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diff --git a/43417-8.txt b/43417-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 37d4432..0000000 --- a/43417-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14366 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's A Conchological Manual, by George Brettingham Sowerby - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A Conchological Manual - -Author: George Brettingham Sowerby - -Release Date: August 7, 2013 [EBook #43417] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CONCHOLOGICAL MANUAL *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - -Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they -are listed at the end of the text. - - * * * * * - - -[Illustration] - - 1. _Spondylus Americanus. (Young.)_ - - 2. _Nautilus pompilius. (Young.)_ - - _G. B. S. Jun^r. fecit._ - - * * * * * - - -A - -CONCHOLOGICAL MANUAL. - -BY - -G. B. SOWERBY, JUN. - -ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF SIX HUNDRED AND SIXTY FIGURES - - * * * * * - -SECOND EDITION. - -CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. - - * * * * * - -LONDON: - -HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. - -MDCCCXLII. - - * * * * * - - -PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. - -It may be necessary in introducing this little volume, to state, that it is -strictly conchological, and that it is compiled for the use not only of -those who wish to acquire an elementary acquaintance with the subject, but -also of authors and others, who, desirous of extending their knowledge and -pursuing their researches, require a book of reference, containing a -general outline of what has been done by those who have trodden the same -path before them. It has been thought advisable, for general convenience, -to arrange the principal part of the information in alphabetical order: -adding tables of the systems of Lamarck and De Blainville, to facilitate -the systematic pursuit of the science. - -Persons of the class first alluded to, will find great assistance in the -explanation of technical words, their application being further -illustrated, in most cases, by a reference to the figures; and, although -they might have been multiplied, it is trusted that enough are given for -every useful purpose. - -The definition of the Classes, Orders, Families, and Genera, in the system -of De Blainville, and a tabular view, are presented for the use of those -who prefer it, or who wish to compare it with that of Lamarck. - -In the explanation of the figures, will be found a systematic arrangement -of shells, according to Lamarck, including the names of genera established -or proposed since the publication of his system. The descriptions of -established genera have been rendered as concise and clear as possible. It -is hoped that no essential characters are omitted, and that those living -authors, whose proposed generic distinctions have been passed over in a few -words, will not have to complain of want of justice in the attempt to -interpret their meaning. - -In most cases the generic name will be found accompanied by its derivation. -This has been done, in the hope of assisting the memory by associating the -meaning of a term with some peculiarity in the thing described. At the end -of each description of a genus, some general observations occur, pointing -out the principal character which distinguishes it from others, to which it -is nearly allied; and also stating the geographical or geological -distribution and habits of the animal. - -The above descriptions and definitions are illustrated by a series of -plates, containing above 500 etchings of nearly as many proposed or -established genera, arranged in Lamarckian order, so as to show at a glance -all the generic forms of each family. And, although from their number, they -could not be very highly finished, it is hoped that they will be found -characteristic. - -The compiler cannot replace his pen without acknowledging, with filial -gratitude, the kind assistance of one who has sacrificed much of his time -in bringing his knowledge and experience to bear upon the correctness and -utility of this humble attempt to remove some of the difficulties to which -the commencement of this, as well as of every other study, is exposed. - -PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION - -The favourable reception and rapid sale of the first edition of the -Conchological Manual having rendered a second necessary, the Author takes -this opportunity of explaining the nature of the alterations which have -been made. In doing this, he has to thank his friends for their -suggestions, which, together with his own increased knowledge and -experience, enable him to present a more complete and satisfactory work to -the scientific public. - -For the further convenience of those who are studying the rudiments of the -science, an entirely new Introduction is given, in which, commencing with -the structure and gradual developement of the shell, the author has -endeavoured to explain the general principles of Conchology in systematical -order. This Introduction is illustrated by 100 wood-cuts, which will be -found greatly to assist the Student. - -The definitions have been rendered more full and complete than before, and -the Author has profited by some manuscript notes communicated by a -scientific friend, to whom he desires to present his humble -acknowledgments. Upwards of four hundred explanations have been given of -words which did not appear in the former edition, three-fourths of which -are of generic and subgeneric names. - -A large number of notes, referring to the geographical distribution of the -genera, have been added from the pen of Mr. G. B. Sowerby, Senior. - -The plates have been carefully improved; and three, containing upwards of -eighty figures, have been added. - -On the whole, it will be found that the amount of matter has been nearly -doubled; all the defects, as far as they have been discovered, have been -removed, and every means used of making the present edition as useful as -possible. - - * * * * * - -NAMES OF AUTHORS ABBREVIATED. - - _Adans._ Adanson. Author of "Voyages du Senegal." - - _Bl._ Blainville. Author of "Manuel de Malacologie et de - Conchyliologie," &c. - - _Brod._ W. J. Broderip, Esq. Author of various descriptions of Shells - in the Zoological Journal, &c. - - _Brongn._ Brongniart. Author of "Memoire sur les terrains du Vicentin, - d'Italie, de France, et d'Allemagne," &c. - - _Brug._ Brugière. Author of "Dictionaire des Vers testacés, dans - l'Encyclopédie," &c. - - _Cuv._ The late Baron Cuvier. Author of "Regne Animal," &c. - - _Defr._ Defrance. Contributor to the "Annales des Sciences Naturelles," - &c. - - _Desh._ Deshayes. Author of "Coquilles fossiles des environs de Paris," - &c. - - _D'Orb._ D'Alcide D'Orbigny. - - _Drap._ Draparnaud. Author of "Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques - terrestres et fluviatiles de la France," &c. - - _Fer._ De Ferussac. Author of "Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques - terrestres et fluviatiles," &c. - - _Flem._ Fleming. - - _Gmel._ Gmelin. Author of an edition of Linnæus's "Systema Naturæ," &c. - - _Guild._ Rev. Lansdown Guilding. - - _Hübn._ Hübner. - - _Humph._ The late George Humphrey. - - _Lam._ Lamarck. Author of "Animaux sans Vertebres," &c. - - _Lin._ Linnæus. Author of "Systema Naturæ," &c. - - _Mont._ Montague. Author of "Testacea Britannica," &c. - - _Montf._ Montfort. Author of "Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques," &c. - - _Müll._ Müller. Author of "Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilum," - "Zoologiæ Danicæ," &c. - - _Ranz._ Ranzani. Author of "Considerations sur les Balanes," &c. - - _Schum._ Schumacher. - - _Sow._ Sowerby. The late James. Author of "Mineral Conchology," &c. - George Brettingham, Senr., "Genera of Shells," "Species Conchyliorum," - &c. G. B. Jun. "Conchological Manual," "Conchological Illustrations," - "Thesaurus Conchyliorum," Descriptions of New Shells in the Zoological - Proceedings, &c. - - _Sw._ Swainson. Author of "Zoological Illustrations," "Exotic - Conchology," "Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia," &c. - - _Turt._ Turton. Author of "British Shells." - - * * * * * - - -INTRODUCTION. - -The Science of Conchology affords a very delightful and instructive -amusement for the leisure hours of those who, retiring occasionally from -the gaieties of fashionable life, seek pleasure in the quiet contemplation -of some of the smaller, but not less wonderful operations of creative -wisdom. And, although the study of shells would be more complete, and rank -higher in the scale of philosophical pursuits, were it always accompanied -by that of the animal inhabiting them, it nevertheless presents means of -intellectual gratification, to many who cannot follow it beyond the cabinet -and the boudoir. These may examine with admiration and mental improvement, -the beautiful colouring and architecture of these wonders of the deep, they -may exercise their taste and judgment in the selection and arrangement of -specimens, and their discrimination in detecting and appreciating the -distinctions upon which the arrangement is founded. - -It is but little that can be known of the subject without forming a -collection of greater or less extent; for, as it would be uninstructive -merely to delight the eye with the bright colours and elegant form of -shells, without possessing correct information respecting them, so it would -be insipid and useless to learn technicalities without being acquainted by -personal observation with the subjects to which they are applied. The first -endeavour should, therefore, be to obtain a few shells as examples of the -larger divisions, and, when these are understood, to proceed with the -smaller groups, until a collection be formed to represent as many generic -forms as possible. It may be as well here to advise those who are forming a -collection to be very particular in every practicable instance to have the -shells properly named at the time of purchasing; as it will save much -trouble, and materially assist in the attainment of the desired object. To -this end, recourse should be had to those naturalist tradesmen, who unite -the attainment and diffusion of real scientific knowledge with their -commercial pursuits. - -Supposing, however, that the person who desires to learn the science, -possesses a small parcel of unarranged and unnamed shells, without any -previous acquaintance with the subject, the following introductory -explanations, are drawn up with the view of enabling him, without further -assistance, to obtain a general insight into its principles, equal to that -of those who have studied it long and laboriously. To effect this, he must -read them, carefully comparing the descriptions with the figures referred -to, and with the specimens which he may have at command. - -After describing the nature of the science and defining its objects, we -shall proceed to explain the structure of those objects, and the manner of -their growth. We shall then enter somewhat minutely into the principles of -classification, the distinctions upon which they are founded, and some of -the technical terms used to express them. After which we shall pass through -the arrangement of Lamarck, defining the general divisions adopted under -the terms of "_Classes_, _Orders_, and _Families_," as far as they are -capable of definition. The subdivision of the latter into _genera_ will -only be entered into so far as to enumerate the principal of them, the more -minute descriptions being reserved for the alphabetical part of the work. - -Let none be discouraged by the number of generic distinctions proposed and -adopted in modern times; for if well defined, they will be found to -facilitate rather than encumber the science. The knowledge of species must -be the foundation of every system, and the greater their number, the more -necessary it becomes to subdivide them; if, for instance, all the species -now known were to have been included in the 50 genera of Linnæus, a single -genus would have contained many hundreds of incongruous species, in which -case it would be much more difficult to remember them, than if they were to -be divided into a far greater number of genera. Every well marked division, -however arbitrary its limits, tends to simplify the subject, and to -facilitate the researches of the student. - -NATURE OF THE SCIENCE. - -Conchology is the study of shells, viewed and described as to what they are -either in themselves, or in relation to the soft, inarticulate animals -which produce them, and of which they form a part. These animals are called -MOLLUSCA, and perhaps the best general description of them will be found in -De Blainville's "Manuel de Malacologie et de Conchyliologie." The following -is a translation, "Animal in pairs, the body and its appendages soft, -inarticulate (not jointed), enveloped in a muscular skin, commonly called -the mantle, which is extremely variable in form, and has developed either -within or upon it a calcareous portion, consisting of one or several -pieces, commonly called a SHELL." - -The term Mollusca was formerly restricted to those soft animals which were -destitute of shells, although possessing in other particulars, the -characters described above, and it was used in order to distinguish them -from the TESTACEA, which were covered or internally supported by calcareous -parts. In the system of Linnæus, the soft portions are first arranged under -the general designation of "Vermes Mollusca," and described without regard -to the presence, absence, or character of the shells; and then the shells -are separately characterized under the appellation of "Vermes Testacea," -without any further notice of the animal, than an indication of the genus -to which it belongs; thus the animal of Cypræa is said to be a Limax, and -that of Tellina a Tethys. - -The nearest approach to correctness, and the most philosophical method of -study will be found in the modern system, adopted by Lamarck and his -followers, of observing these animals as a whole, and arranging them -according to the assemblage of characters which they present; of course -taking into consideration the existence or non-existence, form and -structure of the shell, on the same principle, which, in arranging the -vertebrated animals would lead us to study the hair, hoof, nails, claws, -&c. as well as the other parts. - -At the same time, it must be admitted that there are many private -collectors of Shells who would find it a difficult, if not impossible task -to study minutely and successfully the soft parts of the Mollusca. Ladies, -for instance, could not be expected to handle with pleasure and -perseverance, these fleshy substances, which in order to be preserved from -putrefaction, must be kept in spirits; and yet such persons may, with -improvement and advantage to their own minds, enjoy the interesting and -scientific amusement of studying and arranging the clean and beautiful -natural objects which are so easily preserved, and so exquisitely curious -in their structure. Let it also be remembered, that if shells had not been -rendered commercially valuable, by the zeal and emulation manifested by -_mere_ Conchologists for the possession of rare specimens, few travelling -merchants and sea captains would have thought them worthy of a corner in -their cabins. In this case, few specimens being brought to the country, the -more Philosophical Naturalist would have been left without the means of -obtaining materials to work upon, or of attracting public attention to his -favourite pursuit. - -On account of these and other considerations, it has been thought advisable -that the present undertaking should bear a purely conchological character. -The peculiarities of the shells alone being detailed for the assistance of -those who collect and study them, while at the same time, in deciding upon -their affinities and places, in the arrangement, it will be necessary to -take advantage of the conclusion to which those have arrived, who have -studied the animal in all its parts. And the conviction must be expressed, -that if ever a complete Natural System shall be formed it will result from -the labours of the last mentioned class of naturalists. - -DEFINITION OF A SHELL. - -Before entering minutely into the description of shells, it will be -necessary to distinguish from the true testaceous Mollusca two kinds of -animals which have formerly been associated with them. Of these, the first -is the class of CRUSTACEA, consisting of crabs, crayfish, &c. These differ -from shell-fish, not only in structure and chemical composition, but also -in the fact that the animal has jointed limbs, and that the substance of -the flesh is inseparable from the hard external covering, which invests -each particular joint as with a sheath; whereas the Molluscous animal is -but partially attached to its shell, from which it possesses the power of -partly withdrawing and returning. The second class is that to which the -sea-urchin, or Echinus, belongs, of which there are many genera and -species. The testaceous covering of Echini is composed of a number of small -pieces, placed edge to edge, forming a more or less globular external -covering to the flesh, which is supported in the centre by a number of -bones leaning upon each other in a pyramidal form. The _test_ is of a -fibrous texture, guarded on the outside with moveable spines, which turn on -ball and socket joints. - -A true shell is composed of one or more calcareous pieces, commonly called -valves, each piece formed by a series of layers, applied obliquely upon -each other, in such a manner that each new layer begins within, and -terminates a little in advance of the one before it. - -STRUCTURE AND GROWTH. - -We shall now endeavour to describe the manner in which the growth of each -separate valve, or each regularly formed shell, proceeds from the nucleus. - -Before the young animal has left the egg, if it be an _oviparous_ species, -or the body of the parent if _viviparous_, the nucleus of the shell is -generally formed, and specimens are sometimes preserved in which the young -shell is seen within the egg, as in the cut, fig. 1, 2; or adhering to the -inner surface of the full-grown shell by the dried mucus of the animal, as -seen in fig. 3. - -[Illustration: 1. Egg of a Bulinus. 2. The same broken, shewing the young -shell. 3. The young of a Paludina, as seen in the aperture of the shell.] - -In both cases, the nucleus is generally of a more horny and transparent -composition than the parts subsequently produced. As soon as the animal is -hatched, or, in other words, leaves the egg or body of the parent, of -course it begins to increase in size, and to require a corresponding -enlargement in the shell. To effect this, a small quantity of mucus -substance, secreted by the mantle of the animal, is deposited on the edge -of the aperture. When this is dry and become sufficiently hard, it is lined -by a more calcareous secretion; and these together form a new layer, which -is followed by others in succession; each new layer being larger than the -one that preceded it until the whole being complete, the full-grown animal -is invested with a shell commensurate with its own proportions. Thus from -the apex or nucleus the formation proceeds, as it were, downwards, taking -the shape of the part which secretes it, on which it is in a manner -moulded. - -The nucleus, or first formed portion, may for technical purposes be -considered, mathematically, as the apex of a spiral cone. And here it must -be observed, that whether the shell consist of one or several pieces, each -piece has a separate nucleus, and the process of formation is separately -repeated with each. The word cone is used for convenience, and its meaning -extended so as to include all those structures which commencing at a point -enlarge downwards. - -[Illustration: 4. Imaginary cone. _a._ Apex. _b._ Base. _l._ Lines of -growth.] - -From the apex, the next layer is deposited on its edge, and advancing -beyond it necessarily adds to its extent. Thus, suppose for the sake of -illustration, the part marked _a_ in the diagram, fig. 4, to represent a -nucleus, the cross lines (_l_) will shew the consecutive layers, which -enlarge their circle as they add to their numbers. This disposition of -shelly matter into layers is marked externally by concentric striæ, or -_lines of growth_, while on the inside the edges of the laminæ are -consolidated into a kind of enamel. If a perpendicular section of a solid -portion of a shell were magnified, it would present, in many instances, an -appearance resembling the diagram, fig. 5; _a_ may be taken to represent -the horny part of the layers which form the outer coating, named -"_Periostaca_," or "_Epidermis_;" the undulating line _b_, is formed by the -edges of the calcareous layers, and causes the striæ, or lines of growth, -which are often distinguishable on the surface of the shell; the space _c_ -is the middle part of those layers, and at _d_ they are consolidated into -the enamel which lines the interior. - -[Illustration: 5. Supposed section of a part of a solid shell.] - -In some species the layers are irregularly grouped together, and their -edges overlap each other, so that they are easily separable, and advancing -beyond each other, give a leafy appearance to the external surface. This -structure is termed _foliaceous_. A very familiar instance of this may be -observed in the common oyster. If a specimen of this shell be broken, the -substance will be seen to exhibit a degree of looseness, and a magnifying -glass will enable the student to trace distinctly the laminæ of which it is -composed. The accompanying representation of a magnified section (fig. 6) -will shew at _a_, the external surface, with the foliations or leaves; at -_b_, the parcels of layers which form them; and at _c_, the pearly -structure produced by their consolidation, and by the subsequently -deposited enamel which covers their external surface. - -[Illustration: 6. Section of an oyster shell enlarged.] - -CLASSIFICATION. - -The classification of shells, that is, their systematic arrangement into -_classes_, _orders_, _families_, _genera_ and _species_, cannot be made to -depend entirely upon the characters observable in them, viewed by -themselves; for this reason, that many similarly formed shells form the -habitations of animals perfectly distinct, and that many molluscous animals -are found to agree with each other in every respect but in the form of -their testaceous support. There are, however, many important distinctions -to be observed in the shells themselves, leading to the establishment of -many of those very divisions, which would afterwards be confirmed by an -examination of the soft parts. It is necessary to attend, as far as means -and opportunity will allow, to _all_ the points of difference, both in the -shell and in the animal, in order to form, and in some instances even to -appreciate, a generic or larger distinction. It will therefore be our -endeavour to explain the general principles upon which those distinctions -are formed, and the manner in which they are applied and expressed in -detail by scientific writers. - -NUMBER OF PIECES, OR INDEPENDENTLY FORMED PARTS. - -The first, most simple and obvious division of shells, is that which -results from the number of separate pieces composing them. Hence the -distinction implied by the terms UNIVALVE, or consisting of a single piece; -BIVALVE, or composed of two pieces; and MULTIVALVE, or composed of more -than two. For an example of _univalve_, take a common whelk; for a -_bivalve_, take a muscle or a scallop; and for a _multivalve_, the -barnacle, or balanus, found adhering to the common oyster. - -But although this arrangement may appear at first sight perfectly easy and -plain, some explanation will be necessary in order to guard the student -against understanding the above expressions in their strictest sense, -without qualification. Thus the univalves are said to consist of a single -piece, or spiral cone; but it would be more correct to speak of this piece -as forming either the whole or the principal part of the shell: for there -is in many instances, a much smaller flattened piece attached to the foot -of the animal, which being drawn in when it retires, closes the aperture as -with a kind of door, to which in fact the word valve might be very properly -applied; it is called however the OPERCULUM, and the little horny plate, -frequently drawn out by means of a pin from the aperture of a periwinkle, -will present a familiar example. - -[Illustration: Accessary valves of a Pholas.] - -The same may be said respecting the bivalves; for besides the principal -portions or valves of which the shell is composed, there are in many -species, one or two smaller separate portions, named "_accessary plates_" -by some authors. They are fixed by means of cartilages, on the back of the -hinge.--The engraving, fig. 7, represents the accessary valves of a species -of Pholas, which was on this account arranged by Linnæus with the -Multivalves. Nearly allied to the Pholades is a set of shells to which De -Blainville has given the name "_Tubicolæ_," or inhabitants of tubes. In -this case, the bivalve shell is connected with a testaceous tube or pipe, -to which it is attached either by one or by both valves, or in which it -lies attached only by the cartilages of the animal. In the genus -Aspergillum, the two small valves are soldered into the sides of the tube -in such a manner as to constitute a part of it. One of these shells, called -the Water-spout, might be taken up by a person not aware of its real -nature, and regarded as a pipe or tube prettily fringed, and nothing more; -but upon a closer examination, he would find the two valves, the points of -which are visible from the outside of the tube. - -HABITS--_Land, Fresh-water, or Marine Shells._ - -Another distinction, leading to important results in classification, is -that which is derived from the nature of the element breathed by the -Mollusc. And although this consideration belongs more especially to the -study of the animal itself, yet the habits of the animal materially -influence the structure of the shell. - -The TERRESTRIAL or LAND Molluscs live on land, breathe air, and feed on -plants and trees.--Those who find pleasure in horticultural pursuits will -at once call to mind a too familiar example of these Molluscs in the common -garden snail. The Land-shells are all univalves, and constitute a family in -the Lamarckian system under the name "_Colimacea_," or snails, -corresponding with the Linnean genus Helix.--They are generally light in -structure and simple in form. - -The AQUATIC, or Fresh-water Molluscs, such as the Planorbis, commonly -called the Fresh-water Snail; the Unio--known by the name of Fresh-water -Muscle, is found in ponds, ditches and rivers. The _epidermis_ of these is -generally of a thick, close-grained character, and they are subject to -corrosion near the umbones. There are but few genera of fresh-water shells -besides the Uniones, among bivalves, and the "Melaniana" among univalves. -Concerning the former it may be observed, that they are all pearly within, -and the colour of the thick horny coating embraces all the varieties of -brownish and yellowish green. - -The MARINE, or _sea-shells_, belong to all the classes and orders, and -include by far the greater number of species. They vary in the habits of -the animal, and consequently in the situations in which they are found. -Some are found buried in sand and marine mud, and are named "_Arenicolæ_" -or inhabitants of sand; others in holes of rocks and other hard substances, -then they are named "_Petricolæ_,"--some of these latter form the holes in -which they live by corroding or eating away the stone. A section of these -form the family of "_Lithophagidæ_," or stone-eaters, of Lamarck. Others, -again, take up their parasitical abode in the bodies of animals, and feed -upon their substance; as for instance, the Stylifer, which is found in the -vital part of star-fish, and Coronula, and Tubicinella, found buried in the -skin of the whale. - -LOCOMOTION--_Attached, Unattached._ - -A much more subordinate source of distinction arises from the freedom or -attachment of the shells. Some of them float or walk freely in their -natural element; others are fixed or attached to foreign bodies. Among -those which are attached, there is again a difference as to the mode of -attachment. Some are united to foreign bodies by means of a glutinating -substance, secreted by the animal, and joining part of the surface of the -shell to that of the stone, coral, or other substance. In this way shells -are fixed to each other in groups; this is the case with the Spondyli among -bivalves, and the Serpulæ among univalves. M. de Blainville applies the -term "_Fixæ_" to these shells. Others are kept in a particular place by -means of a _Byssus_ or Tendinous fibrous line or bunch of silky hairs, -acting as a cable, and allowing the Mollusc to ride as it were at anchor. -This Tendon is connected with some part of the animal from which it passes -through an opening or hiatus in the shell, as in the Terebratula and the -Mytilus. - -[Illustration] - -In the former, represented by the cut, fig. 8, the tendon passes through a -perforation in the upper valve; and in the latter, Mytilus, fig. 9, the -byssus passes out between the valves. - -Before proceeding to explain the characters of the different groups, -according to the modern system of classification, it may be desirable to -explain the terms by which the different parts and characters are -described, and to shew the manner in which the shells are measured. For -this purpose we shall treat of the general divisions separately. We begin -with - -UNIVALVE SHELLS. - -In considering Univalves merely with reference to their mathematical -construction, the first point demanding our attention is, whether they are -symmetrical or non-symmetrical, or, in other words, whether a straight line -drawn through the shell would divide it into two equal parts. The greater -part of univalves are non-symmetrical, being rolled obliquely on the axis; -but many are symmetrical, being rolled horizontally on the axis. The -Nautilus presents an illustration of the latter; the Snail is a familiar -example of the former. - -_Symmetrical Univalves._ - -[Illustration] - -In describing these it will be well to commence with the most simple form, -such as the Patella,--taking a conical species as an example. In this it -will be observed that there is no winding or curvature, but a simple -depressed cone, and that the line _a_, _p_, divides it into two equal -parts. - -The _anterior_, _a_, (_cut_, fig. 10) is known by the interruption of the -muscular impression which surrounds the central disc (_d._) This -interruption of the muscular impression is in the place where the head of -the animal lies in the shell. The impression itself is caused by the -fibrous muscle which attaches the animal to the shell. The apex (_a_) in -Patella, generally leans towards the anterior (_a_) part of the shell, and -away from the posterior (_p_); and this circumstance has caused some -mistakes, because in Emarginula the apex leans towards the posterior; and -students, instead of examining the muscular impression, which is the only -criterion, have only noticed the direction in which the apex turned, and -concluded that to be the anterior, towards which it inclined. The lines or -ribs running from the base to the apex of the shell, in the direction _r_, -are called _radiating_ lines; and those which encircle the cone in the -direction _c c_, from front to back, are very properly described as -_concentric_. The _length_ is measured from front to back in the line _e_; -the breadth, from side to side, in the line _b_; and the depth from the -apex to the base. - -Let it be observed that patelliform, or limpet-shaped shells are not all -symmetrical; Umbrella, Siphonaria, Ancylus, &c. will form exceptions, of -which we have yet to speak. And the learner may also be reminded that the -Limpets themselves are not _all_ regular in their form: for as they adhere -to rocks and other rough surfaces, and are so little locomotive, in many -instances they partake of the inequalities of the surface, and conform to -its irregularities. This adherence is not effected by any agglutinating -power in the animal, nor by any tendinous process like that described -above; but simply by means of the foot of the animal acting as a sucker. - -The next variation in symmetrical univalves is to be observed in the -tubular, curved form, the example of which will be the Dentalium, fig. 12. - -[Illustration: Dentalium Elephantinum.] - -This has an opening at the anterior termination _a_, called the aperture. -The opening at the posterior end (_p_) is named a fissure, or perforation. -The ribs running along the sides of the shell are _longitudinal_, or -radiating. And the lines round the circumference are _lines of growth_, or -_concentric_--each one having in succession, at earlier stages of growth, -formed the aperture. They are described as concentric, or transverse. - -_Symmetrical Convolute Univalves._ - -The Nautilus, the Spirula, the Scaphite, and the Ammonite are the leading -types of this form; but when we use the term symmetrical, in reference to -these, the word must not be understood in its strictest sense, for no shell -is _perfectly_ symmetrical: but it means that there is no perceptible -difference in the proportion of the two sides; as in the human body, the -right side is larger and more powerful than the left, yet to a degree so -small that it gives no apparent bias to the figure. - -CHAMBERED SHELLS. - -Many of the shells now under consideration are chambered, that is, the -internal cavity is divided into separate compartments by plates reaching -across it, named _Septa_; and the only connection between the chambers is -formed by the small pipes passing through them, to which the name of Siphon -is attached. - -_Septa._ - -The septa are _simple_ in some species, as in the Nautilus, fig. 13. In -others they are _undulated_, having waved edges, as in some species of -Ammonites; in others they are _angulated_, as in Goniatites, fig. 480 in -the plates; and in the greater number of instances, among the Ammonites, -they are _arborescent_, or branched. - -[Illustration: 13. Section of Nautilus.--14. Undulating Septa.--15. -Arborescent Septa.] - -In the above section of a Nautilus, fig. 13, diminished in size, showing -the whorls and chambers (_c_), it will be seen that the edges of the septa -(_s_) are formed in one simple curve. In fig. 14, the upper part of an -Ammonite, the undulating line will be seen; and in fig. 15 a specimen is -given of the arborescent septa. - -_Siphon._ - -The Siphon is _dorsal_ when placed near the outside of the whorls; -_central_ when near the middle; and _ventral_ when near the inside of the -whorl, or that part which leans against the last volution. When it passes -uninterruptedly from one chamber to another, it is described as -_continuous_, as in the case of Spirula; when, on the other hand, it only -passes through the septum a little distance, and opens into the chamber, as -in Nautilus, it is _discontinuous_. - -_Whorls of Symmetrical Univalves._ - -They are _disunited_ when they do not touch each other, as in the case of -Spirula (fig. 471 in the plates); but in the contrary case they are said to -be _contiguous_. In some species of Nautilus the whorls overwrap each other -in such a manner that the early whorls are entirely covered by the last, -the edges of which reach to the centre of the disk: the spire is then said -to be _hidden_; as in the Nautilus Pompilius. In Nautilus umbilicatus the -spire is nearly hidden, the whorls not quite covering each other; but in -the greater number of the Ammonites, the largest part of the preceding -whorls is seen. To express the degree in which the whorls overwrap each -other, has caused much difficulty in concise descriptions. Perhaps it would -be well to apply the term _spiral disc_ to so much of the shell as is seen -besides the last whorl, and to describe it as large or small in diameter, -compared with the whole: or to say that the whorls of the spire are half, -or one-third, or one-fourth covered, as the case may be. - -_Aperture of Symmetrical Univalves._ - -In Ammonites Blagdeni and some others the aperture is of an oblong square; -it is then said to be _sub-quadrated_; in Nautilus triangularis it is -_angulated_; in Ammonites Greenoughi it is of an interrupted oval shape, -described as _elliptical_. In the greater number of Orthocerata, it is -rounded or _circular_. The entrance of the last whorl into the aperture of -some rounded species of Nautilus causes it to take a _semi-lunar_ form; if -rounded at the sides it is said to be reniform or kidney-shaped; if pointed -at the sides it is _semi-lunar_; and in some species of Ammonites, it is -five-sided or _quinque-lateral_. - -_Measurement of Symmetrical Conical Univalves._ - -[Illustration] - -The _width_ is measured across the aperture, which is the widest part of -the shell. The _length_ (_l_) from the dorsal part (_d_) of the aperture to -the dorsal part of the _whorl_ (_d_) on the opposite part of the shell. The -_ventral_ part of the whorls is that nearest to the axis, and the _dorsal_ -that which forms the outline of the figure. - -NON-SYMMETRICAL UNIVALVES. - -These are _conical_, _irregular_, _spiral_, or _convolute_. The _conical_ -form is when there is no enrolment of the apex. Although the Patellæ were -described as symmetrical, there are several species of Patelliform shells -which are not symmetrical. In Umbrella, for instance, the apex is oblique, -the shells being placed obliquely on the animal. In the genus _Siphonaria_, -there is a groove on one side, where the brachia or gills of the animal -rest. In the genus Ancylus, it will be observed that the apex bends on one -side, and the animal is like the Limnæa, which has a spiral shell. The cup -and saucer Limpets, or Calyptrædæ, present a group which requires to be -described, differently from the symmetrical or true Limpets. Their -structure is very curious, and they vary considerably among themselves, -some of them being simply conical, others nearly flat, or discoidal, and -others more or less spiral. But their principal peculiarity consists in -their having a small internal process or plate variously shaped, commonly -named their _septum_. - -_Septa of Limpets._ - -The septa of Limpets assume a variety of forms, the principal of which will -be seen in the accompanying engravings. - -[Illustration] - -The form from which the group derives its generic appellation is that of -the cup-shaped or _Cyathiform_ species (fig. 17). In the Crepidulæ, or -Slipper-Limpets, the septum is flat, reaching across the opening, like the -deck of a vessel; it is then described as _transverse_ (fig. 20). In -Calyptræa Equestris, it has two prominent points, and is described as -_bi-furcated_ (fig. 18). In another species, it is a three-sided plate -rather spiral at the apex (fig. 19). - -_Measurement of Cup and Saucer Limpets._ - -[Illustration] - -The line marked _a_, _p_, _ll_ indicates the direction in which the shell -is to be measured for _length_. _a_ indicates the _anterior_, _p_ the -_posterior_. The line _d_ (fig. 23), from the apex to the base, is the -_depth_. The line _b_ (fig. 28), is in the direction of the breadth. - -_Irregular non-symmetrical Univalves._ - -Serpuliform shells are irregularly twisted (_tortuous_) hollow tubes, which -were formerly considered to have been secreted by a kind of worm, but now -known to be the shells of true Molluscs, of a kind not very widely -differing from those which have regularly spiral shells. The greater part -of these are attached to foreign bodies, or to each other in groups. Some -are attached by the whole length of the shell, they are then said to be -_decumbent_. Some of these are coiled round like the Spirorbis, the little -white shell seen on the carapace of the Lobster or on leaves of sea-weeds; -they are then said to be discoidal; others again, such as the _Vermetus_, -approach more nearly to the spiral form. The deviation from the regular -spire only taking place after the few first volutions. - -SPIRAL NON-SYMMETRICAL UNIVALVES. - -As these constitute the largest class, it will be necessary to dwell upon -them in detail. First as to _measurement_. - -[Illustration] - -The length is measured from the apex, to that part of the aperture _a_ -(fig. 24), at the greatest distance from it. The _breadth_ is in the -opposite direction. The _anterior_, or front part of the aperture, is -marked _a_, where the head of the animal protrudes. - -_Spire of non-symmetrical Univalves._ - -[Illustration: Fig. 25, _obtuse_; 26, _acute_; 27, 28, _decollated_; 29, -_concave_; 30, _papillary_; 31, _mammellated_; 32, _discoidal_.] - -In counting the whorls of which the spire consists, we commence at the -apex, and reckon downwards to the last, or body whorl. The spire is -described as being long or short in relation to the aperture: in which -case, all that is above the aperture is measured with the spire. Its apex -requires particular notice, as the character of the whole shell frequently -depends upon the particulars observable in this part. It is sometimes -_obtuse_, or blunt; sometimes _acute_, or sharp. In the Cones it is -frequently flat, and in Planorbis it is concave. It is sometimes of a -different structure from the rest of the shell, retaining the horny and -transparent appearance which characterized it when the animal was first -hatched. The Tritons present an instance of this, although it is not always -observable, owing to the tenderness of the substances which causes it to -break or fall away in many specimens. A very remarkable instance also -occurs in Bulinus decollatus (cut, fig. 27, 28), so named, because the -apex, to the depth of several whorls, falls off, and the shell is -_decollated_. In this, and many more instances, among Pupæform land shells, -the occurrence of this circumstance seems to be by no means rare or -accidental, a provision having been made for filling up the opening by a -septum. A _papillary apex_ is one which is swelled at the extremity into a -little rounded nob, or nipple; and a _mammellated_ apex is one which is -rounded out more fully into the shape of a teat. - -_Whorls._ - -The spire is described as consisting of _numerous_ or _few_ whorls, and -sometimes the number of them is particularly stated. A whorl consists of -one turn of the spiral cone. The whorls are described as _flattened_, when -the sides are not bulged out so as to cause the outline of the spire to -deviate considerably from straightness: when the contrary is the case, the -whorls are said to be _ventricose_, and either _rounded_ or _angulated_. -The degree of rapidity with which the whorls become enlarged presents an -important source of distinction. The _suture_, or seam, which separates one -whorl from another is also noticed as being _distinct_ or otherwise; -_canaliculated_, or grooved; or covered by an enamel, which in some -instances is swelled into a ridge or _tumid_. - -[Illustration: Fig. 33, _few_; 34, _numerous_; 35, _rounded_, _ventricose_; -36, _angular_, _ventricose_; 37, _flattened_.] - -_Suture._ - -[Illustration: Fig. 38, _canaliculated_; 39, _enamelled_.] - -_Varices._ - -Varices are caused by periodical rests or stoppages in the growth of the -shell, when the edge of the aperture thickens, and renders the shell as -complete as when full grown. Again, after an interval, another check takes -place, and another thickened edge is formed, and so on in succession, until -the animal arrives at maturity, and the shell is full-grown. The thickened -edges successively forming the aperture, remain visible on the outside, -through all the subsequent stages. When these rests take place at frequent -periods, the varices will of course be numerous as in Harpa and Scalaria. -They occur at regular or irregular distances, varying in shape and other -characters. When the varices occur at regular intervals, and form a -connected ridge from whorl to whorl up the spire, they are said to be -_continuous_, as in Ranella; when on the contrary, the varix on one whorl -does not come in contact with that on the other, they are described as -_discontinuous_. In order to distinguish a regular varix from a mere -external ridge, it will be sufficient to notice whether its edge overlaps -the external surface, and whether it resembles the open edge of the -aperture, which true varices do. - -[Illustration: Fig. 40, _numerous_; 41, _few, continuous_; 42, _few, -discontinuous_.] - -_Aperture._ - -The aperture or opening of the spiral tube, was formerly described as the -mouth; a term calculated to convey an erroneous impression, when applied to -a part of the shell which has no correspondence with the mouth of the -animal. The word _aperture_ is used by modern writers in a general sense, -including the cavity, its edge, and the canals. The cavity itself is -distinguished in various shells as to its shape, which depends much upon -the degree of modification produced by the last whorl. In some cases, as in -Cyclostoma, where the aperture stands apart from the last whorl, the shape -is round, or nearly so. The Scalaria presents a good example of this. In -others, where the inner edge or lip, wrapping over the body whorl is nearly -straight, the aperture is _semi-lunar_, or half-moon shaped: this is -remarkable in the "_Neritacea_" of Lamarck, named, on that account, -"_hemi-cyclostomata_" by De Blainville. In a great number of instances, the -lower part of the body whorl enters obliquely into the upper part of the -aperture, the result being a _pyriform_, or pear-shaped opening. The -aperture is described as _long_ when it is largest in the direction of the -axis, and _wide_, in the contrary case. The _anterior_ is the part at the -greatest distance from the apex, and the body whorl; the _posterior_, the -part nearest to the apex. Thus some apertures are described as _posteriorly -contracted_ and _anteriorly widened_, or the reverse. A _linear_ aperture -is one contracted in its whole length, as in Cypræa. When the whorls are -angulated, a _trigonal_ aperture is the result, as in many species of -Trochus. Some are _transversely oval_, that is in an opposite direction to -the axis, and others _longitudinally oval_. When the whorls are formed with -two outer angles, a somewhat quadrated aperture is formed. There are other -variations too numerous to mention. - -_Apertures._ - -[Illustration: Fig. 43, Helicina, _semilunar_; 44, Pirena, _pyriform_; 45, -Cypræa, _linear_; 46, Trochus, _trigonal_; 47, Cyclostoma, _rounded_; 48, -Chilina, _posteriorly contracted_; 49, Stomatia, _transversely oval_; 50, -Murex, _longitudinally oval_.] - -The entire edge of the aperture described generally, is named the -Peritrême, but this term can only be conveniently applied in cases where, -in some at least of its characters, it is the same all round, so that one -descriptive term is applicable to the whole. As, however, this is of rare -occurrence, it is found convenient in descriptions to separate the rim from -the outer lip. In a great number of instances, this is done naturally, by a -canal, or notch at the anterior or lower extremity, and by the posterior -union of that part which overlays the body whorl with the other portion. At -these two points the outer and inner lips separate from each other: we -therefore describe the - -_Canals of the Aperture._ - -When there is neither notch nor canal, anteriorly or posteriorly, -interrupting the edge of the aperture, it is described as entire. When -there is a notch or sinus at the anterior extremity, it is said to be -_emarginated_. When the edge of this notch is expanded, and drawn out in -the form of a beak, it is said to be _canaliferous_, or to have a _canal_. -When, in addition to this, the lips are thickened and contracted -posteriorly near their junction, and drawn out so as to form a groove, it -is said to be _bi-canaliculated_, or to have two canals. The _anterior -canal_ is said to be long or short, according to the proportion which it -may bear to the rest of the shell. Thus the canal of Ranella ranina (fig. -393 in the plates), may be described as _short_; while that of Murex -haustellum, (fig. 396, pl.) is _long_. When it is wide near the aperture, -and becomes gradually contracted towards its termination, it is said to be -_tapering_, as in Pyrula (fig. 388, pl.); when the termination is sudden, -it is described as _truncated_. If, on placing the shell upon a plane, with -the aperture downwards, the canal is seen to rise upwards, it is -_recurved_. In Buccinum and Nassa it is turned suddenly over the back, and -forms a short, curved elevation; it is then described as _recurved_ and -_varicose_. If the edges meet, so as to form a tube, it is said to be -closed, as in some species of Murex and Typhis. The posterior canal is, in -some cases, _free_, or standing out from the spire, as in some species of -Ranellæ; while in others it is _decumbent_, running up the sides of the -spire, as in Rostellaria (fig. 402, pl.). - -_Canals._ - -[Illustration: Fig. 51, Fasciolaria, _truncated_; 52, Nassa, _recurved_, -_varicose_; 53, Cerithium, _recurved_; 54, Typhis, _closed_.] - -_Lips, or edges of the Aperture._ - -The part of the edge of the aperture next to the body whorl is named the -_inner_, or _columellar_ lip. Posteriorly it commences at the point of -union with the outer lip, where that touches the body whorl, the junction -being generally marked by an angle, and sometimes by a canal. Anteriorly it -terminates where there is generally seen a notch or canal, or sudden angle, -from which the outer lip proceeds. The part which setting out from the body -whorl, and proceeds outwards at a distance from the axis, till it reaches -the anterior canal or notch (or its place in case of absence) is named the -_outer lip_. In many cases the edges are united in such a manner, that it -is difficult to distinguish where the inner lip terminates, and the outer -lip commences: when this is the case, it is usual to describe the margin or -peritrême, as a whole, without distinguishing the parts. The _outer_ lip, -sometimes called the right lip, or _labrum_ of continental writers, is -sometimes acute, not being of thicker substance than the remainder of the -shell. In other cases it is _obtuse_, or thickened and rounded at the edge. -When thickened and turned backwards it is described as _reflected_; when, -on the other hand, it is turned inwards towards the axis, as in the -Cyprædæ, it is _inflected_, or involute. When it is _toothed_, a -distinction must be observed as to whether the dentations are external or -internal. If the teeth are small and numerous, it is _denticulated_; if -larger, it is _dentated_; when expanded into a kind of wing, as in some -species of Strombus and Rostellaria, it is described as _alated_; and a -family in Lamarck's system is named "Alatæ," from this very circumstance. -In some of those which are expanded, the expansion is divided into -separate, attenuated portions, they are then said to be digitated. - -_Outer Lips._ - -[Illustration: Fig. 55, Helix, _reflected_; 56, Cypræa, _involute_, -_denticulated_; 57, Sera, _alated_; 58, Murex, _digitated_; 59, -Rostellaria, _dentated_.] - -The _inner_ lip, sometimes named the _columellar_ lip, or "_labium_," is -subject to similar variations as to thickness, dentition, &c. That portion -of it which lies upon the body-whorl is frequently distinguished from that -which intervenes between it and the notch or canal. De Blainville, -restricting the term _lip_ "bord gauche" to the former portion, applies the -term "columella" to the latter; and in some instances this may be the more -convenient method of describing the part in question. The columellar lip is -sometimes _detached_ entirely from the body of the shell, as in Murex -haustellum; in others it is _decumbent_, or lying over the last whorl, -although quite distinct, and in some cases, _thickened_, _callous_, or -_tumid_. - -At the lower or anterior part, sometimes called the _columella_, there are -in many instances flattened, laminated folds; these are particularly -conspicuous in the genera Cymba and Melo, where, being obliquely spiral and -laminar, they are extremely elegant, presenting to the eye graduated -repetitions of the line of beauty. In other cases, as in the Turbinellæ, -they are more horizontal and thickened. - -In some cases the columella is swelled into a varicose mass; as in Oliva, -Ancillaria, &c.; it is then described as _tumid_ or varicose. It is -sometimes _tortuous_, and sometimes straight, and is susceptible of many -variations, too minute and particular to be described in this part of the -work. - -COLUMELLAR LIPS. - -[Illustration: Fig. 60, Melo, _obliquely plaited_; 61, Turbinellus, -_horizontally plaited_; 62, Ancillaria, _varicose_, _tortuous_; 63, Natica, -_straight_.] - -OPERCULUM. - -The aperture of many species of shells remains constantly open; but in a -great number of species it is occasionally closed, whenever the animal is -retracted within the shell, by a calcareous or horny piece called the -operculum. This must be distinguished in the first instance from another -kind of calcareous covering, which in some univalve shells serves to close -the aperture during a certain portion of the year. This piece, named the -_epiphragm_, although hardened and shelly in appearance, is no real part of -the animal or of the shell; being only a secretion temporarily hardened, -for the purpose of defending the animal from external influences during the -_hibernating_ or _torpid_ season, to be dissolved when that season is at an -end. On examining this piece, it will be observed that it is not formed in -regular layers like the rest of the shell; while the true operculum is of a -regularly laminated structure, having a nucleus and receiving obliquely -deposited additions, either in a lateral spiral or concentric direction. It -is attached to the posterior part of the foot on the upper surface; and -when the animal retires within its shell, that part of the foot enters -last, drawing the operculum after it, and thus closing the aperture. - -The opercula of various shells differ in the first place as to their -chemical composition. They are _calcareous_ when formed principally of -calcareous matter, like the rest of the shell, as in Neritina, Nerita, and -some others. They are _corneo-calcareous_, when upon an internal lamina of -horny consistency there is a thickened layer of shelly matter. This is the -case with shells of the genus Turbo and Phasianella, which are on this -account distinguished from those of the genus Trochus; the opercula of the -latter being horny or _corneus_. - -The size of the operculum is distinguished by comparison with the rest of -the shell; thus, those of Strombus, Cassis, &c. are small; while those of -Cyclostoma and others are large, filling up the cavity at its outer edge. - -The direction in which the successive layers are deposited, forms another -ground of distinction. The disc is formed in some instances of a series of -whorls, the apex or nucleus being more or less central; if these whorls are -numerous, the operculum is described as _multispiral_, as in shells of the -genus Trochus; if few, as in Cyclostoma, it is _paucispiral_. In some -instances the flattened spire consists of but one whorl, it is then -_unispiral_; and when scarcely one turn is completed, it is described as -_subspiral_. When the layers are applied upon each other in such a manner -that the nucleus is central, and the edges of the subsequent layers are -extended beyond each other all around, so as to form rims, the operculum is -described as _concentric_; if the nucleus is lateral, or at one side -without being spiral, it is _lammellated_; and when it forms a terminal -point, enlarging in the form of a finger-nail or claw, it is -_unguiculated_. In the operculum of a Neritina, there is a lateral process, -by means of which it is locked into the columella, the term _articulated_ -is then applied. In that of Navicella, there is also a process which -appears to radiate from the nucleus, it has therefore been described as a -_radiated_ operculum. - -_Opercula of Spiral Univalves._ - -[Illustration: Fig. 64, _multispiral_; 65, _paucispiral_; 66, _concentric_; -67, _articulated_; 68, _radiated_; 69, _lammellated_; 70, _unguiculated_.] - -BIVALVE SHELLS. - -Bivalve shells, named Conchacea by Lamarck, are those which consist of two -principal portions united to and folded upon each other by means of a -hinge. The pieces united compose the shell, while each piece separately is -called a valve. Considering the bivalve shell as a whole, it will be -necessary, in the first instance, to describe the position in which it is -to be observed, in order to give the student a clearly defined notion of -what is intended, when terms expressive of height, depth, length, breadth, -&c. are used, as well as when the anterior and posterior extremities are -spoken of. For this purpose, we must suppose the animal to be living and -creeping along the bed of the sea by means of its foot; where this foot -protrudes, will be the _ventral margin_, and the opposite part the _dorsal -margin_ of the shell. There will then be a valve on each side; and if we -further suppose the animal to be walking forward with its back to the -observer, the _right_ and _left_ valves will correspond with his right and -left sides. - -_Measurements._ - -[Illustration] - -The _length_ will be measured from _anterior_ (_a_) to _posterior_ (_p_), -and the lines of growth running in the same direction will consequently be -_longitudinal_ or _concentric_; _transverse_ of some authors. The height -will be from the umbones (_u_), to the _ventral margin_, and lines or bands -in that direction are termed _radiating_; longitudinal, according to some -authors. - -The points from which the growth of the shell commences, are called the -_umbones_; these usually turn towards the anterior part of the shell: if -this circumstance fails to point out the anterior, it may in many cases be -distinguished by the muscular impressions of the mantle. If this has a -sinus or winding, it is always near the posterior muscular impression; and -in all cases where there is an external ligament, it is on the posterior -side. - -There is sometimes an impression near the front of the umbones, which forms -a semicircle on each valve; the space within this semicircle is called the -_lunule_ (wood-cut, fig. 71 and 72, _l. l. l._); a corresponding -depression, when it exists on the posterior margin near the umbones, is -named the escutcheon. - -_Hinge._ - -[Illustration: Fig. 73, _l t_, lateral teeth; _c t_, cardinal teeth; _c_, -cartilage under the ligament; _l_, ligament; _f_, fulcrum of the ligament.] - -The _hinge_ of the shell is on the _dorsal_ margin, and is composed of the -various apparatus by which the two valves act upon each other in opening -and shutting. It consists of a _ligament_, which is placed on the dorsal -margin, just at the back of the umbones, and unites the two valves -together; the _cartilage_ or thick gristly elastic substance, sometimes -found close to the _ligament_, to which it then forms an inner coating, and -sometimes received into a pit within the shell. It serves the purpose of -keeping the shell open when not forcibly closed by the adductor muscles. An -inner layer of shelly matter upon which are placed teeth, and pits to -receive them on the two valves reciprocally. Each of these it will be -necessary to treat of more at large; observing, at the same time, that in -some species of Bivalves these parts may be wholly or partially wanting. -Thus we meet with some shells, such as the Muscle, without teeth; and there -is the group containing Pholas, &c. the hinge of which is destitute of -teeth and ligament, the two valves being kept together by loose cartilages, -and by the contracted space in which they are confined. - -_Ligament and Ligamentary Cartilage of the Hinge._ - -These two distinct substances have been described by many writers as -though, composing the same mass, they were of one substance; but the -difference may very easily be explained. The _true ligament_ is external, -being fixed on the edge of one valve behind the umbones, and passing over -in an arch to the corresponding edge of the other, very correctly retaining -the name of _ligament_, because it serves the purpose of binding the two -together. The thick, elastic substance, which Mr. Gray names the -_cartilage_, is sometimes found in connexion with the ligament, so as to -form one mass with it, although it is always separable and placed within -it: it is sometimes placed quite within the shell, and separated from the -ligament, in a pit or hollow formed for its reception in the hinge lamina, -near the centre. It is found in both valves, and being elastic, the portion -in one valve presses against that in the other, so as to keep the valves -apart, unless voluntarily closed by the adductor muscles of the animal. The -ligament is sometimes spread over an external area, as in Arca, while the -cartilage is placed in several grooves of the same area, beneath the outer -covering. - -_Hinge lamina, Teeth and Fulcrum of the Ligament._ - -In a great variety of cases, there is a thickening of the substance of the -shell within, under the dorsal margin; this is named the hinge lamina. It -is sometimes merely callous; but in many cases it has raised _teeth_ in -both valves, those in one valve entering into corresponding cavities in the -other. Those which are placed immediately below the umbones, and seem to -take their rise from beneath them, are called _cardinal teeth_; those at a -distance from the umbones, which are seen to lie along the upper margin of -the shell are named _lateral teeth_. - -When the cardinal teeth terminate in a double point, which is not -unfrequently the case, they are said to be _bifid_. The lateral teeth, in -various species, are distinguished as terminating _near_ to, or at a -_distance_ from the umbones. In the Nuculæ and Arcæ there is a row of teeth -placed across the hinge lamina. In which case, the lateral cannot be -distinguished from the cardinal teeth. - -_Muscular Impression._ - -[Illustration: Fig. 74. _a, anterior; p, posterior; m i, muscular -impressions._] - -Lamarck divides the Bivalve shells into two general orders; the first is -named "Dimyaria," having two adductor muscles; and the second, -"Monomyaria," having but one. These adductor muscles are used for the -purpose of drawing the valves together, being composed of contractile -fibrous gristle, fastened firmly to the inner surface of each valve. The -place where they are thus fixed may be seen when the animal is removed, by -depressed areas, which are generally pretty well defined, and are named -_muscular impressions_. Where there is but one adductor muscle, there will -be but one of these impressions near the centre of each valve, but in the -Dimyaria, where there are two, the impressions are seen, one on the -anterior, and one on the posterior of each valve, just below the _hinge_ -lamina. They are sometimes _complex_, that is composed of several portions -in a group; but in general, they are simple and well defined. - -They are also described as large or small, in proportion to the size of the -shell; regular or irregular in form. The animal is attached to the inner -surface by the fibrous portions of the mantle, which creates a linear -impression or _cicatrix_, commonly described as the _palleal impression_, -or muscular impression of the mantle. It runs near the ventral margin from -one muscular impression to the other, sometimes in a smooth _continuous_ -line or band, and sometimes in an interrupted series of small impressions. -Near the point of union with the posterior muscular impression, there is -sometimes a more or less considerable winding inwards towards the centre of -the shell, and back again towards the point of union. This is named the -_sinus_, and is distinguished as being _angular_ or _rounded_, large or -small, according to the species. When it enters towards the centre of the -shell in a tongue-shaped outline it is said to be _ligulate_. Where it -exists it affords a certain index to the posterior side of the shell; as it -is the region through which the excretory tubes pass. - -_Umbones._ - -These are the prominent points of the dorsal edge, where the growth of the -shell commenced, and are called beaks, by some English writers. In some -instances they are close to each other; in others they are rendered distant -from each other by the intervention of areas in the hinge, as in Spondyli, -&c. In Pectunculus they are _straight_; in Venus _curved_ towards the -anterior margin; in Isocardia, _spiral_; in Chama, _decumbent_; in Diceras, -_free_. In shells subject to external corrosion, the process commences at -the umbones. - -[Illustration: Fig. 75, _distant_; 76, _straight_; 77, _curved_; 78, -_spiral_; 79, _decumbent_; 80, _free_; 81, _close_.] - -GENERAL CHARACTER OF BIVALVES. - -When the _breadth_ is spoken of, the distance between the most convex parts -of both valves, when closed, is intended; but when an expression implying -_thickness_ is used, it refers to the substance of each valve: it is -important to bear this in mind, as many persons have been misled by -descriptions in which the distinction has not been attended to. Glycimeris -(fig. 67 in the plates) is a _thick_ shell, but Anatina (fig. 69 in the -plates) is a _broad_ one. - -_Regularity._ - -A great number of Bivalves are extremely regular in their form. These are -generally locomotive, and consequently free from those obstructions in -growth occurring to stationary shells, which being confined in a particular -position, or to a particular spot, modify their shape according to the -substance with which they come in contact, and thus become irregular. This -is generally the case with shells which are attached to submarine -substances, such as Spondyli, Oysters, &c.; and the degree of irregularity -will depend upon the extent of surface involved in the attachment. In the -case of fixed shells, the attached valve is usually termed the under valve, -and the other which moves freely upon the hinge, is termed the upper valve. - -_Form and Proportions._ - -Bivalves are said to be _equivalve_ when the two valves correspond in -extent, breadth, and thickness; and of course _inequivalve_ in the contrary -case. They are _equilateral_ when a line drawn from the umbones to the -ventral margin would divide the shell into two nearly equal parts; and of -course _inequilateral_ in the opposite case, which occurs in the great -majority of instances. - -A Bivalve is said to be _compressed_, when the distance is small from the -most prominent part of one valve to that of the other. It is _cylindrical_ -when lengthened, and more or less rounded in its breadth, as in Lithodomus -(fig. 161 in the plates). It is _cordiform_ when the shape presents a -resemblance to an imaginary heart, as in Cardium cardissa (fig. 122 in the -plates), and in the Isocardia (fig. 126 in the plates). It is _linguiform_ -when it resembles a tongue in shape, as in Vulsella (fig. 185 in the -plates); _rostrated_ when it protrudes at either extremity, and terminates -in a kind of point, as in Sanguinolaria Diphos (fig. 99 in the plates); -_truncated_ when it ends in a square or angle, as if cut off; an example of -which may be seen in Solen (fig. 60 in the plates). - -Other Bivalves are distinguished as being _auriculated_, having processes -flattened and expanded on either side of the umbones, as in Pecten (cut, -fig. 82). When there is one of these on each side of the umbones, it is -_bi-auriculated_; when only on one side, it is _uni-auriculated_. When the -expansion is very broad, as in Unio alatus (fig. 142 in the plates), and in -the Hammer Oyster (cut, fig. 83), the term _alated_ is used. - -[Illustration: Fig. 82, _auriculated_; 83, _auriculated_, _alated_.] - -With regard to these alated species of _Uniones_, it is necessary to -observe that they are also "_adnate_," as it is termed; the two valves -being joined to each other by the dorsal edge of the expanded parts, and -united so completely in substance with each other, that they cannot be -separated without being broken. Many other terms are used to express -difference in Bivalves, but being generally applicable to Univalves and -Multivalves, as well as to them, they will be found explained at large in -the alphabetical part of the work. - -MULTIVALVE SHELLS. - -These are of three different kinds; first, the "_dorsal_," as they are -termed by Linnæus, because they form a ridge in the back of the animal. -They are composed of eight pieces, or separate valves, placed in a -longitudinal series, being joined to each other by inserted lamina, and -named _Articulata_ by De Blainville, on that account. The genus Chiton is -the only example of this kind of Multivalves. - -[Illustration: Fig. 84, 85, Chiton. _a_, anterior; _p_, posterior; _d_, -dorsal ridge; _l l_, lateral areas of the valves; _c c_, central areas; _i -i_, inserted lamina; _m_, margin.] - -The second kind, M. De Blainville terms the _lateral_ bivalves, the pieces -being placed in pairs on each side of the animal; these compose the -"Pedunculated Cirripedes." - -[Illustration: Fig. 86, Anatina.] - -They differ considerably in the number and arrangement of the valves; the -small ones, which are found near the peduncle in some species, are -sometimes termed accessary valves; those which form the edge through which -the bunch of Cilia protrude, are termed _ventral_, and those on the -opposite side _dorsal_. The extremity joining the peduncle is the basal, or -anterior; and the upper extremity is the apsiral, or posterior. The -peduncle is the medium of attachment to submarine substances, to which this -well known tribe of shells adhere. - -The third kind are termed _coronular_ by De Blainville, and compose the -order Sessile Cirripedes of Lamarck; they consist of a number of valves -placed against each other side by side in a circle, supported on a plate, -or tube, or cup, and closed by an operculum composed of two or more valves. - -The _basal support_ is sometimes thick and flat, sometimes forming an -elongated tube, and sometimes hollowed out into a cup. In other species it -is altogether wanting. The operculum always consists of more than one -piece, generally of two pairs: they are either articulated to each other by -serrated edges, and placed against each other conically, as in Balanus, or -they lie flat in two pairs against each other. Through the ventral pair the -_cirrhi_ protrude. - -The _parietal_ valves, composing the principal part of the shell, vary in -number, form and position. The _anterior_ valves are placed on the same -side with the cirrhi; the _posterior_, those on the opposite side; and -those which remain between on each side are the lateral valves. In many -cases, particularly in Balanus, each valve is separated into the -_prominent_ and _depressed_ areas, and the inserted lamina. In some -instances, the parietal portion is formed by a single rounded piece. - -[Illustration] - -In the accompanying cut (87), the prominent areas are distinguished by the -letters _pr_, and the depressed areas by _r_; the posterior valves of the -operculum are marked _p. o._, and the anterior _a. o._ The basal valve -(fig. 88) belongs to a Balanus. Fig. 89 is an Acasta, the cup-shaped base -of which is represented at fig. 90. - -In the foregoing explanations we have omitted many of those general terms -which, relating to external characters, are applicable to shells in almost -every division of the system. It may be as well, however, to enumerate a -few of them in this place, although they are explained under their -respective letters in the alphabetical part of the work. - -When bars or ribs, or large striæ are crossed by others radiating from the -umbones, shells are said to be _cancellated_, as represented in cut, fig. -91. When there is a series of nodules or spines on the upper part of the -whorls, they are _coronated_, as shewn in cut, fig. 92. When a series of -projecting parts overlay each other, in the manner of tiles, as in the cut, -fig. 93, the word _imbricated_ is applied. When marked by a regular series -of ridges, radiating from the apex, they are _pectinated_; the species of -Chiton, a single valve of which is represented in cut, fig. 94, has -received the specific name of _pectinatus_, in consequence of this -character. Shells are said to be _plicated_ when characterized by angular -bendings or foldings in their surface, as shewn in cut, fig. 95. A strong -instance of this is seen in the Ostræa Crista-Galli. When the margin of any -shell has a series of minute notches, resembling the teeth of a saw, it is -said to be _serrated_; when covered with raised points or spines it is -_aculeated_; and when striated in both directions, it is _decussated_; when -covered with a number of raised rounded points, it is _granulated_; and -having a series of these points placed in a row, near or upon the edge, it -is _denticulated_, as already explained in reference to the outer lips of -Spiral Univalves. When the external surface is rendered uneven by raised -knobs, it is said to be _tuberculated_; and if rendered rough and prickly -by sharp points it is _muricated_, as in the cut, fig. 97. The term -_reticulated_ is applied to fine raised lines, crossing each other, and -resembling fine net-work. - -[Illustration: External surface. Fig. 91, _cancellated_; 92, _coronated_; -93, _imbricated_; 94, _pectinated_; 95, _plicated_; 96, _decussated_; 97, -_muricated_; 98, _foliated_.] - -By the foregoing general observations and explanations, it is trusted that -the reader will be prepared for the following exposition of the general -arrangement of Lamarck, and the principles upon which it is founded. - - * * * * * - -GENERAL ARRANGEMENT - -ACCORDING TO LAMARCK. - -In Lamarck's "Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres," he divides -the invertebrata into classes, the 9th, 10th, and 11th of which include -animals possessed of shells properly so called. These are the ANNELIDES, -the CIRRIPEDES, the CONCHIFERA, and the MOLLUSCA. - -The class ANNELIDES constitutes the 9th, and is divided into three orders, -namely, the "Apodes," "Antennees," and "Sedentaires"; the last of which, -_Sedentaria_, alone contains testaceous animals. This order includes -tubular shells, which, with the exception of Dentalium, are irregularly -twisted, and attached to each other, or to extraneous substances. The first -family _Dorsalia_, contains the genus Siliquaria (plates, fig. 1), known -from the Serpulæ, by the slit which passes through the whole length of the -shell on the upper surface of the tube. The second family, _Maldania_, has -the genus Dentalium (plates, fig. 2), a species of which are commonly known -by the name of "tooth shells"; these are regularly formed, curved conical -tubes, open at both extremities. The third family, _Serpulacea_, includes -the genera Serpula, Spirorbis, Galeolaria, Vermilia, Spiroglyphus, and -Magilus. The only shell that a learner would be likely to place among these -incorrectly, according to the system, is the Vermetus (plates, fig. 345), -which being regularly spiral at the apicial extremity, has been placed -among the Mollusca; to which situation the whole of the shells under -consideration have a better title than is generally supposed. It should be -mentioned that the Serpulacea are provided with opercula. - -Class CIRRIPEDES. - -This class constitutes the tenth of invertebrated animals, and receives its -name from the jointed and ciliated branchia which protrude between the -opercular valves. They are Multivalve shells, and were all included in the -single genus Lepas in the system of Linnæus, and are commonly known by the -name "Barnacles." Lamarck has, however, divided them into two distinct -orders. First, the _Sessile_ Cirripedes or those which being composed of -several valves, joined to each other, side by side in a circle, are -attached to each other, or to submarine bodies by the basal portion of -their own substance, and form a hollow, irregular cone, with the aperture -above closed by an operculum consisting of two or more valves. Secondly, -the _Pedunculated Cirripedes_, which are composed of valves placed in pairs -against each other, so as to form a flattened disc attached by means of a -tendinous tube called a peduncle. The first of these orders includes the -genera Tubicinella, Coronula, Platylepas, Clitia, Conia, Elmineus, -Catophragmus, Octomeris, Balanus, Creusia, Nobia, Savignium, Pyrgoma, Adna, -Megatréma. The second contains the genera Pentelasmis, Scalpellum, Smilium, -Pollicipes, Bisnæus, Lithotrya, Ibla, Octolasmis, Cineras, Otion. - -Conchological writers are not agreed as to the propriety of allowing the -above to enter into the present science. - -Class CONCHIFERA. - -The shell of a conchiferous animal is always bivalve, composed of two -pieces placed opposite to each other, joined at the dorsal margins by an -elastic hinge. All true bivalve shells belong to animals of this class; and -the correspondence between the shell and the animal is so true that on -examining an empty bivalve shell we can not only determine that its -inhabitant belonged to this class, but also decide on the particular order -and family in which it should be placed, without seeing the soft parts. - -The first general division of Conchifera is that which results from -observing the muscular impressions, or marks made on the inner surface of -the valve by the insertion of the adductor muscles. All Conchifera are -divided into two orders, as follows: - -First Order, _Conchifera Dimyaria_. - -Having two adductor muscles, and consequently two impressions in each -valve. They are separated into the following families: - - 1. _Tubicolæ_ (plates, fig. 44 to 54), having shelly tubes besides the - valves. This family contains the genera Aspergillum, Clavagella, - Teredina, Teredo, Xylophaga, Fistulana, and Gastrochæna. - - 2. _Pholadaria_ (plates, fig. 55 to 59), cylindrical, living in holes - in rocks pierced by the animals. Lamarck places in this family the - genera Pholas and Gastrochæna, the last of which belongs more properly - to the family Tubicolæ, as placed above. - - 3. _Solenacea_ (plates, fig. 60 to 68), longitudinally (transversely, - Lam.) elongated, open at the anterior and posterior extremities. This - family contains the genera Solen, Pholadomya, Panopæa, Glycimeris - (Solecurtus) and Solenimya. - - 4. _Myaria_ (plates, fig. 69 to 76), ligament internal. A spoon-shaped - ligamentary pit in one or both valves. Shell generally gaping at one or - both extremities. This family includes the genera Anatina, Mya, - Anatinella, Lyonsia, Myochama, Cleidotherus. - - 5. _Mactracea_ (plates, fig. 77 to 88), the cartilage placed in a - trigonal pit, with a small external ligament. The genera Lutraria, - Mactra, Crassatella, Erycina, Ungulina, Amphidesma, and Solenimya - belong to this family, the last of which ought to have been placed - among the Solenacea, as above. - - 6. _Corbulacea_ (plates, fig. 89, 90), inequivalve, with an internal - ligament resembling the Mactracea, but differing in having one valve - deeper than the other, although regular shells. This small family - contains only the genera Corbula and Pandora. - - 7. _Lithophagidæ_ (plates, fig. 91 to 97), irregular, terebrating, - living in holes of rocks. The genera are Saxicava, Petricola, and - Venerirupis. - - 8. _Nymphacea_ (plates, fig. 98 to 110), ligament external, generally - placed upon a prominent fulcrum, which passes from the inside to the - outside of the hinge; valves generally gaping at the extremities. This - family contains the genera Sanguinolaria, Psammobia, Psammotæa, - Tellinides, Corbis, Lucina, Donax, Capsa, and Crassina. - - 9. _Conchacea_ (plates, fig. 111 to 121), regular, having several - cardinal teeth and sometimes lateral teeth. The Conchacea constitute - one of the most beautiful and numerous families of the class; they - present equivalve shells, which are always regular, unattached, and in - general closed, especially at the sides; they are always more or less - inequilateral. They are divided into the _fluviatile_ and _marine - Conchacea_, the first containing the genera Cyclas, Cyrena, and - Galathæa, found in rivers; and the second, Cyprina, Cytherea, Venus, - and Venericardia. - - 10. _Cardiacea_ (plates, fig. 122 to 130). This family, which resembles - the last in some general characters, are also regular and equivalve, - and are generally provided with radiating ribs, which are seldom seen - in the Conchacea. The genera enumerated in this family are Cardium, - Cardita, Cypricardia, Hiatella, and Isocardia. - - 11. _Arcacea_ (plates, fig. 131 to 138). These are known by having a - row of numerous small teeth on the cardinal hinge in each valve. The - genera included are, Cucullæa, Arca, Pectunculus, Nucula. - - 12. _Trigonacea_ (plates, fig. 139 and 140). It is doubtful whether - this family should remain distinct. As of the two genera placed in it, - the first, Trigonia, is thought by some naturalists to have strong - affinities with Nucula, in the family of Arcacea; and the latter, - Castalia, certainly belongs to the Nayades. - - 13. _Nayades_ (plates, fig. 141 to 152). These are fresh-water shells, - covered on the outside by a thick horny epidermis, and pearly within. - They include the genera Unio, Hyria, Anodon, Iridina. - - 14. _Chamacea_ (plates, fig. 153 to 155), inequivalve, irregular, - foliaceous, attached; containing the genera Diceras, Chama, and - Etheria. - -Second Order, _Conchifera Monomyaria_. - -Having one adductor muscle, and therefore only one impression in each -valve. They are separated into the following families:-- - - 1. _Tridacnacea_ (plates, fig. 156 & 157), transverse, equivalve, with - an elongated muscular impression, near the centre of the ventral - margin; margin undulated at the termination of the radiated large ribs. - The genera Tridacna and Hippopus are included. - - 2. _Mytilacea_ (plates, fig. 158 to 162), generally regular, with the - hinge linear, without teeth, occupying the greater part of the dorsal - margin. This family includes the genera Modiola, Mytilus, Pinna. - - 3. _Malleacea_ (plates, fig. 163 to 170), shell generally thin, - inequivalve, irregular, foliaceous, with the hinge linear. This family - contains the genera Crenatula, Perna, Malleus, Avicula, Meleagrina. - - 4. _Pectinides_ (plates, fig. 171 to 178). The Pectinides are generally - regular or nearly so, with the shell solid; the greater part of them - are auriculated at the dorsal margin, and generally characterized by - ribs radiating from the umbones. The genera are Pedum, Lima, - Plagiostoma, Pecten, Plicatula, Spondylus, Podopsis. - - 5. _Ostracea_ (plates, fig. 180 to 192). The shells of this family are - irregular, generally attached and foliaceous. They compose the genera - Gryphæa, Ostræa, Vulsella, Placuna, Anomia. - - 6. _Rudistes_ (plates 193 to 200). This family is composed of a - particular association of shells, which appear on one side to be - connected with the Ostracea; and on the other to approach the - Brachiopoda. They differ from Ostracea in having no hinge or ligament, - and only resemble them in their irregularity