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diff --git a/43317-h/43317-h.htm b/43317-h/43317-h.htm index 9527f60..d773365 100644 --- a/43317-h/43317-h.htm +++ b/43317-h/43317-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lord Lyons Volume 1, by Lord Newton. @@ -226,47 +226,7 @@ ins { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lord Lyons: A Record of British Diplomacy, by -Thomas Wodehouse Legh Newton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Lord Lyons: A Record of British Diplomacy - Volume 1 of 2 - -Author: Thomas Wodehouse Legh Newton - -Release Date: July 26, 2013 [EBook #43317] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A RECORD OF BRITISH DIPLOMACY *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Foley, Jane Robins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43317 ***</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i"></a></span></p> @@ -345,7 +305,7 @@ containing personal details only available to a near relative.</p> <p class="center"><span class="smcap"><b>Early Life</b></span></p> <blockquote><p>Early Life—Enters Diplomatic Service, 1839—Appointed unpaid -attaché at Athens—Unfavourable prospects—Paid attaché at +attaché at Athens—Unfavourable prospects—Paid attaché at Rome, 1853—Condition of the Papal States—Life at Rome—Appointed Secretary of Legation at Florence—Question of the 'Tavola di Stato'—Sent to Naples to deal with the case of the @@ -491,8 +451,8 @@ answer.</p></blockquote> <p class="center"><b>1870</b></p> <blockquote><p>Internal situation in France—Further military reduction sanctioned—The -Plébiscite: general uneasiness—Official satisfaction at result -of Plébiscite—Sycophantic diplomatists—Gramont appointed +Plébiscite: general uneasiness—Official satisfaction at result +of Plébiscite—Sycophantic diplomatists—Gramont appointed Foreign Minister—Official views respecting the value of British colonies—Accurate prophecy by Lord Clarendon—Death of Lord Clarendon: Lord Granville Foreign Secretary—The Hohenzollern @@ -570,8 +530,8 @@ well-behaved, hard-working youth, living carefully upon a modest allowance, and greatly attached to his parents and family.</p> <p>In the following year he entered the diplomatic service as unpaid -attaché at Athens, where his father occupied the position of Minister.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> -In 1844 he became a paid attaché at Athens, and passed thirteen +attaché at Athens, where his father occupied the position of Minister.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +In 1844 he became a paid attaché at Athens, and passed thirteen uneventful years at that post.</p> <p>At this stage of his career, prospects looked far from promising; he @@ -586,11 +546,11 @@ remote that, having reached the age of thirty-five, he seriously contemplated abandoning diplomacy altogether.</p> <p>As a matter of fact, there was no cause for uneasiness. In 1852 he was -transferred as paid attaché to Dresden, and early in the following year +transferred as paid attaché to Dresden, and early in the following year received the gratifying intimation that Lord John Russell, who had been -struck with his capacity, had appointed him paid attaché at Rome. 'What +struck with his capacity, had appointed him paid attaché at Rome. 'What I mean for him,' wrote Lord John Russell, 'is to succeed Mr. Petre, and -to conduct the Roman Mission, with £500 a year. If there were any post +to conduct the Roman Mission, with £500 a year. If there were any post of Secretary of Legation vacant I should gladly offer it to him, as I have a very good opinion of him.' The importance of the post at Rome consisted in the fact that, whereas technically dependent on the Tuscan @@ -601,7 +561,7 @@ appointments if activity and discretion were displayed.</p> <p>In June, 1853, Lyons started for his new post carrying despatches,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> and as an illustration of the conditions of travel upon the continent at that period, it is worth noticing that the expenses of his journey to -Rome amounted to no less a sum than £102 3<i>s.</i> 3<i>d.</i>, inclusive of the +Rome amounted to no less a sum than £102 3<i>s.</i> 3<i>d.</i>, inclusive of the purchase and sale of a carriage, although no man was ever less prodigal of public money. Nor is there any record of any official objection to this somewhat alarming outlay.</p> @@ -678,14 +638,14 @@ getting information, which is useful to me, on Roman matters. Details about Sir E. and yourself are always the most precious things you can write, and they cannot be too numerous or too minute.</p> -<p>My <i xml:lang="fr">ménage</i> consists of two men. I am obliged to have two, in order +<p>My <i xml:lang="fr">ménage</i> consists of two men. I am obliged to have two, in order not to have to open the door myself, if I send one out. I have a good-sized sitting room, much better furnished than most Roman Lodgings, a second sitting room, which serves as Anteroom, and Breakfast Room, good Bedroom and a Dressing Room. I have very little sun, which I think an advantage, though in general it is thought the greatest of disadvantages—I breakfast at home, and dine with some -of the other Diplomatists at a little quiet Table d'Hôte, where +of the other Diplomatists at a little quiet Table d'Hôte, where there is a very good dinner. In winter I dine out three or four times a week, and always spend the evening in society. I never do anything at all in the way of hospitality. With the immense number @@ -693,7 +653,7 @@ of English here, it would be impossible for me to get on, unless I made this rule. In summer I had some men occasionally to play at Whist, all of course Foreigners. I have taken my present lodging to the end of June. My hope is to go to England for two or three months<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -about that time. I pay between 14 and £15 sterling a month for my +about that time. I pay between 14 and £15 sterling a month for my apartment. It is in a capital situation—and a second floor. It is an admirable country for long rides, but very bad for short ones. The pavement of the Town is so slippery that it is dangerous to ride @@ -825,7 +785,7 @@ absolutely innocent. But the Neapolitan Government was by no means out of its difficulties. It was pointed out that as two innocent men had been imprisoned for nine months, and treated with great barbarity during the greater part of the time, they were entitled to an indemnity which -was fixed at £3000. Worse was to follow, for, egged on by the Sardinian +was fixed at £3000. Worse was to follow, for, egged on by the Sardinian Government, the British Government put forward a demand that the <i>Cagliari</i> should be surrendered on the ground that its capture had been illegally effected. Both these demands were refused, and finally, @@ -861,7 +821,7 @@ success had arrived with unusual rapidity, for he was already forty-one.</p> father. His mother had died some years previously; his brother had perished in the Crimea, and the only remaining near relatives were his two sisters, one of whom was married to the Duke of Norfolk, and the -other to a Bavarian gentleman, Baron von Würtzburg.</p> +other to a Bavarian gentleman, Baron von Würtzburg.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a></span></p> @@ -874,7 +834,7 @@ other to a Bavarian gentleman, Baron von Würtzburg.</p> <p>In February, 1859, Lord Lyons, accompanied by some members of his staff (a novelty to one who hitherto had been obliged to work unaided) was -despatched to Washington in H.M.S. <i>Curaçoa</i>, and owing to the limited +despatched to Washington in H.M.S. <i>Curaçoa</i>, and owing to the limited coal capacity of that vessel, the voyage occupied no less than forty-two days, a period which must have been singularly disagreeable to a man who in spite of some years' naval service always suffered from sea sickness. @@ -1049,7 +1009,7 @@ merely the nominal Capital.</p> <p>I am anxiously looking out for Mr. Warre, whose arrival you announce that I may soon expect. It would add much to the efficiency of the Mission, and be a great comfort to me to have an additional unpaid -attaché, provided he were industrious, desirous to improve, and +attaché, provided he were industrious, desirous to improve, and capable of writing a good hand.</p></blockquote> <p>The change of Government which took place in England during the summer @@ -1540,7 +1500,7 @@ found him asking M. Mercier to give him a copy of his Instructions to the French Consuls in the Southern States. M. Mercier made some excuse for refusing, but said that what the instructions amounted to was that the Consuls were to do their best to protect French Commerce 'sans -sortir de la plus stricte neutralité.' Mr. Seward then asked me to give +sortir de la plus stricte neutralité.' Mr. Seward then asked me to give him a copy of my instructions to H.M.'s Consuls. I, of course, declined to do so, but I told him that the purport of them was that the Consuls were to regard questions from a commercial not a political point of @@ -1643,7 +1603,7 @@ days after the fall of Fort Sumter, and wrote as follows:——</p> <hr class="tb" /> <h4>Charleston, April 19, 1861.</h4> -<blockquote><p>I arrived here the night before last <i>viâ</i> Baltimore, Norfolk and +<blockquote><p>I arrived here the night before last <i>viâ</i> Baltimore, Norfolk and Wilmington. North Carolina was in revolt—that is, there was no particular form of authority to rebel against, but the shadowy abstractions in lieu of it were treated with deserved contempt by the @@ -1788,7 +1748,7 @@ and made no secret of the apprehensions which he entertained.</p> <p class="center"><b>Washington, May 22, 1861.</b></p> <blockquote><p>You will perhaps consider the notion that the U.S. should at this moment -provoke a war with a great Power as preposterous, and <i>à priori</i> it must +provoke a war with a great Power as preposterous, and <i>à priori</i> it must seem incredible to any one. Nevertheless I am so seriously alarmed by what I see passing around me here and especially by the conduct of the Cabinet that I have thought it my duty to call the attention of our @@ -2505,7 +2465,7 @@ President Lincoln, who disclaimed for himself and the Cabinet all thought of aggression against Canada. The President also stated that he himself had been opposed to Mr. Seward's circular putting the coasts into a state of defence, but had been overruled. On being asked what the -recommendation to make fortifications and depôts of arms on the Great +recommendation to make fortifications and depôts of arms on the Great Lakes meant, he only said, 'We must say something to satisfy the people.' About the Mason and Slidell case, he remarked, 'Oh, that'll be got along with!' He further volunteered the observation that if he could @@ -2819,8 +2779,8 @@ open to me than to demand my passports and those of all the members of the Legation and go away at once. In case of a non-compliance, or of the time elapsing without any answer, it will probably be desirable for me to take myself, the Secretary of Legation, and the greater part of the -Attachés off at once, leaving, if necessary, one or two of the junior -attachés to pack up the archives and follow as quickly as possible. It +Attachés off at once, leaving, if necessary, one or two of the junior +attachés to pack up the archives and follow as quickly as possible. It is a case in which, above all others, delay will be dangerous. I am so convinced that unless we give our friends here a good lesson this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> time, we shall have the same trouble with them again very soon, under @@ -3423,14 +3383,14 @@ nights from Washington, with the exception of the two months during which he was officially in attendance on the Prince of Wales. The work in fact was incessant, the staff of the Legation scanty, and things were not made easier by the autocratic Hammond, who suddenly recalled one of -the attachés to London, that enlightened bureaucrat being apparently +the attachés to London, that enlightened bureaucrat being apparently quite incapable of realizing that a young man's time might be more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> profitably employed at Washington during the Civil War than in preparing for some perfunctory and trumpery examination which could perfectly well have been undertaken at any subsequent period. The appeals to the autocrat of the Foreign Office for assistance are as pathetic as they are moderate. 