septum, which in the latter is a flat plate reaching half way across the cavity. Fig. 234, 5, 6.</p> @@ -3633,12 +3597,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CANAL. A groove which characterizes some spiral univalves, where the inner and outer lips unite at the front part of the aperture. This canal is drawn out in some shells to a considerable length, in others it is - turned abruptly over the back. The family Canaliferæ, Lam. (fig. 372 to + turned abruptly over the back. The family Canaliferæ, Lam. (fig. 372 to 401), are all provided with this canal.</p> <p>CANALICULATED. Applied generally to any distinct groove or canal.</p> - <p>CANALIFERA. (<i>Canalifères</i>, Lam.) A family belonging to the order + <p>CANALIFERA. (<i>Canalifères</i>, Lam.) A family belonging to the order Trachelipoda, Lam. nearly corresponding with the family Entomostomata in De Blainville's system, and described as having a canal of greater or less extent at the anterior part of the aperture. This canal is sometimes @@ -3676,7 +3640,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> columella. Fig. 384.</p> <p>9. <span class="sc">Cancellaria.</span> Three folds, and internal - costæ. Fig. 385.</p> + costæ. Fig. 385.</p> <p>10. <span class="sc">Fasciolaria.</span> Oblique folds, the lowest the largest. Fig. 386.</p> @@ -3725,7 +3689,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> generally to any shells which are marked by ridges crossing each other as Cancellaria, fig. 385.</p> - <p>CANCILLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, described as having "the whorls + <p>CANCILLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, described as having "the whorls crossed by transverse linear ribs; inner canal wanting, plates very oblique; form slender; outer lip thin." <i>Ex.</i> M. Isabella, M. sulcata.</p> @@ -3749,7 +3713,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> longitudinal ribs; base obtuse. C. costata, Sow. Gen. f. 3." Melanopsis costata, plates, fig. 315.</p> - <p>CANTHORBIS. Sw. A sub-genus of the sub-family Trochinæ, Sw. Described + <p>CANTHORBIS. Sw. A sub-genus of the sub-family Trochinæ, Sw. Described as being "nearly disc-shaped: spire but slightly raised; the margin of the body-whorl flattened, and serrated with flat spines; inner lip united to the outer; pillar and aperture as in the last. (Tubicanthus.) C. @@ -3779,7 +3743,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> external ligament; two muscular impressions in each valve; a large sinus in the muscular impression of the mantle.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus is so nearly related to Donax, that it is difficult to distinguish it at - first sight. The Capsæ, however, have not the short, plain, straight, + first sight. The Capsæ, however, have not the short, plain, straight, posterior side, the distinct lateral teeth, nor the crenulated margins which characterize nearly all the Donaces. They are found in the British Channel, Brazil, and coast of Pacific Ocean. They are known from Erycina @@ -3792,7 +3756,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> meeting behind; epidermis horny, rather velvetty. Britain, Mediterranean, West Indies, California, Australia.</p> - <p>CARDIACEA. (Cardiacées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera + <p>CARDIACEA. (Cardiacées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. Most of the genera of shells contained in this family are included in the very extensive family of Conchacea, in the system of De Blainville. They are described as having irregularly formed cardinal @@ -3847,13 +3811,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> the relations of the genus may be established by means of the shell alone. Two families contain all the shells which have the internal ligament inserted in a spoon-shaped projection; in the one, that of the - Anatinæ, the ligament is supported upon a little bone, which is not - soldered to the hinge; in the other, that of the Mactraceæ, this little + Anatinæ, the ligament is supported upon a little bone, which is not + soldered to the hinge; in the other, that of the Mactraceæ, this little bone has no existence. In the former, all the shells are inequivalve; in the latter equivalve. And M. Deshayes, considering that the valves are equal, and that there is no separate bone to the hinge, is of opinion - that the genus ought to be placed near the Lutrariæ, and not far from the - Anatinæ. C. semisulcata, fig. 501, 2.</p> + that the genus ought to be placed near the Lutrariæ, and not far from the + Anatinæ. C. semisulcata, fig. 501, 2.</p> <p>CARDINAL MARGIN. The edge of a bivalve shell on which the teeth is placed.</p> @@ -3871,7 +3835,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CARDISSA. <i>Sw.</i> A genus composed of those species of <span class="sc">Cardium</span> <i>Auct.</i> which are heart-shaped. <i>Ex.</i> - C. dionæum, fig. 122. And C. Cardissa.</p> + C. dionæum, fig. 122. And C. Cardissa.</p> <p>CARDITA. Brug. <i>Fam.</i> Cardiacea, <i>Lam.</i> Submytilacea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Equivalve, inequilateral, ovate, subquadrate or @@ -3897,7 +3861,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> remarkable forms, the characters are so easily defined that there is no difficulty in distinguishing it from any other genus. C. angulatum, fig. 123. C. Grœnlandicum, fig. 123*. <span class="sc">Aphrodita</span>, - Lea. C. Hemicardium, fig. 123**. fig. 122. C. Dionæum. It is somewhat + Lea. C. Hemicardium, fig. 123**. fig. 122. C. Dionæum. It is somewhat surprising that this genus, which contains some of the most beautiful forms of bivalve Testacea, should have been left till quite lately without any attempt to revise the species and settle the synonyms. The @@ -3950,7 +3914,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CARTILAGE. See <span class="sc">Ligament</span>.</p> - <p>CARYCHIUM. Müll. <i>Fam.</i> Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, + <p>CARYCHIUM. Müll. <i>Fam.</i> Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Oblong or cylindrical, with gradually increasing whorls, few in number; aperture straight, short, with a fold on the columella.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus of minute land shells differs @@ -4002,11 +3966,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> widened apertures, have been separated by Swainson, under the generic name <span class="sc">Cassidea</span>. The C. rufa, coarctata, &c. are formed by Mr. Stutchbury into a new genus under the name <span - class="sc">Cypræcassis</span>, for reasons which will be stated under the + class="sc">Cypræcassis</span>, for reasons which will be stated under the word. Cassidaria is distinguished by the gradual curve of the canal. Fig. 410 is Cassis tuberosa, diminished.</p> - <p>CASTALIA. Lam. <i>Fam.</i> Trigonées, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> + <p>CASTALIA. Lam. <i>Fam.</i> Trigonées, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Fluviatile, equivalve, inequilateral, trigonal, with corroded umbones; hinge with two laminar, transversely striated teeth, one of which is posterior, remote from the umbones, short, divided, the other anterior, @@ -4020,7 +3984,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CATILLUS. Brong. (A little dish.) <span class="sc">Inoceramus</span>, Sow.</p> - <p>CATOPHRAGMUS. Sow. (From <span title="Katô" class="grk" + <p>CATOPHRAGMUS. Sow. (From <span title="Katô" class="grk" >Κατω</span>, <i>beneath</i>; <span title="phragmos" class="grk" >φραγμος</span> <i>a place</i> @@ -4047,7 +4011,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CEMORIA. Flemingii. Leach. A small patelliform shell, differing from Fissurella, in having the fissure placed behind the apex, which is - produced, pointed and incurved. It is the Patella Fissurella, Müll. + produced, pointed and incurved. It is the Patella Fissurella, Müll. Patella Noachina, Chemn. F. Noachina, Sow. Puncturella, Lowe. Fig. 244. Cemoria Flemingii. Scotland and Tierra del Fuego.</p> @@ -4063,14 +4027,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CEPA. Humph. <span class="sc">Anomia</span>, Linn.</p> - <p>CEPHALOPHORA. Bl. The first class of Malacozoæ, Bl. Divided into: + <p>CEPHALOPHORA. Bl. The first class of Malacozoæ, Bl. Divided into: <i>Order</i> 1. Cryptodibranchiata; 2. Cellulacea; 3. Polythalamacea. The first consisting of Cuttle-fish, &c. which are destitute of shells; the second composed of those microscopic cellular bodies, which are regarded as shells by some authors; and the third containing the true chambered shells.</p> - <p>CEPHALOPODA. Lam. (Cephalopodes.) (<span title="Kephalê" class="grk" + <p>CEPHALOPODA. Lam. (Cephalopodes.) (<span title="Kephalê" class="grk" >Κεφαλη</span>, <i>kephale</i>, head; <span title="pous" class="grk">πους</span>, <span title="podos" class="grk" @@ -4084,7 +4048,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CEPOLIS. Montf. Belonging to the genus <span class="sc">Helix</span>, Auct.</p> - <p>CERATODES. Guild. (<span title="Keratôdês" class="grk" + <p>CERATODES. Guild. (<span title="Keratôdês" class="grk" >Κερατωδης</span>, like a horn.) A genus composed of the flat, orbicular species of <span class="sc">Ampullaria</span>, Auct. which present so near a resemblance @@ -4093,7 +4057,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> always reversed, which may be observed by placing the spire upwards. Fig. 320, represents Ampullaria (Ceratodes) Cornu-arietis.</p> - <p>CERIPHASIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanianæ, thus described, + <p>CERIPHASIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanianæ, thus described, "Cerithiform; outer lip thin, dilated at the base; aperture small, slightly emarginate, without any internal groove; inner lip thin. C. sulcata, Sw. fig. 38. p. 204." (Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 342.)</p> @@ -4122,7 +4086,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Blainville in his section of Belemnites, characterized as having small folds at the apex. <i>Ex.</i> B. Penicillatus.</p> - <p>CETOPIRUS. Ranz. <span class="sc">Coronula Balænaris</span>, Auct. + <p>CETOPIRUS. Ranz. <span class="sc">Coronula Balænaris</span>, Auct. fig. 16.</p> <p>CHAMA. Auct. <i>Fam.</i> Chamacea, Lam. and Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> @@ -4132,7 +4096,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> valves; hinge with a thick, crenated, lengthened tooth, in one valve, entering a corresponding cavity in the hinge margin of the other; muscular impressions, two in each valve, distinct, - lateral.—<i>Obs.</i> The Linnæan genus Chama, included the + lateral.—<i>Obs.</i> The Linnæan genus Chama, included the beautiful shells now called Tridacna. These are exceedingly different from the true Chama, being regular and unattached. The Chama (Tridacna) gigas, when at its full age and development, is the largest shell known. @@ -4140,7 +4104,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> feet across. Diceras may be known from Chama by the spiral horns into which the umbones are produced; Isocardia, by the regularity of the shells, and it is hardly necessary to mention Spondylus, which may be - known by the triangular disc between the umbones; Cleidothærus, Stutch. + known by the triangular disc between the umbones; Cleidothærus, Stutch. which resembles Chama in general form, has a separate bony appendage attached to the hinge, and may, moreover, be distinguished by its elongated muscular impression. Fig. 153, C. Lazarus. E. and W. @@ -4178,14 +4142,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> it occurs in some species of Spondyli, and in several turrited univalves.</p> - <p>CHAMOSTRÆA. De Roissy. <span class="sc">Cleidothærus.</span> + <p>CHAMOSTRÆA. De Roissy. <span class="sc">Cleidothærus.</span> Stutch.</p> <p>CHARYBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> <p>CHELIBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>CHELINOTUS. Sw. A genus of "<span class="sc">Haliotidæ</span>," Sw. + <p>CHELINOTUS. Sw. A genus of "<span class="sc">Haliotidæ</span>," Sw. including Velutina, Lam. a species of Sigaretus from Tonga, and Coriocella, Bl. Thus described, "Animal cheloniform, broad; depressed; the mantle larger than the shell, lobed in front; tentacula two, short, @@ -4207,7 +4171,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> oval, rounded anteriorly; outer lip thin, joining the inner lip without a sinus; inner lip spread over part of the body whorl, terminating in a thick columella with one or two folds.—<i>Obs.</i> These shells - differ from the true Auriculæ in the thinness of the outer lip. C. + differ from the true Auriculæ in the thinness of the outer lip. C. Dombeyana (Auricula Dombeyana, Auct.) Fig. 300. The illustrated catalogue published by the author (Sow. Conch. illustr. parts 135, 136) contains 13 species. Rivers of South America.</p> @@ -4218,10 +4182,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CHIMOTREMA. ——? Belongs to <span class="sc">Helix</span>.</p> - <p>CHIONE. Megerle. <span class="sc">Cytheræa</span> maculosa, (fig. 117, + <p>CHIONE. Megerle. <span class="sc">Cytheræa</span> maculosa, (fig. 117, c.) sulcata, circinata, &c. Auct. and other similar species.</p> - <p>CHIRONA. Gray. A genus of Balanidæ, the shells consisting of six + <p>CHIRONA. Gray. A genus of Balanidæ, the shells consisting of six parietal valves and two opercular valves; the upper edges of the parietal valves are sloped and the structure is not tubular.</p> @@ -4242,7 +4206,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> sometimes scaly, spinose, or rugose, sometimes smooth.—<i>Obs.</i> The genus Chiton, commonly called "Coat of Mail," from its resemblance to jointed armour, remains to the present day in exactly the same state with - regard to its boundaries as that in which Linnæus found it, and in which + regard to its boundaries as that in which Linnæus found it, and in which he left it. That illustrious Naturalist placed it among the multivalves in his purely Conchological system, although the animal is totally different from the Cirripedes. The shells are prettily marked, and are @@ -4263,7 +4227,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> each other, the soft integument of the animal intervening. Fig. 228, C. striatus. Philippines.</p> - <p>CHLOROSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ." Sw. (Trochus) of which C. + <p>CHLOROSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ." Sw. (Trochus) of which C. argyrostoma is given as an example. Sw. Lard. Cyclop. p. 350.</p> <p>CHONDRUS. Hartmann. <span class="sc">Abida</span>, Leach. A genus @@ -4284,7 +4248,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CHRYSOLUS. Montf. <span class="sc">Polystomella</span>, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>CHRYSOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Rotellinæ," Sw. Thus described + <p>CHRYSOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Rotellinæ," Sw. Thus described "Shell turbinate; the whorls few and convex; aperture effuse, round; inner lip thickened just over, and almost concealing the umbilicus. Nicobaricus, Martini, 182 fig. 1822-5." Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. @@ -4305,11 +4269,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CIDARIS. Swains. A genus composed of <span class="sc">Turbo</span> Smaragdus, petholatus, and other similar species. The word Cidaris is, - however, already in use for a genus of Echinæ.</p> + however, already in use for a genus of Echinæ.</p> <p>CIDAROLLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>CILIATED. (ciliæ, hairs.) Having minute hairs as in Orbicula, Lingula, + <p>CILIATED. (ciliæ, hairs.) Having minute hairs as in Orbicula, Lingula, &c. and the jointed feelers of the Cirripedes.</p> <p>CIMBER. Montf. <span class="sc">Navicella</span>, Auct.</p> @@ -4341,7 +4305,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CIRRIPEDES. Lam. The tenth class of invertebrated animals, so named from the curled and ciliated branchia which protrude from the oval aperture of the shells. The class Cirripedes of Lamarck constitutes the - entire genus <i>Lepas</i> of Linnæus. They are divided into two sections; + entire genus <i>Lepas</i> of Linnæus. They are divided into two sections; first, Sessile Cirr. attached by the basal portion of the shell; second, Pedunculated Cirr. supported upon a Peduncle. Figs. 14 to 45.</p> @@ -4373,7 +4337,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> shelly plate, attached to the columella within, called the Clausium, its office being to enclose the aperture when the animal has retired within the shell.—<i>Obs.</i> This last character distinguishes it from - the Pupæ, to some of which it bears a very near resemblance. <i>Hab.</i> + the Pupæ, to some of which it bears a very near resemblance. <i>Hab.</i> Land, in the central and southern parts of Europe, several British species. Fig. 295, C. Macascarensis.</p> @@ -4390,7 +4354,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CLAVA. Humph. <span class="sc">Cerithium</span>, Lam.</p> - <p>CLAVAGELLA. Lam. (<i>Clava</i>, a club.) <i>Fam.</i> Tubicolæ, Lam. + <p>CLAVAGELLA. Lam. (<i>Clava</i>, a club.) <i>Fam.</i> Tubicolæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Two irregular flattish valves, one fixed or soldered, so as to form part of the side of an irregular shelly tube; the other free within the tube near the base.—<i>Obs.</i> The @@ -4403,10 +4367,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CLAVALITHES. Sw. A genus composed of some fossil shells, separated from the genus Fusus, which, having the general form of Turbinella Rapa, &c. are considered by Swainson, as holding an intermediate station - between Fusus and the Turbinellidæ.—<i>Descr.</i> "Unequally + between Fusus and the Turbinellidæ.—<i>Descr.</i> "Unequally sub-fusiform; the body whorl, and spire, being conic; and the canal suddenly contracted and attenuated; terminal whorls papillary; inner lip - thick; pillar smooth, C. longævus, clavellatus, Noæ, ponderosus, + thick; pillar smooth, C. longævus, clavellatus, Noæ, ponderosus, Sw."—<i>Obs.</i> The papillary spire may form a sufficient reason for separating this genus from Fusus, while the absence of plates on the columella places them at a still greater distance from Turbinella.</p> @@ -4429,16 +4393,16 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CLAVICLE. (<i>clavis</i>, a key.) A little key. This term is applied to the bony appendage in the hinge of some species of Anatina, (those - included in the generic term Lyonsia) Cleidothærus, Myochama, &c.</p> + included in the generic term Lyonsia) Cleidothærus, Myochama, &c.</p> <p>CLAVULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> <p>CLAVUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Hutch. (<span title="Thairos" class="grk" + <p>CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Hutch. (<span title="Thairos" class="grk" >Θαιρος</span>, hinge, <span title="Kleis" class="grk">Κλεις</span>, - clavicle.) <i>Fam.</i> Chamaceæ or Myariæ, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> + clavicle.) <i>Fam.</i> Chamaceæ or Myariæ, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Inequivalve, irregular, solid, attached; with one cardinal, conical tooth in the free valve, entering a corresponding indenture in the other; and an oblong shelly appendage, fixed by an internal cartilage in a groove @@ -4472,7 +4436,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> described as <i>gaping</i>.</p> <p>CLOTHO. Faujas. <i>Fam.</i> Conchacea, Bl. More properly belonging to - the Pyloridea, Bl.; and the Lithophagidæ, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> "Oval, + the Pyloridea, Bl.; and the Lithophagidæ, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> "Oval, nearly regular, longitudinally striated, equivalve, sub-equilateral; hinge consisting of a bifid tooth, curved like a crochet, larger in one valve than in the other." This description is translated from Blainville, @@ -4488,10 +4452,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>COAT OF MAIL. A common name given to shells of the genus Chiton, on account of their resemblance to jointed armour.</p> - <p>COBRESIA. Hübner. <span class="sc">Vitrina</span>, Auct.</p> + <p>COBRESIA. Hübner. <span class="sc">Vitrina</span>, Auct.</p> <p>COCHLIATE. (<i>Cochleare</i>, a spoon). Applied to any shell or part - which is hollow and oval, as Patellæ, &c. The cavity containing the + which is hollow and oval, as Patellæ, &c. The cavity containing the cartilage in Mya, fig. 71, is Cochleate.</p> <p>COCHLICELLA. One of the sub-genera into which De Ferrusac has divided @@ -4552,7 +4516,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> columella. Fig. 286 to 288.</p> <p>7. <span class="sc">Pupa.</span> Cylindrical; including - <i>Vertigo</i>, <i>Alæa</i>, &c. Fig. 291 to 293.</p> + <i>Vertigo</i>, <i>Alæa</i>, &c. Fig. 291 to 293.</p> <p>8. <span class="sc">Clausilia.</span> Cylindrical, with a clausium. Fig. 295.</p> @@ -4562,7 +4526,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> that word.</p> <p>The next section, included in the family Auriculacea, Bl., contains - the genera Auricula, Chilina, Carychium, Marinula, Scarabæus, and + the genera Auricula, Chilina, Carychium, Marinula, Scarabæus, and Partula. Fig. 297 to 302.</p> <p>The third section contains the following genera of land shells with @@ -4595,14 +4559,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> crenated. Epidermis thin, brown. Operculum very small, horny.—<i>Obs.</i> Those species of Mitra, which resemble Columbella in shape, may easily be distinguished by the plaits on the - columella. The Columbellæ are marine, and few fossil species are known. + columella. The Columbellæ are marine, and few fossil species are known. Fig. 430, C. Mercatoria. Swainson has divided this genus into the following: <i>Columbella</i>, consisting of C. Mercatoria, &c.; <i>Pusiostoma</i>, consisting of the Strombiform species; <i>Crassispira</i>, which is most probably a Cerithium; <i>Nitidella</i>, consisting of the smooth species; <i>Conidea</i>, consisting of the more conical species; another set of the more conical species has been removed - from this family, and placed in that of the "Coninæ," but as they are + from this family, and placed in that of the "Coninæ," but as they are separated by no essential character, we suppose this has merely been done for the purpose of completing the "circle" of the last mentioned family, which otherwise would not have reached the required number of five. @@ -4705,7 +4669,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Tellina, Lucina, Cyclas, Cyprina, Mactra, and Erycina. Second, those which are regular, and have no distant lateral teeth, Crassatella and Venus. Third, those which are irregular, Venerupis, Coralliophaga, - Clotho, Corbula, Sphænia, and Ungulina.</p> + Clotho, Corbula, Sphænia, and Ungulina.</p> <p>CONCHACEA. Lam. A family of Lamarck's order Conchifera Dimyaria. Regular, unattached in general, closed at the sides. They are always more @@ -4815,7 +4779,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CONELLA. Sw. A genus composed of species of the genus Columbella, Lam. which have a conical form, and which, on that account, are considered by - Swainson as belonging to his family of Coninæ. Swains. Lardner. Cyclop. + Swainson as belonging to his family of Coninæ. Swains. Lardner. Cyclop. Malac. described at p. 312. C. picata, Sw. fig. 17, a. p. 151.</p> <p>CONFLUENT. A term applied to two parts of a shell when they gradually @@ -4860,7 +4824,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> those species of Mitra which are conical in form. Fig. 432, C. marmorata.</p> - <p>CONOPLÆA. Say. <i>Order</i>, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam. A genus composed + <p>CONOPLÆA. Say. <i>Order</i>, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam. A genus composed of Balani, attached to the stems of Gorgonia, having their bases elongated. <i>Ex.</i> fig. 27, Balanus Galeatus.</p> @@ -4868,7 +4832,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> class="sc">Conus</span>, such as C. dormitor, (Sowerby, gen. fig. 8) which have elevated spires and the upper part of the outer lip deeply sinuated. Mr. Swainson considers these fossil species as analogous to the - Pleurotomæ. <i>Sw.</i> Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 312.</p> + Pleurotomæ. <i>Sw.</i> Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 312.</p> <p>CONOVULUM. A genus proposed by Lamarck, to include the small, conical species of Auricula, which have the outer lip simple. This genus was @@ -4894,9 +4858,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> aperture half closed; apex solid, obtuse; external surface finely striated. Resembling Orthoceras, but wanting the siphon. Fig. 449.</p> - <p>CONUS. Auct. (<span title="Kônos" class="grk" + <p>CONUS. Auct. (<span title="Kônos" class="grk" >Κωνος</span>, a cone.) <i>Fam.</i> - Enroulées, Lam. Angyostomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Conical, convolute, + Enroulées, Lam. Angyostomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Conical, convolute, with a short spire, consisting of numerous whorls; and narrow lengthened aperture, terminating in a slight emargination at each extremity; outer lip thin; epidermis thin; operculum small, pointed, @@ -4920,7 +4884,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Mediterranean, and south as the Cape of Good Hope. The most beautiful species are from the East and West Indies.</p> - <p>CONVOLUTÆ. (Enroulées, Lam.) A family of the 2nd section of the order + <p>CONVOLUTÆ. (Enroulées, Lam.) A family of the 2nd section of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. the genera of which may be distinguished as follows:—</p> @@ -4928,8 +4892,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <blockquote class="b2n b2xtra"> - <p>1. <span class="sc">Cypræa.</span> Lips thickened, inflected, with - teeth; spire hidden, including <i>Cypræovulum</i>, <i>Luponia</i>, + <p>1. <span class="sc">Cypræa.</span> Lips thickened, inflected, with + teeth; spire hidden, including <i>Cypræovulum</i>, <i>Luponia</i>, <i>Trivia</i>. Fig. 444 to 450.</p> <p>2. <span class="sc">Ovulum.</span> Lips thickened, inflected, with @@ -4961,7 +4925,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Ammonites, &c.; but the term is also commonly used in describing such shells as Conus, in which, the direction of the whorls being scarcely oblique, the last whorl almost entirely covers those which precede it. - This is the case with Lamarck's family of Enroulées. Fig. 440 to 462.</p> + This is the case with Lamarck's family of Enroulées. Fig. 440 to 462.</p> <p>CORALLIOPHAGA. Bl. <span class="sc">Cypricardia</span> Coralliophaga, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Oval, elongated, finely striated from the apex @@ -5002,14 +4966,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> hinge; cartilage attached to the tooth of the smaller valve, and the pit in the larger; muscular impressions, two in each valve, distant, rather irregular; palleal impression posteriorly angulated.—<i>Obs.</i> - The shells composing this genus were placed in Mya by Linnæus, but differ - from the true Myæ in having a sinus in the palleal impression, and a - prominent ligamentiferous tooth in each valve, whereas the Myæ have but - one. The Corbulæ are marine, some species inhabiting the British coasts. + The shells composing this genus were placed in Mya by Linnæus, but differ + from the true Myæ in having a sinus in the palleal impression, and a + prominent ligamentiferous tooth in each valve, whereas the Myæ have but + one. The Corbulæ are marine, some species inhabiting the British coasts. Fossil species occur abundantly in green sand, London clay, crag, and corresponding formations. Fig. 89. C. Nucleus.</p> - <p>CORBULACEA. (Corbulées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera + <p>CORBULACEA. (Corbulées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam., containing the genera—</p> </blockquote> @@ -5029,7 +4993,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CORDIFORM. (<i>Cor</i>, a heart.) Heart-shaped, a term applied generally to any shell which may be fancied to resemble a heart in shape, - as Isocardia, fig. 126, and Cardium Dionæum, fig. 122.