and foliaceous structure. - The following six genera are placed by Lamarck in this - family:--Sphærulites, Radiolites, Calceola, Birostrites, Discina, - Crania. Of these, Calceola, Discina, and Crania are shewn to belong to - the Brachiopoda. - - 7. _Brachiopoda_ (plates, fig. 201 to 219). The shells of this family - are inequivalve, equilateral, and attached to marine bodies by a tendon - passing through one of the valves. The animals have, near their mouth, - two elongated, ciliated arms, which are spirally rolled when at rest. - The following genera are enumerated by Lamarck, Orbicula, Terebratula, - Lingula. - -MOLLUSCA. - -Lamarck applies, or rather restricts, this name to those invertebrated -animals, which while they are inarticulate in all their parts, have the -head sufficiently advanced at the anterior part of the body to be -distinguished; which is not the case with the Conchifera. All the shells -are univalve, and are divided into six orders, namely, the PTEROPODA, which -have wing-shaped natatory organs or fins, and have _light_, _thin -transparent_, _nearly symmetrical_ shells; the GASTEROPODA, with the foot -not distinguishable from the rest of the body, have _patelliform_, _open_, -and _scarcely spiral_ shells; the TRACHELIPODA with the foot distinct and -attached to the neck of the animal, have _spiral_, _non-symmetrical_ -shells. The CEPHALOPODA, with arms covered by suckers surrounding the head -of the animal, have generally _symmetrical convolute_ shells. The -Cephalopoda are divided into _C. polythalamia_, which have the internal -cavity divided into chambers by septa, as in the Nautilus; and the _C. -Monothalamia_, which are not so divided, as the Argonauta. The order -_Heteropoda_ contains the genus Carinaria alone. - -Order _Pteropoda_. - -This order, containing hyaline, symmetrical, non-spiral shells, as above -described, is not divided into families, but contains the following genera, -Hyalæa, Cleodora, Limacina, Cymbulia; the first of which, although composed -of a single piece, resembles a bivalve so nearly, that Linnæus actually -placed it in his genus Anomia. - -Order _Gasteropoda_. - -With the exception of the genus Bulla and Vitrina, the last of which forms -a passage into the next order, the shells contained in this order are -_patelliform_, _open_, _and scarcely spiral_. They are divided into the -following families:-- - - 1. _Phyllidiana_ (plates, fig. 227 to 231), containing the genera - Chiton, Chitonellus, and Patella, the two former of which present the - only exception to the statement above made, that all the shells of - Mollusca were univalve. - - 2. _Semiphyllidiana_ (plates, fig. 232 and 233). Of the two genera - contained in this family, Pleurobranchus is broad, thin, and slightly - spiral at the apex, and Umbrella is flat, circular, with a central - apex. - - 3. _Calyptracea_ (plates, fig. 234 to 246). The patelliform shells of - this family, although united by no other general characters, are - brought together by the characters of the animals which produce them. - The genera are Parmophorus, Emarginula, Siphonaria, Fissurella, - Pileopsis, Calyptræa, Crepidula, Ancylus. - - 4. _Bulleana_ (plates, fig. 247 to 253), contains the genera Bulla and - Bullæa. - - 5. _Aplysiacea_ (plates, fig. 254 and 255). The genera Aplysia and - Dolabella are both expanded, somewhat flattened shells, with the apex - placed at one extremity, and slightly spiral. - - 6. _Limacinea_ (fig. 256 to 263). Many of the animals (slugs) are - without shells; some, as the Limax, or common garden slug, have a - slightly developed calcareous piece, hidden beneath the mantle, and of - others the shells are scarcely spiral. The genera included in this - family are, Parmacella, Limax, Testacella, Vitrina. - -Order _Trachelipoda_. - -All the remaining spiral non-symmetrical shells are arranged in this order, -which is divided into the following families:-- - - 1. _Colimacea_ (plates, fig. 264 to 307). With the exception of the few - contained in the family of Limacina, which ought not to be separated - from this order, the whole of the land-shells are contained in this - family, and although it is difficult to notice any one character by - which terrestrial shells may be distinguished from others, few at all - conversant with the subject are liable to mistake them. There is a - general lightness and simplicity of form, which, though not clearly - definable, is generally understood. The following distribution of - genera by Lamarck, is generally acknowledged to require numerous - modifications; the genera are Helix, Carocolla, Anostoma, Helicina, - Pupa, Clausilia, Bulinus, Achatina, Succinea, Auricula, Cyclostoma. - - 2. _Lymneana_ (plates, fig. 308 to 312). The shells of this family are - found in fresh water, wells, ditches, and ponds. They are of a light - horny structure, and simple form. The genera Planorbis, Physa, and - Lymnea are placed in this family by Lamarck. - - 3. _Melaniana_ (plates, fig. 313 to 317). These are also found in fresh - water, principally in rivers; they are thicker than those of the last - family; and the greater part of them have elevated spires composed of - numerous whorls. This family contains the genera Melania, Melanopsis, - Pirena. - - 4. _Peristomata_ (plates, fig. 318 to 322). These are also fresh-water - shells, having opercula, and covered by a smooth green, or - greenish-brown epidermis. They differ from the last family in having - the peritreme entire. The genera are Valvata, Paludina, and Ampullaria. - - 5. _Neritacea_ (plates, fig. 323 to 333). The peculiarity of the shells - of this family consists in the inner lip being flattened and rather - straight at the inner edge. The genera are Navicella, Neritina, Nerita, - Natica, and Janthina, the last of which forms an exception to the - general character, and is placed by De Blainville in a family by - itself. - - 6. _Macrostomata_ (plates, fig. 334 to 341), so named, on account of - the large open aperture which they present in comparison to the spire. - The shells of this family, which contains the genera Stomatia, - Stomatella, and Haliotis, are pearly within. - - 7. _Plicacea_ (plates, fig. 342 to 344), contains the genera Tornatella - and Pyramidella. - - 8. _Scalariana_ (plates, fig. 345 to 352). The genera Vermetus, - Scalaria and Delphinula, seem to have been placed in this family by - Lamarck, on account of the whorls being distinct from each other. - - 9. _Turbinacea_ (plates, 353 to 371). The shells contained in this - family are all more or less globose, or angular, thickened and pearly - within. The following genera are included in this division by Lamarck, - Solarium, Rotella, Trochus, Monodonta, Turbo, Planaxis, Phasianella, - and Turritella. - - 10. _Canalifera_ (plates, fig. 372 to 401). The numerous genera of - which this family is formed, namely, Cerithium, Pleurotoma, Turbinella, - Cancellaria, Fasciolaria, Fusus, Pyrula, Ranella, Murex, Triton, are - distinguished by having at the anterior termination of the aperture, a - more or less elongated canal. - - 11. _Alatæ_ (plates, fig. 402 to 406). These are known by having the - outer lip more or less expanded and generally a posterior canal leaning - towards the spire. The genera are Rostellaria, Strombus, and - Pteroceras. - - 12. _Purpurifera_ (plates, fig. 407 to 429). In these, the canal, if - such it may be called, is extremely short, and turning abruptly - backwards, produces a kind of varix at the lower part of the whorl. The - genera enumerated in this family are Cassidaria, Cassis, Ricinula, - Purpura, Monoceras, Concholepas, Harpa, Dolium, Buccinum, Eburna, - Terebra. - - 13. _Columellata_ (plates, fig. 430 to 433). The shells of this family - are emarginated at the anterior extremity of the aperture, and the - inner lip is characterized by plates or folds, which, with the - exception of those on Columbella, are distinct. The genera are Mitra, - Voluta, Marginella, Volvaria, Columbella, the latter of which would be - better placed among the Purpurifera. - - 14. Convolutæ (plates, fig. 444 to 462). The well-known shells - contained in this family are distinguished for the small proportion of - the spire, if any, which remains uncovered by the last whorl. They - might be well divided into two groups, the first containing the genera - Ovulum and Cypræa, under the name of Cypræadæ, which are truly - convolute, having the spire entirely hidden; and the second containing - the genera Oliva. Ancillaria, and Conus. - -Order _Polythalamous, or Chambered Cephalopoda._ - -The greater part of the shells belonging to this order are symmetrical, and -the internal cavity is divided into separate compartments, by plates called -_Septa_. It is divided into the following families:-- - - 1. _Orthocerata_ (plates, fig. 463 to 470), containing the genera - Belemnites, Orthoceras, Nodosaria, Hippurites, and Conilites. - Hippurites certainly has no affinity with the Cephalopoda, but is - ascertained to be a bivalve shell, properly belonging to the family - Rudistes; the other genera are straight, elongated, and conical. - - 2. _Lituacea_ (plates, fig. 471), containing the genera Spirula, - Spirulina, and Lituola, the two latter of which are microscopic. - - 3. _Cristacea_, containing the microscopic genera Renulina, Orbiculina, - and Cristellaria. - - 4. _Spherulacea_, containing the microscopic genera Miliola, Gyrogona, - and Melonia. - - 5. _Radiolacea_, containing the microscopic genera Rotalites, - Lenticulina, Placentula. - - 6. _Nautilacea_ (plates, fig. 472 to 476). This family contains the - following genera--Discorbites, Siderolites, Polystomella, Vorticialis, - Nummulites, and Nautilus; the two latter of which alone are now - received in cabinets of shells, the four former belonging to that class - of microscopic fossils, now termed Foraminifera; the genus Nummulites, - although large, may probably belong to the same class, and perhaps it - would have been better to have included the remaining genus, Nautilus, - in the next family, from which it differs in having the septa which - divides the chambers simple at their edges. - - 7. _Ammonacea_ (plates, fig. 477 to 484). The edges of the septa of - these are all more or less sinuous and complicated. This family - contains the following genera, Ammonites, Ammonoceras, Baculites, and - Turrilites, the latter of which presents a singular anomaly in having - an oblique spire, like that of the order Trachelipoda, while it is - divided into chambers by sinuous septa. - -Order _Monothalamous Cephalopoda_. - -The only shells included in this order belong to the genera Argonauta -(plates, fig. 485), placed here by Lamarck, and Bellerophon (plates, fig. -486 and 487), a fossil genus subsequently added. - -Order _Heteropoda_. - -The singular and beautiful transparent shell contained in this order, under -the generic name Carinaria, forms a covering to a small portion of an -animal, equally remarkable and equally distinct from those of all other -orders. - - - -The above arrangement, although far from perfect, and requiring numerous -modifications, is perhaps liable to as few objections as any other yet -proposed, and will certainly be more easily understood by those who have -not the opportunity of studying the soft parts of the animal. - - * * * * * - -CONCHOLOGICAL MANUAL. - - ABIDA. Leach. A genus founded on a species of PUPA, which has the - peristome slightly reflected, and numerous plaits in the aperture. Pupa - Juniperi, Pupa secale, Draparnaud. Great Britain; also Central and - Southern Europe. - - ABRA. Leach. A genus composed of AMPHIDESMA tenue, prismaticum, and - other small thin species. British Channel and Mediterranean. _Fam._ - Mactracea. - - ABSIA. Leach. LITHOTRYA, Sowerby. _Fam._ Pedunculated Cirripedes. - - ACAMAS. Montfort. BELEMNITES multiforatus, Blainville. A species - described as being perforated at the apex, by a stellated perforation. - No species of Belemnite at present known agreeing with the description; - it is supposed to have been taken from a broken specimen. - - ACANTHOCHETES. A name given to a species of Chiton having bunches of - bristles at the sides of the valves. - - ACARDO. Commerçon. Described from a pair of bony plates, taken from the - vertebræ of the Whale, and mistaken for a bivalve shell, destitute of a - hinge. - - ACARDO. Swainson. A generic term applied by Swainson to the nearly - toothless species of Cardium, named C. edentulum by some authors; C. - Greenlandicum by others: fig. 123*. - - ACASTA. Leach. _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, _Lamarck_. BALANUS - _Montagui_, Sowerby. A small genus separated from Balanus, on account - of the cup-shaped base, but re-united by Sowerby, who shews, in his - Genera of Shells, that this is a merely accidental circumstance, - resulting from the situations in which the shells acquire their growth. - If, for instance, the Balanus be attached to a flat surface, in an open - situation, the base will be short and flat; if it be placed in a hollow - among other growing substances, it will be lengthened out in order that - the aperture of the shell may be even with the outer surface of the - surrounding mass; and if, as in the Acastæ, it be imbedded in a soft - and loose substance, the base, being left to itself, will take a - regular form. The Acastæ are found imbedded in sponges. _Ex._ Balanus - Montagui, of Great Britain, fig. 26. Also found in the Pacific ocean - and Philippines. - - ACAVUS. Montfort. _Fam._ Limacinea, Blainville; Colimacea, Lamarck. A - division of the genus Helix, which may be considered synonymous with De - Ferrusac's sub-genus Helicogena. De Montfort has given H. Hæmastoma, as - an example. Fig. 267. - - ACCESSARY VALVES, are the smaller or less important testaceous plates, - found on the hinge or dorsal margins of the true valves of some shells. - Example, the small plates on the hinge of Pholas, fig. 55, a. The - Pholades were placed by Linnæus and Bruguière among multivalve shells. - - ACEPHALOPHORA. Blainville. (_a_, without; [Greek: kephale], head.) The - third class of the type Malacozoaria, Bl. including all bivalve shells, - the animals of which have no distinct head. This class corresponds with - the Conchifera of Lamarck, and is divided into the orders - Palliobranchiata, Rudistes, Lamellibranchiata, and Heterobranchiata, - the last of which contains no genera of testaceous Mollusca. - - ACHATINA, Auctorum. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. (from Achates, an agate.) - _Fam._ Limacineæ, Bl. _Gen._ POLYPHEMUS, Montf.--_Descr._ Shell oval or - oblong, sub-turrited, light, thin; aperture oval, or pyriform; outer - lip sharp; columella smooth, tortuous, truncated, so as to form a notch - at its union with the outer lip.--_Obs._ It is from this notch that we - are enabled to distinguish Achatinæ from Bulini, which, moreover, - generally have a reflected outer lip. The Polyphemi of Montfort have an - undulation in the centre of the outer lip. Achatina Virginea, fig. 286. - Polyphemus Glans, fig. 288. These land shells are found in various - parts of the globe, but attain the greatest size and richness of - colouring in tropical climates; particularly in the West India Islands. - - ACHATINELLA. SOW. A small group of shells, differing from Achatina in - having the inner edge of the outer lip thickened, and a slight groove - near the suture of the spire. Fig. 287. Sandwich Islands. - - ACHELOIS. Montf. CONILITES Achelois. Knorr. Supp. T. 4, fig. 1. - - ACICULA. Nilson. ACHATINA Acicula, Auct. CIONELLA, Jeffreys. - - ACIONA. Leach. A genus described by De Blainville as consisting of - those species of Scalaria, the whorls of which do not touch each other. - If this account be correct, the genus proposed by Leach will include - the typical species of Scalaria, such as S. pretiosa. - - ACME. Hartmann. A genus formed of TURBO fuscus, Walker. AURICULA - lineata, Drap. thus described--"Shell sub-cylindrical, with a blunt - tip; mouth ovate, simple, thin, slightly reflected over the pillar, - forming a slight perforation." The animal is said to resemble a - Cyclostoma, but has no operculum. Auricula lineata, Drap. Hist. 57, t. - 3, fig. 20, 21. Southern Europe. - - ACTEON. Montf. TORNATELLA, Lam. - - ACTINOCAMAX. Stokes. A genus of Belemnitiform Fossils. - - ACULEATED. Beset with sharp spines, as the margin of Chiton aculeatus, - fig. 227. - - ACUMINATED. Terminating in a point, as the apex of Melania subulata, - fig. 313. - - ACUS. Humphrey. TEREBRA of Lamarck. - - ACUTE. Sharp, pointed, or sharp-edged. - - ADDUCTOR MUSCLE. That which draws the two valves of a shell together, - and leaves a mark on the inner surface of each, called the MUSCULAR - IMPRESSION. - - ADELOSINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - ADESMACEA. Bl. (_a_, without; [Greek: Desma], _desma_, ligament.) The - 10th family of the order _Lamellibranchiata_, Bl. composed of Mollusca - which either bore tubular dwellings in rocks, wood, &c. or live in - testaceous tubes, their shells being consequently destitute of the - hinge ligament. The action of opening and shutting the valves being - limited to the narrow space to which they are confined, or else the - valves themselves being soldered into the tube, renders it unnecessary - for them to have a ligament to keep them in their places. The genera - Pholas, Teredina, Fistulana, and Septaria, belong to this family, which - corresponds in part with the families Tubicolaria and Pholadaria, of - Lamarck. - - ADNA. Leach. One of the genera separated by Leach from _Pyrgoma_, and - characterized as consisting of an upper valve, supported on a - funnel-shaped base, which is not buried in the coral to which it is - attached, like Pyrgoma, but is seen externally. The operculum consists - of four valves. Adna, fig. 32. British Channel and Mediterranean. - - ADNATE. A term applied by some authors to those shells belonging to the - family of Unionidæ, which have the valves joined together at the dorsal - margin, not like other bivalves, by a distinct ligament, but by the - substance of the shell itself, the valves appearing to grow together in - such a manner that they cannot be separated without one of them being - broken as will be seen in our figure of Dipsas plicatus, fig. 142. This - circumstance has been made the foundation of specific and even generic - distinctions, for which however it is insufficient, because many - species which when young are "_adnate_," when fully grown have their - valves joined together only by a ligament. - - ÆGLIA. Say. A division of "Unionidæ," described as having the "shell - cuneate; bosses prominent; cardinal teeth much compressed, placed on - one side of the bosses. Æglia ovata, _Say_. Occidens _Lea_. Am. Tr. - iii. pl. 10." Lardner's Encyclopedia of Malacology. - - AGANIDES. Montf. ORBULITES, Lam. - - AGATHIRSES. Montf. SILIQUARIA, Auct. - - AGINA ----? Belongs to SAXICAVA, Auct. - - AKERA. Bl. The fourth family of the order Monopleurobranchiata, Bl. - containing the genera Bulla, Bullæa and Bellerophon, which, excepting - the last, constitutes the family Bullæana, Lam. - - AKERA. A genus of extremely light, horny shells, resembling BULLA, from - which it differs, in the outer lip being separated from the body whorl, - which is elastic. _Ex._ Bulla fragilis, fig. 247. - - ALÆA. Jeffrey's. A genus of minute land shells, resembling _Vertigo_, - but separated because they are dextral, while Vertigo is sinistral. - _Ex._ fig. 292. A. marginata, Pupa marginata, Drap. found in marshy - ground, roots of trees, moss, &c. Britain and Southern and Central - Europe. - - ALASMODON. Say. A division of the genus UNIO, Auct. consisting of those - species which have cardinal, but no lateral teeth. _Ex._ A. - complanatus, fig. 141. North America and Europe. - - ALATÆ. Lam. A family of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. containing the - following genera which may be thus distinguished. - - 1. ROSTELLARIA. Sinus close to the canal; including _Hippochrenes_, - and _Aporrhais_, Fig. 402 to 404. - - 2. STROMBUS. Sinus not close to the canal. Fig. 406. - - 3. PTEROCERAS. Same, digitated. Fig. 405. - - ALATED. (From Ala, a wing.) Winged, a term applied to shells, when any - portion of them is spread out in any direction, as in fig. 403. - Hippochrenes, Montf. and fig. 147, Unio Alatus. - - ALCADIA. Gray? (B. M. Syn. p. 134) Helicinæ which have a notch in the - aperture. A distinction which it is impossible to maintain. See - HELICINA. - - ALATUS. Humphrey. STROMBUS, Auct. - - ALECTRION. Montf. BUCCINUM Papillosum, Auct. fig. 422. - - ALEPAS. Rang. A genus of Pedunculated Cirripedes without a shell. - - ALVEOLINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - AMALTHUS. Montf. A. margaritaceus, Montf. is a species of AMMONITES - described as very flat, keeled, with an angular aperture. It belongs to - the family Ammonacea, Lam. - - AMARULA ----? A genus composed of MELANIA Amarula, Auct. and similar - species. - - AMBIGUÆ. Lam. The fourth section of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, - containing the family Chamacea, fig. 153 to 155. - - AMICULA. A genus formed for the reception of CHITON amiculatus, Auct. - the valves of which are covered by an integument; so as to be - completely hidden externally. - - AMIMONUS. Montf. CONILITES ungulatus, Knorr. A species distinguished - only by being slightly curved; _Fam._ Orthocerata, Lam. - - AMMONACEA. Bl. The fourth family of the order Polythalamia, Bl. or - chambered shells, described as thin, chambered, discoidal, convolute, - symmetrical, generally compressed, with visible whorls. This last - character is used in De Blainville's System to distinguish the - Ammonacea from the Nautilacea. This family contains the genera - Discorbites, Scaphites, Ammonites, and Simplegas. - - AMMONACEA. Lam. The seventh family of Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Lam. - containing the genera Ammonites, Orbulites, Ammonoceras, Turrilites and - Baculites, to which may be added Amalthus, Simplegas, Ellipsolites, - Nautellipsites, Hamites, Icthyosarcolites, and other genera mentioned - in the list of figures 477 to 484. - - AMMONITES. Auct. (from Jupiter Ammon.) _Fam._ Ammonacea, Lam. and - Bl.--_Descr._ Symmetrical, convolute, discoidal, orbicular; chambers - numerous, divided by lobated, branched or sinuous septa, perforated by - a Siphon; aperture generally more or less modified by the last whorl. - The fossils of the secondary strata which compose this genus are - numerous and well known; they are vulgarly termed "snake-stones," and - some of them are extremely beautiful, particularly when the internal - structure is exhibited by a section. There is some difficulty in - distinguishing them from the Fossil Nautili, for although the whorls, - being visible and the Septa _sinuous_, may be taken as the - characteristics of the Ammonites, yet there are several species which - partake the characters of both. The Orbulites of Lamarck (fig. 479) for - instance, have sinuous septa like Ammonites, but the last whorl covers - those which precede it as in Nautilus. Simplegas Montf. and Bl. (fig. - 475) has the whorls visible externally and the septa simple. Ammonites - is figured in the plates (478). - - AMMONOCERAS, or AMMONOCERATITES. Lam. (from _Ammon_ & [Greek: Keras], - ceras, horn.) The shells described under this Lamarckian genus present - an anomaly which is considered by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, sen., as merely - accidental. They resemble the Ammonites in internal structure, but - instead of being spirally convolute they are merely curved like a horn. - _Ex._ fig. 477, copied from De Blainville. - - AMNICOLA. The name of a genus mentioned in the family of Melaniana in - the conchological part of the Synopsis of the British Museum, but - unexplained. - - AMPHIBOLA ----? The same as AMPULLARIA, Auct. - - AMPHIBULIMA. Lam. SUCCINEA Patula, Auct. (fig. 266.) was first - published in the Ann. du. Mus. D'Hist. Nat. under the name Amphibulima - cucullata. The generic name was afterwards abandoned by its author, and - the species stands in his system as Succinea cucullata. West Indies. - - AMPHIDESMA. Lam. (from [Greek: Amphô], _ampho_, _ambo_, [Greek: - Desmos], _desmos_, _ligamentum_). _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, oval or rounded, sub-equilateral, sometimes rather gaping at - the sides, with slight posterior fold; hinge with one or two cardinal - teeth in each valve, and two elongated lateral teeth, distinct in one - valve, nearly obsolete in the other; ligament short, separated from the - cartilage, which is elongated and couched obliquely in an excavation of - the hinge.--_Obs._ In most bivalve shells, the cartilage and ligament - are united in one mass, or placed close to each other; the contrary in - this case gives rise to the name, which signifies _double ligament_. - This circumstance distinguishes the genus Amphidesma from Tellina, - which in other respects it greatly resembles. From Lutraria it may be - known by its distinct lateral teeth, and also by its valves being - nearly close all round, while the Lutrariæ gape anteriorly. The species - do not appear to be numerous, no fossil species are known. A. - _Reticulatum_, fig. 85. West India Islands, Brazil, Coast of Pacific, - &c. - - AMPHIPEPLEA. Nilson. The type of this proposed genus is LIMNEA - glutinosa, Auct. Gray's edition of Turton, page 243, plate 9. fig. 103. - The shell is polished and the inner lip expanded. - - AMPHISTEGINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - AMPLEXUS. J. Sowerby. A. _Corralloides_, fig. 463. A singularly formed - fossil, described as nearly cylindrical, divided into chambers by - numerous transverse septa, which embrace each other with reflected - margins. It occurs in the Dublin limestone, and resembles a coral or - madrepore. - - AMPLEXUS. A generic name proposed by Captain Brown for HELIX pulchella, - Drap. 112, tab. 107-134. Zurama, Leach. - - AMPULLARIA. Auct. (_Ampulla_, a rounded vessel). _Fam._ "Peristomiens," - Lam. Ellipsostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Spiral, globular, sometimes - discoidal, frequently umbilicated, covered with a rounded, horny - epidermis; spire short; whorls rapidly enlarging; aperture elliptical, - rounded anteriorly; peristome nearly or quite entire, thickened and - slightly reflected; operculum, testaceous, annular, with a subcentral - nucleus.--_Obs._ This genus of fresh-water shells of which a few fossil - species occur, is easily distinguished from other genera, by obvious - characters, particularly by a thick, horny, greenish-brown epidermis, - and the rotundity in form. One species, the A. Cornu-arietis which - forms the type of Lamarck's genus Planorbis, requires notice on account - of its flatness, but may be known by the aperture which in the - Ampullaria is longer than wide, and in Planorbis the contrary. - Lanistes, Montf. is described from a _reversed_ species of Ampullaria. - The Ampullaria is vulgarly called the Idol Shell, and is said to be - held in great veneration by the South American Savages. The animal has - a large bag, opening beneath, placed on the side of the respiratory - cavity. It is supposed that the animal has the power of filling this - bag with water, and that it is thus enabled to live a long time out of - water. They have been brought as far as from Egypt to Paris alive, - packed in saw-dust. _Ex._ fig. 318. East and West Indies, North Africa, - South America, &c. - - AMPULLARINA ----? A genus formed for the reception of AMPULLARIA - avellana. Fig. 538. From Australia. - - AMPULLINA ----? Part of the genus HELICINA, Auct. - - ANALOGOUS. A term applied to certain species of fossil shells, which - present a certain degree of resemblance to recent species; but which - are not sufficiently similar to warrant the use of the term - 'identical,' or any other implying that they are of the same species. - - ANASTOMA or ANOSTOMA. Fischer. (from [Greek: Ana], _ana_, backwards; - [Greek: Stoma], _stoma_, mouth) _Fam._ Colimacea, Lamark. A genus of - land shells so named from the singular circumstance of the last whorl - taking a sudden turn and reflecting the aperture upwards, so as to - present it on the same plane with the spire; so that the animal walks - with the spire of the shell downwards resting on the foot. In other - respects, the two species of which this genus is composed, resemble - other Helices; and belong to De Ferrusac's division "Helicodonta." - _Tomogerus_ is De Montfort's name for this genus. _A. depressum_ is - represented in the plates figs. 271, 272. The nearest approach to this - genus will be found in the fossil shell named Strophostoma, by - Deshayes, which, however, has no teeth in the aperture and is provided - with an operculum like Cyclostoma. South America. - - ANATIFER. Brug. ANATIFA, Lam. This name, which signifies Duckbearing, - has been given to the shells commonly called Barnacles, on account of - an absurd notion entertained among the ancients, that they inclose the - young of the Barnacle duck, in an embryo state. The beautiful bunch of - jointed arms, the ciliæ of which serve the purpose of agitating the - water, so as to draw in food by the current, were supposed to be the - feathers of the future bird. For a description of these shells, see - PENTELASMIS; and fig. 34. - - ANATINA. Lam. (_That which belongs to a duck._) _Fam._ Myaria, Lam. - Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, transparent, generally equivalve, - inequilateral, transverse, marine; hinge with a spoon-shaped process in - each valve, containing the cartilage.--_Obs._ Some species included in - the genus Anatina of authors, A. striata, for instance, have not the - spoon-shaped prominence, but in its place a small, testaceous, moving - appendage, connected with the interior of the hinge. These are now - separated, and form the genus LYONSIA. The genus Næara, Gray, is - composed of Anatina longirostrum, and similar species, which have - neither the bony appendage nor the spoon-shaped prominence. Mya is - distinguished from Anatina, by the thickness of the shell, and also by - having the prominence only in the hinge of one valve. Fig. 69. A. - rostrata. The Anatinæ are found in the East Indies and South Sea - Islands. - - ANATINELLA. G. B. Sowerby. (Dimunition of _Anatina_). A genus so named - from its resemblance to Anatina, from which it differs in being - destitute of the internal appendage, and having no sinus in the palleal - impression. One species having been brought from Ceylon, received the - name of Anatinella Sibbaldii. Another has lately been found in the - Philippine Islands. Fig. 70. - - ANATOMUS. Montf. Tom. 2, plate 279. A microscopic shell, appearing from - the figure to resemble SCISSURELLA. - - ANAULAX. Brogn. ANCILLARIA, Auct. - - ANCILLA. Lam. ANCILLARIA, Auct. - - ANCILLARIA. Auct. ANCILLA, Lam. (_A handmaid._) _Fam._ convolutæ, Lam. - Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Smooth, oblong, subcylindrical. Spire - short, sutures hidden by enamel. Aperture long, anteriorly emarginated - and somewhat effuse. Columella tortuous, oblique, tumid, - truncated.--_Obs._ The Ancillariæ are pretty shining shells, enveloped - almost entirely by the soft parts of the animal. They resemble Oliva, - from which they are distinguished by the suture of the spire being - filled up with shelly enamel, nearly covering the surface. The whorls - in Oliva being separated by a distinct canal. Ancillaria may be known - from Terebellum by the tumid varix at the base of the columella. The - well known Ivory shell, Eburna glabrata, _Lam._ belongs to this genus, - of which a few fossil species are found in the London clay, Calcaire - grossièr and green sand, Turin. The recent species are found in the - Islands of the Indian Ocean and Australian Seas. A. glabrata is - represented in the plates fig. 455; A. cinnamonea, fig. 456. - - ANCULOSA. Say. _Fam._ Melaniana, Lam. Ellipsostomata, Bl. A genus - proposed to include some fresh-water shells resembling those of the - genus Melania, the difference between them being that the spire of - Anculosa is more depressed, and the anterior of the outer lip more - angulated than in Melania. On an examination of the different species, - however, it will be found that this is quite unsatisfactory, as a - generic distinction; because some of the species with short flattened - spires, have rounded, and others angulated apertures. North America. An - example of each is represented, fig. 314. - - ANCYLUS. Geoffroy. _Fam._ Calyptracea, Lam. Otides, Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, - obliquely conical, patelliform; apex acute, turned sidewise and - backwards; aperture oval; margin simple.--_Obs._ Although the little - fresh-water shells described under this name, resemble those of the - genus Patella, the animals which produce them are nearly allied to the - Lymneanæ. And, it may also be observed, that the shells themselves - differ from Patella in not being quite symmetrical, having the apex - turned on one side. A. fluviatilis, fig. 246. Found in Great Britain, - and in Southern and Central Europe, West Indies, &c. - - ANDROMEDES. Montf. VORTICIALIS, Lam. _Fam._ Nautilacea, Lam. A genus of - microscopic Foraminifera. - - ANGULATED. (Angulatus.) Having an angle, or corner, as the anterior of - the aperture of Eulima, fig. 348; the posterior side of Castalia, fig. - 140; the whorls of Carocolla, fig. 277. - - ANGULITES. Montf. A genus composed of species of fossil NAUTILI, - described by De Blainville as not umbilicated, with a dorsal keel and - angular aperture. NAUTILUS triangularis Buffon. - - ANGIOSTOMATA. Bl. The third family of Siphonobranchiata, Bl. described - as differing little from the family of Entomostomata, but having long, - narrow, straight apertures, and the columellar lips straight or nearly - so. Were it not for the admission of the genus Strombus into this - family, it would correspond with COLUMELLARIA and CONVOLUTÆ of Lamarck. - - ANNELIDES. The ninth class of invertebrated animals, divided into three - orders, namely, A. Apodes, A. Antennés, and A. Sedentaires. The last - only contains families of testaceous Mollusca. The animals are - vermicular, some naked, others inhabiting shelly tubes. See SEDENTARY - ANNELIDES. - - ANNULAR OPERCULUM is one which has the nucleus central, or nearly so, - the other layers surrounding it in flattened rings. The term concentric - is also applied. See Introduction. - - ANNULATED. (Annus, a ring.) Composed of, or surrounded by rings, as in - the case of Tubicinella, fig. 14. - - ANODON. Brug. _Fam._ Submytilacea, Bl. Nayades, Lam. A genus composed - of such species of NAYADES as are destitute of teeth on the hinge. - Europe, North America, &c. An example is given in A. Cataractus, fig. - 152. - - ANOMALINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - ANOMIA. _Fam._ Ostracea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Irregular, inequivalve, - sub-equilateral, foliaceous, pearly within; adhering to marine - substances by means of a bony appendage, which passes through a large - circular opening in the lower valve; muscular impression divided into - three irregular portions; hinge destitute of teeth with a short - cartilage.--_Obs._ The Linnæan genus included not only the shells to - which the description above given would apply, but also many other - genera, such as Crania, Orbicula, Terebratula, &c. which belong to the - Brachiopoda, and are perfectly distinct. The Anomiæ are found in - Europe, N. America, Moluccas, Philippine Islands, &c. Fig. 186, in the - plates, is a somewhat reduced representation of a full grown specimen - of A. Ephippium. Fig. 187, the hinge of the under valve, with the bony - process. Fig. 188, the hinge showing the opening through which it - passes. - - ANOSTOMA. See ANASTOMA. - - ANSATES. Klein. A genus formed of those species of Patella which have a - produced, recurved beak. Helcion, Montf. _Ex._ Patella pellucida, fig. - 230. - - ANSULUS or ANSYLUS. Mr. Gray conjectures that the name of the genus - Ancylus, should be so written. - - ANTENOR. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - ANTERIOR. In Bivalves is the side on which the head, or part analogous - to the head of the animal lies; it is known in the shell by the - umbones, which if turned at all, are turned towards that part. If there - be a sinus in the impression of the mantle, it is always on the - posterior part of the shell. If the ligament be placed only on one side - of the umbones, it is only on the posterior side. The anterior of a - _spiral univalve_ is that part of the outer lip which is at the - greatest distance from the apex. Of a _symmetrical_ conical univalve - such as Patella, it is that part where the head of the animal lies, - indicated by the interruption of the muscular impression. Of - _cirripedes_, that part where the ciliæ protrude are anterior; of - _Brachiopoda_, that part which is farthest from the umbones and which - corresponds with the ventral margin in other Bivalves. The anterior of - _symmetrical, convolute univalves_, is the outer or dorsal part of the - aperture, or that part which is farthest from the spire. Lamarck and - other Conchological writers have occasioned much confusion by their - errors on this subject; describing the same part of a shell at one time - anterior, at another posterior; but generally the reverse of the above - arrangement, which is founded upon the natural position of the animal, - and generally adopted. The anterior will be indicated by the letter - _a_, in figs. 119, 421, 229, 34, 202. - - ANTIGONA. Schum. A genus composed of VENUS cancellata, Lam. (fig. 119.) - and similar species. - - ANTIQUATED. This word, signifying _out of date_, is occasionally used - to express that species of composition which constantly occurs in - shells, by each fresh deposit or layer of calcareous matter, forming a - new margin, which being replaced by its successor, is no longer used as - the margin, and is consequently said to be out of date. - - APEX. This term does not apply to the natural position of a shell, but - is used in a mathematical sense, to indicate the nucleus or first - formed part; which may be considered as the point of the spiral cone. - From this point, the shell enlarging rapidly or slowly as it descends, - takes a spiral, arched, straight, oblique, convolute, or irregularly - spiral course. The apex will be indicated by the letter _a_, in fig. - 282 and 466. - - APERTURE or MOUTH. The entrance to the spiral cavity of univalve - shells. The parts of the aperture are separately described, as follows: - The inner lip or labium is that part which lies over the preceding - whorl of the shell. It terminates anteriorly, or towards the lower part - in what is termed the columella, so called because it forms a kind of - axis on which the volutions turn. The outer lip, sometimes called the - labrum, is on the opposite side, or the farthest from the axis. If the - edges of the inner and outer lips unite all round, they are described - as composing the peritrême. In fig. 318, the aperture is marked by the - letter a. - - APHRODITA. Lea. (from [Greek: Aphroditê], Greek name of Venus.) A genus - composed of CARDIUM Groenlandicum, Auct. fig. 123*, and other similar - species of Cardium, the teeth of which are either wholly wanting, or - very indistinct. Northern Ocean. - - APICIAL. Belonging to the apex. The apicial extremity of the aperture - of a univalve shell, is that which is nearest to the apex of the spire. - - APICULUM. Humph. TROCHUS, Lam. - - APLEUROTIS. Rafinesque. A genus unfigured and imperfectly described as - differing in some respects from Terebratula and other Brachiopodæ. - - APLEXUS. Fleming. A genus composed of PHYSA Hypnorum, Drap. &c. and - described as having the inner lip simple, and not spread over the body - whorl. - - APLODON. Rafinesque. A genus proposed to be established at the expense - of the genus HELIX, but upon what grounds does not appear from the - imperfect description which is unaccompanied by a figure. - - APLUSTRE. Schum. A genus formed for the reception of those species of - BULLA which have the spire uncovered. _Ex._ Bulla Aplustre, - (_aplustre_, a flag.) Auct. fig. 289. - - APLYSIA. Linn. (_a_, without; [Greek: Pluô], to wash.) _Fam._ - Laplysiens, Lam. Aplysiana, Bl.--_Descr._ Horny, transparent, - clypeiform, or shield-shaped, placed horizontally on the back of the - animal, with its convex side uppermost; apex slightly incurved.--_Obs._ - The animal producing this shell has derived its name from the purplish - liquor which it exudes, when disturbed. In contour, it has been fancied - to present a certain likeness to a hare crouching, and on this account - was called _Lepus marinus_, or sea hare, by the ancients. The shell - bears a strong resemblance to Dolabella, which, however, is much - thicker, and more testaceous. The species are found in the - Mediterranean, European, and West Indian Seas. A. Petersoni, fig. 254. - - APLYSIACEA. Bl. The second family of the order Monopleurobranchiata, - Bl. The animals composing this family are either destitute of shells, - or are provided with internal ones, which are flat, open, oblique, with - the apex or nucleus slightly incurved, not distinctly spiral. This - family contains the genera, Aplysia and Dolabella. The first - sub-spiral, with the apex terminal; shell thin, horny. Fig. 254. The - second the same, but thick and shelly. Fig. 255. - - APOLLON. Montf. RANELLA Ranina, Auct. Placed by De Blainville in that - division of Ranella, which is characterized as being umbilicated. Fig. - 393. - - APOROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of the second section of - Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. The Thecosmata is the only family of this - order containing any approach to shells, these are Hyalæa and Cymbulia. - - APORRHAIS. Petiver. A genus formed of ROSTELLARIA Pes-pelicani, _Auct._ - (fig. 404) and similar species. Although the shell presents no - characters to distinguish it generically from Rostellaria, those who - have examined the soft parts are convinced that it is distinct. Of the - three species now known and figured in part I. of Thesaurus - Conchyliorum, by the Author, one is common on our own coast, and in the - Mediterranean; also North America. See ROSTELLARIA. - - AQUATIC. A term applied by some authors to those species of Molluscous - animals, which inhabit fresh water, either in rivers, or salt water - standing pools, as distinguished from the marine or Mollusca. See - Fresh-water. - - AQUILLUS. Montf. TRITON Lampas, Cutaceus, &c. Auct. Placed by De - Blainville in the division of the genus Triton, which is described as - having a short spire, being covered with tubercles and umbilicated. - Triton Cutaceus, fig. 399. - - ARCA. Auct. (Anglicè, a boat.) _Fam._ Arcacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Obliquely - transverse, subquadrate, equivalve, or nearly so, inequilateral, thick, - ventricose, longitudinally ribbed, dentated near the inner margins; - hinge rectilinear, forming a flat, external area, upon which the - ligament is spread in cross rows, and having a series of small, regular - teeth, extending on both sides of the umbones in each valve; muscular - impressions distant.--_Obs._ The shells composing this genus are easily - distinguished from those of all other bivalve shells, by the straight, - linear row of small, notched teeth, and by the area between the - umbones. The genus _Cucullæa_ makes the nearest approach to it in this - respect, but it may easily be known from it by the outermost teeth on - each side of the row being oblique, and lengthened out; and also by the - prominent edge of the muscular impression. These shells are found - recent, in various marine localities; fossil, in the tertiary deposits. - The Arca Noæ, formerly regarded as the type of this genus, has, with - several other species, been separated from it under the name of - Bysso-arca, by Swainson, on account of an hiatus in the ventral margin, - to admit the passage of a byssus; this is not found in the true Arcæ. - The true Arcæ are mostly tropical. Arca Antiquata, fig. 131. Bysso-arca - Noæ, 132. - - ARCACEA. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, characterized - by a series of teeth placed on the hinge in a line. The genera may be - distinguished as follows, - - 1. ARCA. Hinge straight; valves close. Fig. 131. - - 2. BYSSO-ARCA. Valves gaping. Fig. 132. - - 3. CUCULLÆA. Distant teeth oblique; posterior muscular impression - prominent. Fig. 133. - - 4. PECTUNCULUS. Hinge curved. Fig. 134. - - 5. NUCULA. The same, with a pit in the centre of the hinge, - including Myopara and Crenella. Figs. 135 to 137. - - 6. SOLENELLA. Fresh water, oval; a series of teeth on one side of - the hinge, only two or three on the other. Fig. 138. - - ARCHAIAS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - ARCHONTE. Montf. HYALÆA, Auct. - - ARCINELLA. Schum. CHAMA Arcinella, Auct. - - ARCTICA. Schum. CYPRINA Icelandica, Auct. - - ARCUATED. (Arcus, an arch.) Bent in the form of an arch, as Dentalium, - fig. 2. - - AREA. A flat space or disc, on any part of a shell. As for instance, - the triangular space on the hinge of Arca, fig. 132, and Spondylus. - - ARENACEOUS. (Arena, sand.) Of a sandy texture, as the sand tubes - surrounding the bodies of some of the Annellides, named Arenaria on - this account. But the word is more commonly used to intimate the habits - of the animal, burrowing with its shell in the sand. - - ARETHUSA. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - ARGONAUTA. Auct. Commonly called the "Paper Sailor." _Fam._ Pteropoda, - Bl. _Order_ Cephalopoda Monothalamia, Lam.--_Descr._ Light, thin, - transparent or nearly so, symmetrically convolute, carinated by a - double row of tubercles, terminating smooth or tuberculated ribs - radiating towards the centre; aperture large, elongated; peritrême - acute, interrupted by the body whorl.--_Obs._ The exquisitely - beautiful, light and delicate fabrics included under the above name are - inhabited by a molluscous animal named the _Ocythöe_, which is provided - with tuberculated arms. These, hanging over the sides of the aperture, - give to the whole the appearance of a vessel propelled by oars: a - poetical illusion further heightened by the broad, flat membranes of - the two arms, which, when vertically expanded, present an idea of - sails. Pliny has described the Nautilus (the name has been changed by - the moderns) as sailing gracefully on the Mediterranean waters; and - Pope has versified the idea in the well known lines - - "Learn of the little Nautilus to sail, Spread the thin oar and - catch the driving gale." - - Scientific men have long been engaged in the interesting discussion, - whether the animal really belongs to the shell in which it is found, or - whether, having destroyed the rightful owner, it has possessed itself - of the "frail bark." It is now, however, proved beyond the shadow of a - doubt that the Argonaut is the testaceous part of the Ocythöe, and that - the broad membranes which in some representations have been - artificially placed as sails, are naturally bent backwards over the - shell like the mantle of some other molluscs. The interesting - experiments of Madame Power, in the Mediterranean, have contributed - very materially to lead the investigations of Naturalists to a - satisfactory conclusion. This lady kept a cage under water, in which - Argonautæ were bred in great numbers, giving her an opportunity of - tracing the gradual development of the shell in all its stages, from - the elastic and transparent nucleus to the full grown "Paper Sailor." - Fig. 485. - - ARIANTA. Leach. A sub-genus of land shells, containing HELIX - arbustorum, Auct. (Gray, Turton, p. 137.) - - ARION. A genus of slugs which have no shells. - - ARROW-HEADS. One of the names by which fossils of the genus Belemnites - were formerly known. - - ARTEMIS. A genus of bivalve shells, distinguished from those of the - genus Venus, by having a rounded, denticular form, and a deep, angular - sinus in the palleal impression. This does not appear to me to be a - sufficient ground of generic distinction, the palleal impressions of - the Veneres being subject to great variations. British, also from West - Indies, South America, Australia, &c. A. lincta, fig. 118. - - ARTICULATED. (Jointed.) Applied to distinct parts of shells, which are - fitted or jointed into each other, as the valves of Chitones and those - of Balani. The operculum of Nerita is said to be _articulated_ to the - columella, having a small process by which it is as it were locked - under the edge. See _Introduction_. The word is also applied to the - Cirri, which protrude from the oral openings of Cirripedes. - - ARTICULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - ASIPHONIBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of Paracephalophora Dioica, - Bl. Consisting of spiral univalves, which have no notch or canal at the - anterior part of the aperture. This order is divided into the families - Goniosomata, Cricosomata, Ellipsostomata, Hemicyclostomata, and - Oxystomata. - - ASPERGILLUM. Lam. (From _Aspergo_, to sprinkle.) _Fam._ Tubicolæ, Lam. - Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ The small, equal, equilateral valves are - cemented into, so as to form part of, a large tube; the umbones are - slightly prominent outside. The tube is elongated, rather irregular, - granulated with sandy particles, and terminated at the base by a convex - disc, which is perforated by small pores, elongated into tubes round - the edge, presenting a resemblance to the spout of a watering pot, - whence the name is derived. _Loc._ New Holland, Java, New Zealand, Red - Sea. Fig. 44. Aspergillum Vaginiferum. - - ASSIMINEA. Leach. _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Inclining to oval, - light, thin, covered with a horny epidermis, spire produced into an - acute pyramid; whorls slightly angulated in the centre, rounded - beneath; aperture elliptical, slightly modified by the last whorl; - inner lip planed; outer lip thin; operculum horny, subspiral. Found in - brackish water; one species may be procured abundantly on the muddy - shores of the Thames, in Kent. There are also species from Calcutta, - China, Tahiti, and Australia. Without comparing the animals, it is - difficult to distinguish this genus from some species of Littorina. - Fig. 363. A. Grayana. - - ASTACOLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. CRISTELLARIA - Crepidula, Lam. - - ASTARTE J. Sowerby. (Name of a Sidonian Goddess, _Ashtaroth_ in - Scripture.) _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam. Genus Crassina, Lam.--_Descr._ - Suborbicular, equivalve, inequilateral, thick, compressed; hinge with - two solid diverging teeth in the right valve, one tooth and a slight - posterior elevation in the left; muscular impressions, two in each - valve, uniform, united by a simple palleal impression; ligament - external.--_Obs._ This genus differs from Venus, Cytheræa, &c. in not - having a posterior sinus in the impression of the mantle. The hinge - also differs in having but two cardinal teeth. Astarte differs from - Crassatella in having no internal cartilage in the hinge. Some of the - species are British, others are from America, and one from Sicily. The - fossils occur in Crag, Lower Oolite, &c. Fig. 110. A. Danmoniensis. - - ASTROLEPAS. Klein. CORONULA Testudinaria, Auct. CHELONOBIA, Leach. Fig. - 15. - - ATLANTA. Lesueur. _Fam._ Pteropoda, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Spiral, - convolute, transparent, fragile, compressed, with a broad, fimbriated, - dorsal keel, and a narrow aperture. This shell, which is called "_corne - d'ammon vivant_," is found in the Atlantic. The small Pteropod, figured - in Sowerby's Genera as Limacina, belongs to this genus. Atlanta - Helicialis, fig. 220. - - ATRACTODON. Charlesworth. (Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd series, Vol. 1. p. 218. - ) A genus proposed for the admission of a singular fossil shell, found - on the beach at Felix-stone, of which the following are the - characters;--fusiform, aperture equalling the spire in length, - terminating anteriorly in a slightly recurved canal; columellar lip - smooth, curved, thickened posteriorly into a blunt tooth; spire - obtuse.--_Obs._ This shell would be a Fusus were it not for the tooth - on the posterior extremity of the columellar lip. The only species - known is regularly striated in a spiral direction, and named A. - Elegans. - - ATRYPA, Dalman. A genus of brachiopodous bivalves, distinguished by the - valves being nearly equal, and the umbones not separated by an - intermediate area. A. reticulata, fig 302. - - ATTACHED. Shells are attached to marine substances by various means; in - some cases by a _byssus_, or a bunch of tendinous fibres passing - through an opening between the valves, which gape at their margins to - admit a free passage, as in the genera Byssoarca and Mytilus. In other - cases the byssus is of a more compact substance, and passes through a - perforation in the shell itself. This is the case with many of the - brachiopodous shells, in some species of which the perforation is in - the point of the umbones, a specimen of which is represented in the - Introduction. This species of attachment does not keep the animal - motionless, although it is confined to a particular spot. Other shells - are attached by a portion of their own substance, as in Chama, - Spondylus, Serpula, &c. in which instances, the attached valve is - motionless, and is termed the under valve. The Pedunculated Cirripedes - are attached by a tubular tendinous process, called a peduncle. - - ATTENUATED. Drawn out, long, thin, tapering, as the extremities of - Ovulum Volva, fig. 442. - - ATYS. Montf. A generic name including those species of BULLA, which are - described as "convolute, with the last whorl covering the rest and - hiding the spire, the apex rounded at both ends." Bulla Naucum, Auct. - fig. 250. - - AURICLE. (A little ear.) See AURICULATED. - - AURICULA. Lam. (Dim. from _Auris_ an ear.) _Fam._ Auriculacea. Bl. - Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval or oblong, cylindrical or conical; - aperture long, narrow, generally narrowest in the centre; rounded - anteriorly, with two or three strong folds on the inner lip, and the - outer lip thickened, reflected or denticulated; spire short, obtuse, - epidermis horny, brown.--_Obs._ The above description includes the A. - coniformis, f. 298. and several other conical species with narrow - apertures which formed the genus _Melampus_, Montf. and _Conovulus_, - Lam. The latter author suppressed his genus on ascertaining the - Conovuli to be land shells. We exclude, however, the A. Dombeyana, Lam. - f. 300. and several similar species, which being more rounded, having - thin outer lips and but one fold on the columella, are described under - the generic name _Chilina_, Gray. It appears rather doubtful whether - the Auriculæ are marine or fluviatile, but the animals appear to be - amphibious. The Auriculæ are principally found in Salt Marshes of - Tropical climates, some small species are found on the Southern - European Coasts, as far north as Britain and south as Tierra del Fuego. - The Auriculæ formed a part of the genus Voluta of Linnæus, f. 297. A. - Judæ, f. 298. A. Coniformis. - - AURICULATED. Some bivalve shells, such as _Pecten_, fig. 171, 172, have - a flat, broad, somewhat triangular appendage on one or both sides of - the umbones, called an _auricle_, or little _ear_. If on one side only, - they are said to be _uni-auriculated_; if on both, they are said to be - _bi-auriculated_. - - AURICULACEA. Bl. The second family of the order Pulmobranchiata, thus - described; "shell thick, solid; aperture more or less oval, always - large, rounded anteriorly, and contracted by teeth or folds on the - columella." This family is included in the genus Voluta of Linnæus, on - account of the plaited columellar lip, a character by which that - heterogeneous assemblage of shells is distinguished. It forms part of - the family of _Colimacea_, Lam. from which they differ not only in - general form, but also in the fact of the animals being partly - amphibious, always living (according to De Blainville) on the sea - shore, and being occasionally covered with water for a short time. It - contains the genera Pedipes, Auricula, Pyramidella. - - AURIFERA. Bl. OTION, Auct. - - AURIFORM. (From _Auris_, an ear; _forma_, shape.) Ex. _Haliotis_, fig. - 338. - - AURISCALPIUM. Megerle. ANATINA, Lam. - - AVICULA. Lam. (From _Avis_, a bird). _Fam._ Malleacea, Lam. - Margaritacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, inequilateral, foliaceous, - subquadrate, oblique, pearly; hinge rectilinear, lengthened into - auricular appendages, with a small indistinct tooth in each valve, an - elongated, marginal, ligamentiferous area, and an hiatus in the left - valve, for the passage of a byssus; one circular muscular impression, - near the centre of each valve, with a series of smaller ones arranged - in a line towards the umbones.--_Obs._ The Meleagrinæ of Lamarck, - Margaritiferæ, Schum. included in this description, consist of the more - rounded species, and do not present the elegant obliquity of form, nor - the wing-like auricles from which the genus Avicula receives its name. - The Aviculæ are pearly within. From A. margaritifera, a young specimen - of which is figured in the plates, fig. 164, is obtained oriental - pearls. This is an example of Meleagrina. A. Hirundo, fig. 163, belongs - to the genus Avicula of Lamarck. It is, however, needless to continue - the separation. Aviculæ are from E. and W. Indies, Mexico, Coasts of - the Pacific, Mediterranean, British Islands, &c. Fossil species occur - in the London clay, &c. - - AXINUS. J. Sowerby.--_Descr._ Equivalve, transverse; posterior side - very short, rounded, with a long ligament, placed in a furrow, - extending along the whole edge; anterior side produced, angulated, - truncated, with a flattish _lunule_ near the beaks. The late Mr. James - Sowerby, who described this shell in the Mineral Conchology, did not - consider his genus as established, not having seen the hinge. - - AXIS. The imaginary line, round which the whorls of a spiral shell - revolve. The extremities of the axis are pointed out in fig. 379, by - the letters, _a. a._ See "COLUMELLA." - - AZECA. Leach. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ "Animal like Bulinus, - with subcylindrical, rather obtuse shell, covered with a polished - periostraca (epidermis); aperture pear-shaped, curved and pointed at - the top; the margin thick, obtuse, united all round and toothed; the - axis imperforated." Gray's edition of Turton's British Shells, page - 189.--_Obs._ The Turbo Tridens of Montagu, upon which this genus is - founded, resembles Bulinus lubricus in general form and character. Both - these shells differ from the true Bulini in having the peritreme - entire, and in being pellucid and glossy. Azeca differs from Bulinus - lubricus in having three teeth in the aperture, two on the inner lip - and one on the outer. Not seeing the necessity for creating a genus on - grounds so slight, I have simply transcribed the description given - above, leaving others to form their own conclusions as to the propriety - of separating this shell from the genus Bulinus. Britain, Central and - Southern Europe. Azeca Tridens, fig. 290. - - AZEMUS. Ranzani. CONIA, Leach. - - BACULITES. Lam. _Fam._ Orthocerata, Bl. Ammonacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Straight, conical, tubular, laterally compressed; chambers divided by - very sinuous lobed septa, the last elongated; aperture elliptical; - siphon dorsal.--_Obs._ This genus differs from Orthoceras in the same - manner in which Ammonites differs from Nautilus, having its septa - sinuated and branched. A Baculite might be described as a straight - Ammonite. This genus is known only in a fossil state. It is found in - the Cretaceous Limestone of Maëstricht and Valognes. Fig. 484. B. - Faujasii. - - BALANUS. Brug. (an Acorn; "gland de Mer." Fr.) _Order_ Sessile - Cirripedes, Lam. _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl.--_Descr._ Shell composed of six - valves articulated to each other side by side in a circle, by the - insertion of lamina; closed at the base by a flat, cylindrical or - cup-shaped valve, by which it is generally attached; and at the apex by - a conical operculum, consisting of four valves in anterior and - posterior pairs. Each valve of the shell is divided into a rough - triangular portion pointed towards the apex, and a flat area on each - side.--_Obs._ This description includes the _Acasta_ of Leach, which - growing in sponges, has the base cup-shaped; _Conoplæa_ of Say, which - being attached to the stems of Gorgonia and sea-weeds has the base - elongated and lanceolate, and _Chirona_, Gray. Balanus is the only - genus of Sessile Cirripedes the shells of which consist of six parietal - valves, except _coronula_, which has no shelly base, is flatter, and - has the valves of the operculum placed horizontally. The Balani are - common in all seas, adhering to rocks, corals, floating timber, and to - each other. The fossil species are found in the newest strata, at - Bordeaux, Paris, &c. Fig. 25. B. Tintinnabulum; 26. _Acasta_ Montagui; - 27. Balanus galeatus, _Conoplæa_, Say. - - BALANIDEA. Bl. The second family of the class Nematopoda, Bl. - corresponding with Sessile Cirripedes, Lam., and consisting of - Coronular Multivalves, which are fixed, and in a manner soldered to - submarine substances, by the base of the shell; as distinguished from - the Lepadicea, Bl., Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam., which are attached - by a fleshy stalk. The Balanidea are composed of two sets of valves, - besides the shelly plate or base on which they rest. The first, called - the Parietal valves, are arranged so as to surround the body of the - animal; the second, called the Opercular valves, are placed - horizontally, so as to cover the aperture. - - BALEA. Gray. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Spiral, turrited, - concentrically striated, sinistral, and covered with a thin brown - epidermis; spire composed of numerous whorls, gradually increasing in - size; aperture small, sub-quadrate; peritrême entire, slightly - thickened, with a very slight fold on the columella; axis - perforated.--_Obs._ A genus of small land shells, found in moss at the - roots of trees in Britain, not very nearly resembling any other land - shells, except Clausilia, from which they differ in not having the - clausium. They have been placed in Helix by De Ferrusac, and in Pupa by - Draparnaud. B. fragilis, fig. 296. _Helix perversa_, Fer. _Pupa - perversa_, Drap. - - BARBATA. Humphrey. UNIO, Lam. - - BARNACLES. PENTELASMIS, Auct. (fig. 34.) Called Anatifa, by Linnæus and - Lamarck, from the ancient notion that they were the eggs or embryo of - the Barnacle Duck. See ANATIFER. - - BASE. In all shells which are attached to sub-marine substances, the - base is that part of the shell which forms the point of attachment,--as - for instance, the attached valve of Spondylus, the basal plate of - Balanus, the lower part of the peduncle of Pentelasmis; in Unattached - Bivalves, the margin opposite to the umbones, where the foot of the - animal, or the part analogous to it, protrudes; in spiral univalves, - the aperture, which rests on the back of the animal when walking. - Lamarck and some other authors have used the term _base_ as simply - opposed to apex, and apply it to the anterior of the aperture. - - BATOLITES. Montf. HIPPURITES, Auct. - - BEAK. The Apices, or points of the valves of a bivalve shell, generally - termed UMBONES, in descriptions. Also any part which is rostrated or - drawn out like a beak. - - BEAKED. See BEAK and ROSTRATED. - - BEAR'S-PAW-CLAM. The common name for Hippopus maculatus, a - representation of which is given in the plates, fig. 156. - - BELEMNITES. Auct. ([Greek: Belemnon], _belemnon_, a dart, or arrow.) - _Fam._ Orthocerata, Bl. and Lam.--_Descr._ Straight, conical, - consisting of two parts; the _external_ portion forming a thick solid - sheath, with a cavity at the base to admit the internal portion or - nucleus, which is mathematically conical, and is divided into chambers - by smooth simple septa perforated by a lateral siphon.--_Obs._ These - singular fossils, which are found in most secondary beds, have long - attracted the attention of philosophers as well as of the ignorant, - from whom they have received the various appellations of - Thunder-Stones, Petrified Arrows, Petrified Fingers, Devil's Fingers, - Spectre Candles, &c. The above description is framed to include the - genera Hibolithes, Porodragus, Cetocis, Acamas, and Paclites of De - Montfort, and Actinocamax, Stokes. Fig. 466 to 468. - - BELLEROPHON. Montf. (or Bellerophus).--_Descr._ Convolute, symmetrical, - umbilicated, with a double dorsal ridge; aperture wide, - semilunar.--_Obs._ The fossils composing this genus resemble Nautilus - in general appearance, but not being chambered shells they approach - very near to Argonauta, from which they differ only in the thickness of - their shell and in roundness of their external form. This genus is - erroneously placed by De Montfort among chambered shells, and by De - Blainville next to Bulla. It belongs to the Monothalamous Cephalopoda - of Lamarck. This fossil is found principally in the Carboniferous - Limestone. Fig. 486, 487, represent B. tenuifasciata. - - BELOPTERA. The bony support of a species of Cuttlefish, partly - resembling Sepia. - - BIAPHOLIUS. Leach. A genus believed to be identical with Hiatella. - - BI-AURICULATED. Having two auricles placed at the sides of the umbones, - as in Pecten, fig. 171. See AURICULATED. - - BICATILLUS. Sw. A sub-genus of "Calyptrædæ," including those species, - which have cup-shaped internal septa, as for example, Calyptræa - extinctorium, fig. 235. - - BICONIA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Calyptrædæ," including those species in - which the septum is partly spiral. - - BIFID. Divided, double. - - BIFRONTIA. Deshayes. Also OMALAXIS, Desh. _Fam._ Turbinacea, - Lam.--_Descr._ Discoidal, planorbicular, with whorls sometimes not - contiguous; umbilicus deep, keeled at the margin; aperture - subtriangular, somewhat dilated; outer lip acute, separated by a deep - notch at both extremities.--_Obs._ We do not see any reason for - separating this genus from SOLARIUM, except the last mentioned - character. The few fossil species which this genus contains (Solarium - disjunctum, Bifrons, &c.) are found principally in the Paris basin. - Fig. 354. Solarium Bifrons. - - BI-FURCATE. Double pronged, or having two points. _Ex._ the internal - appendage of Calyptræa Equestris, fig. 234. - - BIGENERINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - BILABIATED. Having the edge of the outer lip as it were doubled, by one - part of the lip being more thickened and reflected than the other, so - as to form a ledge, or second lip. - - BILOBATE. Having two prominent parts, as the outer lip of Rostellaria - Pes-Peleeani, fig. 404. - - BIPARTITE. Composed of or divided into two parts; double; as the valves - of Platylepas, fig. 19, each of which has a septiform division in the - centre; also the area on the hinge of Spondylus. See Frontispiece. - - BIROSTRA. Sw. A genus composed of species of OVULUM, which have - elongated extremities, as, for instance, Ovulum Volva, fig. 442. - - BIROSTRITES. Lam. (Double Beak.) A fossil formerly considered as a - distinct bivalve shell, with conical umbones, and placed in the family - of Rudistes by Lamarck, but now known to be an internal cast of - Sphærulites, fig. 196. - - BISIPHYTES. Described by De Montfort as resembling a Nautilus, but - having two distinct siphons. As no such fossil species is now known to - Naturalists, it appears probable that De Montfort having a specimen of - some Nautilus, with an accidental depression, took it for a second - siphon. - - BITHINIA. Gray. A genus described as differing from PALUDINA, in having - the operculum shelly, and the mouth of the shell thickened internally. - PALUDINA impura, Auct. Fig. 537. - - BITOMUS. Montf. A microscopic shell, deriving this general appellation, - from the appearance of a double aperture. - - BIVALVE. A shell composed of two equal, or nearly equal principal - parts, each part having a separate nucleus, turning upon each other by - means of a hinge. The class Conchifera of Lamarck, Acephalophora of De - Blainville severally include the whole of the bivalve shells; the - latter name being derived from the fact that the animals have not - distinct heads, and neither eyes nor tentacula. All bivalve shells are - marine or fresh-water. They form the class Dithyra of Aristotle. It may - be observed that some of the Acephalophora, the Pholades, for example, - have small testaceous pieces fixed on the hinge, which are called - accessary valves. These are still fairly bivalve shells, although the - genus Pholas has been placed by some writers among the multivalves. - - BOAR'S TUSK. A common name given to shells of the genus Dentalium. One - particular species has received a specific name in accordance with a - supposed resemblance, namely, Dentalium Aprinum, (of a Boar.) - - BONELLIA. Desh. A genus formed, in the first instance, for the - reception of Bulinus terebellatus, Lam. which Mr. G. B. Sowerby, in his - Genera of Shells, united with the genus PYRAMIDELLA. M. Deshayes, - however, in his new edition of Lamarck, makes the genus Bonellia - include several species which I have arranged in the genus Eulima. From - the remarks of M. Deshayes, tom. 8, p. 286, 287, we are led to suppose - that the estimated difference between Eulima and Bonellia consists in - the latter having the axis perforated; or in other words, umbilicated. - After remarking "que Mr. Sowerby, junr. confond deux choses bien - distinctes, sous le nomme d'Eulima," M. Deshayes gives the following - description of his genus, (translated) "shell turriculated, smooth, - polished, with the apex acute and laterally inclined; axis perforated - throughout its length; aperture small, entire, angular at the - extremities; columella simple and without folds; outer lip thin, - simple, nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis." That author - further remarks, "Mr. Sowerby, junr. à signalé cinque espèces vivant, - que nous rapportons à notre genre." (Sowerby, junr. Conchological - Illustrations, parts 52 and 53; 50, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury.) - The species thus selected are E. splendidula, E. marmorata, E. - interrupta, E. imbricata, E. brunnea; the two last of which have the - umbilicus so inconsiderable, as to be scarcely distinguishable from - other species, which M. Deshayes has left in the genus Eulima, and - which have a slight hollow, almost approaching to a perforation, behind - the columella. Eulima marmorata, (Bonellia, Desh.) is figured in the - plates, fig. 348. - - BODY WHORL. The last whorl, constituting the bulk of the shell. - - BORELIS. Montf. MELONIA, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - BORER or PIERCER. A term applied to those species of Acephalopodous - Mollusca, which bore holes as dwellings in the rocks, as the Pholades, - and some others. - - BRACHIOPODA. Lam. A family of symmetrical bivalves belonging to the - third section of Lamarck's _order_ "Conchifera Monomyaria," described - as bivalve (generally symmetrical) adhering to marine bodies, by a - tendon passing through the shell, having no true ligament. What most - distinguishes this family and renders it remarkable is the structure of - the animal. It has two elongated, tendril-shaped arms. When the animal - is in a state of repose these arms are coiled up spirally and enclosed - in the shell, but when required for use, are unfolded and extended. - This family contains the genera Orbicula, Terebratula and Lingula, in - the system of Lamarck, to which may be added Thecidium, Productus, - Spirifer, Magas, Pentamerus, Crania, Strigocephalus, Strophomena, and - some others enumerated in the explanation of figures 201 to 219. The - above genera may be thus distinguished. - - 1. ORBICULA. Umbones central; byssus passing through a hole in the - flat valve. Fig. 201. - - 2. ATRYPA. Without foramen or space between the valves. Fig. 203. - - 3. PRODUCTA. The same, valves produced, overwrapping; including - Leptæna. Fig. 206, 206*. - - 4. TEREBRATULA. Hinge of the upper valve produced beyond that of - the other, with a pit or foramen; including _Delthyris_, _Orthis_, - _Trigonosemus_, _Magas_, _Strophomena_. Fig. 202, 205, 207, 208, - 209. - - 5. SPIRIFER. The same, with deep triangular area; spiral folds in - the interior; including _Trigonotreta_ and _Cyrtia_. Fig. 204, 214, - 215. - - 6. THECIDIUM. Large valve attached; curved ridges in the inner - surface; two jutting points or teeth on the hinge. Fig. 216. - - 7. CRANIA. Attached by the surface of the valve; muscular - impressions four, forming a face. Fig. 197, _a_, b. - - 8. PYCNODONTA. Irregular; hinge with raised pointed teeth. Fig. - 217, 218. - - 9. PENTAMERUS. Valves divided by septa; including _Gypidia_. Fig. - 210 to 213. - - 10. LINGULA. Valves equal, gaping, with a peduncle. Fig. 219. - - BRACHITOMA. Swainson. A genus composed of PLEUROTOMA strombiformis and - similar species, described as "sub-fusiform; resembling a small - Strombus or Fusus; spire and aperture of equal length; canal short; - outer lip slightly ascending, and forming a short canal; sinus very - small and nearly semicircular; inner lip thickened above. B. - Strombiformis, Sow. Man. fig. 381." Europe, East and West Indies, - China, &c. - - BRANCHIFERA. Bl. The second family of the order Cervicobranchiata, - containing the following genera of symmetrical univalves:--Fissurella, - Emarginula, and Parmophorus. - - BRISMÆUS. Leach. _Order._ Pedunculated Cirripedes. Lam.--_Descr._ Seven - plates, three pairs lateral, one dorsal; form cylindrically conical; - pedicle not described. _Hab._ Holes in corals. B. Rhophodius, fig. - 38.--_Obs._ This minute shell most nearly resembles Pollicipes - Mitellus, fig. 37*, but the difference may be seen at once by comparing - the figures. - - BRONTES. Montf. This generic name is given to such species of MUREX as - have a very long, closed canal; with a short spire, circular aperture, - and are destitute of spires and ramifications. Brontes (Murex) - Haustellum, fig. 390. - - BUCARDIA. Schum. ISOCARDIA, Auct. - - BUCCINUM. Linn. _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ - Subovate or oblong, covered with an epidermis; spire turrited, - consisting of few whorls; aperture wide, subovate, terminating - anteriorly in a very short canal, reflected over the back; outer lip - simple, slightly reflected; inner lip spread over a portion of the body - whorl, terminating in a thick, smooth columella; operculum horny. - _Hab._ British Seas, Northern Ocean, and Coast of Africa. Most of the - fossil species occur in Crag, some in upper marine formation and London - clay.--_Obs._ There are considerable difficulties in keeping this genus - distinct from others nearly related to it, into which many of the - species run by imperceptible gradations. The genus _Nassa_ has been - separated on account of the little notch, which terminates the - columella. Some species of Terebra come so close upon the Buccina, that - it is difficult to say where one genus ends and the other begins. T. - Buccinoides, fig. 427. Buccinum Undatum, the common Whelk, fig. 421. - - BUFO. Montf. A generic division of the species composing Ranella, - characterized as having the shell not umbilicated. _Ex._ R. ranina, - fig. 394. The above character is scarcely sufficient in some cases, - even as a specific distinction. - - BULBUS. Humph. RAPELLA, Swainson. A genus formed for the reception of - PYRULA papyracea, Auct. (fig. 389), and similar species. RAPANUS, - Montf. - - BULIMIMA. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - BULIMULUS. Leach. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. The author is unacquainted - with the characters by which the two or three species included in this - genus are to be distinguished from Bulinus. We have represented, fig. - 283, Bulimulus trifasciatus, Leach, (Bulinus Guadaloupensis, Auct.) - This occurs in the same limestone which encloses the half fossilized - human remains from the Grand Terre of Guadaloup. Several species are - described by the Rev. L. Guilding in the Zoological Journal, namely, - the B. Undulatus, Antiguensis, and Proteus; but neither from the shells - themselves, nor from the figures of the animal, can we draw any - information as to the generic character; the difference alleged by Mr. - Swainson and Mr. Gray being a comparative thinness in the outer lip. - - BULINUS. Brug. (Bulinus, Lam.) _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. Limacinea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Oval or oblong, light, covered with a thin epidermis; - spire obtuse, variable in length and in the number of whorls, which are - generally few; aperture wide, oval, rounded anteriorly; outer lip - simple, usually reflected, joining the columella without a sinus; inner - lip reflected over part of the body-whorl. The Bulini are land shells, - found in many parts of the world.--_Obs._ The genus Bulinus can only be - distinguished from Helix by its oval form; it forms part of the genus - Helix of De Ferrusac, under the sub-generic designation of Cochlostyla. - It is known from Achatina by the absence of the notch at the point of - union between the inner and the outer lips. The young are produced from - eggs, which are as firm and opaque as those of birds. (See - Introduction.) Bulinus rosaceus, fig. 282. B. Guadaloupensis, fig. 283. - B. Lionetianus, fig. 284. B. lubricus, fig. 285. Many new species were - brought to this country by Mr. Cuming, and are represented in the - Conchological Illustrations, published by the Author at 50, Great - Russell Street, Bloomsbury, (in parts 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, - 35, 137 to 146, 185, 186.) Species occur in Europe, West Indies, - Brazil, and South America generally. Some small species are British. - - BULLA. Auct. _Fam._ "Bulléens," Lam. Akera, Bl.--_Descr._ Generally - thin, smooth, oval, oblong or cylindrical, more or less convolute; - spire short, depressed, or hidden by the last whorl; aperture long, - wide in front, gradually narrowing towards the spire; outer lip thin; - inner lip spread over a part of the last whorl.--_Obs._ The shells - composing this genus are very variable in form. The light horny species - with an elastic lip is called Akera, fig. 247. The more decidedly - convolute species with hidden spires are the Atys, Montf. B. Naucum, - fig. 250. B. Lignaria, fig. 251, is Scaphander of Leach. The light, - thin species, with extremely wide aperture, fig. 248, is Bullæa aperta, - Lam. The genus Bullinula of Dr. Beck, consists of those species which - have more produced spines, fig. 253. The Bullæ are marine, and inhabit - all climates. The fossil species occur in tertiary beds. - - BULLÆA. Lam. BULLA aperta, Auct. fig. 248. - - BULLÆANA. ("Bulléens, Lam.") A family belonging to the first section of - Lamarck's order, Gasteropoda, containing the genus Bulla. The genera - Bullæa, Akera, Aplustra, Atys, Scaphander, Bullinula, into which it has - been divided, may all be fairly included under the name BULLA. - - BULLIA. Gray. A genus of shells partly resembling Buccinum, and Terebra - in general form, being more elongated than the former and more - ventricose than the latter. Mr. Gray remarks in the Synopsis of the - British Museum, page 114, that the Bulliæ resemble the Nassæ in most - characters, "but they have a very large, broad foot, and the hinder - part of the inner lip of the shell being extended beyond the mouth, - forms a raised enamelled band round the suture of the whorls, as is - also the case with the Ancillariæ and some Volutes." Bullia vittata, - fig. 427, is an example of the genus. The name Subula is given by De - Blainville to the other species of Terebra, so that if both these - genera were admitted, the old genus Terebra must be expunged. - - BULLINULA. Beck. Species of BULLA, with produced conical spires, fig. - 253. - - BYSSOARCA. Sw. (_Byssus_ and _Arca_.) _Fam._ Arcacea, Lam. A genus of - bivalve shells, composed of the Arca _Noæ_, and several other species, - separated from the genus Arca on account of their shells being attached - by means of a byssus passing through an hiatus in the ventral margins. - B. _Noæ_, fig. 132. The species occur in Southern Europe, East and West - Indies, China; also, on the coasts of Great Britain. - - BYSSOMYA. Cuvier. (_Byssus_ and _Mya_.) De Blainville states that - although the shell of this proposed genus resembles Saxicava, the - animal is sufficiently different to justify the separation. - - BYSSUS. ([Greek: Bussos], _byssus_, ancient name for linen.) The - tendinous fibres by which some Bivalves are as it were anchored or - moored to sub-marine substances. A fine example of this is to be seen - in the Pinnæ which bear some resemblance to large Muscle Shells and - have an hiatus in the margins of the valves through which a bunch of - silken fibres passes. In the British Museum there is preserved a pair - of gloves which have been woven of these fibres. The Byssus is peculiar - to some bivalve shells such as Muscles, Hammer Oysters, Arca Noæ, &c. - - CALCAR. Montf. (a spur.) A genus composed of TROCHUS STELLARIS, Lam. - and other depressed species of Trochus which are characterized by a - stellated keel round the angle of the last whorl; but not including T. - Imperialis, which is the genus Imperator, Montf. The difference - consists in the latter being umbilicated and the former not. T. - stellaris, fig. 358. - - CALCAREOUS, (_calx_, lime.) A term applied to a shell or to its - operculum which is composed principally of lime or shelly matter, as is - usually the case, in distinction from one which is of an horny, - membranaceous texture. The greater number of shells are calcareous, but - it forms an important point of distinction with regard to the - operculum. The only difference between the genera Trochus and Turbo, as - at present established, depends upon the calcareous or shelly, and the - corneus or horny texture of the operculum. - - CALCEOLA. _Fam._ Rudistes, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Equilateral, - inequivalve, triangular; umbones separated by a large triangular disc - in the lower valve; cardinal margin straight, linear, dentated; lower - valve large, deep; upper valve flat, semi-orbicular, forming a kind of - operculum to the lower.--_Obs._ This singular shell, known only in a - fossil state, in the Palæozöic beds, is placed by Linnæus in the genus - Anomia. Lamarck places it among his Rudistes, but Mr. Sowerby in his - genera of Shells, states that it should be added to the family of - Brachiopoda. Fig. 194, 195. C. Sandalina. - - CALLANTICA. Gray. POLLICIPES hispidus, Leach. - - CALLIA. Gray? A genus described as having a peculiarly polished shell - like Pupina, but wanting the notch. - - CALLISOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of shells separated from TROCHUS, and thus - described, "Imperforate; spire elevated, acute; aperture broader than - high, transversely ovate, hardly sinuated at the base, and slightly - oblique; shells always smooth, and often polished." C. zizyphina is - mentioned as an example. - - CALLIRHOE. Montf. p. 362, vol. 2. Appears to be figured from the nut or - inner portion of a large Belemnite. - - CALLISCAPHA. Gray? IRIDINA Nilotica, Sow. Zool. Journ. 