'I conjure you to send me out two or at least one good -working attaché as soon as possible. Brodie is completely out of health; +working attaché as soon as possible. Brodie is completely out of health; Warre is always prostrated by the abominable heat of this place; Monson can do a great deal, but his constitution is not of iron; and as for myself I cannot do much Chancery work in addition to my proper duties. @@ -3672,9 +3632,9 @@ Salmon, Anchovy sauce.<br /> <span class="smcap"><b>Soup.</b></span><br /> Green Turtle.<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Oyster.</span><br /> <br /> -<span class="smcap"><b>Relevées.</b></span><br /> -Fillet of Beef, braisé with Mushrooms,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Capon, with Truffes à la Regence.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap"><b>Relevées.</b></span><br /> +Fillet of Beef, braisé with Mushrooms,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Capon, with Truffes à la Regence.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="smcap"><b>Boiled.</b></span><br /> Leg of Mutton, Caper sauce,<br /> @@ -3682,15 +3642,15 @@ Leg of Mutton, Caper sauce,<br /> <br /> <span class="smcap"><b>Cold.</b></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Boned Turkey, garnished with Jelly,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chicken Salad, à la Française,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chicken Salad, à la Française,</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 12em;">Game Pattie, with truffles, decorated with Jelly.</span><br /> <br /> -<span class="smcap"><b>Entrées.</b></span><br /> +<span class="smcap"><b>Entrées.</b></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sweet Breads, larded en croustade, sauce petits pois,</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fillets of Teal Duck, bigare, sauce Italienne,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quails, braisés, sauce Champignons,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quails, braisés, sauce Champignons,</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Snipe, broiled on Toast,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 12em;">Fillets of Venison, sautés, sauce Poivrade,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12em;">Fillets of Venison, sautés, sauce Poivrade,</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 16em;">Fried Oysters.</span></p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></p> @@ -3713,7 +3673,7 @@ Wild Duck, <span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wild Turkey,</span> <span style="marg <br /> <span class="smcap"><b>Pastry.</b></span><br /> Plum Pudding, Brandy sauce.<br /> -Apple and Mince pies, <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Omelette Soufflée,</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lady Fingers,</span><br /> +Apple and Mince pies, <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Omelette Soufflée,</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lady Fingers,</span><br /> Vanilla Kisses, <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sponge Cake,</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cup Custard,</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Madeira Jelly.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="smcap"><b>Dessert.</b></span><br /> @@ -4105,7 +4065,7 @@ practice almost invariably adopted by civilized countries under similar circumstances. Persons suspected of disaffection or treason were arbitrarily arrested, kept in prison under the authority of the military, and detained there without trial; and amongst these were -occasionally <i xml:lang="la">bonâ fide</i> British subjects and others who claimed to +occasionally <i xml:lang="la">bonâ fide</i> British subjects and others who claimed to be such. Where martial law exists, it is only natural that occasional cases of injustice or harshness should arise, and it is clear that a certain number of British subjects suffered without due cause, but upon @@ -4400,7 +4360,7 @@ set out for Canada. My present notion is to wait here for the despatches from London of the 18th—which ought to arrive the middle of next week—and to wait at New York for the despatches from London of the 25th, and then, if they bring nothing to hinder it, to go on -to Quebec. I shall present Mr. Stuart as <i xml:lang="fr">Chargé d'affaires</i> before +to Quebec. I shall present Mr. Stuart as <i xml:lang="fr">Chargé d'affaires</i> before I leave Washington. It would be impossible to carry on the immense amount of protection to British subjects' business here, without some one on the spot who could write officially to the Government. @@ -4551,7 +4511,7 @@ Her Majesty's Government to consider whether it is important for them to know what is really being done, and if so, what measures will be best with a view to their obtaining regularly information practically useful. I have no fancy for having a military or Naval -Attaché—and I am not certain how the appointment of one might be +Attaché—and I am not certain how the appointment of one might be taken here. It <i>might</i> create suspicion—on the other hand it <i>might</i> be taken as a compliment. I am <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'inclned'">inclined</ins> to think that Officers unconnected with the Legation sent quietly, but by no means @@ -4836,9 +4796,9 @@ completely the responsibility is thrown on the professional men, the more effectually will the work be performed. With the present feeling of the United States Government I think the officers had better come with a decidedly official character, either as naval or -military attachés to the Legation, or under any other name: but I do +military attachés to the Legation, or under any other name: but I do not think that the most effective mode of obtaining the requisite -information would be to let them subside into permanent attachés +information would be to let them subside into permanent attachés residing here, and making mere routine reports by each mail. It would, of course, be well before publishing any appointment of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> definite official character, to let me ascertain that it would be @@ -5018,11 +4978,11 @@ and such sacrifices as the Southerners had done. Whether he ever made any recommendations, as the result of his visit, or whether, if they were ever made, any attention was paid to them does not appear, but there is reason to believe that the British Government eventually nerved -itself to spend the stupendous sum of £50,000 on Canadian defence.</p> +itself to spend the stupendous sum of £50,000 on Canadian defence.</p> <p>The Canadian visit was undertaken very reluctantly, in spite of weariness and ill health, partly on account of the press of work, and -partly because it would be necessary to leave as Chargé d'Affaires a +partly because it would be necessary to leave as Chargé d'Affaires a Secretary of Legation (Mr. Burnley), who had only just arrived in the country, and of whose abilities and judgment he was completely ignorant. Consequently he took the precaution of asking the Foreign Office to @@ -5155,7 +5115,7 @@ Service now living who would corroborate the opinion expressed by Sir Edward Malet.</p> <p>From the same source we learn the usual routine of the Chancery during -the Civil War. The secretaries and attachés had to be at their desks at +the Civil War. The secretaries and attachés had to be at their desks at 9 a.m. They worked continuously without a luncheon interval until past 7 p.m., then adjourned to Willard's Hotel to indulge in the pernicious local habit of swallowing cocktails, dined at 8, and were frequently @@ -5452,7 +5412,7 @@ relating to the Moldo-Wallachian Principalities, to Crete, and to a Firman for the Bey of Tunis. But whatever may be the internal condition of the Turkish Empire at any given period, or whatever may be its external relations, there is invariably one representative of the Great -Powers at Constantinople whose <i>rôle</i> it is to threaten, browbeat, and +Powers at Constantinople whose <i>rôle</i> it is to threaten, browbeat, and coerce. At the period in question this duty was discharged with zest by the French Ambassador, the Marquis de Moustier, whose mission it was to '<i xml:lang="fr">porter haut le drapeau de la France</i>'—in other words, to bully and @@ -5685,7 +5645,7 @@ said to me by Aali or Fuad, but I hear that this sort of language is held by a great many Turks amongst themselves, and it may be a symptom worth noting.</p> -<p>We are all anxiety to hear something from Paris about the Plébiscite +<p>We are all anxiety to hear something from Paris about the Plébiscite and Prince Charles of Hohenzollern. Till I know what our Government think, I can give no advice to the Turks.</p></blockquote> @@ -5727,7 +5687,7 @@ parties, and the recognition of Prince Charles is the obvious means of arriving at this. Whether he will prove a success or a failure will depend upon his character and his ability to govern through the constitutional forms, for the Hospodar must in fact for some time be -a Cæsar or he will soon be nothing.</p> +a Cæsar or he will soon be nothing.</p> <p>M. de Moustier is not at all liked by his other colleagues here, and he has inspired the Turks with more fear than love. As he and I have @@ -5765,7 +5725,7 @@ After bargaining and haggling for several months, and obtaining all sorts of concessions from the Porte, the Roumanians actually proposed that 'in order to meet existing difficulties' the Prince should be invested at Constantinople without any conditions at all. The chief -stumbling block appears to have the phrase '<i xml:lang="fr">partie intégrante</i>,' in the +stumbling block appears to have the phrase '<i xml:lang="fr">partie intégrante</i>,' in the Declaration, and it was not until it had been made clear that neither France nor England would recognize the Prince unless this <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>condition was complied with that the sacramental words were agreed to. Eventually more @@ -5877,7 +5837,7 @@ their subjects.