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diff --git a/43305-0.txt b/43305-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c3e3cc --- /dev/null +++ b/43305-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3133 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43305 *** + +ILLUSTRATED INDEX + +OF + +BRITISH SHELLS. + +CONTAINING + +FIGURES OF ALL THE RECENT SPECIES, + +With Names and other Information. + +BY + +G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. + +LONDON: + +SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., PATERNOSTER ROW; + +AND + +THE AUTHOR, 9, PEMBROKE SQUARE, KENSINGTON. + +1859. + + * * * * * + +PREFACE. + +The first idea of this Work arose from the occasional use of Mr. Damon's +'Catalogue of the Shells of Great Britain and Ireland,' named after the +'History of British Mollusca,' etc. Here was, on one side, a very useful +list of names, without figures or references to guide an inquirer to the +species; and on the other, a very large and splendid Work, placed by its +heavy price beyond the reach of Naturalists in general. There was nothing +between the two; nothing within reach that would assist collectors of +British Shells to name their acquisitions from ocean, beach, river, pond, +or hedgerow. A public want seemed here to be discovered. It was thought +that a list like the above, with a coloured drawing of every species, if +produced at an available price, would supply that want. At first no more +than this was thought of, but afterwards, as the preparations advanced, +various suggestions were made tending to some extension of the plan. The +results are here presented. + +About 700 Figures in the Plates represent all the recognized species. They +amount to 600, being 60 more than are admitted in the latest monograph. The +greater part of these are either new or newly introduced as British. The +rest are raised from varieties to species. + +As the nomenclature used by Messrs. Forbes and Hanley in their great Work +will be most generally adopted in this country, it is followed here with +very few alterations; and the synonyms given (in italics) are selected from +those which are most familiar and likely to be met with. + +Some information is added respecting habits and localities, range of depth +of marine species, and comparative abundance. The letters C., Cc., Mc., R., +Rr., and Mr., signifying 'common,' 'extremely common,' 'moderately common,' +'rare,' etc., must be taken with great caution, especially the latter, as +subject to continual change. + +A list is given of British Fossil Shells identical with now living species. + +A familiar description of British Mollusca and some peculiarities in their +families and genera will, it is hoped, form a useful and suitable +introduction to the names and figures. The Author's best thanks are due to +his friends, Madame De Burgh, who has collected many beautiful shells; R. +McAndrew, Esq., F.L.S., whose dredging experiences are so extensive; J. G. +Jeffreys, Esq., F.R.S., etc., whose researches have resulted in so many +additions to our Fauna; Mr. Brice Wright, the Naturalist, of Great Russell +Street, and others, who have in the most liberal manner supplied him with +specimens from which his drawings are taken. The loan of delicate and +minute shells to authors and artists has so often proved disastrous, that +nothing but a generous friendship, and a zealous love of Natural History, +could have induced proprietors so freely to incur the risk. + + * * * * * + +INTRODUCTION + +TO + +SHELL-BEARING BRITISH MOLLUSCA. + +A common garden Snail, observed crawling and feeding, is easily seen to +possess a distinct head, upon which are four feelers or horns, with eyes at +the end, and underneath which is a mouth; a broad disc, extending the whole +length of the body, is the organ of locomotion; a spiral or coiled shell +surmounts the whole. + +If, on the other hand, an Oyster be opened, no distinct head, or place for +eyes or mouth, can be seen, but only a seeming mass of pulp, with a round +gristle in the centre (the muscle of attachment), the former enclosed in a +soft skin with a double fringe round the edge (mantle), placed within a +shell composed of two pieces. + +All Mollusca are more or less completely represented by these two. The +Snail and its class are named _Gasteropoda_ (abdomen-creeping), and their +shells _Univalves_; the Oyster and its class, _Acephala_ (headless), and +their shells _Bivalves_. We begin with the latter class at-- + +PLATE I. + +_Pholadidæ_, or "Borers," 1-13, have the power of piercing and inhabiting +holes in submarine wood, rocks, and stones. The hinder part of the body is +lengthened out in the form of a double tube, with openings for the ingress +and egress of fluids. _Teredo_, 1-6, has short valves, two pallets fixed at +the sides of the siphons, and lines its hole with a shelly tube. _Pholas_ +and _Pholadidea_, 8-13, have long valves and sometimes accessory plates. +The shell of _Xylophaga_, 7, is like that of _Teredo_, but the animal has +neither pallets nor tube. + +_Gastrochæna_, 14, has a gaping shell, and encloses itself in a +bottle-shaped covering of cemented stones and sand. _Saxicava_, 15, 16, +_Venerupis_, 18, and _Petricola_, 17, burrow in sand, or live in holes of +rocks. + +_Myadæ_, or "Gapers," _Mya_, 19, 20, and _Panopæa_, 21, 21*, burrow +downwards in sand and mud, their siphons protected by a coriaceous +covering. Their shells are not closed all round, and those of _Mya_ have a +spoon-shaped process in the hinge of one valve. + +_Corbulidæ_, 22-28, have short siphons with fringed edges, and the foot +protrudes through a hole in the otherwise closed mantle. + +PLATE II. + +_Poromya_, 1, 1*, and the beautiful pearly _Pandora_, 2, 3, might be +included in the family of _Corbulidæ_. _Lyonsia_, 4, and _Thracia_, 5-10, +represent the _Anatinidæ_. 11-18 are _Solenidæ_, or "Razor-shells." Solens +burrow in deep holes in the sand, where they remain in a perpendicular +position at a great depth below the surface, where yet their presence may +be traced by the opening left. Their large muscular foot enables them to +take great leaps when out of the holes. + +PLATE III. + +_Psammobia_, 1-4, and _Tellina_, 5-16, include some of our most beautiful +shells. The animals have a large, fleshy, curved foot, and the mantle open +and fringed. Their shells are provided with an external ligament, and teeth +on the hinge. _Donax_, or "Wedge," 19, 20, has long, separated, fringed +siphons. Besides the small external ligament, properly so called, the +_Mactridæ_ have a triangular pit in the hinge of their shell, containing an +elastic substance or spring, designed to resist the action of the adductor +muscles. _Mactra_, 21-26, ends the Plate. + +PLATE IV. + +_Lutraria_, 1-3, is another genus of _Mactridæ_. The _Veneridæ_, 4-16 and +23, or "Venus" tribe, differ from it in not having the spring-holding pit. +_Artemis_, 10, 11, is known by a large angular bend in the pallial +impression; and _Cytherea_, 23, is distinguished from Venus by one tooth on +the hinge standing out a little way from the central ones. _Astarte_, +17-22, belongs to the _Cyprinidæ_. + +PLATE V. + +Fig. 1-3 also represent genera of _Cyprinidæ_. They have no bend in the +palleal impression. _Cardium_, or "Cockle," 4-13, presents a peculiarity in +the foot, which is large and bent, and enables the animal to leap in a very +lively manner. The family of _Lucinidæ_ occupy the remaining figures. +_Lucina_ has a curious tongue-shaped doubling of the pallial impression. + +PLATE VI. + +The _Kelliadæ_, 1-15, are marine, while the _Cycladidæ_, completing the +Plate, are fresh-water bivalves, and may be found in many ponds and rivers. + +PLATE VII. + +Of the _Unionidæ_, or "Fresh-water Mussels," _Unio_, 1-3, has teeth on the +hinge, and _Anodon_, 4, has not: it is a thin shell. The foot of these +molluscs is very large, and is used in cutting the animal's way through the +mud in which it burrows. Of the marine, or true Mussels, _Modiola_, 6-9, +and _Crenella_, 12-17, have a portion of the shell reaching beyond the +point or apex, which in _Mytilus_ is terminal, 18-21. _Dreissina_, 5, is +shaped like _Mytilus_, but lives in fresh-water docks. The _Mytilidæ_ +attach themselves by means of horny threads spun from the foot, and called +a "byssus." + +PLATE VIII. + +Shells of _Arcadæ_, 1-14, have the hinge characterized by a series of teeth +on each side of the apex. _Nucula_, _Arca_, and _Pectunculus_ are easily +distinguished. _Limopsis_, 14, has a spring pit between the two rows. Our +figure of _Pinna_, 16, is from a young specimen: it grows to great size, +and spins a very silky byssus. The shell of _Anomia_, 18, is fixed to +rocks, etc., by means of a bony button passing through a hole or sinus in +the lower valve. _Lima_, 22-24, has a light, thin shell, and its mantle is +adorned with beautiful fringes. It swims rapidly through the water by the +opening and shutting of its valves, and also has the habit, in seasons of +rest, of protecting itself by a network or vest of marine fragments strung +together by its byssal threads. + +PLATE IX. + +Contains the shells of our Pectens, or Scallops, 1-16. The animals swim +like _Lima_, as above, and also spin a byssus. + +The class _Brachiopoda_, 17-24, so named because what seem to be organs of +locomotion consist of a pair of coiled, ciliated arms, ends the list of +Headless Molluscs and their bivalve shells. + +PLATE X. + +Class _Pteropoda_, 1-4, contains minute Mollusca, with glassy shells +variously formed, and wing-like expansions for swimming. + +_Chiton_, 5-17, or "Coat of Mail," which may often be seen incrusting +rocks, commences the _Gasteropoda_; although seemingly fixed, they are +capable of locomotion, using the whole of the oval disc, which may be seen +on turning them over, for the purpose. The same may be said of the "Limpet" +tribe, _Patella_, 1-22. + +PLATE XI. + +This Plate commences with other forms of the Limpet tribe, _Fissurella_, 1, +2, with a hole at the top; _Puncturella_, 3, with a fissure near the top; +and _Emarginula_, 4-6, with a slit at the margin. _Haliotis_, 7, or pearly +"Ear-shell," leads to the _Trochidæ_, or "Tops," 8-27. + +PLATE XII. + +_Ianthina_, 1-4, is genus of oceanic molluscs, which are provided with a +beautiful floating apparatus, on which the female carries her egg-bags. + +_Neritina_, 5, and the _Paludinidæ_, 8-11, live in fresh-water. The animal +of _Paludina_ is sprinkled all over with bright, golden specks. The +_Littorinæ_, or "Winkles," 12-24, are marine, and frequent the shore among +seaweeds. _Lacuna_, 25-32, belongs to the same family. + +PLATE XIII., XIV. + +Are small genera, various in their characters and habits, but reasonably +included in the last family, _Littorinidæ_. + +PLATE XV. + +The animals of _Turritella_, 1-3, and _Cæcum_, 6, 7, are not unlike, +although the shells are so different; eyes at the base of the tentacles, a +short foot, and horny operculum. The somewhat similar animal of +_Aporrhais_, 4, 5, is brilliantly coloured with gold and red. _Cerithium_, +8-10, differs from _Cerithiopsis_, 11-15, more in regard to the animal than +the shell; the latter animal has a retractile proboscis, and its operculum +is not spiral. + +PLATE XVI. + +_Chemnitzia_, 1-11, and _Truncatella_, 12, together with _Stylifer_, +_Eulima_, and _Odostomia_, form the family of _Pyramidellidæ_. +Notwithstanding the difference in the shells, the animals are very similar, +having a retractile proboscis, and eyes immersed at the base of their +tentacles. + +The animal of _Natica_, 13-19, has a lobe on the upper part of the foot, +reflected over the shell in front, and another lobe behind. The shells of +_Laminaria_, 23, 24, are completely enveloped in similar lobes. + +PLATE XVII. + +The shells of _Odostomia_ are known by a fold in the inner lip of the +aperture. + +PLATE XVIII. + +Two _Tritons_, 1, 2, are admitted for the first time as British, on what we +consider fair evidence, although only two or three specimens have been +taken off Guernsey. One of _T. nodiferus_ was incrusted by a truly British +_Lepralia_. _Murex_, 3, is now familiar as an aquarian, as well as +_Purpura_, 5. A milky secretion found in the head turns purple when +exposed, and gives the celebrated purple dye. _Buccinum_, 7-13, includes +the common "Whelk," 8. _Fusus Berniciensis_, 14, is among the rarest and +most beautiful of our British shells. + +PLATE XIX. + +_Nassa reticulata_, 3, is a favourite inhabitant of the tank; it burrows in +search of food among the pebbles, elevating its siphon above the surface. +_Mangelia_, 4-26, has a similar long siphon. The shell of _Erato_, 27, is +wrapped in the lobes of the animal's mantle, as is also that of _Cyprea_, +28, the latter presenting a beautiful object. + +PLATE XX. + +After _Tornatella_, 1, and _Ovula_, 2, 3, come _Bullidæ_, 4-27, including +several genera differing remarkably in the shape and disposition of the +lobes of their mantles, which in some instances, as in _Philine_, 20-25, +cover the shell. The stomach of _Scapander_, 26, 27, is a remarkable kind +of mill, composed of two bones, between which the food is ground. The +shells of _Aplysia_, 28, and _Pleurotranchus_, 29, 30, are quite internal. +_Spirula_, 31, belonging to the Cephalopodous or Cuttlefish tribe, is only +introduced doubtfully, as there is no proof of the species living in our +seas. + +PLATE XXI., XXII., XXIII., XXIV. + +These are occupied by shells of _Gasteropoda pulmonifera_, so named because +they breathe air by a pulmonary cavity, instead of water by gills. The +_Limnæadæ_, or fresh-water Snails, contained in Plate I., live in water, +but breathe by exposing the pulmonary cavity to air at the surface. +_Succinea_, Plate XXII., 1-3, lives by the sides of streams, sometimes +immersed. _Conovulus_, 4-7, affects brackish marshes. Our common Slugs +yield, on dissection, thin shells, which are concealed beneath the mantle, +_Limax_, 9-12. The shells of _Testacellus_, 13, 14, are fixed near the end +of the foot, outside. The glassy shells of _Vitrina_, 15, 16, do not +enclose the whole Slug-like animal. The other genera of Land Snails have +shells large enough to receive the animal when retracted and withdrawn for +repose. + + * * * * * + +BRITISH FOSSIL SHELLS. + +The following living species are also found in a fossil state in drift and +strata of the British Isles. They are all enumerated in Mr. Searles Wood's +monograph of the CRAG Mollusca. + +The numbers refer to the species as figured in our Plates, Mr. Wood's +nomenclature being inserted in italics when differing from ours. + +Pl. I. Teredo 2. Pholas 11. Pholadidea 12. Gastrochæna 14, as _dubia_. +Saxicava 15, 16. Venerupis 18. Mya 19, 20. Panopea 21, 21*, as _Faujasii_. +Corbula 22, 23? Sphænia 25. Neæra 27. + +Pl. II. Poromya 1. Pandora 2, as _inæquivalvis_, 3, as _pinna_. Thracia 7, +8. Solen, 13, 15. Solecurtus 18, as _Mactra strigilata_. Syndosmya, as +_Abra_, 19, 22. + +Pl. III. Psammobia 1, 3, 4. Tellina 5, 6, 7, 9, as _ovata_, 15, as +_Balthica_, 16. Scrobicularia 18, as _Trigonella plana_. Donax 19, as +_vittatus_. Mactra 20, 21, 22, as _ovalis_, 23, 25, 26. + +Pl. IV. Lutraria 2. Tapes 7, 8. Artemis 11. Venus 12, 14, 15, 17. Astarte +18, 19, 20, 22, as _borealis_. + +Pl. V. Cyprina 1. Circe 2. Isocardia 3. Cardium 6, 8, 9, 12, 13. Lucina 14, +as _Loripes_, 15, as _Cryptodon flexuosum_, 16. Diplodonta 19. Clausina 20, +as _Cryptodon f._ + +Pl. VI. Montacuta 1, 2, 3. Kellia 5, 6. Poronia 7, as _Kellia r._ Cyclas +16, 18. Pisidium 23, 24, 25, 26. + +Pl. VII. Unio 2, 3. Anodon 4. Modiola 6, 9, 10. Crenella 13, 14, 15, 16. +Mytilus 18, 19, 20. + +Pl. VIII. Nucula 1, 5. Leda 6, 7. Area 9, 10, 11, as _pectunculoides_. +Pectunculus 13. Avicula 15. Pinna 16. Ostrea 17. Anomia 18, 19, 20, 21. +Lima 22, 23, 24. + +Pl. IX. Pecten 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. + +Pl. X. Chiton 7, as _fascicularis_. Patella 18. Acme 23. Propilidium, as +_Tectura_, 24. Dentalium 26, 27. Capulus 28. Calyptræa 29. + +Pl. XI. Fissurella 1, as _græca_. Puncturella 3. Emarginula 5, 6. Trochus +8, 10, 11, 12, as _papillosus_, 15, 16, 17, 19. Margarita 21. Adeorbis 25. +Scissurella 26. + +Pl. XII. Paludina 9. Valvata 10. Littorina 14. Lacuna 27. + +Pl. XIII. Rissoa 3*, as _Paludestrina subumbilicata_, 7, 11?, 13?, 15, 23, +27. + +Pl. XIV. Rissoa 2, 9, as _Chemnitzia_. Aclis 24, as _Alvania ascaris_, 25, +as _Chemnitzia n._ + +Pl. XV. Turritella 2. Aporrhais 4. Cæcum 6, 7. Cerithium 9, 10. +Cerithiopsis, as _Cerithium_, 11. Scalaria 17, 19, 20. Eulima 22, 25. + +Pl. XVI. Chemnitzia 1, 2, as _similis_, 4, 8. Natica 13, 17, as _Catena_, +19, as _Groenlandica_. Velutina 21. Trichotropis 26. + +Pl. XVII. Odostomia 1, 8, as _plicata_, 9, as _plicata_, 10?, 12. + +Pl. XVIII. Purpura 5. Buccinum 10? Fusus 15, as _Trophon_, 16, as _Tr._, +17, as _Tr. gracile_, 18, as _Tr. T._, 19, as _Tr. p._ Trophon 22, 24. + +Pl. XIX. Nassa 1, 2. Mangelia, as _Clavatula_, 4, 5, 8, as _Philberti_, 9, +11, as _Boothii_, 12, 14, 15, 17?, 21, 22. Erato 27. Cypræa 28. + +Pl. XX. Tornatella 1, as _Actæon tornatilis_. Ovula 3, as _Bulla_. +Cylichna, as _Bulla_, 4, 5, as _regulbiensis_, 7, 9, 12. Bulla 19. Philine +as _Bullæa_, 21, 22. Scaphander, as _Bulla_, 26. + +Pl. XXI. Limnæa 1, 4, 7, 11. Planorbis 18, 24, as _complanatus_, and in the +upper fresh-water formation, all except 9, 11. + +Pl. XXII. Succinea 1, 3. Conovulus 5, and in the more recent fresh-water +deposits, all except 7 and 13 to 16. + +Pl. XXIII. Helix 19, 22, and upper fresh-water, all except 1, 12, 14, 15, +24, 25, 26. + +Pl. XXIV. Upper fresh-water deposits, all except 16, 24. + + * * * * * + +INDEX TO THE GENERA. + + Referring to Plates and Figures. + + Achatina, XXIV. 24. + Aclis, XIV. 23, 25. + Acmæa, X. 22, 23. + Acme, XXIV. 26. + Adeorbis, XI. 25. + Akera, XX. 16. + Amphispira, XX. 14, 15. + Ancylus, XXI. 14-17. + Anodonta, VII. 4. + Anomia, VIII. 18-21. + Aplysia, XX. 28. + Aporrhais, XV. 4, 5. + Arca, VIII. 18-12. + Argiope, IX. 20, 23. + Artemis, IV. 10, 11. + Assiminea, XIII. 1, 2. + Astarte, IV. 17, 22. + Avicula, VIII. 15. + Azeca, XXIV. 23. + + Balea, XXIV. 17. + Barleeia, XIV. 12. + Bithinea, XII. 6, 7. + Buccinum, XVIII. 8-13. + Bulla, XX. 17-19. + Bulimus, XXIV. 1-4. + + Calyptræa, X. 29. + _Capulus_, Pileopsis. + Cardium, V. 4-13. + Carychium, XXII. 8. + Cæcum, XV. 6-7. + _Cemoria_, Puncturella. + Ceratisolen, II. 11. + Cerithiopsis, XV. 11-15. + Cerithium, XV. 8-10. + Chemnitzia, XVI. 1-11. + Chiton, X. 5-17. + Circe, V. 2. + _Clavatula_, Mangelia. + Clausilia, XXIV. 18-21. + Clausina, V. 20-22. + Cochlodesma, II. 10. + Conovulus, XXII. 4-7. + Corbula, I. 22-24. + Crania, IX. 24. + Crenella, VII. 12-17. + Cyclostoma, XXIV. 25. + Cyclas, VI. 16-20. + Cylichna, XX. 4-13. + Cypræa, XIX. 28. + Cyprina, V. 1. + Cytherea, IV. 23. + + Dentalium, X. 26, 27. + Diodonta, II. 16, 16*. + Diplodonta, V. 19. + Donax, III. 19, 20. + Dreissina, VII. 5. + + Emarginula, XI. 4-6. + Euomphalus, XIV. 17, 18. + Ervillia, III. 17. + Eulima, XV. 22-26. + Eulimella, XIV. 26-30. + + Fissurella, XI. 1, 2. + Fusus, XVIII. 14-19. + + Galeomma, VI. 14, 15. + Gastrochæna, I. 14. + + Haliotis, XI. 7. + _Helix_ (Zonites), XXII. 17-29. + Helix, XXIII. 1-29. + _Hinnites_, Pecten, IX. 1. + Hippothyris, IX. 17. + Hyalæa, X. 1. + + Ianthina, XII. 1-4. + Isocardia, V. 3. + + Jeffreysia, XIV. 13-16. + + Kellia, VI. 5-8. + + Lachesis, XVIII. 6. + Lacuna, XII. 25-32. + Lamellaria, XVI. 23, 24. + Leda, VIII. 6, 7. + Lepton, VI. 9-13. + Lima, VIII. 22-24. + Limax, XXII. 9-12. + Limnæa, XXI. 1-11. + Limopsis, VIII. 14. + Littorina, XII. 12-24. + Lucina, V. 14-18. + Lucinopsis, IV. 9. + Lutraria, IV. 1-3. + Lyonsia, II. 4. + + Mactra, III. 21-26. + Mangelia, XIX. 4-26. + Margarita, XI. 21-24. + _Marginella_, Erato. + _Megathyris_, Argiope. + Modiola, VII. 6-11. + Montacuta, VI. 1-3. + Murex, XVIII. 3, 4. + Mya, I. 19-20. + Mytilus, VII. 18-21. + + Nassa, XIX. 1-3. + Natica, XVI. 13-19. + Neæra, I. 26-28. + Neritina, XII. 5. + Nucula, VIII. 1-5. + + Odostomia, XVII. 1-31. + Ostrea, VIII. 17. + Otina, XVI. 25. + Ovula, XX. 2, 3. + + Paludina, XII. 8, 9. + Pandora, II. 2, 3. + Panopæa, I. 21, 21*. + Patella, X. 18-21. + Pecten, IX. 1-16. + Pectunculus, VIII. 13. + Petricola, I. 17. + Phasianella, XI. 27. + Philine, XX. 20-25. + Pholas, I. 8-11, 13. + Pholadidea, I. 12. + Physa, XXI. 12, 13. + Pileopsis, X. 28. + Pilidium, X. 24. + Pinna, VIII. 16. + Pisidium, VI. 21-28. + Planorbis, XXI. 18-28. + Pleurobranchus, XX. 29. + _Pleurotoma_, Mangelia. + Poromya, II. 1, 1*, IX. + Propilidium, X. 25. + Psammobia, III. 1-4. + Puncturella, XI. 3. + Pupa, XXIV. 5-16. + Purpura, XVIII. 5. + + Recluzia, XVI. 20. + Rissoa, XIII. 3-28; XIV. + + Saxicava, I. 15, 16. + Scalaria, XV. 16-20. + Scaphander, XX. 26, 27. + Scrobicularia, III. 18. + Scissurella, XI. 26. + _Segmentina_, Planorbis, XXI. 27, 28. + Skenea, XIV. 19-22. + Solen, II. 12-15. + Solecurtus, II. 17, 18. + Spirialis, X. 2-4. + Spirula, XX. 31. + Stylifer, XV. 21. + Succinea, XXII. 1-3. + Syndosmya, II. 19-22. + Sphænia, I. 25. + + Tapes, IV. 4-8. + Tellina, III. 5-16. + Terebratula, IX. 18-20. + Teredo, I. 1-6. + Testacellus, XXII. 13, 14. + Thracia, II. 5-9. + Tornatella, XX. 1. + Trichotropis, XVI. 26. + Triton, XVIII. 1, 2. + Trochus, XI. 8-20. + Trophon, XVIII. 20-24. + Truncatella, XVI. 12. + Turritella, XV. 1-3. + Turtonia, VI. 4. + + Unio, VII. 1-3. + + Valvata, XII. 10, 11. + Velutina, XVI. 21, 22. + Venerupis, I. 18. + Venus, IV. 12-16. + _Vertigo_, Pupa. + Vitrina, XXII. 15-16. + + Xylophaga, I. 7. + + Zonites, XXII. 17-29. + Zua, XXIV. 22. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE I.] + +PLATE I. + +TEREDO. Pierces and inhabits wood. + +Fig. + + 1. T. NAVALIS, _Linn._--_T. Batavæ._--Herne Bay, R. Pallets shelly, +crescented; valves with auricles extended sidewise; tube long. + + 2. T. NORVEGICA, _Spengl._--_T. Bruguieri._--Port Patrick, Teignmouth, +etc., Mc. Pallets shelly, not crescented; auricles not extended. + + 3. T. MEGOTARA, _Hanl._--_T. nana_ (young).--Herne Bay, Devon, Swansea, +etc., R. Pallets shelly, spade-shaped; auricles raised and expanded. + + 4. T. BIPENNATA, _Turt._--Ireland, Scarborough, etc., R. Pallets horny, +long; auricles lobed. + + 5. T. MALLEOLUS, _Turt._--Torquay, Rr. Pallets shelly, mallet-shaped; +valves narrow. + + 6. T. PALMULATA, _Lamk._--_T. bipalmulata._--Floating wood, Ire., S. Eng. +Pallets horny, short; valves small, shaped like _T. navalis_. + +XYLOPHAGA. In fixed and floating timber. + + 7. X. DORSALIS, _Turt._--Ayrs., Dubl., Exm., Scarb., etc., C. Two dorsal +plates, no tube, no pallets. + +PHOLAS. Pierces and inhabits stone. + + 8. P. DACTYLUS, _Linn._--_P. hians_, _P. callosa_.--Eng., Scot., Ire., C. +Dorsal plates four; hinge pitted. + + 9. P. CANDIDA, _Linn._--Eng., Scot., Ire., C. One dorsal plate; valves not +beaked. + +10. P. PARVA, _Penn._--_P. callosa_, _P. tuberculata_.--Salcombe, Belfast, +Cornwall, etc., M. C. One dorsal plate; valves beaked. + +11. P. CRISPATA, _Linn._--_P. bifrons._--Hastings, Liverp., Scarb., Dubl., +Forth, etc., C. No dorsal plate; valves broad, beaked, with oblique +division. + +13. P. STRIATA. Rare and doubtful as British. Valves closed. + +PHOLADIDEA. Pierces and inhabits stone. + +12. P. PAPYRACEA, _P. Loscombiana_, _P. Goodalli._--S. Devon, N. Ire., R. +Valves closed, with a cup. _P. lamellata_, Turt., when young, not closed; +no cup. + +GASTROCHÆNA. Bores and inhabits stone, thick shells, etc. + +14. G. MODIOLINA, _Lamk._--_G. Pholadia_, _G. hians_, _Mya dubia_, _Mytilus +ambiguus_, _Pholas faba_.--Torbay, Birterbuy, Galway, Weymouth, etc. Valves +thin, gaping, enclosed in bottle-shaped tube. + +SAXICAVA. Bores and inhabits stone. + +15. S. RUGOSA, _Linn._--_Mytilus r._, _Hiatella r._, _S. gallicana_, _S. +pholadis_, _Byssomya pholadis_, _Mya byssifera_.--Eng., Scot., Ire., C. +Valves oval. + +16. S. ARCTICA, _Linn._--(_Mya_) _Hiatella a._, _Anatina a_., _Hiatella +minuta_, _Solen minutus_, _S. rhomboides_, _Agina purpurea_, _Solen +p._--Eng., Scot., Ire., C. Valves rhomboidal; angle serrated. + +_Omitted._--S. fragilis, _Nyst._ _Not_ the young of _S. rugosa_. Vigo Bay. + +PETRICOLA. Inhabits stone. + +17. P. LITHOPHAGA, _Retz._--_P. striata_, _costellata_, _rocellaria_, +_ruperella_, Lamk., _Mya_ and _Sphænia decussata_.--Cork, Bristol, R. as +British. + +VENERUPIS. Bores and inhabits stone. + +18. V. IRUS, _Linn._ (Donax).--_Tellina cornubiensis_, _Cuneus foliaceus_, +_Petric._, and _Pullastra_, I.--In limestone at Plymouth and other southern +coasts. Wedge-shaped. + +MYA. Burrows in mud and sand. + +19. M. TRUNCATA, _Linn._--_M. ovalis_ and _Sphænia Swainsoni_ +(young).--Various localities and depths, C. Truncated at end. + +20. M. ARENARIA, _Linn._--Herne Bay, Portsmouth, etc., C. Tapering at end. + +PANOPÆA. Burrows in mud. + +21. P. NORVEGICA, _Spengl._--_P. glycimeris_, _P. arctica_.--Scarborough, +Zetland (90 fath.), Rr. Quadrate. + +21*. P. ALDROVANDI, _Lamk._--Cornwall, one specimen, _Jeffreys_. Oblique. + +CORBULA. Dredged in mud and sand. + +22. C. NUCLEUS, _Lamk._--_C. striata_, _Mya_, and _C. +inæquivalvis_.--Dublin, Torquay, Forth, 4 to 80 fath., C. Valves unequal, +beaked. + +23. C. ROSEA, _Brown_.--Weymouth, Rr. as Brit. Valves not beaked. + +24. C. OVATA, _Forbes_.--Isle of Man, Rr. Oval, truncated at end. + +SPHÆNIA. Burrows in foliaceous shells. + +25. S. BINGHAMI, _Turt._--_Corbula B._--Torquay, Guernsey, Swansea, Forth, +etc., R. + +NEÆRA. Lives incrusted in sand. + +26. N. COSTELLATA, _Desh._--_Corbula c._, _N. sulcata_.--Loch Fyne, Rr. +Radiately 3-ribbed. + +27. N. CUSPIDATA, _Olivi_.--Forth, Northumberland, Cape Clear, etc., Mr. +Pear-shaped. + +28. N. ABBREVIATA, _Forbes_.--Loch Fyne, Mc. Radiately 1-ribbed. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE II.] + +PLATE II. + +POROMYA. On mud, in deep water. + +Fig. + + 1. P. GRANULATA, _Nyst._--_P. anatinoides_, Forbes.--Skye, R. + + 1*. P. SUBTRIGONA, _Jeffreys_.--Shetland, Mr. Minute, posteriorly +expanded. See Pl. IX. + +PANDORA. + + 2. P. ROSTRATA, _Lamk._--_Tellina inæquivalvis_, Linn.; _P. margaritacea_ +and _inæquivalvis_.--S. Devon?, Guernsey, R. as Brit. Valves long. + + 3. P. OBTUSA, _Leach_.--_Solen Pinna_, Mont.--S. Devon, Dorset, Mc. Ire., +R. Valves short and broad. + +LYONSIA. With byssal attachment. + + 4. L. NORVEGICA, _Chemn._--_Mya_ and _Anatina n._, _Mya_ and _Anatina +striata_, _M. nitida_, _Lyonsia elongata_, _Myatella_, and +_Osteodesma_.--Tenby, Bantry, Oban, etc., 5 to 80 fath. With movable +ossicle on hinge. + +THRACIA. Laminarian and Coralline. + + 5. T. DISTORTA, _Mont._--(_Mya_) _Anatina_ and _Amphidesma d._, _Th. +truncata_.--Distribution general, but not common. Short, truncated, +irregular. + + 6. T. CONVEXA, _Wood_.--(_Mya_) _Anatina_ and _Amphidesma c._, _T. +declivis_.--S. Devon, Bantry Bay, Arran, etc., Mc. Inflated. + + 7. T. PHASEOLINA, _Lamk._--_Amphidesma p._, _T. declivis_.--Various +localities and depths, C. Oval, obliquely truncated. + + 8. T. PUBESCENS, _Pult._--(_Mya_) _Anatina_ and _Amphidesma p._, _T. +declivis_.--S. Devon, Cornwall, Belfast, etc., C. Oblong, straightly +truncated. + + 9. T. VILLIOSULCA, _Macgillivray_.--_T. ovata_, Brown.--Exmouth, Swansea, +Bantry Bay, etc. Various depths, Mc. + +COCHLODESMA. Laminarian and Coralline. + +10. C. PRÆTENUE, _Pult._--(_Mya_) _Anatina_, _Ligula_, and _Amphidesma +pr._--Dorset, Devon, Man, Bantry B., Oban, etc., (25 to 60 fath.), R. +Spoon-shaped process on hinge. + +CERATISOLEN. Burrows in sand. + +11. C. LEGUMEN, _Linn._--(_Solen_) _Psammoiia_ and _Solenicurtus +l._--Exmouth, Swansea, Bantry, etc., C. Hinge nearly central. + +SOLEN. Burrows perpendicularly in sand. + +12. S. PELLUCIDUS, _Penn._--Various British localities, 6 to 100 fath. +Curved; hinge not terminal. + +13. S. ENSIS, _Linn._--Eng., Scot., Ire., generally 5 to 15 fath., C. +Arched and slender. + +14. S. MARGINATUS, _Pult._--_S. vagina_, Penn., not Linn.