</p> + as Isocardia, fig. 126, and Cardium Dionæum, fig. 122.</p> <p>CORIACEOUS. (<i>Corium</i>, leather.) Of the substance of leather. <i>Ex.</i>, the integument into which the valves of Chitones are @@ -5081,7 +5045,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> the shells of tortoises, and are therefore destitute of the shelly foundation on which the Balani and other Coronular Multivalves are supported. C. Testudinaria, (<span class="sc">Chelonobia</span>, Leach,) - fig. 15. C. Balænarum, (<span class="sc">Cetopirus</span>, Ranz.) fig. + fig. 15. C. Balænarum, (<span class="sc">Cetopirus</span>, Ranz.) fig. 16. C. Diadema, (<span class="sc">Diadema</span>, Ranz.) fig. 17.</p> <p>CORONULAR MULTIVALVES are those which have their parietal valves @@ -5111,7 +5075,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>COSTELLARIA. A sub-genus of the genus Tiara, Sw. (Mitra.) C. rigida. Swainson, Zool. Ill. 1st series, pl. 29.</p> - <p>COWRY. A common name for shells of the genus Cypræa.</p> + <p>COWRY. A common name for shells of the genus Cypræa.</p> <p>CRANIA. (<i>Cranium</i>, a skull.) <i>Fam.</i> Rudistes, Lam. <i>Order</i>, Pallio-branchiata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Inequivalve, @@ -5152,12 +5116,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CRASSIPEDES. Lam. (<i>Crassus</i>, thick; <i>pes</i>, foot.) The first section of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. In this section the foot of the animal is thick, and the shell gapes considerably. It is divided - into the families Tubicolæ, Pholadidæ, Solenidæ, and Myaria. Fig. 44 to + into the families Tubicolæ, Pholadidæ, Solenidæ, and Myaria. Fig. 44 to 76.</p> <p>CRASSISPIRA. Sw. A genus separated from <span class="sc">Columbella</span>, Auct. for which Mr. Swainson quotes - "Pleurotoma Bottæ, Auct." Crassispira fasciata, Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. + "Pleurotoma Bottæ, Auct." Crassispira fasciata, Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 313.</p> <p>CRENATED. (<i>Crena</i>, a notch.) Applied to small notches, not @@ -5183,15 +5147,15 @@ Fig. 485.</p> convex, smooth, ribbed, waved, or covered with spines; interior concave, smooth, with a flattish septum reaching nearly half across the cavity; epidermis light brown.—<i>Obs.</i> The difference between this - genus and Calyptræa is that in the latter, the septum is more free from + genus and Calyptræa is that in the latter, the septum is more free from the sides of the shell, so that, instead of forming a regular plate, covering half the aperture, it assumes a variety of shapes, and in some is cup-shaped, in others forked, and in some forms a little angular shelf. Indeed, the variations are so numerous that I think it would be better to throw the two genera into one, and then divide them into - smaller groups. Some species of Calyptræa are farther removed from each + smaller groups. Some species of Calyptræa are farther removed from each other with respect to the characters of the septum and general form of - the shell, than they are from the Crepidulæ. Fig. 239. Mediterranean, + the shell, than they are from the Crepidulæ. Fig. 239. Mediterranean, North and South America, East and West Indies, New South Wales, &c.</p> @@ -5219,7 +5183,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> form, but of which the aperture, always nearly round, is completely closed by the shelly or horny operculum; whorls few, and apex sublateral." This family agrees in some measure with the family - Turbinacea of Lamarck, and with the genus Turbo in the system of Linnæus. + Turbinacea of Lamarck, and with the genus Turbo in the system of Linnæus. It contains the genera Pleurotomaria, Delphinula, Turritella, Proto, Scalaria, Vermetus, Siliquaria, Magilus, Valvata, Cyclostoma, and Paludina.</p> @@ -5250,7 +5214,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CRYPTA. Humph. <span class="sc">Crepidula</span>, Lam.</p> - <p>CRYPTELLA. Webb. (<span title="Kruptô" class="grk" + <p>CRYPTELLA. Webb. (<span title="Kruptô" class="grk" >Κρυπτω</span>, to conceal.) <span class="sc">Testacellus</span> Ambiguus of Ferrusac. Published in Sowerby's Genera of Shells as <span class="sc">Parmacella</span> @@ -5277,7 +5241,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> the Solens, the teeth like Nucula, but the cartilage entirely external. <span class="sc">Solenella</span>, Sow.?</p> - <p>CUCULLÆA. Lam. (<i>Cucullus</i>, a hood.) <i>Fam.</i> Arcacea, + <p>CUCULLÆA. Lam. (<i>Cucullus</i>, a hood.) <i>Fam.</i> Arcacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Sub-quadrate, nearly equivalve, sub-equilateral, deep; hinge rectilinear, with a series of angular teeth, small near the umbones, larger and more oblique towards the extremities; umbones @@ -5349,10 +5313,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. containing no genera of Testaceous Mollusca.</p> - <p>CYCLOCANTHA. Sw. A genus of "Trochidæ," consisting of Turbo stellaris + <p>CYCLOCANTHA. Sw. A genus of "Trochidæ," consisting of Turbo stellaris and T. Calcar, and corresponding with the genus Calcar, Montf.</p> - <p>CYCLONASSA. Sw. A genus of "Nassinæ," Sw. consisting of Nassa + <p>CYCLONASSA. Sw. A genus of "Nassinæ," Sw. consisting of Nassa Neritoidea, and corresponding with the genus Cyclops, Montf.</p> <p>CYCLOPHORUS. Montf. A generic name proposed for those species of @@ -5383,7 +5347,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>CYLINDER. Montf. <span class="sc">Conus</span> textile, Auct. (fig. 461) and other species having a cylindrical form.</p> - <p>CYLINDRELLA. Sw. A genus of the family "Ovulinæ," Sw. composed of + <p>CYLINDRELLA. Sw. A genus of the family "Ovulinæ," Sw. composed of cylindrical species of Ovulum? The wood-cut illustrating this genus has the appearance of a Bulla.</p> @@ -5431,10 +5395,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> extremely light, cartilaginous covering of a molluscous animal, so named from its similarity in shape to a boat. We mention it here on account of its similarity to the shelly or glassy covering of other Pteropods, to - which, although membranaceous, it is evidently analogous. The Cymbuliæ + which, although membranaceous, it is evidently analogous. The Cymbuliæ are found in the Mediterranean.</p> - <p>CYPRÆA. Auct. <i>Fam.</i> Enroulées, Lam. Angyostomata, + <p>CYPRÆA. Auct. <i>Fam.</i> Enroulées, Lam. Angyostomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Oval or oblong, ventricose, convolute, covered by an enamel, generally smooth and shining. Spire short, nearly hid. Aperture long, narrow, terminating in a short canal at both extremities. @@ -5455,7 +5419,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> rich, and arranged in every variety of spots, patches, rings, lines, bands and clouds. The species most esteemed by collectors are C. Mappa, C. Testudinaria, C. Pustulata, C. Aurora, C. Princeps, of which only two - specimens are known, C. Leucodon, &c. See also Cypræovulum, Trivea + specimens are known, C. Leucodon, &c. See also Cypræovulum, Trivea and Luponia. The fossil species are principally from the Calc-grossier, the London Clay, Crag, &c. Fig. 445 to 450. The latest revision of this genus has been effected by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, sen., who has @@ -5463,17 +5427,17 @@ Fig. 485.</p> This catalogue enumerates 130 species, the whole of which are figured in parts 1 to 8, 101 to 131 of the above mentioned work.</p> - <p>CYPRÆCASSIS. Stutch. (Cypræa and Cassis.)—<i>Descr.</i> Shell, + <p>CYPRÆCASSIS. Stutch. (Cypræa and Cassis.)—<i>Descr.</i> Shell, when young, striated, reticulated, or tuberculated; outer lip simple: when mature, outer lip involute and toothed; columellar lip also toothed; aperture straight, anteriorly terminated by a recurved canal, posteriorly by a shallow channel. Animal with the mantle bilobed; operculum none.—<i>Obs.</i> The reasons given for separating this genus from Cassis, are, 1st, That the shells of the latter have an operculum, while - those of the proposed genus have none. 2nd, That the Cypræcassides do not + those of the proposed genus have none. 2nd, That the Cypræcassides do not form a complete, thickened lip, before the full period of their growth, - like the Cassides. 3rd, That the Cypræcassides have no epidermis. The - species mentioned as probably belonging to Cypræcassis are C. rufa, the + like the Cassides. 3rd, That the Cypræcassides have no epidermis. The + species mentioned as probably belonging to Cypræcassis are C. rufa, the type; C. coarctata, and C. Testiculus, Auct. The establishment of this genus has been opposed on the ground that indications of epidermis are discoverable in some specimens of C. rufa; that some specimens of the @@ -5484,20 +5448,20 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Cuming. It is probable, however, that an increased knowledge of facts might go far to establish the separation. C. Testiculus, fig. 412.</p> - <p>CYPRÆADIA. Sw. A genus of the family "Cypræidæ," Sw. thus - described:—"Cypræform; the base contracted; the body whorl not + <p>CYPRÆADIA. Sw. A genus of the family "Cypræidæ," Sw. thus + described:—"Cypræform; the base contracted; the body whorl not flattened beneath; shell cancellated; aperture of equal breadth throughout; a few thickened, short teeth on the pillar; lip at the base, which is not internally concave. C. cancellata, Sw. Fossil only, differing from Trivea in its contracted base, in the inequality of its aperture, and the equal convexity of the inner lip within." (Sw. Lardn. - Cyclop. Malac. p. 325.) Cyprædia, fig. 564.</p> + Cyclop. Malac. p. 325.) Cyprædia, fig. 564.</p> - <p>CYPRÆLA. Sw. A genus formed for the reception of Ovulum verrucosum, + <p>CYPRÆLA. Sw. A genus formed for the reception of Ovulum verrucosum, Auct. which has a circular depression at each extremity. It is the same as the genus Calpurnus of De Montfort. Ovulum verrucosum, fig. 441.</p> - <p>CYPRÆOVULUM. Gray. A genus of Cypræidæ thus described, "shell like a + <p>CYPRÆOVULUM. Gray. A genus of Cypræidæ thus described, "shell like a cowry, but front end of columella covered with regular cross-ribs, like the rest of the base, internally produced into an acute toothed ridge. Shell pear-shaped, cross-ridged." C. capense, fig. 444. South Africa.</p> @@ -5516,12 +5480,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> remote lateral teeth in each valve; ligament external; muscular impressions two in each valve; palleal impression having a slight posterior sinus; epidermis thick, rough brown.—<i>Obs.</i> The - Cyprinæ belong to the Northern hemisphere. The recent species are not + Cyprinæ belong to the Northern hemisphere. The recent species are not numerous. Fossil species are found in the tertiary deposits. Cyprina may be known from Venus by the remote lateral tooth and the thick epidermis. C. vulgaris, fig. 116.</p> - <p>CYRENA. Auct. <i>Fam.</i> Fluviatile Conchaceæ, Lam. Conchacea, + <p>CYRENA. Auct. <i>Fam.</i> Fluviatile Conchaceæ, Lam. Conchacea, Bl—<i>Descr.</i> Suborbicular, equivalve, inequilateral, ventricose, corroded at the umbones, thick, covered with a thick epidermis; hinge with three cardinal and two remote lateral teeth in each @@ -5552,9 +5516,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> (Anomites exporrecta, Nonnull.) fig. 204.</p> <p>CYTHEREA. Lam. <i>Fam.</i> "Conques Marines," Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> - Equivalve, inæquilateral, oval, lenticular, or sub-trigonal; hinge with + Equivalve, inæquilateral, oval, lenticular, or sub-trigonal; hinge with two or more short, diverging cardinal teeth, and one anterior approximate - lateral tooth in each valve.—<i>Obs.</i> The Cythereæ are + lateral tooth in each valve.—<i>Obs.</i> The Cythereæ are distinguished from the Veneres by the lateral tooth. C. Meretrix, fig. 117, and 117, <i>a. b. c. d.</i></p> @@ -5564,7 +5528,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> remarkable for the irregularity of its form. It grows upon a species of Monticularia, and the margin takes the shape of the lobes by which it is surrounded. The aperture is large, and completely closed by the - operculum. Daracia (Pyrgoma) Monticulariæ, fig. 489, 490.</p> + operculum. Daracia (Pyrgoma) Monticulariæ, fig. 489, 490.</p> <p>DATE. A common name given to shells of the genus Pholas, on account of their cylindrical form and consequent resemblance to the fruit. For the @@ -5581,7 +5545,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>DECACERA. Bl. The second family of the order Cryptodibranchiata, Bl. containing the genera Calmar and Sepia, which have no shells.</p> - <p>DECADOPECTEN. Rüppell. <span class="sc">Pecten</span> <i>Plica</i>, + <p>DECADOPECTEN. Rüppell. <span class="sc">Pecten</span> <i>Plica</i>, Linn. Fig. 172, having a plicated hinge.</p> <p>DECOLLATED. (<i>Decollari</i>, to be beheaded.) The apex or nucleus of @@ -5592,7 +5556,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> to exclude the air: the shell is then said to be decollated. <i>Ex.</i> Bulinus decollatus, fig. 289.</p> - <p>DECUSSATED. Intersected by striæ crossing each other. <i>Ex.</i> + <p>DECUSSATED. Intersected by striæ crossing each other. <i>Ex.</i> Rissoa, fig. 346.</p> <p>DELPHINULA. Montf. (<i>Delphinus</i>, a dolphin.) <i>Fam.</i> @@ -5662,7 +5626,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> differ from Plagiostoma in being attached. Fig. 175, D. striata.</p> <p>DIAPHANOUS. (<span title="Dia" class="grk" - >Δια</span>, <i>dia</i>, through; <span title="phainô" class="grk" + >Δια</span>, <i>dia</i>, through; <span title="phainô" class="grk" >φαινω</span>, <i>phaino</i>, to shine.) Transparent.</p> @@ -5684,7 +5648,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> although it appears to approach Isocardia in some characters. In others it will be found still more nearly to resemble Chama. In fact, from being attached and irregular, the shells composing this genus have been - considered as Chamæ with produced umbones. The singular fossil shells + considered as Chamæ with produced umbones. The singular fossil shells composing this genus, are found in granular limestone, near Geneva and in Normandy. Fig. 154, D. perversum.</p> @@ -5694,7 +5658,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> to the aperture of a univalve shell, when it is spread out or widened into a flat surface, or digitations. <i>Alated</i> is another term used to express the same character. Thus, the shells belonging to the family - of Alatæ, in the system of Lamarck, are <i>diffuse</i> in the outer lip. + of Alatæ, in the system of Lamarck, are <i>diffuse</i> in the outer lip. Fig. 402 to 406.</p> <p>DIGITATED. (<i>Digitus</i>, finger.) Branched out in long points, as @@ -5713,7 +5677,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> of Conchifera, Lam. including those molluscs which have two adductor muscles, and consequently two muscular impressions in each valve. The Conchifera Dimyaria are divided into Crassipedes, Tenuipedes, - Lamellipedes, and Ambiguæ, fig. 44 to 155.</p> + Lamellipedes, and Ambiguæ, fig. 44 to 155.</p> <p>DIOICA. Bl. The first division of the class Paracephalophora, Bl. It is divided into the orders Siphonobranchiata and Asiphonibranchiata, @@ -5730,7 +5694,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>DISCINA. Lam. <span class="sc">Orbicula</span>, Auct.</p> - <p>DISCODOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Lucerninæ, Sw. (Helix), thus described, + <p>DISCODOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Lucerninæ, Sw. (Helix), thus described, "teeth none; aperture angulated; the inner lip nearly obsolete; the outer only slightly thickened; margin carinated."</p> @@ -5745,7 +5709,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> discontinuous, i. e. its termination in one chamber does not reach to its commencement in the next. The varices of Triton, occurring in different parts of the whorls, do not form the continuous ridges which characterize - the generality of the Ranellæ.</p> + the generality of the Ranellæ.</p> <p>DISCORBITES. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> @@ -5760,7 +5724,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> covered with a horny epidermis; posteriorly attenuated, thickened, sub-spiral, anteriorly plane, broad, thin; posterior margin reflected.—<i>Obs.</i> The two or three species of Dolabella known - are inhabitants of the Indian Ocean. They were placed by Linnæus in his + are inhabitants of the Indian Ocean. They were placed by Linnæus in his very convenient genus Bulla, under the name B. dubia. Fig. 255, Dolabella Rumphii.</p> @@ -5781,7 +5745,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> to a narrow, rounded termination; hinge with two cardinal teeth in one valve, one in the other, and one or two, more or less remote lateral teeth; ligament external; muscular impressions two in each valve; palleal - impression sinuated posteriorly.—<i>Obs.</i> The Capsæ have not the + impression sinuated posteriorly.—<i>Obs.</i> The Capsæ have not the crenated margins, the short anterior side, and the distinct lateral teeth, which characterize the Donaces. Some species of Erycina resemble Donax in general form, but are at once distinguished by the ligamentary @@ -5824,7 +5788,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> beautiful shells called ivory shells, which originally constituted part of this genus, are now placed in the genus Ancillaria by authors. They differ from the present genus Eburna, in having the sutures of the spire - covered with a polished enamel. (A. glabrata, fig. 455.) The Eburnæ + covered with a polished enamel. (A. glabrata, fig. 455.) The Eburnæ resemble in some respects the genus Buccinum, but a glance at the figure will enable the reader to distinguish a true Eburna from all other shells. Fig. 426 is Eburna Zeylanica. A catalogue of 9 species is given @@ -5850,7 +5814,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> teeth, sometimes a crenated margin, &c. The only certain characters appear to be that they have two diverging cardinal teeth in each valve, one of which is bifid; and an external ligament. Lea states that the - Egeriæ should be placed between the Sanguinolariæ and the Psammobiæ, + Egeriæ should be placed between the Sanguinolariæ and the Psammobiæ, which two latter genera have been united by Sowerby. Fig. 103, E. Triangulata, from the tertiary formation of Alabama.</p> @@ -5881,7 +5845,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>ELLIPSOSTOMATA. Bl. (<span title="Elleipsis" class="grk" >Ελλειψις</span>, - <i>ellipsis</i>, oval; <span title="stôma" class="grk" + <i>ellipsis</i>, oval; <span title="stôma" class="grk" >στωμα</span>, <i>mouth</i>.) The third family of the class Asiphonibranchiata, Bl. The shells of this family are described as of various forms, generally smooth; the aperture @@ -5915,11 +5879,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> inclined; muscular impressions wide.—<i>Obs.</i> Emarginula elongata, of some Authors, <span class="sc">Parmophorus</span> of De Blainville is commonly called the Duck's bill limpet, from its shape. The - Emarginulæ may be known from Patellæ and other neighbouring genera, by + Emarginulæ may be known from Patellæ and other neighbouring genera, by the notch or slit in the anterior edge. In the genus Rimula, Defr. fig. 243, this slit is near the apex, and does not reach the margin. Recent species occur in all climates, but are not numerous. Fossil species are - still more rare, occurring in the Calc-grossièr, Crag and Oolite. E. + still more rare, occurring in the Calc-grossièr, Crag and Oolite. E. fissurata, fig. 241.</p> <p>ENA. Leach. A sub-genus of Bulinus. B. Lackhamensis. Mont.</p> @@ -5929,7 +5893,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>ENDOTOMA. Rafinesque. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>ENROULEES. Lam. See <span class="sc">Convolutæ</span>.</p> + <p>ENROULEES. Lam. See <span class="sc">Convolutæ</span>.</p> <p>ENSATELLA. Sw. A genus consisting of <span class="sc">Solen</span> ensis, Auct. fig. 60, and other species similarly curved. <i>Genus</i> @@ -5939,12 +5903,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> species.</p> <p>ENTALIS. Defr. <span class="sc">Dentalium</span> duplicatum, Bl. <span - class="sc">Pharetrium</span>, König. This genus is described as a small + class="sc">Pharetrium</span>, König. This genus is described as a small tube, within a larger one, the smaller extremity of the inner tube projecting beyond that of the outer one. Deshayes, who describes this genus, expresses a conviction that the soft parts of the animal must be entirely different from those of the animal of Dentalium. The genus <span - class="sc">Pharetrium</span>, as described by König in his "Icones + class="sc">Pharetrium</span>, as described by König in his "Icones Fossilium Sectiles," is evidently identical with Entalis. It is placed by him in the family of Pteropoda, but being a fossil shell, there is some difficulty in finding its place in the system. See plates, fig. 3.</p> @@ -5954,7 +5918,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <span class="sc">Productus</span>, Auct. having the hinge large and the umbones short. <span class="sc">Orthis?</span> Dalman.</p> - <p>ENTIRE. (Integra.) Not interrupted, not emarginated. The peritrême of + <p>ENTIRE. (Integra.) Not interrupted, not emarginated. The peritrême of a univalve shell is said to be entire when not interrupted by canals or by the body whorl. <i>Ex.</i> Cyclostoma, fig. 304. The palleal impression is entire, when continued without interruption, or without a @@ -5964,7 +5928,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Bl. The shells of this family are described as differing but little from those contained in the family of Siphonostomata of the same author, both with regard to the soft parts, and their testaceous covering. This family - partly answers to the Purpuriferæ in the system of Lamarck, and contains + partly answers to the Purpuriferæ in the system of Lamarck, and contains the genera Subula, Cerithium, Melanopsis, Planaxis, Terebra, Eburna, Buccinum, Harpa, Dolium, Cassidaria, Cassis, Ricinula, Cancellaria, Purpura, Concholepas.</p> @@ -5998,22 +5962,22 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>EPONIDES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>EQUILATERAL. (Æquus, equal; latus, side.) Equal-sided. A term applied + <p>EQUILATERAL. (Æquus, equal; latus, side.) Equal-sided. A term applied to bivalve shells, when a line drawn down perpendicularly from the apex would divide the shell into two equal parts. <i>Ex.</i> Pectunculus pilosus, fig. 134.</p> - <p>EQUIVALVE. (Æquus, equal; <i>valva</i>, a valve.) A term applied to a + <p>EQUIVALVE. (Æquus, equal; <i>valva</i>, a valve.) A term applied to a bivalve shell when the valves are equal to each other in dimensions.</p> - <p>ERATO. Risso. <i>Fam.</i> Convolutæ, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Ovate, + <p>ERATO. Risso. <i>Fam.</i> Convolutæ, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Ovate, more or less angulated, smooth or granulated, with a dorsal scar; spire short; aperture large, angulated, emarginated; columella slightly crenated; outer lip reflected, denticulated on the inner edge. Suture of the whorls covered with enamel.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus of shells resembles Marginella in form, but has no folds on the columella. Having a scar or groove down the back it may be considered intermediate between - Marginella and Cypræa. Fig. 454, E. Maugeriæ. In the Author's + Marginella and Cypræa. Fig. 454, E. Maugeriæ. In the Author's Conchological Illustrations, seven species are enumerated and figured.</p> @@ -6034,14 +5998,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> on each side of the ligamentiferous pit; whereas in the last named genera they are both placed on the anterior side. Fig. 86, E. Plebeja.</p> - <p>ERYTHRÆA. The ancient name for <span class="sc">Cypræa</span>.</p> + <p>ERYTHRÆA. The ancient name for <span class="sc">Cypræa</span>.</p> <p>ESCUTCHEON. The impression on the posterior dorsal margin of some bivalve shells. That on the anterior margin is named the lunule. The escutcheon is pointed out by the letter <i>e</i> in some of the figures - of Cythereæ. Fig. 117, <i>a. b. c.</i></p> + of Cythereæ. Fig. 117, <i>a. b. c.</i></p> - <p>ETHERIA. Lam. (<i>Æther</i>, air.) Fam. Chamacea, Lam. and + <p>ETHERIA. Lam. (<i>Æther</i>, air.) Fam. Chamacea, Lam. and Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, foliaceous, pearly within, covered by an olive green epidermis without; hinge callous, undulated, destitute of teeth; ligament partly external, @@ -6073,7 +6037,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> the latter. Fossil, in the Carboniferous Limestone. Fig. 350.</p> <p>EXOGYRA. Sow. A genus of fossil bivalves, resembling Chama in shape - and Ostræa in structure, having but one muscular impression in each + and Ostræa in structure, having but one muscular impression in each valve. Fig. 183.</p> <p>EXSERTED. Standing out, protruding.</p> @@ -6124,25 +6088,25 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>FISSURELLA. Brug. (<i>Fissura</i>, a fissure.) <i>Fam.</i> Calyptracia, Lam. Branchifera, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Patelliform, oval or oblong, radiated; apex anterior, perforated.—<i>Obs.</i> The - Fissurellæ are known from Patellæ by the perforation in the apex. Fig. + Fissurellæ are known from Patellæ by the perforation in the apex. Fig. 245. The catalogue published by the author in the Conchological Illustrations, enumerates 68 species.</p> - <p>FISTULANA. Lam. (<i>Fistula</i>, a pipe.) <i>Fam.</i> Tubicolæ, Lam. + <p>FISTULANA. Lam. (<i>Fistula</i>, a pipe.) <i>Fam.</i> Tubicolæ, Lam. Adesmacea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> A transversely elongated, equivalve, inequilateral bivalve, enclosed by a septum within the widest, closed extremity of a straight calcareous tube. Fistulana is known from - Gastrochæna by the straightness of the tubes, and the oblong state of the + Gastrochæna by the straightness of the tubes, and the oblong state of the valves. Fig. 54, Fistulana Clava.</p> - <p>FLEXUOUS. Having windings or bendings. <i>Ex.</i> The Tellinæ are + <p>FLEXUOUS. Having windings or bendings. <i>Ex.</i> The Tellinæ are known by the twist or flexuosity in the posterior ventral margin of the shell.</p> <p>FLORILLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> <p>FLUVIATILE. (Fluviatilis.) Belonging to a river or running stream. - <i>Ex.</i> Limnæa fluviatilis.</p> + <i>Ex.</i> Limnæa fluviatilis.</p> <p>FLUVIATILE CONCHACEA. See <span class="sc">Conchacea</span>.</p> @@ -6164,7 +6128,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> form a distinct branch of study, I do not think it desirable to describe the genera, or to present any arrangement of them in this work.</p> - <p>FORNICATED. Arched or vaulted, as the exfoliations on the costæ of + <p>FORNICATED. Arched or vaulted, as the exfoliations on the costæ of Tridacna Elongata, fig. 157.</p> <p>FOSSIL SHELL. A shell is considered to be in a fossil state when, the @@ -6239,7 +6203,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> abounding in the tertiary formations. The recent species are mostly tropical. Fig. 387, F. Colus.</p> - <p>GALATHÆA. Brug. <span class="sc">Potamophila</span>, Sow. <span + <p>GALATHÆA. Brug. <span class="sc">Potamophila</span>, Sow. <span class="sc">Megadesma</span>, Bowd.</p> <p>GALEA. Klein. <span class="sc">Purpura</span>, Auct.</p> @@ -6266,14 +6230,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>GALERICULUS. (<i>Galericulum</i>, a little cap or bonnet.) <span class="sc">Velutina</span>, Auct. fig. 337.</p> - <p>GALERUS. Humph. <span class="sc">Calyptræa</span>, Lam.</p> + <p>GALERUS. Humph. <span class="sc">Calyptræa</span>, Lam.</p> <p>GAPING. (<i>Hians.</i>) Bivalve shells are said to gape when the - margins do not meet all round. <i>Ex.</i> Gastrochæna, fig. 52.</p> + margins do not meet all round. <i>Ex.</i> Gastrochæna, fig. 52.</p> <p>GARI. Schum. <span class="sc">Psammobia</span>, Lam.