</p> <p>The arguments against giving up the Fortress of Belgrade are strongly put in Mr. Longworth's despatch to me of which he has sent -you a copy. For my own part I doubt whether the <i xml:lang="la">Levée en masse</i> of +you a copy. For my own part I doubt whether the <i xml:lang="la">Levée en masse</i> of the Mussulman population of Turkey to defend it, would not shake the Empire to pieces. In the face of the extreme unpopularity of the Sultan personally and of the Government with the Mussulmans, I doubt @@ -6070,7 +6030,7 @@ not be able to pay its foreign dividends much longer, if it is obliged to keep a large force on a war footing on the frontier of Greece; and to provide against insurrections excited from abroad in other quarters. The Bulgarians appear to oppose a strong <i xml:lang="la">vis -inertiæ</i> to the Russian and Hellenic attempts to induce them to use +inertiæ</i> to the Russian and Hellenic attempts to induce them to use and demand autonomy. Their principal quarrel is with the Greek clergy foisted upon them by the Patriarchate here. I have not been able to form a positive opinion on their demands for a separate @@ -6444,7 +6404,7 @@ Roman Question should be submitted to a Conference of the Powers at Paris—a proposal which did not commend itself to England, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>was opposed by Prussia at the instigation of Bismarck, whose object it was to accentuate the differences between France and Italy. To what extent -the Empress Eugénie participated in the direction of French foreign +the Empress Eugénie participated in the direction of French foreign policy has often been the subject of discussion, but there can be no doubt that she held decided views with regard to the Roman Question and the proposed Conference.</p> @@ -6589,7 +6549,7 @@ cost of future embarrassments.</p> <p>Napoleon's vague and unpractical views were exposed in a conversation with Lord Lyons, which apparently took place in a crowded ball-room. Asked what was to be the basis of the Conference, he made the cryptic -reply: '<i xml:lang="fr">Mon Dieu! la base est d'assimiler le pouvoir du Pape à +reply: '<i xml:lang="fr">Mon Dieu! la base est d'assimiler le pouvoir du Pape à l'Italie</i>,' which sounds like unadulterated nonsense; and when pressed to explain how an unpalatable decision was to be enforced upon a recalcitrant Pope, His Majesty was only able feebly to suggest 'moral @@ -6805,10 +6765,10 @@ state of things which would render a fight unavoidable. As for the discussed, the more satisfactory the result was likely to be, and he strongly advised that the discussion should take place in Europe rather than in the United States: it would <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span>be a mistake to send a -<i xml:lang="fr">mission d'éclat</i> to Washington, as such a mission would be taken as a +<i xml:lang="fr">mission d'éclat</i> to Washington, as such a mission would be taken as a surrender at discretion. Whether the mission of Lord Ripon and his colleagues to Washington three years later could be correctly described -as a <i xml:lang="fr">mission d'éclat</i> or not is of little importance, but it certainty +as a <i xml:lang="fr">mission d'éclat</i> or not is of little importance, but it certainty ended in surrender.</p> <p>The letters from Paris about this period abound in misgivings as to the @@ -6822,7 +6782,7 @@ Towards the end of February some apprehension was created by a circumstantial rumour that the Emperor had announced positively to Russia that France would not allow the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Baden to the North German Confederation, and a month later a vague fear -was felt of the imminence of a <i xml:lang="fr">coup de théâtre</i>.</p> +was felt of the imminence of a <i xml:lang="fr">coup de théâtre</i>.</p> <hr class="tb" /> <h4><i>Lord Lyons to Lord Stanley.</i></h4> @@ -6831,7 +6791,7 @@ was felt of the imminence of a <i xml:lang="fr">coup de théâtre</i>.</p> <blockquote><p>I ought to say that there are, among not unreasonable or inexperienced people, vague apprehensions that the Emperor may, <i xml:lang="la">more suo</i>, resort to -a <i xml:lang="fr">coup de théâtre</i> and declare war when it is least expected. The only +a <i xml:lang="fr">coup de théâtre</i> and declare war when it is least expected. The only act which can be cited in support of these apprehensions is the formation of two more camps of instruction this year than usual. It is said that the effect of this will be to have two additional army corps @@ -6854,7 +6814,7 @@ campaign. Defeat would be fatal and anything short of great success and additions of territory far from advantageous. It is of course impossible to say what a man so reserved and really so little in the habit of making up his mind long beforehand, may or may not do, and therefore the -possibility of a <i xml:lang="fr">coup de théâtre</i> must I suppose always be kept in +possibility of a <i xml:lang="fr">coup de théâtre</i> must I suppose always be kept in one's mind. Still I must say that all I can make out leads me to believe that his present wishes and intentions are peaceful.</p></blockquote> @@ -6947,7 +6907,7 @@ unsuccessful war would overthrow the Emperor and his dynasty and send the whole Bonaparte family to the right about. A war only partially successful would, he thinks, rather weaken than strengthen the Emperor at home, while a thoroughly successful war would simply give His Majesty -a fresh lease of 'Cæsarism' and adjourn indefinitely the liberal +a fresh lease of 'Cæsarism' and adjourn indefinitely the liberal institutions which he considers essential to the durability of the dynasty. At the same time the Prince is not without apprehension as to war being made this season. He fears weak men, and he looks upon the @@ -6958,7 +6918,7 @@ as to the opinions expressed by him to the Emperor, he has been, contrary to his wont, wholly silent as to what the Emperor said to him.</p></blockquote> <p>This account of Prince Napoleon's views was derived from Colonel -Claremont, the British Military Attaché, who was on intimate terms with +Claremont, the British Military Attaché, who was on intimate terms with him. Prince Napoleon, one of the best abused and most unpopular of Frenchmen, had, with all his talents, little fixity of purpose, no real perseverance, and was too much wanting in courage to become the head of @@ -7082,10 +7042,10 @@ coming into office by less violent means than a revolution.</p></blockquote> <p>The 'soreness of heart' referred to a visit of Queen Victoria, who had passed through Paris in July on her way to Switzerland. It had been arranged, after prodigious correspondence, that the Empress should come -up to the Elysée Palace and call upon the Queen at the Embassy (the -Elysée having been selected on account of its proximity), but apparently +up to the Elysée Palace and call upon the Queen at the Embassy (the +Elysée having been selected on account of its proximity), but apparently nothing was settled about a return visit on the part of the Queen. At -all events, no return visit was paid to the Elysée, and the consequence +all events, no return visit was paid to the Elysée, and the consequence was that a section of the French press seized upon the occasion maliciously to represent that the Emperor and Empress were no longer treated with consideration by the ancient Royal Houses, and that England @@ -7284,7 +7244,7 @@ expression of opinion from us.</p> <p>The Emperor told Clarendon in strict confidence of a proposal which he had not, he said, mentioned even to his Ministers. Men of weight (<i xml:lang="fr">des -hommes sérieux</i>) had proposed a Confederation between the South German +hommes sérieux</i>) had proposed a Confederation between the South German States and Switzerland. Lord Clarendon pointed out objections to the notion, such as the want of any real bond of sympathy or interest between Switzerland and the proposed confederates, and the offence which @@ -7314,7 +7274,7 @@ abroad lest he should be torn to pieces by the ignorant people as an <p>From this interesting communication it will be noted that Napoleon III. apparently reposed more confidence in Lord Clarendon than in his own -ministers; the '<i xml:lang="fr">hommes sérieux</i>' were, however, probably mythical, as +ministers; the '<i xml:lang="fr">hommes sérieux</i>' were, however, probably mythical, as the proposed Confederation of Switzerland and the Southern German States was not a project which would commend itself to practical people, and is more likely to have been conceived in his own nebulous imagination. The @@ -7346,7 +7306,7 @@ Clarendon.</p> <p class="center"><b>Paris, Dec. 15, 1868.</b></p> -<blockquote><p>I came back from Compiègne yesterday. During the week I was there the +<blockquote><p>I came back from Compiègne yesterday. During the week I was there the Emperor seemed to be in remarkably good health and spirits, and was to all appearance very free from care. If he has any special plan regarding foreign politics, he is keeping it <i>in petto</i> to electrify the Corps @@ -7457,7 +7417,7 @@ be the representatives? What Governments shall be entitled to appear? If such a one is invited, will it be possible to exclude another? And supposing these knotty points to be satisfactorily settled, shall some Power possessing doubtful credentials be allowed a <i xml:lang="fr">voix consultative</i>, -or a <i xml:lang="fr">voix délibérative</i>? In this particular case, there was no +or a <i xml:lang="fr">voix délibérative</i>? In this particular case, there was no difficulty in fixing upon the place, but there was considerable difficulty with regard to the participation of Greece, as Turkey flatly refused to meet her. The prospect of a Conference was not viewed with @@ -7586,7 +7546,7 @@ punishment for all Belgians innocent as well as guilty.</p> <p>The third course was to pursue the line already taken. To admit fully the right of the Belgian Government to act as it had done, but to declare in very distinct terms that it had been guilty of a very -<i xml:lang="fr">mauvais procédé</i> towards France, and that the Government of the Emperor +<i xml:lang="fr">mauvais procédé</i> towards France, and that the Government of the Emperor was deeply wounded and very seriously displeased. He said that he was about to prepare a despatch in the above sense.</p> @@ -7689,7 +7649,7 @@ showing its determination to stand by Belgium, while the King of the Belgians was anxious to make his woes known through the English press. 'If,' said Lord Clarendon, 'the Emperor attaches value to the English Alliance he ought not to sacrifice it by a sneaking attempt to -incorporate Belgium by means of a railway company and its employés. If +incorporate Belgium by means of a railway company and its employés. If he wants war it is a bad pretext for doing that which all mankind will blame him for.'</p> @@ -7756,7 +7716,7 @@ instructions, has said on more than one occasion to Gladstone and to me that though Prussia would not undertake to defend Belgium single-handed, as that country concerned England more nearly than Prussia, yet that we had but to say the word, and we should soon -come to terms. I treated this, as did Gladstone, rather as a <i xml:lang="fr">façon +come to terms. I treated this, as did Gladstone, rather as a <i xml:lang="fr">façon de parler</i> and a ruse to detach us from France, which is Bismarck's main object, as I did not choose that Bernstorff should have to report the slightest encouragement to the suggestion, but it <i>may</i> @@ -7764,7 +7724,7 @@ come to that after all.