--Exmouth, Clyde, +Cork, etc., littoral to 10 fath., Mc. Straight, with terminal constriction. + +15. S. SILIQUA, _Linn._--_S. novacula_, _S. ligula_.--Eng., Scot., Ire., +many places; littoral and laminarian, C. Straight, end not constricted. + +DIODONTA. + +16. D. FRAGILIS, _Linn._--(_Tellina_) _Psammobia f._, _Tellina jugosa_ and +_ochroleuca_.--Dublin, Tenby, Weymouth, R. Oval or wedge-shaped. + +16*. D. BARLEEI, _Jeffr._--Arran, Rr. Minute, subquadrate. + +SOLECURTUS. + +17. S. COARCTATUS, _Gmel._--_S. cultellus_, _S. emarginatus_, _S. +antiquatus_, etc.--Torbay, Anglesea, Man, Skye, etc., R. Oblong, smooth. + +18. S. CANDIDUS, _Renieri._--(_Solen_) _S. strigilatus_, Turt., not Linn., +_Psammobia scopula_.--S. Devon, Dublin, etc., R. Striated. + +SYNDOSMYA. + +19. S. PRISMATICA, _Mont._--(_Ligula_) _Mya_ and _Amphidesma p._--Weymouth, +Forth, Dublin, Antrim, etc., littoral, Mc. More pointed and narrow than _S. +intermedia_. + +20. S. TENUIS, _Mont._--(_Mactra_) _Amphidesma t._--Dorset, Scarborough, +Antrim, etc., 5 to 100 fath., Mc. Short, subtrigonal. + +21. S. INTERMEDIA, _Thompson._--_Mya_ and _Syndosmya nitida_, _Abra +profundissima_.--In mud, 6 to 100 fath., Zetland, Skye, Cape Clear, etc., +R. Broader and more pointed than _S. prismatica_. + +22. S. ALBA, _Wood._--(_Mactra_) _M._ and _Amphidesma Boysii_ and _A. +album_.--Brit. co. generally, C. Short, rounded, oval. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE III.] + +PLATE III. + +PSAMMOBIA. Inhabits sand and mud. + +Fig. + + 1. P. FERROENSIS, _Chemn._--(_Tellina_) _T. incarnata_, _T. radiata_, _T. +trifasciata_, _T. truncata_.--Brit. co. generally; coralline, C. Oblong, +keeled and angulated behind. + + 2. P. COSTULATA, _Turt._--_P. discors._--Torbay, Cornwall, Skye, etc., R. +Ribbed behind. + + 3. P. TELLINELLA, LAMK.--_P. florida._--Exmouth, Guernsey, Tenby, Bantry +B., Oban, Zetland, etc., 5 to 50 fath., C. Oval, smooth. + + 4. P. VESPERTINA, _Chemn._--(_Lux V._) _Solen_, _Sanguinolaria V._, +_Tellina depressa_, _variabilis_.--Weymouth, Scarborough, Tenby, Bantry, +etc., Guernsey, C. Not angular nor keeled behind. + +TELLINA. + + 5. T. CRASSA, _Penn._--_T. maculata_, _T. rigida_.--S. Devon, Guernsey, +Man, Tenby, Bantry, Forth, etc., low-water to 15 fath., C. Thick, +orbicular. + + 6. T. BALAUSTINA, _Linn._--Birterbuy, Skye, Exmouth, Rr. as British. + + 7. T. DONACINA, _Linn._--_T. trifasciata_, _T. variegata_, _T. +Llantivyi_.--Various British loc., and S. Europe, 5 to 50 fath., C. +Wedge-shaped. + + 8, 9. T. PROXIMA, _Brown._--Var. _T. calcarea_ (9), _T. ovalis_, _T. +sordida_, _Sanguinolaria sordida_, _Macroma tenera_.--Skye, etc., R. + +10, 11. T. PYGMÆA, _Phil._--Devon, Cork, Shetland, etc., 8 to 50 fath., C. +Smaller, more convex, and more truncate than _T. donacina_. + +12, 13. T. TENUIS, _Da Costa._--_T. planata_, _T. polita_, _T. exigua_.--On +sandy shores, in various localities, C. Flat, thin. + +14. T. INCARNATA, _Linn._--_T. squalida_, _T. depressa_.--Devon, Bantry, +Tenby, R. Flat, beaked. + +15. T. SOLIDULA, _Pult._--_T. rubra_, Da Costa, _T. carnaria_, _T. zonata_, +_Psammobia solidula_, _T. Balthica_.--All British coasts; littoral, C. +Thick, inflated. + +16. T. FABULA, _Gronovius._--_T. discors._--On sandy shores generally, C. +Valve with oblique striæ (omitted by error). + +ERVILLIA. + +17. E. CASTANEA, _Mont._--(_Donax_) _Mesodesma c._, _Capsa c._--Cornwall +and Scilly Isles, R. Ligament within. + +SCROBICULARIA. + +18. S. PIPERITA, _Gmel._--Generic syn.: _Mya_, _Venus_, _Trigonella_, +_Mactra_, _Lutraria_, _Listera_.--Specific syn.: _hispanica_, _borealis_, +_plana_, _gaditana_, _Listeri_, _compressa_.--Scarborough, Southend, +Swansea, Cork, Clyde, C. Broad, compressed. + +DONAX. + +19. D. ANATINUS, _Lamk._--_D. trunculus_, Linn.?, _Cuneus vittatus_, _D. +ruber_ (young).--Brit. co. generally, sandy shores, C. Broad; margin +crenulated. + +20. D. POLITUS, _Poci._--(_Tellina_) _D._ and _Capsa complanata_.--S. +Devon, Bantry Bay, etc., Mr. Smooth; inner edge not crenated. + +MACTRA. Lives on sandy beaches. + +21. M. STULTORUM, _Linn._--(_Cardium_) _Tellina radiata_, _Trigonella r._, +_M. cinerea_, _M. magna_.--British co. generally, C. + +22. M. ELLIPTICA, _Brown._--British co. generally, C. Oval. + +23. M. SUBTRUNCATA, _Costa._--_M. lactea_, _M. triangula_, _M. +crassatella_.--Brit. co. generally, C. Obliquely cuneiform. + +24. M. HELVACEA, _Chemn._--_M. glauca_, _M. neapolitana_.--Odd valves found +dead in Cornwall, R. Large, obliquely oval. + +25. M. SOLIDA, _Linn._--_Trigonella zonaria_ and _gallina_.--Brit. co. +generally, C. Trigonal, thick. + +26. M. TRUNCATA, _Mont._--Forth, Cork, Cornwall, etc., C. Trigonal, deep, +thick. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE IV.] + +PLATE IV. + +LUTRARIA. Inhabits mud. + +Fig. + + 1. L. INTERMEDIA?, _Sowb._--Perhaps only the young of _L. elliptica_. + + 2. L. ELLIPTICA, _Lamk._--_Mactra lutraria_, Linn.--Scarborough, Torbay, +Dublin, Forth, Lerwick, etc., C. Broad, oval. + + 3. L. OBLONGA, _Chemn._--(_Mya_) _L. solenoides_, _L. hians_, _Mactra +hians_, _Chama magna_.--Cornwall, Devon, etc., Mc. Arched, narrow. + +TAPES. Burrows in mud and stone. + + 4, 5. T. PULLASTRA, _Wood._--_Venus pullastra_, _V. perforans_ (var. f. +4), _Venerupis nucleus_, _Pullastra vulgaris_, etc.--Plymouth, Scarborough, +Swansea, Forth, etc., C. + + 6. T. DECUSSATA, _Linn._--(_Venus_) _V. litterata_, _V. florida_, +_Venerupis_ and _Pullastra d._--S. Devon, Weymouth, Tenby, etc., Mc. +Oblong, coarsely decussated. + + 7. T. AUREA, _Gmel._--(_Venus_) _V. nebulosa_, _V. ænea_, _V. nitens_, _V. +sinuata_, _Pullastra a._--Cornwall, Sussex, Bantry Bay, Loch Ryan, Mc. +Yellow within. + + 8. T. VIRGINEA, _Linn._--(_Venus_) _V. rhomboides_, _V. sarniensis_, _V. +virago_, _Cuneus fasciatus_.--Various British loc., C. Pink within. + +LUCINOPSIS, _Forbes_ and _Hanley_. Sandy ground. + + 9. L. UNDATA, _Pennant._--(_Venus_) _V. sinuosa_, _V. incorrupta_, _Lucina +undata_.--Exm., Scarborough, Man, etc., 5 to 80 fathoms, M.R. Orbicular, +flexuous at side. + +ARTEMIS. + +10. A. EXOLETA, _Linn._--(_Venus_) _Cytherea e._, _Pectunculus +capillaceus_.--Sandy ground, on Brit. co. generally, low-water to 80 fath., +C. Compressed; striæ coarse. + +11. A. LINCTA, _Pult._--(_Venus_) _V. sinuata_, _Cytherea +sinuata_.--Various Brit, loc., C. Dorsal edge sloping; striæ fine. + +VENUS. + +12. V. CASINA, _Linn._--_V. reflexa_, _V. lactea_, _V. +discina_.--Northumberland, S. Devon, Man, Bantry, Skye, etc., Mc. +Concentrically laminated. + +13. V. VERRUCOSA, _Linn._--_V. erycina_, _V. cancellata_, etc.--Devon, +Cornwall, Channel Isls., etc., C. Ventricose, warted. + +14. V. FASCIATA, _Donov._--Various southern Brit, loc., C. Round, with +thick ribs. + +15. V. OVATA, _Pennant._--Brit. co. generally, C. Oval, radiately ribbed. + +16. V. STRIATA, _Donov._--_V. gallina_, _V. Pennantii_, _V. rugosa_.--Brit. +co. generally. Shores and deep water, C. + +ASTARTE. + +17. A. TRIANGULARIS, _Mont._--_Mactra_ and _Goodallia_, _minutissima_ and +_triangularis_.--Northern parts of Britain, 15 to 20 fathoms, C. Minute, +triangular. + +18. A. ELLIPTICA, _Brown._--_Crassina e._, _Crassina ovata_, and _C. +sulcata_. Scotland, 5 to 10 fath., mud, M. C. Oblong, smooth near the +margin. + +19. A. SULCATA, _Costa._--(_Pectunculus_) _V. scotica_ and _Damnoniensis_, +_Crassina sulcata_, etc.--Devon, Cornwall, Bantry, etc., C. Thickly ribbed. + +20. A. COMPRESSA, _Mont._--(_Venus_) _Venus and Crassina Montagui_, +_Cyprina comp._--Scarborough, Northumbria, Bantry Bay, Firth of Forth, 7 to +40 fath., M. C. + +21. A. CREBRICOSTATA, _Forbes._--Zetland and Skye (dead), R. Ribs more +numerous than in _A. sulcata_. + +22. A. ARCTICA, _Gray._--(_Crassina_) _Venus borealis_, _Astarte +compressa_.--Aberdeen, Zetland, St. Andrew's bay, etc., Rr. Lenticular, not +ribbed. + +CYTHEREA. + +23. C. CHIONE, _Linn._--(_Venus._)--Plymouth, S. Devon, Falmouth, +Carnarvon, 12 to 20 fath., Mr. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE V.] + +PLATE V. + +CYPRINA. + +Fig. + + 1. C. ISLANDICA, _Linn._ (_Venus._)--_C. vulgaris_, _V. +mercenaria_.--Brit. co. generally, most abundant north, 5 to 80 fath. Oval, +with thick epidermis. + +CIRCE. + + 2. C. MINIMA, _Mont._ (_Venus._)--Gen. _Cyprina_ and _Cytherea +triangularis_, _apicialis_, _Cyrillii_, _minuta_.--Guernsey, Cornwall, +Milford Haven, Clyde, Bantry Bay, etc., 10 to 50 fath., C. + +ISOCARDIA. + + 3. I. COR, _Linn._ (_Chama._)--_I. hibernica_, _Cardita cor._--Dublin, +Skye, etc., Mc. Heart-shaped, beaks coiled. + +CARDIUM, or _Cockle_. + + 4. C. PYGMÆUM, _Donovan._--_C. exiguum._--Herne, Sark, Weymouth, Zetland, +Bantry Bay, 5 to 50 fath., Mc. Hinder side large, angular. + + 5. C. PAPILLOSUM, _Poli._--Guernsey, St. Martin's Port, _Jeffreys_, R. +Rather rounded, equally ribbed and grained. + + 6. C. PUNCTATUM, _Broc._, C. NODOSUM, _Turt._--_C. scabrum_, Ph.--Exmouth, +Falmouth, Galloway, etc., Mc. Angular behind. + + 7. C. FASCIATUM, _Mont._--_C. elongatum_, _C. ovale_, _C. parvum_, _C. +rubrum_ (young).--Various Brit. loc., Mr. + + 8. C. SUECICUM, _Loven._--_C. Swediense_, Reeve, _C. Loveni_, +Thompson.--Down, Oban, Zetland, 30 to 70 fath., Rr. Oval, equally ribbed. + + 9. C. ACULEATUM, _Linn._--_C. ciliare_ and _parvum_ (young).--S. Devon, +Mc. Thin, oblique, with thorn-like tubercles; interstices of ribs smooth. + +10. C. RUSTICUM, _Linn._--_C. tuberculatum_, Linn.?--Paignton, Torbay, +Velvet Strand, Dublin co., Mc. Thick, not oblique, coarsely wrinkled. + +11. C. ECHINATUM, _Linn._--_C. mucronatum_, _C. spinosum_.--Brit. co. +generally, mud and sand, 7 to 80 fath. Oblique, wrinkled; hinder tubercles +sharp. + +12. C. EDULE, _Linn._--_C. vulgare_, _C. zonatum_, _C. obliquum_, _C. +crenulatum_, _C. rusticum_.--Brit. co. generally. Common eatable, Cockle. + +13. C. NORVEGICUM, _Spengler._--_C. lævigatum_, _C. serratum_, _C. +oblongum_, _C. Pennantii_.--Brit. co. generally. Sand and gravel, 15 to 80 +fath. Smooth, variegated when young. + +LUCINA. + +14. L. DIVARICATA, _Linn._ (_Tellina._)--_Cardium arcuatum_, _L. arcuata_, +_commutata_.--Near Falmouth, 20 fath., Rr. Rounded, with diverging ribs. + +15. L. FLEXUOSA, _Mont._ (_Tellina._)--_Venus sinuosa_, _Amphidesma +flexuosa_, _L. sinuata_; gen. _Cryptodon_, _Axinus_, and +_Ptychina_.--Clyde, Bantry, Anglesea, etc., 7 to 80 fath., Mc. Thin, with a +fold behind. + +16. L. BOREALIS, _Linn._ (_Venus._)--_Tellina radula_, _Lucina r._, _L. +alba_.--Many Brit. loc., 1 to 90 fath., C. Lenticular, concentrically +laminated. + +17. L. LEUCOMA, _Turt._--_L. lactea_, not Linn., _Loripes lactea_.--Torbay, +Scarborough, Bantry Bay, etc., low-water to 80 fath., C. Round, smooth. + +18. L. SPINIFERA, _Mont._ (_Venus._)--_Myrtea s._, _L. +hiatelloides_.--Dartmouth, Plymouth, Hebrides, etc., 8 to 100 fath., M. R. +Oval; dorsal margin spinose. + +DIPLODONTA, _Mont._ + +19. T. ROTUNDATA, _Mont._ (_Tellina._)--_T. undata_, _Lucina r._, _D. +dilatata_.--Dorset, Devon, Tenby, Bantry Bay, etc., 7 to 25 fath., R. + +CLAUSINA, _Jeffreys._ + +20. C. FERRUGINOSA, _Forbes_, (_Kellia._)--Skye, Loch Fyne, etc., 30 to 100 +fath., C. Concentrically ribbed, minute, oval. + +21. C. CROULINENSIS, _Jeffreys._--Croulin Island, Shellands, R. +Suborbicular. + +22. C. ABYSSLICOLA, _Jeffreys._--Not ribbed, R. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE VI.] + +PLATE VI. + +MONTACUTA. + +Fig. + + 1. M. FERRUGINOSA, _Mont._ (_Mya._)--_M. oblonga_, _M. glabra_, _Tellimya +elliptica_, _Erycina f._--S. Devon, Scarborough, Tenby, Cape Clear, etc., +Mr. Wedge-shaped, long. + + 2. M. BIDENTATA, _Mont._ (_Mya._)--_Erycina_, _Petricola_, and _Tellimya +b._--Newcastle, Weymouth, Dublin, etc. Burrows in dead shells, Mr. Short, +subquadrate. + + 3. M. SUBSTRIATA, _Mont._ (_Mya._)--_Erycina_ and _Tellimya s._--Devon, +Tenby, Durham, Zetland, Bantry Bay, etc., on spines of _Spatangus_, deep +water, C. Minute, with diverging striæ. + +TURTONIA. + + 4. T. MINUTA, _O. Fabr._ (_Venus._)--_Mya purpurea_, etc.--Scarborough, +Tenby, Cork, Oban, etc., C. + +KELLIA. + + 5. K. SUBORBICULARIS, _Mont._ (_Mya._)--_Bornia inflata_, _Tellina_ and +_Tellimya s._--Anglesea, Portland, Zetland, etc., low-water to 60 fath., +Mr. + + 6. K. LACTEA, _Brown_, (_Tellimya._)--Brit. co. generally. More oblong +than _K. sub._ + + 7, 8. K. RUBRA, _Mont._ (_Cardium._)--_Poronia r._, etc.--Numerous +localities; littoral, C. + +LEPTON. + + 9. L. SQUAMOSUM, _Mont._--_Solen_ and _Lutraria s._--Salcombe Bay, Tenby, +Cork, etc., R. Flat, subquadrate. + +10. L. NITIDUM, _Turt._ (_Kellia._)--Torbay, Skye, R. Less square and flat +than _L. squamosum_. + +11. L. CONVEXUM, _Alder._--Bantry Bay, Rr. Convex, granulated. + +12. L. CLARKIÆ, _Clark._--Exmouth, Plymouth, Zetland, Rr. Minute, oval, +smooth. + +13. L. SULCATULUM, _Jeffr._--Annals, Feb. 1859. Guernsey, Mc. +Concentrically wrinkled. + +GALEOMMA. Adheres to rocks by byssus. + +14, 15. G. TURTONI, _Sowb._--Channel Islands, and Exmouth. Oblong, gaping. + +CYCLAS. Inhabits fresh-water. + +16. C. CORNEA, _Linn._ (_Tellina._)--_Sphærium c._, Scopoli, _C. rivalis_, +etc.--Ponds and ditches everywhere. Equilateral, subquadrate. + +17. C. PISIDIOIDES, _Gray._--_C. cornea_, var., Brit. Moll.--Ditches and +ponds, C. Oblique, and light coloured. + +18. C. RIVICOLA, _Leach._--_Cardium nux_, etc.--Thames, etc. Large, oval, +wrinkled. + +19. C. CALICULATA, _Drap._-_C. lacustris_, etc.--Newcastle, Bristol, etc., +Mr. With a ridge at the apex. + +20. C. LACUSTRIS, _Drap._--_pallida_, Gray.--Regent's Park, etc., Mr. Oval, +light. + +PISIDIUM. Inhabits fresh-water. + +21. P. OBTUSALE, _Pfeiffer._--_P. pusillum_, var.? + +22. P. PUSILLUM, _Turton_, (_Tellina._)--_Cyclas fontinalis_ and +_gibba_.