</p> - <p>GASTEROPODA. Lam. (<span title="Gastêr" class="grk" + <p>GASTEROPODA. Lam. (<span title="Gastêr" class="grk" >Γαστηρ</span>, <i>gaster</i>, belly; <span title="pous, podos" class="grk">πους, ποδος</span>, <i>pus</i>, <i>podos</i>, a @@ -6287,7 +6251,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>GASTRANEA. Schum.? <span class="sc">Corbula</span>, Auct.</p> - <p>GASTROCHÆNA. Speng. (<span title="Gastêr" class="grk" + <p>GASTROCHÆNA. Speng. (<span title="Gastêr" class="grk" >Γαστηρ</span>, <i>gaster</i>, belly; <span title="chaino" class="grk">χαινο</span>, <i>chaino</i>, gape.) <i>Fam.</i> Pholadaria, Lam. Pyloridea, @@ -6295,7 +6259,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> oblique, ventral hiatus, enclosed in a curved pyriform tube. Differing from Galeomma in being a free, oblique shell; from Fistulana, in the oval shape of the valves, and the curve of the tube; from Aspergillum and - Clavagella, in both valves being free.—<i>Obs.</i> The Gastrochænæ + Clavagella, in both valves being free.—<i>Obs.</i> The Gastrochænæ are found in the hollows of massive shells or other marine substances. Fig. 62, G. Modiolina.</p> @@ -6317,7 +6281,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> and 166, described at page 331.</p> <p>GEOVULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melampus (Auricula), consisting of oval - species, resembling Auricula Midæ, fig. 297.</p> + species, resembling Auricula Midæ, fig. 297.</p> <p>GERVILLIA. Defr. <i>Fam.</i> Margaritacea, Bl. Malleacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Equivalve, oblong, oblique; hinge long, @@ -6330,7 +6294,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>GIBERULA. Sw. A genus separated from <span class="sc">Marginella</span>, Auct. and thus described, "sub-oval; spire slightly prominent; top of the outer lip dilated and gibbous; base of the - inner lip with plaits; inner lip broad, spreading. G. Zonata. Enc. Méth. + inner lip with plaits; inner lip broad, spreading. G. Zonata. Enc. Méth. 374, f. 6."</p> <p>GIBBOSE or GIBBOUS. (<i>Gibbosus.</i>) Bunched out, embossed, having a @@ -6340,7 +6304,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>GIBBUS. Montf. <span class="sc">Bulinus</span> <i>Lyonetianus</i>, Lam. <span class="sc">Pupa</span>, Bl. fig. 284.</p> - <p>GIOENIA. A name given in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, to the plates of + <p>GIOENIA. A name given in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, to the plates of the stomach of Bulla Lignaria.</p> <p>GLABELLA. Sw. <span class="sc">Marginella</span> Glabella (fig. 437), @@ -6411,7 +6375,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> the pillar curving inwards; the base slightly notched. G. erubescens, <i>Sw.</i> Zool. Journ. i. pl. 5, f. 2." Sw. p. 335.</p> - <p>GONIOSTOMATÆ. Bl. A family belonging to the order Asiphonibranchiata, + <p>GONIOSTOMATÆ. Bl. A family belonging to the order Asiphonibranchiata, Bl. containing the genera Solarium and Trochus.</p> <p>GONOSPIRA. Sw. A sub-genus of Pupa, thus described, "spire perfectly @@ -6432,7 +6396,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> posteriorly.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus (Donax irregularis, Bast.) is only known in a fossil state. Fig. 102, G. Moulinsii.</p> - <p>GRYPHÆA. Lam. (From Gryps, a griffin.) <i>Fam.</i> Ostracea, + <p>GRYPHÆA. Lam. (From Gryps, a griffin.) <i>Fam.</i> Ostracea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Inequivalve, free; lower valve large, concave; with the umbo prominent, incurved; upper valve small, flat, opercular; hinge toothless, with a curved, depressed area; one muscular @@ -6440,7 +6404,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> are of a more regular form, and are remarkable for the curved, produced beak of the lower valve. They are only known in a fossil state, belonging to the more ancient strata. Fig. 182, G. incurva. The recent species - mentioned by Lamarck is not a true Gryphæa.</p> + mentioned by Lamarck is not a true Gryphæa.</p> <p>GYMNOLEPAS. A generic name used by De Blainville to include <span class="sc">Otion</span> and <span class="sc">Cineras</span>, Leach.</p> @@ -6458,13 +6422,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>GYROIDINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>HALIOTIDÆ. Sw. A sub-genus of Calyptræa. <span - class="sc">Calyptræa</span> dilatata. Sowerby's Genera of Shells, fig. + <p>HALIOTIDÆ. Sw. A sub-genus of Calyptræa. <span + class="sc">Calyptræa</span> dilatata. Sowerby's Genera of Shells, fig. 9.</p> <p>HALIOTIS. Auct. (<span title="als" class="grk" >αλς</span>, <i>als</i>, sea; <span title="ous" class="grk" - >ους</span>, <span title="ôtos" class="grk" + >ους</span>, <span title="ôtos" class="grk" >ωτος</span>, <i>otos</i>, ear.) <i>Fam.</i> Macrostomata, Lam. Otides, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Auriform, broad, depressed, pearly within, rough, costated, tuberculated without; spire @@ -6592,14 +6556,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> consisting of species with large apertures, like Vitrina; Helix brevipes. <i>S. gen. 2</i>, <i>Cochlohydra</i>, Succinea Amphibia, Drap. <i>S. gen. 3</i>, <i>Helicogena</i>, consisting of the common species with the last - whorl large; Helix Hæmastoma, H. Contusa, (Streptaxis, Gray,) H. Aspersa. + whorl large; Helix Hæmastoma, H. Contusa, (Streptaxis, Gray,) H. Aspersa. <i>S. gen. 4</i>, <i>Helicodonta</i>, consisting of species with teeth or folds on the columella; Polydonta, Montf. Anostoma, Helix Nux-denticulata. <i>S. gen. 5</i>, <i>Helicigona</i>, Carocolla, Geotrochus. <i>S. gen. 6</i>, <i>Helicella</i>, consisting of depressed species with a large umbilicus; H. Citrina (Naninia, Gray.) <i>S. gen. 7</i>, <i>Helicostyla</i>, consisting of species with a simple aperture, - like the Helicogenæ, but with the whorls increasing very gradually; H. + like the Helicogenæ, but with the whorls increasing very gradually; H. epistylium. <i>S. gen. 8</i>, <i>Cochlostyla</i>, Bulinus. <i>S. gen. 9</i>, <i>Cochlitoma</i>, Achatina. <i>S. gen. 10</i>, <i>Cochlicopa</i>, Polyphemus Glans. <i>S. gen. 11</i>, <i>Cochlicella</i>, Bulinus @@ -6615,7 +6579,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>HELIXARION. Fer. <span class="sc">Vitrina</span>, Drap. Differing from Helicolimax in the structure of the animal. Fig. 262.</p> - <p>HEMICARDIUM. Cuv. (<span title="hêmisus" class="grk" + <p>HEMICARDIUM. Cuv. (<span title="hêmisus" class="grk" >ἡμισυς</span>, <i>hemisus</i>, half, <span title="Kardia" class="grk" >Καρδια</span>, <i>cardia</i>, heart.) @@ -6630,7 +6594,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> described as "more or less globular, thick, flattened on the under side; spire very short; aperture large, semilunar, entire; its outer edge hollowed; its inner or columellar edge straight, sharp and septiform." - This family answers to the genus <i>Nerita</i> of Linnæus, and to the + This family answers to the genus <i>Nerita</i> of Linnæus, and to the family Neritacea of Lamarck. It contains the genera Natica, Nerita, Neritina, and Navicella.</p> @@ -6641,7 +6605,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> gigantea, <i>Lam.</i> v. 472. No. 1. grandis, <i>Sw.</i> Sp. Nov." Sw. p. 369.</p> - <p>HEMIMITRA. Sw. A sub-genus of Paludomus, Sw. (Melanianæ.)</p> + <p>HEMIMITRA. Sw. A sub-genus of Paludomus, Sw. (Melanianæ.)</p> <p>HEMIODON. Sw. A sub-genus of Anodon, described as having "Tubercles or undulations on the hinge margin. H. undulatus, purpurascens and @@ -6656,10 +6620,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> the fissure not cut through the shell, but merely forming an internal groove. H. tricostata, <i>Sw.</i> Sow. Gen. fig. 6."</p> - <p>HEMITROCHUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Geotrochus, Sw. H. hæmastoma. Sw. p. + <p>HEMITROCHUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Geotrochus, Sw. H. hæmastoma. Sw. p. 331.</p> - <p>HEPTALASMIS. Leach. (<span title="Hêpta" class="grk" + <p>HEPTALASMIS. Leach. (<span title="Hêpta" class="grk" >Ἡπτα</span>, <i>hepta</i>, seven; <span title="elasma" class="grk" >ελασμα</span>, <i>elasma</i>, plate) @@ -6692,7 +6656,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>HETEROSTEGINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>HIATELLA. Daud. Fam. Lithophagidæ, Lam. A genus composed of species of + <p>HIATELLA. Daud. Fam. Lithophagidæ, Lam. A genus composed of species of Saxicava, Auct. which have sharp, angulated, posterior ridges, a circumstance which occurs to many species in a young state, which afterwards become rounded off. Fig. 95, Hiatella biaperta.</p> @@ -6780,7 +6744,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>HORTOLUS. Montf. <span class="sc">Spirolina</span>, Lam. Microscopic.</p> - <p>HYALÆA. Auct. (<i>Hyalus</i>, glass.) <i>Fam.</i> Pteropoda, Lam. + <p>HYALÆA. Auct. (<i>Hyalus</i>, glass.) <i>Fam.</i> Pteropoda, Lam. Thecosomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Globose, glassy, transparent, with a triangular opening at the upper part where the dorsal portion advances beyond the ventral; ventral portion vaulted; dorsal more flat; lower @@ -6788,7 +6752,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> this genus were formerly taken for bivalves, and named Anomia Tricuspidata, &c. They are now known to belong to the class of molluscous animals, called Pteropoda, from the wing-shaped organs of - locomotion. A species of Hyalæa occurs in Sicily in a fossil state. + locomotion. A species of Hyalæa occurs in Sicily in a fossil state. Recent species are found in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Fig. 226, H. Tridentata.</p> @@ -6799,7 +6763,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>HYDROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first section of the order Gasteropoda, Lam. containing Molluscs which breathe water only; divided into the families - Tritoniana, Phyllidiana, Semi-phyllidiana, Calyptracea, Bullæana, and + Tritoniana, Phyllidiana, Semi-phyllidiana, Calyptracea, Bullæana, and Aplysiana.</p> <p>HYGROMANES. Fer. A sub-division of Helix, containing H. limbata, Auct. @@ -6810,15 +6774,15 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <span class="sc">Hyria</span> corrugata, fig. 143, Hyria Syrmatophora, fig. 144.</p> - <p>HYRIDELLA. Sw. A genus of "Hyrianæ," Sw. described as differing from + <p>HYRIDELLA. Sw. A genus of "Hyrianæ," Sw. described as differing from <span class="sc">Hyria</span>, Auct. in having a cardinal as well as a lateral tooth in each valve. Sw. p. 380.</p> <p>HISTRIX. Humph. <span class="sc">Ricinula</span>, Auct.</p> <p>JANERA. Schum. A genus composed of species of Pecten, Auct. having - oblique plicæ or calli on each side of the ligamentary pit. <i>Ex.</i> P. - plica, fig. 172. Decadopecten, Rüppell.</p> + oblique plicæ or calli on each side of the ligamentary pit. <i>Ex.</i> P. + plica, fig. 172. Decadopecten, Rüppell.</p> <p>JANTHINA. Auct. (<i>Janthum</i>, a violet.) <i>Fam.</i> Neritacea, Lam. Oxystomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Sub-globose, thin, fragile; @@ -6856,7 +6820,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>IMBRICARIA. Schum. <span class="sc">Conohelix</span>, Sw.</p> <p>IMBRICATED. (<i>Imbrex</i>, a tile.) A shell is said to be imbricated - when the superficial laminæ are arranged over each other in the manner of + when the superficial laminæ are arranged over each other in the manner of tiles.</p> <p>IMPERATOR. Montf. A genus composed of species of the genus <span @@ -6881,12 +6845,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> such as might be produced by the entrance of teeth. The cast of a dentated surface would be indented.</p> - <p>INEQUILATERAL. (<i>Æquus</i>, equal; <i>latus</i>, a side.) A term + <p>INEQUILATERAL. (<i>Æquus</i>, equal; <i>latus</i>, a side.) A term applied to a bivalve shell when its extent on one side of the umbones is greater than that on the other. When the sides are nearly equal, the term <i>sub-equilateral</i> is used.</p> - <p>INEQUIVALVE. (<i>in</i>; <i>æquus</i>, equal; <i>valva</i>, valve.) + <p>INEQUIVALVE. (<i>in</i>; <i>æquus</i>, equal; <i>valva</i>, valve.) The two principal valves differing from each other in diameter or convexity.</p> @@ -6902,13 +6866,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>INFLECTED. Turned inwards. This term is applied to the outer lip of a spiral shell when it turns towards the body whorl. This is the case in - Cypræa, fig. 446. See <span class="sc">Reflected</span>.</p> + Cypræa, fig. 446. See <span class="sc">Reflected</span>.</p> <p>INFUNDIBULUM. Montf. (<i>A funnel.</i>) A genus formed of those - species of <span class="sc">Calyptræa</span>, Lam. which, having a spiral + species of <span class="sc">Calyptræa</span>, Lam. which, having a spiral septum, so nearly resemble Trochus that some authors have placed them in that genus. One species named Patella Trochiformis. Recent from South - America, fossil from the tertiary beds. Fig. 237, 238, Calyptræa + America, fossil from the tertiary beds. Fig. 237, 238, Calyptræa (Infundibulum) Pileus.</p> <p>INNER LIP. That edge of the aperture of an univalve shell which is @@ -6919,7 +6883,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Thick, inequivalve, sub-equilateral, triangular, deep, with the umbones incurved; hinge formed of a series of transverse grooves.—<i>Obs.</i> The larger valves of these fossil shells - resemble the larger valve of Gryphæa; but the hinge is quite distinct. + resemble the larger valve of Gryphæa; but the hinge is quite distinct. The species described in Mineral Conchology are found in the blue marl, at Folkstone, and in the chalk. I. Lamarckii, (Catillus, Brong.) fig. 167.</p> @@ -6947,7 +6911,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> an instance of this.</p> <p>IO. Lea. A genus composed of several species of fresh-water shells - which are considered as differing from Melaniæ in having the anterior + which are considered as differing from Melaniæ in having the anterior termination of the aperture produced into a point in some degree resembling the caudal canals of shells belonging to the family of Canalifera, which are marine. Io fusiformis and spinosus are described @@ -6960,12 +6924,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>IPHIGENIA. Gray. A sub-genus of Clausilia, C. biplicata, &c. Auct. Gray's Turton, p. 214.</p> - <p>IRIDEA. Sw. A genus of "Hyrianæ," Sw. thus described:—"Oblong + <p>IRIDEA. Sw. A genus of "Hyrianæ," Sw. thus described:—"Oblong ovate; bosses small, depressed, sulcated; inner cardinal tooth placed - beneath the outer. I. granosa, <i>Lam.</i> En. Méth. 248. fig. 9."</p> + beneath the outer. I. granosa, <i>Lam.</i> En. Méth. 248. fig. 9."</p> <p>IRIDINA. Auct. A genus belonging to the Nayades, and resembling the - <span class="sc">Anodontæ</span>, Auct. but its peculiar characteristic + <span class="sc">Anodontæ</span>, Auct. but its peculiar characteristic is that the hinge lamina is tuberculated or crenulated in its whole length. Sowerby unites all the genera of the family into the genus <span class="sc">Unio</span>. Fig. 150, I. Elongata.</p> @@ -7038,18 +7002,18 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>LAMPAS. Montf. <span class="sc">Lenticulina</span>, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>LAMPRODOMA. Sw. A genus of "Olivinæ," Sw. thus + <p>LAMPRODOMA. Sw. A genus of "Olivinæ," Sw. thus described:—"Mitriform; spire produced, conic; resembling <span class="sc">Mitrella</span> in shape, but the suture is channelled; the aperture effuse at the base, contracted above; lower half of the pillar with 6 to 7 plaits. Volutella, Zool. Ill. ii. series, pl. 40. f. 1. (<i>fig. 86.</i> )" Sw. p. 321.</p> - <p>LAMPROSCAPHA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Anodontinæ," Sw. thus + <p>LAMPROSCAPHA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Anodontinæ," Sw. thus described:—"Shell not winged, elongate, pod-shaped; teeth none; bosses near the anterior extremity. Tropical America only? L. ? elongata. <i>Sw.</i> Zool. Ill. i. 176. ensiforme, <i>Spix.</i> Braz. Test. - siliquosa. Braz. Test. pygmæa. Ib." Sw. p. 381.</p> + siliquosa. Braz. Test. pygmæa. Ib." Sw. p. 381.</p> <p>LAMPROSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Canthorbis (Trochus), described at p. 350, Lardn. Cyclop. Malac.</p> @@ -7076,7 +7040,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> impressions are those which are placed at a distance from each other, on the opposite sides of the shell.</p> - <p>LATIAXIS. Sw. A genus of "Eburninæ," Sw. corresponding with the genus + <p>LATIAXIS. Sw. A genus of "Eburninæ," Sw. corresponding with the genus Trichotropis. Sow. (Sw. Malac. p. 306.)</p> <p>LATIRUS. Montf. A genus composed of species of <span @@ -7093,15 +7057,15 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>LEILA. Gray? Described as having the hinge edge smooth like Iridina, but having a "sharp siphonal inflexion." (Syn. B. M. p. 142.)</p> - <p>LEIODOMUS. Sw. A genus of "Buccininæ," Sw. consisting of Terebra + <p>LEIODOMUS. Sw. A genus of "Buccininæ," Sw. consisting of Terebra vittata and other similar species. This genus corresponds with Bullia, Gray.</p> - <p>LEIOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of "Fusinæ," Sw. thus described, "Equally + <p>LEIOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of "Fusinæ," Sw. thus described, "Equally fusiform," (with Fusus) "but ventricose in the middle; shell entirely smooth, almost polished; inner lip thickened, and vitreous; base of the pillar very straight. Fossil only. (<i>fig. 75.</i>) L. bulbiformis. En. - Méth. 428. f. 1."</p> + Méth. 428. f. 1."</p> <p>LEMBULUS. Leach. A genus composed of oval species of <span class="sc">Nucula</span>, resembling N. margaritacea, fig. 137.</p> @@ -7121,24 +7085,24 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>LEPADICEA. Bl. The first family of the class Nemantopoda, Bl. This family consists of the same animals which constitute the Pedunculated Cirripedes of Lamarck, and part of the genus Lepas in the system of - Linnæus. It contains the genera Gymnolepas, Pentalepas, Polylepas and + Linnæus. It contains the genera Gymnolepas, Pentalepas, Polylepas and Litholepas.</p> <p>LEPAS. (<span title="Lepas" class="grk" >Λεπας</span>, <i>lepas</i>, a rock.) The - Linnæan name Lepas contains all the Cirripedes or Multivalves, the + Linnæan name Lepas contains all the Cirripedes or Multivalves, the different kinds of which are not distinguished in the accounts given by early writers of the habits of the animals. (Fig. 14 to 43.) It was formerly applied to the Limpets or Patella. In fact, the ancient - definition was "Concha petræ adhærens," and would apply to any shells + definition was "Concha petræ adhærens," and would apply to any shells attached to rocks.</p> - <p>LEPTÆNA. Dalman. A genus belonging to the Brachiopoda; and thus + <p>LEPTÆNA. Dalman. A genus belonging to the Brachiopoda; and thus described:—"Hinge compressed, rectilinear, frequently exceeding the width of the shell." It forms part of the genus Producta, Sow. Fig. 206, L. depressa.</p> - <p>LEPTOCONCHUS. Rüppell. (<span title="Leptos" class="grk" + <p>LEPTOCONCHUS. Rüppell. (<span title="Leptos" class="grk" >Λεπτος</span>, <i>leptus</i>, thin; <span title="Konchos" class="grk" >Κογχος</span>, <i>conchos</i>, @@ -7223,7 +7187,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> ligamentary pit without teeth; muscular impression one, sublateral, sub-orbicular.—<i>Obs.</i> The shells thus described are marine, two or three species being found on our coasts, and fossil species - occurring in Lias, inferior Oolite, Calcaire-grossiér, &c. They + occurring in Lias, inferior Oolite, Calcaire-grossiér, &c. They differ from Pecten in having a wide hiatus for the passage of a byssus, by which they are occasionally attached, and also in the triangular disc, which separates the umbones. The animal makes use of the valves of his @@ -7270,7 +7234,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Described as containing shells very variable in form, most frequently inclining to globular or oval; the apex always obtuse; aperture variable, but never emarginated. All the Limacinea are phytophagous and - terrestrial. This family answers to the genus Helix of Linnæus and to the + terrestrial. This family answers to the genus Helix of Linnæus and to the Colimacea of Lamarck, leaving out the Auriculacea. It contains the genera Succinea, Bulinus, Achatina, Clausilia, Pupa, Partula, Helix, Vitrina, Testacella, Limacella, Limax.</p> @@ -7292,7 +7256,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <blockquote class="b2n b2xtra"> - <p>1. <span class="sc">Limnæa</span>. Spire produced; including + <p>1. <span class="sc">Limnæa</span>. Spire produced; including <i>Physa</i>. Fig. 308 to 310.</p> <p>2. <span class="sc">Planorbis</span>. Spire orbicular; including @@ -7317,7 +7281,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> under the name Physa, fig. 310. Other generic names have been given to other species.</p> - <p>LINES OF GROWTH. The concentric striæ or lines formed by the edges of + <p>LINES OF GROWTH. The concentric striæ or lines formed by the edges of the successive layers of shelly matter deposited by the animal by which it increases the shell. The outer edge of the aperture is always the last line of growth.</p> @@ -7349,7 +7313,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>LITHODOMUS. Cuv. (<span title="Lithos" class="grk" >Λιθος</span>, <i>lithos</i>, stone; - <span title="Dôma" class="grk">Δωμα</span>, + <span title="Dôma" class="grk">Δωμα</span>, <i>doma</i>, house.) <i>Fam.</i> Mytilacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Transverse, elongated, cylindrical, equivalve, with the extremities rounded, and the posterior extremity rostrated; umbones not prominent, @@ -7369,9 +7333,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> >λεπας</span>, <i>lepas</i>, rock.) De Blainville's name for <span class="sc">Lithotrya</span>, Sow.</p> - <p>LITHOPHAGIDÆ. Lam. (<span title="Lithos" class="grk" + <p>LITHOPHAGIDÆ. Lam. (<span title="Lithos" class="grk" >Λιθος</span>, <i>lithos</i>, stone; - <span title="Phagô" class="grk">Φαγω</span>, + <span title="Phagô" class="grk">Φαγω</span>, <i>phago</i>, eat or gnaw.) A family of the Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. consisting of terebrating bivalves, gaping anteriorly, having no accessary valves; and containing the genera Saxicava, Petricola, @@ -7388,7 +7352,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> including, Clothe, Venerirupis and Coralliophaga. Fig. 91, 92, 97.</p> <p>2. <span class="sc">Saxicava</span>, without teeth, including - Biapholius, Hiatella, Sphænia, Byssomya, and Thracia. Fig. 93 to 96.</p> + Biapholius, Hiatella, Sphænia, Byssomya, and Thracia. Fig. 93 to 96.</p> </blockquote> @@ -7433,7 +7397,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> increasing volutions.—<i>Obs.</i> The shells composing this genus are known from Turbo and Phasianella by the horny operculum; and from Trochus, which has also a horny operculum, by the small number of the - whorls. The Littorinæ, among which may be enumerated the common + whorls. The Littorinæ, among which may be enumerated the common Periwinkle, are, as the name implies, found on sea shores, feeding upon seaweed, in all parts of the world. Fig. 363, <i>L. Vulgaris</i>.</p> @@ -7441,9 +7405,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> described as chambered, symmetrical, convolute in part of their extent, but constantly straight towards the termination. The genus Spirula, which is admitted into this family, does not properly belong to it, any more - than to the Lituolæ of Lamarck, in which it is also placed. It does not + than to the Lituolæ of Lamarck, in which it is also placed. It does not agree with the descriptions of either. This family partly corresponds - with the "Lituolées," Lam. and contains the genera Lituola, + with the "Lituolées," Lam. and contains the genera Lituola, Ichthyosarcolites, Spirula, Hamites and Ammonoceras.</p> <p>LITUACEA. Lam. A family of the order Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Lam. @@ -7454,7 +7418,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>LITUOLA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>LITUOLÆ. Lam. The third family of Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Lam. the + <p>LITUOLÆ. Lam. The third family of Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Lam. the shells of which are described as partially spiral, the last whorl continuing in a straight line. The transverse septa which divide the chambers, are in general pierced by a siphon which breaks itself off @@ -7481,7 +7445,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>LOMASTOMA. Rafinesque. An imperfectly defined genus, probably belonging to the Limnacea.</p> - <p>LONGITUDINAL. Lengthwise. Longitudinal striæ, ribs, &c. are those + <p>LONGITUDINAL. Lengthwise. Longitudinal striæ, ribs, &c. are those which radiate from the apex and follow the spiral direction of the whorls, in spiral shells; and from the umbo to the ventral margin in bivalves. The term "decourantes" is employed by French conchologists. The @@ -7501,14 +7465,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>LUCERNA. Humph. A generic name applied to some species of Helix included in De Ferussac's sub-genus Helicogena.</p> - <p>LUCERNELLA. Sw. A genus of "Lucerninæ," Sw. thus described: "Teeth on + <p>LUCERNELLA. Sw. A genus of "Lucerninæ," Sw. thus described: "Teeth on both sides of the aperture; surface regularly and distinctly striated. Circumference convex."</p> <p>LUCIDULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Lucerna, Humph. thus described: "Aperture transverse, both lips much thickened and united; the outer with marginal obsolete teeth at the base; umbilicus closed. Barbadensis, <i>Lam.</i> - No. 49. p. 78. Fêr. Moll. pl. 47, 2, 3, 4."</p> + No. 49. p. 78. Fêr. Moll. pl. 47, 2, 3, 4."</p> <p>LUCINA. Brug. <i>Fam.</i> Nymphacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Equivalve, inequilateral, orbicular, lenticular, @@ -7534,7 +7498,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> the <i>escutcheon</i>.</p> <p>LUPONIA. Gray. A genus composed of species of <span - class="sc">Cypræa</span>, Auct. which are described as having the + class="sc">Cypræa</span>, Auct. which are described as having the anterior of the columellar lip crossed by several irregular ridges, without any distinct marginal ones, internally narrow, flat; the shell pear-shaped, smooth, or cross-ribbed. <i>Ex.</i> C. Algoensis, Luponia @@ -7701,14 +7665,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>MALACOZOA. Bl. (<span title="Malakos" class="grk" >Μαλακος</span>, - <i>malacos</i>, soft; <span title="Zôon" class="grk" + <i>malacos</i>, soft; <span title="Zôon" class="grk" >Ζωον</span>, <i>zoon</i>, animal.) The type or general appellative in De Blainville's system, including all molluscous animals, excepting those with multivalve shells.</p> <p>MALDANIA. Lam. The second family of the order Annelides Sedentaria. The only genus of shells described in this family is Dentalium, fig. 2, - to which may be added Pharetrium, König. fig. 3. It is doubtful however + to which may be added Pharetrium, König. fig. 3. It is doubtful however whether the latter do not belong to an unknown genus of Pteropodous Mollusca.</p> @@ -7719,9 +7683,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>MALENTOZOA. Bl. (<span title="Malakos" class="grk" >Μαλακος</span>, <i>malacos</i>, soft; <span title="en" class="grk">εν</span>, - <i>in</i>, <span title="temnô" class="grk" + <i>in</i>, <span title="temnô" class="grk" >τεμνω</span>, <i>temno</i>, cut; <span - title="Zôon" class="grk">Ζωον</span>, <i>zoon</i>, + title="Zôon" class="grk">Ζωον</span>, <i>zoon</i>, animal.) Or articulated mollusca. The sub-type in De Blainville's system, comprehending those with multivalve shells.</p> @@ -7764,7 +7728,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> valve, large, uniform, and one or two others extremely minute.—<i>Obs.