1. pl. 2. - Separated from Iridina on account of the hinge margin being smooth. - - CALLITHEA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, consisting of those species, which - like M. sanguisuga, have the "spire and aperture of nearly equal - length; internal channel nearly obsolete; shell with longitudinal - linear ribs, crossed by transverse striæ and bands; base contracted." - Swainson Mallac. Lard. Cyclop. - - CALLOSITY. A term used in general zoology to express those hard horny - tumidities formed in the skin of some animals, (such as the Dromedary, - for instance) in those parts which are most frequently used. It is not - used in this sense by Conchologists, who apply it to those undefined - tumidities or bumps which appear on the inner surface and hinge of some - bivalve shells, and to the thickening over the umbilicus of Naticæ. - Glycimeris, fig. 67. Natica, fig. 327, 328. - - CALPURNUS. Montf. OVULUM _verrucosum_, Auct. Distinguished by the small - circular tubercle at the back of each extremity of the shell. Fig. 441. - - CALYPTRACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of the order - Gasteropoda, Lam., the shells of which are described as always - external, covering the animal, and having no operculum. The genera - contained in this family may be thus distinguished. - - 1. CALYPTRÆA. Conical; apex central, septum spiral, cup-shaped, or - forked; including _Infundibulum_. Fig. 234 to 238. - - 2. CREPIDULA. Apex terminal; septum flat, reaching half across the - aperture. Fig. 239. - - 3. CAPULUS. Conical; apex obliquely curved, no septum. Fig. 240. - - 4. EMARGINULA. Apex curved backwards; a notch in the anterior - margin; including _Parmophorus_. Fig. 241, 242. - - 5. CEMORIA. A slit _near_ the apex. Fig. 244. - - 6. FISSURELLA. A slit _upon_ the apex. Fig. 245. - - 7. RIMULA. A slit near the margin. Fig. 243. - - 8. ANCYLUS. Apex curved sidewise. Fig. 246. - - CALYPTRACEA. Bl. The second family of the order Scutibranchiata. Bl. - thus described: "Shell more or less conical, not spiral, or very - slightly so; aperture large and entire." The genera included in this - family are Crepidula, Calyptræa, Capulus, Hipponyx, and Notrêma. - - CALYPTRÆA. Lam. _Fam._ Calyptracea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Conical, - patelliform, irregular, with an internal, lateral, salient plate or - septum, varying in form.--_Obs._ The internal appendage is in some - species cup-shaped, in some it juts out of the centre in a double - point; in others it is only a small flap; and in others a spiral disc. - These last, which are shaped like Trochus, are separated by De Montfort - under the appellation INFUNDIBULUM; TROCHATELLA, Sw. The Calyptræa may - be known from Crepidula by the septum, which in the latter is a flat - plate reaching half way across the cavity. Fig. 234, 5, 6. - - CAMERINA. Brug. NUMMULITES, Auct. - - CAMILLUS. Montf. A genus founded upon a minute spiral shell, with a - triangular aperture, turned over the back of the last whorl. It is - figured in Soldani's Testacea Microscopica. - - CAMPULOTUS. Guettard. MAGILUS, Auct. - - CANAL. A groove which characterizes some spiral univalves, where the - inner and outer lips unite at the front part of the aperture. This - canal is drawn out in some shells to a considerable length, in others - it is turned abruptly over the back. The family Canaliferæ, Lam. (fig. - 372 to 401), are all provided with this canal. - - CANALICULATED. Applied generally to any distinct groove or canal. - - CANALIFERA. (_Canalifères_, Lam.) A family belonging to the order - Trachelipoda, Lam. nearly corresponding with the family Entomostomata - in De Blainville's system, and described as having a canal of greater - or less extent at the anterior part of the aperture. This canal is - sometimes straight, sometimes tortuous, and in some genera it is - recurved over the back of the shell. All the shells have an operculum, - and the thickness of the perfectly formed outer lip does not increase - with age. The Canalifera are characterized by having a canal, in - distinction from the Purpurifera, which have only a notch. This family - contains the following genera, - - 1. CERITHIUM. Club-shaped. Fig. 372. - - 2. POTAMIS. The same, fresh water. Fig. 377. - - 3. NERINEA. The same, with internal folds. Fig. 374. - - 4. TRIPHORA. Anterior and posterior canals closed so as to present - three openings. Fig. 375, 376. - - 5. TELESCOPIUM. Pyramidal, trochiform. Fig. 378. - - 6. PLEUROTOMA. A slit on the upper part of the outer lip; including - _Clavatula_. Fig. 379, 381. - - 7. TURBINELLA. Three horizontal folds on the columella. Fig. 382, - 383. - - 8. SPIRILLUS. Spire papillary; one fold on the columella. Fig. 384. - - 9. CANCELLARIA. Three folds, and internal costæ. Fig. 385. - - 10. FASCIOLARIA. Oblique folds, the lowest the largest. Fig. 386. - - 11. FUSUS. Fusiform; no folds on the columella. Fig. 387. - - 12. PYRULA. Pear-shaped. Fig. 388 to 390. - - 13. STRUTHIOLARIA. Outer lip thickened; sinuated. Fig. 391. - - 14. RANELLA. Two rows of varices; a canal at each extremity of the - aperture. Fig. 393, 394. - - 15. MUREX. Three or more rows of varices; only one distinct canal. - Fig. 395, 396. - - 16. TYPHIS. A tubular perforation between each varix. Fig. 397. - - 17. TRITON. Varices not in rows. Fig. 398 to 401. - - CANCELLARIA. Auct. (From _Cancellatus_, cross-barred, like window - frames or net work.) _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--Descr. - Oval, thick, cancellated; spire generally short, pointed; aperture - sub-ovate, emarginated anteriorly, pointed at the posterior extremity; - outer lip marked within by transverse ridges; inner lip spread over - part of the body whorl, terminating in a straight, thick, obtuse - columella, with several strong oblique folds. _Hab._ Indian Ocean, - Coast of Africa, America, and West Indies. Fossils found in London Clay - and Calc-grossier of Paris. Differing from Turbinellus in form and in - the transversely ribbed inside of the outer lip. Fig. 315. C. - reticulata.--_Obs._ The latest enumeration of the species of this genus - is contained in a catalogue published by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, senior, - accompanying the author's figures of the new species, amounting to 38, - in parts 9 to 13 of the Conchological Illustrations. The greater part - of these new species were brought to this country by Mr. Cuming. - - CANCELLATED. (From _Cancellatus_, cross-barred.) Applied generally to - any shells which are marked by ridges crossing each other as - Cancellaria, fig. 385. - - CANCILLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, described as having "the whorls - crossed by transverse linear ribs; inner canal wanting, plates very - oblique; form slender; outer lip thin." _Ex._ M. Isabella, M. sulcata. - - CANCRIS. Montf. CREPIDULINA, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - CANOPUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - CANTHAPLEURA. Guild. A genus composed of those species of Chiton, which - have the mantle rough, with moveable spines, prickles, or hairs. _Ex._ - C. spinosus, fig. 227. - - CANTHARIDUS. Montf. TROCHUS IRIS, Auct. and analogous species. - Elenchus, Humph. - - CANTHARUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - CANTHIDOMUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanopsis, thus described: "spire - generally short; whorls coronated with spines, or marked with - longitudinal ribs; base obtuse. C. costata, Sow. Gen. f. 3." Melanopsis - costata, plates, fig. 315. - - CANTHORBIS. Sw. A sub-genus of the sub-family Trochinæ, Sw. Described - as being "nearly disc-shaped: spire but slightly raised; the margin of - the body-whorl flattened, and serrated with flat spines; inner lip - united to the outer; pillar and aperture as in the last. (Tubicanthus.) - C. imperialis. Mart. 173. f. 1714." This sub-genus appears to include - those species of which De Montfort's genera Imperator and Calcar are - formed. - - CANTHROPES. Montf. Described as resembling a Nautilus, with the whorls - increasing so gradually, that the dorsal edge of the aperture advances - but little beyond the last whorl. This genus is not mentioned by - Blainville or Lamarck. - - CAPITULUM. Klein. POLLICIPES Mitellus, Lam. fig. 37*. - - CAPRELLA. ----? PLEKOCHEILUS, Guild. AURICULA Caprella, Lam. - - CAPRINA. D'Orb. DICERAS. Auct.? - - CAPRINUS. Montf. (Conch. Syst. t. 2. p. 143.) The figure appears to be - intended to represent Helix Nux-denticulata. - - CAPSA. Brug. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve transverse, - subequilateral, subtrigonal; cardinal teeth, two in one valve, one - notched in the other; lateral teeth remote, obsolete; an external - ligament; two muscular impressions in each valve; a large sinus in the - muscular impression of the mantle.--_Obs._ This genus is so nearly - related to Donax, that it is difficult to distinguish it at first - sight. The Capsæ, however, have not the short, plain, straight, - posterior side, the distinct lateral teeth, nor the crenulated margins - which characterize nearly all the Donaces. They are found in the - British Channel, Brazil, and coast of Pacific Ocean. They are known - from Erycina by not having the pit in the hinge for the ligament. Fig. - 109. C. Braziliensis. - - CAPULUS. Montf. _Fam._ Calyptracea, Lam.--_Descr._ Obliquely conical, - posteriorly recurved; apex pointed, sub-spiral; aperture large, - rounded, oval; with two muscular impressions, lateral, meeting behind; - epidermis horny, rather velvetty. Britain, Mediterranean, West Indies, - California, Australia. - - CARDIACEA. (Cardiacées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera - Dimyaria, Lam. Most of the genera of shells contained in this family - are included in the very extensive family of Conchacea, in the system - of De Blainville. They are described as having irregularly formed - cardinal teeth, generally accompanied by one or two elongated lateral - teeth. Most of the species are ventricose, and have regular radiating - ribs. This family contains the genera Cardium, Cardita, Cypricardia, - Hiatella, Isocardia, and others enumerated in the explanation of - figures 122 to 130. Their characters may be thus explained. - - 1. CARDIUM. Two cardinal and two lateral teeth in each valve, - including _Hemicardium_, _Papyridea_ and _Aphrodita_, in the last - of which the teeth are nearly obsolete. Fig. 122, 123, 123*, 123**. - - 2. VENERICARDIA. Two oblique cardinal teeth, one elongated; - including _Cardita_, which has the umbones nearly terminal. - _Pachymya_ may probably be included, but the hinge is not known. - Fig. 121, 124, and 130. - - 3. HIPPOPODIUM. One elongated cardinal tooth. Fig. 129. - - 4. MEGALODON. Hinge broad, septiform, with a large tooth in the - centre of one valve. Fig. 127. - - 5. ISOCARDIA. Teeth laminar; umbones spiral. Fig. 126. - - 6. CARDILIA. The same, with a septiform posterior laminar tooth. - - 7. HIPPAGUS. Shaped like Isocardia, without teeth. Fig. 128. - - CARDILIA. Desh. _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam. A genus formed for the reception - of Isocardia semi-sulcata, Lam. and a small fossil shell, which - Deshayes had formerly named Hemi-cyclonosta Michelini; thus described, - (translation) "shell oval, oblong, longitudinal, white, heart-shaped, - ventricose, with large prominent umbones; hinge with a small cardinal - tooth and a pit at the side; a spoon-shaped projection for the - reception of the internal ligament; anterior muscular impression - rounded, not deep; the posterior being upon a thin, horizontal lamina, - projecting in the anterior." Deshayes further remarks that although the - animal is unknown, the relations of the genus may be established by - means of the shell alone. Two families contain all the shells which - have the internal ligament inserted in a spoon-shaped projection; in - the one, that of the Anatinæ, the ligament is supported upon a little - bone, which is not soldered to the hinge; in the other, that of the - Mactraceæ, this little bone has no existence. In the former, all the - shells are inequivalve; in the latter equivalve. And M. Deshayes, - considering that the valves are equal, and that there is no separate - bone to the hinge, is of opinion that the genus ought to be placed near - the Lutrariæ, and not far from the Anatinæ. C. semisulcata, fig. 501, - 2. - - CARDINAL MARGIN. The edge of a bivalve shell on which the teeth is - placed. - - CARDINAL TEETH. The teeth upon the hinge directly beneath the umbones - of a bivalve shell, as distinguished from the lateral teeth, which are - placed at a distance on each side. In Venus, fig. 119, the cardinal - teeth, are marked by the letter c. - - CARDIOCARDITES. Bl. A genus separated from CARDITA, Auct. Thus - described (translation) "oval species, with the inferior margin nearly - straight, or a very little inflated, crenulated and completely closed. - _Ex._ La C. Ajar, Adans Seneg. pl. 16. fig. 2." - - CARDISSA. _Sw._ A genus composed of those species of CARDIUM _Auct._ - which are heart-shaped. _Ex._ C. dionæum, fig. 122. And C. Cardissa. - - CARDITA. Brug. _Fam._ Cardiacea, _Lam._ Submytilacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, inequilateral, ovate, subquadrate or oblong, marked - externally by ribs radiating from the umbones and terminating in a - crenulated margin on the inner surface; cardinal teeth in one valve, - one long, thick, oblique; another short, more straight; in the other - valve one long, oblique, thick. Muscular impressions two in each valve, - rather oval; palleal impression not sinuated.--_Obs._ This description - includes Lamarck's genus Venericardia, which, although consisting of - the more oblong species, is not considered sufficiently distinct to - justify the separation. Cypricardia is distinguished from this genus by - a remote lateral tooth. Mediterranean, Africa, East Indies, &c. Cardita - calyculata, fig. 124. - - CARDIUM. Auct. _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, sub-equilateral, sometimes gaping posteriorly, ornamented on - the outside by ribs radiating from the umbones; cardinal teeth, two in - each valve, locked into each other crosswise, lateral teeth, two in - each valve, remote; muscular impressions, two in each valve; palleal - impression entire. Ligament external, inflated.--_Obs._ Although this - genus includes many remarkable forms, the characters are so easily - defined that there is no difficulty in distinguishing it from any other - genus. C. angulatum, fig. 123. C. Groenlandicum, fig. 123*. APHRODITA, - Lea. C. Hemicardium, fig. 123**. fig. 122. C. Dionæum. It is somewhat - surprising that this genus, which contains some of the most beautiful - forms of bivalve Testacea, should have been left till quite lately - without any attempt to revise the species and settle the synonyms. The - author of this Manual has endeavoured to remedy this defect by - publishing a catalogue of all the species hitherto known, which amount - to 97, including many new species described by him in the "Proceedings - of the Zoological Society," in 1840. Parts 46 to 51, 149 and 150, and - 177 to 184 of his Conchological Illustrations contain figures of 60 - species. Cardia are frequent in all climates. - - CARINARIA. Auct. _Class_, Cephalopoda. _Division_, Monothalamia, Lam. - _Fam._ Nectopoda, Bl.--_Descr._ Symmetrical or nearly so, conical, - thin, glassy, fragile, patelliform; with a fimbriated dorsal keel; apex - convolute, bent forwards; aperture oval, pointed at the dorsal - extremity. _Hab._ Amboyna, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea.--_Obs._ - A most singular and beautiful shell, remarkable for its transparency, - its fragile structure, and the dorsal keel, whence it derives its name. - It was once so rare that a single specimen was known to realize one - hundred guineas. Fig. 488. C. Mediterranea. - - CARINATED. (From _Carina_, a keel.) Applied to any shell having a - raised, thin ledge, passing round a whorl or any other part of a shell, - as in Carinaria, fig. 488. - - CARINEA. Sw. A genus formed for the reception of OVULUM gibbosum, Auct. - and similar species, fig. 443. - - CARINELLA. Adanson. LUTRARIA papyracea, Lam. LIGULA, Leach. _Fam._ - Mactracea, Lam. Fig. 77. - - CARINIDEA. Sw. A sub-genus of the genus Canthorbis, Sw. (Turbo.) thus - described, "Imperforate; spire pyramidal, acute; basal whorl concave - beneath, and carinated round its circumference; aperture oval, entire, - slightly angulated at the base of the pillar, which turns inwards. C. - concavus, Martini, 168, fig. 1620, brevispinosus? Sow. Gen. (Turbo,) - fig. 1." - - CAROCOLLA. Auct. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Orbicular, depressed, - with the outer sides of the whorls angulated or keeled, whorls few; - peritreme reflected; columella contiguous to the axis; epidermis - thin.--_Obs._ This genus differing from Helix only in the whorls being - angulated, is hardly distinct enough from the latter to justify the - separation. In De Ferrusac's system these species constitute the - division Helicigona, of the genus Helix. C. Lamarckii, fig. 277. East - and West Indies, Philippines, South America and Europe. - - CARTILAGE. See LIGAMENT. - - CARYCHIUM. Müll. _Fam._ Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Oblong or cylindrical, with gradually increasing whorls, few in number; - aperture straight, short, with a fold on the columella.--_Obs._ This - genus of minute land shells differs from Auricula chiefly in the soft - parts. De Furrusac enumerates three species, C. Lineatum, C. - Corticaria, (_Odostomia_, Flem.) and C. Minimum, fig. 301. De - Blainville places it in his genus Auricula, as "species with two folds - and a posterior tooth on the columella," giving a figure of A. Mysotis - as his example, and quoting the name Phitia, Gray. Europe. - - CASSIDARIA. Lam. (From Cassis) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, - Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, ventricose, spirally grooved and tuberculated, with - a short turrited spire and a large aperture, terminating anteriorly in - a recurved canal; outer lip thickened, reflected, undulated or - denticulated; inner lip expanded over a part of the body whorl and the - columella, with part of its lower edge free.--_Obs._ The recent species - of this genus are not numerous; the few fossil species occur in the - tertiary strata. C. carinata is found in Calc-grossier and London Clay. - In general form this resembles CASSIS, but is at once distinguished by - the canal, which does not turn abruptly back, but is slightly curved - upwards. ONISCIA (C. Oniscus, &c. Lam.) is distinguished by the - shortness of the canal, and the granulated surface of the inner lip. - Fig. 407. C. Echinophora. Mediterranean. - - CASSIDEA. Sw. (from Cassis.) A genus composed of those species of the - genus CASSIS, Auct. which have the "aperture wide; outer lip never - broad or flattened, but sometimes slightly inflected; inner lip - spreading, but never dilated or detached beyond the base into a - prominent rim." East Indies. Ex. C. Glauca, fig. 411. - - CASSIDULA. Humph. PYRULA, Auct. - - CASSIDULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - CASSIS. (A helmet.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, - Bl.--_Descr._ Oval or triangular, ventricose, thick, generally - tuberculated, with a short varicose spire; aperture long, sometimes - narrow, with the outer lip thickened and reflected, generally - denticulated; the inner lip spread over the surface of the body whorl, - indented and incrassated at its inner edge; canal turned suddenly over - the back of the shell. _Hab._ Seas of tropical climates. The fossil - species are rare, occurring in the tertiary strata.--_Obs._ The large, - common species of this well known genus are used for shell cameos and - as ornaments on chimney pieces, grottos, &c. and are remarkable for the - triangular disc, presented by the inner lip, which, in many species, is - thickened and spread over the front of the body whorl and the angulated - outer lip. The smaller, more rounded species, which have widened - apertures, have been separated by Swainson, under the generic name - CASSIDEA. The C. rufa, coarctata, &c. are formed by Mr. Stutchbury into - a new genus under the name CYPRÆCASSIS, for reasons which will be - stated under the word. Cassidaria is distinguished by the gradual curve - of the canal. Fig. 410 is Cassis tuberosa, diminished. - - CASTALIA. Lam. _Fam._ Trigonées, Lam.--_Descr._ Fluviatile, equivalve, - inequilateral, trigonal, with corroded umbones; hinge with two laminar, - transversely striated teeth, one of which is posterior, remote from the - umbones, short, divided, the other anterior, elongated; epidermis - thick; internal surface pearly. Lamarck, in describing this shell, - states, that he regards it as intermediate between Trigonia and Unio. - It should, however, certainly have been placed in the family of - "Nayades," and perhaps should form a part of the genus UNIO itself. C. - ambigua, Lam. fig. 140. South America. - - CATILLUS. Brong. (A little dish.) INOCERAMUS, Sow. - - CATOPHRAGMUS. Sow. (From [Greek: Katô], _beneath_; [Greek: phragmos] _a - place_ _paled in_.) _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Light - principal valves, cemented side by side in a circle; eight small - pointed valves beneath, covering the joints of the upper circle, and - numerous still smaller valves forming the base of the shell; operculum, - four valves.--_Obs._ This is the only genus of Sessile Cirripedes, - consisting of eight principal valves, excepting Octomeris, which is - destitute of the accessary pieces from which the genus derives its - name. Fig. 23. C. imbricatus. South Africa. - - CAUDAL CANAL. The elongated hollow process which terminates the - aperture anteriorly of some univalve shells. For instance, Murex - Haustellum, fig. 396, has an elongated caudal canal. - - CELLANTHUS. Montf. VORTICIALIS, Bl. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - CELLULACEA. Bl. The second order of Cephalophora, Bl. consisting of - doubtful microscopic bodies, with a number of variously arranged - shells, as distinguished from the true Polythalamia, Bl. or chambered - shells. See FORAMINIFERA. - - CEMORIA. Flemingii. Leach. A small patelliform shell, differing from - Fissurella, in having the fissure placed behind the apex, which is - produced, pointed and incurved. It is the Patella Fissurella, Müll. - Patella Noachina, Chemn. F. Noachina, Sow. Puncturella, Lowe. Fig. 244. - Cemoria Flemingii. Scotland and Tierra del Fuego. - - CENTRAL. A term used to indicate the position of the muscular - impression of a bivalve shell when it is near the centre of the inner - surface. It is also applied to the siphon perforating the septum of a - chambered shell when it is placed near the centre of the plate. - _Sub_-central is also used as a comparative term, to indicate the - position of the siphon, or of the muscular impression, is _near_ the - centre. Thus in Placuna (fig. 184), the muscular impression is central: - in Exogyra (fig. 183), it is _sub_-central. - - CEPA. Humph. ANOMIA, Linn. - - CEPHALOPHORA. Bl. The first class of Malacozoæ, Bl. Divided into: - _Order_ 1. Cryptodibranchiata; 2. Cellulacea; 3. Polythalamacea. The - first consisting of Cuttle-fish, &c. which are destitute of shells; the - second composed of those microscopic cellular bodies, which are - regarded as shells by some authors; and the third containing the true - chambered shells. - - CEPHALOPODA. Lam. (Cephalopodes.) ([Greek: Kephalê], _kephale_, head; - [Greek: pous], [Greek: podos], _podos_, foot.) The fourth order of the - _class_ Mollusca, Lam. containing molluscs, which are characterized by - having a series of arms surrounding the head, which is placed above a - sack-shaped body. This order is divided into Polythalamia, or - many-chambered shells; Monothalamia, or single-chambered cephalopods; - and Sepiaria, or cuttle-fish. Fig. 463 to 488. - - CEPOLIS. Montf. Belonging to the genus HELIX, Auct. - - CERATODES. Guild. ([Greek: Keratôdês], like a horn.) A genus composed - of the flat, orbicular species of AMPULLARIA, Auct. which present so - near a resemblance to the Planorbes, as to have been considered as - belonging to them. Planorbis has, however, a horny texture, and no - operculum, and it is always reversed, which may be observed by placing - the spire upwards. Fig. 320, represents Ampullaria (Ceratodes) - Cornu-arietis. - - CERIPHASIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanianæ, thus described, "Cerithiform; - outer lip thin, dilated at the base; aperture small, slightly - emarginate, without any internal groove; inner lip thin. C. sulcata, - Sw. fig. 38. p. 204." (Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 342.) - - CERITHIUM. Brug. _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Desc._ - Elongated, ribbed, tuberculated, or rarely smooth, with a lengthened, - turrited, pointed, pyramidal spire, consisting of numerous whorls; - aperture sub-quadrate, terminated anteriorly by a tortuous canal; outer - lip thickened, sometimes reflected, expanded; inner lip thickened - posteriorly; operculum horny, spiral, with numerous whorls.--_Obs._ The - fresh-water shells described as Cerithia by Lamarck, are separated - under the name Potamis, and may be known by the thick, horny epidermis. - Triphora, Desh. has the canal closed, except at the extremities. - Cerithium Telescopium, does not appear to present the same characters - as the other Cerithia, and has been separated by some writers under the - generic name Telescopium. Cerithium Aluco, fig. 372. Mediterranean, - East and West Indies, Coasts of the Pacific, Gallapagos, Australia, &c. - Some small species are British. Fossils are numerous in the tertiary - beds. - - CERVICOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of Paracephalophora - Hermaphrodita, Bl. containing symmetrical patelliform shells, divided - into the families Retifera and Branchifera. - - CETOCIS. Montf. _Fam._ Orthocerata, Lam. and Bl. Placed by De - Blainville in his section of Belemnites, characterized as having small - folds at the apex. _Ex._ B. Penicillatus. - - CETOPIRUS. Ranz. CORONULA BALÆNARIS, Auct. fig. 16. - - CHAMA. Auct. _Fam._ Chamacea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, - irregular, thick, foliaceous, attached by the umbo of the lower and - larger valve. External ligament placed in a groove, following the curve - of the umbones. Umbones spiral, coiled round on the back of the valves; - hinge with a thick, crenated, lengthened tooth, in one valve, entering - a corresponding cavity in the hinge margin of the other; muscular - impressions, two in each valve, distinct, lateral.--_Obs._ The Linnæan - genus Chama, included the beautiful shells now called Tridacna. These - are exceedingly different from the true Chama, being regular and - unattached. The Chama (Tridacna) gigas, when at its full age and - development, is the largest shell known. Specimens have occurred - weighing upwards of 500 lbs., and measuring two feet across. Diceras - may be known from Chama by the spiral horns into which the umbones are - produced; Isocardia, by the regularity of the shells, and it is hardly - necessary to mention Spondylus, which may be known by the triangular - disc between the umbones; Cleidothærus, Stutch. which resembles Chama - in general form, has a separate bony appendage attached to the hinge, - and may, moreover, be distinguished by its elongated muscular - impression. Fig. 153, C. Lazarus. E. and W. Indies. - - CHAMACEA. Bl. The seventh family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. - containing the genera Chama, Diceras, Etheria, Tridacna, Isocardia and - Trigonia. - - CHAMACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the order Conchifera Dimyaria, - Lam. described as inequivalve, attached, irregular; with or without a - single rough tooth on the hinge; with two lateral muscular impressions - in each valve. This family contains the genera-- - - 1. CHAMA. Leafy; umbones spiral. Fig. 153. - - 2. ETHERIA. Very irregular, pearly, without teeth. Fig. 155. - - 3. DICERAS. Like Chama, but the umbones free, produced. Fig. 154. - - CHAMBERED. When the cavity of a shell is not continuous, but is divided - by shelly diaphragms or septa, it is said to be chambered. This is the - case with the shells of the Polythalamous Cephalopoda, as in the - Nautilus (see Introduction). The character is not confined to these, as - it occurs in some species of Spondyli, and in several turrited - univalves. - - CHAMOSTRÆA. De Roissy. CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Stutch. - - CHARYBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - CHELIBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - CHELINOTUS. Sw. A genus of "HALIOTIDÆ," Sw. including Velutina, Lam. a - species of Sigaretus from Tonga, and Coriocella, Bl. Thus described, - "Animal cheloniform, broad; depressed; the mantle larger than the - shell, lobed in front; tentacula two, short, obtuse; eyes basal; mouth - circular; shell ear-shaped, thin, fragile, imperforate; pillar none." - - CHELONOBIA. Leach. CORONULA Testudinaria, Auct. Fig. 15. - - CHERSINA. Humph. ACHATINA, Lam. - - CHICOREUS. Montf. A generic division of the genus MUREX, consisting of - such species as have three ramified varices. _Ex._ M. inflatus, fig. - 395. - - CHILINA. Gray. _Fam._ Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval, - thin, covered with an olive green epidermis; spire rather short, - consisting of few whorls; aperture large, oval, rounded anteriorly; - outer lip thin, joining the inner lip without a sinus; inner lip spread - over part of the body whorl, terminating in a thick columella with one - or two folds.--_Obs._ These shells differ from the true Auriculæ in the - thinness of the outer lip. C. Dombeyana (Auricula Dombeyana, Auct.) - Fig. 300. The illustrated catalogue published by the author (Sow. - Conch. illustr. parts 135, 136) contains 13 species. Rivers of South - America. - - CHILOTREMA. Leach. A sub-genus of HELIX, containing Helix lapicida, - Auct. Gray, Turton, p. 140. - - CHIMOTREMA. ----? Belongs to HELIX. - - CHIONE. Megerle. CYTHERÆA maculosa, (fig. 117, c.) sulcata, circinata, - &c. Auct. and other similar species. - - CHIRONA. Gray. A genus of Balanidæ, the shells consisting of six - parietal valves and two opercular valves; the upper edges of the - parietal valves are sloped and the structure is not tubular. - - CHISMOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of the first section of - Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. Those Mollusca belonging to this order - which have shells, have them either internal or external, but always - scutiform, with depressed spires and wide, haliotoid, oblique - apertures, without a columellar lip properly so called. This order - partly answers to the family MACROSTOMATA, in the system of Lamarck. It - contains the genera Coriocella, Sigaretus, Cryptostoma, Oxinoe, - Stomatella and Velutina. - - CHITON. Auct. ([Greek: chiton], an integument.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana, - Lam. _Class_, Polyplaniphora, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, consisting of eight - arched valves arranged in a series across the body of the animal and - fixed in the skin which forms a rim around them, sometimes scaly, - spinose, or rugose, sometimes smooth.--_Obs._ The genus Chiton, - commonly called "Coat of Mail," from its resemblance to jointed armour, - remains to the present day in exactly the same state with regard to its - boundaries as that in which Linnæus found it, and in which he left it. - That illustrious Naturalist placed it among the multivalves in his - purely Conchological system, although the animal is totally different - from the Cirripedes. The shells are prettily marked, and are found - attached to the rocks in all seas of Tropical and Southern climates, - but fossil species are almost unknown. Fig. 227, C. Spinosus. The genus - is divided by Guilding into Chiton, Canthopleura, Phakellopleura, - Chitonellus and Cryptoconchus. Zool. Journ. XVII. p. 27. The author of - this manual has lately attempted a revision of this interesting but - neglected genus, and has given a catalogue of all the species hitherto - known, as far as they could be identified among the confused mass of - synonyms and descriptions to be found in the works of various - Conchological writers. This catalogue is to be found in his - Conchological Illustrations, and refers to figures of 102 species, 92 - of which are contained in parts 38 to 45, and 159 to 176. - - CHITONELLUS. Lam. (From _Chiton_) Separated by Lamarck from Chiton, on - account of the valves being placed at a greater distance from each - other, the soft integument of the animal intervening. Fig. 228, C. - striatus. Philippines. - - CHLOROSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ." Sw. (Trochus) of which C. - argyrostoma is given as an example. Sw. Lard. Cyclop. p. 350. - - CHONDRUS. Hartmann. ABIDA, Leach. A genus formed for the reception of - PUPA secale, Drap. Pupa Juniperi, Montague, which have plaits in the - aperture. - - CHRYSOAR. Montf. Probably a species of ORTHOCERAS. - - CHRYSODOMUS. Swains. "Distinguished from Fusus, by the comparative - shortness of the basal channel, and the ventricose or enlarged shape of - the body whorl. The beautiful orange-mouthed Whelk of England is a - typical example; and the few others now known are all of a very large - size, and chiefly found in Northern Seas, where they represent the more - elegant Fusi of tropical latitudes; the outer lip is always thin and - smooth." Sw. page 90, paragraph 78, described at page 308. - - CHRYSOLUS. Montf. POLYSTOMELLA, Bl. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - CHRYSOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Rotellinæ," Sw. Thus described - "Shell turbinate; the whorls few and convex; aperture effuse, round; - inner lip thickened just over, and almost concealing the umbilicus. - Nicobaricus, Martini, 182 fig. 1822-5." Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. - 327. - - CHTHALAMUS. Ranz. _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl. Order, Sessile Cirripedes, - Lam.--_Descr._ "Shell much depressed, valves thick, thickened at the - base, with prominent areas; operculum nearly horizontal, composed of - four valves."--_Obs._ This description would apply generically to the - shell called Platylepas in the British Museum, only nothing is said - about the prominent plates jutting from the internal surface of the - valves. The difference between this genus and BALANUS consists - principally in the horizontal position of the operculum, and general - flatness of the shell. C. stellatus, fig. 18. - - CIBICIDES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - CIDARIS. Swains. A genus composed of TURBO Smaragdus, petholatus, and - other similar species. The word Cidaris is, however, already in use for - a genus of Echinæ. - - CIDAROLLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - CILIATED. (ciliæ, hairs.) Having minute hairs as in Orbicula, Lingula, - &c. and the jointed feelers of the Cirripedes. - - CIMBER. Montf. NAVICELLA, Auct. - - CINERAS. Leach. (_Cinereus_, ash-coloured.) _Order_, Pedunculated - Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Animal with a quadrilateral body, supported - on a fleshy peduncle, with an opening in front of the upper part for - the passage of a bunch of ciliated tentacula. Immediately above this - aperture is a pair of small elongated valves, placed in a nearly - horizontal position; at the lower part is another tripartite pair - placed perpendicularly, one on each side, and a narrow, angulated, - keel-shaped piece placed at the back.--_Obs._ The nearest approach to - this genus is Otion. (C. Vittatus, fig. 42.) Found upon substances - floating in the sea. - - CINEREOUS. (_Cinereus_) Ash-coloured. - - CINGULA. Fleming. RISSOA, Leach. - - CIONELLA. Jeffreys. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong or - elongated; last whorl large; apex rather acute; columella, - sub-interrupted; aperture canaliculated, sub-effuse at the base; - margins very unequal; no umbilicus. BULINUS octonus, lubricus, acicula, - &c. Auct. C. lubrica, fig. 285. - - CIRCE. Schum. VENUS castrensis, fig. 117 d. V. sulcatina, arabica, - pectinata, Auct. and other similar species. - - CIRRIPEDES. Lam. The tenth class of invertebrated animals, so named - from the curled and ciliated branchia which protrude from the oval - aperture of the shells. The class Cirripedes of Lamarck constitutes the - entire genus _Lepas_ of Linnæus. They are divided into two sections; - first, Sessile Cirr. attached by the basal portion of the shell; - second, Pedunculated Cirr. supported upon a Peduncle. Figs. 14 to 45. - - CIRROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita, - Bl. This order has been formed for the purpose of giving a place in the - system to the genus Dentalium. The animal of which has lungs, - consisting of numerous filaments, having their basal origin in two - radical lobes under the neck. - - CIRRUS. J. Sowerby (cirrus, a tendril.) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Bl. and - Lam.--_Descr._ Spiral, conical, with a hollow axis; whorls contiguous, - numerous, rounded, or slightly angulated.--_Obs._ This fossil genus - resembles Trochus, from which it is known by the deep funnel-shaped - umbilicus. Fig. 349, C. nodosus. - - CISTULA. Humph. CYCLOSTOMA, Lam. - - CLANCULUS. Montf. TROCHUS _Pharaonis_, Lam.--_Obs._ This, with several - other species, belong more properly to MONODONTA, Lam. ODONTIS, Sow. - Fig. 361. - - CLATHODON. Conrad. GNATHODON, Gray. - - CLAUSILIA. Drap. (_Clausium_, a valve or folding door.) _Fam._ - Colimacea, Lam. Limacinea, Bl.--_Descr._ Spire elongated, consisting of - many volutions; aperture small, sub quadrate, having several - tooth-shaped folds on the columella. A small, elastic, shelly plate, - attached to the columella within, called the Clausium, its office being - to enclose the aperture when the animal has retired within the - shell.--_Obs._ This last character distinguishes it from the Pupæ, to - some of which it bears a very near resemblance. _Hab._ Land, in the - central and southern parts of Europe, several British species. Fig. - 295, C. Macascarensis. - - CLAUSIUM. A name applied to the beautiful contrivance whence the genus - Clausilia derives its name, consisting of a little bony tortuous plate, - placed in a groove on the columella. Here it serves the purpose of a - door, which, when not prevented by counteracting pressure, springs - forward on its elastic ligament, and encloses the animal in his - retirement. The aperture is opened by pushing back the clausium into - the groove. - - CLAUSULUS. Montf. Conch. Syst. 1, 179. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - CLAVA. Humph. CERITHIUM, Lam. - - CLAVAGELLA. Lam. (_Clava_, a club.) _Fam._ Tubicolæ, Lam. Pyloridea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Two irregular flattish valves, one fixed or soldered, so - as to form part of the side of an irregular shelly tube; the other free - within the tube near the base.--_Obs._ The shells composing this genus - are found in stones, madrepores, &c. and appear to form the connecting - link between Aspergillum, which has both valves cemented into the tube; - and Fistulana, in which both are free. Fig. 45, a fossil Clavagella. - Found recent on the Coast of Malta and New South Wales. - - CLAVALITHES. Sw. A genus composed of some fossil shells, separated from - the genus Fusus, which, having the general form of Turbinella Rapa, &c. - are considered by Swainson, as holding an intermediate station between - Fusus and the Turbinellidæ.--_Descr._ "Unequally sub-fusiform; the body - whorl, and spire, being conic; and the canal suddenly contracted and - attenuated; terminal whorls papillary; inner lip thick; pillar smooth, - C. longævus, clavellatus, Noæ, ponderosus, Sw."--_Obs._ The papillary - spire may form a sufficient reason for separating this genus from - Fusus, while the absence of plates on the columella places them at a - still greater distance from Turbinella. - - CLAVATE. When one extremity of the shell is attenuated, and the other - becomes suddenly ventricose or globular, it is said to be Clavate. - _Ex._ Murex Haustellum, fig. 396. - - CLAVATULA. Lam. The generic name by which Lamarck originally - distinguished those species of Pleurotoma which were remarkable for the - shortness of their canals. In his system, however, they are re-united - to Pleurotoma. Fig. 381, P. Strombiformis. - - CLAVICANTHA. Sw. A genus separated from Pleurotoma, Lam. consisting of - species, which are described as "thick, sub-fusiform; the surface - rugose, and the whorls sub-coronated; channel short; slit assuming the - form of a short, broad sinus. C. imperialis, E. M. 440, spirata, E. M. - 440, fig. 5, conica, E. M. 439, fig. 9, echinata, E. M. 439, fig. 8, - Auriculifera, E. M. 439, fig. 10." - - CLAVICLE. (_clavis_, a key.) A little key. This term is applied to the - bony appendage in the hinge of some species of Anatina, (those included - in the generic term Lyonsia) Cleidothærus, Myochama, &c. - - CLAVULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - CLAVUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Hutch. ([Greek: Thairos], hinge, [Greek: Kleis], - clavicle.) _Fam._ Chamaceæ or Myariæ, Lam.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, - irregular, solid, attached; with one cardinal, conical tooth in the - free valve, entering a corresponding indenture in the other; and an - oblong shelly appendage, fixed by an internal cartilage in a groove - under the umbones; muscular impressions, two in each valve, one - elongated, the other uniform.--_Obs._ This shell is like Chama in - general form, but is distinguished by the clavicle or shelly appendage - from which its name is derived. Fig. 75. New South Wales. - - CLEODORA. _Per. et Les. Fam._ Pteropoda, Lam. Thecosomata, - Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, transparent, pyramidal, with flat alate sides, and - oval aperture. Fig. 221, C. cuspidata. - - CLISIPHONITES. Montf. Microscopic. LENTICULINA, Bl. - - CLITHON. Montf. NERITINA Corona, spinosa, &c. Auct. fig. 325. - - CLITIA. Leach. _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl. _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, - Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-conical, compressed, consisting of four unequal - valves, two larger and two smaller, joined together side by side, by - the interlocking of their dentated edges, a process somewhat like that - which joiners call dove-tailing. Operculum, consisting of two unequal - pointed valves.--_Obs._ Clitia is known from Creusia, by the - articulations of the valves, and by the operculum, which in Creusia - consists of four valves. Fig. 20. C. Verruca, (Lepas Verruca, Gmelin.) - Britain and Peru. - - CLOSE. The margins of a bivalve shell are described as being close, - when there is no hiatus between them in any part, otherwise they are - described as _gaping_. - - CLOTHO. Faujas. _Fam._ Conchacea, Bl. More properly belonging to the - Pyloridea, Bl.; and the Lithophagidæ, Lam.--_Descr._ "Oval, nearly - regular, longitudinally striated, equivalve, sub-equilateral; hinge - consisting of a bifid tooth, curved like a crochet, larger in one valve - than in the other." This description is translated from Blainville, who - states that he has never seen the shell. Annales du Museum D'Histoire - Naturelle, tom. 9, pl. 17, fig. 4-6. - - CLYPEIFORM. (_Clypeus_, a shield.) Open, flat, shaped like a shield or - buckler, as Umbrella, fig. 233, and Parmophorus, fig. 242. - - CLYPIDELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Fissurella, described as having one - extremity of the shell slightly raised. C. pustula. Sow. Gen. fig. 3. - - COAT OF MAIL. A common name given to shells of the genus Chiton, on - account of their resemblance to jointed armour. - - COBRESIA. Hübner. VITRINA, Auct. - - COCHLIATE. (_Cochleare_, a spoon). Applied to any shell or part which - is hollow and oval, as Patellæ, &c. The cavity containing the cartilage - in Mya, fig. 71, is Cochleate. - - COCHLICELLA. One of the sub-genera into which De Ferrusac has divided - the genus Helix, consisting of Bulinus decollatus, fig. 279, and - similar species. See Helix. - - COCHLICOPA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, partly corresponding with - Polyphemus of De Montfort, and consisting of species of Achatina, which - have the outer lip undulated. - - COCHLITOMA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, corresponding with the genus - Achatina, Auct. not including those with undulated outer lips. - - COCHLODINA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, including the genus Clausilia, - Auct. - - COCHLODONTA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, containing Pupa Uva, Auct. &c. - - COCHLOGENA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, containing pupiform shells, such - as Azeca tridens, fig. 290. - - COCHLOHYDRA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, composed of the genus Succinea, - Auct. - - COCHLOSTYLA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, composed of the genus Bulinus, - Auct. - - COLIMACEA. Lam. This Family, of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. includes - all land shells, which might with propriety be divided into three - sections, the first of which contain the following well-known genera:-- - - 1. SUCCINEA. Oval, transparent, oblique; animal amphibious. Fig. - 265, 266. - - 2. HELIX. The type of which is the common snail shell. The - separation of _Carocolla_, on account of the angulated whorls, or - that of _Geotrochus_, on account of the turbinated shape, cannot be - well maintained. Fig. 264, 267, 268, 273 to 276, 278 to 281, 294. - - 3. ANOSTOMA. The aperture turned up towards the spire. Fig. 271, - 272. - - 4. STREPTAXIS. Whorls excentric. Fig. 269, 270. - - 5. BULINUS. Oval; aperture entire, including _Bulimulus_, _Balea_, - _Cionella_, _Azeca_. Fig. 282 to 285, 289, 290, 296. - - 6. ACHATINA. A notch terminating the columella. Fig. 286 to 288. - - 7. PUPA. Cylindrical; including _Vertigo_, _Alæa_, &c. Fig. 291 to - 293. - - 8. CLAUSILIA. Cylindrical, with a clausium. Fig. 295. - - _Obs._ The above are united in the system of De Ferrusac under the - generic name Helix, and divided into sub-genera as explained under - that word. - - The next section, included in the family Auriculacea, Bl., contains - the genera Auricula, Chilina, Carychium, Marinula, Scarabæus, and - Partula. Fig. 297 to 302. - - The third section contains the following genera of land shells with - opercula. - - 1. CYCLOSTOMA. Aperture round; operculum spiral. Fig. 303, 304. - - 2. NEMATURA. Last whorl contracted; operculum spiral. Fig. 305. - - 3. HELICINA. Aperture semi-lunar or angulated; operculum - concentric. Fig. 306, 307. - - 4. PUPINA. Shell polished; operculum concentric; aperture round. - Fig. 524. - - 5. STROPHOSTOMA. Aperture turned up towards the spire, like - Anostoma, but said to have an operculum. Only known fossil. Fig. - 97. - - COLUMBELLA. Auct. (Columba, a dove.) _Fam._ Columellata, Lam.--_Descr._ - Thick, oval, or angular; with short spire, and long narrow aperture, - contracted in the centre, and terminating in a short canal; outer lip - thickened and dentated; inner lip irregularly crenated. Epidermis thin, - brown. Operculum very small, horny.--_Obs._ Those species of Mitra, - which resemble Columbella in shape, may easily be distinguished by the - plaits on the columella. The Columbellæ are marine, and few fossil - species are known. Fig. 430, C. Mercatoria. Swainson has divided this - genus into the following: _Columbella_, consisting of C. Mercatoria, - &c.; _Pusiostoma_, consisting of the Strombiform species; - _Crassispira_, which is most probably a Cerithium; _Nitidella_, - consisting of the smooth species; _Conidea_, consisting of the more - conical species; another set of the more conical species has been - removed from this family, and placed in that of the "Coninæ," but as - they are separated by no essential character, we suppose this has - merely been done for the purpose of completing the "circle" of the last - mentioned family, which otherwise would not have reached the required - number of five. Mediterranean, East and West Indies, South America, - Coast of California, Gallapagos, &c. - - COLUMELLA. A solid column formed by the inner sides of the volutions of - a spiral univalve. It is sometimes described as the inner lip of the - aperture, of which it forms a part; but the term would be more properly - confined to that portion of the inner lip which is seen below the body - whorl, over which the remainder of the lip is frequently spread. All - the inner edge of the aperture, including that part of it which covers - the body whorl, is called the columellar lip. In fig. 431, the anterior - termination of the columella is indicated by the letter c. The axis, is - an imaginary line drawn strictly through the centre of the whorls, - whether their inner edges form a solid column or not. - - COLUMELLAR LIP. The inner lip. See COLUMELLA. - - COLUMELLATA. Lam. A family of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. containing - the following genera:-- - - 1. MITRA. Elongated; aperture narrow; strong folds on the - columella; including _Mitrella_, _Mitreola_, _Tiara_, and - _Conohelix_. Fig. 431, 432. - - 2. MARGINELLA. Outer lip reflected; including _Volutella_, - _Persicula_, _Gibberula_, and _Glabella_. Fig. 437. - - 3. COLUMBELLA. Outer and inner lips denticulated or granulated. - Fig. 430. - - 4. VOLUTA. Outer lip thickened; folds on the columella; aperture - generally wide; apex papillary; including _Scaphella_, _Harpula_, - _Volutilithes_, _Cymbiola_. Fig. 433, 436. - - 5. MELO. Shell comparatively light; spire short, sometimes hidden; - apex round, spiral; folds on the columella laminar. Fig. 435. - - 6. CYMBA. Upper edge of the aperture separated from the body whorl - by a flat disc; apex mammillated, irregular; folds on the - columella. Fig. 434. - - 7. VOLVARIA. Cylindrical; aperture long, narrow; folds on the - columella; spire hidden. Fig. 439. - - COLUS. Humphrey. FUSUS, Lam. - - COMPLANARIA. Sw. A subgenus of ALASMODON (Unio), thus described, "shell - winged; the valves connate; the bosses very small and depressed; - cardinal teeth two or three; lateral teeth represented by irregular - grooves. C. gigas (Unio), Sow. Man. fig. 141. Alasmodon complanatus, - Say. C. rugosa, Sw." - - COMPRESSED. Pressed together, or flattened. The application is the same - as in common use. A Patella may be described as a vertically compressed - cone. A Ranella, on account of the two rows of varices skirting the - whorls, appears, as it were, laterally compressed. A bivalve shell is - said to be compressed when it is flat, that is, when but a small cavity - is left in the deepest part when the valves are closed. Perhaps the - Placuna placenta, fig. 184, is the most remarkable instance of this. - - CONCAMERATIONS. (_Con_, with, _camera_, a chamber.) A series of - Chambers joining each other, as in Nautilus, Spirula, &c. - - CONCENTRIC. A term applied to the direction taken by the lines of - growth in spiral and other shells, (_longitudinal_ of some authors.) - Every fresh layer of shelly matter forms a new circle round an - imaginary line, drawn through the centre of the spiral cone, down from - the nucleus. When the edges of the successive layers are marked by any - external characters, the shell is said to be concentrically striated, - banded, grooved, costated, &c. A fine illustration of the latter is to - be seen in the Scalaria or Wentletrap, fig. 351, Lines, bands, ribs, - &c. in the opposite direction, (_transverse_ of some authors,) are - "radiating" in bivalves, as the ribs of Cardium, fig. 123, and "spiral" - in univalves, that is, following the direction of the whorls, as the - bands of colour in Pyramidella, fig. 342. - - CONCHACEA. Bl. The eighth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. - The shells are described as follows: nearly always regular, valves - closed all round; apices curved towards the anterior; dorsal hinge - complete, with teeth and ligament; the latter external or internal, - short and thick; two distinct muscular impressions, united at the lower - part by a parallel impression, which is frequently sinuated at the - posterior. The genera described in this family are divided into three - sections. First, those which are regular, and have distant lateral - teeth, Cardium, Donax, Tellina, Lucina, Cyclas, Cyprina, Mactra, and - Erycina. Second, those which are regular, and have no distant lateral - teeth, Crassatella and Venus. Third, those which are irregular, - Venerupis, Coralliophaga, Clotho, Corbula, Sphænia, and Ungulina. - - CONCHACEA. Lam. A family of Lamarck's order Conchifera Dimyaria. - Regular, unattached in general, closed at the sides. They are always - more or less inequilateral. The _Marine_ Conchacea are those which - inhabit the sea. The fluviatile Conchacea are those which are found in - rivers, ponds, &c. Each of these contain various genera, which may be - arranged as follows:-- - - _Fluviatile._ - - 1. CYRENELLA. Three cardinal teeth; ligament long; shell thin. Fig. - 114. - - 2. CYCLAS. Thin, oval; cardinal and lateral teeth; anterior side - shortest, including _Pera_. - - 3. PISIDIUM. The same, with the posterior side shortest. Fig. 112. - - 4. CYRENA. Thick; cardinal and lateral teeth. Fig. 113. - - 5. POTAMOPHILA. Two thick cardinal teeth. Fig 115. - - _Marine._ - - 1. CYPRINA. Two cardinal teeth, and one remote lateral tooth. Fig. - 116. - - 2. VENUS. Three cardinal, no lateral teeth; including _Artemis_. - Fig. 118, 119, 119a. - - 3. CYTHEREA. Several cardinal teeth; one very short lateral tooth. - Fig. 117, 117_a_, 117_b_, 117_c_, 117d. - - 4. PULLASTRA. Cardinal teeth notched, otherwise like Venus. Fig. - 120. - - 5. ASTARTE. Three cardinal teeth; ligament short. Fig. 110. - - VENERICARDIA belongs to the Cardiacea. - - CONCHIFERA. Lam. The 11th class of Invertebrata, consisting of all - those animals which have bivalve shells. Lamarck divides the class into - Dimyaria, which have two adductor muscles; and Monomyaria, which have - but one. - - CONCHOLEPAS. Montf. (CONCHA, a shell; lepas, a stone or rock.) _Fam._ - Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, imbricated, thick; - with a very short spire and large oval patelliform aperture, - terminating anteriorly in a slight emargination; outer lip crenated, - with two produced points or teeth towards the anterior, inner lip - smooth, nearly flat, reflected over the last whorl, so as nearly or - entirely to cover it; operculum horny. Marine, only one species known, - from Peru.--_Obs._ This shell is placed near Patella by Lamarck, on - account of its large open aperture; but having a horny operculum, and - resembling Purpurea in other respects. Fig. 418. Concholepas Peruviana. - - CONCHOTRYA. Gray. (_Concha_, a shell; [Greek: Truo], (_tryo_) to bore.) - _Order_, Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Five pieces, two pairs - ventral, one single; shaped like Pentelasmis. Found in holes. - - CONCHYLIOMORPHITE. A term used by De Blainville to designate the cast - or model of a fossil shell, formed by a siliceous substance which has - entered or surrounded it when in a liquid state, and subsequently - become hardened into flint. The shell has afterwards decomposed or - fallen off by accident, leaving its external or internal characters to - be conjectured from the monumental impressions that remain. - - CONCHYTA. Hupsch Mus. CALCEOLA, Lam. - - CONE. A common name for shells of the genus Conus. - - CONE. This mathematical term is used by conchologists in its utmost - latitude of signification to express a body, which in its formation, - commences in a small point, called the apex, and increases in width - towards the conclusion or base. It is applied to all shells, whether - the increase in width be gradual or sudden; or whether in its growth, - it takes a straight, oblique, curved, or spirally-twisted course. In - this sense, a bivalve would be described as a pair of rapidly - enlarging, oblique cones, and the aperture of every spiral shell would - be its base. But this phraseology being in disuse, it is only mentioned - here that it may be understood when occasionally met with. - - CONELLA. Sw. A genus composed of species of the genus Columbella, Lam. - which have a conical form, and which, on that account, are considered - by Swainson as belonging to his family of Coninæ. Swains. Lardner. - Cyclop. Malac. described at p. 312. C. picata, Sw. fig. 17, a. p. 151. - - CONFLUENT. A term applied to two parts of a shell when they gradually - flow into each other, as, for instance, the inner and outer lips of - Univalves when they pass into each other at the anterior extremity, - without the intervention of a notch or angle. - - CONIA. Leach. _Fam._ Balanidea. _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, - Lam.--_Descr._ Four rather irregular valves, of porous structure, - placed side by side, so as to form a circular cone, supported at the - base on a shelly plate, and closed at the aperture by an operculum - consisting of four valves in pairs. Distinguished from Creusia by its - porous structure and by its flat support; that of Creusia being - cup-shaped. Fig. 21, Conia porosa. - - CONICAL. A term applied in the ordinary sense, and not as explained - above, under the word CONE. - - CONIDEA. Sw. A genus separated from Columbella, Lam. thus described, - "Mitra shaped, fusiform; spire equal or longer than the aperture; the - whorls tumid; outer lip slightly gibbous above, contracted below; - margin not inflected; striated within; inner lip terminating in an - elevated ridge, but with the teeth obsolete. C. semipunctata, - (_Columbella_, Lam.) Mart. 44. fig. 465, 466." Africa. - - CONILITES. _Fam._ Orthocerata, Lam. & Bl.--_Descr._ "Conical, straight - or slightly curved; having a thin external covering, independent of the - nut or alveole, which it contains. Alveole transversely chambered, - sub-separable." (Translated from Lam.)--_Obs._ The difference between - Belemnites and Conilites is that the external sheath of the latter is - thin, and not filled up with solid matter, from the point of the - alveole to the apex, as in the former. De Blainville places in this - genus the genera Thalamulus, Achelois and Antimomus, Montf. two of - which are figured, Knor. Sup. Fab. iv. fig. 1. 1. 8. 9. Conilites - Pyramidatus, fig. 470. - - CONILITHES. Sw. A sub-genus of Coronaxis, Sw. (Coni, with coronated - whorls) thus described, "Conic; spire considerably elevated; the - aperture linear, C. antediluvianus, Sow. Gen. f. 1." - - CONOHELIX. Sw. (_Conus and Helix._) The generic name given to those - species of Mitra which are conical in form. Fig. 432, C. marmorata. - - CONOPLÆA. Say. _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam. A genus composed of - Balani, attached to the stems of Gorgonia, having their bases - elongated. _Ex._ fig. 27, Balanus Galeatus. - - CONORBIS. Sw. A genus composed of species of CONUS, such as C. - dormitor, (Sowerby, gen. fig. 8) which have elevated spires and the - upper part of the outer lip deeply sinuated. Mr. Swainson considers - these fossil species as analogous to the Pleurotomæ. _Sw._ Lard. - Cyclop. Malac. p. 312. - - CONOVULUM. A genus proposed by Lamarck, to include the small, conical - species of Auricula, which have the outer lip simple. This genus was - afterwards abandoned by the author. _Ex._ fig. 298, Auricula - coniformis. - - CONTIGUOUS. (_Contingo_, to touch.) A term applied to the whorls of - spiral shells when they rest upon, or touch each other. This is the - case in a great majority of instances. When, on the contrary, there is - a space between the whorls, they are said to be non-contiguous, - detached, or free. Examples of non-contiguous whorls are to be seen in - Scalaria, fig. 351 (in this case, the distance between the whorls is - small), and in Crioceratites, fig. 482. A "_Columella contiguous to the - axis_," is when in the centre of the shell and takes the place of the - imaginary line which forms its axis. - - CONTINUOUS. Carried on without interruption, as the siphon in Spirula, - the varices in Ranella, fig. 394, which, occurring in a corresponding - part of each whorl, form a continuous ridge. - - CONULARIA. Miller. A genus of Orthocerata, described as conical, - straight, or nearly so, divided into chambers by imperforate septa; - aperture half closed; apex solid, obtuse; external surface finely - striated. Resembling Orthoceras, but wanting the siphon. Fig. 449. - - CONUS. Auct. ([Greek: Kônos], a cone.) _Fam._ Enroulées, Lam. - Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Conical, convolute, with a short spire, - consisting of numerous whorls; and narrow lengthened aperture, - terminating in a slight emargination at each extremity; outer lip thin; - epidermis thin; operculum small, pointed, horny.--_Obs._ This - well-known genus of shells is easily distinguished from any other, by - its conical form, its smooth columella, its narrow aperture, and thin - outer lip. The form of the spire varies from flat and even partially - concave, to a regular pyramidal cone; and the upper edges of the whorls - are rounded in some species, angulated in others, and in some are waved - or coronated. The variety of marking and the numerous delicate tints of - these shells have caused them to be highly appreciated by amateur - collectors; and many species, as the C. Ammiralis, or admiral; the C. - Gloria Maris, or Glory of the Sea; the C. Cedonulli ("I yield to - none"), and others, have always produced good prices in the markets. We - give figures of the principal forms, as expressed in the genera - proposed by De Montfort, of Rhombus, Hermes, Rollus and Cylinder, in - figures 459 to 462. Many new species were brought to this country by - Mr. Cuming, and are represented in parts 24, 25, 28, 29; 32, 33, 36, - 37; 54, 55, 56, 57; 147, 148; 151 to 158 of the Conchological - Illustrations, by G. B. Sowerby, jun. See CORONAXIS, Swainson. The - cones are mostly tropical, some are found as far north as the - Mediterranean, and south as the Cape of Good Hope. The most beautiful - species are from the East and West Indies. - - CONVOLUTÆ. (Enroulées, Lam.) A family of the 2nd section of the order - Trachelipoda, Lam. the genera of which may be distinguished as - follows:-- - - 1. CYPRÆA. Lips thickened, inflected, with teeth; spire hidden, - including _Cypræovulum_, _Luponia_, _Trivia_. Fig. 444 to 450. - - 2. OVULUM. Lips thickened, inflected, with slight crenulations; - spire hidden. Fig. 440 to 443. - - 3. ERATO. Lips thickened, inflected; spire visible; a groove down - the back. Fig. 454. - - 4. TEREBELLUM. Cylindrical, open at the anterior extremity; - columella smooth; suture of the spire canaliculated. Fig. 451, 452. - - 5. OLIVA. Columella plaited, swelled into a varix at the anterior. - Fig. 457, 458. - - 6. ANCILLARIA. The same, but the suture of the spire covered with - enamel. Fig. 455, 456. - - 7. CONUS. Turbinated, numerous whorls; spire flat or short, - conical; columella smooth. Fig 459 to 462. - - CONVOLUTE. (_Con_, together; _volvo_, to revolve). This term can be - strictly applied only to symmetrical shells, signifying that the - volutions are parallel to each other in a horizontal direction, as in - the Ammonites, &c.; but the term is also commonly used in describing - such shells as Conus, in which, the direction of the whorls being - scarcely oblique, the last whorl almost entirely covers those which - precede it. This is the case with Lamarck's family of Enroulées. Fig. - 440 to 462. - - CORALLIOPHAGA. Bl. CYPRICARDIA Coralliophaga, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval, - elongated, finely striated from the apex to the base, cylindrical, - equivalve, very inequilateral; umbones slightly raised and quite - anterior; hinge nearly the same in both valves; two small cardinal - teeth, one of which is bifid, placed before a kind of lammellated - tooth, beneath a very slender external ligament; two small, distant, - muscular impressions, united by a striated palleal impression, which is - strongly striated posteriorly.--_Obs._ This shell, which is found in - the empty holes of dead Lithodomi, in some instances conforming its - shape to its situation, differs from Cypricardia of Lamarck, - principally in its cylindrical form. C. Carditoidea, fig. 92. - Mediterranean and East Indies. - - CORBICULA. Megerle. CYRENA, Lam. - - CORBIS. Cuv. (_A basket._) _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Transverse, - oval, thick, ventricose, equivalve, sub-equilateral, free, cancellated, - with denticulated internal margins; hinge with two cardinal and two - lateral teeth in each valve; of the latter, one near and one remote - from the umbones; muscular impressions lunulate, two in each valve, - united by an entire palleal impression, without a sinus.--_Obs._ This - genus, of which only two or three recent species are known, resembles - many species of Venus and Cytherea in general form; but differs in - having lateral teeth, and in the palleal impressions which in all the - Veneres, &c. is sinuated. From Lucina it may be known, not only by its - oval form, but also by the muscular impressions, which, in Lucina are - produced into an elongated point; it will also be distinguished from - Tellina, by the want of a posterior fold in the valve, for which that - genus is remarkable. C. Fimbriata, fig. 101, is an inhabitant of the - Indian Ocean. Several fossil species are found in the recent - formations, above the chalk, at Grignon and Hauteville. - - CORBULA. Brug. (_A little basket._) _Fam._ Corbulacea, Lam. Conchacea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, sub-equilateral, transverse, gibbose, not - gaping; cardinal tooth in each valve, conical, curved, prominent, - inserting its extremity into a pit in the opposite hinge; cartilage - attached to the tooth of the smaller valve, and the pit in the larger; - muscular impressions, two in each valve, distant, rather irregular; - palleal impression posteriorly angulated.--_Obs._ The shells composing - this genus were placed in Mya by Linnæus, but differ from the true Myæ - in having a sinus in the palleal impression, and a prominent - ligamentiferous tooth in each valve, whereas the Myæ have but one. The - Corbulæ are marine, some species inhabiting the British coasts. Fossil - species occur abundantly in green sand, London clay, crag, and - corresponding formations. Fig. 89. C. Nucleus. - - CORBULACEA. (Corbulées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera - Dimyaria, Lam., containing the genera-- - - 1. CORBULA, with a prominent curved tooth. The Fresh-water species - has been separated under the name _Potamomya_. Fig. 89. - - 2. PANDORA. Thin, pearly, no teeth. Fig. 90. - - CORDIFORM. (_Cor_, a heart.) Heart-shaped, a term applied generally to - any shell which may be fancied to resemble a heart in shape, as - Isocardia, fig. 126, and Cardium Dionæum, fig. 122. - - CORIACEOUS. (_Corium_, leather.) Of the substance of leather. _Ex._, - the integument into which the valves of Chitones are inserted. - - CORIOCELLA. Bl. The animal designated by this name is described by De - Blainville as being without any traces of shell, either internal or - external. This must have arisen from the imperfection of the specimen - described, probably deprived by accident of its shell. The testaceous - appendage of the Coriocella is now well known to naturalists. It is a - milky white, transparent shell, shaped like Sigaretus. - - CORNEA, and PISUM, Megerle. CYCLAS, Lam. - - CORNEO-CALCAREOUS. A term used to express the mixture of horny and - shelly matter which enters into the composition of some shells, - Aplysia, for instance. It is also applied to those Opercula, which are - horny on one side, and testaceous on the other, as that of Turbo. - - CORNEUS. Horny. A species of Patella has had the specific name corneus - given to it, because its texture more nearly resembles that of a horn - than that of a shell. The epidermis of fresh-water shells is of a - similar composition. - - CORNUCOPIA. Humph. LEPAS, Linn. - - CORONALES. See CORONULAR MULTIVALVES. - - CORONATED. (_Corona_, a crown.) Applied to shells when ornamented with - a series of points, tubercles, &c., round the upper edges of the - volutions. _Ex._ Conus Nocturnus, fig. 459. - - CORONAXIS. One of the two genera into which Swainson divides the genus - Conus, consisting of those species which have a row of tubercles on the - upper edge of the whorls, an arrangement by which he would in many - instances, not only separate between two individuals of the same - species, but also between two parts of the same shell; for instances - occur in which the earlier whorls are coronated, while the body whorl - and the penultimate are perfectly plain. - - CORONULA. (_Corona_, a crown, dim.) _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam. - _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl.--_Descr._ Six radiated valves, joined side by - side in a circle, forming a depressed cone; internal structure of the - valves, porous or chambered; thickened at the base; operculum - consisting of four valves in pairs; imbedded horizontally in a - cartilaginous substance.--_Obs._ The shells composing this genus are - found partly imbedded in the skin of whales, and the shells of - tortoises, and are therefore destitute of the shelly foundation on - which the Balani and other Coronular Multivalves are supported. C. - Testudinaria, (CHELONOBIA, Leach,) fig. 15. C. Balænarum, (CETOPIRUS, - Ranz.) fig. 16. C. Diadema, (DIADEMA, Ranz.) fig. 17. - - CORONULAR MULTIVALVES are those which have their parietal valves joined - together side by side in a circle, surrounding the body of the animal, - so as to form a sort of coronet. This is the characteristic of the - Sessile Cirripedes of Lamarck's system, the Balanidea of De Blainville. - - CORRODED. (_Corrodo_, eat away, consume.) The umbones, apices, and - other thick parts of shells, are frequently worn away or consumed by - the action of the element in which they exist. As the thickest parts of - some shells are the most subject to this operation, it appears to the - author to arise from the outer surface of the shell, being less under - the influence of the animal juices than the other parts; and therefore, - more exposed to the influence of the surrounding element. This, - however, is not the case with respect to the Nayades and other - fresh-water shells; with these, corrosion does not take place until - after the thick epidermis which covers them, becomes wounded by some - means or other, and then the animal thickens its shell within as fast - as it is corroded without. - - CORTALUS. Montf. (Conch. Syst. 1. 115.) A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera, placed by De Blainville in a division of the genus - Rotalites. - - COSTATED. Ribbed, as Cardium Angulatum, fig. 123. - - COSTELLARIA. A sub-genus of the genus Tiara, Sw. (Mitra.) C. rigida. - Swainson, Zool. Ill. 1st series, pl. 29. - - COWRY. A common name for shells of the genus Cypræa. - - CRANIA. (_Cranium_, a skull.) _Fam._ Rudistes, Lam. _Order_, - Pallio-branchiata, Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, equilateral, irregular, - sub-quadrate; upper valve patelliform, conical, with the umbo near the - centre; lower valve attached by its outer surface; muscular - impressions, 4 in each valve; two large, posterior, distant; two small, - near to each other, central. No hinge teeth; no ligament.--_Obs._ This - genus properly belongs to the Brachiopoda, Lam. It differs from - Orbicula in the mode of attachment, which in the latter, is by a byssus - passing through the lower valve, and not by the valve itself. Hipponyx - has only two muscular impressions in each valve. The name of this genus - is derived from the inner surface of the attached valve, which presents - a remarkable resemblance to the facial portion of a human skull. This - appearance is caused by the situation and elevated edges of the - muscular impressions. Fig. 197. Coasts of Britain and Mediterranean. - - CRASSATED. (_Crassus_, thick.) Used to express a thickness in the - substance of a shell. _Ex._ Glycimeris, fig. 67. - - CRASSATELLA. Lam. (_Crassus_, thick.) _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam. Conchacea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, close, thick, rounded - anteriorly, rostrated posteriorly, with denticulated margins, smooth, - or ribbed transversely; hinge with a triangular pit containing the - cartilage, two anterior cardinal teeth, and a posterior depression in - one valve; one anterior tooth and a slight anterior marginal elevation, - and a posterior elevation in the other valve. Muscular impressions - distant, strongly marked. Palleal impression not sinuated.--_Obs._ The - few recent species known are marine, several being brought from the - coasts of New Holland. Fossil species are found in Calcaire-grossier - and London clay. The Crassatella are known from the Veneres, &c., by - the ligamentary pit in the hinge, and from Lutraria and Mactra by the - thickness and closeness of the shell. Fig. 84, C. rostrata. - - CRASSINA. Lam. ASTARTE, Sow. - - CRASSIPEDES. Lam. (_Crassus_, thick; _pes_, foot.) The first section of - the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. In this section the foot of the - animal is thick, and the shell gapes considerably. It is divided into - the families Tubicolæ, Pholadidæ, Solenidæ, and Myaria. Fig. 44 to 76. - - CRASSISPIRA. Sw. A genus separated from COLUMBELLA, Auct. for which Mr. - Swainson quotes "Pleurotoma Bottæ, Auct." Crassispira fasciata, Sw. - Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 313. - - CRENATED. (_Crena_, a notch.) Applied to small notches, not - sufficiently raised or defined, to be compared to teeth. _Ex._ The - hinge of Iridina, fig. 150. - - CRENATULA. Lam. _Fam._ Malleacea, Lam. Margaritacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Compressed, foliated, irregular, sub-equivalve, inequilateral, oblique; - umbones terminal; hinge linear, nearly straight, with a series of - excavations, containing the cartilage, while the intervening ridges are - covered with the ligament, properly so called. Muscular impression - oblong, indistinct.--_Obs._ This genus is known from Perna by the - hinge, which in the latter is composed of a series of regular, - straight, ligamentary grooves placed across it. In Crenatula also there - is no passage for the byssus, as in Perna. C. Mytiloides, fig. 168. - Coasts of the Red Sea. - - CRENULATED. Finely crenated or notched. - - CREPIDULA. Lam. (_Crepidula_, a little slipper.) _Fam._ Calyptracea, - Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, irregular, patelliform; apex lateral, - incurved, or sub-spiral; external surface convex, smooth, ribbed, - waved, or covered with spines; interior concave, smooth, with a - flattish septum reaching nearly half across the cavity; epidermis light - brown.--_Obs._ The difference between this genus and Calyptræa is that - in the latter, the septum is more free from the sides of the shell, so - that, instead of forming a regular plate, covering half the aperture, - it assumes a variety of shapes, and in some is cup-shaped, in others - forked, and in some forms a little angular shelf. Indeed, the - variations are so numerous that I think it would be better to throw the - two genera into one, and then divide them into smaller groups. Some - species of Calyptræa are farther removed from each other with respect - to the characters of the septum and general form of the shell, than - they are from the Crepidulæ. Fig. 239. Mediterranean, North and South - America, East and West Indies, New South Wales, &c. - - CREPIDULINA. Bl. CRISTELLARIA, Lam. Microscopic. - - CRESEIS. Ranz. _Order_, Pteropoda, Lam.--_Descr._ Thin, fragile, - transparent, pyramidal, pointed; with a dorsal ridge produced into a - point at the edge of the aperture.--_Obs._ The species found in the - Mediterranean is named C. Spinifera (fig. 222), from its resemblance to - a thorn. - - CREUSIA. Leach. (_Creux_, se. Fr. a cavity.) _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl. - _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ A depressed cone, - consisting of four valves, supported upon, and jointed to, a cup-shaped - cavity formed in the Madrepores, in which it resides. Aperture - quadrilateral, closed by an operculum of four valves.--_Obs._ This - genus is distinguished from Pyrgoma, which is supported on the edge of - a similar cup-shaped cavity, by the paries being composed of four - valves, whereas in Pyrgoma, it consists of a single piece. Fig. 28, C. - Gregaria. East Indies. - - CRICOSTOMATA. Bl. The second family of Asiphonibranchiata, Bl. It is - thus described: "shell equally (with the animal) variable in general - form, but of which the aperture, always nearly round, is completely - closed by the shelly or horny operculum; whorls few, and apex - sublateral." This family agrees in some measure with the family - Turbinacea of Lamarck, and with the genus Turbo in the system of - Linnæus. It contains the genera Pleurotomaria, Delphinula, Turritella, - Proto, Scalaria, Vermetus, Siliquaria, Magilus, Valvata, Cyclostoma, - and Paludina. - - CRIOCERATITES. A genus composed of species of Ammonites, with - disconnected whorls. C. Duvallii, fig. 482. - - CRIOPUS. Poli. CRANIA, Auct. - - CRISTACEA. Lam. The third family of Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Lam. - This family is described as including shells of the following - characters:--"Multilocular, flattened, nearly reniform; the chambers - gradually increasing in length, as they approach the outer arched - margin, and appearing to revolve round an eccentric, more or less - marginal axis. The Cristacea contain the genera Renulina, Cristellaria, - and Orbiculina." - - CRISTACEA. Bl. The third family of Polythalamia, Bl. containing the - genera Crepidulina, (Cristellaria, Lam.) Oreas and Linthuris. - - CRISTARIA. Schum. DIPSAS Plicatus, Leach. ANODON tuberculatus, Fer. - - CRISTELLARIA. Lam. CREPIDULINA, Bl. _Fam._ Cristacea, Lam. and - Bl.--_Descr._ Semidiscoidal, chambered; whorls contiguous, enlarging - progressively; spire eccentric, sublateral; septa imperforate. - Microscopic. - - CRYPTA. Humph. CREPIDULA, Lam. - - CRYPTELLA. Webb. ([Greek: Kruptô], to conceal.) TESTACELLUS Ambiguus of - Ferrusac. Published in Sowerby's Genera of Shells as PARMACELLA - calyculata.--_Descr._ A small patelliform shell, with a very short - papillary spire; and the aperture irregularly expanded. Fig. 256. - Canary Islands. - - CRYPTOCONCHUS. Bl. A genus composed of species of Chiton, the valves of - which are covered by the integument, as Chiton porosus of Burrows. Ch. - amiculatus of Pallas. - - CRYPTODIBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of the class Cephalophora, Bl. - containing families of molluscous animals destitute of shells. - - CRYPTOSTOMA. Bl. Differs from SIGARETUS, Lam. principally in the soft - parts of the animal. De Blainville remarks that he is acquainted with - only two species (from the Indies), which he can with decision refer to - the genus, but he thinks that many of the Lamarckian Sigareti may very - probably be found to belong to it, as soon as the soft parts shall be - known. The species which he figures is Cryptostoma Leachii. (Manuel de - Malacologie, pl. 42. fig. 3.) - - CTENOCONCHA. Gray. Described as having many characters in common with - the Solens, the teeth like Nucula, but the cartilage entirely external. - SOLENELLA, Sow.? - - CUCULLÆA. Lam. (_Cucullus_, a hood.) _Fam._ Arcacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Sub-quadrate, nearly equivalve, sub-equilateral, deep; hinge - rectilinear, with a series of angular teeth, small near the umbones, - larger and more oblique towards the extremities; umbones separated by a - flat external area, on which the ligament is spread. Anterior muscular - impression produced into a sharp-edged plate or ledge, projecting from - the side of the shell. Posterior muscular impression flat and - indistinct.--_Obs._ This genus very much resembles Arca in general - form, but differs in the oblique, lengthened character of the remote - teeth, and in the singularly prominent edge of the muscular impression. - China. Fig. 133, C. Auriculifera. - - CUCUMIS. Klein. MARGINELLA, Auct. - - CULTELLUS. Species of LUTRARIA, Lam. which have the umbones placed near - the extremity of the shell. _Ex._ L. Solenoides, fig. 78. - - CUMA. Humph. FUSUS and FASCIOLARIA, Lam. - - CUMINGIA. Sow. _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, - inequilateral, transverse, rounded anteriorly, subrostrated - posteriorly. Hinge with a central spoon-shaped cavity in each valve, - containing the cartilage; a very small anterior cardinal tooth in each - valve; two lateral teeth in one valve, none in the other: muscular - impressions two in each valve, distant; palleal impression with a very - large posterior sinus.--_Obs._ The species known at present are found - in sand, in the fissures of rocks in Tropical climates. They resemble - Erycina in general form and character, but differ in having the - internal cartilage placed in a prominent spoon-shaped process, while - that of Erycina is contained in a hollow which sinks under the umbones. - This genus should be placed near Amphidesma. Cumingia mutica, fig. 87. - - CUNEIFORM. (_Cuneus_, a wedge.) Wedge-shaped, as Donax, fig. 108. - - CUNEUS. Megerle. VENUS Meroe, Linn. and similar species. - - CUNICULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Uniones, thus described:--"Ovate, oblong; - bosses thick, but depressed; cardinal teeth moderate. C. planulata, - patula, rubiginosa, secura, purpurascens." - - CURVED. Arched or bent. _Ex._ Dentalium, fig. 2. - - CURVULA. Rafinesque. A fossil imperfectly described as differing from - Pinna, in being inequivalve. - - CUVIERIA. Ranz. (Baron Cuvier.) _Class_, Pteropoda, Lam.--_Descr._ - Thin, transparent, glassy, cylindrical, rounded and inflated at the - closed extremity, compressed towards the opening, so as to render it - oval. This genus differs from Vaginula in being rounded, instead of - pointed, at the lower extremity. Mediterranean. Fig. 223, C. Columella. - - CYCLAS. Brug. _Fam._ Conques Fluviatiles, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Orbicular, thin, subovate, ventricose, sub-equilateral, equivalve; - cardinal teeth minute, one more or less complicated in the left valve, - two diverging in the right; lateral teeth elongated, compressed, - laminar, acute, doubled in the left valve; ligament external; epidermis - thin, horny.