--In marshes and ponds at various places, C. Includes _P. +obtustale_? + +23. P. AMNICUM, _Müller_, (_Tellina._)--_T. rivalis_, _Cyclas palustris_, +_C. obliqua_.--British rivers, etc., generally. _C. obliqua_ ribbed. + +24. P. NITIDUM, _Jennyns._--Battersea, Swansea, etc., C. Thick, dark, +blunt. + +25. P. HENSLOWIANUM, _Sheppard_, (_Tellina._)--_Cyclas appendiculata_, _P. +acutum_.--Cambridge, Swansea, etc., R. With a projection on the umbones. + +26. P. PULCHELLUM, _Jennyns._--_Cyclas fontinalis_, etc.--Various +localities, C. Ridged. + +27. P. CINEREUM, _Alder._--_Cyclas c._--Various localities, Mc. Smooth. + +28. P. ROSEUM, _Scholtz._--Various loc., with _P. pulchellum_ and _P. +nitidum_ M. C. Subquadrate; animal pink. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE VII.] + +PLATE VII. + +UNIO. Fresh-water Mussel with hinge-teeth. + +Fig. + + 1. U. MARGARITIFERUS, _Linn._ (_Mya._)--_Alasmodon m._, _A. arcuata_, _U. +elongata_, _U. sinuata_.--R. Conway; rivers in Cumberland, Wales, Ireland, +etc., Mc. Long, thick, arched. + + 2. U. PICTORUM, _Linn._ (_Mya._)--_U. ovalis_, _U. rostrata_, _U. +limosus_, _U. Deshayesii_, etc.--Various British rivers, C. Long, oval, not +wedge-shaped behind. + + 3. U. TUMIDUS, _Retz._--_Mya_ and _Unio ovalis_, _M. depressa_, _M. +ovata_, _Myscei o._, _M. solida_.--Thames, and various British rivers, C. +More solid, deep, and wedge-shaped than _U. pictorum_. + +ANODONTA. Fresh-water Mussel, without teeth. + + 4. A. CYGNEA, _Linn._ (_Mytilus._)--_M. anatinus_, _M. stagnalis_, _M. +paludosa_, _Symphonota cy._--Britain and Europe generally, in rivers and +canals, C. + +DREISSINA, _Beneden._ + + 5. D. POLYMORPHA, _Pallas_, (_Mytilus._)--London Docks, Edinburgh Canal, +C. + +MODIOLA, _Lamarck._ + + 6. M. MODIOLUS, _Linn._ (_Mytilus._)--_M. umbilicatus_, _M. curtus_, _M. +vulgaris_.--British coasts generally, C. Large, brown, not rayed. + + 7. M. OVALIS?, _Sowb._--_M. tulipa_ (_radiata_), var., Brit. Moll., now +named provisionally. Less tumid, and with longer and more gradually sloped +dorsal line than _M. radiata_, Rr. + + 8. M. RADIATA, _Hanley_, _Brit. Marine Conch._--_M. tulipa_, Brit. Moll., +Mc. Tumid, radiated. + + 9. M. BARBATA, _Linn._ (_Mytilus._)--_M. Gibbsii._--Jersey, Torbay, +Milford Haven, Youghal, R. as Brit. Barbs of epidermis serrated. + +10. M. PHASEOLINA, _Philippi._--Guernsey, Falmouth, Scotland, Mc. Small +barbs of epidermis not serrated. + +11. M. CUPREA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1859_.--In the stomach of +a bird shot at Scarborough, Rr. Minute, rhomboidal, smooth. + +CRENELLA, _Brown._ + +12. C. NIGRA, _Gray_, (_Modiola._)--_Mytilus_ and _Modiola discrepans_, +_depressa_, _compressa_, _discors_.--Scotland, R. Broad and compressed +behind. + +13. C. DISCORS, _Linn._ (_Mytilus._)--_Modiola d._ and _discrepans_.--Brit. +co. generally, among seaweeds, C. Wedge-shaped and lobed. + +14. C. MARMORATA, _Forbes._--_Mytilus_ and _Mediola discors_, _discrepans_, +and _tumida_.--Brit. co. generally, Cc. Rhomboidal, marbled. + +15. C. COSTULATA, _Risso._--Exmouth, Cornwall, Swansea, Herm. Wedge-shaped, +marbled, strongly-ribbed. + +16. C. RHOMBEA, _Berkley_, (_Modiola._)--_M. Prideauxiana._--Guernsey, +Torbay, Penzance, etc.; coralline, R. + +17. C. DECUSSATA, _Montagu_, (_Mytilus._)--_C._ and _Modiola elliptica_, +_cicercula_, and _faba_.--Scarborough, and a few northern localities, 5 to +50 fath., Mc.; Norway, etc. Subquadrate, decussated, minute. + +MYTILUS, _Linn._ + +18. M. EDULIS, _Linn._--_M. vulgaris._--Brit. co. generally, Cc. Byssal +margin swelled. + +19. M. UNGULATUS, _Linn. Syst. Nat._--_M. edulis_, var. _M. incurvatus_ +(Hoof-Mussel).--Cornwall, Guernsey, etc., Mr. Byssal margin bent inwards, +lower margin broad and straight. + +20, 21. M. GALLOPROVINCIALIS, _Lamk._--_M. edulis_, var. _M. dilatatus_?, +_M. pellucidus_? (young, f. 21), _M. subsaxatilis_?--British Channel, etc., +C. Dorsal margin dilated, beak advancing. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE VIII.] + +PLATE VIII. + +NUCULA, _Linn._ + +Fig. + + 1. N. NUCLEUS, _Linn._ (_Arca._)--_N. margaritacea_, _Glycimeris +argentea_.--Brit. co. generally, 7 to 90 fath., C. Thick, obtuse; beaks +terminal. + + 2. N. DECUSSATA, _Sowerby._--_N. sulcata_, _N. Polii_.--Hebrides, Loch +Fyne, Dublin Bay, 30 to 50 fath., Mr. Large, striated; beak not terminal. + + 3. N. RADIATA, _Hanley._--_N._ and _Arca nucleus_ and _radiata_.--Torbay, +Milford Haven, Arran, etc., 10 to 70 fath., Mc. Prolonged anteriorly, +rayed. + + 4. N. NITIDA, _Sowerby._--_N. nucleus_, var.--Numerous British loc., 1 to +35 fath., C. Shining, ends rather pointed. + + 5. N. TENUIS, _Montagu_, (_Arca._)--North British co., 40 to 100 fath., +sand, C. Thin, inner edge not crenated; beak terminal. + +LEDA, _Schum._ Beaked behind. + + 6. L. CAUDATA, _Donovan_, (_Arca._)--_Arca_ and _Nucula minuta_ and +_rostrata_.--North co., C.; south co., R. 10 fath. to deep water. Ridged. + + 7. L. PYGMÆA, _Munster_, (_Nucula._)--_N._ and _L. tenuis_, _gibbosa_, and +_lenticula_.--Skye, Hebrides, Croulin Isl., 25 to 50 fath. Minute, smooth. +Size (omitted) one-fifth of an inch. + +ARCA, _Linnæus._ + + 8, 9. A. LACTEA, _Linn._--_A. barbata_, _A. Modiolus_, _A. crinita_, _A. +perforans_, _A. Gaimardii_, var. f. 8; _A. Quoyi_, var. f. 9.--Penzance, +Ilfracombe, Bantry Bay, Guernsey, etc. Adhering to shells and stones, 15 to +20 fath., C. Beaks approaching, radiately striated. + +10. A. TETRAGONA, _Poli._--_A. Noæ_ and _imbricata_.--Many Brit, loc., C. +(12 to 50 fath.). Broad area between beaks. + +11. A. RARIDENTATA, _S. Wood._--_A. pectunculoides._--Skye, Hebrides, etc., +Scot. Cape Clear, 40 to 60 fath., Mr. Minute, teeth few. + +12. A. NODULOSA, _Ph._--E. Zetland, Shetland Isls., Rr. + +PECTUNCULUS. + +13. P. GLYCIMERIS, _Linn._ (_Arca._)--_A._ and _P._ and _Glycimeris +pilosa_, _orbicularis_, _undata_, and _marmorata_.--Brit. co. generally, 15 +to 60 fath., C. + +LIMOPSIS. + +14. L. PELLUCIDA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 59_.--Dredged in sand +at Guernsey, Rr. + +AVICULA. + +15. A. TARENTINA, _Lamk._--_Mytilus_ and _Avicula hirundo_, etc.--Bantry +Bay, Devon, etc., R. + +PINNA. + +16. P. PECTINATA, _Linn._--_P. fragilis_, _muricata_, _ingens_, _lævis_, +_papyracea_, _rotundata_, _elegans_.--Dorset, Milford Haven, Hebrides, Cape +Clear; deep water, Mc. + +OSTREA. + +17. O. EDULIS, _Linn._--_O. vulgare_, etc.--Various natural and artificial +beds, in England, Scotland, and Ireland. The common Oyster. + +ANOMIA. + +18. A. EPHIPPIUM, _Linn._--_A. electrica_, _A. squamula_, _cepa_, +etc.--Brit. co. generally, 1 to 30 fath., C. Pearly and irregular; beak +marginal, curved. + +19. A. ACULEATA, _Müller._--_A. striolata._--Brit. co. generally, Mc. +Small, with spinous sculpture. + +20. A. STRIATA, _Lovén._--Hebrides, R. Rayed, striated, with apex not +marginal. + +21. A. PATELLIFORMIS, _Linn._--_A. undulata._--Cape Clear, etc., 1 to 50 +fath., Mr. Flat, ribbed. + +LIMA. + +22. L. SUBAURICULATA, _Montagu_, (_Pecten._)--_L. nivea_, _sulcata_, +etc.--Plymouth, Man, Zetland, Belfast, etc., Mr. Nearly straight. + +23. L. HIANS, _Gmel._ (_Vitræa._)--_L. tenera_, _fragilis_, _aperta_, +etc.--Channel Isls., Penzance, Oban, Belfast, etc., Mc. Oblique, gaping at +sides. + +24. L. LOSCOMBII, _Sowerby._--_Pecten_ and _Ostrea_ and _Lima fragilis_ and +_bullata_.--Many Brit. loc., 10 to 50 fath., Mc. Oblique, closed at sides. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE IX.] + +PLATE IX. + +PECTEN. Free, except 1. + +Fig. + + 1. P. PUSIO, _Pennant_, (_Ostrea._)--_P._, _O._, and _Hinnites distortus_ +and _sinuosus_.--Brit. co. generally, 15 to 90 fath., C. Irregular, +attached to stones, etc. + + 2, 3. P. VARIUS, _Linn._ (_Ostrea._)--_P. monotis._--Brit. co. generally, +3 to 35 fath.; C. Vertically elongate; auricles very unequal. + + 4. P. NIVEUS, _Macgillivray._--Scotland, R. (15 fath.) Ribs more numerous +than _P. varius_; white. + + 5, 6, 7. P. OPERCULARIS, _Linn._ (_Ostrea._)--_O._, and _P. subrufus_, +_pictus_, _lineatus_ (var. f. 6), and _sanguinea_.--Brit. co. generally, 5 +to 100 fath., C. As broad as long; ribs rounded. + + 8. P. AUDOUINII, _Payraudeau._--_P. opercularis_, var., B. Moll.--Ribs +angular and squamose. + + 9, 10. P. DANICUS, _Chemn._--_P._ and _O. pes-felis_, _glaber_, +_triradiata_, _adspersus_, _septemradiata_, etc.--Several Scotch +localities, 25 to 90 fath., Mc. Very variable, extreme vars. f. 9, 10. +Auricles more equal than _P. tigrinus_. + +11, 12. P. TIGRINUS, _Müller._--_P. obsoletus_, _domesticus_, _lævis_, +_parvus_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 12 to 60 fath., C. Variable; one +auricle minute, the other large and ribbed. + +13. P. MAXIMUS, _Linn._ (_Ostrea._)--_P. vulgaris._--Brit. co. generally, 3 +to 40 fath. The common eatable Scallop. Valves unequal. + +14. P. SIMILIS, _Laskey._--_O._ and _P. tumidus_.--Fr. Forth, Isl. Man, +Lerwick, Cape Clear, etc., Mc. Minute, smooth, with undulating marks. + +15. P. STRIATUS, _Müller._--_P. aculeatus_, _fuci_, etc.--Scotland, C.; +England, R. + +16. P. FURTIVUS, _Lovén._--Zetland, Guernsey, etc., 40 to 50 fath., Mr. +More rounded, and with auricles less broadly based than _P. striatus_. + +HIPPOTHYRIS. Fixed by byssus. + +17. H. PSITTACEA, _Gmel._ (_Anomia._)--_A. rostrum-psittaci_, Chem.; +_Terebratula psittacea_.--Northumberland, Fr. Forth; deep water, Rr. as +Brit. "The Parrot's-beak Anomia." + +TEREBRATULA. Fixed by byssus. + +18. T. CRANIUM, _Müller._--_Anomia c._, and _T. vitrea_.--Zetland; deep +water, unique as Brit. Smooth, oval. + +19. T. CAPSULA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist._, _Jan. 1859_.--Belfast Bay, +R. Minute, punctured. + +ARGIOPE, or MEGATHYRIS. + +20. T. CAPUT-SERPENTIS, _Linn._ (_Anomia._)--_A._ and _T. retusa_, +_pubescens_, _costata_, and _aurita_.--Oban, Skye, etc., 20 to 50 fath., +Mr. + +21. A. CISTELLULA, _S. Wood._ (_Terebratula._)--_A. seminulum_?, T. + +22. A. DECOLLATA, _Chemn._--_A. detruncata._--Guernsey, R. + +23. A. SEMINULUM, _Philippi._--Croulin, near Skye, _Jeffreys_. + +CRANIA. + +24. C. ANOMALA, _Müller._ (_Patella._)--_Pat. Anomia_, _Discina_, and +_Criopus distorta_, _ostreoides_, _personata_, and _rostrata_.--Zetland, +Arran, Lerwick, Cork, Mr. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE X.] + +PLATE X. + +HYALÆA. _Fam._ Pteropoda. + +Fig. + + 1. H. TRISPINOSA, _Lesueur._--Once taken on floating timber, Dublin. +Doubtful as British. + +SPIRIALIS, or PERACLE. _Fam._ Pteropoda. + + 2. S. FLEMINGII, _Forbes._--_Fusus retroversus_, Fl.--Zetland, Skye, +Arran, Donegal, M. C. Snail-shaped. + + 3. S. MACANDREI, _F. and H._--Near Mizen Head, S. Ire., Rr. Turreted. + + 4. S. JEFFREYSII, _F. and H._--Brit. Channel, Rr. Discoid. + +CHITON. Sedentary on rocks. + + 5. C. FASCICULARIS, _Linn._--Brit co. generally, Mc. Tufted margin, small, +granules large. + + 6. C. GRACILIS, _Jeffr._ _Ann. Nat. Hist._, _Jan. 1859_.--Weymouth. +Narrow; granules very small; two postero-terminal tufts. + + 7. C. DISCREPANS, _Brown._--_crinitus_, Pennant?--Tenby, Guernsey, C. +Tufted margin, large: granules very small. + + 8. C. HANLEYI, _Bean._--Scarborough, Skye, W. Ireland, R. Spinose margin. + + 9, 10. C. MARMOREUS, _O. Fabr._--_C. latus_, Lowe, _C. lævigatus_, +_ruber_, and _pictus_.--Scarborough, Forth, Skye, Zetland, W. Ire., R. +Margin smooth. + +11. C. LÆVIS, _Pennant._--_C. marginatus_, Pult., _C. Achatina_, +Brown.--Dorset, Devon; Brit. co. generally, but rare. Dorsally elevated; +margin reticulated. + +12. C. RUBER, _Linn._--Brit, seas generally, Mr. Valves smooth; margin +coriaceous. + +13. C. CINEREUS, _Linn._--_C. marginatus_, Penn.?--Brit. co. generally, C. +Valves carinated; margin and valves granulated. + +14. C. ALBUS, _Linn._--_C. asselloides_, Lowe.--Northern coasts, R. +Marginal granules scaly and large; dorsal gr. smaller than _C. cinereus_. + +15, 16. C. ASSELUS, _Chemn._--_C. minimus_, _Cinereus albus_.--Brit. co. +generally, C. Broad, granules on valves beaded. + +17. C. CANCELLATUS, _Sowerby._--_C. albus_, Pult.--Devon, Guernsey, Isl. +Man, Oban, Zetland, Loch Carron, R. Narrow, back elevated, else like _C. +assellus_. + +PATELLA. (Limpet.) Sedentary. + +18. P. VULGATA, _Linn._--Brit, generally, Cc. Ribs not toothed. + +19. P. ATHLETICA, _Bean._--Devon, Northumberland, etc., Cc. Ribs toothed. + +20. P. PELLUCIDA, _Linn._--_P. lævis_, _cærulea_, _Acmæa pel_.--British co. +generally, C. smooth. + +21. ---- var. _lævis_, Penn. + +ACMÆA, or LOTTIA. + +22. A. TESTUDINALIS, _Müller._--_P. Clealandi._--North Ire., C. Oval, with +tortoise-shell markings. + +23. A. VIRGINEA, _Müller._--_P. parva_, _pulchella_.--Brit. co. generally, +Mc. Pale, pink-rayed, shallow. + +PILIDIUM, or TECTURA. + +24. P. FULVUM, _Müller._--_P. Forbesii._--Clyde, Cork, Zetland, etc., R. + +PROPILIDIUM. + +25. P. ANCYLOIDE, _Forbes._--Lamlash, Ayrshire, etc., R. + +DENTALIUM, _Linn._ + +26. D. ENTALIS, _Linn._--Brit. co. generally, C. Smooth, small end notched. + +27. D. TARENTINUM, _Lamk._--_D. vulgare_, _striatum_, _labiatum_, +_politum_, _læve_.--South coasts, C. Striated and entire at small end. + +PILEOPSIS, or CAPULUS. + +28. P. HUNGARICUS, _Linn._--Fool's-cap Limpet.--S. Devon, and Br. co. +generally, C. + +CALYPTRÆA, _Linn._ + +29. C. SINENSIS, _Linn._ (_Patella._)--_C. chinensis_, _albida_, +_lævigata_.--S. Brit., and Chan. Isls., R. With oblique septum. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XI.] + +PLATE XI. + +FISSURELLA. + +Fig. + + 1. F. RETICULATA, _Donov._ (_Patella._)--_P._ and _F. Græca_, _apertura_ +(young), _cancellata_, _europæa_.--Hebrides, Thanet, Devon, Ireland. On +shells, etc., 1 to 15 fath., C. + + 2. F. COSTARIA, _Deshayes._--Guernsey, R. More fine and numerous ribs than +_F. reticulata_. + +PUNCTURELLA. + + 3. P. NOACHINA, _Linn._ (_Patella._)--_Cemoria Flemingii_, _Fissurella +N._, _Rimula Flemingii_, etc.--Scotland and Northumberland, 20 to 100 +fath., R. With slit under apex. + +EMARGINULA. + + 4. E. RETICULATA, _Sowerby._--_Patella fissura_, etc.