</i> Malleus Vulgaris, the type of this genus, is a most singular shell, commonly called the "Hammer Oyster," from the - peculiarity of its shape. It belongs to the Linnæan genus Ostrea, from + peculiarity of its shape. It belongs to the Linnæan genus Ostrea, from which it differs in being attached by a byssus. Fig. 165, M. Vulgaris. Tropical.</p> @@ -7778,7 +7742,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>MARGARITA. Leach. (<i>Margarita</i>, a pearl.) A genus of small shells resembling the genus Trochus, from which it differs in having an - operculum consisting of few whorls. M. tæniata, fig. 362. Mr. G. B. + operculum consisting of few whorls. M. tæniata, fig. 362. Mr. G. B. Sowerby, sen. has enumerated 15 species in a list accompanying the figures published by the author of this manual in Nos. 132 to 134 of his Conchological Illustrations.</p> @@ -7816,7 +7780,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> the mantle, and by continually depositing vitreous matter gives it a bright polish, which, together with the delicately neat arrangement of colours in most species, renders them exceedingly beautiful. The - Marginellæ are marine and tropical. A few fossil species are found in the + Marginellæ are marine and tropical. A few fossil species are found in the Calc-grossier. Fig. 437. M. Glabella. <span class="sc">Glabella</span>, Sw.</p> @@ -7837,7 +7801,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> columella bidentate, uniplicated towards the base, with large sub-remote teeth; the largest uppermost; no operculum."</p> - <p>MARMAROSTOMA. Sw. A genus of "Trochidæ," Sw. thus described: + <p>MARMAROSTOMA. Sw. A genus of "Trochidæ," Sw. thus described: "Umbilicus deep; spire of few whorls, much depressed, and obtuse; inner lip obsolete; base even more produced than in <i>Senectus</i>, but never distinctly channeled. M. versicolor. Mont. 176. f. 1740, 1741, undulata. @@ -7868,7 +7832,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> >Μεγας</span>, <i>megas</i>, great; <span title="desma" class="grk">δεσμα</span>, <i>desma</i>, ligament.) <span class="sc">Potamophila</span>, Sow. <span - class="sc">Galathæa</span>, Lam.</p> + class="sc">Galathæa</span>, Lam.</p> <p>MEGADOMUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Unio, thus described: "Only one lateral tooth in each valve; cardinal teeth two; posterior hinge margin winged. @@ -7889,13 +7853,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>MEGALOMASTOMA. Guild. A sub-genus of Cyclostoma, thus described: "Cylindrical, resembling <i>Pupa</i>, but has a horny operculum; spire not thickened; teeth or fold on the pillar none, flavula <i>Sw.</i> En. - Méth. 461. f. 6, brunnea <i>Guild.</i> (<i>fig. 97. g. h. 1.</i>)" Sw. p. + Méth. 461. f. 6, brunnea <i>Guild.</i> (<i>fig. 97. g. h. 1.</i>)" Sw. p. 336. Mr. Gray applies the name to those species which have "a groove or ridge in front of the mouth near the pillar."</p> <p>MEGARIMA. Rafinesque. A genus proposed to include species of <span class="sc">Terebratula</span>, Auct. which are smooth and nearly - equivalve. T. lævis, T. crassa, T. truncula.</p> + equivalve. T. lævis, T. crassa, T. truncula.</p> <p>MEGASPIRA. Lea. (<span title="Megas" class="grk" >Μεγας</span>, <i>megas</i>, great, and @@ -7924,9 +7888,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> oblong, pointed at the posterior extremity, rounded anteriorly, with a kind of indistinct canal or sinuosity: epidermis thick, generally black.—<i>Obs.</i> In common with other fresh-water shells, the - Melaniæ are frequently found with corroded apices. This genus is known + Melaniæ are frequently found with corroded apices. This genus is known from Melanopsis by the absence of the notch at the anterior part of the - aperture. The Melaniæ occur in rivers of warm climates. The fossil + aperture. The Melaniæ occur in rivers of warm climates. The fossil species are frequent in upper marine formations. Fig. 313, M. subulata.</p> @@ -7942,7 +7906,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> lip thickened above; including <i>Pirena</i>. Fig. 315, 316.</p> <p>2. <span class="sc">Melania</span>. Aperture not notched; columellar - lip not thickened; including <i>Auculosa</i>, <i>Pasithæa</i>, <i>Io</i>. + lip not thickened; including <i>Auculosa</i>, <i>Pasithæa</i>, <i>Io</i>. Fig. 313, 314, 317.</p> </blockquote> @@ -7960,7 +7924,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> extremity near the spire; epidermis thick, horny, generally black. Subtropical.—<i>Obs.</i> This description includes the two first species of the genus Pirena, Lam. The Melanopsides are known from the - Melaniæ by the notch in the aperture. Fig. 315. M. costata.</p> + Melaniæ by the notch in the aperture. Fig. 315. M. costata.</p> <p>MELAS. Montf. <span class="sc">Melania</span>, Auct.</p> @@ -7989,7 +7953,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> the spiral apex, and in the greater rotundity of the shell. The Melons are beautifully coloured large shells, found in the seas of the old world. The Melo Indicus has a certain resemblance to a Melon. Fig. 435. - M. Æthiopicus.</p> + M. Æthiopicus.</p> <p>MELONIA or MELONITES. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> @@ -8008,10 +7972,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>MESOMPHYX. Rafinesque. A genus proposed to be separated from <span class="sc">Helix</span>, Auct.</p> - <p>MICROTOMA. Sw. A genus of "Purpurinæ," Sw. thus described, "Pillar + <p>MICROTOMA. Sw. A genus of "Purpurinæ," Sw. thus described, "Pillar very broad and curving inwards; aperture effuse; the notch at the base small and nearly obsolete; spire very short, patula. Mart. 69. f. 758, - 759. persica. En. Méth. 397. f. 1. unicolor. <i>Sw.</i> Chem. f. 1449. + 759. persica. En. Méth. 397. f. 1. unicolor. <i>Sw.</i> Chem. f. 1449. Sw. p. 301." Purpura Persica. Fig. 414.</p> <p>MILIOLA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> @@ -8026,7 +7990,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> differ from Marginella, not only in general form, but in the outer lip not being reflected. Some species of Voluta, of a more elongated shape than the rest, present a near approach to the most ventricose of the - Mitræ. The apex of Mitra, however, is always acute, while that of Voluta + Mitræ. The apex of Mitra, however, is always acute, while that of Voluta is generally papillary. The aperture of the former is narrow and the inner lip thickened, the contrary being the case with the latter. The shells of this genus are varied in colouring which is generally rich; and @@ -8036,7 +8000,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> beds. Fig. 431. M. Plicaria. Fig. 432. Conohelix marmorata, Sw.</p> <p>MITRELLA. Sw. A genus consisting of <span class="sc">Mitra</span> - Fissurella, casta, Olivæformis, and similar species, described as "Rather + Fissurella, casta, Olivæformis, and similar species, described as "Rather small; olive-shaped; unequally fusiform; always smooth and polished, and sometimes covered with an epidermis; base obtuse and effuse; spire nearly or quite equal to the aperture; plaits of the pillar few, oblique, and @@ -8044,11 +8008,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> M. Fissurata, E. M. 371. f. 1. Olivarii, f. 2. Dactylus. 372. f. 5. <i>Ex.</i> Mitra bicolor.</p> - <p>MITREOLA. Sw. A genus of "Mitranæ," Sw. thus described: "Small; + <p>MITREOLA. Sw. A genus of "Mitranæ," Sw. thus described: "Small; unequally fusiform; the base obtuse; inner lip, typically thickened, inflected, and either toothed or tuberculated; plaits on the pillar distinct, the inferior largest; tip of the spire sometimes papillary; - aperture without either striæ or groove." Sw. p. 320, M. Monodonta, M. + aperture without either striæ or groove." Sw. p. 320, M. Monodonta, M. Terebellum. Zool. Illustr. II. 128. f. 1. f. 2.</p> <p>MODIOLA. Lam. (<i>Modiola</i>, a little measure.) <i>Fam.</i> @@ -8070,7 +8034,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> sense to include the classes Conchifera and Mollusca of Lamarck, corresponding with the type Malacozoa of De Blainville.</p> - <p>MONEY COWRY. Cypræa Moneta, which passes current in some parts of + <p>MONEY COWRY. Cypræa Moneta, which passes current in some parts of Africa and the East Indies.</p> <p>MONILEA. Sw. A sub-genus of Monodonta. Sw. p. 352.</p> @@ -8088,10 +8052,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Conchological Illustrations by the author. The species belong to the South American coasts of the Pacific Ocean.</p> - <p>MONOCONDYLÆA. D'Orb. A sub-genus of Uniones, described as equivalve, + <p>MONOCONDYLÆA. D'Orb. A sub-genus of Uniones, described as equivalve, inequilateral, sub-rotund or angulated; hinge consisting of a large, obtuse, round cardinal tooth in each valve, with no lateral teeth. - Monocondylæ (Unio) Paraguayana, D'Orb. fig. 149.</p> + Monocondylæ (Unio) Paraguayana, D'Orb. fig. 149.</p> <p>MONODONTA. Lam. <span class="sc">Odontis</span>, Sow. A genus separated from Trochus, Auct. on account of the tooth or notch with which @@ -8179,7 +8143,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> sinus.—<i>Obs.</i> This remarkable shell resembles Etheria in general form and appearance, but is distinguished by having only one muscular impression. It is so rare that, although not very beautiful, a - specimen has been known to produce £20. at a sale. Fig. 192.</p> + specimen has been known to produce £20. at a sale. Fig. 192.</p> <p>MULTILOCULAR. Many chambered.</p> @@ -8212,7 +8176,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> rows of parallel spines; the Ducal Murex, the Royal Murex, and many others, which are much sought after by collectors. Murex may be distinguished from Triton by the continuity of the varices, which follow - each other in a tortuous direction on the spire. The Ranellæ have only + each other in a tortuous direction on the spire. The Ranellæ have only two rows of varices, and have a posterior as well as anterior canal; while Murices have three or more varices, and only one canal. The genus Typhis consists of several small species resembling Murex in every @@ -8224,18 +8188,18 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>MURICANTHUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Murex, thus described: "Varices numerous, foliated; spire short; margin of the outer lip with a prominent tooth near the base; Radix. <i>Sw.</i> Zool. Ill. 2nd series. pl. 113, - Melanomathus. En. Méth. 418. f. 2." Sw. p. 296. The latter of the two + Melanomathus. En. Méth. 418. f. 2." Sw. p. 296. The latter of the two species quoted, however, does not agree with the description, having no prominent tooth on the margin of the outer lip.</p> <p>MURICATED. (<i>Muricatus.</i>) Having sharp points or prickles.</p> - <p>MURICIDEA. Sw. A genus of "Muricinæ," Sw. thus described, "Spire more + <p>MURICIDEA. Sw. A genus of "Muricinæ," Sw. thus described, "Spire more produced, as long or longer than the body whorl; varices numerous; no internal channel at the top of the aperture." Sw. p. 297, and consisting of the following incongruous species, "Lamellosa. Chem. f. 1823, 4. magellanica. En. M. 419. f. 4. peruviana. Ib. f. 5. senticosa, Ib. f. 3. - scaber. En. Méth. 419. f. 6. hexagona. Ib. 418. f. 3. erinacea. Mart. f. + scaber. En. Méth. 419. f. 6. hexagona. Ib. 418. f. 3. erinacea. Mart. f. 1026." Sw. p. 297.</p> <p>MUSCULAR IMPRESSIONS are the marks or areas formed on the interior @@ -8287,7 +8251,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>5. <span class="sc">Myochama.</span> Flat valve attached, a bony appendage on the hinge. Fig. 73.</p> - <p>6. <span class="sc">Cleidothærus.</span> Deep valve attached, a bony + <p>6. <span class="sc">Cleidothærus.</span> Deep valve attached, a bony appendage. Fig. 75, 76.</p> <p>7. <span class="sc">Cumingia.</span> Ligamentary pit in both valves, @@ -8310,26 +8274,26 @@ Fig. 485.</p> known, the M. anomioides from New South Wales, differs from Anomia and Anatina in being attached by the surface of one of the valves, from which circumstance the word Chama is added to its name; the little testaceous - appendage bringing it near the Myariæ. Fig. 73, M. anomioides.</p> + appendage bringing it near the Myariæ. Fig. 73, M. anomioides.</p> <p>MYOCONCHA. Sow. (<i>Mya</i> and <i>Concha</i>.) <i>Fam.</i> Cardiacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Oval, equivalve, oblique; umbones terminal; ventral margin rounded; hinge with an external ligament, and one oblique, elongated tooth in the left valve; impression of the mantle not sinuated.—<i>Obs.</i> The fossil genus has the general form of - Mytilus or Modiola, but the hinge of the Conchæ generally.</p> + Mytilus or Modiola, but the hinge of the Conchæ generally.</p> <p>MYOPARA. Lea. (<i>Myoparo</i>, a piratical oar-galley.) <i>Fam.</i> Arcacea, Lam. A genus founded on a minute fossil bivalve shell, somewhat resembling Isocardia in form, but having a series of teeth placed on each side of the umbones. M. costatus, fig. 135.</p> - <p>MYRISTICA. Sw. A genus of "Pyrulinæ," Sw. thus described: + <p>MYRISTICA. Sw. A genus of "Pyrulinæ," Sw. thus described: "Sub-pyriform; spire strong, spiny, or tuberculated, nearly as long as the base; umbilicus either partially or entirely concealed; inner lip vitreous, thin; the outer with an internal and ascending canal; the basal channel wide. Hippocastanea. En. M. 432. f. 4. lineata, Ib. f. 5. - melongena. En. Méth. 435. f. 3. nodosa. Chem. 1564. 5." Sw. p. 307. + melongena. En. Méth. 435. f. 3. nodosa. Chem. 1564. 5." Sw. p. 307. <i>Ex.</i> P. Melongena, Fig.</p> <p>MYRTEA. Turt. <span class="sc">Venus</span> spinifera, Auct. <span @@ -8354,8 +8318,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>MYTILACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of Conchifera Monomyaria, Lam. described as having the ligament partly interior, occupying the greater part of the hinge line, which is straight. The - shell is rarely foliaceous. The Mytilaceæ cannot easily be confounded - with the Malleaceæ, because the former are generally regular and the + shell is rarely foliaceous. The Mytilaceæ cannot easily be confounded + with the Malleaceæ, because the former are generally regular and the latter are irregular, and have a thick internal coating of pearl, beyond which the external coating extends. The genera may be thus distinguished:</p> @@ -8389,16 +8353,16 @@ Fig. 485.</p> internal ligament; muscular impressions two in each valve, that on the posterior side large, irregular; that on the anterior small; palleal impression irregular.—<i>Obs.</i> The Linnean genus Mytilus - included the Modiolæ, which differ from the Mytili in the rounded - anterior side; and the Pinnæ, which are large shells, gaping at the + included the Modiolæ, which differ from the Mytili in the rounded + anterior side; and the Pinnæ, which are large shells, gaping at the posterior extremity. M. achatinus, fig. 158.</p> - <p>NÆARA. Gray. A genus composed of <span class="sc">Anatina</span> + <p>NÆARA. Gray. A genus composed of <span class="sc">Anatina</span> longirostrum, Lam. and other similar species.</p> <p>NAIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Castalia, Lam. thus described: "Oval, cardinal teeth beneath the bosses, and deeply sulcated, C. corrugata. - <i>Lam.</i> En. Méth. 248. f. 8, picta. <i>Sw.</i> En. Méth. 248. f. 6." + <i>Lam.</i> En. Méth. 248. f. 8, picta. <i>Sw.</i> En. Méth. 248. f. 6." Sw. p. 379.</p> <p>NANINIA. Gray. A genus composed of the planorbicular species of <span @@ -8508,7 +8472,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>NEMATOPODA. Bl. The first class of the sub-type Malentozoa, Bl. containing all the mollusca with multivalve shells, except Chiton, and divided into the families Lepadicea and Balanidea, corresponding with - Lamarck's sessile and pedunculated Cirripedes, and with the Linnæan genus + Lamarck's sessile and pedunculated Cirripedes, and with the Linnæan genus Lepas.</p> <p>NEMATURA. Benson. <i>Fam.</i> Turbinacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> @@ -8604,7 +8568,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>NICANIA. Leach. <span class="sc">Astarte</span>, Sowerby. The same as <span class="sc">Crassina</span> of Lamarck.</p> - <p>NITIDELLA. Sw. A genus of "Columbellinæ," Sw. thus described: + <p>NITIDELLA. Sw. A genus of "Columbellinæ," Sw. thus described: "Bucciniform, small, ovate, smooth, glassy; aperture effuse; outer lip slightly thickened, faintly inflexed, and generally striated internally; inner lip somewhat flattened above; base of the pillar with one or two @@ -8624,7 +8588,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> This genus consists only of fossils found in sub-appenine tertiary beds. It is placed by De Blainville in one of his divisions of the genus Orthoceras, which is characterized as "species not striated, and with - chambers very much inflated." N. æqualis, fig. 465.</p> + chambers very much inflated." N. æqualis, fig. 465.</p> <p>NODOSE. Having tubercles or knobs.</p> @@ -8637,7 +8601,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>NOTREMA. Rafinesque. A shell described as composed of three integral valves, concerning which De Blainville puts the query, "ne seroit-ce pas - plutôt une Balanide mal observée?"</p> + plutôt une Balanide mal observée?"</p> <p>NOVACULINA. Benson. (<i>Novacula</i>, a razor.) <i>Fam.</i> Solenacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Equivalve, inequilateral, transversely @@ -8677,7 +8641,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Thirty-four figures are enumerated in the catalogue by Sowerby, sen. which accompanies the Conchological Illustrations of the author. The new species, to the amount of 24, have been figured in parts 14 to 16, of the - above mentioned work. Recent Nuculæ are found from the frozen to the + above mentioned work. Recent Nuculæ are found from the frozen to the torrid zones, and the fossil species occur in nearly all the beds from the Pliocene to the Carboniferous system.</p> @@ -8711,7 +8675,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <i>Lobaria</i>. Fig. 98, 99.</p> <p>2. <span class="sc">Psammobia.</span> Quadrate; valves closed, - including Psammotæa. Fig. 100.</p> + including Psammotæa. Fig. 100.</p> <p>3. <span class="sc">Corbis.</span> Thick, fimbriated; a cardinal tooth in the centre of a pit. Fig. 101.</p> @@ -8753,7 +8717,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> used to express an indistinctness of character, which sometimes results from the action of sea-water upon unprotected parts of the shell, and sometimes from the deposits of enamel formed in age, and covering the - early striæ, ribs, teeth, &c. thereby rendering them less acute.</p> + early striæ, ribs, teeth, &c. thereby rendering them less acute.</p> <p>OBTUSE. (<i>obtusus</i>, blunt.) The application of this term is not peculiar to conchology. It is most frequently used to express the @@ -8775,7 +8739,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>OCTOGONAL. (<i>octogonum.</i>) Having eight angles. For an example, see Dentalium, fig. 2.</p> - <p>OCTOMERIS. Sow. (<span title="oktô" class="grk" + <p>OCTOMERIS. Sow. (<span title="oktô" class="grk" >οκτω</span>, <i>octo</i>, eight; <span title="meros" class="grk">μερος</span>, <i>meros</i>, part.) <i>Fam.</i> Balanidea, Bl. <i>Order</i>, Sessile @@ -8804,11 +8768,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> whorl.—<i>Obs.</i> The shells composing this well known genus present a great variety of rich markings and brilliant colours. They are marine and tropical. Fossil species are found sparingly in the London - Clay and Calcaire-grossièr. The Ancillariæ are distinguished from this + Clay and Calcaire-grossièr. The Ancillariæ are distinguished from this genus by the sutures of the whorls being covered by enamel. O. maura, fig. 457.</p> - <p>OLIVELLA. Sw. A genus of "Olivinæ," Sw. thus described: "Oliviform; + <p>OLIVELLA. Sw. A genus of "Olivinæ," Sw. thus described: "Oliviform; spire (typically) rather produced; the tip acute; inner lip not thickened; outer lip straight; base of the pillar curved inwards, and marked by two strong plaits; upper plaits obsolete or wanting; aperture @@ -8854,7 +8818,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> sub-central nucleus, the successive layers take a revolving direction, as in Trochus. It is concentric or annular when the outside edge of each layer entirely surrounds the preceding one. It is unguiculated, when the - laminæ are placed side by side, as in Purpura. The opercula of multivalve + laminæ are placed side by side, as in Purpura. The opercula of multivalve shells are composed of two or four pieces, which are called the opercular valves. The shelly or membranaceous plate with which some of the animals enclose the aperture of their shells, during the wintry part of the year, @@ -8887,7 +8851,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> valve, semilunar. South America and West Indies.—<i>Obs.</i> Discina, Lam. is an Orbicula. Crania is known from this genus by having no fissure in the lower valve, but being attached by its substance. - Hipponyx has only two muscular impressions in each valve. O. lævis, fig. + Hipponyx has only two muscular impressions in each valve. O. lævis, fig. 201.</p> <p>ORBICULAR. (<i>Orbiculus</i>, a little orb.) Of a round or circular @@ -8964,14 +8928,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>OSTEODESMA. Desh. <span class="sc">Periploma</span>, Schum.</p> - <p>OSTRACEA. (<i>Ostracées</i>, Lam.) A family belonging to the second + <p>OSTRACEA. (<i>Ostracées</i>, Lam.) A family belonging to the second section of the order Conchifera Monomyaria, the shells of which are described as irregular, foliaceous, sometimes papyraceous, with the ligament wholly or partly interior. The principal difference between the Ostracea and the Pectinides consists in the absence of the auricles and the foliated structure of the shells, for, although the Spondylus has ex-foliations or spines upon the external surface, the shell itself is - compact and firm. This family contains the genera Gryphæa, Ostrea, + compact and firm. This family contains the genera Gryphæa, Ostrea, Vulsella, Placuna, Anomia, which may be thus distinguished:—</p> </blockquote> @@ -8983,7 +8947,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> 179.</p> <p>2. <span class="sc">Ostrea.</span> Foliaceous, irregular, hinge on a - small triangular disc. Including Dendostrea, Ostræa, Exogyra, Gryphæa. + small triangular disc. Including Dendostrea, Ostræa, Exogyra, Gryphæa. Fig. 180 to 183.</p> <p>3. <span class="sc">Placuna</span>. Two diverging ribs near the @@ -8992,7 +8956,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>4. <span class="sc">Placunanomia.</span> The same, but attached by fibres passing through a hole in one valve. Fig. 189 to 191.</p> - <p>5. <span class="sc">Anomia.</span> No costæ, attached by a bony + <p>5. <span class="sc">Anomia.</span> No costæ, attached by a bony substance passing through a hole in one valve. Fig. 186 to 188.</p> <p>6. <span class="sc">Vulsella.</span> Tongue-shaped, a ligamentary pit @@ -9006,7 +8970,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>OSTRACEA. Bl. The first family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. containing the genera Anomia, Placuna, Harpax, Ostrea (including - Dendostrea, Sw.) Gryphæa. To these may be added Placunanomia, Brod. and + Dendostrea, Sw.) Gryphæa. To these may be added Placunanomia, Brod. and Mulleria.</p> <p>OSTREA. Auct. (<span title="ostreon" class="grk" @@ -9018,22 +8982,22 @@ Fig. 485.</p> triangular area, which is divided into three parts; upper valve much flatter than the lower; muscular impressions one in each valve, large, sub-central, sub-orbicular, with one very minute.—<i>Obs.</i> The - Linnæan Genus Ostrea includes the Pectens and many other genera so + Linnæan Genus Ostrea includes the Pectens and many other genera so different from each other that, without any desire to increase the number of genera, it was found necessary by subsequent authors to separate them. The common Oyster is the type of this genus as at present constituted, and is well known to be abundant in various parts of the world. Those - which depart furthest from this type are the Gryphæa, Lam. with a + which depart furthest from this type are the Gryphæa, Lam. with a prominent, incurved umbo in the lower valve. The Dendostrea, Sw. with margins characterized by strongly angulated folds, throws out arms from the lower valve, by which they are attached to stems of sea-weed, &c. Fig. 180, O. edulis. Fig. 181, O. folium. (Dendostrea, Sw.) Fig. 182, - Gryphæa incurva. Fig. 183, Exogyra conica.</p> + Gryphæa incurva. Fig. 183, Exogyra conica.</p> <p>OTIDES. Bl. The first order of Scutibranchiata, Bl. containing the genera Haliotis and Ancylus.</p> - <p>OTION. Leach. (<span title="ôtion" class="grk" + <p>OTION. Leach. (<span title="ôtion" class="grk" >ωτιον</span>, a little ear.) <i>Order.</i> Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Body sub-quadrate, supported on a fleshy pedicle with a gaping aperture and two posterior @@ -9061,8 +9025,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> convolute, spire covered; aperture narrow, with a canal at each extremity; outer lip crenulated, inflected; inner lip smooth, callous towards the spiral extremity; dorsal area wide, sometimes indistinctly - marked.—<i>Obs.</i> The Ovula were placed by Linnæus in his genus - Bulla, from which they are very remote. They differ from Cypræa in having + marked.—<i>Obs.</i> The Ovula were placed by Linnæus in his genus + Bulla, from which they are very remote. They differ from Cypræa in having the inner lip smooth. We have given representations of their different forms as follows: O. Ovum, fig. 442. O. verrucosum, (Calpurnus Montf.) fig. 441. O. Volva, the weaver's shuttle (Radius, Montf.) fig. 442. O. @@ -9149,10 +9113,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> modified by the last whorl; operculum horny, concentric. Europe, North America, East Indies, China, &c.—<i>Obs.</i> The construction of the operculum distinguishes this genus of freshwater shells from - Valvata and Cyclostoma. The Paludinæ are viviparous. Fig. 321. P. + Valvata and Cyclostoma. The Paludinæ are viviparous. Fig. 321. P. Achatina.</p> - <p>PALUDOMUS. Sw. A genus of the family of "Melanianæ," Sw. described as + <p>PALUDOMUS. Sw. A genus of the family of "Melanianæ," Sw. described as differing from Melania in having the spire shorter than the aperture. Sw. p. 340.</p> @@ -9166,7 +9130,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> &c.—<i>Obs.</i> This well known genus is in no danger of being confounded with any other shell. Fig. 90. P. rostrata.</p> - <p>PANOPÆA. Menard. <i>Fam.</i> Solenacea, Lam. Pyloridea, + <p>PANOPÆA. Menard. <i>Fam.</i> Solenacea, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Equivalve, inequilateral, oval, gaping at both extremities; hinge with an acute cardinal tooth in each valve, and a large callosity near the umbones supporting the ligament; muscular @@ -9191,7 +9155,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>PAPYRIDEA. Sw. A sub-genus of Cardium, thus described; "Shell heart-shaped, or transversely oval; inequilateral; the anterior side - almost always gaping; representing the Pholidæ. P. Soleniforme, Wood, + almost always gaping; representing the Pholidæ. P. Soleniforme, Wood, Conch. pl. 56. f. 3.—apertum, Ib. 56. f. 2.—transversum, Sow. Conch. f. 4.—ringens, Wood, pl. 53. f. 1, 2."</p> @@ -9225,7 +9189,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> broad; inner lip reflected, with a slight prominence on the columella. P. australis, fig. 302.</p> - <p>PASITHÆA. Lea. A genus formed of some pyramidal shells, described as + <p>PASITHÆA. Lea. A genus formed of some pyramidal shells, described as resembling Melania, but separated from that genus on account of being marine fossils. Fig. 317, P. striata.</p> @@ -9241,7 +9205,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> climates.—<i>Obs.</i> Patelloida differs from Patella in the construction of the animal; Siphonaria, in the lateral siphon; and Ancylus, in the oblique twist of the axis, as well as in the nature of - the animal. The Patellæ are marine. Fig. 229, P. Oculus.</p> + the animal. The Patellæ are marine. Fig. 229, P. Oculus.