--_Obs._ The Cyclades are viviparous, and abound in - ditches, ponds, slow streams, &c. in Europe and North America. The - genus Pisidium has been separated on account of a difference in the - animal, and may be known from Cyclas by being less equilateral, and the - anterior side being the longest. Fig. 111, C. Rivicola. - - CYCLOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The third order of the second section of - Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. containing no genera of Testaceous - Mollusca. - - CYCLOCANTHA. Sw. A genus of "Trochidæ," consisting of Turbo stellaris - and T. Calcar, and corresponding with the genus Calcar, Montf. - - CYCLONASSA. Sw. A genus of "Nassinæ," Sw. consisting of Nassa - Neritoidea, and corresponding with the genus Cyclops, Montf. - - CYCLOPHORUS. Montf. A generic name proposed for those species of - Cyclostoma, Auct. which have an umbilicus. C. Involvulus, fig. 304, - would be the type of this genus. - - CYCLOPS. Montf. NASSA Neritoidea, Auct. fig. 424. - - CYCLOSTOMA. Auct. ([Greek: kuklos], _cyclos_, round; [Greek: stoma], - _stoma_, mouth.) _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. Cricostomata, Bl. A genus of - land shells varying in shape from that of Pupa to that of a flat orb; - the aperture is generally circular and the peritreme uninterrupted, - thickened and sometimes reflected, the operculum is shelly and spiral. - Two other genera of land shells are provided with opercula, and - consequently might be confounded with this genus. In Helicina, the - operculum is concentric and the peritreme is not continuous; while in - the small genus hitherto almost unknown of Pupina, the peritreme is not - continuous and there is a glassy enamel over the whole of the external - surface. In the plates we have represented, C. ferrugineum, fig. 303; - C. involvulus, fig. 304. - - CYCLOTUS. Guild. A sub-genus of Cyclostoma, consisting of those species - which are discoidal, as C. Planorbulum. Fig. 530. - - CYLINDER. Montf. CONUS textile, Auct. (fig. 461) and other species - having a cylindrical form. - - CYLINDRELLA. Sw. A genus of the family "Ovulinæ," Sw. composed of - cylindrical species of Ovulum? The wood-cut illustrating this genus has - the appearance of a Bulla. - - CYLINDRICAL. ([Greek: kulindros], a cylinder.) This like other - mathematical terms is used with great latitude by Conchologists, and - applied to any shell the sides of which are nearly parallel, with the - extremities either rounded, flat, or conical. _Ex._ Oliva, fig. 457. - - CYLLENE. Gray. _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval, thick, with a - short acute spire; an oval aperture terminating anteriorly in a slight - emargination, posteriorly in a short canal; a fold at the lower end of - the body whorl; outer lip thick, striated within; angle of the whorls - tuberculated.--_Obs._ This genus of small marine shells resembles - Voluta in general character, but differs in having a smooth columella - without folds. Recent, Pacific Ocean; Fosil, London clay. Fig. 425. - - CYMBA. Brod. (_Cymba_, a boat or skiff.) _Fam._ Columellaria, - Lam.--_Descr._ Smooth, ventricose, with a very short, mammillated, rude - spire; and a very large, wide aperture, terminated anteriorly in a deep - emargination; posteriorly in a flat ledge, which separates the outer - lip from the body whorl; columella with three or four oblique, laminar, - projecting folds, terminating in a point; outer lip thin, with its edge - sharp; epidermis smooth, brown, covered partly or entirely by the - glassy enamel, which, commencing with the outer lip, spreads over the - body of the shell.--_Obs._ These very elegant shells, found in Africa, - are distinguished from the true Volutes by the shapeless, mammillated - apex of the short spire, by the large size of the aperture, and by the - horizontal ledge which separates the outer lip from the body whorl. The - genus Melo, also separated by Mr. Broderip from the Volutes, agrees - with Cymba in some respects, but differs in the regularity of the - spire. Fig. 434, C. Porcina. - - CYMBIOLA. Sw. The generic name for a group of Volutes, described as - "armed with spinous tubercules, sometimes smooth, but never ribbed; - spiral whorls gradually diminishing in size, but not distorted; apex - thick and obtuse; pillar with four plaits." Mr. Swainson remarks that - this genus is chiefly distinguished by the obtuse, but not irregular - spire. The typical species are stated to be V. Rutila and V. - Vespertilio, fig. 433. Tropical. - - CYMBULIA. (Dim. from _Cymba_.) _Fam._ Pteropoda, Lam. An extremely - light, cartilaginous covering of a molluscous animal, so named from its - similarity in shape to a boat. We mention it here on account of its - similarity to the shelly or glassy covering of other Pteropods, to - which, although membranaceous, it is evidently analogous. The Cymbuliæ - are found in the Mediterranean. - - CYPRÆA. Auct. _Fam._ Enroulées, Lam. Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval - or oblong, ventricose, convolute, covered by an enamel, generally - smooth and shining. Spire short, nearly hid. Aperture long, narrow, - terminating in a short canal at both extremities. Outer lip dentated, - thickened, inflected. Inner lip dentated, thickened, reflected over - part of the body whorl.--_Obs._ These shells are so distinguished by - the two rows of teeth arranged on each side of the aperture; the - thickened front formed by the inner and outer lips; and the enamel - deposited over the back of the shell from the mantle of the animal - which envelopes it, that there is no danger of confounding them with - any other genus, except in a young state. Before they have arrived at - the full growth, the front is not thickened, and the outer lip is thin, - not inflected, nor are the teeth formed. In this state the shell - resembles, in some degree, an Oliva. Some species are striated, ribbed, - or tuberculated, but the generality are smooth. Most species belong to - tropical climates, only one to Great Britain. The C. Moneta is current - as money in some parts of Africa, and many species are worn as - ornaments by the South Sea Islanders. The colouring in most species is - exceedingly rich, and arranged in every variety of spots, patches, - rings, lines, bands and clouds. The species most esteemed by collectors - are C. Mappa, C. Testudinaria, C. Pustulata, C. Aurora, C. Princeps, of - which only two specimens are known, C. Leucodon, &c. See also - Cypræovulum, Trivea and Luponia. The fossil species are principally - from the Calc-grossier, the London Clay, Crag, &c. Fig. 445 to 450. The - latest revision of this genus has been effected by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, - sen., who has published a complete catalogue in his son's Conchological - Illustrations. This catalogue enumerates 130 species, the whole of - which are figured in parts 1 to 8, 101 to 131 of the above mentioned - work. - - CYPRÆCASSIS. Stutch. (Cypræa and Cassis.)--_Descr._ Shell, when young, - striated, reticulated, or tuberculated; outer lip simple: when mature, - outer lip involute and toothed; columellar lip also toothed; aperture - straight, anteriorly terminated by a recurved canal, posteriorly by a - shallow channel. Animal with the mantle bilobed; operculum - none.--_Obs._ The reasons given for separating this genus from Cassis, - are, 1st, That the shells of the latter have an operculum, while those - of the proposed genus have none. 2nd, That the Cypræcassides do not - form a complete, thickened lip, before the full period of their growth, - like the Cassides. 3rd, That the Cypræcassides have no epidermis. The - species mentioned as probably belonging to Cypræcassis are C. rufa, the - type; C. coarctata, and C. Testiculus, Auct. The establishment of this - genus has been opposed on the ground that indications of epidermis are - discoverable in some specimens of C. rufa; that some specimens of the - same species and Testiculus have been examined, and found to have - formed slightly thickened and dentulated outer lips at very early - periods of growth, while many of the other Cassides are destitute of - varices, and that an operculum of C. coarctata was brought to this - country by Mr. Cuming. It is probable, however, that an increased - knowledge of facts might go far to establish the separation. C. - Testiculus, fig. 412. - - CYPRÆADIA. Sw. A genus of the family "Cypræidæ," Sw. thus - described:--"Cypræform; the base contracted; the body whorl not - flattened beneath; shell cancellated; aperture of equal breadth - throughout; a few thickened, short teeth on the pillar; lip at the - base, which is not internally concave. C. cancellata, Sw. Fossil only, - differing from Trivea in its contracted base, in the inequality of its - aperture, and the equal convexity of the inner lip within." (Sw. Lardn. - Cyclop. Malac. p. 325.) Cyprædia, fig. 564. - - CYPRÆLA. Sw. A genus formed for the reception of Ovulum verrucosum, - Auct. which has a circular depression at each extremity. It is the same - as the genus Calpurnus of De Montfort. Ovulum verrucosum, fig. 441. - - CYPRÆOVULUM. Gray. A genus of Cypræidæ thus described, "shell like a - cowry, but front end of columella covered with regular cross-ribs, like - the rest of the base, internally produced into an acute toothed ridge. - Shell pear-shaped, cross-ridged." C. capense, fig. 444. South Africa. - - CYPRICARDIA. Lam. _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, - inequilateral, subquadrate, transversely elongated, with the anterior - side very short; hinge with three cardinal teeth and one remote lateral - tooth in each valve; muscular impressions two in each valve; ligament - external.--_Obs._ This genus is distinguished from Cardita by the three - cardinal teeth. The mollusca of this genus are marine. C. angulata, - fig. 125. Pacific Ocean. - - CYPRINA. Lam. _Fam._ "Conques Marines," or Marine Conchacea.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, inequilateral, sub-orbicular; umbones curved obliquely; - hinge with three diverging cardinal and one remote lateral teeth in - each valve; ligament external; muscular impressions two in each valve; - palleal impression having a slight posterior sinus; epidermis thick, - rough brown.--_Obs._ The Cyprinæ belong to the Northern hemisphere. The - recent species are not numerous. Fossil species are found in the - tertiary deposits. Cyprina may be known from Venus by the remote - lateral tooth and the thick epidermis. C. vulgaris, fig. 116. - - CYRENA. Auct. _Fam._ Fluviatile Conchaceæ, Lam. Conchacea, Bl--_Descr._ - Suborbicular, equivalve, inequilateral, ventricose, corroded at the - umbones, thick, covered with a thick epidermis; hinge with three - cardinal and two remote lateral teeth in each valve. Muscular - impressions two in each valve; palleal impression not sinuated.--_Obs._ - This genus is distinguished from Venus, Cytherea and Cyprina, by having - two remote lateral teeth; and from Cyclas by the thickness of the - shell. This genus is mostly fluviatile; the recent species are - tropical, and the fossil are found in the newest formations. Fig. 113, - C. fuscata. - - CYRENELLA. Desh. See CYRENOIDES. - - CYRENOIDES. Joannis. CYRENELLA, Desh. _Fam._ Conques Fluviatiles, - Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, subequilateral, ventricose, thin, covered - with a reddish brown epidermis, corroded at the umbones, with a slight - posterior fold. Hinge thin, with three diverging cardinal teeth in each - valve, and a very slight posterior fold in the right valve. Ligament - not very tumid.--_Obs._ This fresh-water shell differs from Cyclas and - Cyrena in the want of lateral teeth, and from the latter in the - thinness of the shell. Fig. 114. - - CYRTIA. Dalman. ([Greek: Kurtos], curtos, gibbose.) _Fam._ Brachiopoda, - Lam.--_Descr._ "Hinge rectilinear; with the back elevated into a - semicone or half-pyramid, the cardinal side perpendicularly - _plane_."--_Obs._ This genus of fossil Brachiopoda forms part of the - genus Spirifer, Sow. C. exporrecta, (Anomites exporrecta, Nonnull.) - fig. 204. - - CYTHEREA. Lam. _Fam._ "Conques Marines," Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, - inæquilateral, oval, lenticular, or sub-trigonal; hinge with two or - more short, diverging cardinal teeth, and one anterior approximate - lateral tooth in each valve.--_Obs._ The Cythereæ are distinguished - from the Veneres by the lateral tooth. C. Meretrix, fig. 117, and 117, - _a. b. c. d._ - - DACTYLUS. Humph. MARGINELLA, Auct. - - DARACIA. Gray. A subgenus of Pyrgoma, including a species which is - remarkable for the irregularity of its form. It grows upon a species of - Monticularia, and the margin takes the shape of the lobes by which it - is surrounded. The aperture is large, and completely closed by the - operculum. Daracia (Pyrgoma) Monticulariæ, fig. 489, 490. - - DATE. A common name given to shells of the genus Pholas, on account of - their cylindrical form and consequent resemblance to the fruit. For the - same reason the name Pholas Dactylus has been given by Naturalists to - the species which we represent, fig. 66. - - DEAD SHELL. A term used among collectors to signify that the shell has - been exposed on the sea-shore after the animal has ceased to live. A - shell in this condition is worn down by attrition, and loses its beauty - and brilliancy of colouring by being subject to the action of salt - water. A dead shell may be known by a certain hoary whiteness spread - over its surface. - - DECACERA. Bl. The second family of the order Cryptodibranchiata, Bl. - containing the genera Calmar and Sepia, which have no shells. - - DECADOPECTEN. Rüppell. PECTEN _Plica_, Linn. Fig. 172, having a - plicated hinge. - - DECOLLATED. (_Decollari_, to be beheaded.) The apex or nucleus of some - shells being composed of a more fragile substance than the rest, has a - tendency to fall off. The reason of this probably is that the animal - withdrawing from that part, leaves it unprotected. When it falls off, - the hole is stopped up by a septum filling the cavity of the volution, - so as to exclude the air: the shell is then said to be decollated. - _Ex._ Bulinus decollatus, fig. 289. - - DECUSSATED. Intersected by striæ crossing each other. _Ex._ Rissoa, - fig. 346. - - DELPHINULA. Montf. (_Delphinus_, a dolphin.) _Fam._ Scalariens, Lam. - Cricostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Orbicular, depressed, thick, rugose; whorls - few, angulated, branched at the angles; aperture pearly, rounded or - sub-quadrate; peritreme continuous, thickened; operculum horny, - composed of numerous whorls.--_Obs._ Several fossil species are found - in the tertiary deposits. D. laciniata, fig. 352. Recent species belong - to tropical climates. - - DELTHYRIS. Dalman. _Fam._ Brachiopoda, Lam.--_Descr._ Hinge more or - less rounded, with distant umbones; both valves convex; with the umbo - of the largest rostrated and deltoid, with a hollow. This genus forms - part of the genus Spirifer, Sow. Fig. 205. D. Plycotes, Dalman. - - DELTOID. ([Greek: D], _delta_.) Triangular. - - DENDOSTREA. Sw. ([Greek: Dendron], _dendron_, tree; [Greek: ostreon], - _ostreon_, oyster.) Ostrea _Crista-galli_, and other species which are - attached to stems of sea-weed and corallines, by means of arms thrown - out from the inner surface of the lower valve. Fig. 181, Ostrea Folium. - - DENTALIUM. Auct. (_Dens_, a tooth.) _Fam._ Maldania, Lam. _Order_, - Cirrobranchiata, Bl.--_Descr._ Tubular, arched, increasing in size - towards the anterior extremity, open at both ends; small aperture - sometimes having a lateral fissure; large aperture round; external - surface ribbed, striated or smooth.--_Obs._ The well known shells - composing this genus are shaped very much like an elephant's tusk, and - are not liable to be confounded with any other genus. The fossil - species are sometimes termed Dentalithes, from _dens_, a tooth, and - _lithos_, a stone. The Dentalia, being true molluscs, are not rightly - placed among the Annelides. Fig. 2, D. octogonum. Found on sandy shores - in most climates. - - DENTATED. Having teeth or raised points. - - DENTICULATED. (Denticulatus, Lat.) Having little teeth or raised - points. - - DEPRESSED. Flattened, pressed down, as the spires of some shells. - - DEXTRAL Spiral Shells. Place the point of a spiral shell towards the - eye, with its mouth downwards; if, as in most instances, the aperture - be on the right side of the axis, it is a _dextral_ shell, if - otherwise, it is _sinistral_ or _reversed_. Balea (fig. 296), and - Clausilia (fig. 295), are examples of reversed shells. - - DEXTRAL Valve. Take a bivalve shell closed, place it before the eye, - with the umbones uppermost, and the posterior side, which may be known - by the ligament towards the observer, whose right side will then - correspond with the right valve of the shell. - - DIADEMA. Ranz. CORONULA Diadema, Auct. fig. 17. - - DIANCHORA. Sow. _Fam._ Pectinides, Lam. _Order_, Palliobranchiata, - Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, attached, oblique, subtriangular; attached - valve, having an opening in the place of the umbo; the other valve - auriculated, with an obtuse umbo; hinge without teeth.--_Obs._ The - green sand fossils contained in this genus differ from Plagiostoma in - being attached. Fig. 175, D. striata. - - DIAPHANOUS. ([Greek: Dia], _dia_, through; [Greek: phainô], _phaino_, - to shine.) Transparent. - - DIAPHRAGM, ([Greek: diaphragma], a partition.) This term is applied to - the septa, by which the chambers of multilocular and other shells are - divided from each other. - - DICERAS. Lam. ([Greek: Dis], _dis_, double; [Greek: Keras], _ceras_, - horn.) _Fam._ Chamacea, Bl. and Lam.--_Descr._ Inequilateral, - inequivalve, attached by the point of the umbo of the larger valve; - umbones prominent, spirally twisted and grooved; hinge with one large - thick tooth in the larger valve; muscular impressions, two in each - valve.--_Obs._ The prominent spiral umbones, which give rise to the - name of this genus, with the circumstance of its being attached by the - point of one of them, is sufficient to distinguish it from any other, - although it appears to approach Isocardia in some characters. In others - it will be found still more nearly to resemble Chama. In fact, from - being attached and irregular, the shells composing this genus have been - considered as Chamæ with produced umbones. The singular fossil shells - composing this genus, are found in granular limestone, near Geneva and - in Normandy. Fig. 154, D. perversum. - - DIDONTA. Schum. SAXICAVA. Auct. - - DIFFUSE. (_Diffundo_, to spread out, to dilate.) A term applied to the - aperture of a univalve shell, when it is spread out or widened into a - flat surface, or digitations. _Alated_ is another term used to express - the same character. Thus, the shells belonging to the family of Alatæ, - in the system of Lamarck, are _diffuse_ in the outer lip. Fig. 402 to - 406. - - DIGITATED. (_Digitus_, finger.) Branched out in long points, as - Ricinula, fig. 413. - - DILATED. Expanded, spread. This term has the same application as - diffuse and alated, explained above. The outer lip of Rostellaria - Columbaria, fig. 403 (Hippochrenes, Montf.), will serve as an example. - - DIMORPHINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - DIMYARIA. ([Greek: Dis], _dis_, double; [Greek: muon], _myon_, muscle.) - The first order of Conchifera, Lam. including those molluscs which have - two adductor muscles, and consequently two muscular impressions in each - valve. The Conchifera Dimyaria are divided into Crassipedes, - Tenuipedes, Lamellipedes, and Ambiguæ, fig. 44 to 155. - - DIOICA. Bl. The first division of the class Paracephalophora, Bl. It is - divided into the orders Siphonobranchiata and Asiphonibranchiata, Bl. - - DIPLODON. Spix. HYRIA Syrmatophora, Lam. fig. 144, and UNIO - multistriatus, Lea, are doubtfully quoted by Lea as belonging to this - apparently ill-defined genus of Nayades. - - DIPSAS. Leach. A genus or sub-genus of Nayades, the distinctive - character of which is "having a linear tooth under the dorsal edge." D. - plicatus, fig. 142. - - DISCINA. Lam. ORBICULA, Auct. - - DISCODOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Lucerninæ, Sw. (Helix), thus described, - "teeth none; aperture angulated; the inner lip nearly obsolete; the - outer only slightly thickened; margin carinated." - - DISCOIDAL. (_Discus_, a circular plane.) A spiral shell is said to be - discoidal, when the whorls are so horizontally convolute as to form a - flattened spire. _Ex._ Planorbis, fig. 311. Orbulites Discus, fig. 479. - - DISCOLITES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - DISCONTINUOUS. Interrupted. _Ex._ The siphon of Nautilus is - discontinuous, i. e. its termination in one chamber does not reach to - its commencement in the next. The varices of Triton, occurring in - different parts of the whorls, do not form the continuous ridges which - characterize the generality of the Ranellæ. - - DISCORBITES. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - DISTANT. The teeth on the hinge of a bivalve shell are said to be - distant when they are remote from the umbones. - - DIVARICATED. Diverging, meeting in a point, as the teeth on the hinge - of Placuna, fig. 184. - - DOLABELLA. Lam. (Dim. from _Dolabra_, a hatchet.) _Fam._ Aplysiacea, - Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Hatchet-shaped, arched, covered with a horny - epidermis; posteriorly attenuated, thickened, sub-spiral, anteriorly - plane, broad, thin; posterior margin reflected.--_Obs._ The two or - three species of Dolabella known are inhabitants of the Indian Ocean. - They were placed by Linnæus in his very convenient genus Bulla, under - the name B. dubia. Fig. 255, Dolabella Rumphii. - - DOLIUM. D'Argenville. (_a tun._) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. - Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, ventricose, oval, or globular, with - a short spire; large aperture terminating in a reflected canal, and - spirally ribbed or grooved external surface; outer lip crenated; inner - lip reflected over part of the body whorl, which terminates in a tumid - varix; epidermis light, horny. Mediterranean and East Indian.--_Obs._ - This genus is distinguished from Cassis by the outer lip, which is not - reflected. The species which are not so rotund as the others, as D. - Perdix, Auct. have been separated under the name Perdix, as generic. - Fig. 420, Dolium Maculatum. - - DONAX. Auct. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, - inequilateral, trigonal, with the anterior side short, straight, plane; - the posterior side elongated, drawn to a narrow, rounded termination; - hinge with two cardinal teeth in one valve, one in the other, and one - or two, more or less remote lateral teeth; ligament external; muscular - impressions two in each valve; palleal impression sinuated - posteriorly.--_Obs._ The Capsæ have not the crenated margins, the short - anterior side, and the distinct lateral teeth, which characterize the - Donaces. Some species of Erycina resemble Donax in general form, but - are at once distinguished by the ligamentary pit in the hinge. Sandy - shores in all climates. Fig. 108, D. cuneatus. - - DORSAL. A dorsal shell is one placed upon the back of the animal. The - dorsal margin of a bivalve shell is that on which the hinge is placed; - the opposite margins are termed ventral. The dorsal surface of a spiral - univalve is that which is seen when the aperture is turned from the - observer. The dorsal valve is the uppermost in Brachiopodous bivalves. - The dorsal part of a symmetrical convolute univalve, such as the - Nautilus and Ammonite is that part of the whorls which is at the - greatest distance from the spire, that is, the outer part of the - whorls. Thus the situation of the siphon is said to be dorsal when it - pierces the septum near the outer edge of the whorls. The dorsal part - of symmetrical conical univalves, such as Patella, is the upper part, - on which the apex is placed. - - DORSALIA. Lam. (_Dorsum_, the back.) The first family of the order - Annelides Sedentaria, Lam. containing the genera Arenicola, not a - shell, and Siliquaria, fig. 1, which is now considered as a true - mollusc, and placed next to Vermetus. - - DOSINA. Schum. VENUS Verrucosa, Casina, and similar species. Fig. 119, - a. - - DREISSINA. MYTILUS Polymorphus. Auct. fig. 159. This genus differs from - Mytilus principally in the characters of the animal. The shell is - characterized by a small septiform plate under the hinge within. - Fluviatile, Europe and Africa. - - EBURNA. Lam. (_Eburneus_, ivory.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. - Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, thick, smooth, turrited, - umbilicated; spire angulated, acute, nearly as long as the aperture; - aperture oval, terminating anteriorly in a canal, posteriorly in a - groove; outer lip slightly thickened with an anterior notch, which - terminates in a spiral fold surrounding the body whorl; umbilicus - generally covered by the thickened columellar lip.--_Obs._ The - beautiful shells called ivory shells, which originally constituted part - of this genus, are now placed in the genus Ancillaria by authors. They - differ from the present genus Eburna, in having the sutures of the - spire covered with a polished enamel. (A. glabrata, fig. 455.) The - Eburnæ resemble in some respects the genus Buccinum, but a glance at - the figure will enable the reader to distinguish a true Eburna from all - other shells. Fig. 426 is Eburna Zeylanica. A catalogue of 9 species is - given in part 20 of the Conchological Illustrations published by the - Author, accompanied by figures of several species. - - ECHIDNIS. Montf. Described as a straight, chambered, annulated, fossil - shell, computed from the extremely gradual increase in diameter of the - fragments to be at least sixteen feet long. Found in marble from the - Pyrenees. - - ECHINELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Monodonta. Sw. Malac. page 352. - - EFFUSE. (_effundo_, to pour out.) The aperture of an univalve shell is - said to be effuse when there is a notch in the margin which would - suffer a liquid to escape, and thus prevent it being filled to the - brim. - - EGEON. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - EGERIA. Lea. (Contrib. to Geol. p. 49, pl. 1.) A genus of fossil - bivalves, described as very variable in form, with or without lateral - teeth, sometimes a crenated margin, &c. The only certain characters - appear to be that they have two diverging cardinal teeth in each valve, - one of which is bifid; and an external ligament. Lea states that the - Egeriæ should be placed between the Sanguinolariæ and the Psammobiæ, - which two latter genera have been united by Sowerby. Fig. 103, E. - Triangulata, from the tertiary formation of Alabama. - - ELENCHUS. Humph. A genus composed of TROCHUS Iris, Auct. and other - similarly formed species. It is the same as CANTHARIDUS of Montfort. - - ELEPHANT'S TUSK. The common name given by dealers to shells of the - genus Dentalium. _Ex._ D. octogonum, fig. 2. - - ELEVATED. A term which is applied by some conchological writers to the - spire of an univalve shell when it consists of numerous whorls drawn - out into a telescopic form. Other authors use the term _elongated_, or - the more simple one '_long_,' to express the degree of elevation. - - ELISMA. Leach. A sub-genus of Bulinus. B. acutus, Auct. Gray, Turton, - p. 185. - - ELLIPSOLITHES. Montf. ([Greek: Elleipsis], _ellipsis_, oval; [Greek: - lithos,] _lithos_, stone.) A genus composed of Ammonites, which instead - of being regularly orbicular, take an elliptical or oval form. This - character appears to be accidental, as some individuals of the same - species, both of Nautilus and Ammonites, are round, while others are - compressed into an oval form. - - ELLIPSOSTOMATA. Bl. ([Greek: Elleipsis], _ellipsis_, oval; [Greek: - stôma], _mouth_.) The third family of the class Asiphonibranchiata, Bl. - The shells of this family are described as of various forms, generally - smooth; the aperture longitudinally or transversely oval, completely - closed by a horny or shelly operculum. This family contains the genera - Rissoa, Phasianella, Ampullaria, Helicina, and Pleuroceras. - - ELLIPTICAL. ([Greek: Elleipsis], _ellipsis_.) Oval. Applied to any - shell or part of a shell, having that form. - - ELMINEUS. Leach. _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Four - unequal valves, arranged circularly side by side, forming a quadrate - cone; aperture large, sub-quadrate, irregular; operculum composed of - four valves, in pairs.--_Obs._ This genus differs from Conia in the - structure of the shell, the latter being porous. Fig. 22, Elmineus - Leachii. - - ELPHIDIUM. Montf. (Conch. Syst. t. 1. p. 15.) A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - EMARGINATED. (_e_, out; _margo_, border.) Notched or hollowed out. - Applied to the edges or margins of shells, when instead of being level - they are hollowed out, as the outer lip of Oliva, fig. 457, at the - base, and the ventral margins of some bivalves. - - EMARGINULA. Lam. (_e_, out; _margo_, border.) _Fam._ Calyptracea, Lam. - Branchifera, Bl.--_Descr._ Patelliform, oblong or oval; anterior margin - notched or emarginated; apex posteriorly inclined; muscular impressions - wide.--_Obs._ Emarginula elongata, of some Authors, PARMOPHORUS of De - Blainville is commonly called the Duck's bill limpet, from its shape. - The Emarginulæ may be known from Patellæ and other neighbouring genera, - by the notch or slit in the anterior edge. In the genus Rimula, Defr. - fig. 243, this slit is near the apex, and does not reach the margin. - Recent species occur in all climates, but are not numerous. Fossil - species are still more rare, occurring in the Calc-grossièr, Crag and - Oolite. E. fissurata, fig. 241. - - ENA. Leach. A sub-genus of Bulinus. B. Lackhamensis. Mont. - - ENDOSIPHONITES. A genus composed of Ammonites, having the siphon close - to the body whorl, fig. 476. - - ENDOTOMA. Rafinesque. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - ENROULEES. Lam. See CONVOLUTÆ. - - ENSATELLA. Sw. A genus consisting of SOLEN ensis, Auct. fig. 60, and - other species similarly curved. _Genus_ ENSIS, Schum. - - ENSIS. Schum. SOLEN ensis, Auct. and similar species. - - ENTALIS. Defr. DENTALIUM duplicatum, Bl. PHARETRIUM, König. This genus - is described as a small tube, within a larger one, the smaller - extremity of the inner tube projecting beyond that of the outer one. - Deshayes, who describes this genus, expresses a conviction that the - soft parts of the animal must be entirely different from those of the - animal of Dentalium. The genus PHARETRIUM, as described by König in his - "Icones Fossilium Sectiles," is evidently identical with Entalis. It is - placed by him in the family of Pteropoda, but being a fossil shell, - there is some difficulty in finding its place in the system. See - plates, fig. 3. - - ENTELLITES. Fischer. A genus composed of species of TEREBRATULA, - SPIRIFER, and PRODUCTUS, Auct. having the hinge large and the umbones - short. ORTHIS? Dalman. - - ENTIRE. (Integra.) Not interrupted, not emarginated. The peritrême of a - univalve shell is said to be entire when not interrupted by canals or - by the body whorl. _Ex._ Cyclostoma, fig. 304. The palleal impression - is entire, when continued without interruption, or without a sinus. - - ENTOMOSTOMATA. Bl. The second family of the order Siphonibranchiata, - Bl. The shells of this family are described as differing but little - from those contained in the family of Siphonostomata of the same - author, both with regard to the soft parts, and their testaceous - covering. This family partly answers to the Purpuriferæ in the system - of Lamarck, and contains the genera Subula, Cerithium, Melanopsis, - Planaxis, Terebra, Eburna, Buccinum, Harpa, Dolium, Cassidaria, Cassis, - Ricinula, Cancellaria, Purpura, Concholepas. - - EOLIDES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - EPIDERMIS. ([Greek: Epi], _epi_, over or upon; [Greek: derma], _derma_, - skin.) The fibrous, horny, external coating of shells, called by the - French, "_Drap marin_," or marine cloth. Lamarck objects to the name - Epidermis because he does not consider the substance as answering to - the cuticle or scarf skin of the human body, but more analogous to the - nails and hair. Gray calls it the PERIOSTRACUM, from the membranous - skin covering the bones of quadrupeds. - - EPIPHRAGM. The membranaceous or calcareous substance by which some - species of molluscs close the aperture of the shell, when they retire - within it to hibernate. When the animal wishes to come forth from his - hiding-place, again to breathe the air, the edges of the Epiphragm are - detached by a chemical process, so that it drops off. The name - Hibernaculum has also been given to this covering. It must not be - confounded with the operculum, which is a permanent portion of the - shell, and is used as a door, fitted to the foot of the animal and - moved at will to open or close the aperture of the shell, whereas the - Epiphragm is produced for the occasion from a mucous secretion of the - animal and dissolved at the edges when no longer wanted, when it drops - off. - - EPISTYLA. Sw. A subgenus of the genus HELIX. E. conical. Sw. Helix - Epistylium, fig. 281. - - EPONIDES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - EQUILATERAL. (Æquus, equal; latus, side.) Equal-sided. A term applied - to bivalve shells, when a line drawn down perpendicularly from the apex - would divide the shell into two equal parts. _Ex._ Pectunculus pilosus, - fig. 134. - - EQUIVALVE. (Æquus, equal; _valva_, a valve.) A term applied to a - bivalve shell when the valves are equal to each other in dimensions. - - ERATO. Risso. _Fam._ Convolutæ, Lam.--_Descr._ Ovate, more or less - angulated, smooth or granulated, with a dorsal scar; spire short; - aperture large, angulated, emarginated; columella slightly crenated; - outer lip reflected, denticulated on the inner edge. Suture of the - whorls covered with enamel.--_Obs._ This genus of shells resembles - Marginella in form, but has no folds on the columella. Having a scar or - groove down the back it may be considered intermediate between - Marginella and Cypræa. Fig. 454, E. Maugeriæ. In the Author's - Conchological Illustrations, seven species are enumerated and figured. - - ERUCA. Sw. A subgenus of Clausilia. Sw. Malac. p. 334. - - ERVILIA. Turt. A genus described as "oval, equivalve, equilateral, - closed. Hinge with a single erect tooth closing between two small - diverging ones in the opposite valve: lateral teeth none. Ligament - internal. E. nitens. Turt. Mya. nitens, Auct." - - ERYCINA. Lam. _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Ovate or - triangular, transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, smooth; hinge with a - ligamentary pit, two diverging cardinal and two lateral teeth in each - valve; muscular impressions two in each valve; palleal impressions - sinuated. East and West Indies and Mediterranean.--_Obs._ This genus is - distinguished from _Mactra_ and _Lutraria_ by the cardinal teeth being - placed one on each side of the ligamentiferous pit; whereas in the last - named genera they are both placed on the anterior side. Fig. 86, E. - Plebeja. - - ERYTHRÆA. The ancient name for CYPRÆA. - - ESCUTCHEON. The impression on the posterior dorsal margin of some - bivalve shells. That on the anterior margin is named the lunule. The - escutcheon is pointed out by the letter _e_ in some of the figures of - Cythereæ. Fig. 117, _a. b. c._ - - ETHERIA. Lam. (_Æther_, air.) Fam. Chamacea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ - Irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, foliaceous, pearly within, - covered by an olive green epidermis without; hinge callous, undulated, - destitute of teeth; ligament partly external, partly internal, passing - through the hinge on a somewhat raised, callous area in the lower - valve. Muscular impressions elongated, two in each valve, united by a - slender palleal impression. Rivers of Africa.--_Obs._ The irregular, - unequal air-bubbles of the inner surface, whence this genus derives its - name, are very brilliant in some species, and atone, in some measure, - for the rugged ugliness of the exterior. In its irregular form, - foliated structure, and toothless hinge, it resembles OSTREA, from - which it differs in having two muscular impressions. Fig. 155, E. - semilunata. - - EULIMA. Risso. _Fam._ Scalariens, Lam.--_Descr._ Elongated, smooth, - pyramidal; spire long, composed of numerous whorls; apex acute, - slightly tortuous; aperture oval, rounded anteriorly, acute at the - posterior union with the body whorl; outer lip slightly thickened; - columella smooth. Fig. 347, E. labiosa, fig. 348, E. splendidula. A - complete illustrated monograph of this genus of pretty shining little - shells, consisting of 15 known species, is given in parts 52 and 53 of - the Conchological Illustrations by the author. - - EUOMPHALUS. Sow. _Fam._ Scalariens, Lam.--_Descr._ Orbicular, - planorbular spire, with three or four volutions, imbricated above; - smooth below; aperture of a round polygonal form; umbilicus large, - penetrating to the apex of the shell.--_Obs._ This genus of fossils - very nearly resembles Delphinula. The main difference appears to be - that the whorls do not increase so rapidly in size in the former as in - the latter. Fossil, in the Carboniferous Limestone. Fig. 350. - - EXOGYRA. Sow. A genus of fossil bivalves, resembling Chama in shape and - Ostræa in structure, having but one muscular impression in each valve. - Fig. 183. - - EXSERTED. Standing out, protruding. - - EXTERNAL. An external shell is one which contains the animal, and is - not covered by the mantle. - - FASCIATED. (_fascia_, a band.) Banded or striped. Ex. Carocolla - marginata, fig. 277. - - FASCICULATED. (from fasciculum.) A little bunch of hairs or bristles - against each end of each valve, characterizes some species of the genus - Chiton, which are termed fasciculated species. - - FASCIOLARIA. Lam. _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. Siphonostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ - Elongated, fusiform, ventricose; spire conical, consisting of few - rounded or angulated whorls; aperture wide, terminating in a long - straight open canal: columella lip with several oblique folds, the - lower of which is larger than the rest; operculum horny, - pyriform.--_Obs._ This genus is known from Fusus by the folds on the - columella; from Turbinella, by their obliquity and the last being - larger than the rest. Fig. 386, F. Trapezium. East and West Indies and - Australia. - - FAUNUS. Montf. MELANOPSIS, Auct. - - FERRUGINEOUS. Of an iron rust colour. - - FERUSSINA. Grateloup. STROPHOSTOMA, Deshayes. - - FIBROUS. A shell is said to be of a fibrous structure when a fracture - would present a series of perpendicular fibres, as Pinna. - - FICULA. Sw. A generic group of shells, consisting of those species of - PYRULA, Auct. which have the true pear-shaped character. Fig. 390, P. - Ficus. Sowerby confines the name Pyrula to these species. - - FIMBRIA. Megerle. CORBIS, Lam. - - FIMBRIATED. Fringed; as Murex fimbriatus, a delicate white species, - with broad fringed varices. - - FISSURE. (_Fissura_, a slit.) A slit or cut, a narrow perforation, as - in Emarginula and Fissurella. - - FISSURELLA. Brug. (_Fissura_, a fissure.) _Fam._ Calyptracia, Lam. - Branchifera, Bl.--_Descr._ Patelliform, oval or oblong, radiated; apex - anterior, perforated.--_Obs._ The Fissurellæ are known from Patellæ by - the perforation in the apex. Fig. 245. The catalogue published by the - author in the Conchological Illustrations, enumerates 68 species. - - FISTULANA. Lam. (_Fistula_, a pipe.) _Fam._ Tubicolæ, Lam. Adesmacea, - Bl.--_Descr._ A transversely elongated, equivalve, inequilateral - bivalve, enclosed by a septum within the widest, closed extremity of a - straight calcareous tube. Fistulana is known from Gastrochæna by the - straightness of the tubes, and the oblong state of the valves. Fig. 54, - Fistulana Clava. - - FLEXUOUS. Having windings or bendings. _Ex._ The Tellinæ are known by - the twist or flexuosity in the posterior ventral margin of the shell. - - FLORILLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - FLUVIATILE. (Fluviatilis.) Belonging to a river or running stream. - _Ex._ Limnæa fluviatilis. - - FLUVIATILE CONCHACEA. See CONCHACEA. - - FOLIATED, or FOLIACEOUS. (From _folium_, a leaf.) When the edges of the - successive layers of which a shell is composed are not compacted but - placed apart from each other, projecting like tiles, the shell is said - to be of a foliated structure. The common Oyster, fig. 180, presents a - familiar example. - - FORAMINIFERA. D'Orb. (_Foramen_, a hole or pit.) An order established - for minute many chambered internal shells, which have no open chamber - beyond the last partition. Lamarck, D'Orbigny, and other writers have - placed them among the Cephalopoda in their systems, but Du Jardin, on - comparing the fossils with some recent species of the same class, - arrived at the conclusion, now generally adopted, that they constitute - a distinct class, much lower in degree of organization than even the - Radiata. Not recognizing these microscopic bodies as shells, properly - so called, but considering them sufficiently numerous and interesting - to form a distinct branch of study, I do not think it desirable to - describe the genera, or to present any arrangement of them in this - work. - - FORNICATED. Arched or vaulted, as the exfoliations on the costæ of - Tridacna Elongata, fig. 157. - - FOSSIL SHELL. A shell is considered to be in a fossil state when, the - soft parts having ceased to exist, it is deprived of all its animal - juices, has lost all, or nearly all its natural colour, and is thus - changed in its chemical composition, when little or nothing is left but - a mere bone, which is embedded in a sedimentary deposit. In this state, - it is fragile, prehensile to the tongue, and either destitute of colour - or tinged with the diluted mineral matters which pervade the stratum in - which it lies. In some cases, the mineral composition of the shell is - so completely changed as no longer to present its proper structure, - consisting of successive oblique layers of shelly matter; but is - altered into a fibrous structure, composed of rhomboidal particles. An - example of this will be found in the Belemnites, which if broken, shew - the perpendicular fibres. In other cases, the matter which has entered - and filled up the cavities of the shell has become silicified, or - changed into flint, and the shell itself has been decomposed and fallen - off, so as to leave nothing but an external or internal cast of its - form, in flint. This is called a Conchyliomorphite by continental - writers. Some of the most important of Geological data are obtained by - a minute comparison of fossil shells, found in various beds, with - recent ones presenting the nearest resemblance to them. Some species of - fossil shells are considered as identical with recent species. And many - Geologists seek to fix the chronology of the different strata by the - number of species which they inclose bearing a resemblance to the - recent species. Indeed, all who would study Geology with success, will - find it indispensably necessary to obtain a thorough knowledge of - Conchology. - - FRAGELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Monodonta, corresponding with the genus - Clanculus, Montf. consisting of M. Pharaonis (fig. 361), and similar - species. Sw. p. 352. - - FRAGILE. (_Fragilis._) Tender, easily broken. - - FREE SHELL. One that is not attached. - - FREE VALVE. In attached bivalve shells, one only is fixed; the other is - then _free_, as far as to the action of opening and shutting. - - FRESH-WATER SHELLS, (sometimes described as aquatic) are those which - either inhabit rivers, running pools and ditches, in which case they - are _fluviatile_; or wells and ponds of standing water, &c. Fresh-water - shells are either thin and horny in their texture, as the Limneana of - Lamarck; or are covered with a compact, smooth, horny epidermis. They - are generally simple in form, subject to corrosion where the epidermis - is wounded or broken, and are circumscribed with regard to the classes - and genera to which they belong. The family of Nayades includes nearly - all the fresh-water bivalves; and the Melaniana and Limneana are the - principal among univalves. - - FRONDICULARIA. Defr. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - FRONT. The surface of a shell on which the aperture appears. - - FULCRUM. That part of a shell on which any other part rests or turns. - The term is applied more particularly to the tumid part in the hinge of - bivalve shells on which the ligament is fixed. - - FULGUR. Montf. PYRULA perversa, Auct. and such other species as have an - angulated spire. Fig. 388. - - FUSIFORM. (_Fusus_, a spindle.) Shaped like a spindle, swelling in the - centre and tapering at the extremities. _Ex._ Fusus, fig. 387. - - FUSUS. Brug. (A spindle.) _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. Siphonostomata, - Bl.--_Descr._ Fusiform, turrited, with many rounded whorls; aperture - generally oval, terminating in a long straight canal; operculum horny, - pyriform.--_Obs._ The Fusi are subject to considerable variations in - form. The recent species are numerous and do not appear to be confined - to any climate. The fossil species are also numerous, chiefly abounding - in the tertiary formations. The recent species are mostly tropical. - Fig. 387, F. Colus. - - GALATHÆA. Brug. POTAMOPHILA, Sow. MEGADESMA, Bowd. - - GALEA. Klein. PURPURA, Auct. - - GALEOLARIA. Lam. (From Galea, a helmet or crest.) A genus composed of - species of SERPULA, Auct. Distinguished as being fixed by the side of - the shell, and having the anterior extremity erect, the aperture - terminating in a tongue-shaped projection.--_Obs._ This genus is said - by Lamarck to resemble Vermilia in other respects, but to differ in - having the anterior part raised. Fig. 6, G. decumbens. Africa and - Australia. - - GALEOMMA. Turt. _Fam._ PHOLADARIA, Lam.--_Descr._ Thin, oval, - equivalve, equilateral, with the ventral margin gaping; hinge with one - cardinal tooth in each valve; muscular impressions two, approximate; - palleal impression interrupted, not sinuated; ligament small, partly - internal, partly external, fixed on a prominent fulcrum.--_Obs._ The - wide hiatus in the ventral margins of this equilateral shell prevents - the possibility of confounding it with any other. Four or five recent - species are known, one of which is found on the coast of Sicily, and - also in the British Channel. G. Turtoni, fig. 58. - - GALERICULUS. (_Galericulum_, a little cap or bonnet.) VELUTINA, Auct. - fig. 337. - - GALERUS. Humph. CALYPTRÆA, Lam. - - GAPING. (_Hians._) Bivalve shells are said to gape when the margins do - not meet all round. _Ex._ Gastrochæna, fig. 52. - - GARI. Schum. PSAMMOBIA, Lam. - - GASTEROPODA. Lam. ([Greek: Gastêr], _gaster_, belly; [Greek: pous, - podos], _pus_, _podos_, a foot.) The second order of the class - Mollusca, Lam. containing those molluscous animals whose organs of - locomotion are ventral. Most of the shells belonging to this order are - patelliform, placed upon the back of the animals, which rest or crawl - upon the belly. This order is divided into Pneumonobranchiata, that is, - those which breath air, or land molluscs; and Hydrobranchiata, or those - which breath water, marine or fresh-water molluscs. Fig. 227 to 263. - - GASTRANEA. Schum.? CORBULA, Auct. - - GASTROCHÆNA. Speng. ([Greek: Gastêr], _gaster_, belly; [Greek: chaino], - _chaino_, gape.) _Fam._ Pholadaria, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, regular, inequilateral, with a wide, oblique, ventral - hiatus, enclosed in a curved pyriform tube. Differing from Galeomma in - being a free, oblique shell; from Fistulana, in the oval shape of the - valves, and the curve of the tube; from Aspergillum and Clavagella, in - both valves being free.--_Obs._ The Gastrochænæ are found in the - hollows of massive shells or other marine substances. Fig. 62, G. - Modiolina. - - GASTROPLAX. Bl. UMBRELLA, Lam. De Blainville described this genus from - a specimen in which the shell had been, probably by accident, placed - upon the under part of the animal, and not discovering his error until - afterwards, gave it the above name. - - GEOMITRA. Sw. A sub-genus of Geotrochus, Sw. founded on a trochiform - species of Helix, with coronated nodules on the whorls. Helix - bicarinata, Sow. Zool. Journ. 1, pl. 3, fig. 7. Sw. page 166 and 332. - - GEOPHONUS. Montf. Conch. Syst. t. 1, p. 19. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - GEOTROCHUS. Sw. HELIX pileus, Auct. (fig. 278,) and other trochiform - species. Divided into the sub-genera Pithohelix, Geotrochus, - Hemitrochus, Gonidormus, and Geomitra. Sw. p. 165 and 166, described at - page 331. - - GEOVULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melampus (Auricula), consisting of oval - species, resembling Auricula Midæ, fig. 297. - - GERVILLIA. Defr. _Fam._ Margaritacea, Bl. Malleacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, oblong, oblique; hinge long, straight, having small, - irregular, transverse ligamentary pits.--_Obs._ This genus of fossil - shells, found at various geological periods, from the Lias to the - Baculite limestone in Normandy, is now extinct. In general form it - resembles Avicula, but in the hinge it approaches Perna. Fig. 169, G. - Avicularis. - - GIBERULA. Sw. A genus separated from MARGINELLA, Auct. and thus - described, "sub-oval; spire slightly prominent; top of the outer lip - dilated and gibbous; base of the inner lip with plaits; inner lip - broad, spreading. G. Zonata. Enc. Méth. 374, f. 6." - - GIBBOSE or GIBBOUS. (_Gibbosus._) Bunched out, embossed, having a lump - or swelling of any kind. _Ex._ Bulinus Lyonetianus, (fig. 284.) named - Gibbus by De Montfort. Ovulum gibbosum. - - GIBBUS. Montf. BULINUS _Lyonetianus_, Lam. PUPA, Bl. fig. 284. - - GIOENIA. A name given in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, to the plates of - the stomach of Bulla Lignaria. - - GLABELLA. Sw. MARGINELLA Glabella (fig. 437), Goodallii, Auct. and - similar species. - - GLANDINA. Schum. POLYPHEMUS, Montf. - - GLANDIOLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - GLAUCONOME. Gray. _Fam._ Solenacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong or oval, - transverse, slightly ventricose, equivalve, inequilateral; margins - close, rounded anteriorly, somewhat acuminated posteriorly; hinge - teeth, three in each valve, of which the central in one, and the - posterior in the other, are bifid; muscular impressions anterior, - elongated, marginal; posterior sub-quadrate; palleal impression, having - a long sinus; ligament oblong, external; epidermis thin, horny, green, - folded over the margins.--_Obs._ This shell, of which only one species - is known, inhabits some of the rivers in China. C. Chinensis, fig. 64. - - GLOBIGENERA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - GLOBOSE. (_Globosus._) Rounded like a globe or ball, as the species of - Helix, represented in fig. 268. - - GLOBULARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Natica, consisting of globose species. - (Sw. p. 345.) _Ex._ N. Lineata, fig. 328. - - GLOBULUS. Sow. Min. Con. AMPULLARIA, Auct. - - GLYCIMERIS. Lam. _Fam._ Solenacea, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, transverse, oblong, thick, compressed, gaping at both - extremities; hinge callous, without teeth; ligament large, external, - prominent; epidermis thick, black, horny, folded over the margins; - muscular impressions two, distant, running into the irregular palleal - impression which unites them.--_Obs._ But few species of this singular - genus are known; Lamarck describes two species from the Northern Seas. - Blainville is of opinion that they belong to the family of the Nayades. - Fig. 67, G. Siliqua. - - GNATHODON. Gray. ([Greek: Gnathos], _gnathos_, jaw-bone; [Greek: odos], - [Greek: odontos], _odontos_, tooth.) _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Ovate, posteriorly angulated, equivalve, thick, ventricose, - inequilateral, covered with a greenish brown epidermis; umbo distant, - prominent; hinge having in one valve a sharp, angular, notched, - cardinal tooth, and two lateral teeth, the posterior of which is - elongated, and the anterior angulated, tortuous, shaped like a - jaw-bone; in the other valve, two cardinal and two lateral teeth, the - anterior of which is wedge-shaped; ligament internal, cuneiform, placed - in a deep cardinal pit proceeding from the umbones; muscular - impressions two; palleal impression having a slight sinus.--_Obs._ Only - one species is known, G. cuneatus, fig. 83, from New Orleans. It is - known from all other shells by the character of the hinge. - - GONIATITES. De Haan. A genus composed of species of Ammonites, Auct. in - which the last whorl covers the spire and the sinuations of the septa - are angulated. Fig. 480, G. striatus. - - GONIDOMUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Geotrochus, Sw. PUPA pagodus, Auct. Sw. - p. 332. - - GONIOSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Bulimus, thus described, "spire - elongated, of few whorls; aperture contracted at each end; lips - margined; the pillar curving inwards; the base slightly notched. G. - erubescens, _Sw._ Zool. Journ. i. pl. 5, f. 2." Sw. p. 335. - - GONIOSTOMATÆ. Bl. A family belonging to the order Asiphonibranchiata, - Bl. containing the genera Solarium and Trochus. - - GONOSPIRA. Sw. A sub-genus of Pupa, thus described, "spire perfectly - cylindrical, of equal thickness, the tip obtuse, with the whorls large; - aperture oval; lips thickened; pillar with or without a plait. G. - polanga, _Desh._ Lesson, Voy. pl. 8, f. 8." Sw. p. 333. - - GRANULATED. (_Granum_, a grain.) Covered with minute grains, rough. The - granulated lip of Oniscia, (fig. 409) will serve as an example. - - GRATELOUPIA. Moulins. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, - inequilateral, sub-cuneiform, rounded anteriorly, sub-rostrated - posteriorly; hinge with three cardinal teeth, a series of five or six - irregular, small, diverging teeth behind the umbones, and one lateral - anterior tooth in each valve; ligament external; muscular impressions - two; palleal impression sinuated posteriorly.--_Obs._ This genus (Donax - irregularis, Bast.) is only known in a fossil state. Fig. 102, G. - Moulinsii. - - GRYPHÆA. Lam. (From Gryps, a griffin.) _Fam._ Ostracea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Inequivalve, free; lower valve large, concave; with the umbo prominent, - incurved; upper valve small, flat, opercular; hinge toothless, with a - curved, depressed area; one muscular impression.--_Obs_. These shells, - which approach the Oysters, are of a more regular form, and are - remarkable for the curved, produced beak of the lower valve. They are - only known in a fossil state, belonging to the more ancient strata. - Fig. 182, G. incurva. The recent species mentioned by Lamarck is not a - true Gryphæa. - - GYMNOLEPAS. A generic name used by De Blainville to include OTION and - CINERAS, Leach. - - GYMNOSOMATA. Bl. The second family of the order Aporobranchiata, in the - system of De Blainville. The animals belonging to this family are - destitute of shells. - - GYPIDEA. Dalman. A genus of Brachiopoda, thus described, "Larger valve - with the umbo rostrated, remote from the hinge; with the canal large, - deltoid; bilocular within." PENTAMERUS, Sow. Fig. 210. 211, G. - Conchidium, copied from Dalman. - - GYROGONA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - GYROIDINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - HALIOTIDÆ. Sw. A sub-genus of Calyptræa. CALYPTRÆA dilatata. Sowerby's - Genera of Shells, fig. 9. - - HALIOTIS. Auct. ([Greek: als], _als_, sea; [Greek: ous], [Greek: ôtos], - _otos_, ear.) _Fam._ Macrostomata, Lam. Otides, Bl.--_Descr._ Auriform, - broad, depressed, pearly within, rough, costated, tuberculated without; - spire short, flat, consisting of one or two whorls; aperture wide; - ovate; columella laminar, flat, oblique; a spiral series of - perforations running along the dorsal margin.--_Obs._ The splendid - shells belonging to this genus are remarkable for the pearly - iridescence of the inner surface, and the row of holes following the - course of the spire. The soft parts are eaten in Guernsey and Jersey, - and reckoned delicious. They belong to temperate and tropical climates. - Fig. 338, H. rubra. 339, Padollus, Montf. - - HALIOTOID. (_Haliotis_ and [Greek: eidos], _eidos_, form.) Ear-shaped. - - HAMIFORM. (_Hamus_, a hook.) Curved at the extremity. - - HAMITES. Parkinson. (_Hamus_, a hook.) _Fam._ Ammonacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Elongated, cylindrical, chambered, recurved at the smaller extremity, - annulated; septa lobed and sinuated.--_Obs_. This remarkable fossil - from the Baculite limestone in Normandy, differs from Baculites in - being curved at one extremity, a circumstance from which its name is - derived. Some small species are found in Chalk-Marle, Folkstone. Fig. - 484*. H. cylindricus. - - HARPA. Brug. (_Harpa_, a harp.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, - Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, ventricose, longitudinally and regularly costated; - spire short, with rounded, dome-like whorls; aperture wide, - emarginated; outer lip thickened, reflected, composing the last costa - or rib; inner lip polished, spread over part of the body whorl, - terminating in a point.--_Obs._ This beautiful genus of shells is so - clearly defined by the regular, longitudinal ribs that adorn the - external surface, suggesting the idea of a stringed instrument, that - there is no danger of confounding it with any other. H. multicostata, - (Buccinum costatum, Linn.) and H. ventricosa, are among the most - elegant of the testaceous productions of the sea both in form and - colouring; the former is rare. The recent species are not numerous, - they inhabit the Indian Ocean. A fossil species occurs at Grignon, near - Paris. Fig. 419, H. ventricosa. - - HARPAX. Parkinson. Part of PLICATULA, Auct. - - HARPULA. Sw. A group of shells separated from VOLUTA, Auct. thus - described, "shell generally tuberculated or longitudinally ribbed; apex - of the spire papillary, smooth, and in general distorted; pillar with - numerous distinct plaits; the upper, small and slender, the lower, - thickest and shortest."--_Type_, H. Vexillum. (Voluta, Auct.) - - HAUSTATOR. Montf. A genus proposed to include those species of - TURRITELLA, Auct. which have angulated whorls. - - HAUSTELLARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Murex, consisting of species with long - canal and no spines. Murex Haustellum, fig. 396. - - HAUSTRUM. Humph. PURPURA, Lamarck. - - HELCION. Montfort. A genus composed of species of Patella, which have - the apex distinctly and prominently bent forwards. _Ex._ P. pellucida, - fig. 230. - - HELENIS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - HELICELLA. Fer. One of the sub-genera into which De Ferussac has - divided the genus Helix, consisting of depressed species with large - umbilicus, such as Helix Algira, fig. 279. Gonites Montf. - - HELICIFORM. Shaped like shells of the genus Helix. - - HELICIGONA. One of De Ferussac's sub-genera of the genus HELIX, - consisting of angulated species, such as Carocolla Lamarckii, fig. 277. - - HELICINA. Lam. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. Ellipsostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ - Globose, compressed, or angulated, generally light and thin; aperture - trigonal or semilunar; outer lip thickened and generally more or less - reflected; inner lip spread over the body whorl, frequently callous - near the columella, which is short, and terminates in a notch, angle, - or slight callosity.--_Obs._ This genus of land shells, distinguished - from the genus Helix, by having an operculum and a thickened columellar - lip, differs also from Cyclostoma in having the aperture semicircular - or angular, the peritreme discontinuous and the operculum concentric. - These shells are generally small in size, and simple in form. Lamarck - describes only three or four species. Mr. Gray described some others in - the Zoological Journal, and in a work shortly to be published by the - author, a monograph of the genus will contain descriptions and figures - of at least 60 distinct species; some of which have been lately brought - to this country by Mr. Cuming from the Philippine Islands. They mostly - belong to tropical climates. - - HELICITES. Bl. Part of the genus NUMMULITES, Lam. ROTALITES and EGEON, - Montf. - - HELICOGENA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, consisting of species, which, - like the common garden snail, fig. 268, are globose and simple in form. - - HELICOLIMAX. Fer. VITRINA, Drap. H. Pellucida, fig. 263. - - HELICOPHANTA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, consisting of ear-shaped - species with large open apertures. - - HELICOSTYLA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, consisting of species with - numerous whorls, as H. Epistylium, fig. 281. - - HELISOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Planorbis. Sw. p. 337. - - HELIX. Auct. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Orbicular, light, - generally globular; spire short, last whorl ventricose, aperture - oblique, peritreme reflected, interrupted by the most prominent part of - the body whorl; columella confluent with the outer lip, and contiguous - to the axis of the shell. No operculum; a thin epidermis.--_Obs._ The - land shells composing this genus are found in all parts of the world; - the common snail, H. Aspersa, is well known as a destructive animal in - our gardens. The genera Helix, Achatina, Bulinus, Clausilia, Anostoma, - &c., have been united under one generic name by De Ferussac, and again - divided under the following sub-generic names, each of which we shall - illustrate by a figure. GENUS HELIX: _Sub-genus_ 1, _Helicophanta_, - consisting of species with large apertures, like Vitrina; Helix - brevipes. _S. gen. 2_, _Cochlohydra_, Succinea Amphibia, Drap. _S. gen. - 3_, _Helicogena_, consisting of the common species with the last whorl - large; Helix Hæmastoma, H. Contusa, (Streptaxis, Gray,) H. Aspersa. _S. - gen. 4_, _Helicodonta_, consisting of species with teeth or folds on - the columella; Polydonta, Montf. Anostoma, Helix Nux-denticulata. _S. - gen. 5_, _Helicigona_, Carocolla, Geotrochus. _S. gen. 6_, _Helicella_, - consisting of depressed species with a large umbilicus; H. Citrina - (Naninia, Gray.) _S. gen. 7_, _Helicostyla_, consisting of species with - a simple aperture, like the Helicogenæ, but with the whorls increasing - very gradually; H. epistylium. _S. gen. 8_, _Cochlostyla_, Bulinus. _S. - gen. 9_, _Cochlitoma_, Achatina. _S. gen. 10_, _Cochlicopa_, Polyphemus - Glans. _S. gen. 11_, _Cochlicella_, Bulinus decollatus. _S. gen. 12_, - _Cochlogena_, Azeca tridens. _S. gen. 13_, _Cochlodonta_, Pupa Uva. _S. - gen. 14_, _Cochlodina_, Clausilia macascarensis, Balea fragilis. The - last three sub-genera are included in the genus Odostomia of Fleming. - We give an example of each of these sub-divisions, for the sake of - presenting the reader with the principal variations to which the genus - is subject. The established genera will be characterized in their - places. Fig. 254 to 281. - - HELIXARION. Fer. VITRINA, Drap. Differing from Helicolimax in the - structure of the animal. Fig. 262. - - HEMICARDIUM. Cuv. ([Greek: hêmisus], _hemisus_, half, [Greek: Kardia], - _cardia_, heart.) CARDIUM Hemicardium, fig. 123**, and several similar - species. - - HEMICYCLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Helix. - - HEMICYCLONOSTA--see CARDILIA. - - HEMICYCLOSTOMATA. Bl. The fourth family of Asiphonibranchiata, Bl. - described as "more or less globular, thick, flattened on the under - side; spire very short; aperture large, semilunar, entire; its outer - edge hollowed; its inner or columellar edge straight, sharp and - septiform." This family answers to the genus _Nerita_ of Linnæus, and - to the family Neritacea of Lamarck. It contains the genera Natica, - Nerita, Neritina, and Navicella. - - HEMIMACTRA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mactra, thus described: "General form of - _Mactra_; but the cardinal teeth entirely wanting; cartilage internal, - central, in a large triangular cavity; lateral teeth 2/1, distinct, - lateral, striated: connected to the _Glycimeri_. H. gigantea, _Lam._ v. - 472. No. 1. grandis, _Sw._ Sp. Nov." Sw. p. 369. - - HEMIMITRA. Sw. A sub-genus of Paludomus, Sw. (Melanianæ.) - - HEMIODON. Sw. A sub-genus of Anodon, described as having "Tubercles or - undulations on the hinge margin. H. undulatus, purpurascens and - areolata." - - HEMISINUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Melania, thus described: "General shape - of _Melania_; but the base of the aperture is contracted and - emarginate; outer lip crenated. H. lineolata, Griff. Cuv. xii. pl. 13. - fig. 4." - - HEMITOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Emarginula, thus described: "Patelliform; - the fissure not cut through the shell, but merely forming an internal - groove. H. tricostata, _Sw._ Sow. Gen. fig. 6." - - HEMITROCHUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Geotrochus, Sw. H. hæmastoma. Sw. p. - 331. - - HEPTALASMIS. Leach. ([Greek: Hêpta], _hepta_, seven; [Greek: elasma], - _elasma_, plate) A small shell resembling Pentelasmis, from which it - differs in the number of valves, being composed of seven valves - according to Leach, and of eight according to Gray, who counts the - dorsal valve, which is jointed, as _two_, and names his genus - Octolasmis. Fig. 41, H. Warwickii. - - HERCOLES. Montf. A microscope shell, appearing from De Montfort's - figure to resemble TROCHUS _Imperialis_ in shape. - - HERION. Montf. LENTICULINA, Bl. Microscopic. - - HERMAPHRODITA. Bl. The third sub-class of Paracephalophora, Bl. divided - into, Sect. 1, _symmetrical_, containing the orders Cirrobranchiata and - Cervicobranchiata; Sect. 2, _non-symmetrical_, order, Scutibranchiata. - - HERMES. Montf. A genus composed of CONUS _Nussatella_, Auct. and other - elongated, cylindrical, striated species. Fig. 460. - - HETEROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The fourth order of the class Acephalophora, Bl. - containing no testaceous mollusca. - - HETEROPODA. Lam. The fifth order of the class Mollusca, Lam. This order - contains but one genus of shells, viz. Carinaria, fig. 488. - - HETEROSTEGINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - HIATELLA. Daud. Fam. Lithophagidæ, Lam. A genus composed of species of - Saxicava, Auct. which have sharp, angulated, posterior ridges, a - circumstance which occurs to many species in a young state, which - afterwards become rounded off. Fig. 95, Hiatella biaperta. - - HIATULA. Sw. A genus proposed to include those species of Oliva, Auct. - which have widened apertures. _Ex._ O. Subulata, fig. 458. - - HIBOLITHES. Montf. A genus composed of species of Belemnites, Auct. - which are swelled towards the apex, and contracted near the centre. B. - Hastatus, Auct. fig. 468. - - HIMANTOPODA. Schum. MALLEUS, Auct. - - HINGE. The edge of the bivalve shells near the umbones, including the - teeth and ligament. - - HINNITES. Defr. A generic name proposed for PECTEN PUSIO, Auct. - remarkable for the irregularity of the outer surface, which would - almost lead to the belief of its being an attached shell. Fig. 173, H. - Pusio. - - HIPPAGUS. Lea. (_Horse boat._) A minute fossil shell, resembling - Isocardia in form, but destitute of hinge teeth. H. Isocardioides, fig. - 128. - - HIPPOCHRENES. Montf. Species of ROSTELLARIA, Auct. with the outer lip - spread. Fig. 403. R. Columbaria. - - HIPPONYX. ([Greek: Hippos], _hippos_, horse; [Greek: onux], _onyx_, - nail or hoof.) _Fam._ Rudistes, Lam.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, - sub-equilateral, rather irregular, destitute of ligament and hinge - teeth; lower valve attached, flat, sub-orbicular, with a muscular - impression, composed of two lunulate portions, meeting at one - extremity, and presenting the form of a horse-shoe; upper valve - conical, with the apex inclined backwards, and the muscular impression - marginal.--_Obs._ The earlier naturalists having only met with the - upper valve of these shells, placed them among the patelliform - univalves; to some of which, particularly Pileopsis, they bear a very - strong resemblance. The species of Hipponyx are numerous, and till - lately only known in a fossil state. The recent species belong to - tropical climates: the fossil species are found in the tertiary beds. - Fig. 199, H. Cornucopia. - - HIPPOPODIUM. Conybeare. _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, - obliquely transverse, heavy, deep, inequilateral, umbones incurved; - ventral margin sinuated, so as to give a bilobed appearance to the - shell; hinge incrassated, with one rugged oblique tooth.--_Obs._ These - fossils are found in the upper beds of Lias. Fig. 129, H. Ponderosum. - - HIPPOPUS. Lam. ([Greek: Hippos], hippus; [Greek: pous], _pous_, foot.) - _Fam._ Tridacnacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, regular, - subquadrate; lunule closed, flat, with crenulated edges; ventral margin - deeply undulated; external surface fluted, with radiating ribs, which - are transversely fringed with rows of tubular spines; hinge margin - thick, with two long, compressed posterior lateral teeth in one valve, - three in the other; ligament marginal, external.--_Obs._ The shell thus - described is rightly separated from Tridacna, on account of the - anterior dorsal margins being closed; whereas in Tridacna there is a - wide hiatus. Only one species of this genus is known, which receives - its name from its resemblance in form to a horse's foot, when held with - the flat anterior dorsal margin downwards. Few shells are found to - concentrate so many beauties as the Hippopus Maculatus, commonly called - the Bear's-paw-clam; the delicate whiteness of the interior, the - undulating edge, the radiated fluted columns, adorned at intervals by - crisped fringes, and the richness of the variegated colouring, are such - as to secure the admiration of the most superficial observer. From the - Indian Archipelago. Fig. 156, H. Maculatus. - - HIPPURITES. Montf. _Fam._ Orthocerata, Lam. Rudistes, Bl.--_Descr._ - Tabular, rude, irregular, attached; lower valve cylindrical, more or - less lengthened, apparently divided into sections by septa (considered - by some authors as merely projecting layers of growth) having one or - two lateral tubes within; upper valve round, flat, fixed on the - aperture of the tubular valve like an operculum.--_Obs._ This genus is - known only in a fossil state, and but very imperfectly. Lamarck places - it among his chambered Cephalopoda, &c. De Blainville, considering it a - true Bivalve, enumerates it among his Rudistes. Cretaceous group. Fig. - 198, H. Cornucopia. - - HORTOLUS. Montf. SPIROLINA, Lam. Microscopic. - - HYALÆA. Auct. (_Hyalus_, glass.) _Fam._ Pteropoda, Lam. Thecosomata, - Bl.--_Descr._ Globose, glassy, transparent, with a triangular opening - at the upper part where the dorsal portion advances beyond the ventral; - ventral portion vaulted; dorsal more flat; lower extremity - tridentate.--_Obs._ The singular structures composing this genus were - formerly taken for bivalves, and named Anomia Tricuspidata, &c. They - are now known to belong to the class of molluscous animals, called - Pteropoda, from the wing-shaped organs of locomotion. A species of - Hyalæa occurs in Sicily in a fossil state. Recent species are found in - the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Fig. 226, H. - Tridentata. - - HYALINA, Studer. VITRINA, Drap. - - HYALINE. (_Hyalus_, glass.) Glassy, thin, transparent--_Ex._ Carinaria - Mediterranea, fig. 488. - - HYDROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first section of the order Gasteropoda, Lam. - containing Molluscs which breathe water only; divided into the families - Tritoniana, Phyllidiana, Semi-phyllidiana, Calyptracea, Bullæana, and - Aplysiana. - - HYGROMANES. Fer. A sub-division of Helix, containing H. limbata, Auct. - &c. Gray's Turton, p. 143. - - HYRIA. Lam. A genus composed of species of Nayades, distinguished by - their alated dorsal margins, and lamellated lateral teeth. South - America. HYRIA corrugata, fig. 143, Hyria Syrmatophora, fig. 144. - - HYRIDELLA. Sw. A genus of "Hyrianæ," Sw. described as differing from - HYRIA, Auct. in having a cardinal as well as a lateral tooth in each - valve. Sw. p. 380. - - HISTRIX. Humph. RICINULA, Auct. - - JANERA. Schum. A genus composed of species of Pecten, Auct. having - oblique plicæ or calli on each side of the ligamentary pit. _Ex._ P. - plica, fig. 172. Decadopecten, Rüppell. - - JANTHINA. Auct. (_Janthum_, a violet.) _Fam._ Neritacea, Lam. - Oxystomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Sub-globose, thin, fragile; spire short, - consisting of few whorls; aperture angulated, at the anterior junction - of the inner and outer lips; columella tortuous, contiguous to the - axis; outer lip thin, sinuated in the centre.--_Obs._ The shells - composing this genus are celebrated for their beautiful purple colour. - The animal possesses a small vesicular process, which keeps it floating - on the surface of the water; it exudes a purple secretion when - irritated. It is occasionally floated on to the shores of most - temperate and tropical countries. Fig. 333, J. Fragilis. - - JATARONUS. Adanson. CHAMA, Auct. - - IBERUS. Montf. CAROCOLLA, Lam. - - IBLA. Leach. _Fam._ Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Four - valves, posterior pair elongated, anterior pair short, triangular; - pedicle cylindrical, contracted at the base, hairy.--_Obs._ I. - Cuveriana (fig. 40) is brought from Kangaroo Island. - - ICTHYOSARCOLITES. Desmarest. _Fam._ Ammonacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Chambered, slightly arcuate, laterally compressed; septa simple, - leaving triangular articulations imbricated like the thick muscles of a - fish. - - JESITES. Montf. A minute fossil resembling GALEOLARIA. - - ILOTES. Montf. ORBICULINA, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - IMBRICARIA. Schum. CONOHELIX, Sw. - - IMBRICATED. (_Imbrex_, a tile.) A shell is said to be imbricated when - the superficial laminæ are arranged over each other in the manner of - tiles. - - IMPERATOR. Montf. A genus composed of species of the genus TROCHUS, - Auct. with whorls angulated and stellated, having an umbilicus. _Ex._ - T. Imperialis. Some of the shells named Imperator in the British Museum - belong to the genus Calcar, Montf. having no umbilicus. - - IMPRESSION. See MUSCULAR IMPRESSION. - - INCRASSATED. (_Crassus_, thick.) Thickened, as the hinge of Glycimeris, - fig. 67. - - INCURVED. Turned inwards or bent forwards. Applied to symmetrical - shells, when the point of the apex turns towards the anterior - extremity, as in Patella. The apex of a shell is said to be incurved - when it is bent inwards, but not sufficiently so to be described as - spiral. _Ex._ Ammonoceras, Lam. fig. 477. - - INDENTED. (_In_, in; _dens_, a tooth.) Exactly the reverse of DENTATED; - meaning a series of small cavities, such as might be produced by the - entrance of teeth. The cast of a dentated surface would be indented. - - INEQUILATERAL. (_Æquus_, equal; _latus_, a side.) A term applied to a - bivalve shell when its extent on one side of the umbones is greater - than that on the other. When the sides are nearly equal, the term - _sub-equilateral_ is used. - - INEQUIVALVE. (_in_; _æquus_, equal; _valva_, valve.) The two principal - valves differing from each other in diameter or convexity. - - INFERIOR VALVE is that which is attached to sub-marine bodies. Only - applied to attached bivalves. - - INFEROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The fourth family of the second section of - Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. containing no testaceous mollusca. - - INFLATED. Swelled, as Bulla, fig. 250, 252. This term can only be - applied to rotund shells of a light, thin texture. In other cases we - should use the word VENTRICOSE. - - INFLECTED. Turned inwards. This term is applied to the outer lip of a - spiral shell when it turns towards the body whorl. This is the case in - Cypræa, fig. 446. See REFLECTED. - - INFUNDIBULUM. Montf. (_A funnel._) A genus formed of those species of - CALYPTRÆA, Lam. which, having a spiral septum, so nearly resemble - Trochus that some authors have placed them in that genus. One species - named Patella Trochiformis. Recent from South America, fossil from the - tertiary beds. Fig. 237, 238, Calyptræa (Infundibulum) Pileus. - - INNER LIP. That edge of the aperture of an univalve shell which is near - to the imaginary axis, as distinguished from the outer lip, or that - which is on the opposite side. - - INOCERAMUS. Sow. _Fam._ Malleacea, Lam. Margaritacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Thick, inequivalve, sub-equilateral, triangular, deep, with the umbones - incurved; hinge formed of a series of transverse grooves.--_Obs._ The - larger valves of these fossil shells resemble the larger valve of - Gryphæa; but the hinge is quite distinct. The species described in - Mineral Conchology are found in the blue marl, at Folkstone, and in the - chalk. I. Lamarckii, (Catillus, Brong.) fig. 167. - - INTERNAL CAST. The mould of a fossil shell, composed of matter which - entered the shell in a soft state, and has subsequently hardened, when, - the shell dropping off, the hardened substance which filled it is left - to represent its internal form. - - INTERNAL LIGAMENT. A term used by some conchological writers signifying - that the ligament of a bivalve shell is placed within the closed part - of the hinge, so as not to be seen when the valves are shut. But the - substance, formerly called the internal ligament, is now distinguished - from the true ligament both in structure and use; and is now more - properly called the cartilage, so that when the ligament is said to be - internal, it must be understood that the internal cartilage is - unaccompanied by any ligament properly so called, and when a shell is - described as having two ligaments, as in the case of Amphidesma, it - means that the two substances are so far removed from each other in the - hinge that they are no longer confounded together. - - INTERNAL SHELL is one which is enclosed in the soft parts of the - animal, as a bone is enclosed in the flesh of a human body. The Limax, - or common garden slug, which has a testaceous shield beneath its - mantle, is an instance of this. - - IO. Lea. A genus composed of several species of fresh-water shells - which are considered as differing from Melaniæ in having the anterior - termination of the aperture produced into a point in some degree - resembling the caudal canals of shells belonging to the family of - Canalifera, which are marine. Io fusiformis and spinosus are described - and figured in Lea's work on the genus Unio. - - JODAMIA. Defr. A genus resembling Birostrites, except that in Jodamia - one valve overwraps the other, while in Birostrites the circumference - of the valves is equal. - - IPHIGENIA. Gray. A sub-genus of Clausilia, C. biplicata, &c. Auct. - Gray's Turton, p. 214. - - IRIDEA. Sw. A genus of "Hyrianæ," Sw. thus described:--"Oblong ovate; - bosses small, depressed, sulcated; inner cardinal tooth placed beneath - the outer. I. granosa, _Lam._ En. Méth. 248. fig. 9." - - IRIDINA. Auct. A genus belonging to the Nayades, and resembling the - ANODONTÆ, Auct. but its peculiar characteristic is that the hinge - lamina is tuberculated or crenulated in its whole length. Sowerby - unites all the genera of the family into the genus UNIO. Fig. 150, I. - Elongata. - - IRREGULAR SHELLS, are those which, being attached to, or imbedded in - other marine bodies, have no constant form, but are modified in shape - according to the substances to which they are fixed, as the Chamacea, - fig. 153 to 155. - - IRUS. Oken. Comprehending PANDORA, PETRICOLA, SAXICAVA, &c. - - ISOCARDIA. Lam. ([Greek: Isos], _isos_, similar; [Greek: Kardia], - _cardia_, heart.) _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam. Chamacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Cordiform, regular, equivalve, ventricose, with distant, diverging, - involute, free umbones; hinge with two compressed cardinal, and one - distant, compressed lateral teeth in each valve; ligament external, - bifid, diverging in the direction of the umbones.--_Obs._ The shells - composing this genus are remarkable for the beautiful curvature of the - diverging umbones. European and Chinese Seas. Fig. 126, I. Moltkiana. - - KEEL. A flattened ridge, resembling the keel of a ship. As that on the - back of Carinaria vitrea, fig. 488, and those on the whorls of some - spiral shells. A shell characterized by a keel or keels is said to be - carinated. - - KELLIA. Turton, MYA Suborbicularis, Montague. - - LABIS. Oken. MONODONTA, Lam. - - LABIUM, or inner lip,--is used to express that side of the aperture - which is nearest to the axis and generally contiguous to the body - whorl. The lower part of this, when sufficiently distinct from that - part which overwraps the body whorl, is called the Columella. - - LABRUM, or outer lip,--is the edge of the aperture at the greatest - distance from the axis. - - LACINEA. Humph. CHAMA, Lam. - - LACUNA. Turt. _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Globose, thin, covered - with a smooth epidermis; spire short, consisting of few rapidly - increasing whorls; aperture semilunar, rounded at the extremities; - columella oblique, reflected over part of the umbilicus; umbilicus - forming a lengthened area behind the columella. Northern shores. Fig - 364, L. Pallidula. - - LAGENULA. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - LAMELLATED. (_Lamella_, a thin plate.) When the layers of which a shell - is composed, instead of being compacted into a solid mass, are - separated, overlying each other in the manner of tiles, with the edges - prominent, the structure is said to be lamellated or foliaceous. - - LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Bl. The third order of the class Acephalophora, Bl. - consisting of bivalve shells, divided into the families Ostracea, - Subostracea, Margaritacea, Mytilacea, Polydontes, Submytilacea, - Chamacea, Conchacea, Pylorides, Adesmacea. - - LAMELLIPEDES. Lam. (_Lamella_, a thin plate, _pes_, a foot.) The third - section of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, containing bivalves, with the - foot of the animal broad and thin; divided into the families Conchacea, - Cardiacea, Arcacea, Trigonacea, Nayades. Fig. 111. to 152. - - LAMPAS. Montf. LENTICULINA, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - LAMPRODOMA. Sw. A genus of "Olivinæ," Sw. thus described:--"Mitriform; - spire produced, conic; resembling MITRELLA in shape, but the suture is - channelled; the aperture effuse at the base, contracted above; lower - half of the pillar with 6 to 7 plaits. Volutella, Zool. Ill. ii. - series, pl. 40. f. 1. (_fig. 86._ )" Sw. p. 321. - - LAMPROSCAPHA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Anodontinæ," Sw. thus - described:--"Shell not winged, elongate, pod-shaped; teeth none; bosses - near the anterior extremity. Tropical America only? L. ? elongata. - _Sw._ Zool. Ill. i. 176. ensiforme, _Spix._ Braz. Test. siliquosa. - Braz. Test. pygmæa. Ib." Sw. p. 381. - - LAMPROSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Canthorbis (Trochus), described at p. - 350, Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. - - LAMPUS. Humph. TEREBRATULA, Lam. - - LANCEOLATE. Lengthened like a lance. - - LANISTES. Montf. Reversed species of AMPULLARIA, fig. 319. - - LAPLYSIA. See APLYSIA. - - LAPLYSIACEA. Lam. (properly Aplysiacea) A family belonging to the first - section of the order Gasteropoda, Lam. containing the genera Aplysia - and Dolabella. Fig. 254, 255. - - LARVA. Humph. FISSURELLA, Lam. - - LATERAL. (_Latus_, a side.) The lateral teeth are those which, taking - their rise near the umbones, proceed to some distance towards the sides - of the shell; as distinguished from the cardinal teeth, which receive - their full developement close to the umbones. Lateral muscular - impressions are those which are placed at a distance from each other, - on the opposite sides of the shell. - - LATIAXIS. Sw. A genus of "Eburninæ," Sw. corresponding with the genus - Trichotropis. Sow. (Sw. Malac. p. 306.) - - LATIRUS. Montf. A genus composed of species of FUSUS, Auct. which have - an umbilicus and are turriculated. - - LAURIA. Gray. A sub-genus of PUPA, containing P. umbilicata, &c. - (Gray's Turton, p. 193.) - - LEGUMINARIA. Schum. A genus composed of species of SOLEN, Auct. which - have an internal longitudinal bar or rib. Fig. 61. S. Radiatus, Lam. - - LEILA. Gray? Described as having the hinge edge smooth like Iridina, - but having a "sharp siphonal inflexion." (Syn. B. M. p. 142.) - - LEIODOMUS. Sw. A genus of "Buccininæ," Sw. consisting of Terebra - vittata and other similar species. This genus corresponds with Bullia, - Gray. - - LEIOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of "Fusinæ," Sw. thus described, "Equally - fusiform," (with Fusus) "but ventricose in the middle; shell entirely - smooth, almost polished; inner lip thickened, and vitreous; base of the - pillar very straight. Fossil only. (_fig. 75._) L. bulbiformis. En. - Méth. 428. f. 1." - - LEMBULUS. Leach. A genus composed of oval species of NUCULA, resembling - N. margaritacea, fig. 137. - - LENDIX. Humph. PUPA, Lam. - - LENGTH. See MEASUREMENT. - - LENTICULAR. (_Lens._) Of a circular, convex form, as Pectunculus, fig. - 134. - - LENTICULINA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.--_Descr._ - Lenticular, sub-discoidal, compressed, convolute, symmetrical; aperture - notched; chambers few in number; visible on the exterior, radiating - from the centre of the disk. - - LEPADICEA. Bl. The first family of the class Nemantopoda, Bl. This - family consists of the same animals which constitute the Pedunculated - Cirripedes of Lamarck, and part of the genus Lepas in the system of - Linnæus. It contains the genera Gymnolepas, Pentalepas, Polylepas and - Litholepas. - - LEPAS. ([Greek: Lepas], _lepas_, a rock.) The Linnæan name Lepas - contains all the Cirripedes or Multivalves, the different kinds of - which are not distinguished in the accounts given by early writers of - the habits of the animals. (Fig. 14 to 43.) It was formerly applied to - the Limpets or Patella. In fact, the ancient definition was "Concha - petræ adhærens," and would apply to any shells attached to rocks. - - LEPTÆNA. Dalman. A genus belonging to the Brachiopoda; and thus - described:--"Hinge compressed, rectilinear, frequently exceeding the - width of the shell." It forms part of the genus Producta, Sow. Fig. - 206, L. depressa. - - LEPTOCONCHUS. Rüppell. ([Greek: Leptos], _leptus_, thin; [Greek: - Konchos], _conchos_, shell.) This shell resembles a young MAGILUS in - general appearance, although the animal is said to differ. In the young - Magilus also, the inner lip is reflected over the body whorl, which is - not the case in Leptoconchus. Red Sea. Fig. 11. - - LEPTOCONUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Conus, consisting of Conus grandis, - amadis, duplicatus, Australis, &c. Sw. p. 312. - - LEPTOLIMNEA. Sw. A sub-genus of Limnea, described as being nearly - cylindrical. Limnea elongata, Sow. Gen. fig. 6. - - LEPTON. Turton. SOLEN Squamosus, Montague, and other species described - as "flat, nearly orbicular, equivalve, inequilateral, a little open at - the sides. Hinge of one valve with a single tooth, and a transverse - linear lateral one on each side; of the other valve, with a cavity in - the middle and a transverse deeply cloven lateral tooth each side, the - segments of which divaricate from the beak." To represent this genus we - have figured L. Squamosum in the plates, fig. 62. British. - - LEPTOSPIRA. Sw. A sub-genus of Bulinus, thus described: "Spire - excessively long, sub-cylindrical; body whorl largest; outer lip - thickened; aperture oval; no teeth, striata, _Sw._ Chem. 135. f. 1226. - signata _Sw._" Sw. p. 335. - - LEUCOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of "Achatina," Sw. described as resembling - Achatinella, but having a "thick pad" at the top of the "upper lip," - and another over the base. L. variegata, Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. fig. - 24. p. 172. - - LEUCOTUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Natica, described as intermediate between - Sigaretus and Lacuna. SIGARETUS _cancellatus_, Lam. (Sw. Malac. p. - 346.) - - LICIUM. Humph. OVULA, Lam. (Ovulum.) - - LIGAMENT. (From _Ligo_, to bind.) The true ligament is always external, - and serves the purpose of binding the two valves of a shell together - externally by the posterior dorsal margins. There is another substance, - called by Gray the _Cartilage_, which is elastic and of a condensed - fibrous structure, placed within the ligament, either close to it, or - at a more interior part of the shell; it is sometimes contained in a - pit, formed for its reception, in the centre of the hinge. This - substance, being elastic, keeps the valves open, unless drawn together - by the counteracting force of the adductor muscles. When conchologists - speak of a shell as having the ligament external, the real meaning is - that these two substances are so close together as in appearance to - constitute one body placed outside the shell so as to be seen when the - valves are closed. When two ligaments are spoken of, as in Amphidesma, - the meaning is that the cartilage occupies a separate place on the - hinge. - - LIGAMENTIFEROUS. (_Ligamentum_, a ligament, _fero_, to bear.) Having or - containing the ligament, as the cardinal pit in Mya, fig. 71. - - LIGULA. Leach. A genus containing the more rounded and less gaping - species of LUTRARIA, Auct. Fig. 77, Lutraria Papyracea. - - LIGULATE. (_Ligula_, a slip, a shoe-latchet.) Thin, slender, like a - slip, or neck of any thing, as the anterior muscular impression of - Lucina, fig. 104. - - LIGUMIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Unio, thus described:--"Very long and - pod-shaped; bosses depressed; cardinal teeth moderate. S. recta. Lam. - vi. 1. p. 74." Sw. p. 378. - - LIGUUS. Montf. A genus containing species of ACHATINA, Auct. which have - rounded apertures and lengthened spires, differing from his POLYPHEMI, - which have lengthened apertures. A. virginea, Auct. fig. 286, is the - type of this genus. - - LIMA. Brug. (_Lima_, a file.) _Fam._ Pectinides, Lam. Subostracea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, compressed, - oblique-auriculated, oval, radiately ribbed or striated, imbricated, - covered with a light brown epidermis; hinge with a triangular disc - between the umbones, divided in the centre by a triangular ligamentary - pit without teeth; muscular impression one, sublateral, - sub-orbicular.--_Obs._ The shells thus described are marine, two or - three species being found on our coasts, and fossil species occurring - in Lias, inferior Oolite, Calcaire-grossiér, &c. They differ from - Pecten in having a wide hiatus for the passage of a byssus, by which - they are occasionally attached, and also in the triangular disc, which - separates the umbones. The animal makes use of the valves of his shell - as natatory organs, working them like fins or paddles, and by this - means proceeding at a rapid rate through the waters. L. Squamosa, fig. - 174. - - LIMACINA. Cuv. (_Limax_, a snail.) _Fam._ Pteropoda, Lam.--_Descr._ - Papyraceous, fragile, planorbicular, sub-carinated, obliquely - convolute; spiral side rather prominent, the other side umbilicated; - aperture large, entire, not modified, peristome sharp.--_Obs._ This is - SPIRATELLA, Bl. The shell figured as Limacina in Sowerby's Genera, - under "pteropoda," is an _Atlanta_. Our representation of Spiratella - Limacinea, fig. 224. is copied from Blainville. - - LIMACINEA. Lam. A family of the order Gasteropoda, Lam. including the - following - - 1. CRYPTELLA. Spire mammillated; a septum. Fig. 256. - - 2. PARMACELLA. Flat, haliotoid, spiral. Fig. 257, 258. - - 3. TESTACELLUS. Sub-spiral. Fig. 261. - - 4. LIMAX. Incomplete. Fig. 259. - - 5. PLECTROPHORUS. Conical. Fig. 260. - - 6. VITRINA. Heliciform, hyaline. Fig. 262, 263. - - LIMACINEA. Bl. The third family of the order Pulmobranchiata, Bl. - Described as containing shells very variable in form, most frequently - inclining to globular or oval; the apex always obtuse; aperture - variable, but never emarginated. All the Limacinea are phytophagous and - terrestrial. This family answers to the genus Helix of Linnæus and to - the Colimacea of Lamarck, leaving out the Auriculacea. It contains the - genera Succinea, Bulinus, Achatina, Clausilia, Pupa, Partula, Helix, - Vitrina, Testacella, Limacella, Limax. - - LIMAX. _Lam._ Limacinea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Internal irregular, - sub-quadrate, scutiform, crystalline; apex rounded, indistinct; - epidermis, light brown, thin, extending beyond the margin.--_Obs._ The - shell is placed under the scutellum of the common garden slug. Fig. 25, - L. Antiquorum. - - LIMNACEA. Bl. The first family of the order Pulmobranchiata, Bl. The - shells of this family are described as thin, with the outer lip always - sharp. It contains the genera Limnea, Physa, Planorbis. - - LIMNEANA. Lam. A family of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. containing the - following genera:-- - - 1. LIMNÆA. Spire produced; including _Physa_. Fig. 308 to 310. - - 2. PLANORBIS. Spire orbicular; including _Planaria_. Fig. 311, 312. - - LIMNEA. Lam. ([Greek: Limnas], _limnas_, lacustrine.) _Fam._ Limnacea, - Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Oblong, light, thin; spire variable in length, - acute; last whorl large, aperture large, longitudinal, entire; inner - lip spread over a portion of the last whorl; columella forming an - oblique fold; outer lip rounded at each extremity, thin.--_Obs._ These - light horn-coloured shells are common in standing pools, ponds and - ditches, in various parts of Europe. They resemble the Amber shell - (Succinea) in shape, but the animal of the latter is amphibious, and - the shell of a bright amber colour. L. Stagnalis, fig. 308. L. - auricularia, fig. 309. (RADIX, Montf.) The reversed species have been - separated under the name Physa, fig. 310. Other generic names have been - given to other species. - - LINES OF GROWTH. The concentric striæ or lines formed by the edges of - the successive layers of shelly matter deposited by the animal by which - it increases the shell. The outer edge of the aperture is always the - last line of growth. - - LINGUIFORM. (_Lingua_, tongue; _forma_, form.) Tongue-shaped. - - LINGULA. Lam. (Dim. from _lingua_, tongue.) _Fam._ Brachiopoda, Lam. - Palliobranchiata, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, oblong, depressed, thin, - equilateral, gaping and pointed at the umbones, gaping and truncate or - trilobate at the opposite extremities, attached by a fleshy pedicule - fixed to the umbones.--_Obs._ This is the only bivalve shell which is - pedunculated, in which respect it constitutes a singular anomaly. The - ancient writers, seeing the valves separate, placed it in their systems - under the name Patella Unguis. There are several recent species found - in the Moluccas, and some fossils in sandy indurated marl, and in - alluvium of Suffolk. L. Anatina, fig. 219, is so named from its - resemblance to a duck's bill. - - LINGULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - LINTHURIS. Montf. Conch. Syst. 2. 154. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - LIP. See LABIUM and LABRUM. - - LIPPISTES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - LITHODOMUS. Cuv. ([Greek: Lithos], _lithos_, stone; [Greek: Dôma], - _doma_, house.) _Fam._ Mytilacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Transverse, elongated, - cylindrical, equivalve, with the extremities rounded, and the posterior - extremity rostrated; umbones not prominent, terminal; hinge straight, - destitute of teeth; ligament linear, most conspicuous within; muscular - impressions two.--_Obs._ The shells composing this genus differ from - Modiola, not only in the cylindrical form, but also in the circumstance - from which the generic name is derived, i. e. of their living in - stones. Thus, while the form and structure of the shell bring it near - the Mytili or Muscle shells, the habits of the animal cause it to - approach the Lithophagi, or rock-eating molluscs of Lamarck. L. - Dactylus (fig. 161,) is the Mytilus Lithophagus of ancient authors. - - LITHOLEPAS. Bl. ([Greek: Lithos], _lithos_, stone, [Greek: lepas], - _lepas_, rock.) De Blainville's name for LITHOTRYA, Sow. - - LITHOPHAGIDÆ. Lam. ([Greek: Lithos], _lithos_, stone; [Greek: Phagô], - _phago_, eat or gnaw.) A family of the Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. - consisting of terebrating bivalves, gaping anteriorly, having no - accessary valves; and containing the genera Saxicava, Petricola, - Venerupis, to which are added other genera enumerated in explanation of - figures 91 to 97. Notwithstanding the numerous genera which have been - created, I think that the most convenient arrangement will be to reduce - them to two, thus-- - - 1. PETRICOLA, with distinct cardinal teeth, including, Clothe, - Venerirupis and Coralliophaga. Fig. 91, 92, 97. - - 2. SAXICAVA, without teeth, including Biapholius, Hiatella, - Sphænia, Byssomya, and Thracia. Fig. 93 to 96. - - LITHOTRYA. G. B. Sowerby. ([Greek: Lithos], _lithos_, stone; [Greek: - truo], _truo_, to bore through.) _Fam._ Pedunculated Cirripedes, - Lam.--_Descr._ Eight unequal valves, forming a laterally compressed - cone, the lower central valves being very minute; pedicle fleshy, scaly - at the upper extremity; fixed at the base in a patelliform shelly - support.--_Obs._ This genus derives its name from the power possessed - by the animal of making dwelling holes in stones or pieces of rock. The - remarkable shelly cups at the base of the pedicle is regarded as - analogous to the shelly base of the Balanus, so that this genus would - form an intermediate link between the Sessile and Pedunculated - Cirripedes of Lamarck. Fig. 39, L. dorsalis. West India Islands. - - LITIOPA. Ranz. _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam.--_Descr._ "Shell not very thick, - horny, with a slight epidermis, rather transparent, conical, with - whorls somewhat rounded; the last being larger than all the rest - together; with the apex pointed, longitudinally grooved; aperture oval, - larger anteriorly than posteriorly, with the lips disunited, the right - lip simple, separated from the left by a rather indistinct notch, or a - slight emargination in the contour. The left lip slightly reflected - backwards, so as to form a kind of salient margin with the anterior - extremity of the columella, which is united, rounded, arcuated and - slightly truncated at the anterior."--_Obs._ The Molluscous animals, - whose shells are thus described, are found in the Mediterranean, and - are remarkable for the power of suspending themselves from the sea-weed - on which they live, by a thread resembling a spider's web. The general - appearance of the shell presents a medium between Phasianella and - Littorina, but it is apparently destitute of an operculum. - - LITTORINA. Fer. (_Littus_, the sea-shore.) _Fam._ Turbinacea, - Lam.--_Descr._ Turbinated, thick; spire acuminated, consisting of few - whorls, about one third of the axis in length; aperture entire, large, - rounded anteriorly; outer lip thickened within, acute; columella rather - flattened; operculum horny, spiral, with rapidly increasing - volutions.--_Obs._ The shells composing this genus are known from Turbo - and Phasianella by the horny operculum; and from Trochus, which has - also a horny operculum, by the small number of the whorls. The - Littorinæ, among which may be enumerated the common Periwinkle, are, as - the name implies, found on sea shores, feeding upon seaweed, in all - parts of the world. Fig. 363, _L. Vulgaris_. - - LITUACEA. Bl. The second family of Polythalamacea. Bl. The shells are - described as chambered, symmetrical, convolute in part of their extent, - but constantly straight towards the termination. The genus Spirula, - which is admitted into this family, does not properly belong to it, any - more than to the Lituolæ of Lamarck, in which it is also placed. It - does not agree with the descriptions of either. This family partly - corresponds with the "Lituolées," Lam. and contains the genera Lituola, - Ichthyosarcolites, Spirula, Hamites and Ammonoceras. - - LITUACEA. Lam. A family of the order Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Lam. - containing the genus Spirula, fig. 471. - - LITUITUS. Montf. SPIROLINA, Lam. Microscopic. - - LITUOLA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - LITUOLÆ. Lam. The third family of Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Lam. the - shells of which are described as partially spiral, the last whorl - continuing in a straight line. The transverse septa which divide the - chambers, are in general pierced by a siphon which breaks itself off - before it reaches the succeeding septum. This family contains the - genera of microscopic Foraminifera Lituola and Spirolina. The genus - Spirula, also placed in this family, does not by any means agree with - Lamarck's definitions "the last whorl continuing in a straight line." - - LITUUS. Humph. CYCLOSTOMA? Lam. - - LIVID. (From _lividus_.) Of a pale, dull, blue colour. The adjective is - sometimes used as a specific name. _Ex._ Conus _lividus_, Sanguinolaria - _livida_. - - LOBARIA. Schum. SANGUINOLARIA rosea, Lam. (fig. 98) and other similar - species. - - LOBATE or LOBED. Divided into parts. - - LOBATULA. Fleming. A genus composed of two very minute species of - chambered shells. Serpula lobata and S. concamerata, Mont. Test. Brit. - 515. - - LOMASTOMA. Rafinesque. An imperfectly defined genus, probably belonging - to the Limnacea. - - LONGITUDINAL. Lengthwise. Longitudinal striæ, ribs, &c. are those which - radiate from the apex and follow the spiral direction of the whorls, in - spiral shells; and from the umbo to the ventral margin in bivalves. The - term "decourantes" is employed by French conchologists. The bands in - Achatina, fig. 286, are longitudinal or spiral. - - LORIPEDES. Poli. A genus composed of species of LUCINA, Auct. in which - the lunules are not prominent. - - LOTORIUM. Montf. A genus composed of species of TRITON, Auct. in which - the aperture is effuse. T. Lotorium, fig. 400. - - LOTTIA. Gray. PATELLOIDA, Quoy and Gaimard. - - LUCERNA. Humph. A generic name applied to some species of Helix - included in De Ferussac's sub-genus Helicogena. - - LUCERNELLA. Sw. A genus of "Lucerninæ," Sw. thus described: "Teeth on - both sides of the aperture; surface regularly and distinctly striated. - Circumference convex." - - LUCIDULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Lucerna, Humph. thus described: "Aperture - transverse, both lips much thickened and united; the outer with - marginal obsolete teeth at the base; umbilicus closed. Barbadensis, - _Lam._ No. 49. p. 78. Fêr. Moll. pl. 47, 2, 3, 4." - - LUCINA. Brug. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, inequilateral, orbicular, lenticular, radiately striated; - hinge with, generally, two minute cardinal teeth, which are sometimes - nearly obsolete, and two lateral teeth, on each side of the umbo in one - valve, one in the other; ligament external, partly hidden by the - margins of the valves when closed. Muscular impressions two in each - valve, the anterior one produced into an elongated, ligulate band, the - posterior short and semi-rotund; impression of the mantle not - sinuated.--_Obs._ The shells of this genus resemble Amphidesma in - general form, but are distinguished by the external ligament, the - elongated muscular impression, and the want of a sinus in the palleal - impression. East and West Indies, and European shores. Fig. 104, L. - Tigerina. - - LUNULATE. (_Luna_, the moon, dim.) Moon-shaped, having the form of a - crescent. Applied most frequently to muscular impressions. Semilunar is - sometimes used, perhaps with greater accuracy, to express the same - shape. - - LUNULE. An impression on the anterior dorsal margin of some bivalve - shells. The similar impression on the posterior dorsal margin is called - the _escutcheon_. - - LUPONIA. Gray. A genus composed of species of CYPRÆA, Auct. which are - described as having the anterior of the columellar lip crossed by - several irregular ridges, without any distinct marginal ones, - internally narrow, flat; the shell pear-shaped, smooth, or - cross-ribbed. _Ex._ C. Algoensis, Luponia Algoensis, Gray, fig. 447. - - LUTRARIA. Auct. (_Lutum?_ mud.)--_Fam._ Mactracea, Lam.--_Descr._ Thin, - equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, oblong or ovate, gaping at both - extremities; hinge with one double and sometimes one single cardinal - tooth in each valve, and a triangular, oblique pit with a prominent - margin, containing the ligament; muscular impressions distant; palleal - impression having a large sinus.--_Obs._ This genus differs from Mactra - in the entire absence or indistinctness of lateral teeth. Fig. 77, L. - Papyracea. (Ligula, Leach.) Fig. 78. L. Solenoides. Sandy and muddy - shores. - - LUTRICOLA. Bl. LUTRARIA. Lam. Fig. 77, 78. - - LYCOPHRIS. Montf. A microscopic fossil described as resembling - NUMMULITES, but having a granulated surface. - - LYMNADEA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Mysca," Turton, in the family of Nayades, - Lam. thus described: "Posterior hinge margin elevated and winged; the - valves connate; the surface smooth. L. alata. _Sw._ _Ex._ Conch. (fig. - 48.) fragilis. _Sw._ Zool. Ill. compressa, _Lea._ Am. Tr. iii. pl. 12. - f. 22." Sw. p. 379. - - LYMNEA. See LIMNEA. - - LYMNEUS. Lam. See LIMNEANA. - - LYONSIA. Turt. Inequivalve species of ANATINA, Auct. which have no - spoon-shaped cavity in the hinge, but an accessary piece. L. striata, - fig. 491, 2. - - LYRODON. Goldf. TRIGONIA? - - MACLURITES. Lesuour. Journ. des Scienc. Nat. Philad. t. 1. p. 312. pl. - 13. fig. 2, 3. - - MACOMA. Leach. VENUS tenuis, Bl. and similar species, described as - "Clothed with an epidermis; striated, compressed, oval; the summits not - very prominent; two bifid teeth upon the right valve and a single - undivided one upon the left." - - MACRODITUS. Montf. LENTICULINA, Bl. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - MACROSPIRA. Guild. A genus composed of HELIX octona, Auct. Macrospira - aperta, Guild. - - MACROSTOMATA. Lam. ([Greek: Makros], _macros_, long; [Greek: stoma], - _stoma_, mouth.) A family belonging to the first section of the order - Trachelipoda, the shells belonging to which are described as haliotoid - or ear shaped, with a very large aperture, destitute of an operculum. - This family contains the following genera, which maybe thus - distinguished. - - 1. VELUTINA. Globose, with velvety epidermis. Fig. 337. - - 2. STOMATIA. Ear-shaped; pearly within; including STOMATELLA. Fig. - 335, 336. - - 3. SIGARETUS. The same, not pearly; including _Cryptostoma_. Fig. - 334. - - 4. CORIOCELLA. The same, thin, transparent. - - 5. HALIOTIS. The same, not thin, nor transparent; with holes; - including _Padollus_. Fig. 338, 339. - - 6. SCISSURELLA. Heliciform, with a slit near the aperture. Fig. - 340. - - 7. PLEUROTOMARIA. Trochiform, with a slit at the edge of the - aperture. Fig. 341. - - MACTRA. Auct. (_Mactra_, a kneading trough.) _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam. - Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Usually thin, equivalve, sub-equilateral, - sub-trigonal, slightly gaping at the extremities; hinge with one - cardinal tooth, divided into two parts, diverging from the umbo, with - sometimes a very small laminar tooth close to its side; a deep - triangular pit near the centre, containing the cartilage; one long, - lateral tooth on each side of the umbo in one valve, received between - two in the other; muscular impressions two, lateral; palleal impression - with a small sinus.--_Obs._ This genus contains many species of - beautiful shells found in various parts of the world, some are common - in Britain. Fossil species are not numerous, they occur in the tertiary - strata. Fig. 79 to 82. - - MACTRACEA. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. Sect. - Tenuipedes. The cartilage placed in a trigonal pit with a small - external ligament. The genera may be thus distinguished. - - 1. LUTRARIA. No lateral teeth, shell gaping. The short species - constitute the genus _Ligula_. Fig. 77, 78. - - 2. MACTRA. Lateral teeth, shell closed. This genus has been divided - into Mactra, Mulinia, Schizodesma and Spisula, by Mr. Gray. Fig. 79 - to 82. - - 3. GNATHODON. Teeth serrated, thick, one angular. Fig. 83. - - 4. CRASSATELLA. Shell thick, lateral teeth. Fig. 84. - - 5. AMPHIDESMA. A distinct external ligament, internal ligament - oblique. Fig. 85. - - 6. ERYCINA. A short tooth on each side of the cartilaginous pit in - each valve. Including Mesodesma. Fig. 86. - - 7. UNGULINA. Ligament flat, divided. Fig. 88. - - MACULATED. (From _Macula_, a spot.) Spotted or patched. This term is - applied by conchological writers, to those shells which are coloured in - spots or small patches. In the same sense it is also used as a specific - name. As for instance, Cytherea maculata, fig. 167, c. and Hippopus - maculatus, fig. 156. - - MAGAS. Sow. ([Greek: Magas], _magas_, a board, a deck.) _Fam._ - Brachiopoda, Lam.--_Descr._ Equilateral, inequivalve; one valve convex, - with a triangular area, divided by an angular sinus in the centre; the - other valve flat, with a straight hinge line and two small projections; - a partial longitudinal septum, with appendages attached to the hinge - within. Differing from Terebratula in having a triangular disc, and not - a circular perforation. Magas pumilus, fig. 299. Fossil in chalk. - - MAGILUS. Montf. _Fam._ Cricostomata, Bl. Serpulacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Thick, tubular, irregular, contorted; rounded above, keeled beneath, - free; apicial extremity convolute, heliciform, ovate or sub-globose; - aperture elliptical.--_Obs._ This shell when in a young state presents - the characteristics of a regularly formed spiral univalve, living in - holes in madrepores. As the madrepore increases in bulk, the animal - gives an eccentric course to the shell, in order to have its aperture - even with the surface, and leaving the nucleus or young shell behind, - fills it up with calcareous matter to reside in the open extremity of - the tube. Fig. 9, 10. Red Sea and Mauritius. - - MALACOTA. Schum. OTION. Leach. - - MALACOZOA. Bl. ([Greek: Malakos], _malacos_, soft; [Greek: Zôon], - _zoon_, animal.) The type or general appellative in De Blainville's - system, including all molluscous animals, excepting those with - multivalve shells. - - MALDANIA. Lam. The second family of the order Annelides Sedentaria. The - only genus of shells described in this family is Dentalium, fig. 2, to - which may be added Pharetrium, König. fig. 3. It is doubtful however - whether the latter do not belong to an unknown genus of Pteropodous - Mollusca. - - MALEA. Valenciennes. A genus composed of DOLIUM latilabrum, Kiener, and - other similar species. - - MALENTOZOA. Bl. ([Greek: Malakos], _malacos_, soft; [Greek: en], _in_, - [Greek: temnô], _temno_, cut; [Greek: Zôon], _zoon_, animal.) Or - articulated mollusca. The sub-type in De Blainville's system, - comprehending those with multivalve shells. - - MALLEACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the order of Conchifera - Monomyaria. Containing the following genera of irregular pearly - bivalves. - - 1. AVICULA. Hinge linear, simple, including _Meleagrina_. Fig. 163, - 164. - - 2. PERNA. Hinge with linear grooves, including _Pulvinites_. Fig. - 166, 170. - - 3. GERVILLIA. Shaped like Modiola, with irregular grooves. Fig. - 162. - - 4. CRENATULA. Hinge with a series of pits. Fig. 168. - - 5. CATILLUS. Like Perna, but more regular and convex. Fig. 167. - - 6. MALLEUS. A triangular disc on the hinge, and two auricles. Fig. - 165. - - MALLEUS. Auct. (_Malleus_, a hammer.) _Fam._ Malleacea, Lam. - Margaritacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, foliaceous, - trilobate, undulated, irregular, attached by a byssus passing through a - sinus in one valve; hinge rectilinear, lengthened by two auricles; with - a small disc under the umbones, containing the ligament, and a groove - containing the cartilage; muscular impressions one in each valve, - large, uniform, and one or two others extremely minute.--_Obs._ Malleus - Vulgaris, the type of this genus, is a most singular shell, commonly - called the "Hammer Oyster," from the peculiarity of its shape. It - belongs to the Linnæan genus Ostrea, from which it differs in being - attached by a byssus. Fig. 165, M. Vulgaris. Tropical. - - MAMILLARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of NATICA, corresponding with Polinices of - Montfort, having the spire small and the umbilicus filled. _Ex._ Natica - Mamilla, Auct. fig. 327. - - MAMMILLATED. (_Mammula_, a little teat.) A term applied to the apex of - a shell when it is rounded like a teat. _Ex._ Voluta Vespertilio, fig. - 433. - - MARGARITA. Leach. (_Margarita_, a pearl.) A genus of small shells - resembling the genus Trochus, from which it differs in having an - operculum consisting of few whorls. M. tæniata, fig. 362. Mr. G. B. - Sowerby, sen. has enumerated 15 species in a list accompanying the - figures published by the author of this manual in Nos. 132 to 134 of - his Conchological Illustrations. - - MARGARITACEA. Bl. The third family of Lamellibranchiata, Bl. The shells - belonging to it are described as irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, - black or horny without, pearly within; hinge auriculated, scarcely - developed, and without teeth. The ligament is variable and there is a - large sub-central muscular impression. This family contains the genera - Vulsella, Malleus, Pinna, Crenatula, Inoceramus, Catillus, Pulvinites, - Gervillia and Avicula. - - MARGARITACEOUS. (_Margarita_, a pearl.) Pearly. - - MARGARITANA. Schum. A sub-genus of Uniones, composed of species having - "one cardinal tooth." ALASMODON, Say. MYA Margaritifera, Linn. - - MARGARITIFEROUS. (_Margarita_, pearl; _fero_, to bear.) Pearl-bearing. - Applied to shells which form pearls; as Meleagrina Margaritifera, or - Pearl-bearing Oyster. - - MARGINAL. Near the margin or edge. - - MARGINATED. (_Margo_, edge.) Having an edge or border thicker than the - rest of the shell, from which circumstance the little genus Marginella - derives its name. - - MARGINELLA. (A little rim or border.) _Fam._ Columellaria, Lam. - Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Ovate, smooth, shining, with a short, - sometimes hidden spire; aperture narrow, emarginated; columella with - several oblique folds; outer lip neatly reflected.--_Obs._ This genus - of pretty little shells differs from Voluta, in the reflection of the - outer lip. The animal covers the greater part of the shell with the - mantle, and by continually depositing vitreous matter gives it a bright - polish, which, together with the delicately neat arrangement of colours - in most species, renders them exceedingly beautiful. The Marginellæ are - marine and tropical. A few fossil species are found in the - Calc-grossier. Fig. 437. M. Glabella. GLABELLA, Sw. - - MARGINULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - MARINE CONCHACEA. See CONCHACEA. - - MARINE TESTACEA. Those shell-fish which inhabit seas, lakes, &c. of - salt water, in distinction from the _Aquatic_ Testacea, or those which - are found in rivers, ponds or stagnant pools of fresh water: and also - from the _Land_ Testacea, which live on land and breathe air. The great - proportion of shells belong to the former class, those of the latter - two classes being limited in their number, and in the genera to which - they belong. - - MARINULA. King. A genus of small shells resembling Auricula and - Pedipes, described as "Ovate, sub-solid, with aperture ovate entire; - columella bidentate, uniplicated towards the base, with large - sub-remote teeth; the largest uppermost; no operculum." - - MARMAROSTOMA. Sw. A genus of "Trochidæ," Sw. thus described: "Umbilicus - deep; spire of few whorls, much depressed, and obtuse; inner lip - obsolete; base even more produced than in _Senectus_, but never - distinctly channeled. M. versicolor. Mont. 176. f. 1740, 1741, - undulata. Chem. 169. f. 1640, 1641," Sw. p. 348. - - MARPESSA. Gray. A sub-genus of Clausilia, C. bidens, &c. Auct. Gray's - Turton, p. 212. - - MARTESIA. Leach. A genus composed of those species of PHOLAS, Auct. - which are described as short, cuneiform, nearly closed at both - extremities, having several accessary pieces on the middle of the back, - and two marginal, lower down. - - MEASUREMENT. The most approved method of stating the measurements of - various kinds of shells is as follows: _symmetrical convolute - univalves_, the length is from anterior to posterior; the depth from - ventral to dorsal; the breadth, from side to side of the aperture. Of - _symmetrical conical univalves_, length, from front to back; breadth - from side to side; depth from apex to base. Of _spiral univalves_, - length, from apex to anterior of the columella or axis of the shell; - breadth, across from the outer lip to the opposite side. Of - _non-symmetrical bivalves_, the length is from the anterior to the - posterior margin; breadth, from the greatest convexity of one valve to - the corresponding part of the other; depth, from the ventral to the - dorsal margin. - - MEGADESMA. Bowd. ([Greek: Megas], _megas_, great; [Greek: desma], - _desma_, ligament.) POTAMOPHILA, Sow. GALATHÆA, Lam. - - MEGADOMUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Unio, thus described: "Only one lateral - tooth in each valve; cardinal teeth two; posterior hinge margin winged. - M. gigas, _Sw._" Sw. p. 378. - - MEGALODON. Sow. ([Greek: Megas], _megas_, great; [Greek: odos], _odos_, - tooth.) _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, longitudinal, - acuminated at the umbones, thick; hinge forming an incrassated septum - across the cavity of the shell, with a large bifid tooth in the right - valve, and one irregular and one pointed in the left; ligament long, - external.--_Obs._ The general form, the thickened hinge reaching across - the cavity of the valve and the terminal umbones serve to distinguish - this genus from Cardita, to which, however, it is nearly allied. M. - cucullatus, fig. 127. - - MEGALOMASTOMA. Guild. A sub-genus of Cyclostoma, thus described: - "Cylindrical, resembling _Pupa_, but has a horny operculum; spire not - thickened; teeth or fold on the pillar none, flavula _Sw._ En. Méth. - 461. f. 6, brunnea _Guild._ (_fig. 97. g. h. 1._)" Sw. p. 336. Mr. Gray - applies the name to those species which have "a groove or ridge in - front of the mouth near the pillar." - - MEGARIMA. Rafinesque. A genus proposed to include species of - TEREBRATULA, Auct. which are smooth and nearly equivalve. T. lævis, T. - crassa, T. truncula. - - MEGASPIRA. Lea. ([Greek: Megas], _megas_, great, and spire.) M. - Ruschenbergiana, (fig. 294) is a pupiform land shell remarkable for the - length of its spire, which consists of no less than twenty-five close - set, narrow, gradually increasing whorls. The outer lip is simple, - slightly thickened; the inner lip has a tooth on the body-whorl, and - two folds on the columella. Only one species of this singular shell is - known. - - MEGATREMA. Leach. A genus composed of those species of Pyrgoma, Auct. - which have a large aperture. Fig. 33. - - MELACANTHA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melania. Sw. p. 341. - - MELAFUSUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanopsis. Sw. p. 341. - - MELAMPUS. Montf. CONOVULUM, Lam. A genus composed of species of - AURICULA, Auct. of a conical form. A. conoidalis, fig. 298. - - MELANIA. Auct. ([Greek: Melas], _melas_, black.) _Fam._ Melaniens, Lam. - Ellipsostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Turrited; spire generally elongated, - acute; aperture entire, oval or oblong, pointed at the posterior - extremity, rounded anteriorly, with a kind of indistinct canal or - sinuosity: epidermis thick, generally black.--_Obs._ In common with - other fresh-water shells, the Melaniæ are frequently found with - corroded apices. This genus is known from Melanopsis by the absence of - the notch at the anterior part of the aperture. The Melaniæ occur in - rivers of warm climates. The fossil species are frequent in upper - marine formations. Fig. 313, M. subulata. - - MELANIANA. Lam. (Melaniens.) A family belonging to the first section of - the order Trachelipoda. The genera contained in it maybe distinguished - as follows. - - 1. MELANOPSIS. Aperture notched; columellar lip thickened above; - including _Pirena_. Fig. 315, 316. - - 2. MELANIA. Aperture not notched; columellar lip not thickened; - including _Auculosa_, _Pasithæa_, _Io_. Fig. 313, 314, 317. - - MELANITHES. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanopsis. Sw. p. 341. - - MELANOIDES. Olivier. MELANOPSIS. Fer. - - MELANOPSIS. Fer. _Fam._ Melaniana, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ - Oval or oblong, fusiform; spire acute, sometimes elongated; aperture - oblong or oval, pyriform, with a distinct notch at the anterior - extremity; columella tortuous, callous, thickened at the extremity near - the spire; epidermis thick, horny, generally black. - Subtropical.--_Obs._ This description includes the two first species of - the genus Pirena, Lam. The Melanopsides are known from the Melaniæ by - the notch in the aperture. Fig. 315. M. costata. - - MELAS. Montf. MELANIA, Auct. - - MELATOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanopsis. Sw. p. 341. - - MELEAGRINA. Lam. MARGARITA. A genus composed of the Pearl Oyster and - similar species, separated from Avicula on account of the roundness of - their general form, but re-united by Sowerby. For generic characters, - see Avicula. Fig. 164. M. margaritifera. - - MELEAGRIS. Montf. TURBO Pica, Auct. and similar species, having the - aperture oblique, the columella gliding imperceptibly into the outer - lip, and having an umbilicus. - - MELINA. Schum. PERNA, Auct. - - MELO. Brod. (_Melo_, a melon.) _Fam._ Columellaria, Lam.--_Descr._ - Light, ventricose, oval, with a light greenish brown epidermis, spire - short, papillary, regular, sometimes hidden by the last whorl; aperture - large, nearly as long as the whole shell, emarginated anteriorly; outer - lip thin; columella slightly curved, with four or five laminar, - oblique, prominent plaits.--_Obs._ The genus Melo has been separated - from _Voluta_ principally on account of the largeness of the aperture, - the lightness of the shell and the thinness of the outer lip. Melo - differs from Cymba in the regularity of the spiral apex, and in the - greater rotundity of the shell. The Melons are beautifully coloured - large shells, found in the seas of the old world. The Melo Indicus has - a certain resemblance to a Melon. Fig. 435. M. Æthiopicus. - - MELONIA or MELONITES. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - MERCENARIA. Schum. VENUS Mercenaria, Auct. The Money shell which passes - current for cash, under the name "Wampum," among the North American - Indians. - - MERETRIX. Lam. Original name for Cytherea, Lam. - - MEROE. Schum. CYTHEREA Meroe, sulcata, scripta, hians, Auct. and - similar species. Fig. 117, a. - - MESODESMA. Desh. ERYCINA, Lam. according to G. B. Sowerby. - - MESOMPHYX. Rafinesque. A genus proposed to be separated from HELIX, - Auct. - - MICROTOMA. Sw. A genus of "Purpurinæ," Sw. thus described, "Pillar very - broad and curving inwards; aperture effuse; the notch at the base small - and nearly obsolete; spire very short, patula. Mart. 69. f. 758, 759. - persica. En. Méth. 397. f. 1. unicolor. _Sw._ Chem. f. 1449. Sw. p. - 301." Purpura Persica. Fig. 414. - - MILIOLA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - MISILUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - MITRA. Lam. (_Mitre._) _Fam._ Columellaria, Lam. Angyostomata; - Bl.--_Descr._ Oblong, thick, covered with a light brown epidermis; - spire long, turrited, acute; aperture emarginated anteriorly; outer lip - thickened; columella with several oblique, thick plaits.--_Obs._ The - pretty small shells composing this genus differ from Marginella, not - only in general form, but in the outer lip not being reflected. Some - species of Voluta, of a more elongated shape than the rest, present a - near approach to the most ventricose of the Mitræ. The apex of Mitra, - however, is always acute, while that of Voluta is generally papillary. - The aperture of the former is narrow and the inner lip thickened, the - contrary being the case with the latter. The shells of this genus are - varied in colouring which is generally rich; and also in form, some - being angulated, some plicated, some coronated and others smooth. The - species are mostly tropical; very few occur so far north as the - Mediterranean. Fossil species are numerous in the Eocene beds. Fig. - 431. M. Plicaria. Fig. 432. Conohelix marmorata, Sw. - - MITRELLA. Sw. A genus consisting of MITRA Fissurella, casta, - Olivæformis, and similar species, described as "Rather small; - olive-shaped; unequally fusiform; always smooth and polished, and - sometimes covered with an epidermis; base obtuse and effuse; spire - nearly or quite equal to the aperture; plaits of the pillar few, - oblique, and extending beyond the aperture, which is smooth - internally." Sw. p. 321. M. Fissurata, E. M. 371. f. 1. Olivarii, f. 2. - Dactylus. 372. f. 5. _Ex._ Mitra bicolor. - - MITREOLA. Sw. A genus of "Mitranæ," Sw. thus described: "Small; - unequally fusiform; the base obtuse; inner lip, typically thickened, - inflected, and either toothed or tuberculated; plaits on the pillar - distinct, the inferior largest; tip of the spire sometimes papillary; - aperture without either striæ or groove." Sw. p. 320, M. Monodonta, M. - Terebellum. Zool. Illustr. II. 128. f. 1. f. 2. - - MODIOLA. Lam. (_Modiola_, a little measure.) _Fam._ Mytilacea, - Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve oblique, cuneiform, inequilateral, thin, with - the anterior side short and narrow, slightly gaping to admit the - passage of a byssus, and the posterior side elongated, broad, - sub-quadrate; hinge thin, toothless, rectilinear, with a long, partly - external ligament; muscular impressions two in each valve; palleal - impression irregular, not sinuated.--_Obs._ This genus differs from - Mytilus, to which the common muscle belongs, in the anterior margin - being rounded out beyond the umbo, which in Mytilus is terminal. The - Lithodomi may be known from this genus by their cylindrical form. Fig. - 160, M. Tulipa. - - MOLLUSCA. (From _Mollis_, soft.) The twelfth class of invertebrated - animals with univalve shells or none; divided into the following - orders: Pteropoda, Gasteropoda, Trachelipoda, Cephalopoda, Heteropoda, - fig. 220 to 488. The term mollusca is also used in a general sense to - include the classes Conchifera and Mollusca of Lamarck, corresponding - with the type Malacozoa of De Blainville. - - MONEY COWRY. Cypræa Moneta, which passes current in some parts of - Africa and the East Indies. - - MONILEA. Sw. A sub-genus of Monodonta. Sw. p. 352. - - MONOCEROS. ([Greek: Monos], _monos_, single; [Greek: Keras], _ceras_, - horn.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam.--_Descr._ Ovate, thick, covered with a - brown epidermis; spire short, consisting of few whorls; aperture - emarginated anteriorly; columella rather flat; outer lip thick, with a - prominent tooth near the extremity.--_Obs._ This genus resembles - Purpura, in every respect, except in having the tooth from which the - name is derived. A catalogue of 16 species by Mr. Sowerby, sen. is - published with figures of 14, in parts 58 to 67 of the Conchological - Illustrations by the author. The species belong to the South American - coasts of the Pacific Ocean. - - MONOCONDYLÆA. D'Orb. A sub-genus of Uniones, described as equivalve, - inequilateral, sub-rotund or angulated; hinge consisting of a large, - obtuse, round cardinal tooth in each valve, with no lateral teeth. - Monocondylæ (Unio) Paraguayana, D'Orb. fig. 149. - - MONODONTA. Lam. ODONTIS, Sow. A genus separated from Trochus, Auct. on - account of the tooth or notch with which the columella abruptly - terminates. M. labeo, fig. 366. - - MONOICA. Bl. The second sub-class of the class Paracephalophora, Bl. - divided into the orders Pulmobranchiata, Chismobranchiata, - Monopleurobranchiata, in the first section; and Aporobranchiata, - Polybranchiata, Cyclobranchiata, Inferobranchiata, and - Nucleobranchiata, in the second. - - MONOMYARIA. Lam. ([Greek: Monos], _monos_, single; [Greek: muon], - _myon_, muscle.) The second order of Conchifera, consisting of those - bivalve shells which have but _one_ principal muscular impression in - each valve. The Monomyaria are thus divided: First section, containing - the families Tridacnacea, Mytilacea, Malleacea; second section, - containing the families Pectinides, Ostracea; third section, containing - the families Rudistes, Brachiopoda. - - MONOPLEUROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of the first section of - Paracephalophora Monoica. Bl. The animals are described as having the - lungs branched, situated at the right side of the body and covered more - or less completely by the operculiform mantle, in which there is - sometimes enveloped either a flat or a more or less involute shell, - with a large entire aperture. They have either rudimentary or auricular - tentacula, or none. This order, which includes mollusca with haliotoid - or patelliform shells, is divided into the following families: _Fam._ - 1. Subaplysiacea; 2. Aplysiacea; 3. Patelloidea; 4. Acera. - - MONOPTYGMA. Lea. A genus of small shells resembling Tornatella, but - having a strong, oblique fold in the centre of the columellar lip. M. - Elegans, fig. 344. - - MONOTHALAMIA. ([Greek: Monos], _monos_, single; [Greek: thalamos], - _thalamos_, chamber.) The second division of Cephalopoda, Lam. - containing only one genus, namely Argonauta. - - MONOTHYRA. A term used by Aristotle to designate spiral univalves. - - MONOTIGMA. Gray. A genus founded on the species represented fig. 371. - It is a turrited shell, but we are unacquainted with the characters of - the genus. - - MORIO. Montf. CASSIDARIA, Auct. C. Echinophora, fig. 407. - - MOTHER OF PEARL. This beautiful substance, which is so much resorted to - for ornamental purposes, constitutes the thickened coating of the - internal surface of the shell named by scientific collectors, - Meleagrina Margaritifera, commonly called the Pearl Oyster, a young - specimen of which is figured (164) in our plates. The reason why this - substance is called mother-of-pearl is that the true pearls are - produced from its surface. They arise principally from accident or - disease, and are sometimes artificially produced by pricking through - the outside of the shell while the animal is living. The animal is - allowed to live until it has formed a pearl over the wounded part. - - MOULINSIA. Grateloup. PUPINA, Vignard. A genus of small land shells - with enamelled surface and spiral operculum. See PUPINA. - - MOURETIA. Gray. "_Gadin_," Adanson. A genus of patelliform shells, - described as differing from SIPHONARIA (the original Mouretia of - Adanson) in the situation of the siphon, which in Mouretia is close to - the place where the muscular impression is interrupted to leave a space - for the head; while in Siphonaria it is nearly half way between the - anterior and posterior ends of the shell. - - MOUTH. The aperture or opening of univalve shells. - - MULINIA. Gray. A genus composed of species of MACTRA, Auct. described - as having the ligament (properly so called) internal, and lateral teeth - simple. _Ex._ fig. 82. M. bicolor; Mactra, Auct. - - MULLERIA. Fer. _Fam._ Ostracea, Lam.--_Descr._ Irregular, subquadrate, - inequivalve, inequilateral, foliaceous, attached, pearly within, green, - horny without; hinge irregular, with a partly external ligament, - passing to the interior, through a sort of sinus.--_Obs._ This - remarkable shell resembles Etheria in general form and appearance, but - is distinguished by having only one muscular impression. It is so rare - that, although not very beautiful, a specimen has been known to produce - £20. at a sale. Fig. 192. - - MULTILOCULAR. Many chambered. - - MULTISPIRAL. (_Multus_, many, _spira_, spire.) A term applied to a - shell when the spire consists of numerous whorls; or to an operculum of - numerous volutions. - - MULTIVALVE. (_Multus_, many; _valva_, valve.) Consisting of numerous - valves. There are three kinds of multivalve shells: 1st. Those in which - the valves are arranged in pairs, and produce a flattened figure, as - Pedunculated Cirripedes, fig. 34 to 43; 2nd. Those in which they are - arranged circularly, as Sessile Cirripedes, the valves of which are of - two kinds; the _opercular_, consisting of several valves, which close - the aperture, and the _parietal_, consisting of those which surround - the body of the animal in a circular form, fig. 14 to 33. 3rd. Those in - which they are arranged in a straight line, as Chiton, fig. 227. - - MUREX. Auct. (_A sharp rock._) _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. siphonostoma, - Bl.--_Descr._ Turrited, ventricose, thick, with three or more - longitudinal, continuous, branched, spinose or fringed varices; spire - prominent, acute; aperture oval, terminating in a posterior, partly - closed canal, outer lip varicose, inner lip smooth, laminar; operculum - horny, concentric, pointed.--_Obs._ This genus contains some of the - most exquisitely beautiful shells in existence, the richness of their - colouring, the ramifications of their varices, would render most - species the finest possible subject for the exercise of the painter's - art in still life. The most remarkable are the Rosebud Murex, with its - pink-tipt fringes, the Venus Comb, with its long rows of parallel - spines; the Ducal Murex, the Royal Murex, and many others, which are - much sought after by collectors. Murex may be distinguished from Triton - by the continuity of the varices, which follow each other in a tortuous - direction on the spire. The Ranellæ have only two rows of varices, and - have a posterior as well as anterior canal; while Murices have three or - more varices, and only one canal. The genus Typhis consists of several - small species resembling Murex in every respect, excepting that of - having a tubular opening on the upper part of the whorl between each - varix. See TYPHIS. The most beautiful Murices are brought from tropical - climates. Fig. 395, 396. - - MURICANTHUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Murex, thus described: "Varices - numerous, foliated; spire short; margin of the outer lip with a - prominent tooth near the base; Radix. _Sw._ Zool. Ill. 2nd series. pl. - 113, Melanomathus. En. Méth. 418. f. 2." Sw. p. 296. The latter of the - two species quoted, however, does not agree with the description, - having no prominent tooth on the margin of the outer lip. - - MURICATED. (_Muricatus._) Having sharp points or prickles. - - MURICIDEA. Sw. A genus of "Muricinæ," Sw. thus described, "Spire more - produced, as long or longer than the body whorl; varices numerous; no - internal channel at the top of the aperture." Sw. p. 297, and - consisting of the following incongruous species, "Lamellosa. Chem. f. - 1823, 4. magellanica. En. M. 419. f. 4. peruviana. Ib. f. 5. senticosa, - Ib. f. 3. scaber. En. Méth. 419. f. 6. hexagona. Ib. 418. f. 3. - erinacea. Mart. f. 1026." Sw. p. 297. - - MUSCULAR IMPRESSIONS are the marks or areas formed on the interior - surface of shells by the muscular fibres which attach the animals to - them. Lamarck has divided his Conchifera into two kinds: 1st. - Monomyaria, those which have but one adductor muscle, and consequently - have but one impression in each valve, as the common Oyster, fig. 180; - 2nd. The Dimyaria, those which have two, and consequently have two - impressions in each valve. There are other smaller impressions in some - shells besides the principal. The palleal impression is a mark or scar - passing near the margin of the shell. See Introduction. - - MYA. Auct. _Fam._ Myaria, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ Transverse, - oval, thick, gaping at both extremities, rounded anteriorly, acuminated - posteriorly; hinge with one large, dilate, compressed tooth in one - valve, and a suture in the other, containing the cartilage; muscular - impressions two, distant, large, irregular; palleal impression with a - large sinus.--_Obs._ Mya may be known by the large, prominent, broad - tooth in one valve. In Anatina there is one in each valve, and, in - Lyonsia, accessory pieces. Lutraria has cardinal teeth and a - ligamentary pit. Few species of Mya are known. They belong to the - Northern Hemisphere. M. truncata, fig. 71. - - MYCETOPODA or MYCETOPUS. D'Orb. _Fam._ Nayades, Lam.--_Descr._ Shell - elongated, soleniform, inequivalve, inequilateral, gaping anteriorly; - muscular impressions very complex.--_Obs._ These shells are said to - terebrate like Pholas. Fig. 151. M. solenoides. - - MYARIA. Lam. A family belonging to Lamarck's order Conchifera Dimyaria. - Containing the following genera: - - 1. ANATINA. Ligament in a spoon-shaped prominence on the hinge of - each valve, shell thin. Fig. 69. - - 2. MYA. Spoon-shaped prominence in one valve; shell thick. Fig. 71. - - 3. ANATINELLA. A spoon-shaped process in both valves. Fig. 70. - - 4. LYONSIA. An internal bony appendage on the hinge. Fig. 491, 492. - - 5. MYOCHAMA. Flat valve attached, a bony appendage on the hinge. - Fig. 73. - - 6. CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Deep valve attached, a bony appendage. Fig. 75, - 76. - - 7. CUMINGIA. Ligamentary pit in both valves, spoon-shaped. Fig. 87. - - MYOCHAMA. Stutch. (_Mya_ and _Chama_.) _Fam._ Myaria, Lam.--_Descr._ - Inequivalve, irregular, attached, subequilateral; attached valve flat, - with two marginal, diverging teeth, and one end of a little testaceous - appendage fixed between them by a horny cartilage; free valve convex, - with umbo incurved and two very minute, diverging teeth, between which - the other end of the testaceous appendage is placed; external surface - of both valves conforming to the grooves or undulations of the shell to - which the specimen is attached; muscular impressions two in each valve; - palleal impressions with a short sinus.--_Obs._ This new genus, of - which only one species is known, the M. anomioides from New South - Wales, differs from Anomia and Anatina in being attached by the surface - of one of the valves, from which circumstance the word Chama is added - to its name; the little testaceous appendage bringing it near the - Myariæ. Fig. 73, M. anomioides. - - MYOCONCHA. Sow. (_Mya_ and _Concha_.) _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Oval, equivalve, oblique; umbones terminal; ventral margin rounded; - hinge with an external ligament, and one oblique, elongated tooth in - the left valve; impression of the mantle not sinuated.--_Obs._ The - fossil genus has the general form of Mytilus or Modiola, but the hinge - of the Conchæ generally. - - MYOPARA. Lea. (_Myoparo_, a piratical oar-galley.) _Fam._ Arcacea, Lam. - A genus founded on a minute fossil bivalve shell, somewhat resembling - Isocardia in form, but having a series of teeth placed on each side of - the umbones. M. costatus, fig. 135. - - MYRISTICA. Sw. A genus of "Pyrulinæ," Sw. thus described: - "Sub-pyriform; spire strong, spiny, or tuberculated, nearly as long as - the base; umbilicus either partially or entirely concealed; inner lip - vitreous, thin; the outer with an internal and ascending canal; the - basal channel wide. Hippocastanea. En. M. 432. f. 4. lineata, Ib. f. 5. - melongena. En. Méth. 435. f. 3. nodosa. Chem. 1564. 5." Sw. p. 307. - _Ex._ P. Melongena, Fig. - - MYRTEA. Turt. VENUS spinifera, Auct. LUCINA spinifera, Nonnull. The - shells of this genus are described as "Oval, triangular, equivalve, - nearly equilateral, closed. Hinge of one valve with a single tooth, and - lateral one on each side; of the other valve with two teeth, the - lateral ones obscure. Ligament external." British Channel and - Mediterranean. - - MYSCA. Turt. A genus composed of species of UNIO, Auct. which are - distinguished by having "strong, transverse, notched, cardinal and long - lateral teeth." Unio pictorum. - - MYSIA. Leach. A genus composed of TELLINA rotundata, montagu and other - similar species. - - MYTILACEA. Bl. The fourth family of Lamellibranchiata, Bl. The shells - are described as regular, equivalve, frequently with a thick, horny - epidermis. A toothless hinge and a linear ligament. This family - contains the genera Mytilus and Pinna. - - MYTILACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of Conchifera - Monomyaria, Lam. described as having the ligament partly interior, - occupying the greater part of the hinge line, which is straight. The - shell is rarely foliaceous. The Mytilaceæ cannot easily be confounded - with the Malleaceæ, because the former are generally regular and the - latter are irregular, and have a thick internal coating of pearl, - beyond which the external coating extends. The genera may be thus - distinguished: - - 1. MYTILUS. Umbones terminating in a point. Fig. 158. - - 2. DREISSINA. The same, with a septiform plate. Fig. 159. - - 3. MODIOLA. Anterior margin rounded beyond the umbones. Fig. 160. - - 4. PINNA. Open at the posterior extremity. Fig. 162. - - 5. LITHODOMUS. Cylindrical, living in holes. Fig. 161. - - MYTILUS. Auct. _Fam._ Mytilacea. Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, cuneiform, - oblique, smooth, with umbones terminal, pointed, and posterior side - broad, rounded; hinge linear, with a long, partly internal ligament; - muscular impressions two in each valve, that on the posterior side - large, irregular; that on the anterior small; palleal impression - irregular.--_Obs._ The Linnean genus Mytilus included the Modiolæ, - which differ from the Mytili in the rounded anterior side; and the - Pinnæ, which are large shells, gaping at the posterior extremity. M. - achatinus, fig. 158. - - NÆARA. Gray. A genus composed of ANATINA longirostrum, Lam. and other - similar species. - - NAIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Castalia, Lam. thus described: "Oval, cardinal - teeth beneath the bosses, and deeply sulcated, C. corrugata. _Lam._ En. - Méth. 248. f. 8, picta. _Sw._ En. Méth. 248. f. 6." Sw. p. 379. - - NANINIA. Gray. A genus composed of the planorbicular species of HELIX, - with large umbilici, and outer lip thin, included in the sub-genus - Helicella, Fer. _Ex._ H. citrina, fig. 280. - - NASSA. Lam. A genus of small shells united to Buccinum by some authors, - but separated by others on account of the little tooth-like projection - terminating the columella. N. arcularia, fig. 423. - - NATICA. Brug. _Fam._ Neritacea, Lam. Hemicyclostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ - Globose, thick, generally smooth; spire short, pointed, with few - volutions; aperture semilunar, entire; outer lip thin; columellar lip - oblique, nearly straight, callous; umbilicus with a spiral callosity, - terminating behind the columella, and sometimes filling up the cavity; - operculum shelly in some species, horny in others; epidermis thin, - light, semitransparent.--_Obs._ The straight, callous, smooth edge of - the columella and the callosity serve to distinguish this genus from - Nerita, Neritina, Neritopsis and Helix. Fig. 327, 328. - - NATICARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Natica, thus described: "Oval; convex - above; umbilicus small, open, placed very near the top of the aperture; - inner lip reflected; small. N. melanostoma, Mart. 189. f. 1926, 1927. - cancellata, _Sw._ Ib. 189. f. 1939. bifasciata, Griff. Cuv. 1. f. 2." - Sw. p. 346. - - NATICELLA. Guild. A sub-genus of Natica, thus described: "Operculum - horny; shell globose, but generally depressed; umbilicus nearly filled - up by a vitreous deposition of the inner lip; spire obtuse. N. - aurantia. Mart. 189. f. 1934, 1935." Sw. p. 345. - - NAVICELLA. Lam. (_A little ship._) _Fam._ Neritacea, Lam. - Hemicyclostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Transversely oval, symmetrical, smooth; - aperture entire, oval; dorsal surface convex; outer lip thin; inner lip - flat, straight edged; spread over the front surface of the body whorl, - and sometimes hiding the apex; apex incurved; operculum testaceous, - flat, sub-quadrate, with a lateral articulation.--_Obs_. This well - known genus, of which there are several species, is named Cimber by - Montfort. The shells are brought from India, the Isle of France and the - Moluccas. Fig. 323, N. elliptica. - - NAUTELLIPSITES. Parkinson. A generic name proposed to include such - species of Nautilus as have been compressed, so as to assume an oval - instead of a round form. The genus Ellipsolites of De Montfort consists - of species of Ammonites similarly deformed. - - NAUTILACEA. Bl. The fifth family of Polythalamacea, Bl. the shells of - which are described as more or less discoidal, compressed, - symmetrically convolute; the last whorl much longer than the others; - which are entirely hidden beneath it and advancing beyond the last but - one, so as constantly to form a large oval aperture, which is always, - however, modified by the last whorl. The septa are united in the - greater number of instances and pierced by one or more (?) siphons. - This family contains the genera Orbulites, Nautilus, Polystomella and - Lenticulina. - - NAUTILACEA. Lam. The sixth family of Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Lam. - containing the genera Discorbites, Siderolites, Polystomella, - Vorticialis, Nummulites, Nautilus. To these may be added Simplegas and - Endosiphonites. Fig. 472 to 476. - - NAUTILUS. Auct. (_A little boat._) _Fam._ Nautilacea, Lam. and - Bl.--_Descr._ Convolute, discoid, chambered, symmetrical; spire partly - or entirely concealed by the last whorl; aperture modified by the last - whorl, wide, sinuated on the dorsal margin; interior surface pearly; - septa dividing the chambers simple; siphon discontinuous.--_Obs._ The - shell named Nautilus by Pliny is the Argonauta of modern authors, a - thin shell, not chambered. The Nautili are known from the Ammonites by - the septa being simple, not sinuated as in the latter genus, and in - general the volutions of the spire are not visible. Three or four - species are known inhabitants of the Pacific Ocean and Australian - Ocean. The fossil species are found in the tertiary, and also in the - secondary strata, as low down as the Mountain limestone. N. pompilius, - Frontispiece. - - NAYADES. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. described - as containing fresh-water bivalve shells, with or without teeth on the - hinge. They are all pearly within, and have a thick, rather smooth - epidermis without. This family contains a great variety of shells, - which have been separated into an immense number of genera, but which - G. B. Sowerby, sen. gives very good reasons for uniting under one - generic name. The most generally received distinctions are as follows: - - 1. CASTALIA. Two cardinal, one lateral, ribbed teeth. This genus is - removed from the family of Trigonacea. Fig. 140. - - 2. UNIO. Teeth various. Fig. 142, 145, 149, 148, 147, 151, 141. - - 3. HYRIA. Trigonal, alated. Fig. 143, 150. - - 4. ANODON. No teeth. Fig. 152. - - 5. IRIDINA. Hinge crenated. Fig. 150. - - NECTOPODA. Bl. The first family Nucleobranchiata, Bl. containing the - genera Carinaria and Firola; the latter is not a shell. - - NEMATOPODA. Bl. The first class of the sub-type Malentozoa, Bl. - containing all the mollusca with multivalve shells, except Chiton, and - divided into the families Lepadicea and Balanidea, corresponding with - Lamarck's sessile and pedunculated Cirripedes, and with the Linnæan - genus Lepas. - - NEMATURA. Benson. _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Thin, nearly oval, - somewhat compressed from back to front; spire acute, consisting of few - rounded whorls; last whorl large, but contracted near the aperture; - aperture small, oblique, rounded anteriorly; peritreme continuous, - thin; operculum spiral, horny, with few volutions.--_Obs._ The - distinguishing character of this genus is the contraction of the last - whorl near the aperture, in which respect it is nearly resembled by the - shell called Cyclostoma lucidum. Two recent and one fossil species, all - very minute, are described by Sowerby in Loudon's Magazine of Natural - History, New Series. Fig. 305. - - NERINEA. Defr. _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam.--_Descr._ Turrited, oblong, - sub-canaliculated, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture with a - strong fold on the columella, one on the outer lip, and one on the - inner lip at the edge of the body whorl.--_Obs._ This genus is only - found in a fossil state usually in the Oolitic beds, it is not - resembled by any other; the strong, prominent folds on the three upper - angles of the subquadrate aperture present a singular appearance in a - section. One species has been named N. Hieroglyphus. We give N. - Goodhallii, fig. 374. - - NERITA. Auct. _Fam._ Neritacea, Lam. Hemicyclostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ - Smooth or ribbed, semiglobose; spire short, sometimes flat, consisting - of few volutions; aperture large, semilunar; outer lip thick, entire; - inner lip thickened, dentated at the edge, spread over the body whorl, - forming a flattened disc; operculum shelly, spiral, with an appendage - by which it is locked under the sharp edge of the columella.--_Obs._ - These marine shells are known from Neritina by the thickness of the - shell and the want of the thick, horny, dark coloured epidermis; from - Natica by the flat area produced by the spreading of the thickened - columellar lip. N. Peloronta, fig. 330. N. polita, fig. 329. - - NERITACEA. Lam. A family of the first order of Trachelipoda, Lam. - containing the following genera: - - 1. NAVICELLA. Apex terminal, not spiral; inner lip septiform. Fig. - 323. - - 2. NERITA. Columellar lip septiform, edge with distinct teeth; - shell thick. Fig. 330. - - 3. NERITINA. Shell thin; columellar lip septiform, edge - denticulated; generally a thick, dark coloured epidermis. Fig. 324 - to 326. - - 4. NATICA. Having an umbilicus behind the columellar lip, with a - spiral callosity. Fig. 327, 328. - - 5. NERITOPSIS. Edge of the columellar lip with a deep notch. Fig. - 331. - - 6. PILEOLUS. Patelliform; apex central; columellar lip septiform, - leaving the aperture small. Fig. 332. - - 7. JANTHINA. Columellar lip linear; aperture angulated. Fig. 333. - - NERITINA. Lam. _Fam._ Neritacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Thin, semiglobose, - obliquely oval, smooth, flattish in front; spire short, sometimes - depressed, consisting of few rapidly increasing whorls; aperture - semicircular; outer lip thin, sharp; columellar lip broad, flat, its - inner edge straight, denticulated; operculum testaceous, semicircular, - sub-spiral, with an articulating process on the inner edge.--_Obs._ - This genus of fresh-water shells differs from Nerita in the minuteness - of the denticulation of the columella, as well as in the characters - mentioned in our observations upon the latter genus. N. spinosa, - (Clithon, Montf.) fig. 325. N. virginea, fig. 324. N. perversa, Lam. - (Velates, Montf.) fig. 326. All the species known up to the present - time, with the exception of three, are represented in the author's - Conchological Illustrations, parts 86, 87, 90, 91, 94 to 100. The - catalogue accompanying these representations enumerates 59 species. - - NERITOPSIS. Gray. _Fam._ Neritacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-globose, thick, - cancellated; spire short, composed of few rapidly increasing whorls; - aperture transverse, sub-orbicular; outer lip thickened within; - columellar lip thick, rather flat, with a large rounded notch in the - centre of its inner edge.--_Obs._ This genus most nearly resembles - Nerita, from which it differs in the peculiar notch of the columella. - N. granosa, fig. 331. - - NICANIA. Leach. ASTARTE, Sowerby. The same as CRASSINA of Lamarck. - - NITIDELLA. Sw. A genus of "Columbellinæ," Sw. thus described: - "Bucciniform, small, ovate, smooth, glassy; aperture effuse; outer lip - slightly thickened, faintly inflexed, and generally striated - internally; inner lip somewhat flattened above; base of the pillar with - one or two slight internal folds, or a single angular projection. - Columbella nitida, _Lam._ (fig. 17, _c._ p. 151.)" Sw. p. 313. - - NOBIA. Leach. _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam. This genus resembles - Pyrgoma, Auct. consisting of a conical paries, supported upon a - funnel-shaped cavity in the madrepore, but differs in its operculum, - which consists of two valves, whereas that of Pyrgoma has four. N. - grandis, fig. 29. - - NODOSARIA. Lam. and ORTHOCERA have been united by Sowerby under the - name of the first. _Fam._ Orthocerata, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Straight, - chambered, elongated; chambers more or less ventricose; septa - perforated by a central siphon.--_Obs._ This genus consists only of - fossils found in sub-appenine tertiary beds. It is placed by De - Blainville in one of his divisions of the genus Orthoceras, which is - characterized as "species not striated, and with chambers very much - inflated." N. æqualis, fig. 465. - - NODOSE. Having tubercles or knobs. - - NOGROBS. Montf. A fossil appearing from the figure and description to - resemble Belemnites. - - NONION. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - NONIONINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - NOTREMA. Rafinesque. A shell described as composed of three integral - valves, concerning which De Blainville puts the query, "ne seroit-ce - pas plutôt une Balanide mal observée?" - - NOVACULINA. Benson. (_Novacula_, a razor.) _Fam._ Solenacea, - Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, transversely elongated; - external ligament communicating with the interior of the shell by an - oblique channel; beaks prominent; hinge line nearly straight, with one - narrow curved cardinal tooth in one valve, entering between two similar - teeth in the other; siphonal scar long; extremities of the shell - gaping; epidermis thin, light brown, folding over the edges and - connecting the dorsal margins. _Hab._ Jumna, Gooti, and Ganges. Fig. - 63. - - NUCLEOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The fifth order of the second section of - Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. the shells of which are described as - symmetrical, more or less curved, or longitudinally rolled up and very - thin. This order contains, _Fam._ 1. Nectopoda, containing Carinaria; - _Fam._ 2. Pteropoda, containing Atlanta, Spiratella and Argonauta. - - NUCLEUS. (_A kernel._) Anything forming a centre around which matter is - gathered. The nucleus of shells is the first formed part; the first - deposit of shelly matter to which the successive layers are added; the - apex of the spiral cone, of which most shells are composed. (See CONE.) - The nucleus is formed within the egg in oviparous, and within the old - shell in viviparous mollusca. It is frequently more transparent and - light than the remainder of the shell, and sometimes falls off; when - this occurs the shell is said to be decollated. - - NUCULA. Lam. (_A small nut._) _Fam._ Arcacea, Bl. and Lam.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, covered with an epidermis; hinge - linear, with a series of sharp, angulated teeth, arranged in a line on - each side of the umbones, and a central ligamentary pit; muscular - impressions two, simple; palleal impressions not sinuated.--_Obs._ The - row of teeth on each side of the umbones, and the ligamentary pit in - the centre of the hinge prevent the pretty little shells of this genus - from being confounded with any other. Thirty-four figures are - enumerated in the catalogue by Sowerby, sen. which accompanies the - Conchological Illustrations of the author. The new species, to the - amount of 24, have been figured in parts 14 to 16, of the above - mentioned work. Recent Nuculæ are found from the frozen to the torrid - zones, and the fossil species occur in nearly all the beds from the - Pliocene to the Carboniferous system. - - NUMMULACEA. Bl. The third family of Cellulacea, Bl. described as - containing shells or calcareous bodies, which are characterized as - discoidal, lenticular; without the slightest traces of whorls to be - seen externally. The whorls are numerous, internal, and divided into a - great number of cells, which are separated from each other by - imperforate septa. This family contains the genera Nummulites, - Siderolites, Vorticialis, Helicites, Orbiculina, Placentula. - - NUMMULTTES. Lam. (_Nummus_, money.) _Fam._ Nautilacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Orbicular, convolute, shewing no trace of spire externally; interior - divided into cells spirally arranged.--_Obs._ The singular fossils - composing this genus receive their name from their external resemblance - to a battered coin. Fig. 472. N. lenticulina. - - NUX. Humph. CYCLAS, Lam. - - NYMPHACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the order Conchifera Dimyaria, - Lam. Ligament external, placed on a prominent fulcrum. This family - contains the following genera: - - 1. SANGUINOLARIA. Rostrated, gaping; two cardinal teeth in each - valve, including _Soletellina_ and _Lobaria_. Fig. 98, 99. - - 2. PSAMMOBIA. Quadrate; valves closed, including Psammotæa. Fig. - 100. - - 3. CORBIS. Thick, fimbriated; a cardinal tooth in the centre of a - pit. Fig. 101. - - 4. GRATELOUPIA. A series of small teeth filling a triangular area. - Fig. 102. - - 5. EGERIA. One single and one double cardinal tooth. Fig. 103. - - 6. LUCINA. Rounded; anterior muscular impression tongue-shaped. - Fig. 104. - - 7. TELLINA. An anterior fold in the ventral margin; lateral teeth. - Fig. 105, 106. - - 8. TELLINIDES. No anterior fold; no lateral teeth. Fig. 107. - - 9. DONAX. Margin denticulated; shell wedge-shaped. Fig. 108. - - 10. CAPSA. Margin not denticulated, no lateral teeth. Fig. 109. - - OBELISCUS. Humph. TROCHUS, Lam. - - OBLIQUE. (_obliquus._ lat.) In a slanting direction. The whorls of - spiral univalves generally take an oblique direction in reference to - the imaginary axis of the shell. A bivalve is said to be oblique when - it slants off from the umbones. An example of this is seen in Avicula, - fig. 163. - - OBSOLETE. (_obsoletus_, lat.) Worn out, out of use. This term is used - to express an indistinctness of character, which sometimes results from - the action of sea-water upon unprotected parts of the shell, and - sometimes from the deposits of enamel formed in age, and covering the - early striæ, ribs, teeth, &c. thereby rendering them less acute. - - OBTUSE. (_obtusus_, blunt.) The application of this term is not - peculiar to conchology. It is most frequently used to express the - character of the spire. _Ex_. The apex of Megaspira, fig. 294. - - OCEANUS. Montf. ("Corne d'ammon vivant," Fr.) NAUTILUS umbilicatus, - Auct. - - OCTHOSIA. Ranz. CLITIA, Leach. - - OCTOCERA. Bl. The first family of the order Cryptodibranchiata, Bl. - containing the genus Octopus. A species of which being found in the - Argonauta, or Paper Sailor, has given rise to the long continued - controversy as to whether it is really the constructor of the shell, or - whether it is a mere pirate, and having destroyed the true animal of - the Argonaut, has possessed itself of the habitation. This question is - now set at rest. See ARGONAUTA. - - OCTOGONAL. (_octogonum._) Having eight angles. For an example, see - Dentalium, fig. 2. - - OCTOMERIS. Sow. ([Greek: oktô], _octo_, eight; [Greek: meros], _meros_, - part.) _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl. _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, - Lam.--_Descr._ Eight principal valves circularly arranged, forming a - compressed cone, attached by a jagged base; aperture enclosed by an - operculum, consisting of four valves in pairs.--_Obs._ The only genus - of Sessile Cirripedes agreeing with this in the number of principal - valves is Catophragmus, Sow. which is, however, sufficiently - distinguished by the several rows of smaller valves by which the - principals are surrounded at the base. O. angulosus, fig. 24. - - ODONTIS. Sow. MONODONTA, Lam. - - ODOSTOMIA. Flem. _Descr._ "Shell conical; aperture ovate; peristome - incomplete, retrally, and furnished with a tooth on the pillar." A - genus composed of several small species of land shells. Turbo plicatus, - Spiralis, Unidentatus, &c. Mont. - - OLIVA. Auct. (_An olive._) _Fam._ Convoluta, Lam. Angyostomata. - Bl.--_Descr._ Oblong, cylindrical, thick, smooth, shining; spire very - short, with sutures distinct, aperture elongated, notched at both - extremities; outer lip generally thick; columella thick, obliquely - striated, terminated by a tumid, oblique, striated varix; a raised band - passing round the lower part of the body whorl.--_Obs._ The shells - composing this well known genus present a great variety of rich - markings and brilliant colours. They are marine and tropical. Fossil - species are found sparingly in the London Clay and Calcaire-grossièr. - The Ancillariæ are distinguished from this genus by the sutures of the - whorls being covered by enamel. O. maura, fig. 457. - - OLIVELLA. Sw. A genus of "Olivinæ," Sw. thus described: "Oliviform; - spire (typically) rather produced; the tip acute; inner lip not - thickened; outer lip straight; base of the pillar curved inwards, and - marked by two strong plaits; upper plaits obsolete or wanting; aperture - effused at the base only; biplicata, Tank. Cat. 2332. purpurata. Zool. - Ill. ii. 58. f. 1. mutabilis. _Say._ eburnea. Zool. Ill. ii. 58, f. 2. - conoidalis. _Lam._ No. 57. oryza. _Lam._ No. 62." - - OLYGYRA. Say. Mentioned by Ranz as properly belonging to Helicina. H. - neritella, Auct. - - OMALAXIS. Desh. Subsequently BIFRONTIA. Desh. Fig. 354. - - ONISCIA. Sow. (G. B.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, - Bl.--_Descr._ Oblong, sub-ovate, slightly turbinated, cancellated; - spire short; aperture elongated; terminating anteriorly in a very - short, recurved canal; outer lip thickened, denticulated within; inner - lip spread over a portion of the body whorl, granulated.--_Obs._ The - granulated inner lip is the principal character by which this genus is - distinguished from Cassidaria. In Oniscia the canal is not so produced. - O. oniscus, fig. 409. - - ONUSTUS. Humph. A genus proposed by Humphrey and adopted by Swainson - who describes it thus: "Shell trochiform; the surface irregular, and - often covered with extraneous bodies, cemented and incorporated with - the calcareous substance of the shell; the under part of the body whorl - flattened or concave, umbilicate. O. Solaris. Mart. 173. f. 1700, 1701. - Indicus. Ib. 172. f. 1697. 1698." It is probable, from the above - description, that Mr. Swainson intended to include Trochus agglutinans - of authors. (Genus Phorus, Montf.) Fig. 360. - - OPERCULAR. Of, or belonging to, the operculum. A term applied to the - valves which compose the operculum of multivalve shells, as - distinguished from the parietal valves, or those which are arranged - circularly and form the body of the shell. - - OPERCULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - OPERCULUM. (_A cover or lid._) The plate or plates with which many - molluscous animals enclose the aperture of their shells, when retired - within them. The operculum is sometimes horny, as in Trochus; - testaceous or shelly, as in Turbo. It is spiral when from a central or - sub-central nucleus, the successive layers take a revolving direction, - as in Trochus. It is concentric or annular when the outside edge of - each layer entirely surrounds the preceding one. It is unguiculated, - when the laminæ are placed side by side, as in Purpura. The opercula of - multivalve shells are composed of two or four pieces, which are called - the opercular valves. The shelly or membranaceous plate with which some - of the animals enclose the aperture of their shells, during the wintry - part of the year, for the purpose of protecting them while in a torpid - state, and which they get rid of by dissolving the edges, when - preparing to emerge from their temporary retirement, must not be - considered as the operculum, as it does not belong to or form part of - either the animal or its shell, but is produced for the occasion by a - secretion of the animal, being deposited in a soft state and - subsequently hardening. It is called the epiphragm, and may easily be - distinguished from the true operculum by the texture, and by the - circumstance of their being soldered to the edge of the aperture. The - operculum, on the contrary, is moveable, and is always composed of a - series of successive layers, corresponding with the growth of the - shell. - - OPIS. Defr. A genus described by De Blainville as consisting of species - of Trigonia which have the umbones sub-spiral, with a large, striated - tooth on the hinge. Opis cardissoides, Trigonia, Lam. Opis similis, - Sow. Min. Con. pl. 232. f. 2. - - ORAL. (_Os_, _oris_, mouth.) Applied to that part of a shell which - corresponds with the mouth of the animal, but very seldom used in this - sense. - - ORBICULA. Lam. (_Orbis_, an orb.) _Fam._ Brachiopoda, Lam. - Palliobranchiata, Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, irregular, sub-orbicular, - compressed, attached by a fibrous substance passing through a fissure - near the centre of the lower valve; upper valve patelliform, with the - umbo central; muscular impressions four in each valve, semilunar. South - America and West Indies.--_Obs._ Discina, Lam. is an Orbicula. Crania - is known from this genus by having no fissure in the lower valve, but - being attached by its substance. Hipponyx has only two muscular - impressions in each valve. O. lævis, fig. 201. - - ORBICULAR. (_Orbiculus_, a little orb.) Of a round or circular form. - - ORBICULINA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - ORBIS. Lea. A minute fossil, described as "orbicular, with flat - quadrate whorls and aperture square," in other respects resembling - Solarium. O. Rotella, fig. 355, 356. - - ORBITINA. Risso. A genus said to be established upon the nuclei of two - land shells. - - ORBULITES. Lam. A genus separated from Ammonites on account of the last - volution covering the spire. This is generally considered as - characterizing the Nautili, and distinguishing them from the Ammonites; - but there are so many gradations that it seems impossible to maintain - the distinction in this respect. Fig. 479, O. crassus, fig. 480, O. - discus. - - OREAS. Montf. Part of CRISTELLARIA, Lam. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - ORTHIS. Dalman. ([Greek: orthos], _orthos_, straight.) _Fam._ - Brachiopoda, Lam. One of the generic divisions of Brachiopoda by - Dalman, thus described: "Hinge rectilinear, with umbones distant; the - larger valve with a transverse, basal, smooth area, with a triangular - pit." O. basalis, fig. 207. - - ORTHOCERA. Lam. See NODOSARIA. - - ORTHOCERATA. Lam. A family of Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Lam. - containing the following genera:-- - - 1. CONULARIA. Conical, externally striated; no siphon. Fig. 469. - - 2. AMPLEXUS. Cylindrical; margins of the septa reflected. Fig. 463. - - 3. ORTHOCERATITES. Straight, gradually conical; septa simple; - siphon central. Fig. 464. - - 4. NODOSARIA. Divided externally into lobes. Fig. 465. - - 5. BELEMNITES. Straight, conical; septa simple; siphon lateral; - apex solid; internal cast, or nucleus, pyramidal, separable. Fig. - 466 to 468. - - 6. CONILITES. Like Belemnites, but external shell thin at the apex. - Fig. 470. - - ORTHOCERATA. Bl. The first family of Polythalamacea, Bl. containing the - genera Belemnites, Conularia, Conilites, Orthoceras and Baculites. De - Blainville remarks that the genera included in this family are all - fossils, and known very imperfectly, in consequence of the greater part - of the specimens being only casts. - - ORTHOCERATITES. Auct. _Fam._ Orthocerata, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ - Straight, conical, divided into numerous chambers by simple septa - perforated by a central siphon. O. annulata, fig. 464. - - OSTEODESMA. Desh. PERIPLOMA, Schum. - - OSTRACEA. (_Ostracées_, Lam.) A family belonging to the second section - of the order Conchifera Monomyaria, the shells of which are described - as irregular, foliaceous, sometimes papyraceous, with the ligament - wholly or partly interior. The principal difference between the - Ostracea and the Pectinides consists in the absence of the auricles and - the foliated structure of the shells, for, although the Spondylus has - ex-foliations or spines upon the external surface, the shell itself is - compact and firm. This family contains the genera Gryphæa, Ostrea, - Vulsella, Placuna, Anomia, which may be thus distinguished:-- - - 1. PEDUM. Flat, turned up at the sides, an hiatus for the passage - of a byssus. A triangular disc on the hinge. Fig. 179. - - 2. OSTREA. Foliaceous, irregular, hinge on a small triangular disc. - Including Dendostrea, Ostræa, Exogyra, Gryphæa. Fig. 180 to 183. - - 3. PLACUNA. Two diverging ribs near the umbones. Fig. 184. - - 4. PLACUNANOMIA. The same, but attached by fibres passing through a - hole in one valve. Fig. 189 to 191. - - 5. ANOMIA. No costæ, attached by a bony substance passing through a - hole in one valve. Fig. 186 to 188. - - 6. VULSELLA. Tongue-shaped, a ligamentary pit on the hinge. Fig. - 185. - - 7. MULLERIA. Doubtful. Fig. 192. - - OSTRACEA. Bl. The first family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. - containing the genera Anomia, Placuna, Harpax, Ostrea (including - Dendostrea, Sw.) Gryphæa. To these may be added Placunanomia, Brod. and - Mulleria. - - OSTREA. Auct. ([Greek: ostreon], _ostreon_, a bone.) _Fam._ Ostracea, - Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Irregular, inequivalve, generally inequilateral, - foliaceous, attached by part of the lower valve; hinge sometimes - slightly crenated; destitute of teeth; with the ligament spread upon - the lower part of a central, triangular area, which is divided into - three parts; upper valve much flatter than the lower; muscular - impressions one in each valve, large, sub-central, sub-orbicular, with - one very minute.--_Obs._ The Linnæan Genus Ostrea includes the Pectens - and many other genera so different from each other that, without any - desire to increase the number of genera, it was found necessary by - subsequent authors to separate them. The common Oyster is the type of - this genus as at present constituted, and is well known to be abundant - in various parts of the world. Those which depart furthest from this - type are the Gryphæa, Lam. with a prominent, incurved umbo in the lower - valve. The Dendostrea, Sw. with margins characterized by strongly - angulated folds, throws out arms from the lower valve, by which they - are attached to stems of sea-weed, &c. Fig. 180, O. edulis. Fig. 181, - O. folium. (Dendostrea, Sw.) Fig. 182, Gryphæa incurva. Fig. 183, - Exogyra conica. - - OTIDES. Bl. The first order of Scutibranchiata, Bl. containing the - genera Haliotis and Ancylus. - - OTION. Leach. ([Greek: ôtion], a little ear.) _Order._ Pedunculated - Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Body sub-quadrate, supported on a fleshy - pedicle with a gaping aperture and two posterior auricular tubes; - valves five, separate, two semilunar, placed at the sides of the - aperture, two terminal, very small, one dorsal, minute.--_Obs._ Otion - differs from Cineras in having two cylindrical posterior tubes, and in - the extreme minuteness of three out of five of the valves. Found on - spars floating in the sea, &c. O. Cuvierii, (Lepas aurita, Linn.) Fig. - 43, O. Cuvieri. - - OTIS. Humph. AURICULA, Lam. - - OVATE. (_Ovatus._) Egg-shaped or oval. - - OVEOLITHES. Montf. A microscopic shell resembling Bulla. - - OVIPAROUS MOLLUSCA. Those which produce their young in eggs. Used in - distinction from the VIVIPAROUS MOLLUSCA, whose young are perfectly - formed before they leave the body of the parent. - - OUTER LIP. See LABRUM. - - OVULUM. Brug. (_Ovum_, an egg, dim.) _Fam._ Convoluta, Lam. - Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Ovate or fusiform, smooth, convolute, spire - covered; aperture narrow, with a canal at each extremity; outer lip - crenulated, inflected; inner lip smooth, callous towards the spiral - extremity; dorsal area wide, sometimes indistinctly marked.--_Obs._ The - Ovula were placed by Linnæus in his genus Bulla, from which they are - very remote. They differ from Cypræa in having the inner lip smooth. We - have given representations of their different forms as follows: O. - Ovum, fig. 442. O. verrucosum, (Calpurnus Montf.) fig. 441. O. Volva, - the weaver's shuttle (Radius, Montf.) fig. 442. O. gibbosum, (Ultimus, - Montf.) fig. 443. - - OXYSTOMATA. Bl. The fifth family of Asiphonibranchiata, Bl. This family - appears to have been formed for the express purpose of providing a - place in the system for the genus Janthina, which seems to bear so - little analogy with other genera of Mollusca, that conchological - writers have been puzzled to know where to place it. - - PACHYLABRA. Sw. PACHYSTOMA, Guild. A sub-genus of Ampullaria, the outer - lip of which is thickened within. _Ex._ Ampullaria globosa. - - PACHYMYA. Sow. ([Greek: pachus], _pachus_, thick, and _Mya_.) _Fam._ - Cardiacea? Lam.--_Descr._ Obliquely elongated, equivalve, thick, - sub-bilobed, with beaks near the anterior extremity; ligament partly - immersed attached to prominent fulcra.--_Obs._ This singular fossil is - shaped like Modiola, but the shell being extremely thick, and the - ligament attached to a prominent fulcrum, it is difficult to know where - to place it. Fig. 130, Pachymya Gigas. - - PACHYSTOMA. Guild. ([Greek: pachus], _pachus_, thick; [Greek: stoma], - _stoma_, mouth.) A genus composed of such species of Ampullaria, Auct. - as have the edge of the aperture thickened and grooved within so as to - form a sort of ledge upon which the operculum rests. Ampullaria globosa - and corrugata are examples of this variation. The name Pachylabra is - given to such species by Swainson, who objects to the above name on - account of its having been previously used to a genus of fishes. Fig. - 539. - - PACHYTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Helicina, thus described, "Aperture - entire; the inner lip very thick; the spiral whorls hardly convex; P. - occidentalis. Zool. J. iii. 15. f. 6-10. viridis, Zool. Journ. i. pl. - 6. f. 7." Sw. p. 337. - - PACLITES. Montf. A genus composed of species of Belemnites, Auct. - described towards the extremity, with a pore, at the apex, and a - straight lengthened aperture. _Ex._ B. ungulatus, Bl. - - PADOLLUS. Montf. A genus composed of species of HALIOTIS, with a - strongly marked spiral groove. _Ex._ H. tricostalis, Lam. Fig. 339. - - PAGODELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Trochus, thus described: "Trochiform; - generally thin, and always not pearlaceous; aperture and pillar - perfectly united and entire; operculum horny. P. major. Mart. 163. f. - 1541, 1542. tectum-persicum. Ib. f. 1543, 1544." Sw. p. 351. - - PALLEAL IMPRESSION. (_Pallium_, a mantle.) The mark or groove formed in - a bivalve shell by the muscular attachment of the mantle, which, being - always found near the margin of the shell, is sometimes termed the - marginal impression. In bivalves with two muscular impressions it - passes from one to the other. If in passing, it takes a bend inwards - posteriorly, it is said to be sinuated, and that part is called by Mr. - Gray, the Siphonal scar. - - PALLIOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of the class Acephalophora. Bl. - The animals of this order are described as more or less compressed, - included between the two valves of a bivalve shell, one inferior, the - other superior, joining at the back and opening in front. The - Palliobranchiata in the system of De Blainville correspond with the - Brachiopoda in the system of Lamarck, and the shells may be known by - their being symmetrical. This order contains in the first section of - symmetrical bivalves, Lingula, Terebratula, Thecidium, Strophomena, - Plagiostoma, Dianchora and Podopsis: in the second section, Orbicula - and Crania. - - PALMATED. Flattened like a palm, as the fronds or fringes of some - Murices. - - PALMINA. Gray. Differing from OTION in having but one auricle. - - PALUDINA. Lam. _Fam._ Peristomata, Lam. Cricostomata, Bl--_Descr._ - Varying in form from oval to globose, in some instances oblong, covered - with a greenish horny epidermis; spire acute, composed of rounded - whorls; aperture ovate; peritreme entire, slightly modified by the last - whorl; operculum horny, concentric. Europe, North America, East Indies, - China, &c.--_Obs._ The construction of the operculum distinguishes this - genus of freshwater shells from Valvata and Cyclostoma. The Paludinæ - are viviparous. Fig. 321. P. Achatina. - - PALUDOMUS. Sw. A genus of the family of "Melanianæ," Sw. described as - differing from Melania in having the spire shorter than the aperture. - Sw. p. 340. - - PANDORA. Brug. _Fam._ Corbulacea, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, - inequivalve, pearly within, rounded anteriorly, rostrated posteriorly; - right valve flat with a cardinal tooth, or short rib, and a slit - containing the cartilage with a narrow plate on the dorsal edge turned - towards the left valve; left valve concave, with a receptacle for the - cardinal tooth of the right valve and the internal cartilage; no - external ligament. Europe, America, Ceylon, &c.--_Obs._ This well known - genus is in no danger of being confounded with any other shell. Fig. - 90. P. rostrata. - - PANOPÆA. Menard. _Fam._ Solenacea, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, inequilateral, oval, gaping at both extremities; hinge with - an acute cardinal tooth in each valve, and a large callosity near the - umbones supporting the ligament; muscular impressions two, distant, - oval; palleal impression with a large sinus. Britain, North America, - Mediterranean, Australia, &c.--_Obs._ This genus resembles Mya in - general appearance, but differs in having an external ligament and a - sharp tooth, instead of the broad spoon-shaped process in the hinge of - the latter genus. Fig. 65. P. Australis. - - PAPER SAILOR. A common name given to the Argonauta. - - PAPILLARY. (_Papilla_, a teat.) Shaped like a teat. This term is - applied by conchologists when the apex of the spire of an univalve - shell is rounded like a teat and not spiral up to the extreme point; as - the apex of Cymba, fig. 434. - - PAPYRACEOUS. (_Papyrus_, a kind of paper made of the flags of the river - Nile in Egypt.) Of a thin, light texture, resembling that of paper. An - example of this is to be seen in the Argonauta, commonly called the - "Paper Sailor," fig. 485, and in the Pholas papyracea, fig. 56. - - PAPYRIDEA. Sw. A sub-genus of Cardium, thus described; "Shell - heart-shaped, or transversely oval; inequilateral; the anterior side - almost always gaping; representing the Pholidæ. P. Soleniforme, Wood, - Conch. pl. 56. f. 3.--apertum, Ib. 56. f. 2.--transversum, Sow. Conch. - f. 4.--ringens, Wood, pl. 53. f. 1, 2." - - PARACEPHALOPHORA. Bl. The second class of the type Malacozoa, Bl. - divided into the sub-classes: P. dioica, P. monoica, P. hermaphrodita. - - PARIES. (_A wall._) The principal part of a multivalve shell, forming a - circular wall round the body of the animal, and composed of one or more - valves which are called the parietal valves. - - PARIETAL VALVES. The principal valves of multivalve shells surrounding - the body like a wall; as distinguished from the opercular valves, or - those which compose the operculum. - - PARMACELLA. Cuv. (_A little cell._) _Fam._ Limacinea, Lam. and - Bl.--_Descr._ Haliotoid, internal, thin; spire flat, consisting of one - or two rapidly increasing whorls; aperture as large as the whole shell, - with the dorsal margins inflected.--_Obs._ This description applies to - Parmacella of Cuvier. The shell figured in Sowerby's Genera under that - name is Cryptella of Webb. Fig. 257, P. Olivieri. Fig. 258, P. - Palliolum. - - PARMOPHORUS. Bl. A genus composed of EMARGINULA elongata, Auct. and - other species of a similarly elongated form. Australian. Fig. 242. P. - elongatus. - - PARTULA. Fer. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. Auriculacea, Fer.--_Descr._ - Conical, smooth; spire equal to the aperture in length, consisting of - few whorls; aperture auriform; outer lip reflected, broad; inner lip - reflected, with a slight prominence on the columella. P. australis, - fig. 302. - - PASITHÆA. Lea. A genus formed of some pyramidal shells, described as - resembling Melania, but separated from that genus on account of being - marine fossils. Fig. 317, P. striata. - - PATELLA. Auct. (_A dish_ or _platter_.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana, Lam. - Retifera, Bl.--_Descr._ Symmetrical, compresso-conical, nearly regular, - oblong or oval; apex sub-central, inclining towards the anterior - margin; aperture oval, forming the base of the shell; internal surface - smooth; with a muscular impression shaped like a horse-shoe, with the - ends bending forwards, encircling and dividing the space all round, - except where the interruption occurs to receive the head of the animal; - external surface ribbed, grooved, striated or banded radiately. On - rocks and sea-weeds in all climates.--_Obs._ Patelloida differs from - Patella in the construction of the animal; Siphonaria, in the lateral - siphon; and Ancylus, in the oblique twist of the axis, as well as in - the nature of the animal. The Patellæ are marine. Fig. 229, P. Oculus. - - PATELLIFORM. (_Patella_, a dish; _forma_, shape.) Shaped like a dish, - or like shells of the genus Patella. - - PATELLOIDA. Quoy and Gaimard. LOTTIA, Gray.--_Fam._ Phyllidiana, - Lam.--_Descr._ Patelliform, rather flat; apex obtuse, leaning towards - the posterior margin; muscular impression not symmetrical, but widest - on the right side near the head of the animal; central disc of a - variable brown colour. On rocks and sea-weeds in all climates.--_Obs._ - The shells of this genus so closely resemble Patella that it is almost - impossible to make the distinction from the shells alone. They are, - however, generally flatter, and have the apex placed somewhat nearer - the posterior margin. The animals are very distinct. Fig. 231, P. - Antillarum. - - PATELLOIDEA, Bl. or patelliform shells. The third family of the order - Monopleurobranchiata, Bl.; the animals of which are described as - depressed, flattened, covered by a wide external shell, which is - patelliform and non-symmetrical. This family contains the genera - Umbrella and Siphonaria. - - PATROCLES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - PATULARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Anodontinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell - nearly equilateral, round or cordate; no teeth. P. ovata, Sw." _Ex._ - _Conch._ pl. 36. rotundatus, Ib. pl. 137. - - PAVONIA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - PAXYODON. Schum. HYRIA, Lam. - - PECTEN. Brug. (_A comb._) _Fam._ Pectenides, Lam. Subostracea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, ribbed longitudinally, nearly equilateral, - with a triangular auricle on each side of the umbones; hinge linear, - destitute of teeth, having a central pit containing the cartilage; - muscular impressions one in each valve, large, sub-central.--_Obs._ - This genus of beautiful shells, to which the well known Scallop - belongs, contains numerous species, some of which are found in the - British Seas. The Hinnites Pusio (P. Pusio of some authors) has been - separated on account of the irregularity of the external surface of one - valve. Fig. 171 to 173. - - PECTENIDES. Lam. A family belonging to the second section of the order - Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. including the following genera. - - 1. PECTEN. Unattached, including _Decatopecten_ and _Hinnites_. - Fig. 171, 172, 173. - - 2. LIMA. Unattached, gaping, Fig. 174. - - 3. PLAGIOSTOMA. Unattached, with an area between the umbones. Fig. - 176. - - 4. DIANCHORA. Attached by the point of the umbo. Fig. 175. - - 5. SPONDYLUS. Attached, irregular, a triangular area in one valve, - divided by a slit. Fig. 177. - - 6. PLICATULA. Plicated, a very small area in one valve. Fig. 178. - - PECTINATED. (_Pecten_, a comb.) Marked in a regular series of ridges. - - PECTUNCULUS. (_Pecten_, dim.) _Fam._ Arcacea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, sub-equilateral, orbicular, thick, covered with a velvety - epidermis, striated longitudinally; ventral margin denticulated within; - hinge semi-circular, with a series of small teeth on each side of the - umbones, which are separated by a small triangular disc in each valve - bearing the ligament; muscular impressions two in each valve, strongly - marked, united by an entire palleal impression.--_Obs._ Linnæan - conchologists have mixed this genus with Arca, from which it is, - however, totally distinct, not only in the roundness of the general - form, but also, and principally, in the curve of the hinge line; in - fact the characters of this genus are so strongly marked that there is - no danger of confounding it with any other. It does not contain many - species; two or three are British. The fossil species occur in London - Clay and Calcaire-grossiér. Fig. 134, P. pilosus. - - PEDICLE or PEDUNCLE. (_Pedunculus_, a little foot.) The stem or organ - of attachment of the class of shells called in the system of Lamarck - "Pedunculated Cirripedes," consisting of a fleshy tendinous tube, by - the lower end of which they are attached to sub-marine substances. - - PEDICULARIA. Sw. A genus of "Scutibranchia," thus described: "Shell - irregular, sub-patelliform; a thick, large, obsolete apex on one of the - longest sides, and an internal callous rim within, on one side only; - circumference undulated, irregular. P. Sicula, Sw." Sw. p. 357. Sicily. - A singular shell of the nature of Calyptræa, which is found attached to - corals, conforming its shape to the irregularity of their surface, and - fitting closely. _Ex._ Fig. 513. - - PEDIPES. Adanson. _Fam._ Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Sub-globose, longitudinal, thick, striated; spire equal to the aperture - in length; aperture sub-ovate; peritreme sharp, thickened within, - modified by the last whorl; columella with three strong plaits on the - inner edge; outer lip with one fold.--_Obs._ This genus contains but - one or two small recent species, which in some respects resemble - Auricula, from which it is known by the thickness of its shell, and its - globular form. Fig. 299, P. Adansoni. Coast of Africa. - - PEDUM. Lam. (_A shepherd's crook._) _Fam._ Pectinides, Lam. - Sub-ostracea, Bl.--_Descr._ Irregular, inequivalve, sub-equilateral, - attached by a byssus passing through a sinus in the lower valve; hinge - toothless, with a triangular area in each valve, separating the - umbones; ligament contained in a groove running across the area; - muscular impressions one in each valve, large, sub-orbicular; both - valves flat, narrow at the dorsal, broad at the ventral extremities; - lower valve with raised edges overwrapping the upper.--_Obs._ This - singular genus, of which only one species is known, differs from - Ostrea, not only in shape and structure, but also in the mode of - attachment, which is by means of a byssus passing through the lower - valve, in Pedum, but by a portion of the outer surface of the shell in - Ostrea. P. Spondyloideum (fig. 179) is the only species at present - known. Moluccas. - - PEDUNCLE. See PEDICLE. - - PEDUNCULATED. (_Pedunculus_, a little foot.) Attached to external - objects by a hollow fleshy tube, called the Peduncle. - - PEDUNCULATED CIRRIPEDES. Lam. An order consisting of molluscs which - have multivalve shells, supported on a peduncle. The genera which it - contains are thus distinguished: - - 1. PENTELASMIS. Five valves. Fig. 34. - - 2. CINERAS. Five very minute valves distant from each other. Fig. - 42. - - 3. OTION. The same, but the animal has two auricles. Fig. 43. The - genus Palmina, Gray, has but one. - - 4. OCTOLASMIS. Shaped like Pentelasmis, but with 7 or 8 valves. - Fig. 41. - - 5. LITHOTRYA. Five valves, peduncle scaly with a plate at the base. - Fig. 39. - - 6. SCALPELLUM. Shape square, valves 13, peduncle scaly. Fig. 35. - - 7. SMILIUM. Same, but the peduncle hairy. Fig. 36. - - 8. IBLA. Four valves, one pair long, one pair short, peduncle - hairy. Fig. 40. - - 9. BRISMEUS. Seven valves, even at the base. Fig. 38. - - 10. POLLICIPES. Principal valves in pairs, with many smaller valves - at the base. This genus has been divided into _Pollicipes_, and - _Capitellum_, the latter of which is founded upon Pollicipes - Mitellus, Auct. Fig. 37 and 37*. - - PELAGUS. Montf. A genus composed of species of AMMONITES, which have - the spire covered by the last whorl, as in Nautilus and have an - umbilicus. ORBULITES. Bl. - - PELLUCID. Transparent. - - PELORUS. Montf. POLYSTOMELLA, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - PELORONTA. Oken. NERITA _Peloronta_, Auct. Fig. 330. - - PENEROPLIS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - PENICILLUS. Brug. ASPERGILLUM, Auct. - - PENTALEPAS. Bl. PENTELASMIS, Auct. - - PENTAMERUS. Sow. ([Greek: Pente], _pente_, five; [Greek: meros], - _meros_, part.) _Fam._ Brachiopoda, Lam.--_Descr._ Equilateral, - inequivalve; one valve divided by a central septum into two parts; the - other by two septa, into three parts; umbones incurved, - imperforate.--_Obs._ Dalman remarks upon his genus Gypidia, that it is - most probably identical with PENTAMERUS, Sow. but rejects the name for - two reasons; 1st. That it has already been applied to a class of - insects; 2nd. He disputes the fact of the shell being quinquelocular, - i.e. not counting the triangular foramen in the hinge of the larger - valve as one of the divisions. Fig. 212, 213. - - PENTELASMIS. Leach. ([Greek: pente], _pente_, five; [Greek: elasma], - _elasma_, plate.) _Order._ Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ - Compressed, conical, composed of five valves; lower lateral pair - sub-trigonal; upper lateral pair elongated, sub-quadrate; dorsal valve - arcuate, peduncle elongated, smooth. Found on floating wood in the - sea.--_Obs._ This genus is known from all others of the order by the - number of valves. Pentelasmis is the genus Anatifera of Lamarck. Lepas - anatifer, Linn. Fossil species of this marine genus are found in the - Calcaire-grossièr of Paris, and in other similar beds. Fig. 34, P. - lævis. - - PENULTIMATE WHORL. The last whorl but one. - - PERA. Leach. A genus composed of CYCLAS amnica, and other similar - species. - - PERDIX. Montf. DOLIUM _Perdix_, Auct. - - PERFORATED. (_Perforatus._) Bored through, as the apex of Fissurella, - fig. 245, and Dentalium, fig. 2. - - PERFORATION. (_Perforo_, to bore, or pierce.) A round opening, having - the appearance of being bored, as in Haliotis, fig. 338. Sometimes the - term is applied to an umbilicus which penetrates a shell through the - axis to the apex, as Eulima splendidula, fig. 348. - - PERIBOLUS. Brug. A genus founded upon young specimens of CYPRÆA, with - their outer lips not formed. - - PERIOSTRACUM. A name used by Mr. Gray to signify the substance which - covers the outer surface of many shells, called the _Epidermis_ by most - conchological writers. "Drap Marin" is the name given to this substance - by French Naturalists. - - PERIPLOMA. Schum. _Fam._ Myariæ. A genus thus described: "Shell very - thin with the left valve more ventricose than the right; hinge - toothless, ligament double, the external portion thin, the internal - part thick, placed upon prominent, sometimes spoon-shaped hinge laminæ, - and supported by a transverse bone; muscular impressions two, distant, - palleal impression sinuated posteriorly." _Ex._ P. inæquivalvis. fig. - 72. _Genus_, Osteodesma, Deshayes. - - PERISTOMATA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of the order - Trachelipoda, containing the following genera:-- - - 1. AMPULLARIA. Globose or discoidal; operculum concentric; - including _Pachystoma_, _Lanistes_, _Ceratodes_. Fig. 318 to 320. - - 2. PALUDINA. Oval; operculum concentric. Fig. 321. - - 3. VALVATA. Globose; operculum spiral. Fig. 322. - - PERISTOME. The edge of the aperture, including the inner and outer - lips. - - PERITREME. A term used to express the whole circumference of the - aperture of a spiral shell. It is said to be notched or entire, simple, - reflected, round or oval, &c. - - PERLAMATER. Schum. (_Mother of Pearl._) MELEAGRINA Margaritifera, Lam. - The pearl oyster. - - PERNA. Auct. ("Pernæ concharum generis," Plin.) _Fam._ Malleacea, - Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-equivalve, irregular, compressed, foliaceous; hinge - straight, linear, composed of a series of transverse, parallel grooves, - containing the cartilage and intermediate spaces bearing the ligament; - anterior margin with a sinus for the passage of a byssus; posterior - ventral margin oblique, attenuated. _Obs._ This genus is known from - Crenatula by the straightness, number and regularity of the grooves in - the hinge and the sinus, for the passage of the byssus. Fig. 166, P. - Ephippium. Mostly tropical. - - PERSICULA. Schum. A genus formed of MARGINELLA _Persicula_, Auct. and - other species having the spire concealed. Fig. 438. - - PERSONA. Montf. (_Mask_). A genus composed of TRITON _Anus_, Auct. and - similar species. Fig. 401. - - PETRICOLA. Lam. (_Petrus_, a stone; _cola_, an inhabitant.) _Fam._ - Lithophagidæ, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, transversely - ovate or oblong, rather irregular, anterior side rounded; posterior - side more or less attenuated, slightly gaping; hinge with two cardinal - teeth in each valve; muscular impressions two in each valve; palleal - impression entire; ligament external.--_Obs._ The Petricolæ are found - in holes made by the animals in rocks, madrepores, &c. They may be - known from Saxicava by the regularity of their form and the teeth on - the hinge. Fig. 91, 92. - - PETRIFIED FINGERS, CANDLES, SPECTRE CANDLES, &c. are vulgar terms by - which fossils of the genus Belemnites were formerly known. - - PHAKELLOPLEURA. Guild. A genus composed of those species of CHITON, - Auct. which have bunches of hairs or hyaline bristles on each side of - each valve on the margin. The Chiton fascicularis, found on our own - coasts, is a well known example. Fig. 506. - - PHARAMUS. Montf. LENTICULINA, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - PHARETRIUM. König. ([Greek: pharetreôn], _pharetrion_, a - quiver.)--_Descr._ A testaceous body composed of two conical sheaths, - one within the other, perforated at the apex, and joined together near - the oral margin. P. fragile, fig. 3. In describing this genus, which - appears to be the same as ENTALIS of Defrance, Mr. König expresses the - supposition that it may probably belong to the class Pteropoda. - - PHASIANELLA. Auct. (_Phasianus_, a pheasant.) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam. - Ellipsostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Smooth, oval, variegated; aperture - entire, oval; outer-lip thin; inner-lip thin, spread over a portion of - the body whorl; columella smooth, rather thickened towards the base; - operculum horny, spiral within; testaceous, incrassated without. - Britain, Mediterranean, &c.; the fine large species are Australian. - Some fossil species are found in the tertiary beds.--_Obs._ The shells - composing this genus are richly marked with lines and waves of various - and delicate colours, and if the genus be restricted to those species - which are smooth, and which have a thick shelly operculum, we may - regard it as well defined; but there are some spirally-grooved species - of TURBO, Linn. which, from their oval shape, have been considered as - belonging to this genus. Such species should not, in our opinion, be - retained in this genus; they belong to Littorina. P. variegata, fig. - 367. - - PHITIA. Gray. CARYCHIUM, Müller. - - PHOLADARIA. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. The - animals contained in this family live in cavities bored by themselves - in rocks, wood, &c. They are cylindrical in form. Lamarck here places - PHOLAS and GASTROCHÆNA, the last of which belongs more properly to the - family of Tubicolaria, where we have enumerated it. Pholas has been - divided into _Pholas_, fig. 55, _Martesia_, which has the valves nearly - closed; and Pholadidæa, fig. 56, which has the cup-shaped extension. - The genus Pholadomya, fig. 67, has been added, although of doubtful - character. The genus Galeomma, fig. 58, 59, has also been recently - added. - - PHOLADIDÆA. Leach. PHOLAS papyracea, Auct. Remarkable for the - cup-shaped process at the posterior extremity. Fig. 56. - - PHOLADOMYA. Sow. (_Pholas_ and _Mya_.) _Fam._ Pholadaria, - Lam.--_Descr._ Thin, rather hyaline, equivalve, inequilateral, - ventricose, posteriorly gaping, elongated, anteriorly short, rounding; - ventral margin rather gaping; hinge with an elongated pit, and lateral - plate in each valve; ligament external, short, muscular impressions two - in each valve, rather indistinct; palleal impression with a large - sinus.--_Obs._ The only recent species of this genus is from the island - of Tortola. Several fossil species occur in rocks of the Oolitic - series. Fig. 57, P. candida. - - PHOLAS. Auct. ([Greek: PHôleô], _pholeo_, to lie hid in a cavity.) - _Fam._ Pholadaria, Lam. ADESMACEA, Bl.--_Descr._ Transverse, oblong, - equivalve, inequilateral, imbricated, gaping on both sides, the - anterior hiatus being generally the largest, although sometimes nearly - closed, with the dorsal margin surmounted with one or more laminar - accessary valves; hinge callous, reflected, with a long curved tooth - protruding from beneath the umbones in each valve.--_Obs._ This genus - of marine shells, dwelling in holes formed in rocks, wood, &c. is - easily distinguished from any other nearly allied genus by the curved, - prominent, rib-like teeth. Fig. 55, P. Dactylus; 56. P. papyracea. - - PHOLEOBIUS. Leach. Part of the genus SAXICAVA, Auct. - - PHONEMUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - PHORUS. Montf. TROCHUS agglutinans, Auct. Remarkable for the adhesion - of little pebbles, dead shells, &c. to the outer edge of the whorls, - which are taken up in the course of the growth of the shell. From this - circumstance they are called "Collectors, Carriers, &c." Fig. 360. - Recent species are brought from the East and West Indies; fossil - species are found in the Tertiary beds. - - PHOS. Montf. _Fam._ Purpurifera? Lam.--_Descr._ Turrited, thick, - cancellated, varicose; spire pointed, generally longer than the - aperture; aperture rounded or oval; outer lip having internal ridges, - with a sinus near the anterior termination; columella with an oblique - fold; canal short, forming externally a raised varix.--_Obs._ The - raised external surface of the canal, brings this genus near to - Buccinum, while, in general appearance, most of the species more nearly - resemble Murex. They have, however, no true varices on the whorls, but - merely raised bars. Fig. 416, P. senticosus. - - PHYLLIDIANA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of the order - Gasteropoda, Lam. The genera belonging to this family may be - distinguished as follows: - - 1. CHITON. Composed of eight valves; valves contingent. Fig. 227. - - 2. CHITONELLUS. The same, with the valves distant. Fig. 228. - - 3. PATELLA. Conical, symmetrical. Fig. 229, 230. - - 4. PATELLOIDA. Differing from Patella in the animal. Fig. 231. - - 5. SIPHONARIA. With a siphon on one side. Fig. 231*. - - 6. SCUTELLA. Siphon close to the side of the head. Fig. 510, 511. - - PHYLLONOTUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Murex, thus described: "Canal moderate; - varices foliated, laciniated, compressed, or resembling leaves; - inflatus. Mart. 102. fig. 980, eurystoma. Zool. Ill. ii. 100. - imperialis. Ib. pl. 109." Sw. p. 296. - - PHYSA. Drap. A genus formed for reversed species of Limnæa, Auct. Fig. - 310, P. castanea. - - PHYSETER. Humph. SOLARIUM, Lam. - - PILEOLUS. Cookson. (_A little cap._) _Fam._ Neritacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Patelliform, with the apex sub-central, straight. In the lower disc, or - under surface, the centre of which is rather raised or cushion-shaped, - is placed the lateral, narrow, semilunar aperture, with the outer lip - marginated and the inner lip crenulated.--_Obs._ This interesting genus - is known only in a fossil state. Two species are found in the upper - layer of Oolite, above the Bradford clay. The spire, although internal, - connects this genus in some degree with Neritina. Still there is no - danger of confounding them. Fig. 332, P. plicatus. - - PILEOPSIS. Lam. CAPULUS, Montf. - - PILLAR. The usual English name for the column which forms the axis of - spiral shells, around which the whorls revolve. See COLUMELLA. - - PINNA. Auct. (_The fin of a fish._) _Fam._ Mytilacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, inequilateral, oblique, wedge-shaped, thin, horny; umbones - terminal; hinge rectilinear, without teeth; anterior margin sinuated, - to admit the passage of a byssus; posterior margin truncated, gaping; - muscular impressions two in each valve; posterior large, sub-central; - anterior small, terminal, sometimes double.--_Obs._ The beautiful large - shells of which this genus is composed, are possessed of a large, - flowing, silky byssus, of which gloves and hose have been manufactured. - They have received their name from their resemblance to the pectoral - fins of some fishes. Some species attain very large dimensions, and - measure two feet in length. A very improbable story is told with regard - to animals of this genus, namely that a certain small species of crab - is in the habit of taking refuge from its enemies in the shell of the - Pinna, into which it is received with great hospitality and kindness by - the "_blind slug_," which inhabits it. In return for which kindness, he - occasionally goes abroad to procure food for both. On his return he - knocks at the shell, which is opened to receive him, and they share the - supplies together in convivial security! Some species are smooth, - although the greater number are imbricated or crisped outside. P. - saccata, fig. 162. - - PINNATED. (From _Pinna_, a fin.) When a part of a shell is spread out - and smooth, as in Rostellaria columbaria, fig. 403, it is said to be - _alated_, or winged, but when the part which is spread is radiated or - ribbed, like the fin of a fish, it is _pinnated_, as in Murex pinnatus, - and Murex tripterus. (Conch. Illustr.) - - PIRENA. Lam. A genus of fresh-water shells, rejected by De Ferussac and - other authors, who place Lamarck's two first species with Melanopsis, - and his two last with Melania. Fig. 316, P. terebralis. - - PISIDIUM. Leach. A genus of river shells separated from Cyclas - principally on account of a difference in the animal. The species of - Pisidium, however, are less equilateral than the Cyclades, and the - posterior or ligamentary side of the latter is the longer, while that - of the former is the shorter. Fig. 112. - - PISIFORM. (_Pisum_, a pea; _forma_, shape.) Shaped like a pea or small - globular body. - - PISUM. Megerle. (_A pea._) PISIDIUM, Leach. - - PITHOHELIX. Sw. A sub-genus of "Geotrochus," Sw. Sw. p. 332. - - PITONELLUS. Montf. ROTELLA, Auct. - - PLACENTA. Schum. PLACUNA, Auct. - - PLACENTULA. Schum. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - PLACUNA. Brug. ([Greek: plakous], _placos_, a cake.) _Fam._ Ostracea, - Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Compressed, thin, equivalve, nearly equilateral, - planorbicular, fibrous, foliaceous; hinge flat, with two diverging ribs - in one valve, and two corresponding grooves in the other, containing - the cartilage; muscular impressions one, large, circular, central, and - one or two smaller in each valve.--_Obs._ The two best known species of - this well defined genus are the P. Placenta, commonly called the - Chinese Window Shell, and the P. Sella, called the Saddle Oyster, from - the anterior margin being turned up so as to resemble a saddle. The - genus may be known from all others by the diverging costa on the hinge. - Placunanomia is the only genus resembling it in this respect, but this - is easily distinguished by a perforation through the shell. Fig. 184, - P. Placuna. These shells are used in China to glaze windows. - - PLACUNANOMIA. (Sw. _Placuna_ and _Anomia_.) _Fam._ Ostracea, Lam. and - Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, foliaceous, compressed, sub-equivalve, - sub-equilateral, irregular, flat near the umbones, plicated towards the - margins, attached by a bony substance passing through a fissure in the - lower valve; hinge flat, with two diverging ribs in one valve, - corresponding with two diverging grooves, containing the cartilage, in - the other; muscular impressions one in each valve, central, - sub-orbicular.--_Obs._ The specimens from which Mr. Broderip described - this singular genus, were brought by Mr. Cuming from the gulf of Dulce - in Costa Rico. Another species is from one of the Philippine Islands. - They partake of the characters of several genera, having the hinge of - Placuna, and being attached by a process passing through the lower - valve, like Anomia. P. Cumingii, fig. 189. - - PLAGIOSTOMA. Sow. Min. Con. ([Greek: plagios], _plagios_, oblique; - [Greek: stoma], _stoma_, mouth.) _Fam._ Pectenides, Lam. - Palliobranchiata, Bl.--_Descr._ Sub-equivalve, inequilateral, oblique, - auriculated on each side of the umbones, radiately striated; hinge - straight in one valve, with a triangular notch in the other.--_Obs._ - This genus, one species of which is spinous, and another smooth, is - only known in a fossil state. It is found in the Lias and chalk. Fig. - 176, P. spinosum. - - PLAIT or FOLD. A term applied to the prominences on the columellar lip - of some univalve shells, particularly in the sub-family of Volutidæ. - _Ex._ Voluta, fig. 433; Cymba, 434; and Melo, fig. 435. - - PLANARIA. Brown. A minute fossil resembling Planorbis in appearance, - but differing in being a marine shell, and having a reflected outer - lip. P. nitens, fig. 312, from Lea's Contributions to Geology. - - PLANAXIS. Lam. (_Plana_, flat; and _axis_.) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam. - Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Sub-ovate, pyramidal, solid; spire - measuring œ or 1/3 of the axis, consisting of few whorls; columella - contiguous to the axis, flat, truncated, and separated from the outer - lip by a short canal; outer lip thickened and denticulated within; - operculum horny, thin, with a terminal nucleus.--_Obs._ This is a genus - of small marine shells found in the West Indies, &c. Fig. 365, P. - sulcata. - - PLANE. (_Planus._) Flat, planed, as the columellar lip of Purpura, fig. - 414. - - PLANORBICULAR, (_Planus_, flat; _orbis_, an orb.) Flat and circular, as - Ammonites, fig. 478. - - PLANORBIS. Müll. (_Planus_, flat; _orbis_, an orb.) _Fam._ Lymnacea, - Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, horny, convolute, planorbicular, nearly - symmetrical; spire compressed, concave, consisting of numerous - gradually increasing whorls, which are visible on both sides; aperture - transversely oval, or nearly round; peritreme entire; outer lip thin; - inner lip distinct, spread over a part of the body whorl.--_Obs._ This - is a genus of shells abounding in all climates in ditches and stagnant - pools, not liable to be confounded with any other, excepting the - discoidal species of Ampullaria, which may be distinguished by the - aperture being broadest in the opposite direction. It is further to be - remarked that the discoidal Ampullariæ are dextral shells, and the - Planorbes are sinistral or reversed; and although the latter are - sometimes so flat and orbicular that it is difficult to know which is - the spiral side, it may nevertheless always be ascertained by a careful - examination. Fossil species are found in the freshwater strata of the - Isle of Wight, and the neighbourhood of Paris. Fig. 311, P. corneus. - - PLANORBULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - PLANULACEA. Bl. The second family of Cellulacea, Bl. The microscopic - Foraminifera contained in this family are described as very much - depressed, not spiral, chambered, cellular, and having the septa - indicated by grooves on the external surface of the shell, which - increase in length from the apex to the base: some of the small - cellular cavities are to be seen on the margins. This family contains - the genera Renulina and Peneroplis. - - PLANULARIA. Defr. PENEROPLIS, Montf. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - PLANULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - PLANULITES. Lam. DISCORBITES of the same author. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - PLATIRIS. Lea. ([Greek: platus], _platus_, wide; [Greek: iris], - _iris_.) A genus including several species of Nayades, referred to - IRIDINA, Lam. The genus Platiris is divided into two sub-genera. - Iridina, species which have crenulated margins; I. Ovata, I. exotica, - Spatha, Lea; those with smooth or very slightly crenulated hinges, S. - rubeus, S. Solenoides, Mycetopus, D'Orb. Fig. 151. - - PLATYLEPAS. ([Greek: platus], _platus_, wide; [Greek: lepas], _lepas_, - rock.) _Order._ Sessile Cirripedes, Lam. _Fam._ Balanidea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Conical, depressed, consisting of six valves, each - divided internally by an angular plate jutting from the centre (like - the buttress of a wall); operculum consisting of four valves in - pairs.--_Obs._ This genus differs from Balanus, Coronula, &c. in the - internal structure of the valves. De Blainville's description of - Chthalamus partly agrees with this. Fig. 19. - - PLECTOPHORUS. Fer. ([Greek: plêktron], _plectron_, spur; [Greek: - phoreô], _phoreo_, to carry.) A genus consisting of small testaceous - appendages fixed on the posterior extremity of a species of slug. P. - corninus, fig. 260. - - PLEIODON. Conrad. IRIDINA, Lam. _Fam._ Nayades, Lam. - - PLEKOCHEILUS. Guild. AURICULA Caprella, Lam. CARYCHIUM undulatum, - Leach. (CAPRELLA, Nonnull.) This proposed genus is described as - scarcely umbilical, dextral, oval, spiral; with the spire elevated, - obtuse; the two last whorls very large, ventricose; aperture entire, - elongated; columella with a single plait; the plait concave, inflected. - Fig. 522, 523. - - PLEUROBRANCHUS. Cuv. ([Greek: Pleura], _pleura_, the side; _Branchiæ_, - gills.) _Fam._ Semiphyllidiana, Lam. Subaplysiacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Internal, thin, haliotoid, slightly convex towards the spiral apex; - aperture entire.--_Obs._ This is a very light shell, delicately - coloured, resembling Aplysia, but differing in the integrity of the - margin. Fig. 232, P. membranaceus. - - PLEUROCERUS. Rafinesque. A genus very imperfectly described in the - "Journal de Physique" as "oval, or pyramidal; aperture oblong; outer - lip thin; inner lip truncated at the columella, which is smooth and - tortuous, not umbilicated. Operculum horny or membranaceous." De - Blainville, in giving this description, remarks that he has neither - seen the animal nor the shell of this genus, which he imagines to have - been formed from the "Paludine Coupée de M. Say." - - PLEURORYNCHUS. Phillips. ([Greek: Pleura], _pleura_, the side; [Greek: - runchos], _rynchus_, a beak.) A genus founded upon a very singular - species of CARDIUM, distinguished by the short anterior side, and the - elongation of the hinge line into auricular processes, which are - truncated at the extremities. C. Hibernicum from the Black Rock near - Dublin, which is vulgarly called Asses-hoof, and C. elongatum (Sow. - Min. Con. vol. I. 82.), form part of this genus. - - PLEUROTOMA. Lam. _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. Siphonostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ - Fusiform, thick, in general ribbed or striated transversely; aperture - oval, terminating anteriorly in an elongated canal; outer lip thin, - with a fissure near its spiral extremity; columella smooth, nearly - straight. Found principally in tropical climates.--_Obs._ This genus, - which nearly resembles Fusus in other respects, may be known by the - notch in the outer lip. The species differ in the length of the canal. - Swainson has designated this genus a family, thus divided into genera: - Brachytoma, in the description of which he says that the spire and - aperture are of equal length, including the species strombiformis: - Pleurotoma, in which the channel is so much lengthened, as to be little - shorter than the spire: Clavatula, having the long narrow slit of - Pleurotoma, but with a very short canal: Clavicantha, having the canal - equally short, but the sinus or notch, instead of being linear and - long, is short and wide; the surface is rough, and the whorls either - coronated with prickles, or with compressed nodules resembling spines: - Tomella, which has the spire and canal fusiform, but the spire of very - few whorls, and the inner lip considerably thickened within where it - joins the outer lip. Fig. 379, 389, P. marmorata; 381, P. - Strombiformis, (Clavatula, Sw.) - - PLEUROTOMARIA. Defr. _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Turbinated, - spiral; aperture sub-quadrate, with rounded angles; outer lip with a - deep slit near its union with the spire.--_Obs._ This genus, which is - only known in a fossil state, abounds in inferior Oolite, Oxford clay, - and casts are found in a limestone bed in Norway. The Scissurellæ - differ in being very minute shells, and are not so trochiform as the - species of Pleurotomaria, P. reticulata, fig. 341. - - PLICACEA. Lam. A family of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. containing the - following genera: - - 1. PYRAMIDELLA. Pyramidal, with numerous whorls. Fig. 342. - - 2. TORNATELLA. Cylindrical, with few whorls. Fig. 343, 344. - - 3. RINGICULA. Margin reflected. Fig. 540, 541. - - PLICADOMUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Pupa, thus described: "spire moderate, - regular and thick, but gradually conic; the tip obtuse; aperture - perpendicular; inner lip wanting; outer lip semicircular; the margin - dilated and reflected. P. sulcata, Chem. 135, f. 1231, 1232." Sw. p. - 332. - - PLICATED. (_Plicatus_, folded.) Applied to spiral plaits on the - columella of some shells. _Ex._ Voluta, fig. 433. Also to the angular - bendings in the margins of some bivalve shells. _Ex._ Dendostrea, fig. - 181. - - PLICATULA. Lam. (_Plicatus_, folded.) _Fam._ Pectenides, Lam. - Sub-ostracea, Bl.--_Descr._ Irregular, sub-equivalve, sub-equilateral, - attached by a small part of the surface of one valve, strongly - plicated; umbones separated by a small, external ligamentary area; - hinge with two cardinal teeth in each valve, two approximate in one - valve, received between two distant in the other; cartilage placed - between the cardinal teeth; muscular impressions one in each - valve.--_Obs._ The cardinal teeth resembling those of Spondylus, - distinguish this genus from others of the Lamarckian family Pectenides. - Very few species are yet known, they are brought from the East and West - Indies and the Philippine Islands. Fossil species are found in several - of the supra-cretaceous beds. Fig. 178, P. gibbosa. - - PNEUMOBRANCHIA. Lam. The second section of the order Gasteropoda, Lam. - containing the family Limacinea, fig. 256 to 263. - - PODOPSIS. Lam. This genus appears to have been described from specimens - of a species of Spondylus, with the triangular disc broken out, so as - to present a similarly shaped foramen, which was supposed to afford a - passage for a large byssus. - - POLINICES. Montf. A genus composed of NATICA Mammilla, and other - similar species, with mammillated spires, and the umbilicus filled with - enamel. Fig. 327. - - POLLIA. Gray. TRITONIDEA, Sw. The name given by Gray was pre-occupied - by a genus of Lepidopterous Insects. - - POLLICIPES. Leach. (_Pollex_, a thumb's breadth; _pes_, a foot.) - _Order._ Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Conical, compressed, - consisting of numerous valves, mostly in pairs, three or four pairs - forming the principal part of the shell, and surrounded at the base by - two or three rows of smaller valves, supported on a scaly, short - pedicle.--_Obs._ This description will be found to exclude Scalpellum, - and Smilium, the valves of which are more equal. The P. Mitellus, Auct. - (fig. 37*), has been separated as a genus under the name of Mitellus by - some authors, and it is certainly very different from P. polymerus, - fig. 37, and P. cornucopia. - - POLLONTES. Montf. MILIOLA, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - POLYBRANCHIATA. Bl. ([Greek: Polus], _polus_, many; _branchiæ_, gills.) - The fifth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. containing the - genera Arca, Pectunculus and Nucula, which have a series of small teeth - on the hinge. - - POLYDONTES. Montf. ([Greek: Polus], _polus_, many; [Greek: odos], - _odos_, tooth.) A species of Helix, shaped like CAROCOLLA, and having a - number of teeth in the aperture. - - POLYGONAL. Many-sided. - - POLYGONUM. Schum. ([Greek: Polus], _polus_, many; [Greek: gônia], - _gonia_, an angle.) A genus composed of species of TURBINELLA, Auct. - which have large continuous costæ, so as to present the appearance of - many-sided shells. T. polygonus, fig. 383. This generic name may be - used to include all those species of Turbinella, Auct. which have very - small folds on the columella. - - POLYGYRA. Say. A genus of Heliciform shells, characterized by the large - number of close set whorls, constituting the spire. _Ex._ P. - Septemvolvus, fig. 275, 276. - - POLYLEPAS. Bl. ([Greek: Polus], _polus_, many; [Greek: lepas], _lepas_, - rock.) SCALPELLUM, Auct. - - POLYMORPHINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - POLYPHEMUS. Montf. A genus composed of species of ACHATINA, Auct. which - have elongated apertures, short spires, and an undulation in the outer - lip. P. Glans, fig. 288. - - POLYPLAXIPHORA. Bl. The second class of the sub-type Malentozoa, Bl. - containing the genus Chiton. - - POLYSTOMELLA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - POLYTHALAMACEA. Bl. ([Greek: Polus], _polus_, many; [Greek: THalamos], - _thalamos_, chambers.) The third order of Cephalophora, Bl. the shells - of which are described as straight, more or less symmetrically - convolute, divided into several chambers. The septa are sometimes, but - not always, pierced by one or more siphons. This order is divided into - the families, Orthocerata, Lituacea, Cristacea, Ammonacea, Nautilacea, - Turbinacea, Turriculacea, all of which contain genera of chambered - shells. De Blainville arranges these families according to the degree - in which the spires revolve. The first being straight, as the - Orthocerata, and the last being so closely coiled up, that the last - whorl covers the rest, as in the Nautilacea. - - POLYTHALAMIA. Lam. The first division of the order Cephalopoda, Lam. - containing the following families of chambered shells, viz. - Orthocerata, Lituacea, Cristacea, Sphærulacea, Radiolata, Nautilacea, - Ammonacea. Fig. 463 to 484. - - POLYTROPA. Sw. A genus of "Scolyminæ," Sw. thus described: - "Bucciniform; but the base narrow, and ending in a straight and - contracted, but rather short, channel; spire longer, or as long as the - aperture; exterior folliculated, or tuberculated; inner lip flattened, - as in _Purpura_; basal notch small, oblique; no internal channel; - crispata. En. Méth. 419, f. 2. Chem. 187, f. 1802. Capilla, Pennant, - pl. 72, f. 89, imbricata. Mart. 122. f. 1124. ? rugosa. Chem. f. - 1473-4." Sw. p. 305. - - POLYXENES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - POMATIA. Gesner. (Gray, Syn. B. M. p. 133.) A genus of the family of - "Cyclostomidæ," described as having "an elongated shell with reflexed - lips, and a horny spiral operculum." Also a sub-genus of Snails, - containing HELIX pomatia, Auct. (Gray's Turton, p. 135.) - - PORNUS. Humph. AMPULLARIA, Lam. - - PORCELLANA. Adanson. MARGINELLA, Auct. - - PORODRAGUS. Montf. A genus composed of species of Belemnites, placed by - De Blainville in the section characterized as swelled near the apex, - and straightened towards the base. - - POSIDONIA. Brong. A genus formed on the cast of a bivalve shell, common - on schists from Dillemberg. - - POSTERIOR. (_After_, _behind_.) The posterior or hinder part of a - bivalve shell, is that in which the siphonal tube of the animal is - placed. It is known in the shell, by the direction of the curve in the - umbones, which is from the posterior towards the anterior; also by the - ligament, which is always placed on the posterior part of the hinge, - when it exists only on one side of the umbones; and by the sinus (when - there is one) in the palleal impression, which is always near the - posterior muscular impression. In some shells, however, it is very - difficult for a learner to trace these marks; such bivalves, for - instance, as have the ligament spread out on both sides of the umbones; - such as are nearly symmetrical, and have the umbones consequently - straight, and a single muscular impression near the centre of the - valve. The Brachiopodous bivalves have a different position, with - relation to the animal, from the other bivalves, so that the hinge line - is the posterior extremity, and the part where the valves open, is the - anterior. The posterior extremity of the aperture of a spiral univalve - shell, is that nearest to the spire. In patelliform shells the anterior - and posterior extremities are distinguished by the muscular impression, - which is annular, enclosing a central disc in the inner surface of the - shell, excepting where it is interrupted by the place where the head of - the animal lies, which of course is anterior. The posterior is marked - _p._ in fig. 119, and 387. See ANTERIOR. - - POSTERO-BASAL MARGIN of a bivalve shell is the posterior side of the - margin opposite the hinge. - - POSTERO-DORSAL MARGIN is the posterior side of the hinge. - - POTAMIS or POTAMIDES. Brong. A genus of fresh-water shells resembling - Cerithium in the characters of the aperture, but which may be known - from that genus by the thick, horny epidermis with which they are - coated. P. muricata, fig. 377. (Cerithium, Sow.) We think that these - shells should be placed near MELANIA. - - POTAMOMYA. A genus of shells resembling Corbula, in every respect - except that of being inhabitants of fresh-water. Fig. 498, 499, - represents one of these fresh-water Corbulæ. - - POTAMOPHILA. Sow. ([Greek: Potamis], _potamis_, river; [Greek: - philios], _philios_, choice.) "Conques fluviatiles," Lam.--_Descr._ - Thick, equivalve, inequilateral, trigonal, covered with a greenish - brown, smooth, horny epidermis; hinge thickened, broad, with one - central, notched cardinal tooth in one valve, and two in the other, - with indistinct lateral teeth; ligament large, supported on prominent - fulcra; muscular impressions two in each valve, sub-orbicular.--_Obs._ - The name given to this shell refers to its place of abode, being found - in rivers. It is the Venus sub-viridis of some authors, although being - a fresh-water shell, and having an incrassated hinge, and a smooth, - thick epidermis, it is most distinct from that genus. It is described - by Bowdich under the name Megadesma, on account of its large ligament, - and by Lamarck under that of Galathæa, a name previously used by him - for a genus of Crustacea. P. radiata, fig. 115. Megadesma appears to be - the preferable name, since it has the right of priority over - Potamophila. It is found in Africa. - - PRIAMUS. A genus composed of ACHATINA Priamus, Lam. BUCCINUM - Stercus--Pulicum, Chemn. Conch. 9. t. 120. f. 1026-7. This shell is - ascertained to belong to a marine mollusc, having a horny operculum, - and therefore is justly considered to form a distinct genus, allied to - the Buccina and Struthiolariæ. Fig. 545. - - PRISODON. Schum. HYRIA, &c. Auct. Fig. 144. - - PRODUCED. (_Productus_, prominent.) A term applied to the spire of - univalve shells, or to any other prominent portion. - - PRODUCTA. Sow. (_Productus_, produced.) _Fam._ Brachiopoda, - Lam.--_Descr._ Equilateral, inequivalve, thick, striated; one valve - generally convex, with the margin inflected, produced; the other valve - flat, or slightly convex, with the margin reflected; hinge rectilinear, - transverse.--_Obs._ The peculiarity of this genus, from which it - derives its name, is the manner in which the anterior margins of the - valves are drawn out and overwrap each other. The genus is only known - in a fossil state. Species occur in Mountain Limestone, and Transition - Limestone of older date. P. depressa, fig. 206. - - PROSERPINA. Gray? Fig. 274, represents a small shell belonging to the - Helix tribe, to which it is believed, Mr. Gray has applied the name - Proserpina nitida. We do not know how the genus is defined. - - PROTO. Defr. A fossil shell resembling TURRITELLA, but having a spiral - band reaching to the centre of each valve. P. terebralis, Bl. - - PSAMMOBIA. Lam. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Transverse, oblong, - slightly gaping at both ends; hinge with two cardinal teeth in one - valve, one in the other; ligament supported upon a prominent fulcrum; - muscular impressions two in each valve, sub-orbicular, distant; palleal - impression with a large sinus; epidermis thin.--_Obs._ The genus thus - described includes PSAMMOTÆA of Lamarck, which, according to him, only - differs in the number of teeth, and which he says are but "Psammobies - dégenerées." The difference appears to be accidental. This genus - differs from Tellina in not having a posterior fold in the margin. Fig. - 100. The species are found in temperate and tropical climates. - - PSAMMOCOLA. Bl. ([Greek: psammos], _psammos_, sand; _cola_, an - inhabitant.) A name given by De Blainville to shells of the genus - PSAMMOBIA, including PSAMMOTÆA of Lamarck. - - PSAMMOTÆA. See Lam. PSAMMOBIA. - - PSEUDOLIVA. Sw. A genus of "Eburninæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell - thick, oval, oliviform, ventricose; spire very short, acute; base with - two parallel grooves, one of which forms a notch at the base of the - outer lip; suture slightly channelled; inner lip very thick, and - turning inwards; aperture with an internal canal. Connects the - TURBINELLIDÆ with the VOLUTIDÆ. P. plumbea, Chem. 188. f. 1806, 1807." - Sw. p. 306. - - PSILOSTOMATA. Bl. The third family of Aporobranchiata, Bl. containing - no genera of shells. - - PTEROCERAS. Auct. ([Greek: Pteron], _pteron_, a wing; [Greek: keras], - _ceras_, horn.) _Fam._ Ailées, Lam.--_Descr._ Turrited, oval, - ventricose, thick, tuberculated; spire short; aperture oval, - terminating in a lengthened canal at both extremities; outer lip - thickened, expanded, produced into horn-shaped, hollow, thickened - spires, with an anterior sinus apart from the canal.--_Obs._ This - genus, containing the shells commonly called Devil's Claws, Gouty - Scorpions, Spiders, &c. is distinguished from Strombus by the - digitations of the outer lip. No fossil species are known. Fig. 405, P. - aurantiaca. - - PTEROCYCLOS. Benson. Syn. B. M. p. 133. A genus formed of species of - Cyclostoma, Auct. which have "a groove or hole at the hinder part of - the mouth." - - PTEROPODA. Lam. ([Greek: Pteron], _pteron_, a wing; [Greek: pous], - _pous_, a foot.) The first order of the class Mollusca, Lam. consisting - of molluscs whose organs of locomotion consist of a pair of wing-shaped - fins. This order contains the genera Hyalæa, Clio, Cleodora, - Spiratella, Cymbulia, and Pneumoderma. To which may be added other - genera enumerated in explanation of figures 220 to 226. They may be - thus distinguished. - - 1. ATLANTA. Shaped like Nautilus, symmetrical. Fig. 220. - - 2. SPIRATELLA. Spiral, not symmetrical. Fig. 224. - - 3. CRESEIS. Straight, thorn-shaped. Fig. 222. - - 4. VAGINULA. Straight, widened in the centre; apex pointed. Fig. - 225. - - 5. CUVIERIA. The same; apex blunt. Fig. 223. - - 6. CLEODORA. Aperture with three spines; apex recurved. Fig. 221. - - 7. HYALÆA. Vaulted, open extremity, three-cornered; apex - tridentate. Fig. 226. - - PTEROPODA. Bl. The second family of Nucleobranchiata, Bl. the shells of - which are described as symmetrical, extremely thin, transparent, - longitudinally enrolled, either forwards or backwards. The animals are - remarkable for a pair of broad, flat, natatory organs or membranaceous - fins, from which the family derives its name. It contains, in the - system of De Blainville, the genera Atlanta, Spiratella, and Argonauta, - to which may probably be added PHARETRIUM, König; ENTALIS, Defrance. - - PULLASTRA. Sow. _Fam._ Conques Marines, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, ovate - or oblong, transverse, inequilateral; hinge with three diverging - cardinal teeth in each valve, notched at the terminations; muscular - impressions two in each valve; palleal impression having a large sinus; - ligament external, partly hidden by the dorsal margin.--_Obs._ This - genus includes the Venerirupes of Lamarck, and several species of his - Veneres, they are found in the sand on the shores of temperate and - tropical climates. Fig. 120, P. textile. - - PULMONOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of the first section of - Paracephalophora monoica, containing the families Limnacea, - Auriculacea, and Limacinea. - - PULVINITES. Defr. (_Pulvinus_, a cushion.) _Fam._ Malleacea, - Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-equivalve, inequilateral, compressed, thin, slightly - gaping posteriorly; one valve flat, the other rather concave; hinge - linear, short, divided into perpendicular grooves; muscular impressions - two, one sub-central, the other above it, nearer the hinge.--_Obs._ - This fossil shell is imperfectly known, and it is difficult to give a - sufficient reason for separating it from Perna. It comes from the - Baculite limestone of Normandy. Fig. 170, P. Adansonii. - - PUNCTATED. (_Punctatus_, spotted or dotted.) For example, see Conus - Nussatella. Fig. 460. - - PUNCTICULIS. Sw. A sub-genus of "Coronaxis," Sw. (Conus) described in - Swainson's Malacology, page 311. - - PUNCTURELLA. Lowe. CEMORIA, Leach. - - PUPA. Auct. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.; Limacinea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Cylindrical, generally ribbed; spire long, obtuse, composed of numerous - slowly increasing whorls; aperture sub-quadrate, rounded anteriorly, - entire; outer lip thickened; columella plaited.--_Obs._ This genus is - composed of land shells very variable in form, differing from Bulinus - in the numerous slowly increasing whorls of the spire, and in the plicæ - on the columella, and from Clausilia in the want of a clausium. - Britain, Southern Europe, East and West Indies, Mexico, &c. P. Uva. - Fig. 291. - - PUPELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Clausilia. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 334. - - PUPILLA. Leach. A sub-genus of Pupa, P. marginata, Auct. (Gray's - Turton, p. 196.) - - PUPINA. Vignard. MOULINSIA, Grateloup. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Pupiform, sub-cylindrical; last whorl less than the preceding; surface - brilliantly polished; suture of the spire enamelled; aperture circular; - peritreme thickened; a notch at the base of the inner lip; operculum - horny, spiral.--_Obs._ The species upon which this genus was originally - founded, and described in the "Annal des Sciences Naturelles," tome 18, - p. 439, (December 1829,) is a small pupiform shell, having nothing to - distinguish it but the enamelled suture and the notch in the aperture; - characters quite insufficient in themselves for the purpose of generic - distinction; at the same time sufficient to lead M. De Ferussac to the - suspicion of its having an operculum. The next species, described by - Grateloup under the name of Moulinsia Nunezii, (Ann. Soc. Linn. Burd, - Nov. 1840), presents more remarkable characters, having the spire - turned backwards and the penultimate whorl disproportionately large. - Seven additional species have been lately brought to this country from - the Philippine Islands by Mr. Cuming. They will be described by the - author in the Zoological Proceedings for 1841, and an illustrated - monograph of the whole genus is published in the Thesaurus - Conchyliorum, Part I, by the Author. It may be observed that in one of - the new species, the notch in the peritreme almost disappears, leaving - a very slight sinus. Fig. 524, 526, 527, 528. - - PURPURA. Auct. ("_The shell-fish from which purple is taken_," Plin.) - _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval or oblong, - thick; spire for the most part short, sometimes rather longer; external - surface generally sulcated, granulated, tuberculated or muricated; - aperture long, oval, somewhat dilated, emarginated anteriorly; outer - lip crenated, acute; columella flattened; operculum horny, with the - nucleus lateral, thin towards the columella.--_Obs._ True Purpuræ to be - found in the Lamarckian genera Buccinum, Ricinula, and others. They may - be generally distinguished by the flatness of the columellar lip, and - by the short canal or emargination, which is not reflected or raised, - as in Buccinum. The species are very numerous and very variable in - form, inhabiting the seas of temperate and tropical climates. The - animals secrete a purple liquor, which has been used advantageously for - dyeing; the origin of the famous Tyrian dye. Fig. 414, P. persica. - - PURPURIFERA. Lam. (_Purpura_, purple; _fero_, to carry.) A family - belonging to the second section of Lamarck's order Trachelipoda, the - shells of which are described as having a very short recurved, or - ascending canal, or else only a notch between the inner and outer lips. - The name Purpurifera has been given to the family because the animals - which it includes, and particularly the genus Purpura, contain the - colouring matter from which the ancients obtained the well known - splendid purple. This family contains the following genera. - - 1. CASSIS. Outer lip thick, reflected, denticulated, canal turned - suddenly over the back; spire short; including _Cassidea_ and - _Cypræcassis_. Fig. 410 to 412. - - 2. CASSIDARIA. Canal turned gently upwards. Fig. 407, 408. - - 3. ONISCIA. Inner lip granulated; canal short. Fig. 409. - - 4. BUCCINUM. Outer lip thickened not reflected; canal short; - including _Cyllene_ and _Phos._ Fig. 416, 421, 422, 425. - - 5. NASSA. The same, with a notch or tooth at the extremity of the - columella; including _Cyclops_. Fig. 423, 424. - - 6. DOLIUM. Swelled, grooved spirally; outer lip not reflected. Fig. - 420. - - 7. PURPURA. Aperture large; columellar lip flat; including - Tritonidea. Fig. 414, 415. - - 8. MONOCEROS. The same, with a tooth on the outer lip. Fig. 417. - - 9. CONCHOLEPAS. Patelliform; aperture as large as the shell. Fig. - 417. - - 10. RICINULA. Columellar and outer lips granulated, denticulated, - outer lip digitated; including _Tribulus_. Fig. 413. - - 11. TRICHOTROPIS. Hairs on the epidermis, along the keels. Fig. - 429. - - 12. TEREBRA. Elongated, with a spiral groove near the suture of the - whorls. Fig. 428. - - 13. BULLIA. Short; aperture wide; outer lip marginated. Fig. 427. - - 14. EBURNA. Like Buccinum, but the outer lip not thickened. Fig. - 426. - - 15. HARPA. With varices at regular intervals. Fig. 419. - - PUSIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Tiara (Mitra.) (Sw. Malac. p. 320.) - - PUSIODON. Sw. A genus of "Lucerninæ," Sw. (Helix) thus described: - "Shell flattened, smooth; the body-whorl large, and much dilated at the - aperture; spire small, flat, of three or four contracted whorls; - aperture very oblique, sinuated, or obsoletely toothed at the base of - the outer lip, which is spreading and sub-reflected; inner lip - obsolete; umbilicus open. Zonaria Chemn. 132. f. 1188. auriculata Zool. - Ill. I. pl. 6." Sw. Malac. p. 330. - - PUSIOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Columbellinæ." Sw. Thus - described: "general form of Columbella, but the outer lip is only - toothed in the middle, where it is greatly thickened; inner lip convex - between the granular teeth; punctata, E. M. 374. f. 4. mendicaria, 375. - f. 10. turturina, 314. f. 2. fulgurans. Lam." Sw. Malac. p. 313. - - PUSTULARIA. Sw. A genus of "Cypræinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell - generally marked by elevated pustules; aperture narrow and linear; the - extremities more or less produced; the teeth continued beyond, and - frequently forming elevated striæ across the lips. P. Cicercula, P. - Globulus." Sw. Malac. p. 324. - - PYGMÆA. Humph. COLUMBELLA, Auct. - - PYLORIDEA. Bl. The ninth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. the - shells of which are described as nearly always regular, rarely - otherwise, nearly always equivalve, gaping at both extremities; hinge - incomplete, the teeth becoming gradually obsolete; two distinct - muscular impressions; palleal impression very flexuous posteriorly. - This family is divided into: Section 1. Ligament internal; Pandora, - Thracia, Anatina, Mya, Lutricola. Section 2. Ligament external; - Psammocola, Soletellina, Solen, Sanguinolaria, Solenocurtus, Solenimya, - Panopæa, Glycimeris, Saxicava, Byssomya, Rhomboides, Hiatella, - Gastrochæna, Clavagella, Aspergillum. - - PYRAMIDAL. (_Pyramidalis._) Resembling a pyramid in form. _Ex._ - Cerithium Telescopium, fig. 378. - - PYRAMIDELLA. Lam. (_A little pyramid._) _Fam._ Plicacea, Lam. - AURICULACEA, Bl.--_Descr._ Pyramidal, smooth, polished; spire long, - pointed, composed of numerous whorls; aperture small, modified by the - last whorl, rounded anteriorly; outer lip slightly expanded; columella - tortuous, with several folds. This is a genus of small, polished, - marine shells. Pyramidella Terebellum, fig. 342. - - PYRAZUS. Montf. POTAMIS, Brongniart. - - PYRELLA. Sw. A genus consisting of Turbinella Spirilla, Auct. and - similar species, having a long channel, a pyriform outline, and one - strong plait at the base of the columella, the apex of the spire is - enlarged. P. Spirillus, fig. 384. (The proper term would be Spirilla.) - - PYRIFORM. (_Pyrum_, a pear; _forma_, shape.) Shaped like a pear, i. e. - large and rounding at one end, and gradually tapering at the other. - _Ex._ Pyrula, fig. 390. - - PYRGO. Defr. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - PYRGOMA. Auct. ([Greek: Purgos], _pyrgus_, a tower.) _Order_, Sessile - Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Composed of a single conical, hollow paries, - with a small aperture closed by an operculum of four valves, and - supported upon a cup-shaped base.--_Obs._ The genera into which Leach - has divided this genus are Pyrgoma, Adna, and Megatrema; his genera - Nobia and Savignium differ in having but two valves for the operculum. - Pyrgoma differs from Creusia in having the body of the shell, i. e. the - parietal cone, simple, not divided into valves. Fig. 31. - - PYRGOPOLON. De Montfort's figure of this genus appears as if it had - been drawn from the nucleus of a Belemnite. - - PYRULA. Auct. (_A little pear._) _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. - Siphonostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, oblong, pyriform, ventricose - towards the spire, gradually tapering towards the anterior of the - aperture, spire short, consisting of few volutions; aperture wide, - terminating in a long, narrow, open, canal; columella smooth, elegantly - tortuous.--_Obs._ The above description includes all the true Fig - shells, which present a most graceful form; the contour partaking of - the peculiar curve, called by painters the line of beauty. P. Ficus, - fig. 390. - - PYRUM. Humph. PYRULA, Lam. - - QUADRATE. (_Quadratus._) Square, applied when the outline of shells is - formed by nearly straight lines meeting at right angles. - - QUADRILATERAL. Four-sided. - - QUINQUELOCULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - RADIATING. (_Radians._) A term applied to the ribs, striæ, bands of - colours, &c. when they meet in a point at the umbones of a bivalve - shell, and spread out towards the ventral margin.--_Ex._ The bands of - colour in Tellina radiata, fig. 105. - - RADICATED. (_Radix_, a root.) Attached, and as it were rooted by means - of a fibrous byssus. - - RADIOLATA. Lam. A family belonging to the order Cephalopoda, Lam. The - shells belonging to it are described as discoidal, with the spire - central, and the chambers radiating from the centre to the - circumference. This family contains the genera Rotalina, Lenticulina, - and Placentula. - - RADIOLITES. A genus belonging to the family of Rudistes, differing from - Sphærulites, in having both the valves more conical. - - RADIUS. Montf. A genus composed of OVULUM Volva, Auct. and other - similar species, having a long attenuated canal at each extremity. Fig. - 442. - - RADIX. Montf. A genus composed of species of LIMNÆA, having a short - spire and wide aperture.--_Ex._ L. aperta, fig. 309. - - RAMIFIED. (_Ramus_, a branch.) Branched out.--_Ex._ The varices of some - Murices, &c. - - RAMPHIDOMA. Schum. POLLICIPES, Leach. - - RAMOSE. (_Ramosus_, branched.) Spread out into branches. _Ex._ Murex - inflatus, fig. 395. - - RANELLA. Auct. (_Rana_, a frog.) _Fam_. Canalifera, _Lam._ - Siphonostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval or oblong, depressed, thick, with - two rows of continuous varices, skirting the outline, one on each side; - spire rather short, pyramidal, acute, aperture oval, terminating in a - canal at each extremity; outer lip thickened within, crenulated, or - denticulated, forming an external varix; inner lip spread over a - portion of the body whorl.--_Obs._ The shells composing this - well-defined genus, are for the most part covered with tuberculations, - and granulations, and from the colour and squat shape of some species, - have been likened to frogs. The Ranellæ are mostly inhabitants of the - East Indian seas. The few fossil species known, occur in the tertiary - beds. The two continuous rows of varices skirting the spire, - distinguish this genus from Triton, which it nearly approaches, and - into which some species run by imperceptible gradations. Fig. 393, 394. - Many new species were brought to this country by Mr. Cuming, and are - represented in parts 84, 85, 88, 89, 92, 93, of the author's - Conchological Illustrations. - - RANGIA. Desmoulins. GNATHODON, Gray. - - RAPANUS. Schum.? A genus consisting of species of PYRULA, Auct. which - are thin, much inflated, with short canals. Fig. 389, P. papyracea. - - RAPELLA. Sw. A genus of "Pyrulinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell - ventricose, generally thin, almost globose; the base suddenly - contracted, and forming a short canal, the channel almost obsolete; - umbilicus large, partly concealed by the inner lip. R. papyracea. En. - Méth. 436, f. 1." Sw. p. 307. RAPANUS, Schum. Fig. 389. - - RAPHANISTER. Montf. A species of madrepore, described as a shell. - - RAPUM. Humph. TURBINELLA, Lam. - - RAZOR SHELL. A common name by which shells of the genus Solen, are - known in the market. - - RECTILINEAR. (_Rectus_, right; _linea_, a line.) In a straight line. - _Ex._ The hinge of Byssoarca Noæ, fig. 132. - - RECURVED. (_Re_, back; _curvo_, to bend.) Turned backwards; the term, - when applied to symmetrical conical univalves, is used to signify that - the apex is turned towards the posterior margin, as in Emarginula, fig. - 241. - - REFLECTED. (_Reflected_, to fold back.) Turned, or folded backwards. - _Ex._ The edge of the outer lip in Bulinus, fig. 282, is _reflected_, - while that of Cypræa, fig. 445 to 450, is _inflected_. - - REMOTE. (_Remotus_, distant.) Remote lateral teeth in a bivalve shell, - are those that are placed at a distance from the cardinal teeth. _Ex._ - The lateral teeth of Aphrodita, (fig. 123.) are remote; those of Donax, - (fig. 108) are near. - - RENIELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Malleus. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 886. - Gray states it to be only a distorted specimen of Vulsella, Syn. B. M. - p. 145. - - RENIFORM. (_Ren_, a kidney; _forma_, shape.) Shaped like a kidney. - _Ex._ The aperture of Ampullaria, fig. 318. - - RENULINA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - REOPHAX. Montf. A genus of microscopic Orthocerata, Bl. - - REPENT. (_Repens_, creeping.) A term applied to those shells, which, - being attached by the whole length of their shell, give the idea of - creeping or crawling. _Ex._ Vermilia, fig. 7. - - RETICULATED. (_Reticulatus._) Resembling net-work. - - RETIFERA. Bl. The first family of the order Cervicobranchiata, Bl. - containing the genus Patella. - - REVERSED or SINISTRAL SHELLS, are those in which the aperture is on the - left side of the shell, while it is held with the mouth downwards, and - towards the observer. _Ex._ Balea, fig. 296. Attached bivalves are said - to be reversed, when the left valve is free, instead of the right; a - circumstance which sometimes occurs in Chama and Ostrea. - - RHEDA. Humph. HYALÆA, Lam. - - RHINOCLAVIS. Sw. A genus of "Cerithinæ," Sw. thus described: "channel - curved backwards, in an erect position; inner lip very thick, with a - tumid margin; pillar generally with a central plait; operculum - ear-shaped; lineatum. En. M. 443, fig. 3, Vertagus. Ib. f. 2, - subulatum. Lam. No. 23, fasciatum. Mart. 157, f. 1481. obeliscus, En. - Méth. 443, f. 4; aluco, Ib. f. 5, (Aberrant,) semi-granosum. Ib. 443, - f. 1, asperum. Mart. 157, f. 1483." - - RHINOCURUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - RHINODOMUS. Sw. A genus of "Scolyminæ," Sw. thus described: No internal - groove; shell clavate; the spire longer than, or equal with the - aperture; the whorls with ridges or longitudinal varices, and rendered - hispid by transverse grooves; inner lip wanting; pillar with a terminal - fold; aperture striated; outer lip with a basal sinus. R. senticosus, - Chem. tab. 193. f. 1864-1866. - - RHIZORUS. Montf. A genus described from a microscopic shell, appearing - to be a cylindrical Bulla. - - RHODOSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Turbininæ," Sw. p. 344. - - RHOMBOIDAL. ([Greek: rhomboeidos], _rhomboeidus_.) Having a rhombic - form, i. e. four-sided; two sides meeting at acute, two at obtuse, - angles. Conchologists are not very strict in the application of this - term, for, indeed, a perfect rhomboidal figure could not be found among - all the testaceous productions of the sea. - - RHOMBOIDES. Bl. A genus described as resembling Byssomya in the shell, - but differing in the animal. MYTILUS rugosus, Gmelin. HYPOGÆA barbata, - Poli. - - RHOMBUS. Montf. ([Greek: rhombos], _rhombos_, a rhomb.) A genus - consisting of species of CONUS, having a rhomboidal or quadrilateral - form and a coronated spire. _Ex._ Conus nocturnus, fig. 459. - - RICINULA. Lam. (Resembling the seed-vessel of the _Ricinus_.) _Fam._ - Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Sub-ovate, thick, - tuberculated; spire short; aperture narrow, terminating anteriorly in a - short canal; outer-lip thickened, denticulated within, digitated - without; columellar lip spread over a portion of the body whorl, and - granulated.--_Obs._ This interesting genus is composed of some neat - little shells allied to Purpura, from which they are distinguished by - the finger-like branching of the outer lip, and the granulations of the - columella. Fig. 413, R. Horrida. - - RIGHT. See DEXTRAL. - - RIMULA. Defr. A genus consisting of a minute species of EMARGINULA, - Auct. which has a fissure near the margin, but not reaching it. R. - Blainvillii, fig. 243. - - RIMULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - RINGICULA. Deshayes. A genus founded on Auricula ringens of Lamarck and - several small fossils, resembling in some respects Pedipes of Adanson; - they would belong to Tornatella, were it not for the lips being - thickened and marginated, fig. 540, A. ringens. - - RISSOA. Freminville. _Fam._ Ellipsostomata, Bl. Melaniana, - Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong, turrited, acuminated; spire long, consisting of - numerous whorls; aperture round or oval, pointed posteriorly, dilated - anteriorly; outer lip slightly thickened, emarginated, operculum - horny.--_Obs._ The Rissoæ are small white, marine shells, considered by - some authors as resembling Melaniæ, but placed by Sowerby near the - Scalariæ. They are principally from the shores of the Mediterranean, - and are also very abundant on the British shores, as well as the East - and West Indian. Fig. 346, R. reticulata. - - ROBULUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - ROLLUS. Montf. A genus composed of CONUS Geographus, Auct. fig. 462, - and other species, rather cylindrical in form, and having a coronated - spire. - - ROSALINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - ROSTELLARIA. (From _rostrum_, a beak.) _Fam._ Alatæ, Lam. - Siphonostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Turrited, fusiform, thick, smooth or - ribbed; aperture oval, terminating anteriorly in a long canal, - posteriorly in a channel running up the spire; outer lip dilated, - thickened, sometimes digitated, running up all or part of the spire, - with a sinus near the anterior canal; inner lip smooth, spread over - part of the body whorl and of the spire. The Red Sea and the Indian - Ocean produce the few known species of this genus.