--Brit. co. +generally, C. Conical, with slit in margin. + + 5. E. ROSEA, _Bell._--_E. pileolus_, _conica_, _capuliformis_, +etc.--Channel Isls., Exmouth, Cornwall, etc., 7 to 25 fath., Mc. Curved, +coarsely cancellated. Red within. + + 6. E. CRASSA, _Sowerby._--Loch Fyne, Oban and Belfast, 20 to 25 fath., Rr. +Large, not cancellated. + +HALIOTIS, or "Ear-shell." + + 7. H. TUBERCULATA, _Leim._--_H. vulgaris_, Channel Isls., Cc. + +TROCHUS. + + 8. T. ZIZYPHINUS, _Linn._-_-C. conulus_, _C. discrepans_, _C. Lyonsii_ +(white, ribbed var.), etc. Brit. co. generally, low-water to 50 fath., C. + + 9. T. CONULUS, _Linn._--Lincolnshire, Rr. More simply conical than the +most extreme forms of _T. zizyphinus_. + +10. T. ALABASTRUM, _Beck._--_T. formosus_.--Zetland, Lerwick, etc., 45 to +80 fath., R. White, with deep, plain, and beaded ridges. + +11. T. MILLEGRANUS, _Philippi._--_T. Clealandi_, _T. Martini_.--Brit. co. +generally, 15 to 90 fath., Mr. Granulated, whorls with prominent margin. + +12. T. GRANULATUS, _Born._--_T. papillosus_, _T. fragilis_.--Channel Isls., +Weymouth, Dublin, etc., R. Like 8, but grained. + +13. T. STRIATUS, _Linn._--_T. parvus_, etc.--S. Brit., C. More finely +ribbed than _T. exiguus_. + +14. T. EXIGUUS, _Pult._--_T. exasperatus_, _minutus_, etc. S. co., C. + +15. T. MONTAGUI, _Gray._--_T. striatus_, Forbes.--Scarborough, Exmouth, +Cape Clear, etc., C. Elevated, whorls tumid. + +16. T. TUMIDUS, _Mont._--_T. patholatus_, _Rackettii_, etc. Brit. co. +generally, C. Short, whorls tumid, umbilicated. + +17. T. CINEREUS, _Linn._--_T. lineatus_, _T. perforatus_, etc.--Brit. co. +generally, C. Littoral, small umbilicus. + +18. T. UMBILICATUS, _Mont._--_T. cinerarius_, etc.--Guernsey, S. and W. +Brit. co., C. Littoral, umbilicus large. + +19. T. MAJUS, _Linn._--_T. tuberculatus._--Brit. co. generally; littoral, +C. Broad, tuberculated. Large umbilicus. + +20. T. LINEATUS, _Costa._--_T. crassus_, etc.--Channel Isls., Devon. W. +Ire., Mc. Smooth, imperforate. + +MARGARITA, or TROCHUS. + +21. M. UNDULATUS, _Sowerby._--_Turbo carneus_, _M. striata_, +etc.--Scotland, 5 to 50 fath., Mc. Striated and undulated. + +22. M. HELICINUS, _Fabricius._--_Turbo_ and _Trochus neritoideus_, +_margarita_, _M. vulgaris_, etc.--Many Brit. loc.; littoral, C. + +23. M. PUSILLUS, _Jeffreys._--Lerwick, R., 10 to 40 fath. Minute, white, +depressed. + +24. M. EXILIS, _Phil._--_Skenea Cutleriana._--Guernsey, Skye, etc., R. +Globose, striated. + +ADEORBIS. + +25. A. SUBCARINATA, _Mont._--(_Helix_) _Trochus rugosus_, _Cingula subc._, +etc.--S. Brit, co., Mr. Depressed, keeled. + +SCISSURELLA. + +26. S. CRISPATA, _Flem._--Zetland, etc., in sand, Mc. + +PHASIANELLA. + +27. P. PULLUS, _Linn._ (_Turbo._)--_T. pictus_, _Cingula p._, etc.--Brit. +co. generally, C. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XII.] + +PLATE XII. + +IANTHINA. Floats on ocean. + +Fig. + + 1. I. COMMUNIS, _Lamk._--_Helix Ianthina_, _I. fragilis_, etc.--Cornwall, +Bristol, etc.; oceanic, C. Sides depressed. + + 2. I. BRITANNICA, _Leech._ _Reeve._--Ireland, Cornwall, etc., Mr. Darkly +coloured, not compressed. + + 3. I. PALLIDA, _Harvey._--_I. patula._--Clare, Rr. as Brit. + + 4. I. EXIGUA, _Lamk._--Cornwall, Clare, etc., Mr. + +NERITINA. In rivers. + + 5. N. FLUVIATILIS, _Linn._--_N. fontinalis._--Thames, Trent, Humber, etc., +Scotch lakes, Cc. + +BITHINIA. In ponds. + + 6. B. LEACHII, _Shepp._ (_Turbo._)--_B. ventricosus_, _Paludina acuta_, +_similis_, etc.--Rivers S. Brit., Mr. Narrow, with rounded whorls. + + 7. B. TENTACULATA, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_T. nucleus_, _Paludina impura_, +etc.--Fresh-water, throughout Brit. Oval. + +PALUDINA. In ponds. + + 8. P. LISTERI, _Forbes and Hanley._--_Helix vivipara_, etc.--Lakes and +ponds generally, Mc. Whorls more separate, umbilicus larger than _P. +vivipara_. + + 9. P. VIVIPARA, _Linn._--_Pal. achatina_, etc.--Thames, etc., C. + +VALVATA. In ponds. + +10. V. PISCINALIS, _Müller._--_Nerita_, _Turbo_, _Cyclostoma fontinalis_, +_obtusa_, _thermalis_, etc.--Fresh-water, C. Subglobose. + +11. V. CRISTATA, _Müller._--_V. planorbis_, etc.--Many loc., Mc. Orbicular. + +LITTORINA. On the sea-shore. + +12, 13. L. RUDIS, _Donov._ (_Turbo._)--_L. littoreus_, etc., _L. +nigro-lineatus_ (var. f. 13).--British shores generally, Cc. + +14, 15. L. LITTOREA, _Linn._ (_Turbo._)--_L. vulgaris_, etc.--British +shores generally. The common eatable Winkle. + +16, 17. L. TENEBROSA, _Mont._ (_Turbo_).--British shores generally, C. Not +thickened at bottom of mouth like _L. rudis_. + +18. L. PATULA, _Jeffreys._--_L. labiata_, _L. jugosa_, etc.--Common on our +shores. + +19. L. SAXATILIS, _Johnston._--_L. neglecta._--Probably _L. patula_ var.? + +20, 21. L. LITTORALIS, _Linn._ (_Turbo._)--_T. neritoides_, _T. ustulatus_, +etc,--Brit. co. generally. Depressed above. + +22. L. FABALIS, _Turt._--_L. Beanii._--Young of _L. littoralis_? + +23. L. NERITOIDES, _Linn._ (_Turbo._)--_T. petræa_, _L. cærulea_, +etc.--Kent, Sussex, etc., C. With white band. + +24. L. PALLIATA, _Say_, (_Turbo._)--Yarmouth, Mr. + +LACUNA. + +25, 26. L. PUTEOLUS, _Turt._ (_Turbo._)--_Cochlea_, _Helix_, and _Nerita +parva_, _fasciata_, _lacuna_, _rufa_, etc.--Brit. shores, C. Globose. + +27, 28. L. VINCTA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_T. canalis_, _quadrifasciatus_, +etc,--Brit. co. generally, C. + +29. L. CRASSIOR, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_L. pallidus._--Numerous Brit. co. +Thick, conical. + +30. ---- var. ? of this rather than of _C. vincta_. + +31. L. PALLIDULA, _Costa_, (_Turbo._)--Brit. co. generally, C. + +32. L. PATULA.--Fry of _L. pallidula_? + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XIII.] + +PLATE XIII. + +ASSIMINEA. + +Fig. + + 1. A. GRAYANA, _Jeffreys._--_Limneus_ and _Paludina G._--Greenwich and +other marshes. + + 2. A. LITTOREA, _Delle Chiaje_, (_Helix littorina._)--_Rissoa globularis_ +and _littorea_.--On shore at Weymouth, Serk, Portland, Mr. + +RISSOA, or CINGULA. + + 3. R. ULVÆ, _Pennant_, (_Turbo._)--_Helix_, _Cingula_, _Paludina_, and +_Littorina_.--In brackish water, on British shores, C. + + 3*. ---- var. _subumbilicata_, R. + + 4. R. BARLEEI, _Jeffreys._--_R. ulvæ_ var.--Loch Carron, Skye, R. + + 5. R. STRIATULA, _Mont._--_R._, _Turbo_, _Cingula_, and _Littorina +carinata_ and _monilis_.--Devon, Margate, Galway, Herm, etc., 0 to 7 fath., +Mr.; S. Eu. Carinated. + + 6. R. CIMICOIDES, _Forbes._--_R. sculpta._--W. Scotland. Like _R. +zetlandica_, but with outer lip crenulated; finely decussated. + + 7. R. ZETLANDICA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_R._, _Cyclostoma_, _Cingula +scalariformis_, _Cyclostrema z._--N. Scotland, 0 to 60 fath., Mc. Whorls +angulated. + + 8. R. CRENULATA, _Michaud._--_Turbo_ and _R. cimex_ and +_cancellatus_.--Falmouth, Cornwall, Skye, Galway, C. Very coarsely +cancellated. + + 9. R. CALATHUS.--_Forbes and Hanley._--Sheerness, Whitesand Bay, 15 to 50 +fath., R. Finely cancellated. + +10. R. BEANII, _Hanley._--Cornwall, Plymouth, Orkney, Galway, C.; N. Eu. +Striated. + +11. R. ABYSSICOLA, _Forbes._--N. Scotland; deep water, R. + +12. R. LACTEA, _Michaud._--_Turbo cancellatus._--Jersey and Medit., Rr. +Oval, plicated and striated. + +13. R. PUNCTURA, _Montagu._--_Turbo_ and _Cingula_ and _R. +reticulata_.--Brit. co. generally, 10 to 20 fath. + +14. R. COSTATA, _Adams._--_R._, _Turbo_, _Cingula plicata_, _costata_, and +_exigua_.--South co. Brit., S. Wales, Orkneys, Ireland, Channel Isls., 0 to +25 fath., C. + +15. R. STRIATA, _Mont._--_R._, _Turbo_, and _Cingula semicostata_, +_minutissima_, _communis_, _gracilis_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, N. and S. +Eu.; littoral C. + +16, 17, 18. R. PARVA, _Costa._--_T._, _C._, and _R. sublutea_, _lactea_, +_alba_, etc., _R. interrupta_ (var. f. 17), _R. Sarsii_, var. f. 18 +(unique).--Brit. shores generally, C. + +19. R. COSTULATA, _Alder._--_Turbo variabilis_, _R. similis_.--Devon, +Channel Isls., W. Ireland, etc., C.; S. Eu. + +20. R. RUFILABRUM, _Leach._--_R._ and _C. hyalina_ and _punctata_.--Devon, +Belfast, etc., Mc. + +21. R. LABIOSA, _Mont._ (_Helix._)--_T._, _C._, and _R. membranacea_ and +_costata_.--Brit. co. generally, C. + +22, 23, 24, R. INCONSPICUA, _Alder._--_R. albula_ and _supra-costata_, var. +f. 23, _R. similis_, var. 24, _R. maculata_.--Brit. co. generally, C. + +25. R. SEMISTRIATA, _Mont._--_T._ and _R. pulchra_ and _tristriata_.--Brit. +shores generally, C. + +26. R. CINGILLUS, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_R._, _T._, and _C. vittata_, var., +_R. graphica_ and _R. rupestris_.--Brit co. generally. + +27. R. VITREA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Helix glabrata_, _R. +crystallina_.--Exmouth, Oban, Birterbuy, etc., Mr. Elongated, smooth. + +28. R. PROXIMA, _Alder._--A rare Irish species. Elongated, striated. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XIV.] + +PLATE XIV. + +RISSOA,--_continued_. + +Fig. + + 1. R. PULCHERRIMA, _Jeffreys._--Channel Isls., R. + + 2. R. SOLUTA, _Philippi._--Exmouth, Bute, Cork, etc., R. Like _R. pulch._, +but with spiral striæ. + + 3. R. ALDERI, _Jeffreys_, _Annals, Aug. 1858_.--Skye, Rr. Larger and more +conical than _R. soluta_. + + 4. R. FULGIDA, _Adams_, (_Helix._)--_Turbo_ and _Cingula f._--Weymouth, +Arran, Cork, etc., Mr. Whorls rounded and banded. + + 5. R. ANATINA, _Drap._ (_Cyclostoma._)--_Paludina_ and _Littorina +a._--Very rare, Greenwich marshes. + + 6. R. EXIMIA, _Jeffreys._--_Chemnitzia Barleei_, Clark. + + 7. R. VENTROSA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Cyclostoma_, _Paludina_, and _Cingula +acutus_, _ventricosus_, _octona_, _stagnorum_, etc.--Marine shores and +brackish-water marshes, Mc. + + 8. R. DENTICULATA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--Herm, Rr. + + 9. R. UNICA, (_Turbo._)--_Aclis u._, Brit. Moll., _Turritella_, _Pyramis_, +and _Chemnitzia_, R.--Devon, Cork, etc., Mr. + +10. R. GLABRATA, _Jeffreys._--N. sp. + +11. R. CASTANEA, _Jeffreys._--N. sp. + +BARLEEIA. + +12. B. RUBRA, _Flem._ (_Cingula._)--_Turbo_, _C._, and _Rissoa ruber_, +_unifasciatus_, _fulva_.--Herm, Tenby, Dunbar, etc., S. Eu., Mr. + +JEFFREYSIA. + +13. J. DIAPHANA, _Alder_, (_Rissoa._)--_R. glabra._--Dublin, Swansea, +Northumberland, etc.; littoral, R. + +14. J. OPALINA, _Jeffreys_, (_Rissoa._)--Channel Isls., R. + +15. J. GLOBULARIS, _Jeffreys._--Skye. + +16. J. GULSONÆ, _Clark_, (_Odostomia._)--_Chemnitzia G._--Sandwith, +Lerwick, Weymouth, etc., Guernsey. + +EUOMPHALUS. + +17. E. NITIDISSIMUS, _Adams_, (_Helix._)--_Skenea_, B. Moll., _Truncatella +atomus_.--Shetland to Channel Isls., Mc. + +18. E. ROTA, _Forbes and Hanley_, (_Skenea._)--Donegal, rare. Like a minute +Ammonite. + +SKENEA. + +19. S. PLANORBIS, _O. Fabr._ (_Helix._)--_Turbo_, _Sk. depressa_.--Brit. +shores generally, on coastal Corallines, C. Flat, like a _Planorbis_. + +20. S. DIVISA, _Flem._ (_Turbo._)--_Helix_ and _Sk. serpuloides_, _Adeorbis +striatus_.--Scarborough, Weymouth, Orkney, Galway, etc., 7 to 25 fath., Mr. +Striated. + +21. S. COSTULATA, _Möller_, (_Margarita._)--Loch Fyne, Rr. + +22. S. LÆVIS, _Philippi_, (_Delphinula._)--Newcastle-on-Tyne, Rr. + +ACLIS. + +23. A. ASCARIS, _Turt._ (_Turbo._)--_Turritella_, _Alvania_, and _Pyramis +supranitida_ and _acutissima_.--Ireland, Tenby, Zetland, Mr. + +24. A. SUPRA-NITIDA, _S. Wood_ (_Alvania._)--Tenby, Dublin, etc., Rr. + +25. A. NITIDISSIMA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Turritella_, _Pyramis_, and +_Chemnitzia_.--Falmouth, Burrow Isl., R. + +EULIMELLA. + +26. E. SCILLÆ, _Lovén_, (_Turbonilla._)--_Eulima_, _Odostomia_, +_Chemnitzia_, and _Eulimella crassula_, and _Macandræi_.--N. Scotland, +Croulin, etc., 20 to 90 fath., R. + +27. E. ACICULA, Philippi, (_Melania._)--_E._, _Chemn._, _Odost._, and +_Eulima clavula_.--Skye, Rr. + +28. E. AFFINIS, _Philippi_, (_Eulima._)--_Pyramis_, _Odost._, and _E. +gracilis_, _lævis_.--Skye, Torbay, R. + +29. E. CLAVULA, _Lovén_ (_Turbonilla._)--_Odostomia c._--Torbay, Rr. +Guernsey. + +30. E. OBELISCUS, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1858._--Shetland. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XV.] + +PLATE XV. + +TURRITELLA. + +Fig. + + 1. T. CORNEA, _Lamk._--_T. communis_, var., B. M.--Cork and Zetland, Mr. +Whorls less flat and less rapidly enlarged than _T. communis_. A white var. +exists (_T. nivea_). + + 2, 3. T. COMMUNIS, _Risso._--_T. cornea_?, _T. Terebra_.--Brit. co. +generally; 4 to 100 fath., Cc. Aperture rather square. + +APORRHAIS. + + 4. A. PES-PELICANI, _Linn._ (_Strombus._)--_A. quadrifidus_, _Tritonium_, +and _Rostellaria p._--Brit. co. gen.; N. and S. Eu.; 4 to 100 fath., C. +Outer lip with one anterior lobe. + + 5. A. PES-CARBONIS, _Brongniart._--_Rostellaria_ and _A. p._, and +_serressiana_.--Zetland, 70 to 100 fath., R. Outer lip with two anterior +lobes. + +CÆCUM. + + 6. C. TRACHEA, _Mont._--_Dentalium_ and _Orthocera imperforatum_, _C. +annulatus_.--Devon, Weymouth, Scotland, Cork, etc., R.; S. Eu. Ringed and +striated. + + 7. C. GLABRUM, _Mont._--_C._, _Dentalium_, and _Orthocera minutum_, and +_lævissimum_.--Exmouth, Weymouth, Swansea, Lerwick, Bantry Bay. Rare, +smooth. + +CERITHIUM. + + 8. C. RETICULATUM, _Costa_, (_Strombiformis._)--_Murex_ and _Terebra +r._--Brit. co. gen., 0 to 20 f., C. Narrow, and closely reticulated. + + 9. C. METAXA, _Delle Chiaje._--_C. angustissimum._--Guernsey, R.; S. Eu. +Lengthened, white. + +10. C. ADVERSUM, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_C._, _Triphoris_, _Turbo_, and +_Terebra a._, _perversus_, and _reticulatus_.--W. and S. Brit., Channel +Isls., etc., 5 to 25 fath., Mr. + +CERITHIOPSIS. + +11. C. TUBERCULARE, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_Cerithium_ and _Terebra t._--Brit. +co. gen.; S. Eu.; 4 to 40 fath., Mc. Three rows of tubercles in the +penultimate whorl. + +12. C. CLARKII, _Hanley._--Exmouth, Rr. Two rows of tubercles. + +13. C. NIVEA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. 