</p></blockquote> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span></p> -<p>Colonel Walker, the British military attaché at Berlin, whom Lord +<p>Colonel Walker, the British military attaché at Berlin, whom Lord Clarendon considered to be one of the most enlightened and intelligent men of his profession, was in London at the time, and he reported that there was not the slightest sign of any active military preparation in @@ -7784,15 +7744,15 @@ communicate to the French Foreign Minister.</p> <p>The Luxemburg Railway difficulty was finally disposed of by a Commission at London, but before this took place, the Belgian Liberal Minister, M. -Frère-Orban, found it necessary to pay a visit to Paris.</p> +Frère-Orban, found it necessary to pay a visit to Paris.</p> <hr class="tb" /> <h4><i>Lord Lyons to Lord Clarendon.</i></h4> <p class="center"><b>Paris, April 28, 1869.</b></p> -<blockquote><p>Frère-Orban had a farewell audience of the Emperor this morning. He -tells me that his Majesty was very gracious. Frère appears to have +<blockquote><p>Frère-Orban had a farewell audience of the Emperor this morning. He +tells me that his Majesty was very gracious. Frère appears to have insinuated that the business was finished. The Emperor expressed a hope that something good would be done in the Commission. The Emperor dwelt upon the necessity of France and Belgium being <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span>upon @@ -7806,9 +7766,9 @@ against France. He said that in an answer to this pamphlet published at Berlin, the Belgian army was counted among the forces to act against France, and observed that France and Belgium ought to be on too good terms to render such an employment of the Belgian army -possible. Frère said that His Majesty had only to make Belgium feel +possible. Frère said that His Majesty had only to make Belgium feel convinced that her independence was safe, in order to ensure her -sympathy with France. Frère appears to have been much pleased with +sympathy with France. Frère appears to have been much pleased with the audience on the whole, though he would rather the Emperor had said distinctly that he did not expect any result from the Commission, and looked upon the whole question as at an end. He is @@ -7835,7 +7795,7 @@ justified the sneer levelled at him by Bismarck, who, as recorded by Busch, remarked in 1870, 'He (Napoleon III.) should have occupied——and held it as a pledge. But he is, and remains a muddle-headed fellow.' A still more scathing definition was applied to him by his distinguished -countryman, M. Thiers—<i xml:lang="fr">une immense incapacité méconnue.</i></p> +countryman, M. Thiers—<i xml:lang="fr">une immense incapacité méconnue.</i></p> <p>The private correspondence in 1869 with Lord Clarendon, who was by far the most voluminous letter-writer amongst English Foreign Secretaries, @@ -7864,18 +7824,18 @@ he will be backed by France against his suzerain.'</p> <p>Upon making inquiries at Paris it was found that the same question had been raised there, the Turkish Ambassador having made a remonstrance -against the Khedive being lodged in the Elysée, and a special request +against the Khedive being lodged in the Elysée, and a special request that at least the room in which the Sultan slept should not be desecrated by his obnoxious vassal. The French Foreign Minister had thereupon advised the Ambassador to consider the remonstrance about the -Elysée and the bedroom as <i xml:lang="fr">non avenue</i>, as it could only serve to make +Elysée and the bedroom as <i xml:lang="fr">non avenue</i>, as it could only serve to make the Ambassador and his Government look ridiculous. Nevertheless, M. de La Valette admitted that the Viceroy was taking too independent a line, and that the proposal to neutralize the Suez Canal was an Imperial question which should originate from the Porte, and not from the Egyptian ruler.</p> -<p>The other and more illustrious traveller was the Empress Eugénie, who +<p>The other and more illustrious traveller was the Empress Eugénie, who was desirous of attending the inauguration of the Suez Canal, and who unexpectedly intimated that she wished to make a tour in India. Upon this becoming known, Queen Victoria caused her to be informed that her @@ -8004,7 +7964,7 @@ Bill.</p></blockquote> from an official chief, Lord Lyons reluctantly went over to London to vote, and as he had not yet even taken his seat, took the precaution of asking a trusty friend in the Foreign Office to find out what the -necessary formalities were. The following somewhat naïve communication +necessary formalities were. The following somewhat naïve communication possesses a modern interest as it discloses the fact that backwoodsmen were as much in existence then as they are now.</p> @@ -8097,7 +8057,7 @@ found to take his place as Government orator.</p> <p>Speculation is occupied in divining how the Emperor will take the elections. Some think that, finding himself in front of an opposition of <i>Rouges</i>, he will again take the part of the Saviour of Society and -begin a new epoch of Cæsarism. Others, looking to the comparatively +begin a new epoch of Cæsarism. Others, looking to the comparatively large number of independent members, whose elections the Government did not oppose, and to the liberal professions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> made even by the official candidates, expect a formal announcement of the @@ -8154,7 +8114,7 @@ to have had the worst of it.</p> <p>The lessons to be drawn from the general election are not pleasant, for it is impossible to find anywhere a symptom of approval of personal government. It is not that the French desire a -Parliamentary government <i xml:lang="fr">à l'Anglaise</i>, but they are tired of the +Parliamentary government <i xml:lang="fr">à l'Anglaise</i>, but they are tired of the uncertainty and disquiet in which they are kept by the fact that peace and war, and indeed everything, depend upon the inscrutable will of one man whom they do believe capable of giving them @@ -8180,11 +8140,11 @@ the Government a primary object.</p></blockquote> <p>General Fleury, a man of charming personality, and a prominent figure in French society, was the author of the celebrated rejoinder, <i xml:lang="fr">Pourtant, -nous nous sommes diablement bien amusés</i>, upon an occasion when the +nous nous sommes diablement bien amusés</i>, upon an occasion when the Second Empire was severely criticized some years later. Lord Clarendon was another of those who felt misgivings over the elections. 'I feel precisely as you do,' he wrote to Lord Lyons, 'about the elections and -the danger of a surprise that they create. Cæsar thinks only of his +the danger of a surprise that they create. Cæsar thinks only of his dynasty, and I expect he foresees greater danger to it from responsible Government than from war. It is not surprising that the French should be exasperated at always living on a volcano and never knowing when it may @@ -8230,7 +8190,7 @@ check on personal government.</p> <p class="center"><b>Paris, July 7, 1869.</b></p> -<blockquote><p>We are going on here <i xml:lang="fr">à toute vitesse</i>, whither, it is not very +<blockquote><p>We are going on here <i xml:lang="fr">à toute vitesse</i>, whither, it is not very pleasant to think. A new form has been agreed upon for the famous interpellation.</p> @@ -8355,7 +8315,7 @@ if he felt unwell, and there was no certainty of seeing him, even when he made an appointment. As his plans depended upon his health, and as there was further a certain amount of complication caused by the projected visit of the Empress to the East, nobody quite knew what would -happen, and the <i xml:lang="fr">joueurs à la baisse</i> profited by the situation to bring +happen, and the <i xml:lang="fr">joueurs à la baisse</i> profited by the situation to bring off a big <i xml:lang="fr">coup</i> on the Bourse.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -8385,7 +8345,7 @@ a thorough knowledge of and profound insight into French politics.</p> <p>The political situation in France at the end of August, 1869, was, on the whole, apparently somewhat more reassuring than had been the case earlier in the year. The Emperor's message announcing a great -Constitutional reform had been read in the Corps Législatif in July, +Constitutional reform had been read in the Corps Législatif in July, and was followed by a general amnesty for all political and press offences. The change of Ministry was well received, because it involved the retirement of M. Rouher, the ablest supporter of the old system of @@ -8428,7 +8388,7 @@ brought voluntarily to abandon it. Thus there was apprehension on both sides, and while some feared that the Emperor would be led from concession to concession until he had no power left, others feared that, finding it impossible to reconcile himself to his new position, he would -have recourse to some violent expedient, such as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>war or a <i xml:lang="fr">coup d'état</i>, +have recourse to some violent expedient, such as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>war or a <i xml:lang="fr">coup d'état</i>, in order to extricate himself from his difficulties.</p> <p>It was generally taken for granted that the choice lay between the @@ -8439,7 +8399,7 @@ attempts. His best chance seemed to lie in foreign Governments treating international questions in such a way as to enhance as far as possible his reputation, and it was certainly not to the interest of England that he should be displaced, for his own commercial policy was decidedly -liberal, and it was highly doubtful whether the Corps Législatif would +liberal, and it was highly doubtful whether the Corps Législatif would be equally so, when it came to dealing with Tariffs and Commercial Treaties.</p> @@ -8504,7 +8464,7 @@ power of the Emperor—by <i>we</i> of course I mean the <i>English</i>.</p> <p>With this sentiment Lord Clarendon fully concurred: the Emperor, he said, was parting with power so reluctantly that he would create distrust, but 'I quite agree with you that we shall never have such good -times again under a Parliamentary instead of a personal <i>régime</i>.'</p> +times again under a Parliamentary instead of a personal <i>régime</i>.'</p> <p>A few days after this letter was written, La Tour d'Auvergne and his colleagues were already anxious to resign, although the Emperor wished @@ -8545,7 +8505,7 @@ sustain him in a return to personal government.</p> <p>I don't think things look well for the Commercial Treaty, and the notion of some Free Traders that it should be denounced on account of its origin, and with a view to making a greater advance towards -real free trade, will probably give the <i xml:lang="fr">coup de grâce</i> to it. +real free trade, will probably give the <i xml:lang="fr">coup de grâce</i> to it. The difficulty of passing new free trade measures through the Chamber would, I should think, be infinitely greater than that of maintaining the present Treaty.