</p> <p>PATELLIFORM. (<i>Patella</i>, a dish; <i>forma</i>, shape.) Shaped like a dish, or like shells of the genus Patella.</p> @@ -9265,7 +9229,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>PATROCLES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>PATULARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Anodontinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell + <p>PATULARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Anodontinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell nearly equilateral, round or cordate; no teeth. P. ovata, Sw." <i>Ex.</i> <i>Conch.</i> pl. 36. rotundatus, Ib. pl. 137.</p> @@ -9322,13 +9286,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> each side of the umbones, which are separated by a small triangular disc in each valve bearing the ligament; muscular impressions two in each valve, strongly marked, united by an entire palleal - impression.—<i>Obs.</i> Linnæan conchologists have mixed this genus + impression.—<i>Obs.</i> Linnæan conchologists have mixed this genus with Arca, from which it is, however, totally distinct, not only in the roundness of the general form, but also, and principally, in the curve of the hinge line; in fact the characters of this genus are so strongly marked that there is no danger of confounding it with any other. It does not contain many species; two or three are British. The fossil species - occur in London Clay and Calcaire-grossiér. Fig. 134, P. pilosus.</p> + occur in London Clay and Calcaire-grossiér. Fig. 134, P. pilosus.</p> <p>PEDICLE or PEDUNCLE. (<i>Pedunculus</i>, a little foot.) The stem or organ of attachment of the class of shells called in the system of @@ -9339,7 +9303,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> irregular, sub-patelliform; a thick, large, obsolete apex on one of the longest sides, and an internal callous rim within, on one side only; circumference undulated, irregular. P. Sicula, Sw." Sw. p. 357. Sicily. A - singular shell of the nature of Calyptræa, which is found attached to + singular shell of the nature of Calyptræa, which is found attached to corals, conforming its shape to the irregularity of their surface, and fitting closely. <i>Ex.</i> Fig. 513.</p> @@ -9460,8 +9424,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> sea.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus is known from all others of the order by the number of valves. Pentelasmis is the genus Anatifera of Lamarck. Lepas anatifer, Linn. Fossil species of this marine genus are found in - the Calcaire-grossièr of Paris, and in other similar beds. Fig. 34, P. - lævis.</p> + the Calcaire-grossièr of Paris, and in other similar beds. Fig. 34, P. + lævis.</p> <p>PENULTIMATE WHORL. The last whorl but one.</p> @@ -9479,19 +9443,19 @@ Fig. 485.</p> axis to the apex, as Eulima splendidula, fig. 348.</p> <p>PERIBOLUS. Brug. A genus founded upon young specimens of <span - class="sc">Cypræa</span>, with their outer lips not formed.</p> + class="sc">Cypræa</span>, with their outer lips not formed.</p> <p>PERIOSTRACUM. A name used by Mr. Gray to signify the substance which covers the outer surface of many shells, called the <i>Epidermis</i> by most conchological writers. "Drap Marin" is the name given to this substance by French Naturalists.</p> - <p>PERIPLOMA. Schum. <i>Fam.</i> Myariæ. A genus thus described: "Shell + <p>PERIPLOMA. Schum. <i>Fam.</i> Myariæ. A genus thus described: "Shell very thin with the left valve more ventricose than the right; hinge toothless, ligament double, the external portion thin, the internal part - thick, placed upon prominent, sometimes spoon-shaped hinge laminæ, and + thick, placed upon prominent, sometimes spoon-shaped hinge laminæ, and supported by a transverse bone; muscular impressions two, distant, - palleal impression sinuated posteriorly." <i>Ex.</i> P. inæquivalvis. + palleal impression sinuated posteriorly." <i>Ex.</i> P. inæquivalvis. fig. 72. <i>Genus</i>, Osteodesma, Deshayes.</p> <p>PERISTOMATA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of the order @@ -9525,7 +9489,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>PERLAMATER. Schum. (<i>Mother of Pearl.</i>) <span class="sc">Meleagrina</span> Margaritifera, Lam. The pearl oyster.</p> - <p>PERNA. Auct. ("Pernæ concharum generis," Plin.) <i>Fam.</i> Malleacea, + <p>PERNA. Auct. ("Pernæ concharum generis," Plin.) <i>Fam.</i> Malleacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Sub-equivalve, irregular, compressed, foliaceous; hinge straight, linear, composed of a series of transverse, parallel grooves, containing the cartilage and intermediate spaces @@ -9544,12 +9508,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> 401.</p> <p>PETRICOLA. Lam. (<i>Petrus</i>, a stone; <i>cola</i>, an inhabitant.) - <i>Fam.</i> Lithophagidæ, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Equivalve, + <i>Fam.</i> Lithophagidæ, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Equivalve, inequilateral, transversely ovate or oblong, rather irregular, anterior side rounded; posterior side more or less attenuated, slightly gaping; hinge with two cardinal teeth in each valve; muscular impressions two in each valve; palleal impression entire; ligament - external.—<i>Obs.</i> The Petricolæ are found in holes made by the + external.—<i>Obs.</i> The Petricolæ are found in holes made by the animals in rocks, madrepores, &c. They may be known from Saxicava by the regularity of their form and the teeth on the hinge. Fig. 91, 92.</p> @@ -9565,13 +9529,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>PHARAMUS. Montf. <span class="sc">Lenticulina</span>, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>PHARETRIUM. König. (<span title="pharetreôn" class="grk" + <p>PHARETRIUM. König. (<span title="pharetreôn" class="grk" >φαρετρεων</span>, <i>pharetrion</i>, a quiver.)—<i>Descr.</i> A testaceous body composed of two conical sheaths, one within the other, perforated at the apex, and joined together near the oral margin. P. fragile, fig. 3. In describing this genus, which appears to be the same as <span - class="sc">Entalis</span> of Defrance, Mr. König expresses the + class="sc">Entalis</span> of Defrance, Mr. König expresses the supposition that it may probably belong to the class Pteropoda.</p> <p>PHASIANELLA. Auct. (<i>Phasianus</i>, a pheasant.) <i>Fam.</i> @@ -9590,20 +9554,20 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Such species should not, in our opinion, be retained in this genus; they belong to Littorina. P. variegata, fig. 367.</p> - <p>PHITIA. Gray. <span class="sc">Carychium</span>, Müller.</p> + <p>PHITIA. Gray. <span class="sc">Carychium</span>, Müller.</p> <p>PHOLADARIA. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. The animals contained in this family live in cavities bored by themselves in rocks, wood, &c. They are cylindrical in form. Lamarck here places - <span class="sc">Pholas</span> and <span class="sc">Gastrochæna</span>, + <span class="sc">Pholas</span> and <span class="sc">Gastrochæna</span>, the last of which belongs more properly to the family of Tubicolaria, where we have enumerated it. Pholas has been divided into <i>Pholas</i>, fig. 55, <i>Martesia</i>, which has the valves nearly closed; and - Pholadidæa, fig. 56, which has the cup-shaped extension. The genus + Pholadidæa, fig. 56, which has the cup-shaped extension. The genus Pholadomya, fig. 67, has been added, although of doubtful character. The genus Galeomma, fig. 58, 59, has also been recently added.</p> - <p>PHOLADIDÆA. Leach. <span class="sc">Pholas</span> papyracea, Auct. + <p>PHOLADIDÆA. Leach. <span class="sc">Pholas</span> papyracea, Auct. Remarkable for the cup-shaped process at the posterior extremity. Fig. 56.</p> @@ -9617,7 +9581,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> from the island of Tortola. Several fossil species occur in rocks of the Oolitic series. Fig. 57, P. candida.</p> - <p>PHOLAS. Auct. (<span title="PHôleô" class="grk" + <p>PHOLAS. Auct. (<span title="PHôleô" class="grk" >Φωλεω</span>, <i>pholeo</i>, to lie hid in a cavity.) <i>Fam.</i> Pholadaria, Lam. <span class="sc">Adesmacea</span>, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Transverse, oblong, @@ -9687,7 +9651,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> inflatus. Mart. 102. fig. 980, eurystoma. Zool. Ill. ii. 100. imperialis. Ib. pl. 109." Sw. p. 296.</p> - <p>PHYSA. Drap. A genus formed for reversed species of Limnæa, Auct. Fig. + <p>PHYSA. Drap. A genus formed for reversed species of Limnæa, Auct. Fig. 310, P. castanea.</p> <p>PHYSETER. Humph. <span class="sc">Solarium</span>, Lam.</p> @@ -9802,7 +9766,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> It is found in the Lias and chalk. Fig. 176, P. spinosum.</p> <p>PLAIT or FOLD. A term applied to the prominences on the columellar lip - of some univalve shells, particularly in the sub-family of Volutidæ. + of some univalve shells, particularly in the sub-family of Volutidæ. <i>Ex.</i> Voluta, fig. 433; Cymba, 434; and Melo, fig. 435.</p> <p>PLANARIA. Brown. A minute fossil resembling Planorbis in appearance, @@ -9811,7 +9775,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>PLANAXIS. Lam. (<i>Plana</i>, flat; and <i>axis</i>.) <i>Fam.</i> Turbinacea, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Sub-ovate, - pyramidal, solid; spire measuring ½ or ⅓ of the axis, consisting + pyramidal, solid; spire measuring ½ or ⅓ of the axis, consisting of few whorls; columella contiguous to the axis, flat, truncated, and separated from the outer lip by a short canal; outer lip thickened and denticulated within; operculum horny, thin, with a terminal @@ -9824,7 +9788,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>PLANORBICULAR, (<i>Planus</i>, flat; <i>orbis</i>, an orb.) Flat and circular, as Ammonites, fig. 478.</p> - <p>PLANORBIS. Müll. (<i>Planus</i>, flat; <i>orbis</i>, an orb.) + <p>PLANORBIS. Müll. (<i>Planus</i>, flat; <i>orbis</i>, an orb.) <i>Fam.</i> Lymnacea, Lam. and Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Thin, horny, convolute, planorbicular, nearly symmetrical; spire compressed, concave, consisting of numerous gradually increasing whorls, which are visible on @@ -9834,7 +9798,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> climates in ditches and stagnant pools, not liable to be confounded with any other, excepting the discoidal species of Ampullaria, which may be distinguished by the aperture being broadest in the opposite direction. - It is further to be remarked that the discoidal Ampullariæ are dextral + It is further to be remarked that the discoidal Ampullariæ are dextral shells, and the Planorbes are sinistral or reversed; and although the latter are sometimes so flat and orbicular that it is difficult to know which is the spiral side, it may nevertheless always be ascertained by a @@ -9881,9 +9845,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> &c. in the internal structure of the valves. De Blainville's description of Chthalamus partly agrees with this. Fig. 19.</p> - <p>PLECTOPHORUS. Fer. (<span title="plêktron" class="grk" + <p>PLECTOPHORUS. Fer. (<span title="plêktron" class="grk" >πληκτρον</span>, <i>plectron</i>, - spur; <span title="phoreô" class="grk" + spur; <span title="phoreô" class="grk" >φορεω</span>, <i>phoreo</i>, to carry.) A genus consisting of small testaceous appendages fixed on the posterior extremity of a species of slug. P. corninus, fig. 260.</p> @@ -9901,7 +9865,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>PLEUROBRANCHUS. Cuv. (<span title="Pleura" class="grk" >Πλευρα</span>, <i>pleura</i>, the - side; <i>Branchiæ</i>, gills.) <i>Fam.</i> Semiphyllidiana, Lam. + side; <i>Branchiæ</i>, gills.) <i>Fam.</i> Semiphyllidiana, Lam. Subaplysiacea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Internal, thin, haliotoid, slightly convex towards the spiral apex; aperture entire.—<i>Obs.</i> This is a very light shell, delicately @@ -9914,7 +9878,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> not umbilicated. Operculum horny or membranaceous." De Blainville, in giving this description, remarks that he has neither seen the animal nor the shell of this genus, which he imagines to have been formed from the - "Paludine Coupée de M. Say."</p> + "Paludine Coupée de M. Say."</p> <p>PLEURORYNCHUS. Phillips. (<span title="Pleura" class="grk" >Πλευρα</span>, <i>pleura</i>, the @@ -9953,7 +9917,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> with a deep slit near its union with the spire.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus, which is only known in a fossil state, abounds in inferior Oolite, Oxford clay, and casts are found in a limestone bed in Norway. The - Scissurellæ differ in being very minute shells, and are not so trochiform + Scissurellæ differ in being very minute shells, and are not so trochiform as the species of Pleurotomaria, P. reticulata, fig. 341.</p> <p>PLICACEA. Lam. A family of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. containing the @@ -10031,7 +9995,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>POLYBRANCHIATA. Bl. (<span title="Polus" class="grk" >Πολυς</span>, <i>polus</i>, many; - <i>branchiæ</i>, gills.) The fifth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, + <i>branchiæ</i>, gills.) The fifth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. containing the genera Arca, Pectunculus and Nucula, which have a series of small teeth on the hinge.</p> @@ -10046,9 +10010,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>POLYGONUM. Schum. (<span title="Polus" class="grk" >Πολυς</span>, <i>polus</i>, many; <span - title="gônia" class="grk">γωνια</span>, + title="gônia" class="grk">γωνια</span>, <i>gonia</i>, an angle.) A genus composed of species of <span - class="sc">Turbinella</span>, Auct. which have large continuous costæ, so + class="sc">Turbinella</span>, Auct. which have large continuous costæ, so as to present the appearance of many-sided shells. T. polygonus, fig. 383. This generic name may be used to include all those species of Turbinella, Auct. which have very small folds on the columella.</p> @@ -10091,22 +10055,22 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>POLYTHALAMIA. Lam. The first division of the order Cephalopoda, Lam. containing the following families of chambered shells, viz. Orthocerata, - Lituacea, Cristacea, Sphærulacea, Radiolata, Nautilacea, Ammonacea. Fig. + Lituacea, Cristacea, Sphærulacea, Radiolata, Nautilacea, Ammonacea. Fig. 463 to 484.</p> - <p>POLYTROPA. Sw. A genus of "Scolyminæ," Sw. thus described: + <p>POLYTROPA. Sw. A genus of "Scolyminæ," Sw. thus described: "Bucciniform; but the base narrow, and ending in a straight and contracted, but rather short, channel; spire longer, or as long as the aperture; exterior folliculated, or tuberculated; inner lip flattened, as in <i>Purpura</i>; basal notch small, oblique; no internal channel; - crispata. En. Méth. 419, f. 2. Chem. 187, f. 1802. Capilla, Pennant, pl. + crispata. En. Méth. 419, f. 2. Chem. 187, f. 1802. Capilla, Pennant, pl. 72, f. 89, imbricata. Mart. 122. f. 1124. ? rugosa. Chem. f. 1473-4." Sw. p. 305.</p> <p>POLYXENES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> <p>POMATIA. Gesner. (Gray, Syn. B. M. p. 133.) A genus of the family of - "Cyclostomidæ," described as having "an elongated shell with reflexed + "Cyclostomidæ," described as having "an elongated shell with reflexed lips, and a horny spiral operculum." Also a sub-genus of Snails, containing <span class="sc">Helix</span> pomatia, Auct. (Gray's Turton, p. 135.)</p> @@ -10158,7 +10122,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>POTAMOMYA. A genus of shells resembling Corbula, in every respect except that of being inhabitants of fresh-water. Fig. 498, 499, - represents one of these fresh-water Corbulæ.</p> + represents one of these fresh-water Corbulæ.</p> <p>POTAMOPHILA. Sow. (<span title="Potamis" class="grk" >Ποταμις</span>, <i>potamis</i>, @@ -10175,7 +10139,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> fresh-water shell, and having an incrassated hinge, and a smooth, thick epidermis, it is most distinct from that genus. It is described by Bowdich under the name Megadesma, on account of its large ligament, and - by Lamarck under that of Galathæa, a name previously used by him for a + by Lamarck under that of Galathæa, a name previously used by him for a genus of Crustacea. P. radiata, fig. 115. Megadesma appears to be the preferable name, since it has the right of priority over Potamophila. It is found in Africa.</p> @@ -10185,7 +10149,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Conch. 9. t. 120. f. 1026-7. This shell is ascertained to belong to a marine mollusc, having a horny operculum, and therefore is justly considered to form a distinct genus, allied to the Buccina and - Struthiolariæ. Fig. 545.</p> + Struthiolariæ. Fig. 545.</p> <p>PRISODON. Schum. <span class="sc">Hyria</span>, &c. Auct. Fig. 144.</p> @@ -10216,9 +10180,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> teeth in one valve, one in the other; ligament supported upon a prominent fulcrum; muscular impressions two in each valve, sub-orbicular, distant; palleal impression with a large sinus; epidermis thin.—<i>Obs.</i> - The genus thus described includes <span class="sc">Psammotæa</span> of + The genus thus described includes <span class="sc">Psammotæa</span> of Lamarck, which, according to him, only differs in the number of teeth, - and which he says are but "Psammobies dégenerées." The difference appears + and which he says are but "Psammobies dégenerées." The difference appears to be accidental. This genus differs from Tellina in not having a posterior fold in the margin. Fig. 100. The species are found in temperate and tropical climates.</p> @@ -10227,16 +10191,16 @@ Fig. 485.</p> >ψαμμος</span>, <i>psammos</i>, sand; <i>cola</i>, an inhabitant.) A name given by De Blainville to shells of the genus <span class="sc">Psammobia</span>, including <span - class="sc">Psammotæa</span> of Lamarck.</p> + class="sc">Psammotæa</span> of Lamarck.</p> - <p>PSAMMOTÆA. See Lam. <span class="sc">Psammobia</span>.</p> + <p>PSAMMOTÆA. See Lam. <span class="sc">Psammobia</span>.</p> - <p>PSEUDOLIVA. Sw. A genus of "Eburninæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell + <p>PSEUDOLIVA. Sw. A genus of "Eburninæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell thick, oval, oliviform, ventricose; spire very short, acute; base with two parallel grooves, one of which forms a notch at the base of the outer lip; suture slightly channelled; inner lip very thick, and turning inwards; aperture with an internal canal. Connects the <span - class="sc">Turbinellidæ</span> with the <span class="sc">Volutidæ</span>. + class="sc">Turbinellidæ</span> with the <span class="sc">Volutidæ</span>. P. plumbea, Chem. 188. f. 1806, 1807." Sw. p. 306.</p> <p>PSILOSTOMATA. Bl. The third family of Aporobranchiata, Bl. containing @@ -10246,7 +10210,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> >Πτερον</span>, <i>pteron</i>, a wing; <span title="keras" class="grk" >κερας</span>, <i>ceras</i>, horn.) - <i>Fam.</i> Ailées, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Turrited, oval, ventricose, + <i>Fam.</i> Ailées, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Turrited, oval, ventricose, thick, tuberculated; spire short; aperture oval, terminating in a lengthened canal at both extremities; outer lip thickened, expanded, produced into horn-shaped, hollow, thickened spires, with an anterior @@ -10264,7 +10228,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <span title="pous" class="grk">πους</span>, <i>pous</i>, a foot.) The first order of the class Mollusca, Lam. consisting of molluscs whose organs of locomotion consist of a pair of - wing-shaped fins. This order contains the genera Hyalæa, Clio, Cleodora, + wing-shaped fins. This order contains the genera Hyalæa, Clio, Cleodora, Spiratella, Cymbulia, and Pneumoderma. To which may be added other genera enumerated in explanation of figures 220 to 226. They may be thus distinguished.</p> @@ -10291,7 +10255,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>6. <span class="sc">Cleodora.</span> Aperture with three spines; apex recurved. Fig. 221.</p> - <p>7. <span class="sc">Hyalæa.</span> Vaulted, open extremity, + <p>7. <span class="sc">Hyalæa.</span> Vaulted, open extremity, three-cornered; apex tridentate. Fig. 226.</p> </blockquote> @@ -10304,7 +10268,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> remarkable for a pair of broad, flat, natatory organs or membranaceous fins, from which the family derives its name. It contains, in the system of De Blainville, the genera Atlanta, Spiratella, and Argonauta, to which - may probably be added <span class="sc">Pharetrium</span>, König; <span + may probably be added <span class="sc">Pharetrium</span>, König; <span class="sc">Entalis</span>, Defrance.</p> <p>PULLASTRA. Sow. <i>Fam.</i> Conques Marines, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> @@ -10344,7 +10308,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> sub-quadrate, rounded anteriorly, entire; outer lip thickened; columella plaited.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus is composed of land shells very variable in form, differing from Bulinus in the numerous slowly - increasing whorls of the spire, and in the plicæ on the columella, and + increasing whorls of the spire, and in the plicæ on the columella, and from Clausilia in the want of a clausium. Britain, Southern Europe, East and West Indies, Mexico, &c. P. Uva. Fig. 291.</p> @@ -10384,7 +10348,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> granulated, tuberculated or muricated; aperture long, oval, somewhat dilated, emarginated anteriorly; outer lip crenated, acute; columella flattened; operculum horny, with the nucleus lateral, thin towards the - columella.—<i>Obs.</i> True Purpuræ to be found in the Lamarckian + columella.—<i>Obs.</i> True Purpuræ to be found in the Lamarckian genera Buccinum, Ricinula, and others. They may be generally distinguished by the flatness of the columellar lip, and by the short canal or emargination, which is not reflected or raised, as in Buccinum. @@ -10408,7 +10372,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>1. <span class="sc">Cassis.</span> Outer lip thick, reflected, denticulated, canal turned suddenly over the back; spire short; including - <i>Cassidea</i> and <i>Cypræcassis</i>. Fig. 410 to 412.</p> + <i>Cassidea</i> and <i>Cypræcassis</i>. Fig. 410 to 412.</p> <p>2. <span class="sc">Cassidaria.</span> Canal turned gently upwards. Fig. 407, 408.</p> @@ -10461,7 +10425,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>PUSIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Tiara (Mitra.) (Sw. Malac. p. 320.)</p> - <p>PUSIODON. Sw. A genus of "Lucerninæ," Sw. (Helix) thus described: + <p>PUSIODON. Sw. A genus of "Lucerninæ," Sw. (Helix) thus described: "Shell flattened, smooth; the body-whorl large, and much dilated at the aperture; spire small, flat, of three or four contracted whorls; aperture very oblique, sinuated, or obsoletely toothed at the base of the outer @@ -10469,19 +10433,19 @@ Fig. 485.</p> open. Zonaria Chemn. 132. f. 1188. auriculata Zool. Ill. I. pl. 6." Sw. Malac. p. 330.</p> - <p>PUSIOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Columbellinæ." Sw. Thus + <p>PUSIOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Columbellinæ." Sw. Thus described: "general form of Columbella, but the outer lip is only toothed in the middle, where it is greatly thickened; inner lip convex between the granular teeth; punctata, E. M. 374. f. 4. mendicaria, 375. f. 10. turturina, 314. f. 2. fulgurans. Lam." Sw. Malac. p. 313.</p> - <p>PUSTULARIA. Sw. A genus of "Cypræinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell + <p>PUSTULARIA. Sw. A genus of "Cypræinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell generally marked by elevated pustules; aperture narrow and linear; the extremities more or less produced; the teeth continued beyond, and - frequently forming elevated striæ across the lips. P. Cicercula, P. + frequently forming elevated striæ across the lips. P. Cicercula, P. Globulus." Sw. Malac. p. 324.</p> - <p>PYGMÆA. Humph. <span class="sc">Columbella</span>, Auct.</p> + <p>PYGMÆA. Humph. <span class="sc">Columbella</span>, Auct.</p> <p>PYLORIDEA. Bl. The ninth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. the shells of which are described as nearly always regular, rarely @@ -10490,8 +10454,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> impressions; palleal impression very flexuous posteriorly. This family is divided into: Section 1. Ligament internal; Pandora, Thracia, Anatina, Mya, Lutricola. Section 2. Ligament external; Psammocola, Soletellina, - Solen, Sanguinolaria, Solenocurtus, Solenimya, Panopæa, Glycimeris, - Saxicava, Byssomya, Rhomboides, Hiatella, Gastrochæna, Clavagella, + Solen, Sanguinolaria, Solenocurtus, Solenimya, Panopæa, Glycimeris, + Saxicava, Byssomya, Rhomboides, Hiatella, Gastrochæna, Clavagella, Aspergillum.</p> <p>PYRAMIDAL. (<i>Pyramidalis.</i>) Resembling a pyramid in form. @@ -10552,7 +10516,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>QUINQUELOCULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>RADIATING. (<i>Radians.</i>) A term applied to the ribs, striæ, bands + <p>RADIATING. (<i>Radians.</i>) A term applied to the ribs, striæ, bands of colours, &c. when they meet in a point at the umbones of a bivalve shell, and spread out towards the ventral margin.—<i>Ex.</i> The bands of colour in Tellina radiata, fig. 105.</p> @@ -10567,14 +10531,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Placentula.</p> <p>RADIOLITES. A genus belonging to the family of Rudistes, differing - from Sphærulites, in having both the valves more conical.</p> + from Sphærulites, in having both the valves more conical.</p> <p>RADIUS. Montf. A genus composed of <span class="sc">Ovulum</span> Volva, Auct. and other similar species, having a long attenuated canal at each extremity. Fig. 442.</p> <p>RADIX. Montf. A genus composed of species of <span - class="sc">Limnæa</span>, having a short spire and wide + class="sc">Limnæa</span>, having a short spire and wide aperture.—<i>Ex.</i> L. aperta, fig. 309.</p> <p>RAMIFIED. (<i>Ramus</i>, a branch.) Branched out.—<i>Ex.</i> The @@ -10594,7 +10558,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> spread over a portion of the body whorl.—<i>Obs.</i> The shells composing this well-defined genus, are for the most part covered with tuberculations, and granulations, and from the colour and squat shape of - some species, have been likened to frogs. The Ranellæ are mostly + some species, have been likened to frogs. The Ranellæ are mostly inhabitants of the East Indian seas. The few fossil species known, occur in the tertiary beds. The two continuous rows of varices skirting the spire, distinguish this genus from Triton, which it nearly approaches, @@ -10609,10 +10573,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> class="sc">Pyrula</span>, Auct. which are thin, much inflated, with short canals. Fig. 389, P. papyracea.</p> - <p>RAPELLA. Sw. A genus of "Pyrulinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell + <p>RAPELLA. Sw. A genus of "Pyrulinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell ventricose, generally thin, almost globose; the base suddenly contracted, and forming a short canal, the channel almost obsolete; umbilicus large, - partly concealed by the inner lip. R. papyracea. En. Méth. 436, f. 1." + partly concealed by the inner lip. R. papyracea. En. Méth. 436, f. 1." Sw. p. 307. <span class="sc">Rapanus</span>, Schum. Fig. 389.</p> <p>RAPHANISTER. Montf. A species of madrepore, described as a shell.</p> @@ -10623,7 +10587,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> known in the market.</p> <p>RECTILINEAR. (<i>Rectus</i>, right; <i>linea</i>, a line.) In a - straight line. <i>Ex.</i> The hinge of Byssoarca Noæ, fig. 132.</p> + straight line. <i>Ex.</i> The hinge of Byssoarca Noæ, fig. 132.</p> <p>RECURVED. (<i>Re</i>, back; <i>curvo</i>, to bend.) Turned backwards; the term, when applied to symmetrical conical univalves, is used to @@ -10632,7 +10596,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>REFLECTED. (<i>Reflected</i>, to fold back.) Turned, or folded backwards. <i>Ex.