1859_.--In shell sand, Belfast, +R. Rather Buccinum-shaped. + +14. C. METULA, _Lovén_, (_Cerithium._)--_C. nitidum_, Forbes.--Zetland, 50 +to 80 fath., R. White, with angular whorls. + +15. C. PULCHELLA, _Jeffreys._--Falmouth, Plymouth, Guernsey, R. Closely +whorled and cancellated. + +SCALARIA. + +16. S. COMMUNIS, _Lamk._--_Turbo_ and _Strombiformis clathrus_ and +_clathratus_.--S. co. principally, C. Laminarian zone, S. Eu. Ridges +raised; whorls separated. + +17. S. GROENLANDICA, _Chemn._ (_Turbo._)--_S. planicostata_, +_subulata_.--Fragments only, N. Scotland, N. Eu. Grooved between ridges. + +18. S. TURTONIS, _Turton._--Scarborough, Exmouth, Cork, etc., N. and S. +Eu., R. as Brit. Ridges flat. + +19. S. TREVELYANA, _Leach._--N. Brit., 15 to 85 fath., Mr. Thin, with ribs +narrower than _Sc. Turtonis_. + +20. S. CLATHRATULA, _Mont._--S. Brit. and Channel Isls., Mr. Small, white, +with thin ribs. + +STYLIFER. + +21. S. TURTONI, _Brod._--_Phasianella stylifera_, _Velutina s._, _S. +globosus_ and _astericola_.--On spines of _Echinus sphæra_, Torbay and +Berwick, R. Glassy, thin. + +EULIMA. + +22. E. POLITA, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_Strombiformis_, _Turbo_, _Rissoa_, and +_Phasianella p._ and _albus_, _Boscii_ and _anglica_.--Ireland, S. Brit., +E. Scot., N. and S. Eu., 7 to 50 fath., Mr. Rather solid. + +23. E. DISTORTA, _Deshayes._--Brit. co. gen., Mc.; 12 to 90 fath.; N. and +S. Eu. Small, tortuous. + +24. E. STENOSTOMA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. 1858._--Zetland and Norway, +Rr. Thin, with rapidly increasing whorls. + +25. E. SUBULATA, _Donov._ (_Turbo._)--_Strombiformis_, _Helix_, and +_Melania s._ and _glaber_, _trifasciatus_, _Donovani_, and _lineata_.--S. +and W. Brit., Ire., Zetland, Medit., 10 to 80 fath., Mr. Whorls deep, +banded. + +26. E. BILINEATA, _Alder._--Or _E. subulata_, var.--Northumberland, etc. +Whorls more swelled than _E. su._, two-banded. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XVI.] + +PLATE XVI. + +CHEMNITZIA. + +Fig. + + 1. C. ELEGANTISSIMA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_T. lacteus_, Linn.?, _T. +acutus._--Brit. co. generally; not deep, C. Interstices of longitudinal +ribs smooth. + + 2. C. SIMILLIMUS, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_C. gracilis_, Phil. More slender +and minute than f. 1. + + 3. C. PUSILLA, _Phil. Moll. Sic._ 2. _p._ 224. _pl._ 28. _f._ 21.--More +stout than f. 1, with the ribs straight and broad. Medit., Brit.? + + 4, 5. C. RUFA, _Phil._--And var. _C. fulvocincta_ (f. 5).--Brit. co. +generally, 15 to 50 fath., Mc. Spiral grooves between ribs. + + 6. C. FORMOSA, _Jeffreys_, (_Odostomia._)--Swansea, Shellness, Bantry Bay, +etc., Mr. Grooved between ribs, excavated at suture. + + 7. C. FENESTRATA, _Forbes and Jeffr._ (_Odostomia._)--Torbay, etc., R. +With pits between spiral ridges. + + 8. C. RUFESCENS, _Forbes._--_Odostomia_ and _Turritella indistincta_ and +_scalaris_.--Clyde, Hebrides, Oban, 15 to 50 fath., R. More stout than _C. +rufa_. Three-banded. + + 9. C. SCALARIS, _Philippi_, (_Melania._)--Exmouth, Guernsey, Medit., R. +Ribbed; whorls angular above. + +10. C. CLATHRATA, _Jeffreys._--Birterbuy Bay, R. Lower part of whorls +spirally grooved between ribs. + +11. C. INDISTINCTA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Odost._, _Turritella_, _Terebra_, +and _Pyramis truncata_ and _speciosa_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 5 to 40 +fath., Mr.; S. Eu. Ribs curved, striated between. + +TRUNCATELLA. + +12. T. SUBCYLINDRICA, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_T. Montagui_, _Turbo truncatus_, +_subtruncatus_, _Cyclostoma truncatulum_, _Turritella t._ and _s._, +etc.--Weymouth, S. Devon, Scarborough, etc., C. + +NATICA. + +13. N. HELICOIDES, _Johnston._--Scotland, Scarborough, etc., 15 to 40 +fath., R.; N. Eu. Thin-grooved suture. + +14. N. MONTAGUI, _Forbes._--_Nerita rufa_, _Natica r._ and +_rutilla_.--Principally northern loc. In sand and gravel, 12 to 90 fath., +Mr. Small, stout. + +15. N. KINGII, _Forbes and Hanley._--Northumberland, unique, _Jeffreys_ +coll. + +16. N. NITIDA, _Donovan._--_Nerita_ and _Natica catena_, _nitida_, +_Alderi_, _glaucina_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 4 to 90 fath., C. Oblique, +marked with undulating lines. + +17. N. MONILIFERA, _Lamk._--_Nerita glaucina_, _catena_, etc.--Near +water-mark, in sandy places generally, C. Whorls rounded. + +18. N. SORDIDA, _Phil._--_N. fulva_, _plumbea_, etc.--Scilly, Cape Clear, +Zetland, etc., 25 to 90 fath., R. + +19. N. PUSILLA, _Say._--_N. Groenlandica_, _livida_, +_alba_.--Northumberland, Yorkshire, N. Eu., 45 fath., R. White; umbilicus +small. + +RECLUZIA. + +20. R. APERTA, _Jeffreys._--_Natica aperta_, Lovén?--Zetland, Rr. + +VELUTINA. + +21. N. LÆVIGATA, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_Bulla_, _Velutina_, etc.--Brit. co. +generally, 1 to 30 fath., N. Eu., C. + +22. N. FLEXILIS, _Mont._ (_Bulla._)--_Coriocella_ and _Sigaretus +plicatilis_.--N. Scot., 25 fath., Rr. + +LAMELLARIA. + +23. L. PERSPICUA, _Linn._--_Helix_, _Bulla haliotoidea_, _Sigareta_ and +_Coriocella neritoideus_.--Brit. co. generally, but R.; 1 to 15 fath., Mr. +Thin, glassy, more ventricose than _L. tentaculata_. + +24. L. TENTACULATA, _Mont._--_Sig._ and _Cor._--Falmouth, Swansea, Arran, +etc. Laminarian, Mr. Upper whorls less full than _L. perspicua_. + +OTINA. + +25. O. OTIS, _Turt._ (_Helix._)--_Velutina_, _Galericulum ovatum_.--Wales, +Devon, Channel Isls., Clare, etc., Mc. Littoral. + +TRICHOTROPIS. + +26. T. BOREALIS, _Broderip and Sowb._--_T._ and _Murex carinatus_, +_umbilicatus_, _acuminatus_, etc.--N. Scotland, W. Ireland, 15 to 80 fath., +R. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XVII.] + +PLATE XVII. + +ODOSTOMIA. + +Fig. + + 1. O. UNIDENTATA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Voluta u._, _O. plicata_.--Brit. +co. generally, Mc. Rather conical. Tooth strong; no epidermis. + + 2. O. TURRITA, _Hanley_, _Brit. Mar. Conch._--_O. unidentata_, var. B. +M.--R. More lengthened than No. 1. + + 3, 4. O. ACUTA, _Jeffreys._--Torbay, Loch Fyne, Galway, etc., Mc. Strong, +conical. Suture deep. + + 5. O. PLICATA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Voluta p._, _V. plicatula_, _O. Annæ_, +_Jaminia p._, etc., Mc.--Salcombe, Swansea, Dublin, Aberdeen, Mc. Turreted. +Narrow, thin. + + 6. O. INSCULPTA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Voluta_, _Jaminia_, and _O. +ins._--S. Devon, Oban, Hebrides, etc., R. Conical, spirally striated. + + 7. O. PALLIDA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Vol._, _Cingula_, _Phasianella p._, +_O. ambigua_.--S. Devon, Rr. Broad. Thin, pillar straight. + + 8. O. CONOIDEA, _Brock._--_Turbo_, _Odost._, etc.--N. Scotland, Mc. S. +Devon, Mr. N. and S. Eu. White. Whorls straight; throat striated. + + 9. O. CONSPICUA, _Alder._--Isl. Man, Whitburn, Herm. Coloured. Whorls +rounded; throat striated. + +10. O. TRUNCATULA, _Jeffreys._--Plymouth. Elongated. + +11. O. CYLINDRICA, _Alder._--_Turbo nivosus_?--S. Devon, Ilfracombe, +Guernsey, Cork, R. Cylindrical, few whorls. + +12, 13. O. EULIMOIDES, _Hanley._--_O. crassa_, _O. pallida_ (var. f. 13), +_O. notata._--Brit. co. generally. Coralline zone, Mr. Ample body-whorl. + +14. O. DUBIA, _Jeffr._--S. Devon, Lerwick, Guernsey, Mr. Rather large +body-whorl. + +15, 16. O. ALBA, _Jeffreys_, (and var.)--Swansea, Skye, Zetland, Guernsey, +Mr. Thin, whorls rounded. + +17. O. NITIDA, _Alder._--S. Devon. Littoral, Mc. Aperture differently +formed from No. 17. + +18. O. LUKISII, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. 1859._--Guernsey. Sublittoral +and coralline, Mc. Whorls tumid; a slight umbilicus. + +19. O. GLABRATA, _Muhlfeldt_, (_Helix._)--_Rissoa punctulum_, +etc.--Zetland, R. Pillar-lip thin, arched. + +20. O. RISSOIDES, _Hanley._--_O. scalaris._--Channel Isls., Devon, +Cornwall, Tenby, etc., Mc. Thin, conical, no umbilicus. + +21. O. ALBELLA, _Lovén._--_O. rissoides_, var., B. M.--Guernsey, S. Devon, +etc. Turreted, upper whorls more cylindrical than No. 20. + +22. O. OBLIQUA, _Alder._--Tynemouth, Guernsey, 7 fath. to deep water, Rr. +Thin, oblique. + +23. O. DIAPHANA, _Jeffr._ _Ann. Nat. Hist. New Ser. vol._ ii. _p._ 341.--R. +Manifestly distinct from No. 22. + +24. O. STRIALATA, _Alder._--Northumberland, Rr. Conical, striated. + +25. O. MINIMA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1, 1858._ + +26. O. INTERSTINCTA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_T._, _O._, _Voluta_, and _Jaminia +canaliculata_, _oblonga_, and _obtusa_.--Brit. co. generally. Shallow +water, C. With longitudinal ribs. + +27. O. DOLIOLIFORMIS, _Jeffr._--Scarborough, Exmouth, Swansea, Tenby, Rr., +Scotland. Oval, body-whorl very tumid. + +28. O. WARRENII, _Thompson_, (_Rissoa_.)--_Turbonilla_ and _O. obliqua_, +_O. decorata_.--Dublin, S. Devon, W. Scotland, R. Turreted. Mouth oblique; +an umbilicus; no fold or columella. + +29. O. SPIRIALIS, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Voluta_ and _Rissoa s._, +_pellucida_, and _plicatula_.--Brit. co. generally, not deep, Mc. Whorls +ribbed longitudinally above, spirally beneath. + +30. O. DECUSSATA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_T. Helix_, _Rissoa_ and _O. +arenaria_, _pellucida_?, and _d._--Exmouth, Lerwick, etc., R. Ribbed and +spirally striated. + +31. O. EXCAVATA, _Phil._ (_Rissoa_.)--_R._, _O._, and _Cingula Harveyi_ and +_Deshayesiana_.--Dublin, Arran, Guernsey, R. Largely sculptured. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XVIII.] + +PLATE XVIII. + +TRITON. + +Fig. + + 1. T. CUTACEUS, _Linn._--Channel Isls., Rr. as Brit. Mr. Lukis's specimen +taken living off Guernsey. + + 2. T. NODIFERUS, _Lamk._--Guernsey; three living specimens, one incrusted +with _Lepralia coccinea_ (truly British). Mr. Jeffrey's specimen reduced. + +MUREX. + + 3. M. ERINACEUS, _Linn._--_Purpura scalata_, var. _M. Tarentinus_.--Brit. +co. generally; 5 to 30 fath., C. N. and S. Eu. + + 4. M. CORALLINUS, _Scacchi._--_Fusus_ and _M. lavatus_, _inconspicuus_, +_gyrinus_, and _badius_?--Channel Isls. and S. Eu., C. + + M. RUDIS. See _Trophon_. + +PURPURA. + + 5. P. LAPILLUS, _Linn._ (_Buccinum._)--_B._ and _P. filosum_, +_imbricatum_, and _bizonalis_.--In crevices on shores, Brit. co. generally, +N. and S. Eu., C. + +LACHESIS. + + 6. L. MINIMA, _Mont._ (_Buccinum_.)--_B. brunneum_, _B. rubrum_, _Nesæa +granulata_, _mamillata_, _Fusus minimus_, etc.--Channel Isls. and S. Brit., +on shores. S. Eu. + +BUCCINUM. + + 7. B. HOLBOLLII.--_Mangelia H._--Cornwall, Rr. + + 8. B. UNDATUM, _Linn._--_B. striatum_, _anglicanum_, _pyramidale_, +_imperiale_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, shores, Cc. N. Eu. and Am. + + 9. B. ACUMINATUM, _Brod._--_B. undatum_ var., B. M.--Rr. + +10. B. CILIATUM, _Fabr._ (_Tritonium._)--Shetland, deep water, R. More thin +than No. 9; with striæ finer, and hairs of epidermis tufted minutely. + +11. B. FUSIFORME, _Brod._--Cork, Wexford, Rr. Turreted, fusiform, white, +ribbed, striated. + +12. B. DALEI, _Sowerby._--_B. ovum_, _Halia Flemingiana_.--Torbay, +Northumberland, Aberdeen, etc., R. Ventricose. + +13. B. HUMPHREYSIANUM, _Bennett._--_Tritonium H._--Cork, Skye, Bantry Bay, +R. Light, smooth. + +FUSUS. + +14. F. BERNICIENSIS, _King._--Northumberland, Rr. Carinated, with open pink +mouth. + +15. F. NORVEGICUS, _Chemn._ (_Strombus._)--_Tritonium n._--Scarborough, +Durham, Rr. Oval, smooth, with large aperture. + +16. F. ANTIQUUS, _Linn._ (_Murex._)--_M._, _B._, and _Tritonium despectus_, +_contrarius_, _carinatus_, _babylonicus_, etc.--Various Brit. co., 5 to 30 +fath., C. + +17. F. ISLANDICUS, _Chemn._--_Murex corneus_, _Tritonium gracile_, +etc.--Brit. co. generally; 5 to 80 fath.; N. Eu., C. (See _F. propinquus_.) + +18. F. TURTONI, _Bean._--Yorkshire, Northumberland, 60 fath., Rr. + +19. F. PROPINQUUS, _Alder._--_F. corneus_ and _islandicus_, var.--N. +Scotland, Bantry Bay, Northumberland, deep water, Mr. Shorter than _F. +islandicus_, with deep suture and symmetrical spire. + +TROPHON. + +20. T. RUDIS, _Phil._ (_Fusus._)--_Murex r._, Jeffreys.--Tenby; unique as +British. Whorls and ribs rounded. + +21. T. MURICATUS, _Mont._--_Fusus_ and _Murex m._--Brit. co. generally, +Channel Isls., 15 to 50 fath., Mr. Whorls angular, ribs intersected. + +22. T. SCALARIFORMIS, _Gould._--Belfast, in sand, Rr. Ribs smooth. + +23. T. CLATHRATUS, _Linn._ (_Murex._)--_Tritonium_, _Fusus_, and +_Pleurotoma Bamfius_.--Irish sea, Zetland, Mc. Ribs laminated. + +24. T. BARVICENSIS, _Johnston._--_Fusus_ and _Tritonium b._--Hebrides, +Cork, Northumberland, 60 fath., Mr. Ribs aculeated. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XIX.] + +PLATE XIX. + +NASSA. + +Fig. + + 1. N. RETICULATA, _Linn._ (_Buccinum._)--_N. pullus_, _Tritonium +r._--Brit. and Eu. co. generally. Littoral, Cc. + + 2. N. INCRASSATA, _Müller_, (_Buccinum._)--_N._ and _B. minutum_, +_macula_, _asperulum_, etc.--Brit. shores generally, 0 to 50 fath., gravel, +C. + + 3. N. PYGMÆA, _Lamk._ (_Ranella._)--_B. tuberculatum_, _Tritonia +varicosa_, etc.--S. Brit. co., S. Eu., 4 fath. to deep water, C. Small, +with white varices on the body. + +MANGELIA. + + 4. M. TURRICULATA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_Bela_, _Fusus_, and _Pleurotoma +angulatus_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 3 to 100 fath., N. Eu., C. Whorls +flat above. + + 5. M. TREVELLIANA, _Turt._--_Pleurotoma_, _Bela_, and _M. reticulata_, +_decussata_, and _leucostoma_.--Northumberland, Aberdeen, Zetland, etc., 15 +to 40 fath., R. Whorls with angular slope above. + + 6. M. RUFA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_F._, _M._, and _B. chordula_, _Ulideana_ +(var.), etc.