--_Obs._ HIPPOCHRENES - is the name given by De Montfort, to those fossil species which have - the outer lip simple and very much dilated. R. curvirostrum, fig. 412. - APORRHAIS is a name given to another proposed genus, composed of - Rostellaria pes-pelecani, Auct. fig. 404. and similar species. - - ROSTRATED. (From _rostrum_, a beak.) Having one or more protruding - points, as Tellina rostrata. - - ROTALIA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. The same as - Rotalites of De Montfort. - - ROTELLA. Lam. (_A little wheel._) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Orbicular, generally smooth, shining; spire conical, depressed, short; - aperture subtrigonal; outer lip thin, angulated near the centre; inner - lip spread over the surface of the whorls, forming a thickened disc. - Operculum horny, orbicular, spiral, with numerous whorls.--_Obs._ The - pretty little shells thus described are found in seas of tropical - climates. They are distinguished from other genera of the family by - their lenticular form and the orbicular callosity of the under surface. - Fig. 357, R. vestiaria. - - RUDISTES. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera Monomyaria, Lam. the - shells of which are described as irregular, very inequivalve, without - distinct umbones; the ligament, hinge and animal entirely unknown. The - shells contained in this family may be thus distinguished. - - 1. CALCEOLA. Large valve conical; attached by a flat space between - the umbones, which form the extremities of the shell. Fig. 194. - - 2. HIPPURITES. Large valve cylindrical, with two internal lobes or - varices. Fig. 198. - - 3. SPHÆRULITES. Large valve attached, including _Radiolites_. - Birostrites is proved to be the cast of a Sphærulites. Fig. 193, - 196. - - 4. HIPPONYX. Flat valve attached, upper valve conical. Fig. 199, - 200. - - RUDISTES. Bl. The second order of the class Acephalophora, Bl. - containing the genera Sphærulites, Crania, Hippurites, Radiolites, - Birostrites and Calceola. - - RUDOLPHUS. Lam. MONOCEROS, Auct. - - RUFOUS. Reddish brown. - - RUGOSE. Rough, rugged. - - RUPELLARIA. Fl. de Belvue. An unfigured shell placed by De Blainville - in a division of the genus Venerirupis. - - RUPICOLA. Fl. de Belvue. A shell described by De Blainville as an - equivalve, terebrating species of ANATINA. A. rupicola, Lam. - - SABINEA. A genus of shells resembling small species of LITTORINA, as L. - Ulvæ, &c. of our shores. - - SADDLE OYSTER. PLACUNA Sella, so called on account of a resemblance in - shape to a saddle; the part near the umbones being flat, and the - ventral margins being turned up in a sort of fluting or peak. - - SAGITTA. (_An arrow._) An ancient name for Belemnites. - - SALIENT. (_Saliens._) Jutting out, prominent. - - SALPACEA. Bl. The second family of the order Heterobranchiata, Bl. - containing no genera of shells. - - SANDALINA. Schum. CREPIDULINA, Lam. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - SANGUINOLARIA. Lam. (_Sanguis_, blood.) _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam. - Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, - sub-ovate, rounded anteriorly, sub-rostrate posteriorly, compressed, - thin, covered with a shining epidermis, gaping at the sides; hinge with - two cardinal teeth in each valve, and an external ligament supported - upon a prominent fulcrum; muscular impressions two in each valve, - lateral, irregular, palleal impressions with a large sinus.--_Obs._ - This description is made to exclude some of Lamarck's species of - Sanguinolaria, such as S. occidens, S. rugosa, which are Psammobiæ; and - to include others which he has left out. The Sanguinolariæ are - sub-rostrated posteriorly, while the Psammobiæ are sub-quadrate and - have a posterior angle. Fig. 98, S. rosea. Sandy shores of tropical - climates. - - SARACENARIA. Defr. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - SAVIGNIUM. Leach. A genus of Sessile Cirripedes, described as composed - of four valves soldered together, and a convex bivalve operculum; the - ventral and posterior valve on each side being soldered together, in - other respects resembling PYRGOMA. Fig. 30. - - SAXICAVA. Fl. de Belvue. Journ. de Ph. an. 10. (_Saxum_, a stone; - _cava_, a hollow.) _Fam._ Lithophagidæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Transverse, irregular, generally oblong, inequilateral, sub-equivalve, - gaping anteriorly; ligament external; muscular impressions two, - lateral; palleal impression interrupted, not sinuated; hinge, when - young with sometimes two or three minute, obtuse, generally indistinct, - cardinal teeth; which become obsolete when full grown.--_Obs._ Several - genera have been founded only upon the difference between the young and - old shell of the same species of this genus. The Saxicavæ are found in - the little hollows of rocks; in cavities on the backs of oysters, of - roots of sea-weeds, &c. in northern and temperate climates. S. rugosa, - fig. 94. - - SCABRICULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, consisting of species which have - a roughened external surface, &c. Sw. Malac. p. 319. - - SCABROUS. Rough. - - SCALA. Klein. SCALARIA, Auct. - - SCALARIA. Auct. _Fam._ Scalariana, Lam. Cricostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ - Turrited, oval or oblong; spire long, composed of rounded, sometimes - separate whorls, surrounded by regular concentric ribs; aperture oval, - peristome reflected continuous, entire.--_Obs._ The typical species of - this genus, commonly called the Wentletrap, (S. pretiosa) is celebrated - for the beautiful appearance caused by the numerous ribs encircling the - whorls, and formerly produced an immense price in the market. It is - brought from China. There are many smaller species, some of which are - equally elegant. Fig. 351, S. Pallasii, Kiener. - - SCALARIANA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of the order - Trachelipoda, Lam. The shells belonging to it are described as having - the inner and outer lips continuous, without a canal, emargination, or - other division. In this respect the family is stated to differ from the - Turbinacea, and is therefore separated. The genera may be distinguished - as follows:-- - - 1. VERMETUS. Irregularly twisted, like Serpula. Fig. 345. - - 2. EULIMA. Pyramidal; apex contorted; including _Bonellia_. Fig. - 347, 348. - - 3. RISSOA. Pyramidal, straight, consisting of few whorls. Fig. 346. - - 4. SCALARIA. With external varices. Fig. 351. - - 5. CIRRUS. Trochiform. Fig. 349. - - 6. ENOMPHALUS. Orbicular. Fig. 350. - - 7. DELPHINULA. Few whorls, rapidly increasing. Fig. 352. - - SCALLOP. The common name for shells of the genus Pecten, the larger - species of which were worn by pilgrims to the Holy Land in the time of - the Crusades. - - SCALPELLUM. Leach. (A little knife or lancet.) _Order_, Pedunculated - Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Flat, quadrated, acuminated, composed of - thirteen valves, one dorsal, arcuated; one pair apicial, acuminated; - one pair ventral; two pair lateral, small, sub-quadrate; pedicle - scaly.--_Obs._ This genus and _Smilium_, are the only Pedunculated - Cirripedes which have thirteen valves; in the latter genus, which we - think should at any rate be united to this, the valves are somewhat - differently placed, and the pedicle is said to be smooth. Fig. 35, - Scalpellum vulgare. British. - - SCAPHA. Klein. (_A boat._) NAVICELLA, Auct. - - SCAPHANDER. Montf. BULLA lignaria, Auct. Fig. 251. - - SCAPHELLA. Sw. A genus of the family "Volutinæ," Sw. thus described: - "Shell smooth, almost polished; outer lip thickened internally; suture - enamelled; lower plaits the smallest; apex of the spire various: 1. - fusiformis. Sw. Bligh. Cat. 2. undulatus. _Ex._ Conch. pl. 27. 3. - Junonia, _Ex._ Conch. pl. 33. 4. stromboides. 5. papillosa. Sw. Sow. - gen." Sw. Malac. p. 318. - - SCAPHITES. (_A boat._) _Fam._ Ammonacea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ - Convolute, chambered, closely related to the Ammonites, from which it - differs in the last whorl being eccentrically straightened, and - lengthened, and again incurved towards the extremity. Only known in a - fossil state. Fig. 481, S. æqualis. - - SCAPHULA. Sw. A genus of "OLIVINÆ," Sw. thus described: "Spire very - short, thick, obtuse, and not defined; aperture very wide, with only - two or three oblique plaits at the base. Sw. patula, _Sow._ Tank. Cat. - 2331. (_b._)" (Sw. p. 322.) - - SCARABUS. Montf. (_Scarabæus_, a kind of beetle.) _Fam._ Colimacea, - Lam. Auriculacea, Fer.--_Descr._ Oval, somewhat compressed, smooth, - with slightly raised varices; spire equal in length to the aperture, - pointed, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture ovate, rounded - anteriorly, pointed posteriorly, modified by the last whorl; outer lip - sub-reflected, with several prominent folds on the inner edge; inner - lip spread over a portion of the body whorls, with several prominent - folds.--_Obs._ The shells of this genus are found like Auriculæ, in - marshy places. C. imbrium is said to have been found on the tops of - mountains, by Captain Freycinet. Fig. 299*, S. imbrium. - - SCHIZODESMA. Gray. A genus composed of species of MACTRA, Auct. with - the ligament placed in an external slit. Fig. 8, M. Spengleri. - - SCISSURELLA. D'Orbigny. (_Scissus_, cut.) _Fam._ Turbinacea, - Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-globose, umbilicated, with a spiral groove - terminating at the margin of the outer lip in a slit; spire short; - aperture oval, modified by the last whorl; outer lip sharp, with a deep - slit near the spire. Recent on the coasts of Britain; fossil in the - Calcaire-grossièr.--_Obs._ This genus, consisting of small shells, is - known from Pleurotomaria by the shortness of the spire; the latter - genus being trochiform. Fig. 340, S. elatior. - - SCOLYMUS. Sw. A genus of the family "Scolyminæ." Sw. (Turbinella) thus - described: "Sub-fusiform, armed with foliated spines; spire shorter; - pillar with distinct plaits in the middle." The species enumerated are, - "cornigerus, pugillaris, Globulus, Rhinoceros, ceramicus, Capitellum, - umbilicaris, mitis." Sw. Malac. p. 304. - - SCORTIMUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - SCROBICULARIA. Schum. Species of LUTRARIA, Act. of a rounded shape. - LIGULA, Leach. - - SCROBICULATED. (_Scrobiculus_, a little ditch or furrow.) Having small - ditches or furrows marked on the surface. - - SCUTELLA. Brod. (_Scutellum_, a little shield.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana, - Lam.--_Descr._ Shaped like Ancylus, pearly within; apex posteriorly - inclined, central, involute; muscular impressions two, oblong, ovate, - lateral; aperture large, ovate.--_Obs._ This genus is intermediate - between Ancylus and Patella; while in the aspect of the beak, the - observer is reminded of Navicella. - - SCUTIBRANCHIATA. Bl. (_Scutum_, a shield; _branchiæ_, gills.) The third - order of Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita, Bl. containing animals with - patelliform, but not symmetrical shells, and divided into the families - Otidea and Calyptracea. - - SCUTUM. Montf. (_A shield._) PARMOPHORUS ELONGATUS, Lam. - - SECURIFORM. (_Securis_, an axe; _forma_, shape.) Hatchet-shaped. _Ex._ - Pedum, fig. 179. - - SEDENTARY ANNELIDES. Lam. The third order of the class Annelides, Lam. - distinguished from the two other orders by the circumstance of the - animal being enveloped by a shelly tube which it never entirely leaves. - The order is divided into the families Dorsalia, Maldania, Serpulacea, - and Amphitrites. Fig. 1 to 13. - - SEA DATE. The common name for PHOLAS Dactylus in the market, given to - it on account of its cylindrical shape. Fig. 35. - - SEGMENTINA. Flem. NAUTILUS Lacustris, Montagu. Test. Brit. Planorbis - nitidus, Drap. tab. 2. Fig. 17 to 19. - - SEMICORDATE. Half heart-shaped. - - SEMIDISCOIDAL. Forming the half of a circular disc. - - SEMILUNAR. Half moon-shaped. - - SENECTUS. Humph. A genus of "Senectinæ," thus described by Swainson: - "Imperforate; the base produced into a broad flat lobe, spire rather - elevated and pointed; the whorls convex; aperture perfectly round; not - more oblique than _Helix_; inner lip entirely wanting, imperialis. - Mart. 180. f. 1790. marmoratus. l. M. 448. f. 1." Sw. p. 348. - - SEMIPHYLLIDIANA. Lam. The second family of the order Gasteropoda, Lam. - the genera of which are distinguished as follows:-- - - 1. UMBRELLA, round, flat; apex central, muscular impression not - interrupted. Fig. 233. - - 2. PLEUROBRANCHUS, apex lateral, sub-spiral. Fig. 232. - - SENOCLITA. Schum. CINERAS, Leach. - - SEPTARIA. Lam. See TEREDO. - - SEPTUM. (Lat.) An enclosure, applied to the thin plate of Crepidula, - fig. 239; also to the plates dividing the chambers of multilocular - shells. - - SERAPHS. Montf. TEREBELLUM convolutum, Lam. Fig. 451. - - SERPULA. Auct. (_A little serpent._) _Fam._ Surpulacea, Lam.--_Descr._ - Tubular, narrow, pointed at the apex, gradually widening towards the - aperture, attached irregularly, sometimes spirally, twisted, - imbricated; keeled or plain; aperture generally round, with the edge - simple, or angulated by the termination of external ribs or - keels.--_Obs._ This description is intended to include the genera - Serpula, Spirorbis, Vermilia, Galeolaria, &c. The Serpulæ abound in all - seas, on rocky shores, at any time covered by water, attached to any - kind of marine substance, whether moveable or stationary. The fossil - species occur in almost all tertiary strata. Fig. 4 to 7. - - SERPULACEA. Lam. The fourth family of the order Sedentary Annelides, - Lam. containing the following genera of tubular, irregular shells. - - 1. SERPULA, attached by a small portion of the shell. Fig. 4. - - 2. SPIRORBIS, attached by the whole length, coiled. Fig. 5. - - 3. Galeolaria, with the open extremity raised, and the aperture - tongue-shaped. Fig. 6. - - 4. VERMILIA, attached by the whole length, straight or waved. Fig. - 7. - - 5. SPIROGLYPHUS, which hollows a bed in the body to which it is - attached. Fig. 8. - - Sowerby. (Genera of Shells, published at 50, Great Russell - Street, Bloomsbury,) gives satisfactory reasons for re-uniting the - whole of the preceding under the name SERPULA. - - 6. MAGILUS, which burrows in coral; outer lip reflected. Fig. 9 to - 10. - - 7. LEPTOCONCHUS, outer lip reflected. Fig. 11. - - 8. STYLIFER, spiral, thin, globular, living in Starfish. Fig. 12, - 13. - - The three last genera should certainly find some other place in - the system. - - SESSILE CIRRIPEDES. Lam. (_Sessilis_, low, dwarfish.) An order of - Cirripedes, consisting of those which are attached by the base of the - shells, containing the genera Tubicinella, Balanus, Coronula, Acasta, - Pyrgoma, Creusia. To which may be added some other genera enumerated in - explanation of figures 14 to 33. The shells of the Sessile Cirripedes - consist of two different sets of valves: 1st. The _parietal_ valves, or - pieces arranged in a circle, side by side, around the body of the - animal, (an arrangement designated _coronular_ by De Blainville.) 2nd. - The _opercular_ valves, or pieces placed so as to enclose the aperture. - Between those opercular valves the ciliæ protrude which characterize - the class. Besides these two sets of valves, there is generally a - shelly plate, serving as a sort of foundation to the rest. The Sessile - Cirripedes may be thus arranged. - - 1. TUBICINELLA. Six parietal valves, tube-shaped, opercular valves - perpendicular. Fig. 14. - - 2. CORONULA. Six parietal valves, opercular valves horizontal. Fig. - 15, 16, 17, 18. - - These two genera fix themselves in the skin of the Whale. The - latter has been divided into the genera Chelonobia, Cetopirus, - Diadema, and Chthalamus. - - 3. PLATYLEPAS. Valves divided, each having a prominent internal - plate. Fig. 19. - - 4. CLITIA. Parietal valves four, opercular valves two, valves - dove-tailed into each other. Fig. 20. - - 5. ELMINEUS. Parietal valves four, opercular valves four. Fig. 22. - - 6. CONIA. Parietal valves four, thick and porous at the base. Fig. - 21. - - 7. OCTOMERIS. Parietal valves eight. Fig. 24. - - 8. CATOPHRAGMUS. Parietal valves numerous, irregular. Fig. 23. - - 9. BALANUS. Parietal valves six; opercular valves four, placed - against each other conically in pairs. This genus has been divided - into Acasta, Conoplea, Chirona, and Balanus. Fig. 25, 26, 27. - - 10. CREUSIA. Parietal valves four, supported on the edge of a - funnel-shaped cavity. Fig. 28. - - 11. PYRGOMA. Paries simple, supported on a cavity. This genus has - been divided into the genera Nobia, Savignium, Pyrgoma, Adna, - Megatrema, and Daracia. Fig. 29 to 33. - - SETIFEROUS. Hairy. - - SHANK SHELL. The vulgar name for the shell designated Murex Rapa. It is - used in Ceylon for ornamental purposes. - - SIDEROLITES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - SIGARETUS. Lam. _Fam._ Macrostomata, Lam.--_Descr._ Suborbicular, - oblique, haliotoid, thick; spire depressed, consisting of two or three - rapidly increasing whorls; aperture wide, entire, modified by the last - whorl, the width exceeding the length; columella tortuous; inner lip - spread thinly over part of the body whorl; epidermis thin.--_Obs._ This - genus is distinguished from Natica, by the width of the aperture, and - the absence of the umbilical callosity. It may be known from Stomatia, - and Stomatella, by the texture, which in Sigaretus, is never pearly as - in Stomatia, the former being partly an internal shell. Fig. 334, S. - concavus. Mostly brought from tropical climates. - - SILIQUA. Megerle. (A husk, or pod.) LEGUMINARIA, Schum. A genus - composed of species of SOLEN, Auct. which have an internal rib. Fig. - 51, Solen radiatus. - - SILIQUARIA. Brug. _Fam._ Cricostomata, Bl. Dorsalia, Lam.--_Descr._ - Tubular, rugose, spiral near the apex, irregularly twisted near the - aperture, with a longitudinal fissure radiating from the apex, and - proceeding through all the whorls and sinuosities of the tube.--_Obs._ - This genus was included in Serpula by Linnæus, from which, however, it - is distinguished by the longitudinal slit, fig. 1. S. anguina. The - recent species are found in the sponges with siliceous spiculæ, in the - Mediterranean; the fossils in tertiary beds. - - SIMPLE. (_Simplex_, lat.) Single, entire, uninterrupted, undivided. - - SIMPLEGAS. Mont. 1, 83. (_Simplex_, simple; [Greek: gastêr], _gaster_, - belly.) A genus described by De Blainville, as being discoidal, and - having the spire uncovered like AMMONITES, but having the chambers - divided, by simple septa, like Nautilus.--_Obs._ The septa of the shell - named Simplegas by De Montfort, are evidently sinuous, according to his - figure. Fig. 475, S. sulcata. - - SINISTRAL. (_Sinister_, left.) On the left side. A sinistral shell is a - _reversed_ one. The sinistral valve of a bivalve shell may be known, by - placing the shell, with its ligamentary or posterior part towards the - observer; the sides of the shell will then correspond with his right - and left side. - - SINUOUS. Winding, serpentine. The septa of Ammonites are sinuous. The - muscular impression of the mantle, or palleal impression of some - bivalve shells, is sinuated near the posterior muscular impression. - - SINUS. (_Sinus_, a winding, or bay.) A winding or tortuous excavation. - The sinus in the outer lip of Strombus, fig. 406; and that in the - muscular impression of Venus, will be indicated by the letter _s_. - - SIPHON. ([Greek: Siphon], siphon.) A pipe, or tube. A shelly tube - passing through the septa of chambered shells. It is said to be - _dorsal_, _central_, or _ventral_, according to its situation near the - outer, or inner parts of the whorl. See Introduction. - - SIPHONAL SCAR. The name applied by Mr. Gray, to the opening or winding - sinus in the palleal impression of a bivalve shell, in the place where - the siphonal tube of the animal passes. - - SIPHONARIA. Sow. ([Greek: Siphon], siphon.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana, Lam. - Patelloidea, Bl.--_Descr._ Patelliform, depressed, inclining to oval, - ribbed; apex nearly central, obliquely inclining towards the posterior - margin; muscular impression partly encircling the central disc, but - interrupted in front, where the head of the animal reposes, and at the - side by a siphon, or canal passing from the apex to the margin.--_Obs._ - This siphon, which is in some species very distinct, serves to - distinguish this genus from Patella. S. Sipho, fig. 231*. - - SIPHONOBRANCHIATA. Bl. (_Siphon_, and _Branchiæ_, gills.) The first - order of Paracephalophora Dioica, Bl. divided into the families - Siphonostomata, Entomostomata, and Angiostomata. - - SIPHONOSTOMA. Guild. A sub-genus of Pupa, consisting of several - elongated species, which have the aperture detached from the whorls; - such as P. costata, and fasciata. - - SIPHONOSTOMATA. Bl. ([Greek: Siphon], _siphon_; [Greek: stoma], - _stoma_, mouth.) The first family of Siphonobranchiata, Bl. the shells - of which are extremely variable in form, but always have a canal or - notch at the anterior extremity of the aperture. This family partly - answers to the Canalifera of Lamarck and the genus Murex in the system - of Linnæus. It contains the genera Pleurotoma, Rostellaria, Fusus, - Pyrula, Fasciolaria, Turbinella, Columbella, Triton, Murex, Ranella, - and Struthiolaria. - - SIPHUNCLE. (Siphunculus.) A small siphon. - - SISTRUM. Montf. RICINULA, Auct. fig. 413. - - SKENEA. _Flem._ A genus including some species of EUOMPHALUS and - CIRRUS. - - SMILUM. Leach. _Fam._ Pedunculated Cirripedes.--_Descr._ Thirteen - pieces, ten of which are in pairs, lateral, subtriangular; one - posterior dorsal, linear; all smooth; peduncle hairy.--_Obs._ This - genus is distinguished from Pentelasmis, by the number of its valves, - and from Scalpellum, by the hairy peduncle. S. Peronii, fig. 36. - - SNAIL. The common garden Snail, so destructive to our vegetables, - belongs to the genus Helix. The water snail, found in ponds, is - Planorbis. - - SOL. Humph. A genus consisting of several species of the genus Trochus, - and corresponding with the sub-genus Tubicanthus, Sw. Malac. Fig. 349. - - SOLARIUM. Auct. (_A terrace, or gallery_.) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam. - Goniostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Discoidal beneath, conical above, with a - wide umbilicus, the spiral margin of which is angulated and crenulated; - aperture trapezoidal; peritreme thin, sharp; columella straight; - operculum horny, subspiral.--_Obs._ The Solarium Perspectivum, is - commonly called the Staircase Trochus, from the angulated edges of the - whorls being seen through the umbilicus, which reaches to the apex, and - presents the appearance of a winding gallery. The species are not - numerous, they belong to tropical climates. A few fossil species occur - in the tertiary formations. Fig. 353, S. Perspectivum. - - SOLDANIA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - SOLEN. Auct. (_A kind of shell-fish_, Plin.) _Fam._ Solenacea, Lam. - Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ Bivalve, transversely elongated, - sub-cylindrical, equivalve, very inequilateral, gaping at both - extremities, umbones terminal, close to the anterior extremity; hinge - linear, with several small cardinal teeth, and a long, external - ligament; muscular impressions distant, anterior tongue-shaped, placed - behind the cardinal teeth, posterior irregular, sub-ovate; palleal - impression long, bilobed posteriorly.--_Obs._ The above description of - the genus Solen, is framed so as to admit only those species which are - commonly called Razor Shells, with the umbones terminal, and the - anterior muscular impression behind them. They are found buried deep in - the sand, in a perpendicular position, their situation being pointed - out by a dimple, on the surface. They are abundant in temperate - climates. Some of the Lamarckian Solenes will be found in the genus - Solenocurtus, Bl. Fig. 60, 61. - - SOLENACEA. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera, Dimyaria Lam. The - shells belonging to it are described as transversely elongated, - destitute of accessary pieces, gaping only at the lateral extremities; - ligament external.--The genera may be thus distinguished. - - 1. SOLEN. Razor shells, truncated at the extremities. Fig. 60. - - 2. PANOPÆA. Broad, with prominent tooth. Fig. 65, 66. - - 3. SOLENOCURTUS. Rounded at the extremities, with internal bar. - Fig. 61. - - 4. SOLENIMYA. No teeth, epidermis over-reaching the shell. Fig. 68. - - 5. GLYCIMERIS. Thick, fulcrum of the ligament prominent. Fig. 67. - - 6. LEPTON. Flat, scale-shaped. Fig 62. - - 7. NOVACULINA. Umbones nearly central; covered by a thin epidermis. - Fig. 63. - - 8. GLAUCONOME. Oval, margins close. Fig. 64. - - SOLENELLA. Sow. (_Solen._) _Fam._ Arcacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval, - equivalve, subequilateral, compressed, covered with a thin, shining, - olive-green epidermis; hinge with three or four anterior, and numerous - sharp posterior lateral teeth, arranged in a straight line; muscular - impressions two, lateral; palleal impression with a large sinus; - ligament external, prominent, elongated.--_Obs._ This genus partakes of - the characters of the genus Nucula, and of the family Solenacea. A few - specimens of the only species known (S. Norrisii, fig. 138.) were - dredged by Mr. Cuming at Valparaiso. - - SOLENIMYA. Lam. (Solen and Mya.) _Fam._ Mactracea, Lau. Pyloridea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, transversely oblong, rounded at - the extremities with the umbones near the posterior side, covered with - a shining brown epidermis extending beyond the edges of the shell; - hinge without teeth; ligament partly internal, placed in the margin of - an oblique, flattish, posterior rib; muscular impressions two, distant, - lateral. From the Mediterranean, Australian, and Atlantic - Oceans.--_Obs._ Solenimya differs from Solenocurtus and the true - Solens, in having the posterior side of the shell the shortest; in the - internal ligament; and in being destitute of teeth. It resembles - Glycimeris, but is not incrassated. Fig. 68, Solenimya radiata. - - SOLENOCURTUS. Bl. (_Solen_ and _curtus_, short.) _Fam._ Pyloridea, Bl. - Solenacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval, elongated, equivalve, sub-equilateral, - with the edges nearly straight and parallel, and the extremities rather - truncated; umbones not very prominent, sub-central; hinge with or - without two or three rudimentary cardinal teeth; ligament prominent, - placed upon thick callosities; muscular impressions two, distant, - rounded; palleal impression straight, with a deep sinus. East - Indies--_Obs._ Distinguished from the true Solenes by the central - position of the umbones and an internal bar reaching partly across the - shell. - - SOLETELLINA. Bl. SANGUINOLARIA radiata. S. Diphos, f. 99. S. livida of - Sowerby, and similar species, are placed together in this genus. - - SPATHA. Lea. A sub-genus of IRIDINÆ, consisting of I. rubens and I. - nilotica, which have not distinctly crenulated margins. Spatha - solenoides, of Lea, is the genus Mycetopus D'Orbigny. Fig. 151. - - SPHÆNIA. Turt. A genus consisting of a small species resembling - Saxicava, in general appearance, but having a spoon-shaped process on - the hinge of one valve. S. Binghamii, Fig. 96. - - SPHÆROIDINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - SPHÆRULACEA. Bl. The first family of Cellulacea consisting of the - following genera of microscopic Foraminifera: Miliola, Melonia, - Saracenaria, Textularia. - - SPHÆRULACEA. Lam. The fourth family of Cephalopoda, Lam. described as - multilocular, globular, sphærical, or oval, with the whorls enveloping - each other; some of them have a particular internal cavity, and are - composed of a series of elongated, straight and contiguous chambers - which altogether form a covering for the internal cavity. This family - contains the genera Miliola, Gyrogona and Melonia. - - SPHÆRULITES. Lam. (_Sphæra_, a sphere.) _Fam._ Rudistes, Lam. and - Bl.--_Descr._ Orbicular, inequivalve, irregularly foliated outside; - lower valve cup-shaped, depressed; upper valve nearly flat, like an - operculum.--_Obs._ These fossils are not regarded as shells by all - conchologists. S. foliacea, Fig. 193. - - SPHINCTERULUS. Montf. LENTICULINA, Bl. A genus of microscopic - Foraminifera. - - SPINES. (_Spina_, a thorn.) Thin, pointed spikes. - - SPINOSE. (Spinosus.) Having spines or elevated points, as Neritina - spinosa. Fig. 325. - - SPIRAL. (_Spira_, a spire.) Revolving outwards from a central apex or - nucleus, like the spring of a watch. A shell or an operculum, may be - spiral, without being produced into a pyramid. Bands of colour, striæ, - grooves, &c. commencing from the nucleus and following the volutions of - the shell, are described by the above word. - - SPIRAMILLA. Bl. A genus of Serpulacea, differing from other Serpulæ - principally in the characters of the animal. - - SPIRATELLA. Bl. LIMACINEA, Lam. Fig. 224. - - SPIRE. (_Spira._) The cone or pyramid produced in a non-symmetrical - univalve by its oblique revolution downwards from the apex or nucleus. - The spire, in descriptions, includes all the volutions above the - aperture. See Introduction. - - SPIRIFER. Sow. (_Spira_, a spire; _fero_, to bear.) _Order_, - Brachiopoda, Lam.--_Descr._ Transverse, equilateral; hinge linear, - straight, widely extended on both sides of the umbones, which are - separated by a flat area in the upper and larger valve; this area is - divided in the centre by a triangular pit for the passage of the - byssus; interior with two spirally convolute appendages.--_Obs._ This - genus, which is only known in a fossil state, is distinguished from - Terebratula externally, by the flat area in one valve, internally, by - the singular spiral process from which the above name is derived. Fig. - 214, 215. Most of the species belong to the mountain or carboniferous - limestone. - - SPIROGLYPHUS. Daud. A genus consisting of a species of Serpula _Auct._ - which makes a groove for itself in the surface of shells. Serpula - spirorbis, var. Dillwyn. Fig. 8. - - SPIROLINA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - SPIROLOCULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - SPIRORBIS. Lam. A genus composed of species of SERPULA, Auct. which are - coiled round in a spiral disc like a snake at rest. S. nautiloides, - fig. 5, is the common little white shell, found upon the shell of - lobsters. - - SPIRULA. (_Spira_, a winding compass.) _Fam._ Lituolata, Lam. Lituacea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Convolute, smooth, symmetrical, discoid, with parallel - unconnected whorls, divided into numerous chambers by transverse septa; - siphon continuous.--_Obs._ This pretty little shell is partly internal, - only a part of it being visible when on the animal. Fig. 471. - - SPISULA. Gray. A genus composed of MACTRA fragilis, and other similar - species, which have the ligament sub-external, marginal, not separate - from the cartilage; with the posterior lateral teeth double in one - valve, and single in the other. M. fragilis, fig. 80, is the species - figured for Spisula in Mr. Gray's paper on the Mactradæ, in the second - series of Loudon's Magazine of Natural History. We have since learned, - however, that it was figured there by mistake, not having been intended - for a Spisula, but belonging more properly to the genus Mactra, as - defined by Mr. Gray, whose description of Spisula, is as - follows:--"Shell ovate, trigonal, sub-angular at each end. Hinge and - lateral teeth as in Mactra, but hinge of left tooth small. Siphonal - inflexion ovate." The principal difference between Spisula and Mactra - is, that the ligament is not separated from the cartilage in the - former. - - SPONDYLUS. Auct. (_A shell-fish_, Ancients.) _Fam._ Pectenides, Lam. - Sub-ostracea, Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, sub-equilateral, irregularly - foliaceous and spinose, auriculated, denticulated at the margins, - attached by the lower and deeper valve; hinge rectilinear, with two - prominent teeth in each valve, locking into corresponding cavities in - the opposite valve; umbones separated by a broad, elongated, triangular - disc in the lower valve; ligament contained in a groove, dividing the - triangular area in the centre; muscular impressions one in each valve, - sub-central, sub-orbicular. The Mediterranean, East and West Indies, - and China, produce Spondyli most abundantly.--_Obs._ This genus is - remarkable for the richness and beauty of the spines and foliations, - which adorn the external surface of most of the species, the splendid - colours by which many of them are varied, and the natural groupings - formed by their attachment to each other. Fig. 177, and Frontispiece. - - SPORULUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - SQUAMOSE. (_Squama_, a scale.) Scaly, covered with scales, as the - pedicle of Pollicipes Mitellus, fig. 37*. - - STENOPUS. Guild. ([Greek: Stenos], narrow, [Greek: pous], foot.) A - genus nearly "allied to the Linnæan Helices, from all of which it - differs in the curious contraction of the pedal disc, and the caudal - tentaculum furnished with a gland beneath." The shell is described as - heliciform, umbilicated, transparent, with the aperture transverse. The - two species described are Stenopus cruentatus and lividus; they are - both from the Caribbæan Islands, Guild. Zool. Journ. xii. p. 528, tab. - 15, f. 1 to 5. - - STOMATELLA. Lam. See STOMATIA. - - STOMATIA. Auct. ([Greek: stoma], _stoma_, mouth.) _Fam._ Macrostomata, - Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-orbicular, oblong, auriform, variegated without, - iridescent within; spire depressed; aperture entire, very wide, - oblique; peritreme uninterrupted. _Obs._ This genus is known from - Haliotis by being destitute of the series of holes; is distinguished - from Sigaretus by the substance of the shell, the latter being - internal, and never pearly. Our description includes STOMATELLA, Lam. - The Stomatiæ are marine, and belong to the East Indies and New Holland. - Fig. 335, S. Phymotis. - - STORILLUS. Montf. 1, 131. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera, included - in the genus Rotalites in M. De Blainville's system. - - STRAPAROLLUS. Mont. A genus containing some species of HELIX, Auct. - Generic characters not defined. - - STREPTAXIS. Gray. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Ovate, or oblong; - when young, sub-hemispherical, deeply umbilicated, with rapidly - enlarging whorls. At length the penultimate whorl is bent towards the - right and dorsal side of the axis, and the umbilicus becomes depressed, - and often nearly closed. The mouth is lunulate, the edge slightly - thickened and reflected, and often with a single tooth on the outer - side of the inner lip.--_Obs._ This genus of land shells is separated - from Helix on account of the eccentricity of the penultimate whorl. S. - contusa, fig. 269. - - STRIATED. (_Stria_, a groove.) Marked with fine grooves or lines. - - STRIGOCEPHALUS. Defr. PENTAMERUS, Sow.? GYPIDIA, Dalman. - - STROMBUS. Auct. _Fam._ Alatæ, Lam. Angiostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oblong, - turrited, rather ventricose, solid; aperture generally lengthened, - terminating posteriorly in a short canal, and anteriorly in an - emargination or truncated canal; outer lip, when young, thin; when full - grown, thickened and expanded, lobed at the spiral extremity, sinuated - anteriorly near the caudal canal.--_Obs._ This well known genus - includes some species of immense size, commonly called conch shells. - Most of the recent species are brought from the Indian Ocean. Very few - fossil species are known. The young shells have very much the - appearance of cones, the outer lips being thin. There are also several - species which do not, even when full grown, thicken their outer lips - very considerably. The genus Strombus is distinguished from - Rostellaria, by the notch in the outer lip, which in the latter genus - is close to the canal. Fig. 406, S. pugilis. - - STROPHOMENA. Rafinesque. ORTHIS, Dalman. - - STROPHOSTOMA. Deshayes. A fossil shell, of the family of Colimacea, - Lam. in some degree resembling Anostoma, having the aperture turned - upwards towards the spire, it is, however, umbilicated, and is said to - have an operculum resembling that of Cyclostoma. It is the Ferussina of - Grateloup. Fig. 534, 5, 6. - - STRUTHIOLARIA. Auct. (_Struthio_, an Ostrich.) _Fam._ Canalifera, - Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong, turrited, thick; spire turrited, composed of - several angulated whorls; aperture oval, sub-quadrate, oblique; outer - lip thickened, reflected, advancing in the centre, receding towards the - extremities; inner lip thickened, expanded over the columella and part - of the body whorl.--_Obs._ This singular genus, consisting of three or - four recent species, is named "Pied D'Autruche" by the French, on - account of some resemblance in the outer lip to the foot of the - Ostrich. From New Zealand. Fig. 391, S. straminea. - - STYLIFER. Brod. (_Stylus_, a style; _fero_, to bear.)--_Descr._ Thin, - pellucid, turbinated; apex a little out of the perpendicular; aperture - wide anteriorly, gradually narrowing towards the spiral extremity, - where it terminates acutely.--_Obs._ This is a genus of small, - transparent shells, found burrowing in the rays of Starfish. There are - but two or three species at present known, one of which is elongated - like Terebra, the other nearly globular. Fig. 12, S. astericola. West - Indies, Gallapagos, and Britain. - - STYLINA. Flem. STYLIFER, Brod. - - SUB. (_under._) Used as a prefix and signifying nearly. Thus a - bivalve-shell, the valves of which are nearly alike, would be described - as _sub_-equivalve. - - SUB-APLYSIACEA. Bl. The first family of the order Monopleurobranchiata, - Bl. containing several genera of Mollusca without shells, and the genus - Pleurobranchus. - - SUB-BIVALVES. A term of distinction applied by De Blainville, to those - spiral univalves which have an operculum; these, as they constitute two - distinct pieces, he considers as forming a medium between univalves and - bivalves. - - SUB-MYTILACEA. Bl. The sixth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. - the shells belonging to which are described as free, rather pearly, - regular, equivalve; hinge dorsal, laminated; ligament external; two - muscular impressions; palleal impression not sinuated. This family, - with the exception of the last genus, agrees with the family Nayades of - Lamarck, and contains the genera Anodon, Unio, and Cardita. - - SUB-OSTRACEA. Bl. The second family of Lamellibranchiata, Bl. the - shells of which are described as of a compact texture, sub-symmetrical; - with the hinge rather complex; one single, sub-central, muscular - impression, without any traces of palleal impression. This family - corresponds with the Pectenides of Lamarck, and part of the genus - Ostrea in the system of Linnæus. It contains the genera Spondylus, - Plicatula, Hinnites, Pecten, Pedum, Lima. - - SUB-SPIRAL. Not sufficiently spiral to form a complete volution. - - SUBULA. Bl. (_An awl._) A generic name under which M. De Blainville - includes TEREBRA maculata, Auct. f. 428, together with nearly all the - species of Terebra, enumerated by Lamarck and other authors; only - leaving in the latter genus those species, which being more bulbous, or - ventricose, nearly resemble Buccinum in general form. These last - mentioned species, such as Terebra buccinoidea, (fig. 247) have been - formed into a new genus by Mr. Gray, under the name Bullia. If both - these genera were adopted, the genus Terebra would be extinct. - - SUBULATE. (_Subula_, an awl.) A term applied to shells which are long - and pointed as in Terebra. Fig. 427, 428. - - SUCCINEA. Drap. (_Succinum_, amber.) _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. Limacinea, - Bl. _Sub-genus_, Cochlohydra, Fer.--_Descr._ Ovate, rather elongated; - aperture large, entire, longitudinal; spire short; outer lip thin, - continuous with the thin, sharp-edged columella; inner lip spread over - a part of the body-whorl.--_Obs._ The shells belonging to this genus of - partly amphibious mollusca, are distinguished from Limnæa by not having - a fold on the columella The S. amphibia is of a bright amber colour. - Fig. 265, 266. Temperate and tropical climates. - - SULCATED. (SULCATUS, lat.) Having grooves or furrows. - - SULCI. Grooves or furrows. - - SUTURE. (_Sutura_, lat.) A seam, stitch, joining together. Applied - particularly to the line which marks the joining of the whorls of the - spire. The suture is distinguished as _simple_, as in most cases; or - _double_, when accompanied by a parallel groove close to it; - _marginated_, when produced into a ledge by the matter which fills up - and covers it; _obsolete_, when it is filled up so as not to be - visible, as in the case of Ancillaria. - - SYLVICOLA. Humph. CYCLOSTOMA, Lam. - - SYMMETRICAL, ([Greek: sun], _syn_, similar; [Greek: metron], _metron_, - proportion.) Both sides alike. Although the term is used thus as one of - distinction, it is to be observed that no shells are strictly and - perfectly symmetrical; even in the Nautilus, the apex verges in a - slight degree towards one side of the shell. Two kinds of univalve are - symmetrical, or nearly so; 1st. Those which are symmetrically - convolute, as the Nautilacea and the Ammonacea, which are spiral; 2nd. - Those which are not spiral, but simply conical, as the patelliform - shells. Bivalves belonging to the Brachiopoda are also symmetrical. - _Ex._ Patella, fig. 229. Ammonites, fig. 478. - - SYMPHYNOTA. Lea. A genus of Nayades, in which Mr. Lea proposed to - include species of the genus UNIO, the valves of which are connate, or - united at the dorsal margin. We believe that this distinction, as a - genus, has been abandoned by its author. The fact is, that all the - Uniones are Symphynotæ when in a young state. In Unio Alatus, (fig. - 147) and Dipsas plicatus, (fig. 142) it will be observed that the - valves have not separated at the dorsal edge, but are broken lower - down. - - TAPADA. (Gray. Turton. p. 127.) A division of the genus HELIX, - containing HELIX aperta, Auct. or the Tapada snail. - - TAPES. Schum. PULLASTRA. Sow.? - - TECTUS. Montf. A genus composed of species of the genus Trochus, having - elevated, conical spires, and columella notched or truncated by a - spiral fold. Fig. 359. Trochus maculatus, presents an example. - - TELEBOIS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - TELESCOPIUM. Montf. CERITHIUM Telescopium, Auct. fig. 378. - - TELLINA. Linn. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Sub-equivalve, inequilateral, compressed, rounded anteriorly, slightly - beaked or angulated posteriorly, the posterior ventral margin having a - flexuosity; hinge with two cardinal and generally two lateral teeth in - each valve; muscular impressions, two in each valve, remote; palleal - impression with a large sinus.--_Obs._ The fold or bending in the - posterior margin distinguishes this genus from others which it nearly - resembles. It is composed of some bivalves of great beauty and variety, - which are found in nearly all climates. Fig. 105, T. radiata, 106, T. - lingua-felis. - - TELLINIDES. Lam. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-equivalve, - inequilateral, transverse, compressed, rounded anteriorly, slightly - beaked or angulated posteriorly; hinge with two cardinal teeth in each - valve, and one lateral tooth in one valve, very near the cardinal - teeth. Muscular impressions two, distant, palleal impression with a - large sinus. _Obs._ This genus is distinguished from Tellina in having - but one lateral tooth near the cardinal teeth. Fig. 107, T. rosea. - Tropical. - - TENUIPEDES. (_Tenuis_, slender; _pedes_, feet.) The second section of - the order Conchifera Dimyaria, divided into the families Mactracea, - Corbulacea, Lithophagidæ, Nymphacea. - - TERACLITA. Schum. CONIA, Auct. - - TEREBELLUM. Lam. (_Terebra_, an augur?) _Fam._ Convolutæ, Lam. - Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Smooth, slender, oblong, sub-cylindrical; - spire obtuse, short, sometimes hidden; (Seraphs, Montf.) aperture long, - narrow posteriorly, wider anteriorly; outer lip slightly thickened, - truncated, unconnected at the base with the columella; inner lip thin, - smooth, nearly straight, spread over a portion of the body-whorl, - continued in a ridge above the sutures of the spire.--_Obs._ Montfort - has separated the fossil species with hidden spires, under the name - Seraphs. (T. convolutum, Lam.) Only one recent species is known, of - which there are several varieties, one spotted, one marked in - sub-spiral lines, another in patches. It is brought from the East - Indies. Fig. 451, T. convolutum; 452, T. subulatum. - - TEREBRA. (_An augur, a piercer._) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. - Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Subulate, elongated, pointed, turrited; - spire long, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture small terminating - in a short, reflected canal; outer lip thin; columella tortuous; - operculum horny. The recent species are mostly tropical.--_Obs._ Nearly - all the species enumerated by Lamarck and other authors are included by - De Blainville in his genus Subula; those few species which that - conchologist left in the present genus, being shorter and more - ventricose than the others, approximate in shape to some of the - Buccina, and are distinguished by Mr. Gray under the generic name - Bullia. It seems strange, that De Blainville, being convinced of the - necessity of separating the two groups, and consequently applying a new - generic term to one of them, should have given that term to the larger - number and the more typical species of the Lamarckian genus. Fig. 427, - Bullia vittata. (Terebra.) Fig. 428, Terebra maculata. (Subula.) - - TEREBRALIA. Sw. A genus of "Cerithinæ," Sw. thus described: "Outer lip - much dilated, generally uniting at its base to the inner lip; leaving a - round perforation at the base of the pillar; channel truncate; - operculum round: palustre. Mart. f. 1472." Sw. p. 315. - - TEREBRATING SHELLS. (_Terebro_, to pierce.) Shells which reside in - holes pierced in rocks, wood, &c. by means of some corrosive secretion - of the animal. _Ex._ Pholas, Teredo, &c. - - TEREBRATULA. Brug. (_Terebrans_, bored.) _Fam._ Brachiopoda, - Lam.--_Order._ Palliobranchiata, Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, - equilateral, oval or sub-trigonal, ventricose or compressed, attached - by a tendon passing through an opening in the dorsal, or upper and - larger valve, the umbo of which advances beyond that of the other - valve; hinge destitute of a ligament, with two teeth in the dorsal - valve, locked into corresponding cavities in the ventral, or lower - valve, and with two curious processes originating at the umbo of the - lower valve, presenting, in some species, the appearance of fine - winding tape, advancing towards the front of the valve, and again - receding to the centre, where the ends unite; muscular impressions two, - placed near the centre of each valve.--_Obs._ The Terebratulæ are - included in the genus Anomia in the system of Linnæus. The recent - species are not very numerous--they are found in all climates. The - fossil species are more numerous than the recent ones, occurring in the - secondary and tertiary formations. T. Psittacea, fig. 202. - - TEREDINA. (From Teredo.) _Fam._ Tubicolæ, Lam. Adesmacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Valves equal, inequilateral, with prominent umbones, as it were - soldered to the outside of the rounded end of a shelly tube, of which - they form a part; aperture of the tube partly divided; a flat accessary - valve placed on the umbones.--_Obs._ This genus, which is only known in - a fossil state, is distinguished from Teredo, by the valves being fixed - on the tube, and the tube being closed at one extremity. Fig. 46, 47, - T. personata. - - TEREDO. Auct. (_A piercer._) _Fam._ Tubicolæ, Lam. Adesmacea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Valves equal, inequilateral; presenting when closed, an - orbicular figure, with a large angular opening in front, and a rounded - opening at the back; placed at the anterior extremity of an irregular, - flexuous, elongated tube, open at both ends; the anterior termination - divided in a double aperture opened and closed at the will of the - animal by two opercula.--_Obs._ This genus of Molluscous Animals, is - remarkable for boring holes in wood, which are filled by their - elongated tubes, and give it a honey-comb appearance. Fig. 48. T. - Navalis. Fig. 49, a piece of bored wood. - - TERMINAL. When the umbones of a bivalve shell are placed at or near the - extremity, as in Mytilus, fig. 158, Pinna, fig. 162, they are said to - be _terminal_. The same term is also applied to the nucleus of an - operculum, when it forms an extreme point, or is close to one of the - edges. - - TESSELLATED. (Wrought in chequer-work). A term applied to the colouring - of shells, when arranged in regular defined patches like a tessellated - pavement. - - TESTACELLA. (_Testa_, a shell.) _Fam._ Limacinea, Lam. and - Bl.--_Descr._ Haliotoid, compressed; aperture wide, oblique; columella - flat, oblique; spire short, flat, consisting of less than two - whorls.--_Obs._ This shell which is extremely small compared with the - animal, is placed upon its back, near the posterior extremity. The - animal is found in some of our gardens, and very much resembles the - common garden slug. Fig. 261, T. Haliotoidea. - - TESTACEOUS. (_Testa_, a shell.) Shelly. Testaceous Mollusca, are soft - animals having shells. A testaceous operculum is one composed of shelly - matter. - - TETRACERA. Bl. The first family of the order Polybranchiata, Bl. - containing no genera of testaceous mollusca. - - TEXTILIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Conus, consisting of Conus bullatus, &c. - Sw. Malac. p. 312. - - TEXTULARIA. Defr. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - THALAMUS. Montf. A genus described as resembling Conilites, but curved - and granulated. - - THALLEPUS. Sw. A genus of "Aplysianiæ," Sw. thus described: "Body more - slender and fusiform;" (than Aplysia,) "the lobes of the mantle short, - and incapable of being used for swimming; tentacula two, large, ear - shaped; eyes not visible. T. ornatus, _Sw._ Sp. Nov." Sw. p. 359. - - THALLICERA. Sw. A generic name under which Swainson distinguishes - AMPULLARIA Avellana, Auct. - - THECIDIUM. (_Thecas_, a box.) _Fam._ Brachiopoda, Lam. _Order_, - Palliobranchiata, Bl.--_Descr._ Lower valve concave, sub-trigonal, with - the umbo produced into a triangular, slightly incurved beak, and with - two short, pointed processes advancing from beneath the umbones; upper - valve flat, rounded square, with a short, blunt appendage, formed to - fit between the tooth-like process of the other valve; its inner - surface ornamented with symmetrically curved ridges. - - THECOSOMATA. Bl. The first family of the order Aporobranchiata, Bl. - containing the genera Hyalæa, Cleodora, Cymbulia, Pyrgo. - - THELICONUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Conus. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 312. - - THELIDOMUS. Sw. A generic name under which Swainson has described a - division of the genus Helix, and which he has also used to designate a - genus in the family of "Rotellinæ," founded upon an aggregate of loose - particles collected and agglutinated in a spiral form by the larva of - an insect. Sw. Malac. p. 330 and 353. - - THEMEON. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - THEODOXUS. Montf. A division of the genus Nerita. Fig. 324, N. - virginea. - - THETIS. Sow. (_A sea nymph._) A genus of fossil shells, described as - resembling Mactra, but not having the internal ligament, and having - several small, acuminated, cardinal teeth, but no lateral teeth. It - resembles Tellina in some degree, but has not the posterior fold. - - THIARELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitra, Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 319. - - THRACIA. Leach. _Fam._ Lithophagidæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl. A genus - described as intermediate between Anatina, and Mya, and in some degree - resembling Corbula. T. corbuloides, fig. 93. - - THUNDER-STONES. One of the vulgar appellations which have been applied - to shells of the genus Belemnites. - - THIATYRA. Leach. A genus composed of AMPHIDESMA _flexuosa_, Lam. and - similar species, belonging more properly to the genus LUCINA. - - TIARA. Sw. A genus of "Mitranæ," Sw. thus described: "Aperture narrow, - linear, or of equal breadth throughout; outer lip and base of the body - whorl contracted, the former generally striated; an internal canal at - the upper part of the aperture; shell (typically) turrited, and equally - fusiform; representing the _Muricidæ_ and Cymbiola." Sw. Malac. p. 319. - The principal difference between Tiara and Mitra appears to be that in - the latter, the aperture is more linear and contracted in the centre. - Mitra Episcopalis is an example. - - TINOPORUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - TIRANITES. Montf. A division of the genus Baculites. - - TOMELLA. Sw. A genus of "Pleurotominæ," Sw. thus described: "Fusiform, - smooth; the spire of very few whorls, and not longer than the channel; - inner lip with a thick callosity at the top; the slit short and wide; - lineata, En. Méth. 440, f. 2, clavicularis, Ib. f. 4. filosa. En. Méth. - 440, f. 6. lineolata. Ib. f. 11." Sw. p. 314. - - TOMOGERUS. Montf. ANASTOMA, Auct. Fig. 471. - - TONICHIA. Gray. Syn. B. M. p. 126. A genus composed of those species of - Chiton which have the margin smooth. - - TORNATELLA. Auct. _Fam._ Plicacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval, spirally - grooved; spire short, rather obtuse, consisting of few whorls; aperture - long, narrow, rounded anteriorly; outer lip simple; inner lip thin, - slightly spread, columella spiral, incrassated, confluent with the - outer lip. The recent species are few. Several fossil species occur in - London Clay, Inferior Oolite and Calcaire-grossièr. Monoptygma, Lea, - resembles this genus, but has a fold on the inner lip. Fig. 343, T. - solidula. - - TORTUOUS. (_Tortuosus_) Twisted. This adjective is sometimes applied as - a specific name; as Arca tortuosa. - - TRACHELIPODA. Lam. ([Greek: trachêlos], _trachelos_, a neck; [Greek: - poda], _poda_, foot.) The third order of the class Mollusca, in the - system of Lamarck. The trachelipodous mollusca are described as having - the posterior part of the body spirally twisted and separated from the - foot; always enveloped in a shell. The foot is free, flat, attached to - the base of the neck. Shell spiral, and enclosing the animal when at - rest. This order contains the families, Colimacea, Lymnacea, Melaniana, - Peristomiana, Neritacea, Janthinea, Macrostomata, Scalariana, Plicacea, - Canalifera, Alata, Purpurifera, Columellaria, Convolutæ. The genera - belonging to these families, are represented in the plates, fig. 264, - to 462. - - TRANSVERSE. (Crosswise.) A shell is said to be transverse, when its - width is greater than its length, that is, when it is longer from one - side to the other than from the umbones to the ventral margins. The - term is applied by some authors to express the direction of the lines - of growth in bivalve shells, and the spiral lines in spiral shells. See - CONCENTRIC. - - TRAPEZIUM. Meg. CYPRICARDIA, Lam. - - TRAPEZIFORM, or - - TRAPEZOID. ([Greek: trapezion], _trapezion_, _trapezium_; [Greek: - eidos], _eidos_, form.) Having four unequal and unparallel sides. _Ex._ - Cucullæa, fig. 133. - - TRIBULUS. Klein. RICINULA, Lam. - - TRICHOTROPIS. Brod. and Sow. ([Greek: Trichos], _trichos_, hair; - [Greek: tropis] _tropis_, keel.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam.--_Descr._ - Turbinated, keeled, thin, umbilicated; aperture longer than the spire, - entire; columella obliquely truncated; outer lip thin, sharp; epidermis - horny, produced into long hairs at the angles of the shell; operculum - horny, with the nucleus lateral.--_Obs._ Although the shells of this - genus have something of the shape of Turbo, they are distinguished from - that genus at once by the thinness of the shell. They are also known - from Buccinum, by the absence of a canal. Only two or three species are - known, which belong to the Northern and Arctic Oceans. T. bicarinata, - fig. 429. - - TRIDACNA. Auct. _Fam._ Tridacnacea, Lam. Chamacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Equivalve, regular, inequilateral, radiately ribbed, adorned on the - ribs with vaulted foliations, waved at the margins, with a large, - anterior hiatus close to the umbones, for the passage of a large - byssus, by which the animal fixes itself to marine substances; hinge - with a partly external ligament; two laminar teeth in one valve, one in - the other.--_Obs._ The beautiful shells composing this genus are of a - delicate white colour, tinged with buff. One species, the T. gigas, - attains a remarkable size, measuring from two to three feet across, and - weighing five hundred pounds. Tridacna is distinguished from Hippopus - by the large opening in the hinge. T. elongata, fig. 157. - - TRIDACNACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of the order - Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. described as regular, equivalve, solid, and - which are remarkable for the deeply sinuated or undulated ventral - margin. This family contains the genera: - - 1. HIPPOPUS. Valves closed at or near the hinge. Fig. 156. - - 2. TRIDACNA. An hiatus near the hinge. Fig. 157. - - TRIDENTATE. (_Tridentatus_.) Having three teeth, or salient points. - _Ex._ Hyalæa tridentata, fig. 226. - - TRIGONA. Schum.? Triangular species of CYTHEREA, such as C. lævigata, - Triplas corbicula, ventricosa, bicolor, &c. Fig. 117 _b._ - - TRIGONACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the order Conchifera Dimyaria, - containing the genera Trigonia and Castalia, the latter of which ought - to be removed to the Nayades. Fig. 139, 140. - - TRIGONAL. Triangular, having three sides. - - TRIGONELLA. Humph. MACTRA, Auct. - - TRIGONIA. Brug. ([Greek: trigônon], _trigonon_, triangular.) _Fam._ - Trigonata, Lam. Camacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, - transverse, sub-trigonal, costated and granulated without, pearly and - iridescent within, denticulated on the inner margin, rounded - anteriorly, truncated posteriorly; hinge with four oblong, compressed, - diverging teeth in one valve, receiving between their grooved sides, - two similar teeth in the other; ligament external, thick; muscular - impressions two in each valve.--_Obs._ Only one recent species of this - marine genus is known, the T. pectinata, which comes from New Holland; - and was formerly so rare, that a much worn odd valve has been sold for - a considerable sum. It is of a brilliant pearly texture within, tinged - with purple or golden brown. Fossil species occur in Lias, upper and - lower Oolite, and Green-sand. T. Pectinata, fig. 139. - - TRIGONOSEMUS. König. A genus composed of species of TEREBRATULA, Auct. - which have one valve produced into a beak, perforated, or as it were - truncated at the apex. T. lyra, fig. 208, differing from Terebratula - lyra, Lam. - - TRIGONOSTOMA. A sub-genus of Helix, with a trigonal aperture. Gray's - Turton, p. 139. - - TRIGONOTRETA. König. A genus composed of species of Terebratula, Auct. - which have the hinge of the larger valve produced into a triangular - disc, divided by a triangular foramen in the centre. Spirifer, Sowerby, - belongs to this genus. Fig. 214, 215. - - TRILOBATE. ([Greek: Treis] three; [Greek: lobos], division, lobe.) - Divided into three lobes or principal parts. Ex. Malleus, Fig. 165. - - TRILOCULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - TRIPARTITE. (_Tripartitus_) composed of or divided into three separate - parts. - - TRIPHORA, or TRISTOMA. Deshayes. A genus composed of small reversed - species of CERITHIUM, Auct. which have the anterior canal closed at the - anterior of the aperture, but opened at the extremity, and a small - tubular opening on the upper part of the whorls, making three openings - on the body whorl. This genus stands in the same relation to Cerithium - as the Typhis to Murex. Fig. 375 in the old plates, and fig. in the new - plates. - - TRIPLEX. Humph. MUREX, Linn. - - TRIPLODON. Spix. HYRIA, Auct. - - TRIPTERA. Quoy et Gaimard, CUVIERA, Fer. Described in the Voyage de la - Coquille, and represented as a molluscous animal destitute of a shell. - - TRIQUETRA. Bl. Triangular species of VENUS Auct. - - TRISIS. Oken. ARCA tortuosa, Auct. - - TRISTOMA. Described as TRIPHORA. - - TRITON. Auct. _Fam._ Siphonostomata, Bl. Canalifera, Lam.--_Descr._ - Oblong or oval, thick, ribbed or tuberculated, with discontinuous - varices placed at irregular distances; spire prominent, mammillated; - aperture round or oval, terminating anteriorly in a generally long, - slightly raised canal; columellar lip granulated or denticulated; outer - lip thickened, reflected, generally denticulated within; epidermis - rough; operculum horny.--_Obs._ However nearly allied the Tritons may - appear to be to the Murices and Ranellæ there are still to be traced in - the shells of each of those genera, several constant and well marked - distinctions, by which they maybe at once recognized. In the Ranellæ, - the varices run in two rows along the spire; in the Murices, they form - three or more rows; but in the Tritons, they do not follow each other, - _i.e._ they do not occur in the same part of each volution. The large - species of Triton, are sometimes used as trumpets. The Tritons are - brought from the Mediterranean, Ceylon, the East and West Indies, and - South Seas. Fig. 398 to 401. - - TRITONIDEA. Sw. A genus of "Buccininæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell - bucciniform, but the basal half is narrowed, and the middle more or - less ventricose; spire and aperture equal. Pillar at the base with two - or three obtuse and very transverse plaits, not well defined; outer lip - internally crenated and with a superior siphon; inner lip wanting, or - rudimentary." This genus is the same as the one first distinguished by - Mr. Gray under the name of Pollia. We do not regret the discovery made - by Mr. Swainson of that name being previously occupied for a genus of - Lepidopterous Insects. Fig. 415, represents Tritonidea articularis. - (Pollia, Gray.) - - TRIVIA. Gray. A genus composed of those small species of CYPRÆA, Auct. - which are characterized by small ridges on the dorsal surface, and have - the anterior of the columella internally concave and ribbed. C. - Pediculus. Auct. fig. 449, 450. - - TROCHATELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Helicinæ, consisting of those species - which are acute and trochiform. - - TROCHIA. Sw. A genus of the family Buccininæ, thus described: "shape - intermediate between Purpura and Buccinum; whorls separated by a deep - groove; inner lip when young, depressed, when adult, thickened, convex - and striated; basal canal very small. T. sulcatus. E. M. 422. f. 4." - Sw. Malac. p. 300. - - TROCHIDON. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ," Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. - 351. - - TROCHILÆA. Sw.? PILEOLUS, Auct. - - TROCHURUS. Humph. MONODONTA. Lam. - - TROCHUS. Auct. (_A top._) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam. Goniostomata, - Bl.--_Descr._ Turbinated, thick, striated, tuberculated or smooth; - spire elevated, conical, consisting of numerous whorls; under surface - discoid; aperture more or less depressed in an oblique direction, - generally angular; columella arcuated, more or less prominent at its - union with the outer lip, contiguous to the axis of the shell; - operculum horny, orbicular, with numerous whorls.--_Obs._ Lamarck - distinguished this genus from Turbo by the general form, which is more - conical, and the aperture, which is angulated, while that of Turbo is - rounded. Monodonta or Odontis is only separated on account of the notch - at the termination of the columella. But these characters glide so - imperceptibly from one genus to the other, that there is no line of - demarcation to be found but in the operculum. Accordingly, Sowerby (in - Gen. of Sh. 37.) has stated his reasons for considering as Trochi, all - the species which have horny opercula; and as Turbines, all those which - have testaceous opercula. Fig. 358 to 360. The Trochi are found in all - climates. - - TROPÆUM. Sow. CRIOCERATITES. - - TROPHON. Montf. MUREX Magellanicus, Auct. and several other species - which belong more properly to Fusus than to Murex. - - TRUMPET SHELL. A large species of Triton (variegatus), used by natives - of South Sea Islands as a trumpet, to call warriors and herds of cattle - together. It answers the purpose tolerably well, producing a very - sonorous blast. - - TRUNCATED. (_truncus_, cut short.) Terminating abruptly, as it were cut - short. _Ex._ Solenensis, fig. 60. - - TRUNCATULANA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - TRUNCATELLA. Risso. A genus composed of several species of land shells - which have been confounded by some authors with Cyclostoma. The genus - is thus described: "Shell turriculated, cylindrical, decollated or - truncated at the apex, no epidermis; aperture oval, short, with lips - continuous, simple." _Ex._ Truncatella truncatulina, Lowe, Zool. Journ. - t. 5. p. 80. Our plates, fig. 520, 521. It is found on the shores of - Britain, the Mediterranean, and West Indies. - - TUBA. Lea. A genus of small fossil shells, described as resembling - Turbo, but with the aperture more like that of Melania. Lea. Contrib. - Geol. - - TUBERCLE. (_tuberculus._) A small swelling excrescence, or knob. - - TUBERCULATED. Having a number of small lumps or pimples, as Turrilites, - fig. 483. - - TUBICINELLA. Lam. (_Tubicen_, a trumpeter.) _Order_, Sessile - Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ A cylindrical tube, composed of six - elongated valves jointed together side by side, striated - longitudinally, surrounded by concentric rings; aperture circular, - enclosed by an operculum of four valves, placed perpendicularly in an - epiphragm.--_Obs._ The Tubicinellæ are found with nearly the whole - shell buried in the thick skin of the whale. T. Balænarum. - - TUBICOLARIA. Lam. (_Tuba_, a tube; _cola_, an inhabitant.) A family of - the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam. consisting of bivalves soldered as - it were within, or connected with, a testaceous tube. The genera - contained in this family may be thus distinguished. - - 1. ASPERGILLUM. Valves fixed, tube perforated and fringed. Fig. 44. - - 2. TEREDINA. Valves fixed, prominent, tube closed at one end. - Fossil. Fig. 46, 47. - - 3. CLAVAGELLA. One valve fixed, the other free. Fig. 45. - - 4. TEREDO. Both valves free, tube open at both ends. Fig. 48, 49. - - 5. FISTULANA. Valves free, tube closed at one end, straight, long. - Fig. 53, 54. - - 6. GASTROCHÆNA. Valves free, tube closed at one end, short, - bulbous. Fig. 52. - - TUBIVALVES. Bl. Shells composed of two valves connected in a tube, - corresponding with the family Tubicolæ of Lamarck. - - TULIPARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Coronaxis," Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. - 311. - - TURBINACEA. Bl. The sixth family of Polythalamacea, Bl. containing the - genera Cibicides and Rosallites, microscopic Foraminifera. - - TURBINACEA. Lam. A family of the first section of the order - Trachelipoda, Lam. containing the following genera. - - 1. SOLARIUM. With umbilicus reaching to the apex; including - _Bifrontia_ and _Orbis_. Fig. 353 to 356. - - 2. ROTELLA. A callosity on the under side. Fig. 357. - - 3. PHASIANELLA. Oval; operculum shelly. Fig. 367. - - 4. PLANAXIS. Columellar lip flat; aperture notched. Fig. 365. - - 5. TURBO. Top-shaped; mouth generally round; operculum shelly. Fig. - 368. - - 6. TROCHUS. Top-shaped; mouth generally angulated; operculum horny, - consisting of many whorls; including _Elenchus_. Fig. 358, 359, - 361. - - 7. MARGARITA. Operculum horny, consisting of few whorls; pearly. - Fig. 362. - - 8. LITTORINA. Similar, not pearly; including _Assiminnea_. Fig. - 363, 363*. - - 9. PHORUS. Attaching dead shells, stones, &c. Fig. 360. - - 10. MONODONTA or ODONTIS. A notch and prominent point at the lower - part of the aperture. Fig. 366. - - 11. LACUNA. With an umbilicus. Fig. 364. - - 12. TURRITELLA. Elongated, screw-shaped. Fig. 369 to 371. - - TURBINATED. (_Turbo_, a top,) Top-shaped. The term is applied generally - to those shells which are large at one extremity, and narrow to a point - at the other. _Ex._ Trochus, fig. 358; Turbinellus, fig. 382. - - TURBINELLUS. Auct. (_A little top._) _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. - Siphonostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Turbinated, thick, wide near the apex, - generally tuberculated; spire short, depressed, mammillated; aperture - rather narrow, terminating anteriorly in an open canal; outer lip - thickened within; columella having from three to five prominent, - compressed, transverse folds. The species of this genus are mostly - tropical.--_Obs._ The Turbinelli are a well marked genus of marine - shells, the species of which are numerous. No fossil species are known. - The genus Cancellaria makes the nearest approach to Turbinellus in some - characters, but may be distinguished by the roundness of its form, the - raised lines inside the outer lip, and the obliquity of the folds on - the columella. Fig. 382 to 384. - - TURBO. Auct. (_A top._) _Fam._ Cricostomata, Bl. Turbinacea, - Lam.--_Descr._ Turbinated, solid, ventricose, generally grooved or - tuberculated; spire short, pointed; aperture generally rounded, - sub-effuse anteriorly, entire; operculum shelly, solid, incrassated on - the outer side, horny and sub-spiral on the inner side. The Turbines - are mostly tropical.--_Obs._ The only certain means of distinguishing - this extensive genus of marine shells from Trochus, is the operculum, - which in the latter genus is horny, spiral, and composed of a great - number of whorls. The Trochi, however, are in general more conical, and - flatter at the under side of the whorls, and this constitutes Lamarck's - distinction between the genera. T. setosus, fig. 368. - - TURGID. (_Turgidus._) Puffed up, swollen, inflated. This term is - applied synonymously with Ventricose. - - TURRICULA. Humph. MELANIA, Auct. - - TURRICULACEA. Bl. The seventh family of the Order Polythalamacea, Bl. - containing the genus Turrilites, fig. 483. - - TURRILITES. Lam. (_Turris_, a tower; [Greek: lithos], a stone.) _Fam._ - Turriculacea, Lam. Ammonacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Chambered, turrited, - spiral; septa sinuous and lobate, perforated by a siphon; aperture - rounded, with the outer lip expanded. This genus, which is - distinguished from the other Ammonacea by having the spire produced, - _i. e._ not being convolute, consists of several species, occurring - only in chalk-marl. Fig. 483. - - TURRIS. Montf. A genus composed of those species of MITRA, Auct. which - have the whorls angulated, with the aperture lengthened and undulated. - - TURRITED. The spire of an univalve shell is said to be _turrited_ when - the whorls of which it is composed are regulated so as to have the - appearance of little turrets rising above each other, as in Mitra, fig. - 431. - - TURRITELLA. Lam. (_A little tower._) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam. - Cricostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Turrited, elongated, generally grooved - spirally; spire pointed, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture - rounded or angulated; inner and outer lips thin, confluent anteriorly; - operculum horny.--_Obs._ The shells composing this well defined genus, - are commonly called screws, a name to which the spiral grooves of most - of the species seems to entitle them. Fig. 370, T. imbricata. - - TYMPANOSTOMA. Schum. (_Timbrel mouth._) POTAMIS, Brongn. - - TYPHIS. Montf. A genus composed of MUREX tubifer, Auct. and other - similar species, which have the canal closed and a perforated tube - between each varix on the angulated part of the whorls. Besides the - fossil species originally described, there are now five species known, - which are figured in part 200, of the Conchological Illustrations by - the Author. Typhis tubifer, fig. 397. - - ULTIMUS. Montf. (_The last._) A genus composed of OVULUM gibbosum, - Auct. fig. 443, and other species in which the canals are not - distinctly defined, nor elongated. This fanciful name is given to the - genus on account of its being described in the last page of the book. - - UMBILICATED. (_Umbilicatus._) Having an umbilicus, as Nautilus - umbilicatus. - - UMBILICUS. (_A navel._) The hollow formed in spiral shells when the - inner side of the volutions do not join each other, so that the axis is - hollow. The umbilicus is marked with the letter u in Helix algira, fig. - 279. The term is also used to express any small, neat, rounded hollow. - - UMBO. (_The boss of a buckler or shield._) The point of a bivalve shell - above the hinge, which constitutes the apex or nucleus of each valve, - from which the longitudinal rays diverge, and the lines of growth, - commencing at the minutest circle, descend in gradually enlarging - concentric layers to the outer margin. The umbones will be marked with - the letter _u_, in Cytherea, fig. 117. - - UMBRELLA. (_A little shade._) _Fam._ Semiphyllidiana, Lam. Patelloidea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Patelliform, sub-orbicular, compressed, rather irregular; - apex slightly raised, placed near the centre; margin acute; internal - surface with a central, callous, coloured disc, surrounded by a - continuous, irregular muscular impression.--_Obs._ This genus is known - from Patella, by its continuous muscular impression. It is commonly - called the Chinese Umbrella shell. There are but two species at present - known; the U. Mediterranea, and the U. Indica, fig. 233. - - UNDATED. (_Unda_, a wave.) Waved. - - UNDULATED. (_Undulatus._) Minutely waved. - - UNGUICULATED. (_Unguis_, a nail or hoof.) An unguiculated operculum is - one in which the layers are disposed laterally, and the nucleus - constitutes part of the outer edge. - - UNGULINA. Daud. (_Ungula_, a nail or claw.) _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam. - Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, sub-orbicular, sub-equilateral, - with margins entire, simple, closed all round; hinge with one short, - sub-divided cardinal tooth in each valve, and a very minute additional - tooth in one valve, an oblong ligamentary pit divided into two - portions, one of which receives the cartilage, the external ligament is - immediately below the umbones; muscular impressions, two in each valve, - oblong; impression of the mantle entire. U. transversa, fig. 88. Coast - of Africa. - - UNI-AURICULATED. Having one AURICLE. See AURICULATED. - - UNICORNUS. Montf. MONOCEROS, Auct. - - UNIO. (_A pearl._) _Fam._ Nayades, Lam. Submytilacea, Bl.--_Descr._ - Inequilateral, equivalve, regular, free, pearly within, covered by a - smooth epidermis without; umbones prominent, generally corroded; - muscular impressions two in each valve, lateral, distant; the anterior - composed of several small divisions; hinge varying in age, species, and - individuals.--_Obs._ The above description is framed so as to include - all the genera of the Lamarckian Nayades, together with Castalia, which - are placed in the family Trigonacea, they are all fresh-water shells, - commonly called fresh-water muscles. The distinctions of the various - genera into which they have been divided, will be found in their - respective places, and under the name Nayades. They are all represented - in figures 140 to 152. Of these fig. 145 to 148, are more generally - considered as forming the genus Unio. - - UNIOPSIS. Sw. A sub-genus of Alasmodon. Sw. p. 382. - - UNIVALVE. (_Unus_, one; _valva_, valve.) A shell consisting of a single - piece, as distinguished from Bivalves and Multivalves, which are - composed of two or more principal pieces. Spiral shells having an - operculum, are called sub-bivalves by some authors. - - UPPER-VALVE. The free valve in attached bivalves. - - UVIGERINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - VAGINA. Megerle. SOLEN _vagina_, Auct. - - VAGINULA. (_A little sheath, the husk of corn._) _Class_, Pteropoda, - Lam.--_Descr._ Pyramidal, slightly inflated in the centre, thin, - fragile; aperture oblong, with the edges turned slightly - outwards.--_Obs._ The little shells of this genus, which are only known - in a fossil state, differ from Cuvieria in being pointed at the - extremity. Found in the tertiary beds of Bordeaux. V. Daudinii, fig. - 225. - - VAGINULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - VALVATA. Müll. _Fam._ Peristomata, Lam. Cricostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ - Thin, turbinated; spire short, composed of from three to six rounded - whorls; aperture circular; peritreme acute, entire; operculum horny, - spiral.--_Obs._ This genus of small shells resembles Cyclostoma, from - which the recent species may be known by the horny texture of the - external surface, being fresh-water shells. The fossils of course - belong to the fresh-water formations. V. piscinalis, fig. 322. Europe - and North America. - - VALVES. (_Valva_, a door, a folding piece.) The two pieces composing a - bivalve shell, which close upon each other, turning upon a hinge - consisting of a ligament, cartilage, and teeth. See BIVALVE, - MULTIVALVE, and UNIVALVE. - - VALVULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - VARIX. (_A swelling vein._) A varix is formed on the outer surface of a - spiral shell, by the thickened, reflected edge of a former aperture, - after fresh deposits of testaceous matter have increased the size by - adding to the growth of the shell beyond it. In this manner there are - frequently many varices, or edges of former apertures, in various parts - of the spire and the body whorl. They are sometimes placed at regular - distances from each other, as in Harpa, fig. 419; sometimes - _continuous_, as in Ranella, fig. 394; sometimes _discontinuous_, as in - Triton, fig. 398; sometimes _ramose_, as in Murex, fig. 395; sometimes - _simple_, as in Scalaria, fig. 351; sometimes _spinose_, as in Murex - spinosus. The term _varix_ has also been applied to any swelling ridge, - such as that on the lower part of the columella of Ancillaria, fig. - 456. - - VELATES. Montf. NERITINA perversa, Auct. Fig. 326. - - VELLETIA. Gray? A genus described as differing from ANCYLUS in being - dextral. VELLETIA lacustris, ANCYLUS lacustris, Auct. fig. Sowerby Gen. - fig. 2. - - VELUTINA. Auct. _Fam._ Macrostomata, Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-globose, - covered with a velvety epidermis; spire short, composed of two rapidly - enlarged ventricose whorls; aperture large, sub-ovate; peritreme thin, - entire, separated from the last whorl; columella tortuous, - thin.--_Obs._ This shell does not resemble any other genus in the - family. Fig. 337. Northern Seas. - - VENERICARDIA. Lam. A genus composed of the shorter species of Cardita. - - VENERIRUPIS. Lam. (From _Venus_ and _rupis_, a rock.) The oblong - species of Venus Auct. which live in cavities of rocks and stones. This - genus is united by Sowerby with some other species of Venus under the - name Pullastra. V. Vulgaris, fig. 97. - - VENTRAL. (_Venter_, the belly.) The margin of a bivalve shell opposite - the hinge. The under valve in Brachiopodous bivalves is the ventral - valve. The ventral surface of an univalve spiral shell is that which - faces the observer when the aperture is placed towards him. The ventral - part of the whorls of symmetrical convolute shells, is the inner part, - that which is nearest to the spire. - - VENTRAL SIPHON. In symmetrical convolute univalves, is one placed near - the inner edge of the whorls. - - VENTRICOSE. (_Ventricosus._) Swelled, rounded out, (_bombé Fr._) as - Harpa ventricosa, fig. 419. - - VENUS. Auct. (_Goddess of Beauty._) _Fam._ Marine Conchacea, Lam. - Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, sub-globose, - sub-ovate, transverse, externally rugose, striated, ribbed, cancellated - or smooth; margins entire, simple, close; hinge with three more or less - distinct cardinal teeth, diverging from the umbones in each valve; - muscular impressions two, lateral, distant; palleal impressions - sinuated posteriorly; ligament external.--_Obs._ This extensive genus, - including some bivalves of splendour and beauty, justifying the name - given to it, may be known from Cytherea by the absence of a lateral - tooth, which is found near the cardinal teeth in the latter. Artemis is - distinguished not only by its beautiful form, but by the deep angular - sinus in the palleal impression. Fig. 119, 119 a. Found mostly in - temperate and tropical climates. - - VERMETUS. Adanson. _Fam._ Scalariana, Lam. Cricostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ - Spiral at the apex, irregularly twisted towards the aperture; aperture - round, small.--_Obs._ This shell resembles the Serpulæ in general - appearance, although it is regularly spiral near the apex. The animal - is known to be a true mollusc, rather nearly allied to that of the - genus Dentalium, which is also placed wrongly in the Lamarckian system. - Vermetus Lumbricalis, fig. 345. Coast of Africa. - - VERMICULAR. (_Vermicularis._) Worm-shaped, tubular, serpentine. _Ex._ - Vermilia triquetra, fig. 7. - - VERMICULARIA. Lam. VERMETUS, Adanson; afterwards VERMETUS, Lam. - - VERMILIA. Lam. A genus composed of species of Serpula, which are - attached by the whole length of the shell, no part being free. Vermilia - triquetra, fig. 7. - - VERTEBRALINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - VERTEX. Apex. - - VERTIGO. Müll. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Cylindrically fusiform, - sinistral, hyaline; aperture marginated, sinuated, denticulated on the - inner edge; peristome sub-reflected.--_Obs._ This genus of minute land - shells, resembles Pupa, but is a reversed, hyaline shell. Vertigo - pusilla, fig. 293. Europe. - - VERRUCA. Schum. CLITIA, Leach. - - VESICA. Sw. A sub-genus of Bulinus, Sw. p. 360. - - VEXILLA. Sw. A genus of "Nassinæ," Sw. thus described: "General shape - of _Purpura_, the inner lip flattened and depressed; the outer, when - adult, thickened, inflected and toothed; aperture wide; picta _Sw._ - Chem. pl. 157, f. 1504-5." Sw. Malac. p. 300. - - VIRGULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - VITRELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Bullinæ," Sw. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. - 360. - - VITRINA. Drap. (_Vitreus_, glassy.) _Fam._ Limacinea, Lam. and - Bl.