</p></blockquote> @@ -8593,7 +8553,7 @@ ominous that several members of the Cabinet were ardent Protectionists, amongst them being the Minister of Public Works. In conversation the Emperor spoke cheerfully about the political situation, quite in the tone of a Constitutional Monarch. The Empress, on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span>her side, declared -that she had no <i xml:lang="fr">caractère politique</i> in the State, and enlarged on the +that she had no <i xml:lang="fr">caractère politique</i> in the State, and enlarged on the enormity of the attacks in the press upon a person so entirely without political position, attacks which were certainly odious, and generally directed to matters unconnected with politics. As for the Ministers, @@ -8719,7 +8679,7 @@ year ago. Our relations with Prussia are very friendly, and perhaps we are in as good a position as any other Power to make an attempt to bell the cat, and Count Daru may be sure that I will do all I can to meet his views, but I am sure that he will admit that some tact and -<i xml:lang="fr">ménagements</i> are necessary.</p> +<i xml:lang="fr">ménagements</i> are necessary.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span></p> @@ -8786,7 +8746,7 @@ cautious and confidential manner. He was particularly alive to the importance of not exposing France to the appearance of being slighted; in fact, he would not conceal from me that, under present circumstances, a public rebuff from Prussia would be fatal. '<i xml:lang="fr">Un -échec</i>,' he said, '<i xml:lang="fr">c'est la guerre</i>!' Those who had to render an +échec</i>,' he said, '<i xml:lang="fr">c'est la guerre</i>!' Those who had to render an account to Parliament and the country were less able than the former Government to put up with any wound to the national pride. Their main object was peace, but they must show firmness, or they would @@ -9159,7 +9119,7 @@ I shall wish to proceed in it as I think most prudent. I have only mentioned it to Gladstone among my colleagues, and of course, to the Queen, who takes the warmest interest in the matter. I had a letter from her yesterday, expressing a hope that the French Government -would not at present make any official <i xml:lang="la">démarches re</i> disarmament, +would not at present make any official <i xml:lang="la">démarches re</i> disarmament, as she is sure, from her knowledge of the King's character, that it would do more harm than good. I am quite of the same opinion and think it would arouse German susceptibility, which is quite as great @@ -9412,7 +9372,7 @@ take place in his life, possibly not in that of his son.</p> to her, as the whole military force of the South is now actually at the disposal of the Confederation, and she would weld all Germany together as one man if she attempted by force to prevent Bavaria, -Würtemberg, and Baden from joining the North, when they had +Würtemberg, and Baden from joining the North, when they had determined that it was for their own interest to do so.</p> <p>I have fired another shot at Bismarck about disarmament, but I don't @@ -9613,7 +9573,7 @@ been three years instead of three months in existence, then there would be some chance for its duration and for the maintenance of Peace. At the present moment, he observed, there was a party anxious to restore the former state of things, a personal Government. -Amongst that Party, there was the Empress Eugénie, and they would +Amongst that Party, there was the Empress Eugénie, and they would not be sorry to divert the public attention from home affairs by raising some question of Foreign Policy.</p> @@ -9723,7 +9683,7 @@ could be roused to war by their Government, if their honour or their patriotism were appealed to. But the present Government were as pacific as the people, and they had the full confidence of the Emperor and the nation—of the nation, he said, not of the Corps -Législatif, whose support was not cordial—nor of the Senate, which +Législatif, whose support was not cordial—nor of the Senate, which did not like them—nor of the countries, who hated them. Count Bismarck would see in a few days, a series of measures which would convince him that Constitutional Government was irrevocably @@ -9917,7 +9877,7 @@ for although the new Constitution had been well received by the country at large, its weak point lay in the right reserved by the Emperor of appealing to the people, a right which nothing could induce him to abandon, and which he was about to exercise by submitting the recent -Constitutional changes to a plébiscite. Theoretically, this should have +Constitutional changes to a plébiscite. Theoretically, this should have afforded gratification to the Republicans, as being in conformity with their view that the public should decide everything directly itself, but they were in reality well aware that the French people were not yet @@ -9939,7 +9899,7 @@ accordance with the peculiar character and modes of thinking of Napoleon III., that it would be very hard to make him give it up. One cannot wonder at people's being distrustful of the use he may make of it. The submitting the present changes in the Constitution -to a plébiscite is certainly legally necessary and admitted to be so +to a plébiscite is certainly legally necessary and admitted to be so by all parties. What people are afraid of is that the Emperor will insist upon calling for it in a Proclamation so worded as to make the acceptance by the people a vote in favour of his person, as @@ -9951,9 +9911,9 @@ to reduce the military contingent by another 10,000 men, making it instead of 100,000, as it was fixed by the late Government.</p></blockquote> <p>It was not surprising that the French Ministers, as well as many other -people, should feel suspicious about the plébiscite, and that frequent +people, should feel suspicious about the plébiscite, and that frequent councils should have taken place at the Tuileries with the object of -inducing the Emperor to consent that in future no plébiscite should be +inducing the Emperor to consent that in future no plébiscite should be submitted to the people unless it had first been voted by the two Chambers. For one thing, it was feared that few people would care enough about it to take much trouble to vote, and it really did not seem very @@ -9981,13 +9941,13 @@ long time in recovering, if he ever does, the public confidence he now seems to have lost. Revolutions are not made with half measures, any more than with the proverbial rose water, and among the ships that the Emperor was supposed to have burnt behind him when he -landed on the Constitutional shore, the plébiscite ought surely to +landed on the Constitutional shore, the plébiscite ought surely to have been included. No doubt he would have divested himself of a favourite weapon, but he should have foreseen the very serious objections to it that would arise in the mind of the most moderate friend of Constitutional Government, and he would have done far better for himself to have given it up and taken his chance, for -with or without plébiscite, that is what he is now reduced to, and +with or without plébiscite, that is what he is now reduced to, and his chances will be improved by endeavouring with sincerity to guide the stream rather than oppose himself to it.</p></blockquote> @@ -9997,8 +9957,8 @@ quiet and satisfactory establishment of Parliamentary Government. Thiers was generally supposed to have been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span>the principal mischief-maker. Lord Russell was at this time in Paris, and in conversation with Ollivier the latter expressed himself most confidently about the -plébiscite, and thought that if six million people voted it might be -looked upon as a decided success. Another opinion on the plébiscite was +plébiscite, and thought that if six million people voted it might be +looked upon as a decided success. Another opinion on the plébiscite was volunteered by Mr. Gladstone. 'If the Emperor is really stickling for the right to refer when he pleases to the people for an Aye or No upon a proposition which he is to frame, that, in my opinion, reduces @@ -10015,10 +9975,10 @@ reduce to a shadow the power of a Legislative Assembly.'</p> Government are in some respects better and in some worse. They are better inasmuch as men of property, bankers, and others, are giving money and exerting themselves to obtain a decided success for the -Plébiscite. They are worse, inasmuch as the suspicion of the +Plébiscite. They are worse, inasmuch as the suspicion of the Emperor's intentions appears to increase, and people become more and more afraid that if he gets a really large majority on the -Plébiscite, he will revert to personal government. The imprudent +Plébiscite, he will revert to personal government. The imprudent language of the Right and their undisguised avowal of their hopes produce this feeling. The Emperor himself has neither said nor done anything to warrant it.</p> @@ -10028,7 +9988,7 @@ question. I made him understand, without going into details, that it must be let sleep for the present, and he agreed immediately.</p> <p>There is a hitch about the English evidence before the Parliamentary -Committee on the Régime Parlementaire. The Committee have proposed +Committee on the Régime Parlementaire. The Committee have proposed that only one English witness shall be heard. Emile Ollivier will do his best to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span>put things straight. I told him that if a proper and courteous answer was made to our tender of evidence, I would @@ -10053,7 +10013,7 @@ themselves to be led into discussions on trade principles, 'as it is not easy to reply in French to a Committee, of which the anti-Free Trade members are much hotter than the Free Traders.'</p> -<p>As the date of the plébiscite drew near, Ollivier's confidence and +<p>As the date of the plébiscite drew near, Ollivier's confidence and satisfaction continued to increase, but some discomposure was caused by the hostile action of Thiers and his friends. No one had ever expected that Thiers would long endure that any Government of which he was not a @@ -10074,7 +10034,7 @@ to produce a considerable effect upon public opinion.</p> <blockquote><p>I thought Emile Ollivier rather out of spirits yesterday, or at all events not so confident as he is usually. He seemed to hope the publication of the details of the plot would produce a great effect -and increase the 'Ayes' for the Plébiscite. That there really was a +and increase the 'Ayes' for the Plébiscite. That there really was a plot is certain, but it may be doubted whether the conspirators were numerous enough, or were men of sufficient note, to make the danger so great as to frighten the voters. I am not surprised at La @@ -10095,7 +10055,7 @@ than there was under the personal government, but there is also less probability that the Emperor's health and personal views will prevent war.</p></blockquote> -<p>The plébiscite took place on May 8, and an ecstatic note from Ollivier +<p>The plébiscite took place on May 8, and an ecstatic note from Ollivier announced success.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span></p> @@ -10106,15 +10066,15 @@ announced success.</p> <p class="center"><b>Paris le 9 mai, 1870.</b></p> -<blockquote><p>La Victoire est complète!</p> +<blockquote><p>La Victoire est complète!</p> -<p>A Paris nous avons gagné cent mille voix, et jusqu'à présent voici +<p>A Paris nous avons gagné cent mille voix, et jusqu'à présent voici les resultats.</p> <p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Oui 6.189.506</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Non 1.305.881</span></p> -<p>manquent 37 arrondissements, l'armée, la marine, l'Algérie.</p></blockquote> +<p>manquent 37 arrondissements, l'armée, la marine, l'Algérie.