</i> The edge of the outer lip in Bulinus, fig. 282, is - <i>reflected</i>, while that of Cypræa, fig. 445 to 450, is + <i>reflected</i>, while that of Cypræa, fig. 445 to 450, is <i>inflected</i>.</p> <p>REMOTE. (<i>Remotus</i>, distant.) Remote lateral teeth in a bivalve @@ -10667,19 +10631,19 @@ Fig. 485.</p> is free, instead of the right; a circumstance which sometimes occurs in Chama and Ostrea.</p> - <p>RHEDA. Humph. <span class="sc">Hyalæa</span>, Lam.</p> + <p>RHEDA. Humph. <span class="sc">Hyalæa</span>, Lam.</p> - <p>RHINOCLAVIS. Sw. A genus of "Cerithinæ," Sw. thus described: "channel + <p>RHINOCLAVIS. Sw. A genus of "Cerithinæ," Sw. thus described: "channel curved backwards, in an erect position; inner lip very thick, with a tumid margin; pillar generally with a central plait; operculum ear-shaped; lineatum. En. M. 443, fig. 3, Vertagus. Ib. f. 2, subulatum. - Lam. No. 23, fasciatum. Mart. 157, f. 1481. obeliscus, En. Méth. 443, f. + Lam. No. 23, fasciatum. Mart. 157, f. 1481. obeliscus, En. Méth. 443, f. 4; aluco, Ib. f. 5, (Aberrant,) semi-granosum. Ib. 443, f. 1, asperum. Mart. 157, f. 1483."</p> <p>RHINOCURUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>RHINODOMUS. Sw. A genus of "Scolyminæ," Sw. thus described: No + <p>RHINODOMUS. Sw. A genus of "Scolyminæ," Sw. thus described: No internal <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'grove'." >groove</span>; shell clavate; the spire longer than, or equal with the aperture; the whorls with ridges or longitudinal varices, and rendered @@ -10690,7 +10654,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>RHIZORUS. Montf. A genus described from a microscopic shell, appearing to be a cylindrical Bulla.</p> - <p>RHODOSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Turbininæ," Sw. p. 344.</p> + <p>RHODOSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Turbininæ," Sw. p. 344.</p> <p>RHOMBOIDAL. (<span title="rhomboeidos" class="grk" >ῥομβοειδος</span>, @@ -10702,7 +10666,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>RHOMBOIDES. Bl. A genus described as resembling Byssomya in the shell, but differing in the animal. <span class="sc">Mytilus</span> rugosus, - Gmelin. <span class="sc">Hypogæa</span> barbata, Poli.</p> + Gmelin. <span class="sc">Hypogæa</span> barbata, Poli.</p> <p>RHOMBUS. Montf. (<span title="rhombos" class="grk" >ῥομβος</span>, <i>rhombos</i>, a @@ -10737,9 +10701,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Oblong, turrited, acuminated; spire long, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture round or oval, pointed posteriorly, dilated anteriorly; outer lip slightly thickened, - emarginated, operculum horny.—<i>Obs.</i> The Rissoæ are small - white, marine shells, considered by some authors as resembling Melaniæ, - but placed by Sowerby near the Scalariæ. They are principally from the + emarginated, operculum horny.—<i>Obs.</i> The Rissoæ are small + white, marine shells, considered by some authors as resembling Melaniæ, + but placed by Sowerby near the Scalariæ. They are principally from the shores of the Mediterranean, and are also very abundant on the British shores, as well as the East and West Indian. Fig. 346, R. reticulata.</p> @@ -10751,7 +10715,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>ROSALINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>ROSTELLARIA. (From <i>rostrum</i>, a beak.) <i>Fam.</i> Alatæ, Lam. + <p>ROSTELLARIA. (From <i>rostrum</i>, a beak.) <i>Fam.</i> Alatæ, Lam. Siphonostomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Turrited, fusiform, thick, smooth or ribbed; aperture oval, terminating anteriorly in a long canal, posteriorly in a channel running up the spire; outer lip dilated, @@ -10797,9 +10761,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>2. <span class="sc">Hippurites.</span> Large valve cylindrical, with two internal lobes or varices. Fig. 198.</p> - <p>3. <span class="sc">Sphærulites.</span> Large valve attached, + <p>3. <span class="sc">Sphærulites.</span> Large valve attached, including <i>Radiolites</i>. Birostrites is proved to be the cast of a - Sphærulites. Fig. 193, 196.</p> + Sphærulites. Fig. 193, 196.</p> <p>4. <span class="sc">Hipponyx.</span> Flat valve attached, upper valve conical. Fig. 199, 200.</p> @@ -10809,7 +10773,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <blockquote class="b1n b1xtra"> <p>RUDISTES. Bl. The second order of the class Acephalophora, Bl. - containing the genera Sphærulites, Crania, Hippurites, Radiolites, + containing the genera Sphærulites, Crania, Hippurites, Radiolites, Birostrites and Calceola.</p> <p>RUDOLPHUS. Lam. <span class="sc">Monoceros</span>, Auct.</p> @@ -10826,7 +10790,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> rupicola, Lam.</p> <p>SABINEA. A genus of shells resembling small species of <span - class="sc">Littorina</span>, as L. Ulvæ, &c. of our shores.</p> + class="sc">Littorina</span>, as L. Ulvæ, &c. of our shores.</p> <p>SADDLE OYSTER. <span class="sc">Placuna</span> Sella, so called on account of a resemblance in shape to a saddle; the part near the umbones @@ -10852,8 +10816,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> valve, lateral, irregular, palleal impressions with a large sinus.—<i>Obs.</i> This description is made to exclude some of Lamarck's species of Sanguinolaria, such as S. occidens, S. rugosa, which - are Psammobiæ; and to include others which he has left out. The - Sanguinolariæ are sub-rostrated posteriorly, while the Psammobiæ are + are Psammobiæ; and to include others which he has left out. The + Sanguinolariæ are sub-rostrated posteriorly, while the Psammobiæ are sub-quadrate and have a posterior angle. Fig. 98, S. rosea. Sandy shores of tropical climates.</p> @@ -10865,7 +10829,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> other respects resembling <span class="sc">Pyrgoma</span>. Fig. 30.</p> <p>SAXICAVA. Fl. de Belvue. Journ. de Ph. an. 10. (<i>Saxum</i>, a stone; - <i>cava</i>, a hollow.) <i>Fam.</i> Lithophagidæ, Lam. Pyloridea, + <i>cava</i>, a hollow.) <i>Fam.</i> Lithophagidæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Transverse, irregular, generally oblong, inequilateral, sub-equivalve, gaping anteriorly; ligament external; muscular impressions two, lateral; palleal impression interrupted, not @@ -10873,11 +10837,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> generally indistinct, cardinal teeth; which become obsolete when full grown.—<i>Obs.</i> Several genera have been founded only upon the difference between the young and old shell of the same species of this - genus. The Saxicavæ are found in the little hollows of rocks; in cavities + genus. The Saxicavæ are found in the little hollows of rocks; in cavities on the backs of oysters, of roots of sea-weeds, &c. in northern and temperate climates. S. rugosa, fig. 94.</p> - <p>SCABRICULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, consisting of species which have + <p>SCABRICULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, consisting of species which have a roughened external surface, &c. Sw. Malac. p. 319.</p> <p>SCABROUS. Rough.</p> @@ -10949,7 +10913,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>SCAPHANDER. Montf. <span class="sc">Bulla</span> lignaria, Auct. Fig. 251.</p> - <p>SCAPHELLA. Sw. A genus of the family "Volutinæ," Sw. thus described: + <p>SCAPHELLA. Sw. A genus of the family "Volutinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell smooth, almost polished; outer lip thickened internally; suture enamelled; lower plaits the smallest; apex of the spire various: 1. fusiformis. Sw. Bligh. Cat. 2. undulatus. <i>Ex.</i> Conch. pl. 27. 3. @@ -10960,14 +10924,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Convolute, chambered, closely related to the Ammonites, from which it differs in the last whorl being eccentrically straightened, and lengthened, and again incurved towards the extremity. - Only known in a fossil state. Fig. 481, S. æqualis.</p> + Only known in a fossil state. Fig. 481, S. æqualis.</p> - <p>SCAPHULA. Sw. A genus of "<span class="sc">Olivinæ</span>," Sw. thus + <p>SCAPHULA. Sw. A genus of "<span class="sc">Olivinæ</span>," Sw. thus described: "Spire very short, thick, obtuse, and not defined; aperture very wide, with only two or three oblique plaits at the base. Sw. patula, <i>Sow.</i> Tank. Cat. 2331. (<i>b.</i>)" (Sw. p. 322.)</p> - <p>SCARABUS. Montf. (<i>Scarabæus</i>, a kind of beetle.) <i>Fam.</i> + <p>SCARABUS. Montf. (<i>Scarabæus</i>, a kind of beetle.) <i>Fam.</i> Colimacea, Lam. Auriculacea, Fer.—<i>Descr.</i> Oval, somewhat compressed, smooth, with slightly raised varices; spire equal in length to the aperture, pointed, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture ovate, @@ -10975,7 +10939,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> outer lip sub-reflected, with several prominent folds on the inner edge; inner lip spread over a portion of the body whorls, with several prominent folds.—<i>Obs.</i> The shells of this genus are found - like Auriculæ, in marshy places. C. imbrium is said to have been found on + like Auriculæ, in marshy places. C. imbrium is said to have been found on the tops of mountains, by Captain Freycinet. Fig. 299*, S. imbrium.</p> <p>SCHIZODESMA. Gray. A genus composed of species of <span @@ -10987,11 +10951,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> terminating at the margin of the outer lip in a slit; spire short; aperture oval, modified by the last whorl; outer lip sharp, with a deep slit near the spire. Recent on the coasts of Britain; fossil in the - Calcaire-grossièr.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus, consisting of small + Calcaire-grossièr.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus, consisting of small shells, is known from Pleurotomaria by the shortness of the spire; the latter genus being trochiform. Fig. 340, S. elatior.</p> - <p>SCOLYMUS. Sw. A genus of the family "Scolyminæ." Sw. (Turbinella) thus + <p>SCOLYMUS. Sw. A genus of the family "Scolyminæ." Sw. (Turbinella) thus described: "Sub-fusiform, armed with foliated spines; spire shorter; pillar with distinct plaits in the middle." The species enumerated are, "cornigerus, pugillaris, Globulus, Rhinoceros, ceramicus, Capitellum, @@ -11012,7 +10976,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> genus is intermediate between Ancylus and Patella; while in the aspect of the beak, the observer is reminded of Navicella.</p> - <p>SCUTIBRANCHIATA. Bl. (<i>Scutum</i>, a shield; <i>branchiæ</i>, + <p>SCUTIBRANCHIATA. Bl. (<i>Scutum</i>, a shield; <i>branchiæ</i>, gills.) The third order of Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita, Bl. containing animals with patelliform, but not symmetrical shells, and divided into the families Otidea and Calyptracea.</p> @@ -11042,7 +11006,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>SEMILUNAR. Half moon-shaped.</p> - <p>SENECTUS. Humph. A genus of "Senectinæ," thus described by Swainson: + <p>SENECTUS. Humph. A genus of "Senectinæ," thus described by Swainson: "Imperforate; the base produced into a broad flat lobe, spire rather elevated and pointed; the whorls convex; aperture perfectly round; not more oblique than <i>Helix</i>; inner lip entirely wanting, imperialis. @@ -11082,7 +11046,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> twisted, imbricated; keeled or plain; aperture generally round, with the edge simple, or angulated by the termination of external ribs or keels.—<i>Obs.</i> This description is intended to include the - genera Serpula, Spirorbis, Vermilia, Galeolaria, &c. The Serpulæ + genera Serpula, Spirorbis, Vermilia, Galeolaria, &c. The Serpulæ abound in all seas, on rocky shores, at any time covered by water, attached to any kind of marine substance, whether moveable or stationary. The fossil species occur in almost all tertiary strata. Fig. 4 to 7.</p> @@ -11137,7 +11101,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> or pieces arranged in a circle, side by side, around the body of the animal, (an arrangement designated <i>coronular</i> by De Blainville.) 2nd. The <i>opercular</i> valves, or pieces placed so as to enclose the - aperture. Between those opercular valves the ciliæ protrude which + aperture. Between those opercular valves the ciliæ protrude which characterize the class. Besides these two sets of valves, there is generally a shelly plate, serving as a sort of foundation to the rest. The Sessile Cirripedes may be thus arranged.</p> @@ -11218,15 +11182,15 @@ Fig. 485.</p> irregularly twisted near the aperture, with a longitudinal fissure radiating from the apex, and proceeding through all the whorls and sinuosities of the tube.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus was included in - Serpula by Linnæus, from which, however, it is distinguished by the + Serpula by Linnæus, from which, however, it is distinguished by the longitudinal slit, fig. 1. S. anguina. The recent species are found in - the sponges with siliceous spiculæ, in the Mediterranean; the fossils in + the sponges with siliceous spiculæ, in the Mediterranean; the fossils in tertiary beds.</p> <p>SIMPLE. (<i>Simplex</i>, lat.) Single, entire, uninterrupted, undivided.</p> - <p>SIMPLEGAS. Mont. 1, 83. (<i>Simplex</i>, simple; <span title="gastêr" class="grk" + <p>SIMPLEGAS. Mont. 1, 83. (<i>Simplex</i>, simple; <span title="gastêr" class="grk" >γαστηρ</span>, <i>gaster</i>, belly.) A genus described by De Blainville, as being discoidal, and having the spire uncovered like <span class="sc">Ammonites</span>, but having the @@ -11271,7 +11235,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> species very distinct, serves to distinguish this genus from Patella. S. Sipho, fig. 231*.</p> - <p>SIPHONOBRANCHIATA. Bl. (<i>Siphon</i>, and <i>Branchiæ</i>, gills.) + <p>SIPHONOBRANCHIATA. Bl. (<i>Siphon</i>, and <i>Branchiæ</i>, gills.) The first order of Paracephalophora Dioica, Bl. divided into the families Siphonostomata, Entomostomata, and Angiostomata.</p> @@ -11286,7 +11250,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> shells of which are extremely variable in form, but always have a canal or notch at the anterior extremity of the aperture. This family partly answers to the Canalifera of Lamarck and the genus Murex in the system of - Linnæus. It contains the genera Pleurotoma, Rostellaria, Fusus, Pyrula, + Linnæus. It contains the genera Pleurotoma, Rostellaria, Fusus, Pyrula, Fasciolaria, Turbinella, Columbella, Triton, Murex, Ranella, and Struthiolaria.</p> @@ -11354,7 +11318,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>1. <span class="sc">Solen.</span> Razor shells, truncated at the extremities. Fig. 60.</p> - <p>2. <span class="sc">Panopæa.</span> Broad, with prominent tooth. Fig. + <p>2. <span class="sc">Panopæa.</span> Broad, with prominent tooth. Fig. 65, 66.</p> <p>3. <span class="sc">Solenocurtus.</span> Rounded at the extremities, @@ -11415,29 +11379,29 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Diphos, f. 99. S. livida of Sowerby, and similar species, are placed together in this genus.</p> - <p>SPATHA. Lea. A sub-genus of <span class="sc">Iridinæ</span>, + <p>SPATHA. Lea. A sub-genus of <span class="sc">Iridinæ</span>, consisting of I. rubens and I. nilotica, which have not distinctly crenulated margins. Spatha solenoides, of Lea, is the genus Mycetopus D'Orbigny. Fig. 151.</p> - <p>SPHÆNIA. Turt. A genus consisting of a small species resembling + <p>SPHÆNIA. Turt. A genus consisting of a small species resembling Saxicava, in general appearance, but having a spoon-shaped process on the hinge of one valve. S. Binghamii, Fig. 96.</p> - <p>SPHÆROIDINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> + <p>SPHÆROIDINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>SPHÆRULACEA. Bl. The first family of Cellulacea consisting of the + <p>SPHÆRULACEA. Bl. The first family of Cellulacea consisting of the following genera of microscopic Foraminifera: Miliola, Melonia, Saracenaria, Textularia.</p> - <p>SPHÆRULACEA. Lam. The fourth family of Cephalopoda, Lam. described as - multilocular, globular, sphærical, or oval, with the whorls enveloping + <p>SPHÆRULACEA. Lam. The fourth family of Cephalopoda, Lam. described as + multilocular, globular, sphærical, or oval, with the whorls enveloping each other; some of them have a particular internal cavity, and are composed of a series of elongated, straight and contiguous chambers which altogether form a covering for the internal cavity. This family contains the genera Miliola, Gyrogona and Melonia.</p> - <p>SPHÆRULITES. Lam. (<i>Sphæra</i>, a sphere.) <i>Fam.</i> Rudistes, + <p>SPHÆRULITES. Lam. (<i>Sphæra</i>, a sphere.) <i>Fam.</i> Rudistes, Lam. and Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Orbicular, inequivalve, irregularly foliated outside; lower valve cup-shaped, depressed; upper valve nearly flat, like an operculum.—<i>Obs.</i> These fossils are not regarded @@ -11453,11 +11417,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>SPIRAL. (<i>Spira</i>, a spire.) Revolving outwards from a central apex or nucleus, like the spring of a watch. A shell or an operculum, may - be spiral, without being produced into a pyramid. Bands of colour, striæ, + be spiral, without being produced into a pyramid. Bands of colour, striæ, grooves, &c. commencing from the nucleus and following the volutions of the shell, are described by the above word.</p> - <p>SPIRAMILLA. Bl. A genus of Serpulacea, differing from other Serpulæ + <p>SPIRAMILLA. Bl. A genus of Serpulacea, differing from other Serpulæ principally in the characters of the animal.</p> <p>SPIRATELLA. Bl. <span class="sc">Limacinea</span>, Lam. Fig. 224.</p> @@ -11504,7 +11468,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> sub-external, marginal, not separate from the cartilage; with the posterior lateral teeth double in one valve, and single in the other. M. fragilis, fig. 80, is the species figured for Spisula in Mr. Gray's paper - on the Mactradæ, in the second series of Loudon's Magazine of Natural + on the Mactradæ, in the second series of Loudon's Magazine of Natural History. We have since learned, however, that it was figured there by mistake, not having been intended for a Spisula, but belonging more properly to the genus Mactra, as defined by Mr. Gray, whose description @@ -11538,12 +11502,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>STENOPUS. Guild. (<span title="Stenos" class="grk" >Στενος</span>, narrow, <span title="pous" class="grk">πους</span>, foot.) A - genus nearly "allied to the Linnæan Helices, from all of which it differs + genus nearly "allied to the Linnæan Helices, from all of which it differs in the curious contraction of the pedal disc, and the caudal tentaculum furnished with a gland beneath." The shell is described as heliciform, umbilicated, transparent, with the aperture transverse. The two species described are Stenopus cruentatus and lividus; they are both from the - Caribbæan Islands, Guild. Zool. Journ. xii. p. 528, tab. 15, f. 1 to + Caribbæan Islands, Guild. Zool. Journ. xii. p. 528, tab. 15, f. 1 to 5.</p> <p>STOMATELLA. Lam. See <span class="sc">Stomatia</span>.</p> @@ -11556,7 +11520,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> This genus is known from Haliotis by being destitute of the series of holes; is distinguished from Sigaretus by the substance of the shell, the latter being internal, and never pearly. Our description includes <span - class="sc">Stomatella</span>, Lam. The Stomatiæ are marine, and belong to + class="sc">Stomatella</span>, Lam. The Stomatiæ are marine, and belong to the East Indies and New Holland. Fig. 335, S. Phymotis.</p> <p>STORILLUS. Montf. 1, 131. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera, @@ -11581,7 +11545,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>STRIGOCEPHALUS. Defr. <span class="sc">Pentamerus</span>, Sow.? <span class="sc">Gypidia</span>, Dalman.</p> - <p>STROMBUS. Auct. <i>Fam.</i> Alatæ, Lam. Angiostomata, + <p>STROMBUS. Auct. <i>Fam.</i> Alatæ, Lam. Angiostomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Oblong, turrited, rather ventricose, solid; aperture generally lengthened, terminating posteriorly in a short canal, and anteriorly in an emargination or truncated canal; outer lip, when @@ -11652,7 +11616,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> with the hinge rather complex; one single, sub-central, muscular impression, without any traces of palleal impression. This family corresponds with the Pectenides of Lamarck, and part of the genus Ostrea - in the system of Linnæus. It contains the genera Spondylus, Plicatula, + in the system of Linnæus. It contains the genera Spondylus, Plicatula, Hinnites, Pecten, Pedum, Lima.</p> <p>SUB-SPIRAL. Not sufficiently spiral to form a complete volution.</p> @@ -11676,7 +11640,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> short; outer lip thin, continuous with the thin, sharp-edged columella; inner lip spread over a part of the body-whorl.—<i>Obs.</i> The shells belonging to this genus of partly amphibious mollusca, are - distinguished from Limnæa by not having a fold on the columella The S. + distinguished from Limnæa by not having a fold on the columella The S. amphibia is of a bright amber colour. Fig. 265, 266. Temperate and tropical climates.</p> @@ -11712,7 +11676,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> include species of the genus <span class="sc">Unio</span>, the valves of which are connate, or united at the dorsal margin. We believe that this distinction, as a genus, has been abandoned by its author. The fact is, - that all the Uniones are Symphynotæ when in a young state. In Unio + that all the Uniones are Symphynotæ when in a young state. In Unio Alatus, (fig. 147) and Dipsas plicatus, (fig. 142) it will be observed that the valves have not separated at the dorsal edge, but are broken lower down.</p> @@ -11754,11 +11718,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>TENUIPEDES. (<i>Tenuis</i>, slender; <i>pedes</i>, feet.) The second section of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, divided into the families - Mactracea, Corbulacea, Lithophagidæ, Nymphacea.</p> + Mactracea, Corbulacea, Lithophagidæ, Nymphacea.</p> <p>TERACLITA. Schum. <span class="sc">Conia</span>, Auct.</p> - <p>TEREBELLUM. Lam. (<i>Terebra</i>, an augur?) <i>Fam.</i> Convolutæ, + <p>TEREBELLUM. Lam. (<i>Terebra</i>, an augur?) <i>Fam.</i> Convolutæ, Lam. Angyostomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Smooth, slender, oblong, sub-cylindrical; spire obtuse, short, sometimes hidden; (Seraphs, Montf.) aperture long, narrow posteriorly, wider anteriorly; outer lip slightly @@ -11789,7 +11753,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> genus. Fig. 427, Bullia vittata. (Terebra.) Fig. 428, Terebra maculata. (Subula.)</p> - <p>TEREBRALIA. Sw. A genus of "Cerithinæ," Sw. thus described: "Outer lip + <p>TEREBRALIA. Sw. A genus of "Cerithinæ," Sw. thus described: "Outer lip much dilated, generally uniting at its base to the inner lip; leaving a round perforation at the base of the pillar; channel truncate; operculum round: palustre. Mart. f. 1472." Sw. p. 315.</p> @@ -11809,13 +11773,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> presenting, in some species, the appearance of fine winding tape, advancing towards the front of the valve, and again receding to the centre, where the ends unite; muscular impressions two, placed near the - centre of each valve.—<i>Obs.</i> The Terebratulæ are included in - the genus Anomia in the system of Linnæus. The recent species are not + centre of each valve.—<i>Obs.</i> The Terebratulæ are included in + the genus Anomia in the system of Linnæus. The recent species are not very numerous—they are found in all climates. The fossil species are more numerous than the recent ones, occurring in the secondary and tertiary formations. T. Psittacea, fig. 202.</p> - <p>TEREDINA. (From Teredo.) <i>Fam.</i> Tubicolæ, Lam. Adesmacea, + <p>TEREDINA. (From Teredo.) <i>Fam.</i> Tubicolæ, Lam. Adesmacea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Valves equal, inequilateral, with prominent umbones, as it were soldered to the outside of the rounded end of a shelly tube, of which they form a part; aperture of the tube partly @@ -11824,7 +11788,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Teredo, by the valves being fixed on the tube, and the tube being closed at one extremity. Fig. 46, 47, T. personata.</p> - <p>TEREDO. Auct. (<i>A piercer.</i>) <i>Fam.</i> Tubicolæ, Lam. + <p>TEREDO. Auct. (<i>A piercer.</i>) <i>Fam.</i> Tubicolæ, Lam. Adesmacea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Valves equal, inequilateral; presenting when closed, an orbicular figure, with a large angular opening in front, and a rounded opening at the back; placed at the anterior @@ -11868,7 +11832,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>THALAMUS. Montf. A genus described as resembling Conilites, but curved and granulated.</p> - <p>THALLEPUS. Sw. A genus of "Aplysianiæ," Sw. thus described: "Body more + <p>THALLEPUS. Sw. A genus of "Aplysianiæ," Sw. thus described: "Body more slender and fusiform;" (than Aplysia,) "the lobes of the mantle short, and incapable of being used for swimming; tentacula two, large, ear shaped; eyes not visible. T. ornatus, <i>Sw.</i> Sp. Nov." Sw. p. @@ -11887,14 +11851,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> ridges.</p> <p>THECOSOMATA. Bl. The first family of the order Aporobranchiata, Bl. - containing the genera Hyalæa, Cleodora, Cymbulia, Pyrgo.</p> + containing the genera Hyalæa, Cleodora, Cymbulia, Pyrgo.</p> <p>THELICONUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Conus. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 312.</p> <p>THELIDOMUS. Sw. A generic name under which Swainson has described a division of the genus Helix, and which he has also used to designate a - genus in the family of "Rotellinæ," founded upon an aggregate of loose + genus in the family of "Rotellinæ," founded upon an aggregate of loose particles collected and agglutinated in a spiral form by the larva of an insect. Sw. Malac. p. 330 and 353.</p> @@ -11910,7 +11874,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>THIARELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitra, Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 319.</p> - <p>THRACIA. Leach. <i>Fam.</i> Lithophagidæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl. A genus + <p>THRACIA. Leach. <i>Fam.</i> Lithophagidæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl. A genus described as intermediate between Anatina, and Mya, and in some degree resembling Corbula. T. corbuloides, fig. 93.</p> @@ -11921,11 +11885,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> class="sc">Amphidesma</span> <i>flexuosa</i>, Lam. and similar species, belonging more properly to the genus <span class="sc">Lucina</span>.</p> - <p>TIARA. Sw. A genus of "Mitranæ," Sw. thus described: "Aperture narrow, + <p>TIARA. Sw. A genus of "Mitranæ," Sw. thus described: "Aperture narrow, linear, or of equal breadth throughout; outer lip and base of the body whorl contracted, the former generally striated; an internal canal at the upper part of the aperture; shell (typically) turrited, and equally - fusiform; representing the <i>Muricidæ</i> and Cymbiola." Sw. Malac. p. + fusiform; representing the <i>Muricidæ</i> and Cymbiola." Sw. Malac. p. 319. The principal difference between Tiara and Mitra appears to be that in the latter, the aperture is more linear and contracted in the centre. Mitra Episcopalis is an example.</p> @@ -11934,10 +11898,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>TIRANITES. Montf. A division of the genus Baculites.</p> - <p>TOMELLA. Sw. A genus of "Pleurotominæ," Sw. thus described: "Fusiform, + <p>TOMELLA. Sw. A genus of "Pleurotominæ," Sw. thus described: "Fusiform, smooth; the spire of very few whorls, and not longer than the channel; inner lip with a thick callosity at the top; the slit short and wide; - lineata, En. Méth. 440, f. 2, clavicularis, Ib. f. 4. filosa. En. Méth. + lineata, En. Méth. 440, f. 2, clavicularis, Ib. f. 4. filosa. En. Méth. 440, f. 6. lineolata. Ib. f. 11." Sw. p. 314.