--_Descr._ Ovate, thin, glassy, fragile; spire short; last whorl - large; aperture wide, transverse; peritreme simple; columella spiral, - linear.--_Obs._ This genus of land-shells is not known in a fossil - state. The recent species are found among moss and grass, in shady - situations. De Ferussac has divided this genus into Helicolimax, fig. - 263, and Helixarion, fig. 262. - - VITULARIA. Sw. A genus of "Muricinæ," Sw. thus described: "General - habit of _Muricidea_, but the inner lip is depressed and flattened as - in the _Purpurinæ_; varices simple, nearly obsolete. Tuberculata, Sw. - En. M. 419. fig. 1. (_Murex vitulinus_, Auct.)" Sw. p. 297. - - VIVIPARA. A generic name given by Montfort, and retained by some - authors for PALUDINA, Lam. on account of the animals being - _viviparous_, i. e. the young being perfectly formed before they leave - the ovaries. - - VIVIPAROUS. See VIVIPARA. - - VOLUTA. Auct. (_Volvo_, to revolve.) _Fam._ Columellaria, Lam. - Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Sub-ovate, rather angulated, thick, - generally tuberculated, smooth; spire short, conical, with a - mammillated apex; aperture generally angulated, large, terminating - anteriorly in a deep notch; columella smooth, with several plaits, of - which the lowest is the largest; outer lip thickened within.--_Obs._ - The genus Voluta, as left by Linnæus, is only characterized by the - folds on the columella, and includes many shells which, although they - agree in this respect with the genus, are yet quite opposite to each - other in all other characters. Thus the Auriculæ, which are land - shells, and have the aperture entire, are mixed up with others which - are marine, and have a canal, as Turbinellæ, and the Fasciolariæ, and - others which have merely a notch, as the true Volutes. This genus, as - it is circumscribed at present, includes a great number of beautiful - shells, most of which are rich in colouring. CYMBA and MELO have been - separated by Mr. Broderip from the genus VOLUTA of Lamarck, for reasons - stated in their respective descriptions. Fig. 443. - - VOLVARIA. Lam. (_Volva_, a shuttle.) _Fam._ Columellaria, - Lam.--_Descr._ Cylindrical, convolute, spirally striated; spire very - short, nearly hidden; aperture narrow, as long as the whole shell; - columella with three oblique plaits; outer lip dentated.--_Obs._ The - Volvaria are only known in a fossil state, and resemble some species of - Bulla in general form, but are distinguished by the plaits on the - columella. Fig. 439, V. concinna. - - VOLUTELLA. Sw. (_A little volute._) A genus composed of those species - of MARGINELLA, Auct. which have the spire concealed, and the aperture - smooth within. Fig. 438, PERSICULA of Schumacher. - - VOLUTILITHES. Sw. (_Voluta_, and [Greek: lithos], _lithos_, a stone.) A - genus composed of some fossil species of Voluta, which have the plaits - on the pillar generally numerous, indistinct, and sometimes wanting - altogether, with a pointed spire. Fig. 436, V. spinosa. - - VOLUTION. See WHORL. - - VORTICIALIS. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. - - VULSELLA. Lam. (_A little tongue._) _Fam._ Ostracea, Lau. Margaritacea, - Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, irregular, longitudinal, compressed, oblong; - umbones separated by a slight area in both valves; hinge with a large - pit in the centre, containing the cartilage, the ligament being spread - over the areas; muscular impressions, one on each valve, sub-central, - oblong.--_Obs._ This genus differs from Ostræa in the equality of the - valves, and in having a hollow pit in the hinge for the cartilage. - Vulsella lingulata, fig. 185. - - WATERING-POT. Aspergillum, fig. 44, commonly so called on account of - the resemblance of its perforated termination to that of the spout of a - watering-pot. - - WENTLE TRAP. Scalaria pretiosa, commonly so called. - - WHORL. A complete turn or revolution round the imaginary axis of a - spiral shell. The last whorl is called the _body-whorl_. The whorls are - described as _non-contiguous_, when they do not touch each other; - _continuous_, in the opposite case. _Depressed_ when they are flat. - They are _angulated_, _heeled_, or coronated; _distinct_, or - indistinct. They are sometimes, as in Cypræa, hidden by the last whorl. - - XYLOPHAGA. Sow. ([Greek: xulon], _zylon_, wood; [Greek: phagô], - _phago_, to eat.) _Fam._ Tubiscolæ, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve, globose, - closed at the back; with a large, angular hiatus in front; hinge with a - small curved tooth advancing from beneath the umbones in each - valve.--_Obs._ This shell, which is found in a cylindrical cavity, - eaten in wood by the animal, resembles Teredo, but has not the shelly - tube, nor the posterior hiatus. X. dorsalis, fig. 50, 51. - - XYLOTRYA. Leach. XYLOPHAGA, Sow. - - ZONITES. Montf. A genus formed of Helix Algira, and other similar - species with depressed spires and large umbilici; included in the - sub-genus Helicella. Fig. 279. - - ZUA. Leach. A genus described as differing from Bulinus in having a - polished epidermis, and a thickened, not reflected lip. Zua lubrica, B. - lubricus, Auct. - - ZURAMA. Leach. A sub-genus of Helix. H. pulchella, Auct. Gray's Turton, - p. 41. - - * * * * * - - -EXPLANATION OF PLATES, - -AND SYSTEMATIC VIEW OF THE - -LAMARCKIAN ARRANGEMENT. - - _Class_, ANNELIDES. - _Order_, SEDENTARIA. - _Fam._ Dorsalia. - - FIG. - - 1. Siliquaria anguina. Agathirses, Montf. - - _Fam._ Maldania. - - 2. Dentalium octogonum. - - 3. Pharetrium fragile, with the outer tube broken. - - _Fam._ Serpulacea. - - 4. Serpula bicarinata. - - 5. Spirorbis Nautiloides, on sea-weed. - - 6. Galeolaria decumbens, on a Conia. - - 7. Vermilia triquetra. - - 8. Spiroglyphus, on a portion of Patella. - - 9. Magilus antiquus, old shell. Campulotus, Guild. (from Guerin.) - - 10. The same, in a young state. - - 11. Leptoconchus striatus. - - 12. Stylifer astericola. - - 13. The same, in a portion of Star-fish. - - _Class_, CIRRIPEDES. - _Order_, SESSILE CIRRIPEDES - - 14. Tubicinella Balænarum. - - 15. Coronula Testudinaria. Chelonobia, Leach, Astrolepas, Klein. - - 16. ---- Balænaris. Cetopirus, Ranz. - - 17. ---- diadema. Diadema, Ranz. - - 18. Chthalamus, Ranz. (from Blainville.) - - 19. Platylepas pulchra, Leach. One valve separate, showing the inside. - - 20. Clitia Verruca, Leach. Octhosia, Ranz. Verruca, Schum. - - 21. Conia porosa. Teraclita, Schum. - - 22. Elminius Leachii. - - 23. Catophragmus imbricatus, (from Sowerby's Genera.) - - 24. Octomeris angulosus, (from Sow. Gen.) - - 25. Balanus tintinnabulum. - - 26. ---- Montagui. Acasta, Leach. - - 27. ---- galeatus, Conoplæa, Say. - - 28. Creusia gregaria. _b._ showing the internal structure. - - 29. Nobia grandis. - - 30. Savignium crenatum. } - } - 31. Pyrgoma cancellata. } Pyrgoma, Auct. - } - 32. Adna Anglicum. } - } - 33. Megatrema semicostata.} - - _Order_, PEDUNCULATED CIRRIPEDES. - - 34. Pentelasmis lævis. Antifa, Lam. a. anterior. - - 35. Scalpellum vulgare. - - 36. Smilium Peronii. - - 37. Pollicipes polymeus. Ramphidoma, Schum. - - 37*. Pollicipes mitellus. Capitulum, Klein. - - 38. Brismæus Rhophodius. - - 39. Lithotrya dorsalis. Absia, Leach, Litholepas, Bl. - - 40. Ibla Cuvieriana. - - 41. Heptalasmis Warwickii. Octolasmis, Gray. - - 42. Cineras vittatus. - - 43. Otion Cuvieri. - - _Class_, CONCHIFERA. - _Order_, C. DIMYARIA. - _Fam._ Tubicolaria. - - 44. Aspergillum vaginiferum. Penicillus, Brug. - - 45. Clavagella, a fossil species. - - 46. Teredina personata. - - 47. Lignite, pierced by Teredinæ. - - 48. Teredo navalis; _a_, tube (from Sowerby's Genera.) - - 49. Wood bored by Teredo. - - 50. Xylophaga dorsalis. Xylotrya, Leach. - - 51. The same, in wood. - (This would be more properly placed in Pholadaria.) - - 52. Gastrochæna Modiolina, in the tube (from Sowerby's Genera.) - - 53. Fistulana Clava. } - } (From Sowerby's Genera.) - 54. Tube of the same. } - - _Fam._ Pholadaria. - - 55. Pholas Dactylus; _a_, plates of the hinge. - - 56. ---- papyracea. Pholadidæa. - - 57. Pholadomya Candida. - - 58. Galeomma Turtoni. - - 59. Front view of the same. - - (Here Xylophaga should be placed, see Tubicolaria.) - - _Fam._ Solenacea. - - 60. Solen ensis. Ensis, Schum. Ensatella, Sw. - - 61. Solen radiatus. Solenocurtus, Bl. Leguminaria, Schum. Siliqua, - Megerle. - - 62. Lepton squamosum. (from Turton.) - - 63. Novaculina gangetica. - - 64. Glanconome Chinensis. - - 65. Panopæa Australis. } - } (From Sowerby's Genera.) - 66. Hinge of Panopæa Faujasii.} - - 67. Glycimeris Siliqua. - - 68. Solenimya Mediterranea. - - _Fam._ Myaria. - - 69. Anatina rostrata. Auriscalpium, Megerle. - - 70. Anatinella Sibbaldii. - - 71. Mya truncata. - - 72. Periploma inæquivalvis. Osteodesma, Desh. _a_, bone of the - hinge, (from Blainville.) - - 73. Myochama anomioides; lower valve with clavicle, and hinge of - upper valve. - - 74. External view of the same, attached to a Trigonia. - - 75. Cleidothærus Chamoides, attached valve. - - 76. Upper valve of the same, with the clavicle. - - _Fam._ Mactracea. - - 77. Lutraria papyracea. Ligula, Leach. Carinella, Adans. - - 78. ---- Solenoides. Cutellus ----? - - 79. Mactra Stultorum. - - 80. ---- plicataria. Spisula? Gray. - - 81. ---- Spengleri. Schizodesma, Gray. - - 82. ---- bicolor. Mulinia, Gray. - - 83. Gnathodon cuneatus. Clathodon, Conrad. - - 84. Crassatella rostrata. - - 85. Amphidesma reticulatum. - - 86. Erycina plebeja. Mesodesma, Desh. - - 87. Cuming mutica. - - 88. Ungulina transversa, (from Sowerby's genera.) - - _Fam._ Corbulacea. - - 89. Corbula nucleus. - - 90. Pandora rostrata. - - _Fam._ Lithophagidæ. - - 91. Petricola Roccellaria. - - 92. ---- Carditoidea. Coralliophaga, Bl. - - 93. Thracia corbuloides. - - 94. Saxicava rugosa. - - 95. Hiatella biaperta. - - 96. Sphænia Binghamii. - - 97. Venerirupis vulgaris. - - _Fam._ Nymphacea. - - 98. Sanguinolaria rosea. Lobaria, Schum. - - 99. ---- Diphos. Soletellina, Bl. - - 100. Psammobia Ferroensis. Gari, Schum. - - 101. Corbis fimbriata. Fimbria, Megerle. - - 102. Grateloupia Moulinsii. (from Lea.) - - 103. Egeria triangulata, (from Lea.) - - 104. Lucina tigerina. - - 105. Tellina radiata. - - 106. ---- lingua-felis; _a_, showing the fold in the ventral - margin. - - 107. Tellinides rosea. - - 108. Donax cuneatus. - - 109. Capsa Braziliensis, young. - - 110. Astarte Danmoniensis. Crassina, Lam. - - Fluviatile Conchacea. - - 111. Cyclas rivicola. Cornea, Megerle. - - 112. Pisidium amnicum. Pisum, Megerle. - - 113. Cyrena fuscata. Corbicula, Megerle. - - 114. Cyrenoides Dupontia. - - 115. Potamophila radiata. Galathæa, Lam. _v._ ventral margin. - - Marine Conchacea. - - 116. Cyprina vulgaris. Arctica, Schum. - - 117. Cythera Meretrix; _e._ escutcheon. - - 117 _a._ C. Meroe; _Gen._ Meroe. - - 117 _b._ C. Tripla; _Gen._ Trigona. - - 117 _c._ C. maculata; _Gen._ Chione. - - 117 _d._ C. Castrensis; _Gen._ Circe. - - 118. Artemis lincta; _s_, sinus in the Palleal impression. - - 119. Venus cancellata. Antigona, Schum. _a._ anterior; _p._ - posterior; _c._ cardinal teeth. - - 119 _a._ V. Verrucosa. Dosina, Schum. - - 120. Pullastra Textile. - - _Fam._ Cardiacea. - - 121. Venericardia, recent species, resembling V. planicostata, Lam. - - 122. Cardium Dionæum. Cardissa, Sw. Hemicardium, Nonnull. - - 123. ---- angulatum. - - 123*. ---- Greenlandicum. Aphrodita, Lea, Acardo, Sw. - - 123**. --- hemicardium. _Gen._ Hemicardum. - - 124. Cardita calyculata. - - 125. Cypricardia angulata. - - 126. Isocardia Moltkiana. - - 127. Megalodon cucullatus, (from Sow. Min. Con.) - - 128. Hippagus Isocardioides, (from Lea.) - - 129. Hippopodium ponderosum, (from Sow. Min. Con.) - - 130. Pachymya gigas, (from Sow. Min. Con.) - - _Fam._ Arcacea. - - 131. Arca antiquata. - - 132. Bysso-arca Noæ. - - 133. Cucullæa auriculifera, (from Sowerby's Genera.) - - 134. Pectunculus pilosus. - - 135. Myopara costata, (from Lea.) - - 136. Crenella. - - 137. Nucula margaritacea, three views. - - 138. Solenella Norrissii. - - _Fam._ Trigonacea. - - 139. Trigonia pectinata. - - 140. Castalia ambigua. Tetraplodon pectinatus, Spix. - - _Fam._ Nayades. - - 141. Alasmodon complanatus, Say. Margaritana, Schum. - - 142. Dipsas plicatus, Leach. Cristaria, Schum. - - 143. Hyria corrugata, Lam. Paxyodon, Schum. Triplodon. - - 144. Syrmatophora, Sow. Prisodon, Schum. Diplodon, Spix. - - 145. Unio littoralis, Lam. Mysca ovata, Turton. - - 147. ---- Alatus. Symphynota, Lea. - - 148. ---- Atratus, Lam. Naia, Sw. - - 149. Monocondylæa Paraguayana. - - 150. Iridina elongata. Pleiodon, Conrad. } Platiris, Lea. - } - 151. Mycetopus solenoides, D'Orb. Spatha, Lea. } - - 152. Anodon Cataractus. - - _Fam._ Chamacea. - - 153. Chama Lazarus. Jataronus, Adanson. - - 154. Diceras perversum, (from Sowerby's Genera.) - - 155. Etheria semilunata. - - _Order_, MONOMYARIA. - _Fam._ Tridacnacea. - - 156. Hippopus maculatus. - - 157. Tridacna elongata. - - _Fam._ Mytilacea. - - 158. Mytilus achatinus. - - 159. ---- polymorphus. Dreissina. - - 160. Modiola Tulipa. - - 161. Lithodomus Dactylus. - - 162. Pinna saccata. - - _Fam._ Malleacea. - - 163. Avicula Hirundo. - - 164. ---- margaritifera. Meleagrina, Lam. - - 165. Malleus Vulgaris. Himantopoda, Schum. - - 166. Perna Ephippium. - - 167. Catillus Lamarckii. Inoceramus, Sow. (from Blainville.) - - 168. Crenatula mytoloides. } - } - 169. Gervillia aviculoides. } (from Sowerby's Genera.) - } - 170. Pulvinites Adansonii. } - - _Fam._ Pectinides. - - 171. Pecten varius. Janera, Schum. - - 172. ---- Plica. Decadopecten, Rüppell. - - 173. Hinnites Pusio. Pecten Pusio, Lam. - - 174. Lima squamosa. - - 175. Dianchora striata, (from Sow. Min. Con.) - - 176. Plagiostoma spinosum, (from Sow. Min. Con.) - - 177. Spondylus Americanus, hinge. (See Frontispiece.) - - 178. Plicatula gibbosa. Harpax, Parkinson. - - 179. Pedum Spondyloideum, (from Sow. Gen.) - - _Fam._ Ostracea. - - 180. Ostrea edulis. - - 181. ---- Folium. Dendostrea, Sw. - - 182. Gryphæa incurva. - - 183. Exogyra conica, (from Sow. Min. Con.) - - 184. Placuna placenta. _Gen._ Placenta, Schum. - - 185. Vulsella lingulata. - - 186. Anomia Ephippium. - - 187. Hinge of the same, with bony process. - - 188. Hinge, showing the fissure. - - 189. Placunanomia Cumingii. - - 190. Hinge of the same, showing the fissure. - - 191. Hinge of the unattached valve. - - 192. Mulleria. (from Sow. Gen.) - - _Fam._ Rudistis. - - 193. Sphærulites foliacea. (Radiolites is more conical.) - - 194. Calceola Sandalina. - - 196. Birostrites inæquiloba, internal cast of Sphærulites. - - 197. _a._ Crania personata, dorsal valve; _b._ - C. antiquata, interior. - (This would be more properly placed in Brachiopoda.) - - 198. Hippurites Cornucopia, (from Blainville.) - - 199. Hipponyx Cornucopia, attached valve. - - 200. Upper valve of the same. - - _Fam._ Brachiopoda. - - 201. Orbicula lævis. - - 202. Terebratula Psittacea; _a._ anterior margin. - - 203. Atrypa reticularis. Trigonotreta, König. - - 204. Cyrtia exporrecta. - - 205. Delthyris plycotes, (from Dalman.) - - 206. Leptæna depressa, Dalman. Producta, Sow. (from Sow. Gen.) - - 206*. Producta antiquata. - - 207. Orthis basalis, Dalman. Strophomena, Rafinesque. - - 208. Trigonosemus Lyra, König. - - 209. Magas pumilus, Sow. - - 210. Gypidia conchidium, (from Dalman.) - - 211. Interior of the large valve of the same. (from Dalman.) - - 212. Pentamerus Aylesfordii, (from Sow. Min. Con.) - - 213. ---- lævis. - - 214. Spirifer trigonalis. } - } Trigonotreta, König, (from Sow. Gen.) - 215. ---- dorsatus. } - - 216. Thecidium recurvirostrum. - (Here should come Crania, see Rudistes.) - - 217. Pycnodonta radiata, (from Fischer.) - - 218. Hinge of the same. - - 219. Lingula Anatina. - - _Class_, MOLLUSCA. - _Order_, PTEROPODA. - - 220. Atlanta helicialis. - - 221. Cleodora cuspidata. - - 222. Creseis spinifera. - - 223. Cuvieria columella. - - 224. Spiratella limacinea, with animal; Limacella, Lam. Limacina - Cuvier. (from Blainville.) - - 225. Vaginula Daudinii. - - 226. Hyalæa tridentata. Archonte, Montf. - - _Order_, GASTEROPODA. - _Fam._ Phyllidiana. - - 227. Chiton spinosus. - - 228. Chitonellus striatus. (from Sow. Gen.) - - 229. Patella oculus; _a._ anterior. - - 230. Patella pellucida. Helcion, Montf. Ansates, Klein. - - 231. Patelloida Antillarum. Lottia, Gray. - - 231*. Siphonaria Sipho. - - _Fam._ Semiphyllidiana. - - 232. Pleurobranchus membranaceus. - - 233. Umbrella indica. Gastroplax, Bl. - - _Fam._ Calyptracea. - - 234. Calyptræe Equestris. - - 235. ---- extinctorium. - - 236. ---- auriculata. - - 237. ---- Pileus. Infundibulum, Montf. - - 238. Side view of the same. - - 239. Crepidula Porcellana. - - 240. Capulus ungaricus, two views. Pileopsis, Lam. - - 241. Emarginula fissura. - - 242. Parmophorus elongatus. Scutus, Montf. - - 243. Rimula Blainvillii. - - 244. Cemoria Flemingii. - - 245. Fissurella oriens. - - 246. Ancylus fluviatilis. - - _Fam._ Bullæana. - - 247. Bulla fragilis. Akera, Nonnul. - - 248. ---- aperta. Bullæa, Lam. - - 249. ---- aplustre. Aplustre, Schum. - - 250. ---- Naucum. Atys, Montf. - - 251. ---- lignaria. Scaphander, Montf. - - 252. ---- Ampulla. - - 253. ---- lineata. - - _Fam._ Aplysiacea. - - 254. Aplysia Petersoni. - - 255. Dolabella Rumphii. - - _Fam._ Limacinea. - - 256. Parmacella calyculata, Cryptella. Webb. - - 257. Parmacella Olivieri. (from De Ferussac.) - - 258. ---- palliolum. (from De Ferussac.) - - 259. Limax antiquorum. - - 260. Plectophorus corninus. - - 261. Testacella Haliotoidea. - - 262. Helixarion, Cuv. } - } Vitrina, Drap. Cobresia, Haubner. - 263. Helicolimax pellucida. } - - _Order_, TRACHELIPODA. - _Fam._ Colimacea. - - _Sub-genera_ of De Fer. - - 264. Helix brevipes, Drap. Helicophanta. - - 265. Succinea amphibia. } - } Cochlohydra. - 266. ---- patula. Amphibulima, Lam. } - - 267. Helix hæmastoma. Acarus, } - Montf. } - 268. ---- Pomatia. } Helicogena. - } - 269. Streptaxis contusa, Gray.} - } - 270. Another view of the same.} - - 271. Anastoma depressum. } - } - 272. Another view of the same. } - } - 273. Helix nux-denticulata. } Helicodonta. - } - 274. Proserpina nitida. } - } - 275. Polygyra septemvolva. } - } - 276. Another view of the same. } - - 277. Carocolla Lamarckii. } - } Helicigona. - 278. Helix pileus. Geotrochus, Sw. } - - 279. ---- algira. Zonites, Montf. } - } Helicella. - 280. ---- citrina. Naninia, Gray. } - - 281. ---- epistilum Helicostyla. - - 282. Bulinus rosaceus; _a._ apex. } - } - 283. ---- Guadaloupensis; Bulinulus, } - Leach. } Cochlostyla. - 284. ---- Lyonetianus. Gibbus, Montf. } - } - 285. ---- lubricus. Cionella, Jeffreys.} - - 286. Achatina virginea Liguus, Montf. } - } Cochlitoma. - 287. Achatinella, Sw. } - - 288. Polyphemus Glans, Montf. Cochlicopa. - - 289. Bulinus decollatus, in a young state. Cochlicella. - - 290. Azeca tridens, Jeffreys. Turbo tridens, } Cochlogena. - Gmelin. } - - 291. Pupa Uva. } - } - 292. Alæa marginata; Jeffreys. } - } Cochlodonta. - 293. Vertigo pusilla. } - } - 294. Megaspira Ruschenbergiana. } - - 295. Clausilia Macascarensis; _a_, a break, } - to show the clausium. } Cochlodina. - } - 296. Balea fragilis. } - - 297. Auricula Judæ. - - 298. ---- coniformis. Conovulum, Lam. Melampus, Montf. - - 299. Pedipes Adansonii. - - 299*. Scarabæus imbrium. - - 300. Chilina Dombeyana. - - 301. Carychium minimum. - - 302. Partula Australis. - - 303. Cyclostoma ferrugineum. - - 304. ---- Involvulus. Cyclophorus, Montf. - - 305. Nematura Deltæ. - - 306. Helicina major. - - 307. Operculum of the same. - - _Fam._ Lymneana. - - 308. Limnæa stagnalis. - - 309. ---- auricularia. Radix, Montf. - - 310. ---- castanea. Physa, Drap. - - 311. Planorbis corneus. - - 312. Planaria niteus, (from Lea.) - - _Fam._ Melaniana. - - 313. Melania subulata. Melas, Montf. - - 314. Melania prærosa and monodontoides. Anculosa, Say. - - 315. Melanopsis costata. Faunus, Montf. - - 316. Pirena terebralis. - - 317. Pasithæa striata, (from Lea.) - - _Fam._ Peristomata. - - 318. Ampullaria fasciata. Amphibola; _a_, aperture. - - 319. ---- Guinaica. Lanistes, Montf. - - 320. ---- Cornu-arietis. Ceradotes, Guild. - - 321. Paludina Bengalensis. - - 322. Valvata piscinalis. - - _Fam._ Neritacea. - - 323. Navicella elliptica. - - 324. Neritina virginea. Theodoxus, Montf. - - 325. ---- spinosa. Clithon, Montf. - - 326. ---- perversa. Velates, Montf. (from Sow. Gen.) - - 327. Natica mamilla. Polinices, Montf. - - 328. ---- lineata. - - 330. Nerita peloronta. Peloronta, Oken. - - 331. Neritopsis granosa. - - 332. Pileolus plicatus. - - 333. Janthina fragilis. - - _Fam._ Macrostomata. - - 334. Sigaretus concavus. - - 335. Stomatia Phymotis. - - 336. Stomatella imbricata. - - 337. Velutina lævigata. Galericulus, Nonnul. - - 338. Haliotis rubra, young. - - 339. ---- tricostalis, Lam. Padollus, Montf. - - 340. Scissurella elatior, magnified. } - } (from Sow. Gen.) - 341. Pleurotomaria reticulata. } - - _Fam._ Plicacea. - - 342. Pyramidella terebellum. - - 343. Tornatella solidula. Acteon, Montf. - - 344. Monoptygma elegans. (from Lea.) - - _Fam._ Scalariana. - - 345. Vermetus lumbricalis. - - 346. Rissoa reticulata. - - 347. Eulima labiosa. - - 348. ---- marmorata. Bonellia, Desh. - - 349. Cirrus nodosus, Sow. - - 350. Euomphalus pentangulus. (from Sow. Min. Con.) - - 351. Scalaria Pallassii. Aciona, Leach. - - 352. Delphinula laciniata. - - _Fam._ Turbinacea. - - 353. Solarium perspectivum. - - 354. ---- Bifrons. Bifrontia and Omalaxis, Desh. - - 355. Orbis Rotella. (from Lea.) - - 356. Another view of the same. - - 357. Rotella vestiaria, Pitonellus, Montf. - - 358. Trochus stellaris, Lam. Calcar, Montf. Turbo, Sow. - - 359. ---- maculatus. Tectus, Montf. - - 360. ---- agglutinans. Phorus. - - 361. ---- Pharaonis. Clauculus, Montf. - - 362. Margarita tæniata. - - 363. Littorina vulgaris. - - 363*. Assiminea Grayana. - - 364. Lacuna pallidula. - - 365. Planaxis sulcata. - - 366. Monodonta labeo; Odontis, Sow. - - 367. Phasianella variegata. - - 368. Turbo setosus. Marmarostoma, Sw. - - 369. Tuba striata. (from Lea.) - - 370. Turritella imbricata. - - 371. Monotygma, Gray. - - _Fam._ Canalifera. - - 372. Cerithium Aluco, front. - - 374. Nerinea Goodhallii. (from Geol. Trans.) - - 375. Triphora plicata. (from Deshayes.) - - 376. End view of the same. - - 377. Potamis muricata. Pyrazus, Montf. Tympanostomata, Schum. - - 378. Cerithium Telescopium. _Gen._ Telescopium. - - 379. Pleurotoma Babylonia; _a, a_, extremities of the axis. - - 381. ---- strombiformis, Clavatula, Lam. - - 382. Turbinella corniger. Scolymis, Sw. - - 383. ---- polygona. Polygonum, Schum. - - 384. Spirillus. _Gen._ Pyrella, Sw. Turbinella spirillus, Auct. - - 385. Cancellaria reticulata. - - 386. Fasciolaria Trapezium. - - 387. Fusus Colus; _a_, anterior of the aperture; p, posterior. - - 388. Pyrula perversa. Fulgur, Montf. - - 389. ---- papyracea. Rapanus, Schum. Bulbus, Humph. Rapella, Sw. - - 390. ---- Ficus. Ficula, Sw. - - 391. Struthiolaria straminea. - - 393. Ranella ranina. Apollon, Montf. - - 394. ---- neglecta. Bufo, Montf. - - 395. Murex inflatus. Chicoreus, Montf. - - 396. ---- haustellum. Brontes, Montf. - - 397. Typhis tubifer. (from Deshayes.) - - 398. Triton pilearis. - - 399. ---- cutaceus. Aquillus, Montf. - - 400. ---- Lotorium. Lotorium, Montf. - - 401. ---- anus. Persona, Montf. - - _Fam._ Alatæ. - - 402. Rostellaria curvirostrum. - - 403. ---- columbaria. Hippochrenes, Montf. (from Sow. Gen.) - - 404. ---- Pes-pelicani. Aporrhais, Petiver. - - 405. Pteroceras aurantiacum. - - 406. Strombus pugilis. - - _Fam._ Purpurifera. - - 407. Cassidaria echinophora. Morio, Montf. - - 408. Side view of the outer lip, to shew the canal. - - 409. Oniscia Oniscus. Cassidara. - - 410. Cassis tuberosa, reduced. - - 411. ---- erinaceus. Cassidea, Sw. - - 412. ---- testiculus. Cypræcassis, Stutchbury. - - 413. Ricinula horrida. Sistrum, Montf. - - 414. Purpura persica. - - 415. Tritonidea (_Pollia_, Gray.) articularis. - - 416. Phos senticosa. - - 417. Monoceros crassilabrum. - - 418. Concholepas Peruviana. - - 419. Harpa ventricosa. - - 420. Dolium maculatum. - - 421. Buccinum undatum; _a_, anterior of the aperture; _p_, posterior. - - 422. ---- papillosum. Alectrion, Montf. - - 423. Nassa arcularia. - - 424. ---- neritoidea. Cyclops, Montf. - - 425. Cyllene, Gray. - - 426. Eburna Zeylanica. - - 427. Bullia vittata. - - 428. Terebra maculata. Subula, Bl. - - 429. Trichotropis bicarinata. - - _Fam._ Columellata. - - 430. Columbella mercatoria. - - 431. Mitra plicaria; _c_, termination of the columella. - - 432. Conohelix marmorata. - - 433. Voluta Vespertilio. Cymbiola, Sw. - - 434. Cymba porcina. - - 435. Melo Æthiopicus. - - 436. Volutilithes spinosus. - - 437. Marginella Glabella. Glabella, Sw. Cucumis, Klein. - - 438. ---- persicula. Volutella, Sw. Persicula, Schum. - - 439. Volvaria concinna. - - _Fam._ Convolutæ. - - 440. Ovulum Ovum. - - 441. ---- verrucosum. Calpurnus, Montf. - - 442. ---- Volva. Radius, Montf. - - 443. ---- gibbosum. Ultimus, Montf. - - 444. Cypræovulum capense. - - 445. Cypræa arabica, back. - - 446. The same, front. - - 447. Cypræa Algoensis. Luponia, Gray, front. - - 449. ---- Pediculus. Trivia, Gray, back. - - 450. The same, front. - - 451. Terebellum convolutum. Seraphs, Montf. - - 452. ---- subulatum, front. - - 454. Erato Mangeriæ. - - 455. Ancillaria glabrata. Anolax, Brongn. - - 456. ---- cinnamonea. - - 457. Oliva Maura. - - 458. ---- subulata. Hiatula, Sw. - - 459. Conus nocturnus. Rhombus, Montf. - - 460. ---- Nussatella. Hermes, Montf. - - 461. ---- Textile. Cylinder, Montf. - - 462. ---- geographus. Rollus, Montf. - - _Order._ CEPHALOPODA. - _First Division._ Polythalamous Cephalopoda. - _Fam._ Orthocerata. - - 463. Amplexus coralloides. (from Sow. Min. Con.) - - 464. Orthoceratites annulatus. - - 465. Nodosaria æqualis. - - 466. Belemnites, with the outer coat broken to shew the alveole. - - 467. ---- portion of the alveole separated. - - 468. ---- hastatus. Hibolithes, Montf. (from Blainville.) - - 469. Conularia quadrisulcata. - - 470. Conilites pyramidatus, (from Blainville.) - - _Fam._ Lituacea. - - 471. Spirula Peronii. - - _Fam._ Nautilacea. - - 472. Nummulites buticularis, outside. Helicites, Bl. Camerina, Brookes. - - 473. The same inside, to shew the chambers. - - 474. Nautilus pompilius, young. See Frontispiece. - - 475. Simplegas sulcata. - - 476. Endosiphonites. (from Camb. Philos. Trans.) - - _Fam._ Ammonacea. - - 477. Ammonoceras. (from Blainville.) - - 478. Ammonites; _a_, break in the shell, showing the sinuous septa. - - 479. Orbulites crassus. Globulites, Nonnul. Angulites, Montf. reduced. - - 479*. ---- discus. Aganides, Montf. - - 480. Goniatites striatus. - - 481. Scaphites æqualis. - - 482. Crioceratites Duvallii. - - 483. Turrilites tuberculatus. - - 484. Baculites Faujasii. Portion near the centre. - - 484*. Hamites cylindricus; _a_, internal cast of part of the shell; - _b_, hollow external cast of the remainder. - - _Second Division._ Monothalamous Cephalopoda. - - 485. Argonauta Argo. - - 486. Bellerophon tenuifasciata. (from Sow. Gen.) - - 487. The same, shewing the dorsal keel. - - _Order._ HETEROPODA. - - 488. Carinaria Mediterranea. - - * * * * * - -EXPLANATION OF THE NEW PLATES. - - _Order._ SESSILE CIRRIPEDES. - - 489. Pyrgoma monticularia. _Sub-genus_, Daracia, Gray, back and - front. - - 490. The same, in situ. - - _Fam._ Myaria. - - 491. Lyonsia Norvegica. Anatina, Nonnul. Inside view of both valves. - - 492. Outside, with the valves closed. - - 493. Næra longirostrum. Anatina longirostris, Lam. Inside of both - valves. - - 494. Outside, with both valves closed. - - 495. A smaller species of Næra, shewing the inequality of the valves. - - _Fam._ Mactracea. - - 496. Amphidesma tennis. Abra, Leach. - - 497. Ervillia nitens. - - _Fam._ Corbulacea. - - 498. Potamomya, of some authors. A fresh-water shell resembling - Corbula. Outside, valves closed. - - 499. Inside of both valves. - - Fluviatile Conchacea. - - 500. Cyclas amnica. Pera, Leach. - - _Fam._ Cardiacea. - - 501. Cardilia semisulcata. Isocardia semisulcata, Lam. Internal view. - - 502. External view of the same valve. - - 503. Cardium apertum. Papyridea, Sw. - - 504. The same, shewing the umbones. - - 505. Pleurorynchus, fossil, (from Mineral Conchology.) - - _Fam._ Phyllidiana. - - 506. Chiton fascicularis. Phakellopleura, Guild. - - 507. ---- amiculatus. Amicula, Gray. - - _Fam._ Calyptracea. - - 508. Scutella, Brod. Internal view. - - 509. External view of the same. - - 510. Ancylus, a reversed species, illustrating the genus Velletia, - Gray. Enlarged view. - - 511. The same, natural size. - - 512. Pedicularia. Enlarged figure, (copied from Swainson.) - - 513. The same, natural size, growing on coral. - - _Fam._ Colimacea. - - 514. Achatina? octona. Macrospira, Guild. - - 515. Stenopus cruentatus, Guild. Under side. - - 516. ---- lividus. - - 517. Helix, the aperture covered by the epiphragm. - - 518. Pupa secale, Drap. Abida, Leach. - - 519. ---- pagoda. Gonidomus, Sw. - - 520. Truncatella, enlarged figure. - - 521. The same, natural size. - - 522. Auricula caprella. _Gen._ Caprella, Nonnul. Front view. - - 523. The same, dorsal view. - - 524. Pupina vitrea. - - 526. ---- antiquata. - - 527. ---- Namezii. - - 528. ---- lubrica. Callia? Gray. - - 529. Cyclostoma, a pupiform species. Megalomastoma, Guild. - - 530. ---- Planorbulum. Cyclotus, Guild. - - 531. ---- a similar species, with the complicated notch at the - posterior part of the aperture. Pterocyclos, Gray. - - 532. Helicina acutissima, nobis. View of the under side. Trochatella, - Sw. - - 533. The same in profile. - - 534. } - } - 535. } Strophostoma, Desh. three views. - } - 536. } - - _Fam._ Peristomata. - - 537. Paludina impura. Bithinia, Gray? - - 538. Ampullaria avellana. Thallicera, Sw. Ampullarina? - - 539. A species of Ampullaria having a thickened ledge on which the - shelly operculum rests. Pachystoma, Guild. changed to - Pachylabra, Sw. - - _Fam._ Plicacea. - - 540. Ringicula, Desh. A fossil species, front view. - - 541. Back view of the same. - - _Fam._ Turbinacea. - - 542. Turbo nicobaricus. Chrysostoma, Sw. - - 543. Trochus Iris. Elenchus, Humph. - - _Fam._ Purpurifera. - - 544. Purpura vexilla. _Gen._ Vexilla, Sw. - - 545. Priamus. Achatina priamus, Auct. The propriety of placing it in - this family will depend upon the correctness of the statement - made by Dr. Beck that this shell is marine, and possesses an - operculum. - - 546. Purpura crispata. Polytropa, Sw. - - 547. Pseudoliva plumbea. Gastridium, Sow. - - _Fam._ Canalifera. - - 548. Fusus longevus. Clavalithes, Sw. - - 549. ---- bulbiformis. Leiostoma, Sw. - - 550. Pyrella, Sw. Turbinella Spirillus, Auct. - - 551. Pleurotoma lineata. Tomella, Sw. - - 552. Pyrula melongena. _Gen._ Myristica, Sw. - - 553. Murex vitulinus. _Gen._ Vitulina, Sw. - - 554. Typhis Sowerbii. - - 555. A brown variety of the same. - - 556. Typhis Cumingii. - - _Fam._ Columellata. - - 557. Voluta Vexillum. Harpula, Sw. - - 558. Mitra monodonta. Mitreola, Sw. - - 559. ---- bicolor. Mitrella, Sw. - - 560. Columbella nitidella. _Gen._ Nitidella, Sw. - - _Fam._ Convolutæ. - - 561. Oliva volutella. _Gen._ Lamprodoma, Sw. - - 562. ---- maura. - - 563. Cypræa Globulus. _Gen._ Globularia, Sw. - - 564. ---- pulchella, fossil. _Gen._ Cyprædia, Sw. - -THE END. - - * * * * * - - -TABLE OF LAMARCK'S CONCHOLOGICAL SYSTEM. - - _Classes of - Invertebrated _Orders._ _Families._ _Genera._ - Animals._ - - ANNELIDES. Sedentary _Dorsalia_ Siliquaria. - _Maldania_ Dentalium. - _Serpulacea_ Serpula, Spirorbis, - Galeolaria, Vermilia, - Magilus. - - CIRRIPEDES. Sessile Tubicinella, Coronula, - _Multivalve._ Balanus, Acasta, Pyrgoma, - Creusia. - - Pedunculated Anatifer, Pollicipes, - Cineras, Otion. - - CONCHIFERA Dimyaria _Tubicolaria_ Aspergillum, Clavagella, - _Bivalve._ Fistulana, Septaria, Teredo, - Teredina. - _Pholadaria_ Pholas, Gastrochæna. - _Solenacea_ Solen, Panopæa, Glycimeris. - _Myaria_ Mya, Anatina. - _Mactracea_ Lutraria, Mactra, - Crassatella, Erycina, - Ungulina, Solemya, - Amphidesma. - _Corbulacea_ Corbula, Pandora. - _Lithophagidæ_ Saxicava, Petricola, - Venerirupis. - _Nymphacea_ Sanguinolaria, Psammobia, - Psammotæa, Tellina, - Tellinides, Corbis, Lucina, - Donax, Capsa, Crassina. - _Fluviatile Cyclas, Cyrena, Galathæa. - Conchacea_ - _Marine Conchacea_ Cyprina, Cytheræa, Venus, - Venericardia. - _Cardiacea_ Cardium, Cardita, - Cypricardia, Hiatella, - Isocardia. - _Arcacea_ Cucullæa, Arca, - Pectunculus, Nucula. - _Trigonacea_ Trigonia, Castalia. - _Nayades_ Unio, Hyria, Anodon, - Iridina. - _Chamacea_ Diceras, Chama, Etheria. - - Monomyaria _Tridacnacea_ Tridacna, Hippopus. - _Mytilacea_ Modiola, Mytilus, Pinna. - _Malleacea_ Crenatula, Perna, Malleus, - Avicula, Meleagrina. - _Pectenides_ Pedum, Lima, Plagiostoma, - Pecten, Plicatula, - Spondylus, Podopsis. - _Ostracea_ Gryphæa, Ostræa, Vulsella, - Placuna, Anomia. - _Rudistes_ Sphærulites, Radiolites, - Calceola, Birostrites, - Discina, Crania. - _Brachiopoda_ Orbicula, Terebratula, - Lingula. - - MOLLUSCA Pteropoda Hyalæa, Cleodora, Limacina, - _Univalve._ Cymbulia. - - Gasteropoda _Phyllidiana_ Chiton, Chitonellus, - Patella. - _Semiphyllidiana_ Pleurobranchus, Umbrella. - _Calyptracea_ Parmophorus, Emarginula, - Siphonaria, Fissurella, - Pileopsis, Calyptræa, - Crepidula, Ancylus. - _Bulleana_ Bulla, Bullæa. - _Aplysiacea_ Aplysia, Dolabella. - _Limacinea_ Parmacella, Limax, - Testacella, Vitrina. - - Trachellipoda _Colimacea_ Helix, Carocolla, Anastoma, - Helicina, Pupa, Clausilia, - Bulinus, Achatina, Succinea, - Auricula, Cyclostoma. - _Lymneana_ Planorbis, Physa, Lymnæa. - _Melaniana_ Melania, Melanopsis, Pirena. - _Peristomata_ Valvata, Paludina, - Ampullaria. - _Neritacea_ Navicella, Neritina, Nerita, - Natica, Janthina. - _Macrostomata_ Stomatia, Stomatella, - Haliotis. - _Plicacea_ Tornatella, Pyramidella. - _Scalariana_ Vermetus, Scalaria, - Delphinula. - _Turbinacea_ Solarium, Rotella, Trochus, - Monodonta, Turbo, Planaxis, - Phasianella, Turitella. - _Canalifera_ Cerithium, Pleurotoma, - Turbinella, Cancellaria, - Fasciolaria, Fusus, Pyrula, - Ranella, Murex, Triton. - _Alata_ Rostellaria, Strombus, - Pteroceras. - _Purpurifera_ Cassidaria, Cassis, - Ricinula, Purpura, - Monoceros, Concholepas, - Harpa, Dolium, Buccinum, - Eburna, Terebra. - _Columellata_ Columbella, Mitra, Voluta, - Marginella, Volvaria. - _Convoluta_ Ovulum, Cypræa, Oliva, - Ancillaria, Conus. - - Polythalamous _Orthocerata_ Belemnites, Orthoceras, - Cephalopoda Nodosaria, Hippurites, - Conilites. - _Lituacea_ Spirula, Spirolina, Lituola. - _Cristacea_ Renulina, Cristellaria, - Orbiculina. - _Spherulacea_ Miliola, Gyrogona, Melonia, - (Microscopic.) - _Radiolacea_ Rotalites, Lenticulina, - Placentula, (Micros.) - _Nautilacea_ Discorbites, Siderolites, - Polystomella, Vorticialis, - Nummilites, Nautilus. - _Ammonacea_ Ammonites, Ammonoceras, - Turrilites, Baculites. - - Monothalamous Argonauta. - Cephalopoda - - Heteropoda Carinaria. - - * * * * * - -TABLE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF DE BLAINVILLE. - - Key. - 1 = TYPE MALACOZOARIA - 2 = SUB-TYPE MALENTOZOARIA - - CLASSES - A = CEPHALOPHORA - B = PARACEPHOLOPHORA DIOICA - C = PARACEPHALOPHORA MONOICA - D = PARACEPHALOPHORA HERMAPHRODITA - E = ACEPHALOPHORA - F = NEMATOPODA - G = POLYPLAXIPHORA - - ORDERS - a = Cellulacea - b = Polyphalamacea - c = Siphonobranchiata - d = Asiphonibranchiata - e = Pulmobranchiata - f = Chismobranchiata - g = Monopleurobranchiata - h = Aporobranchiata - i = Nucleobranchiata - j = Cirrobranchiata - k = Cervicobranchiata - l = Scutibranchiata - m = Palliobranchiata - n = Rudistes - o = Lamellibranchiata - - _Classes._ _Families._ _Genera._ - _Orders._ - - {_Planulacea_ Renulina, Peneroplis. - { - { a {_Sphærulacea_ {Miliola, Pollontes, Melonia, - { { {Saracenaria, Textularia. - { { - { {_Nummulacea_ {Nummulites, Orbiculina, - { {Helicites, Placentula, - { {Vorticialis, Siderolites. - { A { - { { {_Orthocerata_ {Belemnites, Conularia, - { { { {Conilites, Orthoceras, - { { { {Baculites. - { { { - { { {_Lituacea_ {Icthysarcolites, Lituola, - { { { {Spirula, Spirolina, - { { { {Hamites, Ammonoceras. - { { { - { { b {_Cristacea_ Crepidulina, Oreas, Linthuris. - { { - { {_Ammonacea_ {Discorbis, Scaphites, - { { {Ammonites, Simplegas. - { { - { {_Nautilacea_ {Polystomelle, Nautilus, - { { {Lenticulina. - { { - { {_Turbinacea_ Cibicides, Rotalia. - { { - { {_Turriculacea_ Turrilites. - { - { {Pleurotoma, Rostellaria, - { {Fusus, Pyrula, - { {_Siphonostomata_ {Fasciolaria, Turbinella, - { { {Columbella, Triton, - { { {Struthiolaria, Ranella, - { { {Murex. - { { - { { {Cerithium, Pyrena, Melanopsis, - { { {Planaxis, Subula, Terebra, - { { {Eburna, Buccinum, Harpa, - { { c {_Entomostomata_ {Dolium, Cassis, Cassidaria, - { { { {Ricinula, Cancellaria, - { { { {Purpura, Concholepas, Terebra, - { { { {Mitra - { { { - {_Univalves_ { { { {Strombus, Conus, Terebellum, - { { { {_Angyostomata_ {Oliva, Ancillaria, Voluta, - { { { {Mitra, Marginella, Volvaria, - { { { {Cypræa, Ovulum. - { { { - { { { {_Goniostomata_ Solarium, Trochus. - { { B { { - { { { { {Monodonta, Turbo, - { { { { {Pleurotomaria, Littorina, - { { { { {Delphinula, Cyclostoma, - { { { {_Cricostomata_ {Paludina, Valvata, Scalaria, - { { { { {Proto, Turitella, Vermetus, - { { { { {Siliquaria, Magilus. - { { { { - { { { d {_Hemicyclostomata_{Nerita, Neritina, Clithon, - { { { {Velates, Pileolus, Navicella, - { { { {Natica. - { { { - { { {_Ellipsostomata_ {Helicina, Ampullaria, Melania, - { { { {Rissoa, Phasianella, - { { { {Pleurocerus. - { { { - { { {_Oxystomata_ Janthina. - { { - { { {_Limnacea_ Limnæa, Physa, Planorbis. - { { { - { { {_Auriculacea_ {Auricula, Pedipes, Tornatella, - { { C e { {Tomogerus, Pyramidella. - { { { - { { { {Succinea, Bulinus, Achatina, - { { { _Limacinea_ {Clausilia, Pupa, Partula, - { { {Helix, Vitrina, Testacella, - { { {Parmacella, Limacella, Limax. - { { - { { f {Sigaretus, Cryptostomata, - { { {Stomatella, Velutina. - { { - 1 { { {_Sub-aplysiaca_ Pleurobranchus. - { { { - { { g {_Aplysiaca_ Aplysia, Dolabella. - { { { - { { {_Patelloidea_ Umbrella, Siphonaria. - { { { - { { {_Akera_ Bulla, Bellerophon, Sormetus. - { { - { { h _Thecosomata_ Hyalæa, Cleodora, Cymbulia. - { { - { { {_Nectopoda_ Carinaria. - { { i { - { { {_Pteropoda_ {Atlanta, Spiratella, - { { {Argonauta. - { { - { { { j Dentalium. - { { { - { { { {_Retifera_ Patella. - { { D { k { - { { {_Branchifera_ {Fissurella, Emarginula, - { { {Parmophorus. - { { - { { {_Otides_ Haliotis, Ancylus. - { { l { - { {_Calyptracea_ {Crepidula, Calyptræa, - { {Capulus, Hipponyx, Notrema. - { - { {Lingula, Terebratula, - { { {Strophomena, Dianchora, - { { m {Thecidium, Plagiostoma, - { { {Podopsis, Orbicula, Crania. - { { - { { n {Sphærulites, Hippurites, - { { {Radiolites, Birostrites, - { { {Calceola. - {_Bivalves_ E { - { {_Ostracea_ {Anomia, Placuna, Ostræa, - { { {Gryphæ. - { { - { {_Sub-ostracea_ {Spondylus, Plicatula,, - { { {Hinnites, Pecten, Pedum,, - { { {Lima. - { { - { { {Vulsella, Malleus, Avicula, - { {_Margaritacea_ {Perna, Crenatula, Inoceramus, - { { {Catillus, Pulvinites, - { { {Gervillia. - { { - { {_Mytilacea_ Pinna, Mytilus. - { { - { {_Arcacea_ Arca, Pectunculus, Nucula. - { { - { {_Sub-mytilacea_ Anodon, Unio, Cardita. - { { - { {_Chamacea_ {Chama, Diceras, Etheria, - { { {Tridacna, Hippopus, - { { {Isocardium, Trigonia. - { { - { o { {Cardium, Donax, Tellina, - { {Lucina, Cyclas, Cyprina, - {_Conchacea_ {Mactra, Erycina, Crassatella, - { {Venerirupis, Venus, - { {Coralliophaga, Clotho, - { {Corbula, Sphænia, Ungulina. - { - { {Pandora, Anatina, Thracia, - { {Mya, Lutricola, Psammocola, - { {Soletellina, Sanguinolaria, - {_Pylorides_ {Solenocurtus, Solen, Solemya, - { {Panopæa, Glycimeris, - { {Saxicava, Byssomya, - { {Rhomboides, Gastrochæna, - { {Clavagella, Aspergillum - { - {_Adesmacea_ {Pholas, Teredina, Teredo, - {Fristulana, Septaria. - - {_Lepadicea_ {Gymnolepas, Pentalepas, - { {Polylepas, Litholepas. - { F { - { {_Balanidea_ {Balanus, Acasta, Octhosia, - 2 _Multivalves_{ {Conia, Creusia, Pyrgoma, - { {Chthalamis, Coronula, - { {Chelnobia, Cetopirus, - { {Diadema, Tubicinella. - { - { G _Seriales_ {Chiton, Chitonellus. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1 to 33.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 34 to 59.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 60 to 78.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 79 to 100.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 101 to 116.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 117 to 126 and 128.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 127 and 129 to 141.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 142 to 152.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 153 to 166. 165 next plate.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 165. 167 to 182.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 183 to 213. 195. cancelled.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 214 to 242.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 243 to 278.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 279 to 317.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 318 to 348.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 349 to 381. 377. 378. in the next.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 377. 378. 382 to 397. 383 in the next.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 383. 398 to 406. 409.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 407 to 425. 409 in the last.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 426 to 443.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 444 to 462.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 463 to 479.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 479* to 488.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 489 to 513.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 514 to 545.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 546 to 564.] - - * * * * * - - -WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY, - -SOLD AT REDUCED PRICES - -BY - -HENRY G. BOHN, - -YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. - -ARTIS'S (E. T.) ANTEDILUVIAN PHYTOLOGY, illustrated by a Collection of the -FOSSIL REMAINS OF PLANTS, peculiar to the Coal Formations of Great Britain, -selected for their Novelty and Interest, from upwards of a Thousand -Specimens now in the possession of the Author, and systematically -described, with the view of facilitating the Study of this important Branch -of Geology: including Remarks on the Systems of _Count Sternberg_, _Baron -Schlotheim_, _Professor Martius_, and _Mons. Brongniart_; also -Communications from PROFESSOR BUCKLAND, and other eminent Geologists, 4to. -_with 25 plates_, (published at 2l 10s) _cloth boards_, 15s - -1838 - -BAUER'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GENERA OF FERNS, in which the characters of -each Genus are displayed in the most elaborate manner, in a series of -magnified dissections and figures, HIGHLY FINISHED IN COLOURS, after the -beautiful Drawings of FRANCIS BAUER, Esq. Botanical Draughtsman to Her -Majesty; with descriptive letter-press by Sir WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, parts -1 to 11, imperial 8vo. - -1838-42 - -To be completed in 12 parts, price 12s each. - -BEECHEY.--BOTANY OF CAPTAIN BEECHEY'S VOYAGE, comprising an Account of the -Plants collected by Messrs. Lay and Collie, and other Officers of the -Expedition, during the Voyage to the Pacific and Behring's Strait, -performed in her Majesty's ship _Blossom_, under the command of Captain F. -W. BEECHEY, by Sir William Jackson Hooker and G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. -_illustrated by 100 plates, beautifully engraved, complete in 10 parts_, -4to. _price 15s each._ - -1831-41 - ----- ZOOLOGY OF CAPTAIN BEECHEY'S VOYAGE, compiled from the Collections and -Notes of Captain Beechey and the Scientific Gentlemen who accompanied the -Expedition, by Dr. Richardson, N. A. Vigors, Esq., G. T. Lay, Esq., E. T. -Bennett, Esq., Richard Owen, Esq., John Edward Gray, Esq., W. Sowerby, Esq. -and the Rev. Dr. Buckland, 4to. _illustrated by 47 finely coloured plates -by Sowerby, extra cloth bds._ 5l 5s - -1839 - -BOASE'S (DR. H. S. _Sec. Roy. Geol. Soc. of Cornwall_) TREATISE ON PRIMARY -GEOLOGY, being an Examination, both Practical and Theoretical, of the older -Formations, 8vo. _cuts_, (published at 12s) _cloth bds._ 5s - -1834 - - "An admirable work, involving some of the most refined discussions of - which Geology is susceptible."--_Literary Gazette._ - -BURMEISTER'S MANUAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, translated from the last German edition -by W. E. SHUCKARD, Member of the Entomological Society, &c. with -considerable and important additions by the Author, (communicated expressly -for this edition,) and many original Notes by the translator. ILLUSTRATED -BY THIRTY-THREE ENGRAVINGS ON STEEL, in which are represented ABOVE FIVE -HUNDRED subjects, _chiefly generic distinctions, anatomical sections, -organs, eggs, larvæ, &c. of Insects; together with a beautifully coloured -frontispiece_, 1 thick vol. 8vo. _comprising above 650 closely printed -pages_, (published at 1l 1s _in bds._) _hf. bd. morocco_, 15s - -1836 - -CURTIS'S FLORA LONDINENSIS; revised and improved by George Graves, extended -and continued by Sir W. Jackson Hooker; comprising the History of Plants -indigenous to Great Britain, their Uses, Economy, and various interesting -Particulars, with Alphabetical, Linnæan, and other Indexes; the Drawings -made by Sydenham Edwards and Lindley, 5 vols. royal folio (or 109 parts), -containing 647 plates, _exhibiting the full natural size of each plant, -with magnified dissections of the parts of fructification, &c. all -beautifully coloured_, (pub. at 87l 4s in parts) 26l 5s - ----- the same, _elegantly hf. bd. morocco, top edges gilt_, 30l - - This is the only extensive work on the Indigenous Botany of this - country, which gives well-coloured representations of the plants _in - their full natural size_. - -CUVIER.--HISTOIRE NATURELLE DES MAMMIFERES, avec des Figures Originales -Enluminées, Dessinées d'après les Animaux vivants, ouvrage publié sous -l'Autorité de l'Administration du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, par F. -CUVIER et E. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, 3 vols. royal folio, _containing 360 -exquisitely coloured plates of animals_, (published at 47l 5s) _very -splendidly half-bd. turkey morocco, gilt edges_, 24l - - *** The advertiser having purchased of the Parisian publishers all the - remaining copies of this magnificent work, is enabled to offer them at - the above extremely reduced price. - - This is the finest work on mammiferous animals ever published in any - country, and has always been considered, both for the high talent - displayed in the text and the extremely beautiful execution of the - plates, which resemble drawings, as taking the first place in the class - to which it belongs. As very few copies remain for sale, and the price - is so extremely low, the book must soon become scarce, and rise in - value. - - "Un des ouvrages les plus exacts et les mieux exécutés que l'on ait - encore donnés sur les Mammifères."--_Brunet._ - - "It is unnecessary to dilate upon the splendid style in which this work - is brought out, or on the ability and fidelity that characterise as - well the figures as the descriptions contained in it, since these must - be well known to all who have seen any of the numbers. It will - doubtless form the standard work of reference for the Mammalia. - Necessarily too expensive for general circulation, public libraries, - and the collections of the rich can alone possess it; but to these it - is indispensable; while the manner in which it is executed renders it - worthy of a place by the side of their most costly and elegant - volumes."--_Zoological Journal._ - -DENNY'S MONOGRAPHIA PSELAPHIDARUM ET SCYDMÆNIDARUM BRITANNIÆ; or an Essay -on the British Species of the Genera Pselaphus of Herbst, and Scydmænus of -Latreille, in which those Genera are subdivided, and all the Species -hitherto discovered in Great Britain are accurately described and arranged, -with an Indication of the Situations in which they are usually found, 8vo. -_with 14 coloured plates, containing 40 Figures of Beetles_, (pub. at 1l -1s) _extra cloth bds_. 12s - -Norwich, 1825 - - This volume has for some time been considered scarce, and sold for more - than the published price. - -DONOVAN'S NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INSECTS OF INDIA, new edition, -considerably enlarged, brought down to the present state of the Science, -with alphabetical and systematic Indices, etc. by J. O. WESTWOOD, Esq. -F.L.S. 4to. _with 58 plates, containing upwards of 120 exquisitely coloured -figures_, (published at 6l 6s) _extra cloth bds. elegantly gilt_, 2l 5s - -1842 - ----- NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INSECTS OF CHINA, new edition, considerably -enlarged, brought down to the present state of the Science, with -alphabetical and systematic Indices, etc. by J. O. WESTWOOD, Esq. F.L.S. -4to. _with 50 plates, containing upwards of 120 exquisitely coloured -figures_, (published at 6l 6s) _extra cloth bds. elegantly gilt_, 2l 5s - -1842 - - "Donovan's works on the Insects of India and China, are splendidly - illustrated and extremely useful,"--_Naturalist._ - - "The entomological plates of our countryman Donovan, are highly - coloured, elegant, and useful, especially those contained in his quarto - volumes (Insects of India and China) where a great number of species - are delineated for the first time."--_Swainson._ - -DRURY'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF FOREIGN ENTOMOLOGY, wherein are exhibited UPWARDS -OF SIX HUNDRED EXOTIC INSECTS, of the East and West Indies, China, New -Holland, North and South America, Germany, &c. very few of which are -figured in any other work; engraved with the greatest accuracy by the -celebrated MOSES HARRIS, Author of the _Aurelian_, &c. all most correctly -and beautifully coloured from the original specimens, NEW AND MUCH IMPROVED -EDITION, with the following important additions:--the Modern Names, Generic -and Specific Characters, Synonymes of later Naturalists; Accounts of the -Economy, Habitations, and Food of many of the Insects; and Scientific and -Alphabetic Indexes, by J. O. WESTWOOD, Esq. F.L.S. Secretary of the -Entomological Society, &c. 3 vols. 4to. _150 plates_, (originally published -at 15l 15s) _hf. bd. morocco, uncut_, 6l 16s 6d - -1837 - ----- the same, _richly bound in green morocco, gilt edges_, 9l 9s - - "The exquisite work of Drury displays the complete insect in a degree - of perfection that leaves nothing to be desired."--_Sir James E. - Smith._ - - This new edition is exquisitely coloured, and must rank high among the - luxurious publications of the age. Its literary and scientific - excellence is in keeping with its attractive appearance. - - "A few years ago, a new edition, with impressions from the original - plates, was published under the editorial care of Mr. Westwood, by Mr. - Henry Bohn the Bookseller. It is not easy to speak of this edition in - terms of too high commendation. The colouring, executed from the - original drawings, under the superintendence of one of the ablest - entomological artists of the day, is faithful to nature, and owing to - the fineness of the paper and a particular process to which it has been - subjected, possesses a lustre and beauty which were unattainable at the - time when the original edition appeared. The text has been in a great - measure re-written; ample and accurate descriptions introduced; the - modern nomenclature applied, and the intricacies of synonomy - unravelled; indexes and much original matter added, and the whole work - adapted to the present advanced state of the science."--_Sir W. - Jardine._ - -EDWARDS'S (GEORGE) NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS, NEW EDITION, 7 vols. royal -4to. WITH 362 PLATES, BEAUTIFULLY COLOURED LIKE DRAWINGS, (published at -30l) _hf. bd. morocco, uncut, top edges gilt_, 14l 14s - -1802-6 - ----- the same, LARGE PAPER, WITH THE PLATES BEAUTIFULLY COLOURED LIKE -DRAWINGS, 7 vols. folio, (published at 50l) _hf. bd. morocco, uncut, gilt -tops, rare_, 21l - -GREVILLE'S CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA, comprising the Principal Species found in -Great Britain, inclusive of all the New Species recently discovered in -Scotland, 6 vols. royal 8vo. _with 360 beautifully coloured plates_, -(published at 16l 16s) _neatly half bound morocco_, 8l 8s - -1823-8 - - This, though a complete work in itself, forms AN ALMOST INDISPENSABLE - SUPPLEMENT TO THE THIRTY-SIX VOLUMES OF SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, WHICH - DOES NOT COMPREHEND CRYPTOGAMEOUS PLANTS. It is one of the most - scientific and best executed works on Indigenous Botany ever produced - in this country. - - "A truly admirable work, which may be honestly designated as so - excellent, that nothing can be found to compete with it in the whole - range of Indigenous Botany; whether we consider the importance of its - critical discussions, the accuracy of the drawings, the minuteness of - the analyses, or the unusual care which is evident in the publishing - department. After expressing this opinion, we are sure the work will - need no further recommendation with the public." - - _Loudon's Gardener's Magazine._ - -HARRIS'S AURELIAN; a Natural History of English Moths and Butterflies, -together with the Plants on which they feed; also a faithful Account of -their respective Changes, their usual haunts when in the winged state, and -their standard Names as established by the Society of Aurelians, new and -greatly improved edition, containing a complete Modern Nomenclature of all -the Species figured in the work, and further Accounts of their Economy, by -J. O. WESTWOOD, Esq. F.L.S. etc., in 1 vol. sm. folio, _with 44 plates, -containing above 400 figures of Moths, Butterflies, Caterpillars, etc. and -the Plants on which they feed, exquisitely coloured after the original -drawings, hf. bd. morocco_, 4l 4s - - This beautiful work is the only one which contains our English Moths - and Butterflies of the full natural size, in all their changes of - Caterpillar, Chrysalis, &c. with the plants on which they feed. - -HOOKER'S (SIR W. J.) FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA; or the Botany of British -North America; compiled principally from the Plants collected by Dr. -Richardson and Mr. Drummond on the late Northern Expeditions, under the -command of Captain Sir John Franklin; to which are added, by permission of -the Horticultural Society, those of Mr. Douglas and other Naturalists, -_illustrated by 240 plates, and a large map, beautifully engraved_; -COMPLETE IN 12 PARTS, forming 2 handsome vols. royal 4to. each part 1l 1s - -1829-40 - -HOOKER'S BOTANICAL MISCELLANY; containing Figures and Descriptions of -Plants, which recommend themselves by their novelty, rarity, or history, or -by the uses to which they are applied in the Arts, in Medicine, and in -Domestic Economy, together with occasional Botanical Notices and -information, including many valuable Communications from distinguished -Scientific Travellers; complete in 9 parts, forming 3 thick vols. royal -8vo. _with 153 plates, many finely coloured_, (published at 5l 5s) _gilt -cloth_, 2l 12s 6d - -1830-33 - -HOOKER'S MUSCI EXOTICI; or Figures and Descriptions of new or little known -Foreign Mosses, and other Cryptogamic Subjects, 2 vols. 8vo. _176 plates_, -(published at 4l 4s) _cloth bds._ 1l 11s 6d - -1818-20 - ----- the same, _with the plates beautifully coloured_, (published at 8l 8s) -_cloth bds._ 3l 3s - -HOOKER'S BRITISH JUNGERMANNIÆ, being a History and Description, with -coloured Figures, of each Species of the Genus, with Microscopical Analysis -of the parts, _new edition, nearly ready_, 4to. _88 finely coloured plates_ - -HOPE'S (REV. W.) COLEOPTERIST'S MANUAL, Part 1, containing the Lamellicorn -Insects of Linneus and Fabricius, 8vo. _plates, bds._ 7s - -1837 - ----- COLEOPTERIST'S MANUAL, Part 2, containing the Predaceous Land and -Water Beetles of Linneus and Fabricius, 8vo. _beautifully coloured plates, -cloth_, 10s 6d - -1838 - -HUMBOLDT ET BONPLAND, RECUEIL D'OBSERVATIONS DE ZOOLOGIE ET D'ANATOMIE -COMPAREE, faites dans l'Intérieur du Nouveau Continent, &c. 8 parts in 1 -vol. imperial 4to. VELLUM PAPER, _with 34 plates, of which 21 are -beautifully coloured_, (published at 10l 10s) _cloth bds. lettered_, 15s - -1811 - -JARDINE AND SELBY. Illustrations of Ornithology, by Sir W. Jardine, and P. -J. Selby, Esq., with the co-operation of J. E. Bicheno, Esq., J. G. -Children, Esq., Major-General Hardwicke, Dr. Horsfield, R. Jameson, Esq., -Sir T. Stamford Raffles, N. A. Vigors, Esq., and John Gould, Esq. 3 vols. -royal 4to. _with 150 accurately engraved figures of new and interesting, or -rare species, of Birds, beautifully coloured, also a duplicate set of the -same, uncoloured; in all 300 plates_, (published at 15l 15s) _neatly half -bound, top edges gilt_, 6l 6s - -Edinb. 1829, &c. - - "This is a very excellent and valuable work, as indeed the talent - employed on it sufficiently ensures. The plates are beautifully - coloured, and the letter-press accurately and well written. We strongly - recommend it to our scientific readers."--_Neville Wood._ - -LAMARCK'S CONCHOLOGY, containing a complete Translation of his Descriptions -of both the recent and Fossil Genera, Illustrated by 22 highly-finished -Lithographic Plates, comprising nearly 400 accurate Figures of Shells drawn -by J. Mawe, edited by EDMUND A. CROUCH, F.L.S. royal 4to. (published at 1l -11s 6d) _in extra cloth boards_, 10s 6d - -1827 - ----- the same, WITH THE PLATES BEAUTIFULLY COLOURED, (published at 3l 3s) -_elegantly bound in gilt cloth_, 1l 11s 6d - - "This work will be found admirably adapted for the purpose for which it - is intended, viz. to introduce to the student the improved system of - Conchology founded by the celebrated French naturalist Lamarck, which - is done in a clear and concise manner, by giving a short yet adequate - description of the various classes, orders, families, and genera, - composing the system; accompanied with illustrations of characteristic - and generally well known species, drawn from nature. We can strongly - recommend it to the attention of all those who feel interested in this - department of natural history. The plates, twenty-two in number, are - thickly though not confusedly studded with figures--indeed, - considerable taste is displayed in their arrangement; they are - beautifully coloured, and have more the appearance of highly finished - drawings than merely tinted engravings, and on the whole, it reflects - great credit upon the artist-author." - - _Literary Gazette._ - -LATHAM'S GENERAL HISTORY OF BIRDS, being the Natural History and -Description of all the Birds (above four thousand) hitherto known or -described by Naturalists, with the Synonymes of preceding Writers; the -second enlarged and improved edition, comprehending all the discoveries in -Ornithology subsequent to the former publication, and a General Index, 11 -vols. 4to. _with upwards of 200 exquisitely coloured plates, elegantly hf. -bd. morocco_, 12l 12s - -Winchester, 1821-28 - -The Index sold separately, price 10s 6d in boards. - - This celebrated work was published at twenty-five guineas in boards, - with the plates coloured in a very inferior manner. The present copies - are all COLOURED LIKE HIGHLY FINISHED DRAWINGS, with studious accuracy, - under the direction of several eminent Ornithologists, and most of the - subjects have been compared with living or preserved specimens in the - Museums and Gardens of London. Copies coloured in this manner would not - have been published at less than FIFTY GUINEAS. Indeed the few copies - of the old edition formerly coloured by Miss Stone, similar in - execution but inferior in accuracy to the present, have been sold as - high as from fifty to one hundred guineas at the sales of Col. Stanley, - John Dent, Esq. and Sir Mark Sykes. - - "No scientific works on Natural History ever obtained so much celebrity - as those of our venerable countryman Dr. Latham. His _General History - of Birds_, which is an enlargement of his _Synopsis_, is undoubtedly - the MOST USEFUL AND VALUABLE WORK OF ITS CLASS, THAT HAS YET APPEARED - as it contains exact scientific descriptions of every bird known at the - time." - - _Neville Wood._ - -LEWIN'S (J. W.) NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BIRDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES, collected, -engraved, and faithfully painted after Nature, by JOHN WILLIAM LEWIN, late -of Paramatta, New South Wales; third and greatly improved edition, with an -Index of the Scientific Names and Synonymes to the present time (1838), -contributed by Mr. Gould, Mr. Eyton, and other scientific gentlemen, folio, -_with 27 plates, beautifully coloured_, (published at 4l 4s) _neatly hf. -bd. morocco_, 2l 2s - -1838 - - "Admirable figures, full of truth and nature; accompanied by valuable - observations on the habits and economy of the birds."--_Swainson._ - - "According to the first ornithologists of the day, these plates are of - permanent value."--_Wood._ - -LINDLEY'S BRITISH FRUITS; or Figures and Descriptions of the most Important -Varieties of Fruit Cultivated in Great Britain, 3 vols. royal 8vo. -_containing 152 most beautifully coloured plates, chiefly by Mrs. Withers, -Artist to the Horticultural Society_, (published at 10l 10s) _elegantly hf. -bd. green morocco extra, gilt edges_, 5l 5s - -1841 - - This is an exquisitely beautiful work. Every plate is like a highly - finished drawing, similar to those in the Horticultural Transactions. - -LINDLEY'S LADIES' BOTANY; or a Familiar Introduction to the Study of the -Natural System of Botany, _new edition_, 12mo. _with numerous wood-cuts_, -(published at 12s) _elegantly bound in cloth, with gilt back and sides_, 7s - -1841 - ----- the same, _with the plates coloured, extra gilt cloth_, 12s - - "The want of a popular Introduction to the study of Botany on the - improved natural system has been completely removed by this volume of - Dr. Lindley's. It is accurate in its science, graceful in its style, - and familiar in its language; it enables the student to take some - common, or easily accessible plant, as the representative of each - natural family, to examine its several parts, to compare them with the - plates, and learn their uses from the descriptions; when he has done - this with care, and understood, and remembered what he has done, he - will be a Botanist; if not a learned one, at least acquainted with all - the fundamental facts of the science." - - _Athenæum._ - - "We are infinitely indebted to Professor Lindley for leading us so far - in the study of Botany in a plain and intelligible way. A multitude of - plates, a clear text, and a most judicious and agreeable arrangement, - render this introduction to perhaps the most innocent and delightful of - all studies, truly acceptable." - - _Literary Gazette._ - -MANTELL'S FOSSILS OF THE SOUTH DOWNS, or ILLUSTRATIONS of the GEOLOGY of -SUSSEX, royal 4to. _with 42 plates_, (published at 3l 3s) _extra cloth -bds_. 2l 2s - -1822 - - "My attention was first drawn to these remains by Mr. Mantell, who has - illustrated the subject in his excellent work on the Fossils of the - South Downs." - - _Parkinson's Organic Remains._ - - "For the detailed history of the Organic Remains of the Wealden - formation, see Mr. Mantell's highly instructive and accurate volume on - the Geology of Sussex." - - _Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise._ - -MARTIN'S (P. I.) GEOLOGICAL MEMOIR ON A PART OF WESTERN SUSSEX, with some -Observations upon Chalk-Basins, the Weald-Denudation, and -Outliers-by-Protrusion, 4to. _large map and coloured plates_, (published at -1l) _cloth bds._ 12s - -1828 - -MUDIE'S (ROBT.) HISTORY OF BRITISH BIRDS, or the Feathered Tribes of the -British Islands, 2 vols. 8vo. _second edition, the plates beautifully -coloured_, (published at 1l 8s) _extra cloth bds. elegantly gilt on the -backs_, 16s - -1835 - - "This is, without any exception, the most truly charming work on - Ornithology which has hitherto appeared, from the days of Willughby - downwards. Other authors describe, Mudie paints; other authors give the - husk, Mudie the kernel. We most heartily concur with the opinion - expressed of this work by Leigh Hunt (a kindred spirit) in the first - few numbers of his right pleasant _London Journal_. The descriptions of - Bewick, Pennant, Lewin, Montagu, and even Wilson, will not for an - instant stand comparison with the spirit-stirring emanations of Mudie's - 'living pen,' as it has well been called. We are not acquainted with - any author who so felicitously unites beauty of style with strength and - nerve of expression--he does not specify, he paints." - - _Wood's Ornithological Guide._ - - "The '_Feathered Tribes_' is indeed an EXQUISITE WORK, and - unquestionably the best that has yet appeared on the habits of our - native birds, in that it is scarcely second to those of Wilson and - Audubon. Mudie is the most accurate observer of nature,--Selby - excepted, and he treats not exclusively of habits--consequently the - '_Feathered Tribes_' deserves a distinguished place on the shelves of - the philosophic ornithologist."--_Ornithologist's Text Book._ - -PARKINSON'S ORGANIC REMAINS OF A FORMER WORLD, being an Examination of the -Mineralized Remains of the Vegetables and Animals of the Antediluvian -World, generally termed Extraneous Fossils, 3 vols. 4to. _with 54 coloured -plates by Sowerby, exhibiting above 700 Fossil Remains_, (published at 10l -10s) _extra cloth bds._ 4l 4s - - This distinguished work is continually referred to by Dr. Buckland in - his Bridgewater Treatise. - - "A work on the same subject, equally elegant, comprehensive, and - impartial, does not exist in English; nor, as far as we know, in any - other language. It is written in a plain, intelligible, and equal - style, such as may, with pleasure, be perused by all classes of - readers."--_British Critic._ - - "'Organic Remains of a Former World,' replete with interest and - instruction."--_Dr. Mantell._ - -PARKINSON'S INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FOSSIL ORGANIC REMAINS; especially -those found in the British Strata, intended to aid the Student in his -Inquiries respecting the Nature of Fossils, and their Connection with the -Formation of the Earth, 3rd edition, 8vo. _illustrated by 220 Fossil -Specimens_, (published at 12s) _extra cloth bds._ 8s - - "In this well-printed volume, which may be called a grammar of - Oryctology, Mr. Parkinson has comprised an extensive and well-arranged - variety of information on the subject of fossil organic remains; - supplying to the learner, an easy and complete introductory manual; and - to the well-informed, a text-book of convenient reference. The graphic - illustrations are copious and distinct."--_Eclectic Review._ - -PURSH'S FLORA AMERICÆ SEPTENTRIONALIS; or a Systematic Arrangement and -Description of the Plants of North America; containing, besides what have -been described by preceding Authors, many new and rare species, collected -during twelve years travels and residence in that country, 2 vols. 8vo. -_with 24 plates_, (published at 1l 16s) _cloth_, 14s - ----- the same, _with the plates beautifully coloured_, (published at 2l 12s -6d) _cloth_, 1l 1s - -1814 - -RICHARDSON'S FAUNA BOREALI-AMERICANA, or ZOOLOGY of NORTH AMERICA, -containing Descriptions of the Subjects collected in the late Northern -Expeditions under the command of Captain Sir John Franklin, by JOHN -RICHARDSON, M.D., WM. SWAINSON, Esq., and the Rev. WM. KIRBY, published -under the Authority of the Right Hon. the Secretary of State for Colonial -Affairs, _with numerous beautifully coloured plates_, 4 vols. 4to. -(published at 9l 9s) _cloth_, 5l 15s 6d - -_The following may be had separately_: - - Vol. 2. Birds, by Swainson, 50 _coloured plates_, (published at 4l 4s) - _cloth_, 2l 2s - - 3. Fishes, by Richardson, _coloured plates_, 1l 4s - - 4. Insects, by Kirby, _coloured plates_, 1l 4s - - "We cannot speak in too high terms of admiration with regard to that - splendid national production the _Fauna Boreali-Americana_. It is - undoubtedly the best work of its kind that has ever appeared, and will, - we expect, long remain so."--_Neville Wood._ - - "Whether we consider the condensed mass of novel information, the - number of species for the first time introduced to our systems, the - accuracy of the scientific details, the beauty and correctness of the - illustrations and the whole appearance of the book, it reflects the - highest degree of credit upon the authors, the artist, and the - government."--_Loudon._ - -SELBY'S MAGNIFICENT WORK, THE FIGURES OF BRITISH BIRDS, containing an exact -and faithful representation, in their full natural size, of all the known -species found in Great Britain, _383 Figures in 228 beautifully coloured -plates_, 2 vols, elephant folio, (published at 105l) _elegantly hf. bd. -morocco, full gilt back and gilt edges, with glazed paper to the plates_, -31l 10s - -1834 - ----- the same, _plain plates_, (published at 31l 10s) _hf. bd. calf_, 15l -15s - - The grandest work on Ornithology published in this country, the same - for British Birds that Audubon's is for the birds of America. Every - figure, excepting in a very few instances of extremely large birds, is - of the full natural size, beautifully and accurately drawn, with all - the spirit of life. - - "Every individual of the Falcon and Owl Families would make a PERFECT - PICTURE OF ITSELF, so beautifully and correctly are they executed: THEY - HAVE CERTAINLY NEVER BEEN EQUALLED EVEN BY GOULD AND AUDUBON." - - _Ornithologist's Text Book._ - - "The author has been most successful, especially in the larger birds, - and it would be impossible to improve on any of the _Raptores_, which - for fidelity, boldness, and spirit, are unequalled--every feather is - distinct, yet beautifully blended."--_Wood's Ornithological Guide._ - -SELBY'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF BRITISH ORNITHOLOGY, 2 vols. 8vo. Second Edition, -(published at 1l 1s) _in bds._ 12s - -1833 - - This is the most complete Scientific manual of British Ornithology yet - published. Every known British Bird is enumerated, with an ample - description of its plumage, habits, etc., the scientific as well as - familiar names given by different Naturalists, and references to all - those who have figured it. - - "SELBY'S IS THE MOST MASTERLY WORK THAT HAS EVER APPEARED ON THE BIRDS - OF BRITAIN, AND IS QUITE INDISPENSABLE TO EVERY ORNITHOLOGIST." - - _Ornithologist's Text Book._ - -SOWERBY'S MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY, containing a complete Introduction to the -Science, illustrated by upwards of 650 FIGURES OF SHELLS, etched on -Copper-plates, in which the most characteristic examples are given of all -the Genera established up to the present time, arranged in Lamarckian -Order, accompanied by copious explanations; observations respecting the -geographical or geological distribution of each; tabular views of the -Systems of Lamarck and De Blainville; a Glossary of technical terms, &c. -&c. NEW EDITION, CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED, WITH NUMEROUS -WOOD-CUTS IN THE TEXT, NOW FIRST ADDED, 8vo. _cloth_, 1l 5s - -1842 - ----- the same, COLOURED PLATES, _gilt cloth_, 2l 5s - - This is the only work which, in a moderate compass, gives a - comprehensive view of Conchology, according to the present advanced - state of the science. It will not only be found useful to all who wish - to acquire an elementary acquaintance with the subject, but also to the - proficient, as a book of reference. - -SWAINSON'S ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, or Original Figures and Descriptions -of New, Rare, or interesting Animals, selected chiefly from the Classes of -Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, and arranged on the Principles of -Cuvier and other modern Zoologists, BOTH SERIES COMPLETE, 6 vols. royal -8vo. _containing_ 318 FINELY COLOURED PLATES, (published at 16l 16s) -_unbound_, 8l 8s - ----- the same, _very neatly half-bound morocco, uncut,_ 9l 9s - - *** _This fine work was published in parts at 4s 6d each. Either of the - Series, in 3 vols. may be had separately, at £4. 4s each in parts, or - £4. 14s 6d half-morocco; but separate Parts can only be sold at the - original price._ - - This highly esteemed publication, by one of the most eminent Zoologists - of the age, has long been considered very scarce, and from its being - the sole property of the author has not hitherto been sold under the - published price. In consequence, however, of his leaving England, he - has thought it advisable to dispose of the whole stock to the - advertiser, who now offers the complete copies, which are very few in - number, at the low prices affixed. - - The whole of the figures are original, having been drawn by Mr. - Swainson himself, chiefly from specimens in his own collection, and - coloured under his immediate inspection. They are universally allowed - to be unrivalled for beauty and fidelity. - - "It might, perhaps, almost be deemed presumption to offer any remarks - on a work emanating from the pen and pencil of, undoubtedly, the first - Ornithologist of the day, but we feel it our duty to give our readers - _some_ idea of the contents of the _Zoological Illustrations._ It will - be sufficient, if we mention that his coloured figures of birds are - almost unequalled,--they are certainly not surpassed. The figures are - beyond conception lovely and delicate, and it only remains for us to - remark, that EVERY PHILOSOPHIC ORNITHOLOGIST MUST POSSESS THE - ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, IF INDEED THEY ARE NOW TO BE HAD."--_Wood's - Ornithologist's Text Book._ - -SWAINSON'S EXOTIC CONCHOLOGY, or Figures and Descriptions of Rare, -Beautiful, or Undescribed Shells, with new Letter-press Descriptions, 6 -parts, royal 4to. _containing_ 94 LARGE AND BEAUTIFULLY COLOURED FIGURES OF -SHELLS, (published at 5l 5s) _elegantly half-bound morocco, gilt edges_, 2l -12s 6d - -Each of the Six Parts may be had separately, at 8s per part. - - "Many of the most rare and beautiful species of this singularly elegant - genus (the Volutes), have been figured by Swainson in the first plates - of his _Exotic Conchology_, with a verisimilitude that has never been - equalled, and probably never will be excelled, by any artist. This - talent, combined with his scientific knowledge as a naturalist, must - render the above work the most eminent of its kind in this - country."--_Dubois._ - -SWAINSON'S ORNITHOLOGICAL DRAWINGS, being figures of the rarer and most -interesting BIRDS OF BRAZIL. Complete in 7 parts, royal 8vo. CONTAINING -SEVENTY-EIGHT BEAUTIFULLY COLOURED PLATES, (published at 3l 13s 6d) -_elegantly hf. bd. morocco, in one volume_, 2l 5s - - This exceedingly beautiful work is in very few even of the most - complete ornithological libraries, as only 175 copies were printed, and - Mr. Swainson refused to sell any excepting to those who had originally - subscribed for them. - - "Mr. Swainson's name stands so deservedly high, both as an - ornithologist and an artist, that, in introducing this splendid work to - the notice of our readers, we shall simply say that we consider it in - every respect worthy of its author. Farther commendation we feel would - be superfluous."--_Loudon._ - -WALLICH, PLANTÆ ASIATICÆ RARIORES, 12 parts, imperial folio, _coloured -plates_, (published at 36l) _sewed_, 25l - -WILSON'S AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY, or Natural History of the Birds of the -United States; with a Continuation by Charles Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of -Musignano, NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION, completed by the insertion of above -One Hundred Birds omitted in the original Work, and illustrated by valuable -Notes, with an interesting Life of the Author, by Sir WILLIAM JARDINE, -Bart., F.R.S.E., F.L.S. 3 vols. 8vo. _with a fine portrait of Wilson, and -97 plates, exhibiting 363 figures of Birds, accurately engraved, and most -beautifully coloured, on glazed drawing paper_, (published at 10l 10s) -_elegantly hf. bd. morocco, top edges gilt_, 4l 4s - -1832 - - "The valuable Notes and interesting Life of Wilson added to this new - edition are from the pen of Sir William Jardine, a Naturalist of - congenial mind in feeling and talent. The plates are better executed - than those in the American Edition, and the greatest possible attention - has been paid to accuracy of colouring. Altogether we have rarely seen - a more valuable work on Natural History, and not one more - entertaining."--_Literary Gazette._ - - "The splendid work of Alexander Wilson will always be regarded as a - subject of pride by his adopted country, as it certainly is by that - which gave him birth (Scotland)."--_Chambers._ - - "The History of American Birds, by Alexander Wilson, is equal in - elegance to the most distinguished of our own splendid works on - Ornithology."--_Cuvier._ - - "This is by far the best edition of the American Ornithology, both on - account of the beautiful plates and the interesting notes of the - editor. Every ornithologist must, of course, possess the work, and he - should if possible procure this edition." - - _Neville Wood._ - -WOODVILLE'S MEDICAL BOTANY, containing Systematic Descriptions of Medicinal -Plants, with a circumstantial Account of their Effects, and of the Diseases -in which they have been most successfully employed, THIRD EDITION, to which -is added a SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME, by SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, -_illustrated by 310 coloured plates by Sowerby_, 5 vols. 4to. (published at -10l 10s) _half-bound morocco, uncut_, 5l 5s - ----- The Fifth or Supplementary Volume, entirely by Sir W. J. HOOKER, with -30 Coloured Plates, to complete the old editions, (published at £2. 12s. -6d.) cloth boards, £1. 11s. 6d. - - No well-stored English Library should be without Woodville's Medical - Botany, a work of long-established reputation, and the best on a - subject which must, more or less, be interesting to every man of - inquiry. It contains accurate figures and descriptions of all the - plants used in English medicine, and is of such authority with - professional men, as to be almost as essential to them as the - Pharmacopoeia itself. Subsequent publications of a similar kind, though - with Woodville as their text-book, have fallen greatly short of the - original, as well in comprehensiveness of plan, as in accuracy of - delineation and correctness of colouring. It having long been a matter - of regret that so excellent a work, from the want of a new edition, - should remain so much behind the present state of pharmaceutical - science, Sir William undertook to supply this defect, by adding a - Supplementary Volume, containing all the new and acknowledged - discoveries, and all the plants added to the Pharmacopoeias since the - publication of the work in 1810. New plates have likewise been given - for the _Cinchonas_, and other plants, which were not properly - identified in the time of Woodville; and new letter-press or _errata_ - for such descriptions as were deficient or incorrect. All these - alterations and additions have been given in the supplementary or fifth - volume, preserving everything contained in the original work, inclusive - even of the incorrect plates and letter-press, though duplicate, - leaving it to the purchaser's option either to cancel or retain them, - as he pleases. - - * * * * * - - -_Just Published, in Imperial 8vo. price, Coloured, £1 5s. Plain, 16s._ - -Part I - -OF THE - -THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, - -BY - -G. B. SOWERBY, JUN. - -Containing descriptions of all the species hitherto known of the following -Genera of SHELLS; Helicina, Pupina, Rostellaria, Aporrhais, Struthiolaria -and Strombus, accompanied by 300 highly finished coloured engravings. - -This work is commenced, and will be continued on a more extensive, -complete, and economic plan than has hitherto been attempted. It is -intended to be so complete as to supersede the necessity of keeping an -extensive conchological library, or of consulting a variety of books for -the purpose of identifying species. IT WILL FORM A COMPLETE CONCHOLOGICAL -LIBRARY IN ITSELF. - -The vast increase in the number of species, either undescribed or published -in miscellaneous works, and voyages; the difficulty of obtaining such -works, or of naming species without them, and the confusion of Synonymes -which has been the result, are facts which prove the importance of the -present undertaking. The facilities enjoyed by the author, in having access -to several of the most important collections; and obtaining the fullest -information respecting the localities of subjects by those who have sought -them in their native abodes, will, it is trusted, enable him to supply a -generally acknowledged desideratum. He hopes to do this in such a manner as -to fulfil the expectations of his friends, who may rest assured that -neither pains nor expense will be spared to ensure the correctness, -completeness, and beauty of the work. - -The plan of the work is as follows:--it will consist of a complete series -of Monographs of Genera of Shells. All the species and varieties of each -genus will be described and figured. The essential characters will be given -in latin. The explanations and general information will be expressed in -English. The figures of average sized shells will be reduced to half the -real diameter; those of larger size will be still further reduced; and -those of small size will be represented of the natural dimensions. The size -of the book is Imperial octavo. The paper, printing, engraving and -colouring of the best description. A part, containing several Monographs -will appear every third month, or oftener if possible, the price of each -part to depend upon the number of figures which it contains, at the rate of -one penny for each figure. - -THE 2nd PART WILL APPEAR ON THE 1st OF AUGUST. - - * * * * * - -THE - -CONCHOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, - -_Or, figures of hitherto unfigured recent Shells, Part 1 to 200_, - -PRICE, 1S. 6D. EACH, - -May now be had with Indices complete. None of the Genera contained in this -work will be given in the Thesaurus until all the other Genera are -exhausted. - - * * * * * - -SOWERBY, NATURALIST. - -No. 50, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY. - - * * * * * - - -CORRECTIONS MADE TO PRINTED TEXT - -ANOMIA: "sub-equilateral" corrected from "sub-equilaternal" - -ARGONAUTA: "Cephalopoda" corrected from "Cepholopoda" - -ib. "the Argonaut is the testaceous part" corrected from "... Agonaut ..." - -HALIOTIS: "oblique" corrected from "obilque" - -POLYLEPAS: "lepas, rock." corrected from "lepas, Linn." - -RHINODOMUS: "No internal groove" corrected from "... grove" - -65. "Panopæa Australis" corrected from "... Ausrtalis" - -Heading: "Fam. Brachiopoda" corrected from "... Brachipoda" - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Conchological Manual, by -George Brettingham Sowerby - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CONCHOLOGICAL MANUAL *** - -***** This file should be named 43417-8.txt or 43417-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/4/1/43417/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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