--Brit. co. generally, Mc. + + 7. M. TERES, _Forbes_, (_Pleurotoma._)--_P. boreale._--Various loc., 15 to +50 fath. S. Eu., Mr. Carinated, aperture deeply notched. + + 8. M. PURPUREA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_Fusus_ and _Pleu. p._, _Philberti +versicolor_ and _variegatum_.--Brit. co. gen., 3 to 60 fath., C. S. Eu. + + 9. M. CANCELLATA, _Sowerby_ (_Fusus._)--_M. purpurea_ var., _F. +asperrimus_,--Cornwall, Cork, R. Sharply sculptured. + +10. M. RETICULATUM, _Brown_, (_Pleurotoma._)--_M. cancellata_ +var.--Shetland, Guernsey, Rr. Sculpture between 8 and 9; inner lip not +thickened. + +11. M. LEUFROYI, _Michaud_, (_Pleurotoma._)--_P._, _F._, and _M. inflata_, +_Boothii_.--Arran, Orkneys, Guernsey, etc.; S. Eu., 5 to 50 fath., Mc. + +12. M. LINEARIS, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_M._, _Pl._, _Fus. elegans_, +_concinna_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, sand and shells, 1 to 80 fath., C. + +13. M. SCABRA, _Jeffreys_, (_Pleur._)--_M. linearis_ var.--Guernsey, +Plymouth, R. + +14. M. NEBULA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_M._, _P._, and _F. Bertrandi_, +_varians_, and _pyramidatus_.--Various places and depths, N. and S. Eu., C. + +15. M. LÆVIGATA, _Phil._ (_Pleu._)--_M. nebula_ var.--South Brit., S. Eu. +Small, fusiform, shiny, banded. + +16. M. GUINNIANA, _Phil._ (_Pleu._)--_M. nebula_ var.--Tenby, etc., Mr. S. +Eu. Whorls longer than No. 14. + +17. M. BRACHYSTOMA, _Phil._ (_Pleu._)--_M. tiarula_ and _Clavatula +b._--Brit. co. gen., Mr. Turreted; ribs crossed by raised lines. + +18. M. NANA, _Lovén_, (_Tritonium._)--_Fusus albus._--Lerwick, Zetland, +Orkneys, etc., 45 fath., and deep, R. Ventricose, cancellated. + +19, 20. M. STRIOLATA, _Scacchi_, (_Pleu._)--_P._ and _Murex Smithii_, +_Farranti_.--S. Devon, Clyde, Guernsey, Bantry, etc., Medit., R. as Brit. +Ribs angularly curved above. + +21, 22. M. COSTATA, _Pennant_, (_Murex._)--_Buccinum_, _Fusus_, _Pl. c._, +etc.; var. f. 22, _M. Metcalfei_.--Brit co. generally, 5 to 50 fath., N. +and S. Eu., C. Body-whorl larger than No. 24. + +23. M. COARCTATA, _Forbes._--_Pl._, _M. costata_ var., B. M.--Distribution +as 21 and 22; not so common. + +24. M. SEPTANGULARIS, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_M._, _F._, and _Pl. costatus_, +_heptagona_, etc.--Torbay, Bristol Channel, Forth, Galway, 5 to 30 fath., +Mc. + +25. M. ATTENUATA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_M. aciculatus_, _Pl. gracilis_, +_Villiersii_, etc.--S. Devon, Oban, Hebrides, Cork, etc., Mr. S. Eu. + +26. M. GRACILIS, _Mont._ (_Murex_)--_M. emarginatus_, _suturalis_, +_elegans_, etc., S. Brit., Galway, S. Eu., Mr. + + M. HOLBOLLII. See _Buccinum_. + +ERATO. + +27. E. LÆVIS, _Donovan_, (_Voluta._)--_E._, _Marginella_, _Bulla_, +_Volvaria_, and _Columbella fusiformis_, _Cypræola_, _Donovani_, +_Muscaria_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 1 to 50 fath., Mc. + +CYPRÆA. + +28. C. EUROPÆA, _Mont._--_Cypr._ and _Trivia_, _Pediculus arctica_, +_bullata_, and _diaphana_.--Brit. co. generally, 0 to 50 fath., C. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XX.] + +PLATE XX. + +TORNATELLA. + +Fig. + + 1. T. FASCIATA, _Lamk._--_Voluta tornatilis_, Linn., _Bulimus T._, _T. +pellucida_ and _pusilla_ (young).--Brit. co. generally. N. and S. Eu. + +OVULA. + + 2. O. PATULA, _Penn._ (_Bulla_).--Exmouth, Arran, etc., 20 fath. S. Eu. +Wide aperture, Mc. + + 3. O. ACUMINATA, _Brug._--_Bulla_ and _Volvula a._--Loch Fyne, Lamlash, +Galway, etc., R. S. Eu. Narrow, pointed. + +CYLICHNA. + + 4. C. CYLINDRACEA, _Penn._ (_Bulla._)--_Bullina_ and _Volvaria c._, +_oliva_, and _umbilicata_.--Brit. co. generally, C. N. and S. Eu. + + 5. C. OBTUSA, _Montagu_ (_Bulla_).--_Utriculus_, _B._ and _C. +Jerviscensis_ and _discors_.--Brit. co. generally, C. + + 6. C. MAMILLATA, _Philippi._--_Bulla_ and _Tornatina m._ and +_truncatula_.--Exm., Skye, Galway, etc., Mc. S. Eu. Spire sunk, apex +mamillated. + + 7. C. TRUNCATA, _Adams_, (_Bulla._)--_B. truncatula_, _retusa_, +_semisulcata_.--Brit. co. generally, C. N. and S. Eu. + + 8. C. NITIDULA, _Lovén._--_C._ and _Bulla n._ and _umbilicata_.--Skye, +Loch Fyne, etc., R. N. Eu. Elongated, oval. + + 9. C. CONULUS, _Desh._--Zetland, Rr. Conical. + +10. C. STRIGILLA, _Lovén._--_C._, _Bulla_, and _Atys s._ and +_ovulata_.--Scotland, Mr. Spirally striated. + +11. C. UMBILICATA, _Mont._ (_Bulla_).--_Bullina_ and _Volvaria u._ and +_subcylindrica_.--Brit. co. gen., Mc. With umbilicated apex. + +12, 13. C. LAJONKAIREANA, _Basterot_, (_Bulla._)--Guernsey, R. Narrower, +and with more raised spire than _C. obtusa_. + +AMPHISPIRA. + +14. A. HYALINA, _Turt._ (_Bulla._)--_A. diaphana_ and _Utriculus +pellucidus_, _minutus_, and _candidus_.--Scarborough, Weymouth, Cork, etc. +Littoral, Mc. N. Eu. Rather square. + +15. A. GLOBOSA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1859._--Skye. + +AKERA. + +16. A. BULLATA, _Müller._--_Bulla Akera_, _B. norvegica_, _B. resiliens_, +_fragilis_, _flexilis_, _Hanleyi_.--Southampton, Zetland, Galway, etc. +Littoral, Mc. N. and S. Eu. + +BULLA. + +17. B. CRANCHII, _Leach._--_B. punctura_ and _striata_.--Brit. co. gen. +Devon, Aberdeen, Cork, etc., 50 to 100 fath., Mr. Spirally puncto-striated. + +18. B. CORNEA, _Lamk._--_B. hydatis_ (as of _Linn._), _B. navicula_, _B. +ampulla_, _Haminea hydatis_.--South Brit. co., 0 to 50 fath., C. S. Eu. +Broad, thin. + +19. B. HYDATIS, _Linn._--_Haminea elegans._--Guernsey and Mediterranean. +Narrower and more solid than _B. cornea_. + +PHILINE. + +20. P. APERTA, _Linn._--_P. Bulla_, _Bullæa_, and _Lobaria a._, +_quadripartita_, _quadrilobata_, and _Planciana_.--Brit. co. gen., C. S. +Eu. Large, smooth. + +21. P. SCABRA, _Müller._--_Bulla_ and _Scaphander scabra_, _pectinata_, +_dilatata_, and _catenulifera_.--Northumberland, Zetland, Ireland, etc., +Mc., 5 to 50 fath. N. Eu. Oblong, serrated. + +22. P. QUADRATA, _S. Wood._--_Bullæa_ and _P. scutulum_.--Zetland, etc., 10 +to 100 fath., R. Striated. + +23. P. CATENA, _Mont._--_Bulla_ and _Bullæa c._, _angustata_, and +_punctata_,--Brit. co. generally, Mr., 0 to 40 fath. With chain-like +sculpture. + +24. P. PUNCTATA, _Clark._--_Bulla_ and _Bullæa_.--Devon, Swansea, Aberdeen, +Clare. In sand, 60 fath., Mc. With punctured sculpture. + +25. P. PRUINOSA, _Clark._--_Bulla_ and _Bullæa_.--Devon, Northumb., +Hebrides, etc. Mud, 20 to 70 fath. N. Eu. + +SCAPHANDER. + +26. S. LIGNARIUS, _Linn._ (_Bulla._)--_B. oblonga_.--Brit. co. generally. 1 +to 50 fath. N. and S. Eu., C. + +27. S. ZONATUS, _Turt._ (_Bulla_)--Young specimen taken at Zetland by Mr. +Jeffreys, resembling older Norwegian specimens. More oval than _S. +lignarius_. Spire umbilicated. + +APLYSIA. + +28. A. HYBRIDA, _Sowerby._--_Laplysia depilans_, _A. depilans_ and +_punctata_.--Brit. co. generally. Among seaweeds, 0 to 6 fath., C. + +PLEUROBRANCHUS. + +29. P. MEMBRANACEUS, _Mont._ (_Lamellaria._)--Devon, Arran, Cork, etc. +Low-water, Mr. Broad, flexible. + +30. P. PLUMULA, _Mont._ (_Bulla._)--Guernsey, Devon, Skye, etc. Littoral, +R. Narrow, less flexible. + +SPIRULA. + +31. S. PERONII--Once taken near Swansea, imperfect. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XXI.] + +PLATE XXI. + +LIMNÆUS. In and near fresh-water. + +Fig. + + 1, 2. L. PEREGER, _Müller_ (_Buccinum._)--_Helix_, _Turbo_, _Bulimus_, and +_L. putris_, _inflata_, _teres_, _lutea_, _limosa_, _ovata_, _vulgaris_, +_marginata_, _intermedia_, _lacustris_, etc.--Springs and ponds, Cc. + + 3. L. STAGNALIS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_Buccinum_, _Turbo_, etc., +_stagnalis_, _fragilis_, and _major_, etc.--Ponds, etc., not so generally +as No. 1, 2, C. + + 4. L. PALUSTRIS, _Müller_, (_Bucc._)--_Helix_ and _L. fragilis_, +_fontinalis_, _stagnalis_, etc.--Ditches, ponds, etc., C. Whorls more +numerous and less rapidly enlarged than No. 3. + + 5. L. AURICULARIUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_L._, _Helix_, _Bucc._, _Turbo_, +_Bulimus a._, _patulus_, etc.--Near London, Swansea, etc., Mc. Aperture +very wide, and outer lip partially reflected. + + 6. L. ACUTUS, _Jeffreys._--_L. auricularius_, var. B. M.--Oban, Clumber +Lake, Bloomfield, Kent, R. Apex sharp and tapering; aperture smaller than +No. 5. + + 7. L. TRUNCATULUS, _Müller_, (_Bucc._)--_H._, _B._, and _L. truncatus_, +_fossarius_, _minutus_, _limosus_, etc.--Partly amphibious, generally +diffused, C. Small, spire equal to body. + + 8. L. GLABER, _Müller_, (_Buccinum._)--_H._, _B._, and _L. octanfracta_, +_peregrina_, _elongata_, _octona_, _leucostoma_, etc.--Fresh and brackish +marshes, Stafford, Somerset, York, etc., R. Spire longer than aperture. + + 9. L. INVOLUTUS, _Harvey._--_Amphipeplea i._--Lake near Killarney, +Belfast, Rr. Spire almost covered. + +10. L. GLUTINOSUS, _Müller_, (_Buccinum._)--_Helix_, _Amphipeplea_, and +_L._--Windermere, etc., Mr. Oval. + +11. L. BURNETTI, _Alder._--Lakes in Dumfries and Breconshire. Inflated; +spire flat; colour opaque-amber. + +PHYSA. In and near fresh-water. + +12. P. HYPNORUM, _Linn._ (_Bulla._)--_Helix_, _Physa_, _Limnæa_, and +_Aplexa turrita_ and _marmorata_. Pools and lakes, Brit. generally, C. + +13. P. FONTINALIS, _Linn._ (_Bulla._)--_Turbo_, _Planorbis_, _Bulimus_, and +_Ph. adversus_, _bulla_, _bulloides_, and _fluviatilis_.--Brit. pools, +lakes, and ditches, C. + +ANCYLUS. In fresh-water. + +14, 15. A. FLUVIATILIS, _Müller._--_Patella lacustris._--Running streams, +on stones and plants generally, C. Oval, apex turned to left. + +16, 17. A. OBLONGUS, _Lightfoot_, (_Patella._)--_A._ and _P. lacustris_. +More lacustrine than No. 14, Mc. Oblong, apex turned to right. + +PLANORBIS. In fresh-water. + +18. P. CORNEUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P._ and _H. cornu-arietis_, +_purpureus_, and _similis_, _P. nana_ (young).--Ponds and ditches +generally, C. + +19. P. ALBUS, _Müller._--_Helix_ and _P. hispidus_, +_hirsutus_.--Distribution general, C. Finely ciliated in lines. + +20. P. GLABER, _Jeffreys._--_P. lævis_, Alder.--Penzance, Falmouth, +Swansea, Belfast, etc., Mr. + +21. P. NAUTILEUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P. imbricatus_, Müller; _P. +cristatus_, _Turbo nautileus_, etc., Mc. With horny ridges. + +22. P. CONTORTUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P._and _H. crassa_, +_umbilicata_.--Distribution general, C. Numerous close whorls; aperture +semi-lunar. + +23. P. CARINATUS, _Müller._--_Helix Planorbis_, Linn.; _P. planata_ and +_lutescens_.--Generally distr., C. Whorls more rapidly increased than No. +24; keel more distinct. + +24. P. MARGINATUS, _Drap._--_H. Planorbis_, _H._, _P. limbata_, +_complanata_, _Draparnaldi turgidus_, _rhombeus_, etc.--Distr. gen., C. +Whorls more rhomboidal than 23. + +25. P. VORTEX, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_Pl. compressa_.--Distr. gen., C. Many +whorls, very compressed. + +26. P. SPIRORBIS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P. vortex_, var.--Distr. general, C. +Fewer whorls than No. 25; mouth not angular. + +27. P. NITIDUS, _Müller._--_Helix_ and _P. fontanus_, _complanatus_, and +_lenticularis_.--Most parts of Brit., Mc. Very compressed. + +28. P. LACUSTRIS, _Lightfoot._--_P. nitidus_, var., _Segmentina lineata_, +_P. nautileus_ and _clausulatus_.--Ponds and ditches near London, etc., Mc. +With internal divisions; lower disc flat. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XXII.] + +PLATE XXII. + +SUCCINEA. Amphibious. + +Fig. + + 1. S. PUTRIS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_H._, _S._, and _Limnæa Succinea_ and +_amphibia_.--On plants by the side of rivers, ditches, etc., C. Rather oval +in form. + + 2. S. GRACILIS, _Alder._--_S. putris_, var. _gracilis_, _S. amphibia_, +var. _Pfeifferi_.--By sides of streams and in damp meadows, C. Elongated, +with spire produced. + + 3. S. OBLONGA, _Drap._--_Helix elongata_, _Amphibulina o._ and +_e._--Swansea, Glasgow, etc. Sometimes at a distance from water, R. Spire +with more distinct whorls. + +CONOVULUS. Partly marine, amphibious. + + 4. C. BIDENTATUS, _Mont._ (_Voluta._)--_C._, _N._, _Actæon_, and _Auricula +alba_ (var.) and _erosa_.--Salt-water marshes, and on rocks near high-water +mark all round our coasts, C. No tooth on outer lip. + + 5. C. MYSOTIS, _Drap._--_C. denticulatus_, var., etc.--Brackish marshes, +Thames, etc., C. Outer lip with one tooth. + + 6. C. DENTICULATUS, _Mont._ (_Voluta._)--_C._, _V._, _Auricula_, and +_Actæon ringens_, _reflexa_ (var. f. 7), _Mysotis_, and +_personata_.--Numerous places, near the sea, C. Outer lip with many teeth. + + 7. C. REFLEXUS.--_Auricula reflexa_, _C. denticulatus_, var. _Jeffreys_. + +CARYCHIUM. + + 8. C. MINIMUM, _Müller._--_Turbo Carychium_, _Auricula minima_.--Moist +places, wet Mosses, etc. Generally distr., C. + +LIMAX. Land Slug, with shell under shield. + + 9. L. CINEREUS _Müller._--_L. maximus_, _maculatus_, _Limacella parma_. +Brit. gen., C.; Eu. Shell oval, large, thin. + +10. L. AGRESTIS, _Müller._--_L. concava_ and _obliquus_.--Brit, gen., C. +_Foss cr._ Shell small, oblique. + +11. L. BRUNNEUS, _Drap._--_L. concava._--Under stones, etc. Shell minute, +square. + +12. L. FLAVUS, _Linn._--_Limacella unguiculata_ and _variegata_.--The large +Cellar Slug. Shell thick, rather square. + +TESTACELLA. Slug with shell on tail. + +13. T. MAUGEI, _Férussac._--Clifton, Taunton, Plymouth, Swansea, etc., Mr. +Large, and more square than 14. + +14. T. HALIOTOIDEA, _Drap._--_T. europæa_, _T. scutulum_.--Near London. +Channel Isls., etc., Mc. + +VITRINA. Shell not including the whole Slug. + +15. V. PELLUCIDA, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H. diaphana_, _Helicolimax_, +_Limacina major_, etc.--Various parts of the country, under stones, etc., +Mc. Eu. Very transparent. + +16. V. DRAPARNALDI, _Jeffreys._--_V. oblonga_, _H. brevipes_?