</p> <p>TOMOGERUS. Montf. <span class="sc">Anastoma</span>, Auct. Fig. @@ -11951,14 +11915,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> aperture long, narrow, rounded anteriorly; outer lip simple; inner lip thin, slightly spread, columella spiral, incrassated, confluent with the outer lip. The recent species are few. Several fossil species occur in - London Clay, Inferior Oolite and Calcaire-grossièr. Monoptygma, Lea, + London Clay, Inferior Oolite and Calcaire-grossièr. Monoptygma, Lea, resembles this genus, but has a fold on the inner lip. Fig. 343, T. solidula.</p> <p>TORTUOUS. (<i>Tortuosus</i>) Twisted. This adjective is sometimes applied as a specific name; as Arca tortuosa.</p> - <p>TRACHELIPODA. Lam. (<span title="trachêlos" class="grk" + <p>TRACHELIPODA. Lam. (<span title="trachêlos" class="grk" >τραχηλος</span>, <i>trachelos</i>, a neck; <span title="poda" class="grk" >ποδα</span>, <i>poda</i>, foot.) The third order @@ -11969,7 +11933,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> enclosing the animal when at rest. This order contains the families, Colimacea, Lymnacea, Melaniana, Peristomiana, Neritacea, Janthinea, Macrostomata, Scalariana, Plicacea, Canalifera, Alata, Purpurifera, - Columellaria, Convolutæ. The genera belonging to these families, are + Columellaria, Convolutæ. The genera belonging to these families, are represented in the plates, fig. 264, to 462.</p> <p>TRANSVERSE. (Crosswise.) A shell is said to be transverse, when its @@ -11987,7 +11951,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> >τραπεζιον</span>, <i>trapezion</i>, <i>trapezium</i>; <span title="eidos" class="grk" >ειδος</span>, <i>eidos</i>, form.) - Having four unequal and unparallel sides. <i>Ex.</i> Cucullæa, fig. + Having four unequal and unparallel sides. <i>Ex.</i> Cucullæa, fig. 133.</p> <p>TRIBULUS. Klein. <span class="sc">Ricinula</span>, Lam.</p> @@ -12039,10 +12003,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <blockquote class="b1n b1xtra"> <p>TRIDENTATE. (<i>Tridentatus</i>.) Having three teeth, or salient - points. <i>Ex.</i> Hyalæa tridentata, fig. 226.</p> + points. <i>Ex.</i> Hyalæa tridentata, fig. 226.</p> <p>TRIGONA. Schum.? Triangular species of <span - class="sc">Cytherea</span>, such as C. lævigata, Triplas corbicula, + class="sc">Cytherea</span>, such as C. lævigata, Triplas corbicula, ventricosa, bicolor, &c. Fig. 117 <i>b.</i></p> <p>TRIGONACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the order Conchifera Dimyaria, @@ -12053,7 +12017,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>TRIGONELLA. Humph. <span class="sc">Mactra</span>, Auct.</p> - <p>TRIGONIA. Brug. (<span title="trigônon" class="grk" + <p>TRIGONIA. Brug. (<span title="trigônon" class="grk" >τριγωνον</span>, <i>trigonon</i>, triangular.) <i>Fam.</i> Trigonata, Lam. Camacea, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, sub-trigonal, costated and @@ -12068,7 +12032,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> within, tinged with purple or golden brown. Fossil species occur in Lias, upper and lower Oolite, and Green-sand. T. Pectinata, fig. 139.</p> - <p>TRIGONOSEMUS. König. A genus composed of species of <span + <p>TRIGONOSEMUS. König. A genus composed of species of <span class="sc">Terebratula</span>, Auct. which have one valve produced into a beak, perforated, or as it were truncated at the apex. T. lyra, fig. 208, differing from Terebratula lyra, Lam.</p> @@ -12076,7 +12040,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>TRIGONOSTOMA. A sub-genus of Helix, with a trigonal aperture. Gray's Turton, p. 139.</p> - <p>TRIGONOTRETA. König. A genus composed of species of Terebratula, Auct. + <p>TRIGONOTRETA. König. A genus composed of species of Terebratula, Auct. which have the hinge of the larger valve produced into a triangular disc, divided by a triangular foramen in the centre. Spirifer, Sowerby, belongs to this genus. Fig. 214, 215.</p> @@ -12121,17 +12085,17 @@ Fig. 485.</p> a generally long, slightly raised canal; columellar lip granulated or denticulated; outer lip thickened, reflected, generally denticulated within; epidermis rough; operculum horny.—<i>Obs.</i> However - nearly allied the Tritons may appear to be to the Murices and Ranellæ + nearly allied the Tritons may appear to be to the Murices and Ranellæ there are still to be traced in the shells of each of those genera, several constant and well marked distinctions, by which they maybe at - once recognized. In the Ranellæ, the varices run in two rows along the + once recognized. In the Ranellæ, the varices run in two rows along the spire; in the Murices, they form three or more rows; but in the Tritons, they do not follow each other, <i>i.e.</i> they do not occur in the same part of each volution. The large species of Triton, are sometimes used as trumpets. The Tritons are brought from the Mediterranean, Ceylon, the East and West Indies, and South Seas. Fig. 398 to 401.</p> - <p>TRITONIDEA. Sw. A genus of "Buccininæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell + <p>TRITONIDEA. Sw. A genus of "Buccininæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell bucciniform, but the basal half is narrowed, and the middle more or less ventricose; spire and aperture equal. Pillar at the base with two or three obtuse and very transverse plaits, not well defined; outer lip @@ -12143,23 +12107,23 @@ Fig. 485.</p> (Pollia, Gray.)</p> <p>TRIVIA. Gray. A genus composed of those small species of <span - class="sc">Cypræa</span>, Auct. which are characterized by small ridges + class="sc">Cypræa</span>, Auct. which are characterized by small ridges on the dorsal surface, and have the anterior of the columella internally concave and ribbed. C. Pediculus. Auct. fig. 449, 450.</p> - <p>TROCHATELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Helicinæ, consisting of those species + <p>TROCHATELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Helicinæ, consisting of those species which are acute and trochiform.</p> - <p>TROCHIA. Sw. A genus of the family Buccininæ, thus described: "shape + <p>TROCHIA. Sw. A genus of the family Buccininæ, thus described: "shape intermediate between Purpura and Buccinum; whorls separated by a deep groove; inner lip when young, depressed, when adult, thickened, convex and striated; basal canal very small. T. sulcatus. E. M. 422. f. 4." Sw. Malac. p. 300.</p> - <p>TROCHIDON. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ," Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. + <p>TROCHIDON. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ," Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 351.</p> - <p>TROCHILÆA. Sw.? <span class="sc">Pileolus</span>, Auct.</p> + <p>TROCHILÆA. Sw.? <span class="sc">Pileolus</span>, Auct.</p> <p>TROCHURUS. Humph. <span class="sc">Monodonta</span>. Lam.</p> @@ -12181,7 +12145,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> Turbines, all those which have testaceous opercula. Fig. 358 to 360. The Trochi are found in all climates.</p> - <p>TROPÆUM. Sow. <span class="sc">Crioceratites.</span></p> + <p>TROPÆUM. Sow. <span class="sc">Crioceratites.</span></p> <p>TROPHON. Montf. <span class="sc">Murex</span> Magellanicus, Auct. and several other species which belong more properly to Fusus than to @@ -12220,8 +12184,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> elongated valves jointed together side by side, striated longitudinally, surrounded by concentric rings; aperture circular, enclosed by an operculum of four valves, placed perpendicularly in an - epiphragm.—<i>Obs.</i> The Tubicinellæ are found with nearly the - whole shell buried in the thick skin of the whale. T. Balænarum.</p> + epiphragm.—<i>Obs.</i> The Tubicinellæ are found with nearly the + whole shell buried in the thick skin of the whale. T. Balænarum.</p> <p>TUBICOLARIA. Lam. (<i>Tuba</i>, a tube; <i>cola</i>, an inhabitant.) A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. consisting of bivalves @@ -12247,7 +12211,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>5. <span class="sc">Fistulana.</span> Valves free, tube closed at one end, straight, long. Fig. 53, 54.</p> - <p>6. <span class="sc">Gastrochæna.</span> Valves free, tube closed at + <p>6. <span class="sc">Gastrochæna.</span> Valves free, tube closed at one end, short, bulbous. Fig. 52.</p> </blockquote> @@ -12255,7 +12219,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <blockquote class="b1n b1xtra"> <p>TUBIVALVES. Bl. Shells composed of two valves connected in a tube, - corresponding with the family Tubicolæ of Lamarck.</p> + corresponding with the family Tubicolæ of Lamarck.</p> <p>TULIPARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Coronaxis," Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 311.</p> @@ -12478,7 +12442,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>VAGINULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>VALVATA. Müll. <i>Fam.</i> Peristomata, Lam. Cricostomata, + <p>VALVATA. Müll. <i>Fam.</i> Peristomata, Lam. Cricostomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Thin, turbinated; spire short, composed of from three to six rounded whorls; aperture circular; peritreme acute, entire; operculum horny, spiral.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus of small shells @@ -12542,7 +12506,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>VENTRAL SIPHON. In symmetrical convolute univalves, is one placed near the inner edge of the whorls.</p> - <p>VENTRICOSE. (<i>Ventricosus.</i>) Swelled, rounded out, (<i>bombé + <p>VENTRICOSE. (<i>Ventricosus.</i>) Swelled, rounded out, (<i>bombé Fr.</i>) as Harpa ventricosa, fig. 419.</p> <p>VENUS. Auct. (<i>Goddess of Beauty.</i>) <i>Fam.</i> Marine Conchacea, @@ -12562,7 +12526,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>VERMETUS. Adanson. <i>Fam.</i> Scalariana, Lam. Cricostomata, Bl.—<i>Descr.</i> Spiral at the apex, irregularly twisted towards the aperture; aperture round, small.—<i>Obs.</i> This shell - resembles the Serpulæ in general appearance, although it is regularly + resembles the Serpulæ in general appearance, although it is regularly spiral near the apex. The animal is known to be a true mollusc, rather nearly allied to that of the genus Dentalium, which is also placed wrongly in the Lamarckian system. Vermetus Lumbricalis, fig. 345. Coast @@ -12582,7 +12546,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>VERTEX. Apex.</p> - <p>VERTIGO. Müll. <i>Fam.</i> Colimacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> + <p>VERTIGO. Müll. <i>Fam.</i> Colimacea, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Cylindrically fusiform, sinistral, hyaline; aperture marginated, sinuated, denticulated on the inner edge; peristome sub-reflected.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus of minute land shells, @@ -12593,14 +12557,14 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p>VESICA. Sw. A sub-genus of Bulinus, Sw. p. 360.</p> - <p>VEXILLA. Sw. A genus of "Nassinæ," Sw. thus described: "General shape + <p>VEXILLA. Sw. A genus of "Nassinæ," Sw. thus described: "General shape of <i>Purpura</i>, the inner lip flattened and depressed; the outer, when adult, thickened, inflected and toothed; aperture wide; picta <i>Sw.</i> Chem. pl. 157, f. 1504-5." Sw. Malac. p. 300.</p> <p>VIRGULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.</p> - <p>VITRELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Bullinæ," Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. + <p>VITRELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Bullinæ," Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 360.</p> <p>VITRINA. Drap. (<i>Vitreus</i>, glassy.) <i>Fam.</i> Limacinea, Lam. @@ -12611,9 +12575,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> shady situations. De Ferussac has divided this genus into Helicolimax, fig. 263, and Helixarion, fig. 262.</p> - <p>VITULARIA. Sw. A genus of "Muricinæ," Sw. thus described: "General + <p>VITULARIA. Sw. A genus of "Muricinæ," Sw. thus described: "General habit of <i>Muricidea</i>, but the inner lip is depressed and flattened - as in the <i>Purpurinæ</i>; varices simple, nearly obsolete. Tuberculata, + as in the <i>Purpurinæ</i>; varices simple, nearly obsolete. Tuberculata, Sw. En. M. 419. fig. 1. (<i>Murex vitulinus</i>, Auct.)" Sw. p. 297.</p> <p>VIVIPARA. A generic name given by Montfort, and retained by some @@ -12629,12 +12593,12 @@ Fig. 485.</p> mammillated apex; aperture generally angulated, large, terminating anteriorly in a deep notch; columella smooth, with several plaits, of which the lowest is the largest; outer lip thickened - within.—<i>Obs.</i> The genus Voluta, as left by Linnæus, is only + within.—<i>Obs.</i> The genus Voluta, as left by Linnæus, is only characterized by the folds on the columella, and includes many shells which, although they agree in this respect with the genus, are yet quite - opposite to each other in all other characters. Thus the Auriculæ, which + opposite to each other in all other characters. Thus the Auriculæ, which are land shells, and have the aperture entire, are mixed up with others - which are marine, and have a canal, as Turbinellæ, and the Fasciolariæ, + which are marine, and have a canal, as Turbinellæ, and the Fasciolariæ, and others which have merely a notch, as the true Volutes. This genus, as it is circumscribed at present, includes a great number of beautiful shells, most of which are rich in colouring. <span @@ -12672,7 +12636,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> hinge with a large pit in the centre, containing the cartilage, the ligament being spread over the areas; muscular impressions, one on each valve, sub-central, oblong.—<i>Obs.</i> This genus differs from - Ostræa in the equality of the valves, and in having a hollow pit in the + Ostræa in the equality of the valves, and in having a hollow pit in the hinge for the cartilage. Vulsella lingulata, fig. 185.</p> <p>WATERING-POT. Aspergillum, fig. 44, commonly so called on account of @@ -12686,13 +12650,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> are described as <i>non-contiguous</i>, when they do not touch each other; <i>continuous</i>, in the opposite case. <i>Depressed</i> when they are flat. They are <i>angulated</i>, <i>heeled</i>, or coronated; - <i>distinct</i>, or indistinct. They are sometimes, as in Cypræa, hidden + <i>distinct</i>, or indistinct. They are sometimes, as in Cypræa, hidden by the last whorl.</p> <p>XYLOPHAGA. Sow. (<span title="xulon" class="grk" >ξυλον</span>, <i>zylon</i>, wood; <span - title="phagô" class="grk">φαγω</span>, - <i>phago</i>, to eat.) <i>Fam.</i> Tubiscolæ, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> + title="phagô" class="grk">φαγω</span>, + <i>phago</i>, to eat.) <i>Fam.</i> Tubiscolæ, Lam.—<i>Descr.</i> Equivalve, globose, closed at the back; with a large, angular hiatus in front; hinge with a small curved tooth advancing from beneath the umbones in each valve.—<i>Obs.</i> This shell, which is found in a @@ -12761,11 +12725,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Class</i>, CIRRIPEDES.<br/><i>Order</i>, <span class="sc">Sessile Cirripedes</span></td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 14.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Tubicinella Balænarum.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Tubicinella Balænarum.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 15.</td> <td class="ind1"> Coronula Testudinaria. Chelonobia, Leach, Astrolepas, Klein.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 16.</td> -<td class="ind1"> —— Balænaris. Cetopirus, Ranz.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> —— Balænaris. Cetopirus, Ranz.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 17.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— diadema. Diadema, Ranz.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 18.</td> @@ -12787,7 +12751,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 26.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— Montagui. Acasta, Leach.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 27.</td> -<td class="ind1"> —— galeatus, Conoplæa, Say.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> —— galeatus, Conoplæa, Say.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 28.</td> <td class="ind1"> Creusia gregaria. <i>b.</i> showing the internal structure.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 29.</td> @@ -12804,7 +12768,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Order</i>, <span class="sc">Pedunculated Cirripedes</span>.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 34.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Pentelasmis lævis. Antifa, Lam. <i>a</i>. anterior.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Pentelasmis lævis. Antifa, Lam. <i>a</i>. anterior.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 35.</td> <td class="ind1"> Scalpellum vulgare.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 36.</td> @@ -12814,7 +12778,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 37*.</td> <td class="ind1"> Pollicipes mitellus. Capitulum, Klein.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 38.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Brismæus Rhophodius.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Brismæus Rhophodius.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 39.</td> <td class="ind1"> Lithotrya dorsalis. Absia, Leach, Litholepas, Bl.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 40.</td> @@ -12835,7 +12799,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 46.</td> <td class="ind1"> Teredina personata.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 47.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Lignite, pierced by Teredinæ.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Lignite, pierced by Teredinæ.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 48.</td> <td class="ind1"> Teredo navalis; <i>a</i>, tube (from Sowerby's Genera.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 49.</td> @@ -12845,7 +12809,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 51.</td> <td class="ind1"> The same, in wood.<br/>(This would be more properly placed in Pholadaria.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 52.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Gastrochæna Modiolina, in the tube (from Sowerby's Genera.)</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Gastrochæna Modiolina, in the tube (from Sowerby's Genera.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 53.</td><td rowspan="2" class="pl0"><table> <tr><td class="ind1"> Fistulana Clava.</td><td rowspan="2" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex;width:1em;" alt="brace" /></td><td rowspan="2" class="vmi">(From Sowerby's Genera.)</td></tr> @@ -12856,7 +12820,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 55.</td> <td class="ind1"> Pholas Dactylus; <i>a</i>, plates of the hinge.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 56.</td> -<td class="ind1"> —— papyracea. Pholadidæa.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> —— papyracea. Pholadidæa.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 57.</td> <td class="ind1"> Pholadomya Candida.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 58.</td> @@ -12877,8 +12841,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <td class="ind1"> Glanconome Chinensis.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 65.</td><td rowspan="2" class="pl0"><table> -<tr><td class="ind1"> Panopæa <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Ausrtalis'.">Australis</span>.</td><td rowspan="2" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex;width:1em;" alt="brace" /></td><td rowspan="2" class="vmi">(From Sowerby's Genera.)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="ind1"> Hinge of Panopæa Faujasii.</td></tr></table></td></tr> +<tr><td class="ind1"> Panopæa <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Ausrtalis'.">Australis</span>.</td><td rowspan="2" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex;width:1em;" alt="brace" /></td><td rowspan="2" class="vmi">(From Sowerby's Genera.)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="ind1"> Hinge of Panopæa Faujasii.</td></tr></table></td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 66.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 67.</td> @@ -12894,13 +12858,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 71.</td> <td class="ind1"> Mya truncata.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 72.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Periploma inæquivalvis. Osteodesma, Desh. <i>a</i>, bone of the hinge, (from Blainville.)</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Periploma inæquivalvis. Osteodesma, Desh. <i>a</i>, bone of the hinge, (from Blainville.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 73.</td> <td class="ind1"> Myochama anomioides; lower valve with clavicle, and hinge of upper valve.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 74.</td> <td class="ind1"> External view of the same, attached to a Trigonia.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 75.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Cleidothærus Chamoides, attached valve.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Cleidothærus Chamoides, attached valve.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 76.</td> <td class="ind1"> Upper valve of the same, with the clavicle.</td></tr> @@ -12936,7 +12900,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 90.</td> <td class="ind1"> Pandora rostrata.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Lithophagidæ.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Lithophagidæ.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 91.</td> <td class="ind1"> Petricola Roccellaria.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 92.</td> @@ -12949,7 +12913,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <td class="ind1"> Hiatella biaperta.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 96.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Sphænia Binghamii.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Sphænia Binghamii.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 97.</td> <td class="ind1"> Venerirupis vulgaris.</td></tr> @@ -12991,7 +12955,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 114.</td> <td class="ind1"> Cyrenoides Dupontia.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 115.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Potamophila radiata. Galathæa, Lam. <i>v.</i> ventral margin.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Potamophila radiata. Galathæa, Lam. <i>v.</i> ventral margin.</td></tr> <tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> Marine Conchacea.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 116.</td> @@ -13019,7 +12983,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 121.</td> <td class="ind1"> Venericardia, recent species, resembling V. planicostata, Lam.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 122.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Cardium Dionæum. Cardissa, Sw. Hemicardium, Nonnull.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Cardium Dionæum. Cardissa, Sw. Hemicardium, Nonnull.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 123.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— angulatum.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 123*.</td> @@ -13045,9 +13009,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 131.</td> <td class="ind1"> Arca antiquata.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 132.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Bysso-arca Noæ.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Bysso-arca Noæ.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 133.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Cucullæa auriculifera, (from Sowerby's Genera.)</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Cucullæa auriculifera, (from Sowerby's Genera.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 134.</td> <td class="ind1"> Pectunculus pilosus.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 135.</td> @@ -13082,7 +13046,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <td class="ind1"> —— Atratus, Lam. Naia, Sw.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 149.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Monocondylæa Paraguayana.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Monocondylæa Paraguayana.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 150.</td><td rowspan="2" class="pl0"><table> <tr><td class="ind1"> Iridina elongata. Pleiodon, Conrad.</td><td rowspan="2" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex;width:1em;" alt="brace" /></td><td rowspan="2" class="vmi">Platiris, Lea.</td></tr> @@ -13142,7 +13106,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 171.</td> <td class="ind1"> Pecten varius. Janera, Schum.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 172.</td> -<td class="ind1"> —— Plica. Decadopecten, Rüppell.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> —— Plica. Decadopecten, Rüppell.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 173.</td> <td class="ind1"> Hinnites Pusio. Pecten Pusio, Lam.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 174.</td> @@ -13165,7 +13129,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 181.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— Folium. Dendostrea, Sw.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 182.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Gryphæa incurva.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Gryphæa incurva.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 183.</td> <td class="ind1"> Exogyra conica, (from Sow. Min. Con.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 184.</td> @@ -13189,11 +13153,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Rudistis.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 193.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Sphærulites foliacea. (Radiolites is more conical.)</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Sphærulites foliacea. (Radiolites is more conical.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 194.</td> <td class="ind1"> Calceola Sandalina.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 196.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Birostrites inæquiloba, internal cast of Sphærulites.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Birostrites inæquiloba, internal cast of Sphærulites.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 197.</td> <td class="ind1"> <i>a.</i> Crania personata, dorsal valve; <i>b.</i> C. antiquata, interior.<br/>(This would be more properly placed in Brachiopoda.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 198.</td> @@ -13205,24 +13169,24 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Brachipoda'.">Brachiopoda</span>.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 201.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Orbicula lævis.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Orbicula lævis.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 202.</td> <td class="ind1"> Terebratula Psittacea; <i>a.</i> anterior margin.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 203.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Atrypa reticularis. Trigonotreta, König.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Atrypa reticularis. Trigonotreta, König.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 204.</td> <td class="ind1"> Cyrtia exporrecta.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 205.</td> <td class="ind1"> Delthyris plycotes, (from Dalman.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 206.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Leptæna depressa, Dalman. Producta, Sow. (from Sow. Gen.)</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Leptæna depressa, Dalman. Producta, Sow. (from Sow. Gen.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 206*.</td> <td class="ind1"> Producta antiquata.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 207.</td> <td class="ind1"> Orthis basalis, Dalman. Strophomena, Rafinesque.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 208.