</p></blockquote> <p>The complete returns showed that about 7,250,000 voted 'Yes,' and 1,500,000 'No.' The Minister was thus justified in his satisfaction. @@ -10126,7 +10086,7 @@ no less than 50,000 votes being recorded against the Emperor. Riots, as usual, broke out in Paris after the voting was over, but were suppressed without difficulty. In connection with these riots an ingenious but discreditable device, was resorted to for the purpose of seducing the -soldiers in the Prince Eugène Barracks, these having been supplied by +soldiers in the Prince Eugène Barracks, these having been supplied by the Republicans with <i xml:lang="fr">bons</i> (orders for free admission) on the neighbouring houses of ill-fame, on the presumption that the holders of these orders would feel peculiarly aggrieved at being confined to @@ -10135,14 +10095,14 @@ barracks.</p> <p>The general impression created was that a large majority was safer than a moderate one would have been, and much safer than a very small one. This was the view entertained by Lord Clarendon, who had always -considered the plébiscite to be a great mistake, but was now anxious to +considered the plébiscite to be a great mistake, but was now anxious to make the best of it, and instructed the Ambassador to congratulate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> Ollivier and to express the hope that he would be able to surround himself with Liberal Ministers determined to keep order. An Empire based upon soldiers and peasants could not be said to be placed on a solid foundation, and no effort should be spared to enlarge the basis.</p> -<p>The Imperial success at the plébiscite produced a sycophantic outburst +<p>The Imperial success at the plébiscite produced a sycophantic outburst amongst the diplomatists at Paris, and a movement was promoted by the Nuncio and Prince Metternich, the Austrian Ambassador, with the object of asking for an audience, and offering the collective congratulations @@ -10157,12 +10117,12 @@ was evident.</p> <blockquote><p>I wish the flunkeyism of the Nuncio and Metternich was displayed in some other way than congratulating the Emperor on the success of his -foolish Plébiscite. It is an improper interference in the internal +foolish Plébiscite. It is an improper interference in the internal affairs of France, which, if allowed, would justify a remonstrance of the Diplomatic Corps against some measure they disapproved; but, of course, we can neither oppose nor abstain, and it will be well for you to join cordially. But I hope there will be no expression of -opinion in favour of the Plébiscite, or recognition of it as a +opinion in favour of the Plébiscite, or recognition of it as a component part of Constitutional Government. We should be justly condemned if we joined however indirectly in any such opinion. I asked La Valette this morning whether such congratulations would be @@ -10205,12 +10165,12 @@ appears to have acquiesced. I have not seen him; he was out when I called, which was, I think, lucky; and we have not met.</p> <p>There is a Ball at the Tuileries on Monday, at which I <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span>shall -probably have a chance of saying something pleasant to Cæsar. I +probably have a chance of saying something pleasant to Cæsar. I shall be careful to keep within the terms sanctioned by Mr. Gladstone. We may at any rate rejoice at the establishment of Parliamentary Government in France, and hope, till we have evidence to the contrary, that the means provided for upsetting it will not -be resorted to. The present Plébiscite was undoubtedly technically +be resorted to. The present Plébiscite was undoubtedly technically necessary to the legality of the new Constitution, and as such was insisted upon by Daru and other Liberals. Let us hope it will be the last.</p> @@ -10233,13 +10193,13 @@ been in the nature of a relief, for, as far back as the beginning of 1868, when Ambassador at Vienna, he had announced that he considered a Franco-Prussian war unavoidable.</p> -<p>The formal announcement of the result of the plébiscite was made to the -Emperor on May 21, in the Salle des États of the Louvre, and must have +<p>The formal announcement of the result of the plébiscite was made to the +Emperor on May 21, in the Salle des États of the Louvre, and must have been one of the last, if not the very last, of the brilliant ceremonies which marked the reign of Napoleon III. It was attended by all the dignitaries of the realm, the Senators, the deputies, the civic functionaries, the Diplomatic Corps; an imposing array of troops filled -the Place du Carrousel; and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span>Cæsar himself, elevated upon a dais, replied +the Place du Carrousel; and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span>Cæsar himself, elevated upon a dais, replied to the congratulations offered to him by the Chambers in a speech full of those resounding and occasionally meaningless phrases which invariably meet with a responsive echo in an assembly of Frenchmen. It @@ -10252,7 +10212,7 @@ the prosaic words of Lord Lyons, 'the ceremony went off extremely well.'</p> <p class="center"><b>May 24, 1870.</b></p> -<blockquote><p>I made a little speech to the Emperor about the Plébiscite at the +<blockquote><p>I made a little speech to the Emperor about the Plébiscite at the ball last night. I did not in fact go as far as Mr. Gladstone allowed, but what I did say appeared to be to His Majesty's taste. At all events he was extremely gracious and cordial. I don't know @@ -10280,7 +10240,7 @@ consequently the votes would be few, and principally Republican. There is danger in the influence of the Emperor's old political friends, who want to regain their old position, and in some of the influential military men who want a war for promotion and glory. And -there is danger in the position in which the Plébiscite has placed +there is danger in the position in which the Plébiscite has placed him—owing mainly to the Republicans, who, much more than he is, are to blame for making it a question between him personally and them. The function of the 21st went off very well; indeed, wonderfully @@ -10288,7 +10248,7 @@ well, considering how great a part of the audience was composed of Senators and Councillors of State who have lost in importance by the Constitutional change.</p></blockquote> -<p>The excitement attending the plébiscite gave way before long to a +<p>The excitement attending the plébiscite gave way before long to a feeling of political lassitude, and to those surmises concerning the probabilities of weathering the session which habitually preoccupy Constitutional Governments. It is of more interest to turn for a moment @@ -10349,7 +10309,7 @@ Prussia, and Bismarck.</p> <blockquote><p>I have nothing of importance to write about.</p> -<p>Loftus says that the Berlin public is much <i xml:lang="fr">intrigué</i> by the sudden +<p>Loftus says that the Berlin public is much <i xml:lang="fr">intrigué</i> by the sudden departure of the King and Bismarck for Ems, as the Czar was at Berlin ten days before, when Bismarck pretended to be too ill to come and meet him.</p> @@ -10397,7 +10357,7 @@ Gramont seemed bent upon committing the French Government to this course, he allowed it to be seen that he would be very grateful for any exertion England might make to induce the King of Prussia to forbid his kinsman to go on with his candidature. The election of Montpensier, he -said, might be looked upon as a <i xml:lang="fr">mauvais procédé</i> towards the Emperor +said, might be looked upon as a <i xml:lang="fr">mauvais procédé</i> towards the Emperor and the dynasty, but the putting forward a Prussian was an insult and an injury to all France. Similar language was held by the French Ambassador in London.</p> @@ -10458,7 +10418,7 @@ from day to day. Undoubtedly the French Government desired and hoped to carry their point without actual war, but Ministers had burnt their ships and left themselves no means of escape if they failed in their attempt to win a moral victory over Prussia. As Gramont remarked, -'<i xml:lang="fr">l'Avènement du Prince de Hohenzollern, c'est la guerre</i>!' It was +'<i xml:lang="fr">l'Avènement du Prince de Hohenzollern, c'est la guerre</i>!' It was almost impossible to see what injury to French interests could be caused by the presence of a Hohenzollern at Madrid, but the question had been taken up as a point of honour, and was therefore more dangerous than if @@ -10649,19 +10609,19 @@ don't see why, as impartial neutrals, we might not take charge also of the Prussians in Paris, if we were asked, though I would rather avoid this if possible.</p></blockquote> -<p>Just at this moment the <cite xml:lang="fr">Liberté</cite> caused some embarrassment by +<p>Just at this moment the <cite xml:lang="fr">Liberté</cite> caused some embarrassment by publishing more or less correct details respecting the secret negotiations which had taken place earlier in the year between Lord Clarendon and Bismarck on the question of disarmament. Lord Granville had not been in the confidence of Lord Clarendon, and it now was -necessary to explain to him what had passed. How the <cite xml:lang="fr">Liberté</cite> obtained +necessary to explain to him what had passed. How the <cite xml:lang="fr">Liberté</cite> obtained its information does not appear. Daru always stoutly maintained that he had not mentioned the matter to any one except the Emperor and Ollivier, and the disclosures involved not only a gross breach of confidence on the part of some one—presumably a French Foreign Office official—but also a danger that Bismarck might demand explanations. The tremendous events, however, of the next few weeks, diverted attention from the -<cite xml:lang="fr">Liberté's</cite> revelations. War was formally declared on July 19.</p> +<cite xml:lang="fr">Liberté's</cite> revelations. War was formally declared on July 19.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -10672,7 +10632,7 @@ events, however, of the next few weeks, diverted attention from the <blockquote><p>The war has been forced upon the Emperor principally by his own party in the Chamber, the Right, and by his Ministers. Constitutional Government has so far established itself that a Ministry in a minority -in the Corps Législatif is as much bound to go out as a Ministry in +in the Corps Législatif is as much bound to go out as a Ministry in the House of Commons. The Emperor was in a bad position to resist, because after the line taken at the time of Sadowa, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span>it would have been too dangerous for him to be put forward as the cause of @@ -10732,7 +10692,7 @@ had been submitted by the French Government to Bismarck in 1866.</p> <p class="center"><b>Paris, July 26, 1870.</b></p> <blockquote><p>I have had some conversation with Gramont about the nefarious Projet -de Traité which the <cite>Times</cite> has given to the world, but as he has +de Traité which the <cite>Times</cite> has given to the world, but as he has written to La Valette about it, I had better leave you to receive from him the French version. The only curious, and to me quite new statement which he made, was that Bismarck had at one time offered, @@ -10764,7 +10724,7 @@ ever heard of.