--Less +globular than 15, R. + +ZONITES. Transparent, thin-edged Snails. + +17, 18. Z. CELLARIUS, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. lucida_ and +_nitens_.--Brit. gen., C. + +19, 20. Z. NITIDUS, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. nitens_, _lucida_, +_tennis_, _Succinea_, etc.--Less depressed than 17, 18, with larger +umbilicus. + +21. Z. CRYSTALLINUS, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H._, _Z._, _Discus_, and +_"Polita" c._, _eburnea_, _vitrea_.--In damp spots, among stones and Moss. +Minute, white, transparent. + +22. Z. NITIDULUS, _Drap._--Generally distributed, Mc. Mouth oblique. +Umbilicus small. + +23, 24. Z. ALLARIUS, _Miller_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. glabra_, +_alliacea_, _nitens_, _tenera_, _lurida_, etc.--Distr. gen., C. Smaller and +more convex than 17, 18. + +25. Z. EXCAVATUS, _Bean_, (_Helix_)--_H._ and _G. nitida_, _lucida_, +etc.--Durham, Northumberland, Galway, etc., Mc. Umbilicus very large. + +26, 27. Z. RADIATULUS, _Alder_, (_Helix._)--Distr. gen., C. Striated, +minute. + +28, 29. Z. PURUS, _Alder_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. polita_, and _Helicella +nitidosa_, _electrina_, etc.--Most common North Engl. Whorls less close and +more oblique than 21. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XXIII.] + +PLATE XXIII. + +HELIX. Snails with thickened lips. + +Fig. + + 1. H. PISANA, _Müller._--_H. zonaria_, _cingenda_, _rhodostoma_, +_strigata_, _albella_.--Cornwall, S. Wales, Dublin, C. S. and N. Eu. + + 2. H. ASPERSA, _Müller._--_H. grisea_, _hortensis_, _variegata_, +_vulgaris_, etc.--Common in all our gardens and hedges. + + 3. H. VIRGATA, _Costa._--_H. variabilis_, _ericetorum_, _zonaria_, +etc.--In sandy and chalky places, C. More compressed than No. 1. + + 4. H. CANTIANA, _Mont._--_H. pallida_, etc.--South and west Engl., C. + + 5. H. ERICETORUM, _Müller._--_H. itala_, _striata_, _albella_, _erica_, +_nivea_, _cæspita_, etc.--Chalky and sandy places, C. Depressed, delicately +banded; large umbilicus. + + 6. H. RUFESCENS, _Pennant._--_H. rufina_, _montana_, _cælata_, +_clandestina_, etc.--Most common in southern, chalky and limestone +districts. Depressed, striated; whorls slightly angular. Generally lighter +than our figure, sometimes nearly white. + + 7. H. LAPICIDA, _Linn._--_H. acuta_, _affinis_, _Carocolla l._--Chalk and +limestone districts, C. S. and N. Eu. Sharply angular. + + 8, 9. H. HISPIDA, _Linn._--_H. rufescens_, _sericea_, _concinna_ (var. +without hairs), etc., _plebeia_.--All parts of Brit., C. More depressed +than _H. sericea_, with larger umbilicus. + +10. H. FUSCA, _Mont._--_H. subrufescens._--Brit. gen., Mc. + +11. H. SERICEA, _Drap._--_H. hispida_, _globularis_, _granulata_, +etc.--Granulated, hairy. Mouth wider than 8. Small umbilicus. + +12. H. OBVOLUTA, _Müller._--_H. trigonophora_, etc.--Ditcham Wood, +Hampshire. In Moss at roots of trees, Rr. + +13. H. FULVA, _Müller._--_H. terrestris_, _trochiformis_, _nitidula_, +etc.--Pretty general and common. Conical, minute, transparent. + +14. H. POMATIA, _Linn._--Southern chalky districts, S. Eu., C. + +15. H. CAPERATA, _Mont._--_H. striata_, _H. crenulala_, etc.--Chalk-pits, +etc., C. + +16. H. CARTHUSIANA, _Müller._--_H. nitida_, _carthusianella_, _rufilabris_, +etc.--Chalk-districts of Surrey and Kent, C. + +17, 18. H. NEMORALIS, _Linn._--_H. hortensis_, _fasciata_, _hybrida_, +etc.--Cc. A peculiar flattening near the base of aperture. + +19. H. ARBUSTORUM, _Linn._--Common and general. Brown-marbled. Edge of +aperture different from 17, 18. + +20, 21. H. ROTUNDATA.--_H. radiata_, _Turtoni_, etc.--Common and general. + +22, 23. H. PULCHELLA, _Müller._--_H. costata_, _paludosa_, _crenella_, +_minuta_, etc.--Common and general under stones, etc. + +24. H. REVELATA, _Férussac._--Cornwall, Devon, Torquay, Guernsey. Rare. A +transparent, greenish, hairy shell. + +25. H. APERTA.--_H. neritoides_, _naticoides_, etc.--A single specimen +found in Guernsey. Not uncommon in S. Eu. Our specimen is foreign. + +26. H. UMBILICATA, _Mont._--_H. rupestris_, etc.--On perpendicular heights +and under stones, C. + +27. H. PYGMÆA, _Drap._--_H. minuta_, etc.--Common in damp places. + +28. H. LAMELLATA, _Jeffreys._--_H. Scarburgensis_, _seminulum_.--Brit. and +Germany, C. + +29. H. ACULEATA, _Müller._--_H. spinulosa_, etc.--Among Moss and stones, +etc., C. General. + +[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XXIV.] + +PLATE XXIV. + +BULIMUS. Long Snail. + +Fig. + + 1. B. LACKHAMENSIS, _Mont._--_B. montanus_, _Montacuti_, _Eua +montana_.--Kent, Surrey, Gloucester, Selborne, N. and S. Eu., R. as Brit. +Shagreened. + + 2. B. OBSCURUS, _Müller._--_Turbo rupium_, _B. hordaceus_, etc.--C. and +general. Surface smooth. + + 3, 4. B. ACUTUS, _Müller._--_Helix barbara_, _B. cretacea_, _articulatus_, +_Turbo fasciatus_, etc.--On sand and limestone in marine neighbourhoods, C. + +PUPA. Small Snails, among Moss, stones, etc. + + 5. P. SECALE, _Drap._--_Turbo_, _Helix_, _Chondrus_, and _Vertigo +juniperi_ and _cylindricus_.--S. Engl., Channel Isls., C. S. Eu. Larger and +more tapering than the other sp. + + 6. P. UMBILICATA, _Drap._--_Turbo_, _Bulimus_, _Helix_, and _P. muscorum_, +_cylindraceus_, _bidentata_, etc.--C. and general, Eu. Mouth oblique, long, +one tooth. + + 7. P. MUSCORUM, _Linn._--_T._, _P._, _H._, _B. marginata_, _chrysalis_, +_unidentatus_, etc.--C. and gen. A rib behind the outer lip. + + 8. P. ANGLICA, _Férussac._--_Vertigo_, _Turbo_, and _P. a._ and +_ringens_.--Scarborough, Newcastle, Guernsey, etc., Mr. More cylindrical +than 5. + + 9. P. EDENTULA, _Drap._--_H. exigua_, _Vertigo_, _Helix_, and _Jamimia +e._, _nitida_, etc.--C. and gen. No teeth in aperture; smooth. + +10. P. MINUTISSIMA, _Hartmann._--_P._, _Vertigo_, _Alæa cylindrica_, +_obtusa_, _muscorum_, etc.--Bristol, Salisbury, Skye, etc., R. as Brit.; C. +in S. Eu. No teeth in aperture; striated. + +11, 12. P. PYGMÆA, _Drap._--_P._, _T._, _V._, _H._, _Alæa_, etc., +_sexdentatus_, _quinquedentatus_, _vulgaris_, etc.--The lighter variety, +_P. alpestris_, C. and general. Four or five teeth. + +13. P. SUBSTRIATA, _Jeffreys._--_Vertigo_, _Turbo_, _Alæa sexdentata_, +_curta_, etc.--C. and gen. Very cylindrical; six teeth; striated. + +14. P. ANTIVERTIGO, _Drap._--_P._, _V._, _Alæa octodentata_, +_septemdentata_, _palustris_, etc.--Near Swansea and London; Bristol, +Devon, Northumberland, Ayr, Mr. Ireland. Aperture subtrigonal, eight or +nine teeth. + +15. P. PUSILLA, _Müller._--_Helix vertigo_, and _V. heterostropha_.--S. +Wales, Northumberland, Belfast, etc., Mc. Sinistral, with seven teeth. + +16. P. VENETZII, _Charpentier._--_Turbo_, _Vertigo_, and _P. vertigo_ and +_angustior_.--Swansea, Cork, Clare, R. Sinistral; four teeth and a flat +fold on columella. + +BALEA. + +17. B. FRAGILIS, _Drap._ (_Pupa._)--_Bulimus_, _Pupa_, _Clausilia f._, +_perversus_.--C. and gen. Under bark on trees, and under stones. + +CLAUSILIA. With a twisted _clausium_ on columella. + +18. C. LAMINATA, _Mont._--_Helix_, _Turbo_, _Bulimus_, and _Pupa bidens_ +and _perversus_ and _derugata_.--S. Brit. principally. Among dead leaves, +and on Beech-trunks, Mc. Smooth, broad. + +19. C. NIGRICANS, _Maton and Rackett._--_Strombiformis_, _Turbo_, and +_Odostomia perversus_, _bidens_, _parvula_, etc.--C. and gen.; under +stones, on walls and trees, etc. Narrow, striated. + +20. C. BIPLICATA, _Mont._--_Helix_, _Turbo_, _Odost._, _C. perversa_, +_plicata_, _ventricosa_, etc.--Near London, etc., Mc. Two folds on +columella. + +21. C. PLICATULA, _Drap._--_Turbo_ and _C. conversus_.--Charlton Wood, +Kent, Hastings, Gloucestershire, etc., R. Numerous plaits on columella +above fold. + +ZUA. + +22. Z. LUBRICA, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_Turbo_, _Bulimus l._, +_subcylindrica_, _muscorum_, etc.--C. and gen. Among leaves and under +stones. + +AZECA. + +23. A. TRIDENS, _Pulteney_, (_Turbo._)--_Helix_, _Pupa_ and _Cionella +Goodallii_, _Britannica_, etc.--C. and general. Habits as _Zua_ and _Pupa_. + +ACHATINA. + +24. A. ACICULA, _Müller._--_Buccinum_, _Bulimus_, _Helix octona_, +_terrestre_, etc.--In marshy places, among Grass, etc., C. S. Eu. + +CYCLOSTOMA. Snail with operculum. + +25. C. ELEGANS, _Müller_, (_Nerita._)--_Turbo reflexus_, _T. tumidus_, +_striatus_, _elegans_.--Chalky districts of S. Engl., C. + +ACME. Cylindrical Snail with operculum. + +26. A. LINEATA, _Drap._ (_Auricula._)--_Turbo_, _Carychium_, _Cyclostoma_, +_Bulimus fuscus_, _Cochlea minuta_.--Bristol, Pembroke, Clare, Dublin, +etc., R. + + * * * * * + + +G. B. SOWERBY, JUNR., + +_Supplies single Specimens or large parcels of_ + +RECENT SHELLS AND FOSSILS + +Parcels will be sent for selection, to those who forward suitable +credentials, in any part of the world, so that those Collectors whose +supplies have been interrupted by a recent lamented death can now have them +renewed. + +G. B. S., Junr., has a very large stock of Shells, purchased from the +VAUTERIAN and DENNISSONIAN Collections, and from the stores of the late M. +CUMING, as well as from the sale of Mr. REEVE'S stock, and other sources. + +COLLECTIONS OF BRITISH SHELLS. + +Seventy-five named species, arranged in a box, having the appearance of a +book in two volumes, One Guinea. Or a more extensive series prepared in the +same manner. + +THE RECENTLY DESCRIBED FOSSILS FROM THE LINGULA FLAGS, SOUTH WALES, +SUPPLIED SINGLY OR IN SETS. + +BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. + +(_Discount to direct purchasers._) + +THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM; + +OR MONOGRAPHS OF RECENT SHELLS. + +Parts 24 and 25 will be published before Christmas, 1865, containing +additions to former Monographs, and some new Monographs; + +_Completing Vol III. and the First Series._ + +The New Series, to be commenced early next year, will appear under improved +conditions, and will be carried to a completion in as small a compass and +as short a time as possible. + +ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS. + +_Cloth gilt, Imperial._ + +700 coloured figures of 600 species, with names, localities, and other +information. + +NEW PROPOSED WORK, BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. + +GENERIC FORMS OF SHELLS ILLUSTRATED. + +The Author has long been engaged collecting materials for this Work, which +is to contain a harmonization of existing systems, in which a balance will +be struck between a too negligent and too minute subdivision. Comparative +susceptibility of _definition_ will be the guiding principle in deciding +the claims of certain groups to generic separation. The illustrations will +be copious and of full size, embracing every marked form, whether recent or +fossil, and whether adopted as a genus or not. The price is not yet fixed, +but is expected to be about £3 3s. To appear between March and May, 1866. + +G. B. S., jun., will be glad to receive the names and addresses of those +who desire to see the Work when published. + +45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY. + + * * * * * + +NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY OFFICES, + +CONDUCTED BY + +G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S., + +45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY. + +_Collections Bought, Sold on Commission, or Prepared for Auction._ + +STOCK ON HAND. + +FOSSILS. + +CRAG.--Numerous fine Teeth, Bones, and Shells. + +LONDON CLAY.--Fish-heads, Teeth, Fruits, Teredinæ, etc. + +CHALK and GAULT.--A magnificent series, including fine specimens of +Goniaster, Cidaris, Ventriculites, Crustacea, Shells, etc. + +GREENSAND.--A comprehensive series from Blackdown, Cambridge, etc. + +OOLITES.--A fine specimen of the New Cidaris (block with five individuals +and many long spines), extensive Minchinhampton series, etc. + +LIAS.--Ichthyosaurus,--a fine museum specimen, mounted 6 ft. 6 +in.,--Plesiosaurus, Teleosaurus, a most beautiful specimen of Lepidotus, +and numerous other Fishes in fine condition. + +COAL.--Fine specimens of Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, Ferns, etc. + +DEVONIAN Fishes, Plants, etc. + +RECENT SHELLS. + +Among a most extensive range of genera and species are included Voluta +Rossiana, V. fulgetrum, Conus Aurisiacus, C. princeps, C. marchionatus, a +fine series of C. venulatus, etc., Halia Priamus, Cypræa picta, Cardium +hians, C. Æolicum (true), Galathæa concamerata, Velorita, Anastoma, +beautiful Spondyli, etc. Series of British Shells made up. + +MINERALS. + +A very extensive series of specimens; also illustrative collections. + +BIRDS AND INSECTS. + +A fine collection of British and other Birds in 31 cases. + +Beautiful rosewood cabinet (48 drawers), with fine Butterflies, etc. + +Beautiful mahogany cabinet (40 drawers), with fine Butterflies, etc. + +BOOKS, NEW AND SECOND-HAND. + +Works on Crustacea, including Milne-Edwards' 'Histoire;' Desmarets' +'Considérations;' Roux, 'Crust. de la Méditerranée;' 'Crustacea of the +Fauna Japonica,' etc.; on Zoology, the 'Historia de Chili;' 'Journal de +Conchyliologie,' by Crosse; Bernardi's 'Monog. des Galathées,' etc.; +Supplement to Sowerby's 'Cones;' Deshayes' 'Coquilles Fossiles de Paris;' +Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Pt. 1 to 22; Sowerby's 'Wild Flowers;' +and new edition of Sowerby's 'English Botany.' + +THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, 22 parts at 25_s._ each. + +ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS, 700 Coloured Figures, with Names, +Localities, and other information; by G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., etc. Impl. +cloth gilt, 30_s._ Labels, 6_d._ + +*** _Further particulars will be furnished. Sets made up to illustrate +Formations, Classes, or Genera, and specimens forwarded on approval._ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Index of British Shells, by +George Brettingham Sowerby + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43305 *** |