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Trigonosemus Lyra, König.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Trigonosemus Lyra, König.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 209.</td> <td class="ind1"> Magas pumilus, Sow.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 210.</td> @@ -13232,10 +13196,10 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 212.</td> <td class="ind1"> Pentamerus Aylesfordii, (from Sow. Min. Con.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 213.</td> -<td class="ind1"> —— lævis.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> —— lævis.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 214.</td><td rowspan="2" class="pl0"><table> -<tr><td class="ind1"> Spirifer trigonalis.</td><td rowspan="2" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex;width:1em;" alt="brace" /></td><td rowspan="2" class="vmi">Trigonotreta, König, (from Sow. Gen.)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="ind1"> Spirifer trigonalis.</td><td rowspan="2" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex;width:1em;" alt="brace" /></td><td rowspan="2" class="vmi">Trigonotreta, König, (from Sow. Gen.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="ind1"> —— dorsatus.</td></tr></table></td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 215.</td></tr> @@ -13262,7 +13226,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 225.</td> <td class="ind1"> Vaginula Daudinii.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 226.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Hyalæa tridentata. Archonte, Montf.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Hyalæa tridentata. Archonte, Montf.</td></tr> <tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Order</i>, <span class="sc">Gasteropoda</span>.<br/><i>Fam.</i> Phyllidiana.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 227.</td> @@ -13287,7 +13251,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Calyptracea.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 234.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Calyptræe Equestris.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Calyptræe Equestris.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 235.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— extinctorium.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 236.</td> @@ -13313,11 +13277,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 246.</td> <td class="ind1"> Ancylus fluviatilis.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Bullæana.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Bullæana.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 247.</td> <td class="ind1"> Bulla fragilis. Akera, Nonnul.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 248.</td> -<td class="ind1"> —— aperta. Bullæa, Lam.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> —— aperta. Bullæa, Lam.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 249.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— aplustre. Aplustre, Schum.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 250.</td> @@ -13371,7 +13335,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 266.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 267.</td><td rowspan="4" class="pl0"><table> -<tr><td class="ind1"> Helix hæmastoma. Acarus, Montf.</td><td rowspan="4" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/rbrace4.png" class="middle" style="height:12ex;width:1em;" alt="brace" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="ind1"> Helix hæmastoma. Acarus, Montf.</td><td rowspan="4" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/rbrace4.png" class="middle" style="height:12ex;width:1em;" alt="brace" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="ind1"> —— Pomatia.</td></tr> <tr><td class="ind1"> Streptaxis contusa, Gray.</td></tr> <tr><td class="ind1"> Another view of the same.</td></tr></table></td> @@ -13439,7 +13403,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 291.</td><td rowspan="4" class="pl0"><table> <tr><td class="ind1"> Pupa Uva.</td><td rowspan="4" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/rbrace4.png" class="middle" style="height:12ex;width:1em;" alt="brace" /></td></tr> -<tr><td class="ind1"> Alæa marginata; Jeffreys.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="ind1"> Alæa marginata; Jeffreys.</td></tr> <tr><td class="ind1"> Vertigo pusilla.</td></tr> <tr><td class="ind1"> Megaspira Ruschenbergiana.</td></tr></table></td> <td class="vmi" rowspan="4"> Cochlodonta.</td></tr> @@ -13454,13 +13418,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 296.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 297.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Auricula Judæ.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Auricula Judæ.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 298.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— coniformis. Conovulum, Lam. Melampus, Montf.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 299.</td> <td class="ind1"> Pedipes Adansonii.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 299*.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Scarabæus imbrium.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Scarabæus imbrium.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 300.</td> <td class="ind1"> Chilina Dombeyana.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 301.</td> @@ -13472,7 +13436,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 304.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— Involvulus. Cyclophorus, Montf.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 305.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Nematura Deltæ.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Nematura Deltæ.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 306.</td> <td class="ind1"> Helicina major.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 307.</td> @@ -13482,7 +13446,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <table class="mc w66"> <tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Lymneana.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 308.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Limnæa stagnalis.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Limnæa stagnalis.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 309.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— auricularia. Radix, Montf.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 310.</td> @@ -13497,13 +13461,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <td class="ind1"> Melania subulata. Melas, Montf.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 314.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Melania prærosa and monodontoides. Anculosa, Say.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Melania prærosa and monodontoides. Anculosa, Say.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 315.</td> <td class="ind1"> Melanopsis costata. Faunus, Montf.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 316.</td> <td class="ind1"> Pirena terebralis.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 317.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Pasithæa striata, (from Lea.)</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Pasithæa striata, (from Lea.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Peristomata.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 318.</td> @@ -13547,7 +13511,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 336.</td> <td class="ind1"> Stomatella imbricata.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 337.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Velutina lævigata. Galericulus, Nonnul.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Velutina lævigata. Galericulus, Nonnul.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 338.</td> <td class="ind1"> Haliotis rubra, young.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 339.</td> @@ -13605,7 +13569,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 361.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— Pharaonis. Clauculus, Montf.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 362.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Margarita tæniata.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Margarita tæniata.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 363.</td> <td class="ind1"> Littorina vulgaris.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 363*.</td> @@ -13684,7 +13648,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 401.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— anus. Persona, Montf.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Alatæ.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Alatæ.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 402.</td> <td class="ind1"> Rostellaria curvirostrum.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 403.</td> @@ -13708,7 +13672,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 411.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— erinaceus. Cassidea, Sw.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 412.</td> -<td class="ind1"> —— testiculus. Cypræcassis, Stutchbury.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> —— testiculus. Cypræcassis, Stutchbury.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 413.</td> <td class="ind1"> Ricinula horrida. Sistrum, Montf.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 414.</td> @@ -13756,7 +13720,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 434.</td> <td class="ind1"> Cymba porcina.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 435.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Melo Æthiopicus.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Melo Æthiopicus.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 436.</td> <td class="ind1"> Volutilithes spinosus.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 437.</td> @@ -13767,7 +13731,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> 439.</td> <td class="ind1"> Volvaria concinna.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Convolutæ.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Convolutæ.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 440.</td> <td class="ind1"> Ovulum Ovum.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 441.</td> @@ -13777,13 +13741,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 443.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— gibbosum. Ultimus, Montf.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 444.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Cypræovulum capense.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Cypræovulum capense.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 445.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Cypræa arabica, back.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Cypræa arabica, back.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 446.</td> <td class="ind1"> The same, front.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 447.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Cypræa Algoensis. Luponia, Gray, front.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Cypræa Algoensis. Luponia, Gray, front.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 449.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— Pediculus. Trivia, Gray, back.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 450.</td> @@ -13793,7 +13757,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 452.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— subulatum, front.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 454.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Erato Mangeriæ.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Erato Mangeriæ.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 455.</td> <td class="ind1"> Ancillaria glabrata. Anolax, Brongn.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 456.</td> @@ -13817,7 +13781,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 464.</td> <td class="ind1"> Orthoceratites annulatus.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 465.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Nodosaria æqualis.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Nodosaria æqualis.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 466.</td> <td class="ind1"> Belemnites, with the outer coat broken to shew the alveole.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 467.</td> @@ -13858,7 +13822,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 480.</td> <td class="ind1"> Goniatites striatus.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 481.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Scaphites æqualis.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Scaphites æqualis.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 482.</td> <td class="ind1"> Crioceratites Duvallii.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 483.</td> @@ -13898,11 +13862,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 492.</td> <td class="ind1"> Outside, with the valves closed.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 493.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Næra longirostrum. Anatina longirostris, Lam. Inside of both valves.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Næra longirostrum. Anatina longirostris, Lam. Inside of both valves.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 494.</td> <td class="ind1"> Outside, with both valves closed.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 495.</td> -<td class="ind1"> A smaller species of Næra, shewing the inequality of the valves.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> A smaller species of Næra, shewing the inequality of the valves.</td></tr> <tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Mactracea.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 496.</td> @@ -14060,15 +14024,15 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr><td class="vtp"> 560.</td> <td class="ind1"> Columbella nitidella. <i>Gen.</i> Nitidella, Sw.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Convolutæ.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="ac pb1 pt1" style="line-height:150%;" colspan="2"> <i>Fam.</i> Convolutæ.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 561.</td> <td class="ind1"> Oliva volutella. <i>Gen.</i> Lamprodoma, Sw.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 562.</td> <td class="ind1"> —— maura.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 563.</td> -<td class="ind1"> Cypræa Globulus. <i>Gen.</i> Globularia, Sw.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> Cypræa Globulus. <i>Gen.</i> Globularia, Sw.</td></tr> <tr><td class="vtp"> 564.</td> -<td class="ind1"> —— pulchella, fossil. <i>Gen.</i> Cyprædia, Sw.</td></tr> +<td class="ind1"> —— pulchella, fossil. <i>Gen.</i> Cyprædia, Sw.</td></tr> </table> <p class="ac scac">THE END.</p> @@ -14143,13 +14107,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr> <td> <i>Pholadaria</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Pholas, Gastrochæna.</td> +<td> Pholas, Gastrochæna.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <i>Solenacea</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Solen, Panopæa, Glycimeris.</td> +<td> Solen, Panopæa, Glycimeris.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14171,7 +14135,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> </tr> <tr> -<td> <i>Lithophagidæ</i></td> +<td> <i>Lithophagidæ</i></td> <td> </td> <td> Saxicava, Petricola, Venerirupis.</td> </tr> @@ -14179,7 +14143,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr> <td rowspan="2" class="vmi"> <i>Nymphacea</i></td> <td rowspan="2" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex;width:1em;" alt="brace" /></td> -<td> Sanguinolaria, Psammobia, Psammotæa, Tellina.</td> +<td> Sanguinolaria, Psammobia, Psammotæa, Tellina.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14189,13 +14153,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr> <td> <i>Fluviatile Conchacea</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Cyclas, Cyrena, Galathæa.</td> +<td> Cyclas, Cyrena, Galathæa.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <i>Marine Conchacea</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Cyprina, Cytheræa, Venus, Venericardia.</td> +<td> Cyprina, Cytheræa, Venus, Venericardia.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14207,7 +14171,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr> <td> <i>Arcacea</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Cucullæa, Arca, Pectunculus, Nucula.</td> +<td> Cucullæa, Arca, Pectunculus, Nucula.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14257,13 +14221,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr> <td> <i>Ostracea</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Gryphæa, Ostræa, Vulsella, Placuna, Anomia.</td> +<td> Gryphæa, Ostræa, Vulsella, Placuna, Anomia.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <i>Rudistes</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Sphærulites, Radiolites, Calceola, Birostrites, Discina, Crania.</td> +<td> Sphærulites, Radiolites, Calceola, Birostrites, Discina, Crania.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14279,7 +14243,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> -<td> Hyalæa, Cleodora, Limacina, Cymbulia.</td> +<td> Hyalæa, Cleodora, Limacina, Cymbulia.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14303,13 +14267,13 @@ Fig. 485.</p> </tr> <tr> -<td> Pileopsis, Calyptræa, Crepidula, Ancylus.</td> +<td> Pileopsis, Calyptræa, Crepidula, Ancylus.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <i>Bulleana</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Bulla, Bullæa.</td> +<td> Bulla, Bullæa.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14339,7 +14303,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr> <td> <i>Lymneana</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Planorbis, Physa, Lymnæa.</td> +<td> Planorbis, Physa, Lymnæa.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14419,7 +14383,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr> <td> <i>Convoluta</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Ovulum, Cypræa, Oliva, Ancillaria, Conus.</td> +<td> Ovulum, Cypræa, Oliva, Ancillaria, Conus.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14518,7 +14482,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> </tr> <tr> -<td> <i>Sphærulacea</i></td> +<td> <i>Sphærulacea</i></td> <td> </td> <td> Miliola, Pollontes, Melonia, Saracenaria, Textularia.</td> </tr> @@ -14608,7 +14572,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> </tr> <tr> -<td> Voluta, Mitra, Marginella, Volvaria, Cypræa, Ovulum.</td> +<td> Voluta, Mitra, Marginella, Volvaria, Cypræa, Ovulum.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14658,7 +14622,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <td rowspan="4" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="middle" style="height:11ex;width:1.25em;margin-top:0ex;" alt="brace" /></td> <td> <i>Limnacea</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Limnæa, Physa, Planorbis.</td> +<td> Limnæa, Physa, Planorbis.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14718,7 +14682,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <td> </td> <td> <i>Thecosomata</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Hyalæa, Cleodora, Cymbulia.</td> +<td> Hyalæa, Cleodora, Cymbulia.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14770,7 +14734,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <tr> <td> <i>Calyptracea</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Crepidula, Calyptræa, Capulus, Hipponyx, Notrema.</td> +<td> Crepidula, Calyptræa, Capulus, Hipponyx, Notrema.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14794,7 +14758,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> -<td> Sphærulites, Hippurites, Radiolites, Birostrites, Calceola.</td> +<td> Sphærulites, Hippurites, Radiolites, Birostrites, Calceola.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14802,7 +14766,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <td rowspan="17" class="vtp plr0"><img src="images/lbrace17sm.png" class="middle" style="height:51ex;width:1.25em;margin-top:0ex;" alt="brace" /></td> <td> <i>Ostracea</i></td> <td> </td> -<td> Anomia, Placuna, Ostræa, Gryphæ.</td> +<td> Anomia, Placuna, Ostræa, Gryphæ.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14860,7 +14824,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> </tr> <tr> -<td> Clotho, Corbula, Sphænia, Ungulina.</td> +<td> Clotho, Corbula, Sphænia, Ungulina.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -14874,11 +14838,11 @@ Fig. 485.</p> </tr> <tr> -<td> Solen, Solemya, Panopæa, Glycimeris, Saxicava, Byssomya.</td> +<td> Solen, Solemya, Panopæa, Glycimeris, Saxicava, Byssomya.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td> Rhomboides, Gastrochæna, Clavagella, Aspergillum.</td> +<td> Rhomboides, Gastrochæna, Clavagella, Aspergillum.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -15212,7 +15176,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> many original Notes by the translator. <span class="sc">Illustrated by thirty-three engravings on steel</span>, in which are represented <span class="sm">ABOVE FIVE HUNDRED</span> subjects, <i>chiefly generic - distinctions, anatomical sections, organs, eggs, larvæ, &c. of + distinctions, anatomical sections, organs, eggs, larvæ, &c. of Insects; together with a beautifully coloured frontispiece</i>, 1 thick vol. 8vo. <i>comprising above 650 closely printed pages</i>, (published at 1<i>l</i> 1<i>s</i> <i>in bds.</i>) <i>hf. bd. morocco</i>, @@ -15223,7 +15187,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p class="ind2">CURTIS'S FLORA LONDINENSIS; revised and improved by George Graves, extended and continued by Sir W. Jackson Hooker; comprising the History of Plants indigenous to Great Britain, their Uses, - Economy, and various interesting Particulars, with Alphabetical, Linnæan, + Economy, and various interesting Particulars, with Alphabetical, Linnæan, and other Indexes; the Drawings made by Sydenham Edwards and Lindley, 5 vols. royal folio (or 109 parts), containing 647 plates, <i>exhibiting the full natural size of each plant, with magnified dissections of the @@ -15242,8 +15206,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> </blockquote> <p class="ind2">CUVIER.—HISTOIRE NATURELLE DES MAMMIFERES, avec des - Figures Originales Enluminées, Dessinées d'après les Animaux vivants, - ouvrage publié sous l'Autorité de l'Administration du Muséum d'Histoire + Figures Originales Enluminées, Dessinées d'après les Animaux vivants, + ouvrage publié sous l'Autorité de l'Administration du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, par <span class="sc">F. Cuvier</span> et <span class="sc">E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire</span>, 3 vols. royal folio, <i>containing 360 exquisitely coloured plates of animals</i>, (published at 47<i>l</i> @@ -15264,8 +15228,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> so extremely low, the book must soon become scarce, and rise in value.</p> - <p>"Un des ouvrages les plus exacts et les mieux exécutés que l'on ait - encore donnés sur les Mammifères."—<i>Brunet.</i></p> + <p>"Un des ouvrages les plus exacts et les mieux exécutés que l'on ait + encore donnés sur les Mammifères."—<i>Brunet.</i></p> <p>"It is unnecessary to dilate upon the splendid style in which this work is brought out, or on the ability and fidelity that characterise as @@ -15280,9 +15244,9 @@ Fig. 485.</p> </blockquote> - <p class="ind2">DENNY'S MONOGRAPHIA PSELAPHIDARUM ET SCYDMÆNIDARUM - BRITANNIÆ; or an Essay on the British Species of the Genera Pselaphus of - Herbst, and Scydmænus of Latreille, in which those Genera are subdivided, + <p class="ind2">DENNY'S MONOGRAPHIA PSELAPHIDARUM ET SCYDMÆNIDARUM + BRITANNIÆ; or an Essay on the British Species of the Genera Pselaphus of + Herbst, and Scydmænus of Latreille, in which those Genera are subdivided, and all the Species hitherto discovered in Great Britain are accurately described and arranged, with an Indication of the Situations in which they are usually found, 8vo. <i>with 14 coloured plates, containing 40 @@ -15472,7 +15436,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> coloured</i>, (published at 8<i>l</i> 8<i>s</i>) <i>cloth bds.</i> 3<i>l</i> 3<i>s</i></p> - <p class="ind2">HOOKER'S BRITISH JUNGERMANNIÆ, being a History and + <p class="ind2">HOOKER'S BRITISH JUNGERMANNIÆ, being a History and Description, with coloured Figures, of each Species of the Genus, with Microscopical Analysis of the parts, <i>new edition, nearly ready</i>, 4to. <i>88 finely coloured plates</i></p> @@ -15490,7 +15454,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p class="author">1838</p> <p class="ind2">HUMBOLDT ET BONPLAND, RECUEIL D'OBSERVATIONS DE ZOOLOGIE - ET D'ANATOMIE COMPAREE, faites dans l'Intérieur du Nouveau Continent, + ET D'ANATOMIE COMPAREE, faites dans l'Intérieur du Nouveau Continent, &c. 8 parts in 1 vol. imperial 4to. <span class="sm">VELLUM PAPER</span>, <i>with 34 plates, of which 21 are beautifully coloured</i>, (published at 10<i>l</i> 10<i>s</i>) <i>cloth bds. @@ -15652,7 +15616,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> not a learned one, at least acquainted with all the fundamental facts of the science."</p> - <p class="author"><i>Athenæum.</i></p> + <p class="author"><i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p>"We are infinitely indebted to Professor Lindley for leading us so far in the study of Botany in a plain and intelligible way. A multitude of @@ -15769,7 +15733,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> </blockquote> - <p class="ind2">PURSH'S FLORA AMERICÆ SEPTENTRIONALIS; or a Systematic + <p class="ind2">PURSH'S FLORA AMERICÆ SEPTENTRIONALIS; or a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America; containing, besides what have been described by preceding Authors, many new and rare species, collected during twelve years travels and residence in that @@ -15924,7 +15888,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> <i>This fine work was published in parts at 4s 6d each. Either of the Series, in 3 vols. may be had - separately, at £4. 4s each in parts, or £4. 14s 6d half-morocco; but + separately, at £4. 4s each in parts, or £4. 14s 6d half-morocco; but separate Parts can only be sold at the original price.</i></p> <p>This highly esteemed publication, by one of the most eminent @@ -15995,7 +15959,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> </blockquote> - <p class="ind2">WALLICH, PLANTÆ ASIATICÆ RARIORES, 12 parts, imperial + <p class="ind2">WALLICH, PLANTÆ ASIATICÆ RARIORES, 12 parts, imperial folio, <i>coloured plates</i>, (published at 36<i>l</i>) <i>sewed</i>, 25<i>l</i></p> @@ -16051,8 +16015,8 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p class="ind2">—— The Fifth or Supplementary Volume, entirely by Sir <span class="sc">W. J. Hooker</span>, with 30 Coloured - Plates, to complete the old editions, (published at £2. 12s. 6d.) cloth - boards, £1. 11s. 6d.</p> + Plates, to complete the old editions, (published at £2. 12s. 6d.) cloth + boards, £1. 11s. 6d.</p> <blockquote class="b1n "> @@ -16084,7 +16048,7 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <hr class="full" /> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><i>Just Published, in Imperial 8vo. price, Coloured, £1 5s. Plain, 16s.</i></p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><i>Just Published, in Imperial 8vo. price, Coloured, £1 5s. Plain, 16s.</i></p> <p class="ac lg150">Part I</p> @@ -16158,386 +16122,6 @@ Fig. 485.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;">No. 50, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY.</p> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Conchological Manual, by -George Brettingham Sowerby - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CONCHOLOGICAL MANUAL *** - -***** This file should be named 43417-h.htm or 43417-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/4/1/43417/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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