</p> <p>I send you in a despatch the official account of the cause of the tardiness in producing Benedetti's despatch, that is to say, delicacy on the part of Gramont. The version accepted by the public is that the -whole affair had been forgotten at the Ministère until at last Benedetti +whole affair had been forgotten at the Ministère until at last Benedetti himself remembered it and had it looked up.</p></blockquote> <p>With the object of prejudicing European opinion against Prussia, the @@ -10795,7 +10755,7 @@ the case of Prussia, and I know it not to be the fact as regards France. Prussia threw the first stone, by bringing on the Hohenzollern question. France made a peaceful settlement difficult by Gramont's irritating declaration on the 6th. The cause of the change from a mild to an -irritating declaration was the arrival of the report from the Chargé +irritating declaration was the arrival of the report from the Chargé d'Affaires at Berlin, that Thile<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> pooh-poohed the French remonstrance, and said that the question <i xml:lang="fr">n'existait pas pour le Gouvernement Prussien</i>. Then came the great fault of France in not @@ -11137,7 +11097,7 @@ the real state of things as to the internal condition and prospects of society and Government in France. He will also, I suppose, bring you the last word of the Provisional Government on peace. My impression is that they will give up almost anything to save territory; but they are, or at -all events believe themselves, capable of a great <i xml:lang="fr">coup de désespoir</i> +all events believe themselves, capable of a great <i xml:lang="fr">coup de désespoir</i> rather than yield that. The Reds within are more likely to give permanent trouble than the Prussians without.</p> @@ -11345,7 +11305,7 @@ Government of National Defence chose to come he would be happy to receive him, and added that he need feel no anxiety as to the nature of his reception. Upon returning to Paris, Malet gave this message to Jules Favre at the British Embassy, and although the latter said nothing at -the moment, he proceeded shortly afterwards to Ferrières, where the +the moment, he proceeded shortly afterwards to Ferrières, where the celebrated interview took place, and the opportunity of making peace on easy terms was thrown away, for 'as an old friend' Bismarck had also assured Malet that the Prussians were not going to ask for Alsace or @@ -11385,8 +11345,8 @@ French Government. The Representatives of the small Powers, or most of them, want to be able to go home when they leave Paris, and are very much afraid of the expense and difficulty of finding lodgings here. Well they may be: I myself spent eight hours yesterday walking -about or sitting on a trunk in the porte cochère of the hotel, and -have at last, in order not to pass the night <i xml:lang="fr">à la belle étoile</i>, +about or sitting on a trunk in the porte cochère of the hotel, and +have at last, in order not to pass the night <i xml:lang="fr">à la belle étoile</i>, had to come to a house out of the town.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span></p> @@ -11564,7 +11524,7 @@ be given unlimited military powers, and that nothing could be effected under the orders of civilians absolutely devoid of military capacity.</p> <p>Another visitor was M. Daniel Wilson, who achieved a sinister notoriety -during the Presidency of M. Grévy in connection with the alleged sale of +during the Presidency of M. Grévy in connection with the alleged sale of honours, etc. Wilson's object was to urge the desirability of summoning a Constituent Assembly without delay, as he and his moderate friends were convinced that such a body would be in favour of peace. He himself @@ -11578,7 +11538,7 @@ fifteen days would make the resumption of hostilities impossible. The interest attaching to this visit lay in the fact that a peace party was now actually in existence, whereas the Provisional Government at Tours, the Ministers left in Paris, and the advanced Republicans seemed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span> -be still fully bent upon war <i xml:lang="fr">à outrance</i>, and as little willing as +be still fully bent upon war <i xml:lang="fr">à outrance</i>, and as little willing as ever to hear of a cession of territory.</p> <p>Bazaine capitulated on October 27, and shortly afterwards Thiers who had @@ -11624,13 +11584,13 @@ suppression of the Commune in 1871, was generally regarded as the most formidable 'man of action,' and had lately been residing in London. It is interesting to record the impression which the wasted potentialities of England made upon this impartial visitor. <i xml:lang="fr">Me voici, avec mes amis -Félix Pyat et Louis Blanc à Londres, dans ce pays d'Angleterre qui -pourrait être si grand à condition de n'avoir point ni les Lords ni la +Félix Pyat et Louis Blanc à Londres, dans ce pays d'Angleterre qui +pourrait être si grand à condition de n'avoir point ni les Lords ni la Bible!</i> One almost wishes that he had been spared to witness the operation of the Parliament Act.</p> <p>The Paris Government, adroitly profiting by the overthrow of Flourens -and his friends, at once organized a plébiscite in the city, and emerged +and his friends, at once organized a plébiscite in the city, and emerged triumphantly with over 500,000 votes recorded in their favour as against 60,000 dissentients. This was all to the good, as it showed that moderate opinions were still in the ascendency, and whereas the fall of @@ -11722,7 +11682,7 @@ the strongest.</p> <p>So far as the convocation of a National Assembly was concerned Bismarck alleged complete indifference, explaining that he had now two Governments with which to treat, one at Paris, and the other at -Wilhelmshöhe, and although he expressed unmitigated contempt for the +Wilhelmshöhe, and although he expressed unmitigated contempt for the Emperor Napoleon, he was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span>nevertheless quite ready to make use of him to attain his ends.</p> @@ -12051,9 +12011,9 @@ with the Crown Prince of Prussia at H.R.H.'s desire.</p> <p>H.R.H. informed me that, at the last moment, when it was thought that all was arranged for the Union of South Germany with the North -German Confederation, the Würtemberg Minister, instigated, it was +German Confederation, the Würtemberg Minister, instigated, it was believed, by the Bavarian Government, had asked for a delay in order -to consult the other members of the Würtemberg Government, and had +to consult the other members of the Würtemberg Government, and had started for Stuttgardt with this object. This sudden decision had caused the King of Prussia and his Government very great annoyance.</p> @@ -12100,11 +12060,11 @@ sank some English coal ships on the Lower Seine and the English made a row on the subject, the chief asked me (Lothar Bucher), What can we say in reply? Well, I had brought with me some old fogies on the Law of Nations and such matters. I hunted up what the old writers called the -Jus Angariæ, that is to say, the right to destroy <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span>the property of +Jus Angariæ, that is to say, the right to destroy <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span>the property of neutrals on payment of full compensation, and showed it to the chief. He sent me with it to Russell, who showed himself to be convinced by this "good authority." Shortly afterwards the whole affair with the Jus -Angariæ appeared in the <cite>Times</cite>. We wrote in the same sense to London, +Angariæ appeared in the <cite>Times</cite>. We wrote in the same sense to London, and the matter was settled.'</p> <p>Mr. Odo Russell, whose presence at Versailles had been utilized to @@ -12223,7 +12183,7 @@ months ago, not less than thirty-two millions sterling have been spent. It is however idle to speculate when events march so fast. I can tell you little of the present state of the armies. Bourbaki is, I believe, at Bourges, and Chanzy at Le Mans. I have a military -attaché,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Fielding, who has been with Chanzy's army during all the +attaché,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Fielding, who has been with Chanzy's army during all the affairs near Orleans and since, and who has the highest opinion of his military talents.</p> @@ -12248,7 +12208,7 @@ Favre being detained there.</p> <p>Thiers, who had never joined the Government, prognosticated that it would immediately come to an end upon the fall of Paris, and that a -moderate (<i xml:lang="fr">honnête</i>) republic would be established in the greater part +moderate (<i xml:lang="fr">honnête</i>) republic would be established in the greater part of the country, while Lyons, Marseilles, Toulon and other places in the south would set up a socialistic form of government, and do an enormous amount of harm before suppression. In the opinion of competent judges, @@ -12320,7 +12280,7 @@ measures.</p> <p>At this moment I think the French have recovered their hope of making a successful resistance to the Dismemberment of the country. I am not very sanguine after all that has occurred, but I do think -the military prospects less gloomy than they have been since Sèdan, +the military prospects less gloomy than they have been since Sèdan, or at all events, since Metz. You will, I conclude, soon have a really trustworthy account of things in Paris from Claremont.</p> @@ -12401,7 +12361,7 @@ necessary for Favre to remain in Paris.</p> French hopes of military success were based upon Generals Chanzy and Bourbaki; the German terms of peace were still unknown, and there was every sign that the extreme Republicans were disposed to break with -Favre and Trochu and to perpetuate their power by war <i xml:lang="fr">à outrance</i> and a +Favre and Trochu and to perpetuate their power by war <i xml:lang="fr">à outrance</i> and a <i xml:lang="fr">loi des suspects</i>, or reign of terror. The most surprising feature in the situation was that Russia, who had been in fact an active ally of Prussia, by undertaking to watch Austria, and had obtained nothing @@ -12424,7 +12384,7 @@ already speculating on what the consequences of the fall of Paris will be. It is very generally thought that Gambetta will place himself at the head of the ultra-Republicans, throw himself into Lyons, or some other southern town, and proclaim war and democracy -<i xml:lang="fr">à outrance</i>. But what will Bismarck do at Paris? Will he try to +<i xml:lang="fr">à outrance</i>. But what will Bismarck do at Paris? Will he try to obtain a government with whom he may make a reasonable peace, or will he promote war and anarchy with a view to ruin France utterly, and induce her to accept a monarch from his hand? In the former case @@ -12434,7 +12394,7 @@ government to sanction a National Constituent Assembly as soon as possible, and in the meantime to treat upon the preliminaries of peace. The Moderates and chiefs of the old parties (except the ultra-Republican) might be not unwilling either to attend a summons -of the old Corps Législatif, or to some other temporary body; for +of the old Corps Législatif, or to some other temporary body; for they are excessively dissatisfied with their present position, and think they see symptoms of the approach of the reign of terror and of a violent socialistic government.</p> @@ -12455,7 +12415,7 @@ are so visionary as to make it <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page they may be guarded against. Hateful as it would be to the towns and the educated classes, to have a sovereign imposed upon them by Prussia, it must not be forgotten that the peasants are still -Bonapartists, and that a plébiscite in favour of the Empire might be +Bonapartists, and that a plébiscite in favour of the Empire might be managed.</p> <p>I think I have made them feel here that you have been very friendly @@ -12536,7 +12496,7 @@ in a very difficult position, and France and the Government ought to congratulate themselves on having him to act for them. I don't think that Jules Favre or any member of the Government would have done anything like as well. But in France more even than in other -countries a little éclat is more appreciated than years of useful +countries a little éclat is more appreciated than years of useful unobtrusive labour.</p> <p>Thiers has told me in the strictest confidence that when he was at @@ -12557,7 +12517,7 @@ French finances. I understand that the Government have by strong persuasion obtained from the Banque de France a new loan (it is said of upwards of twenty millions sterling) and this will keep them going for the present. There is already however, some difficulty in -circulating the 'bons du Trésor' even at a discount.</p> +circulating the 'bons du Trésor' even at a discount.</p> <p>I had observed the advertisements in the second columns of the <cite>Times</cite> and thought of trying to get the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span>paper occasionally into @@ -12586,7 +12546,7 @@ take any further part in the war. On the same date a sortie from Paris on a large scale was repulsed with heavy loss, and produced amongst other results the resignation of Trochu, a sanguinary riot in the town, and the liberation from prison of Flourens and other revolutionaries. -The crowning misfortune was the memorable <i>débâcle</i> of Bourbaki, one of +The crowning misfortune was the memorable <i>débâcle</i> of Bourbaki, one of the most tragic episodes in modern warfare. It was evident that further resistance was useless, and the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span>fictions which had so long sustained the spirits of the defenders of Paris were finally destroyed. On January 23, @@ -12678,7 +12638,7 @@ the Rouges the least uneasiness.</p> <p>The appearance now is that Gambetta will not go beyond legal opposition, and that he will content himself with putting himself at -the head of the ultra-democratic and '<i xml:lang="fr">guerre-à-outrance</i>' party in +the head of the ultra-democratic and '<i xml:lang="fr">guerre-à -outrance</i>' party in the Assembly. In fact there is no symptom that an attempt to set himself up, by the aid of the mob in the great towns, in opposition to the Assembly would have any success. He is not himself by @@ -12759,16 +12719,16 @@ under the excitement produced by heated parliamentary debates.</p> <p class="center"><b>Bordeaux, Feb. 10, 1871.</b></p> -<blockquote><p>Thiers, Dufaure, and Grévy are likely, so far as one can judge, +<blockquote><p>Thiers, Dufaure, and Grévy are likely, so far as one can judge, without knowing the result of the Paris elections, to take the lead -in the National Assembly. Grévy is avowedly a moderate Republican, +in the National Assembly. Grévy is avowedly a moderate Republican, and the two others are for a moderate Republic, as a transitional government to prepare the way for a Constitutional Monarchy. Such, at least, are certainly Thiers's views, but I am speaking rather without book about Dufaure.</p> <p>What I am most afraid of is that Bismarck's conditions may be so -hard as to turn the really pacific Assembly into a war <i xml:lang="fr">à outrance</i> +hard as to turn the really pacific Assembly into a war <i xml:lang="fr">à outrance</i> one. The war could not in all probability go on long, but it might give us three months more of bloodshed, destruction and misery, and add to the difficulty of establishing eventually a good government @@ -12791,7 +12751,7 @@ one, to deal with.</p> <p>Chaudordy has at last come round to the opinion that a plenipotentiary should be named to the Conference, simply to speak -for France on the Black Sea question, without any <i xml:lang="fr">arrière pensée</i> +for France on the Black Sea question, without any <i xml:lang="fr">arrière pensée</i> about bringing in other matters. He said he would telegraph as well as he could <i xml:lang="fr">en clair</i> to let Jules Favre know this. Bismarck will not let telegrams in cypher through, and there are no more pigeons.</p> @@ -12872,7 +12832,7 @@ hungry after their long deprivation of the sweets of power.</p> <p>Thiers told me that he should take great pains to select men of station and ability for his diplomatic appointments. In furtherance -of his policy of conciliating all parties, he supports M. Grévy, a +of his policy of conciliating all parties, he supports M. Grévy, a moderate Republican, for the Presidency of the Assembly.</p> <p>I like Jules Favre and have a good opinion of his character, but I @@ -12890,7 +12850,7 @@ Government conducting negotiations in his own person.</p> mentioned was strong and universal, and gives reason to doubt whether they will even now be brought to vote a cession of territory. In that case I suppose the only remedy would be a -plébiscite, if a cession of territory is absolutely insisted upon. +plébiscite, if a cession of territory is absolutely insisted upon. The Assembly might refer the question to the people, and I suppose that, in their present mood, the great majority of the population voting secretly, would vote Peace and not War, and that the vote @@ -12998,7 +12958,7 @@ present Assembly in its present mood, be, one would think, little difficulty in getting a large majority for a Monarchy, if the fusion between the Legitimists and the Orleanists were once decidedly and irrevocably made, and I suppose the Moderate Republicans would not -hold aloof from such a Government, provided it was <i xml:lang="la">bonâ fide</i> +hold aloof from such a Government, provided it was <i xml:lang="la">bonâ fide</i> parliamentary. Thiers, I believe, still thinks that for the present a Moderate Republic is the best compromise between all opinions, and the form of Government which least disunites Frenchmen. He has now @@ -13122,9 +13082,9 @@ me to do is to go to Paris as soon as possible, and re-establish the Embassy there on the normal footing. If there should be (which I doubt) any necessity for my going to Thiers or Fontainebleau or elsewhere for more than a few hours at a time I should still propose -to have the headquarters of the Embassy in the Faubourg St. Honoré +to have the headquarters of the Embassy in the Faubourg St. Honoré and to treat my own occasional absence as accidental. In fact to act -as I did when invited to Compiègne in the Emperor's time. I hope to +as I did when invited to Compiègne in the Emperor's time. I hope to be in Paris by the end of this week, or at latest, the beginning of next.</p></blockquote> @@ -13379,8 +13339,8 @@ left there, appear to have suffered no inconvenience; and the relations of Malet with the self-constituted officials of the Commune were perfectly amicable, as far as can be judged. Malet, whose management of a trying situation was marked by much good sense and tact, found no -difficulty in getting on with Paschal Grousset, the Délègué aux Affaires -Etrangères (also described by his adversaries as <i xml:lang="fr">Etranger aux +difficulty in getting on with Paschal Grousset, the Délègué aux Affaires +Etrangères (also described by his adversaries as <i xml:lang="fr">Etranger aux Affaires</i>), and his relations with this important personage were no doubt greatly facilitated by a brother who acted as private secretary: 'a very pleasant little fellow, willing to put his brother's signature @@ -13395,7 +13355,7 @@ returned to Paris under an amnesty, and, years after, was the cause of a comic incident at the house of a lady formerly connected with the British Embassy. This lady, hearing a terrific uproar in her anteroom, came out to see what was the matter and found Paschal Grousset engaged -in a violent altercation with her <i xml:lang="fr">maître d'hôtel</i>. It turned out that +in a violent altercation with her <i xml:lang="fr">maître d'hôtel</i>. It turned out that the latter, who was an ex-gendarme, had been in charge of Paschal Grousset when the latter was seized by the Versailles Government, and that he now strongly resented his former prisoner appearing in the @@ -13414,7 +13374,7 @@ Lyons on April 28, 'for interfering about the Archbishop, and they are still more displeased with him for being so much in Paris. In fact, although he has a room here he is much more in Paris than at Versailles. Thiers observed to me last night that my American colleague had a -<i xml:lang="fr">conduite très singulière</i>. They would not stand this in a European +<i xml:lang="fr">conduite très singulière</i>. They would not stand this in a European representative, but they allow a great latitude to the American, partly because he and his Government have nothing to say to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span>European politics, and partly because they cannot well help it.' An attempt made by @@ -13451,7 +13411,7 @@ his health is giving way in some degree under the pressure of anxiety and confinement.</p> <p>Perhaps the most painful feature in the whole matter has been the -conduct of the Vicar General, the Abbé Lagarde, who was sent to +conduct of the Vicar General, the Abbé Lagarde, who was sent to Versailles on parole to negociate the release of the Archbishop. Notwithstanding the entreaties of the Archbishop himself, and the exhortations of everyone here, he declined to redeem his promise and @@ -13734,7 +13694,7 @@ meeting all the most eminent artists of the last half-century, and of amassing material for an extremely diverting volume of personal recollections. As a child he enjoyed the privilege of being embraced by the great Piccolomini; as a young man he toured with Trebelli, and -became acquainted with the famous Rubinstein, with Bülow, and with +became acquainted with the famous Rubinstein, with Bülow, and with Joachim. In later life he numbered such well-known musicians as Pachmann, Paderewski, Sir Arthur Sullivan, and the de Reszkes, among his friends. Nor was the circle of his intimates entirely confined to the @@ -14130,7 +14090,7 @@ happen that the interest of one picture, which pleases at first, soon wanes, while that of another grows steadily stronger; the value of technique, of different media of expression, of mere resemblance, etc.</p> -<p>Without going into the technicalities of æsthetics, the author aims at +<p>Without going into the technicalities of æsthetics, the author aims at investigating certain first principles which are overlooked at times by possessors of even the widest knowledge of individual schools.</p> @@ -14475,384 +14435,6 @@ P.256. 'ne' changed to 'me'.<br /> Various punctuation fixed.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lord Lyons: A Record of British -Diplomacy, by Thomas Wodehouse Legh Newton - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A RECORD OF BRITISH DIPLOMACY *** - -***** This file should be named 43317-h.htm or 43317-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/3/1/43317/ - -Produced by Brian Foley, Jane Robins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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