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@@ -1,36 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Index of British Shells, by -George Brettingham Sowerby - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Illustrated Index of British Shells - Containing figures of all the recent species - -Author: George Brettingham Sowerby - -Release Date: July 26, 2013 [EBook #43305] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43305 *** ILLUSTRATED INDEX @@ -135,7 +103,7 @@ their shells _Bivalves_. We begin with the latter class at-- PLATE I. -_Pholadidae_, or "Borers," 1-13, have the power of piercing and inhabiting +_Pholadidæ_, or "Borers," 1-13, have the power of piercing and inhabiting holes in submarine wood, rocks, and stones. The hinder part of the body is lengthened out in the form of a double tube, with openings for the ingress and egress of fluids. _Teredo_, 1-6, has short valves, two pallets fixed at @@ -144,24 +112,24 @@ and _Pholadidea_, 8-13, have long valves and sometimes accessory plates. The shell of _Xylophaga_, 7, is like that of _Teredo_, but the animal has neither pallets nor tube. -_Gastrochaena_, 14, has a gaping shell, and encloses itself in a +_Gastrochæna_, 14, has a gaping shell, and encloses itself in a bottle-shaped covering of cemented stones and sand. _Saxicava_, 15, 16, _Venerupis_, 18, and _Petricola_, 17, burrow in sand, or live in holes of rocks. -_Myadae_, or "Gapers," _Mya_, 19, 20, and _Panopaea_, 21, 21*, burrow +_Myadæ_, or "Gapers," _Mya_, 19, 20, and _Panopæa_, 21, 21*, burrow downwards in sand and mud, their siphons protected by a coriaceous covering. Their shells are not closed all round, and those of _Mya_ have a spoon-shaped process in the hinge of one valve. -_Corbulidae_, 22-28, have short siphons with fringed edges, and the foot +_Corbulidæ_, 22-28, have short siphons with fringed edges, and the foot protrudes through a hole in the otherwise closed mantle. PLATE II. _Poromya_, 1, 1*, and the beautiful pearly _Pandora_, 2, 3, might be -included in the family of _Corbulidae_. _Lyonsia_, 4, and _Thracia_, 5-10, -represent the _Anatinidae_. 11-18 are _Solenidae_, or "Razor-shells." Solens +included in the family of _Corbulidæ_. _Lyonsia_, 4, and _Thracia_, 5-10, +represent the _Anatinidæ_. 11-18 are _Solenidæ_, or "Razor-shells." Solens burrow in deep holes in the sand, where they remain in a perpendicular position at a great depth below the surface, where yet their presence may be traced by the opening left. Their large muscular foot enables them to @@ -174,47 +142,47 @@ shells. The animals have a large, fleshy, curved foot, and the mantle open and fringed. Their shells are provided with an external ligament, and teeth on the hinge. _Donax_, or "Wedge," 19, 20, has long, separated, fringed siphons. Besides the small external ligament, properly so called, the -_Mactridae_ have a triangular pit in the hinge of their shell, containing an +_Mactridæ_ have a triangular pit in the hinge of their shell, containing an elastic substance or spring, designed to resist the action of the adductor muscles. _Mactra_, 21-26, ends the Plate. PLATE IV. -_Lutraria_, 1-3, is another genus of _Mactridae_. The _Veneridae_, 4-16 and +_Lutraria_, 1-3, is another genus of _Mactridæ_. The _Veneridæ_, 4-16 and 23, or "Venus" tribe, differ from it in not having the spring-holding pit. _Artemis_, 10, 11, is known by a large angular bend in the pallial impression; and _Cytherea_, 23, is distinguished from Venus by one tooth on the hinge standing out a little way from the central ones. _Astarte_, -17-22, belongs to the _Cyprinidae_. +17-22, belongs to the _Cyprinidæ_. PLATE V. -Fig. 1-3 also represent genera of _Cyprinidae_. They have no bend in the +Fig. 1-3 also represent genera of _Cyprinidæ_. They have no bend in the palleal impression. _Cardium_, or "Cockle," 4-13, presents a peculiarity in the foot, which is large and bent, and enables the animal to leap in a very -lively manner. The family of _Lucinidae_ occupy the remaining figures. +lively manner. The family of _Lucinidæ_ occupy the remaining figures. _Lucina_ has a curious tongue-shaped doubling of the pallial impression. PLATE VI. -The _Kelliadae_, 1-15, are marine, while the _Cycladidae_, completing the +The _Kelliadæ_, 1-15, are marine, while the _Cycladidæ_, completing the Plate, are fresh-water bivalves, and may be found in many ponds and rivers. PLATE VII. -Of the _Unionidae_, or "Fresh-water Mussels," _Unio_, 1-3, has teeth on the +Of the _Unionidæ_, or "Fresh-water Mussels," _Unio_, 1-3, has teeth on the hinge, and _Anodon_, 4, has not: it is a thin shell. The foot of these molluscs is very large, and is used in cutting the animal's way through the mud in which it burrows. Of the marine, or true Mussels, _Modiola_, 6-9, and _Crenella_, 12-17, have a portion of the shell reaching beyond the point or apex, which in _Mytilus_ is terminal, 18-21. _Dreissina_, 5, is -shaped like _Mytilus_, but lives in fresh-water docks. The _Mytilidae_ +shaped like _Mytilus_, but lives in fresh-water docks. The _Mytilidæ_ attach themselves by means of horny threads spun from the foot, and called a "byssus." PLATE VIII. -Shells of _Arcadae_, 1-14, have the hinge characterized by a series of teeth +Shells of _Arcadæ_, 1-14, have the hinge characterized by a series of teeth on each side of the apex. _Nucula_, _Arca_, and _Pectunculus_ are easily distinguished. _Limopsis_, 14, has a spring pit between the two rows. Our figure of _Pinna_, 16, is from a young specimen: it grows to great size, @@ -251,26 +219,26 @@ PLATE XI. This Plate commences with other forms of the Limpet tribe, _Fissurella_, 1, 2, with a hole at the top; _Puncturella_, 3, with a fissure near the top; and _Emarginula_, 4-6, with a slit at the margin. _Haliotis_, 7, or pearly -"Ear-shell," leads to the _Trochidae_, or "Tops," 8-27. +"Ear-shell," leads to the _Trochidæ_, or "Tops," 8-27. PLATE XII. _Ianthina_, 1-4, is genus of oceanic molluscs, which are provided with a beautiful floating apparatus, on which the female carries her egg-bags. -_Neritina_, 5, and the _Paludinidae_, 8-11, live in fresh-water. The animal +_Neritina_, 5, and the _Paludinidæ_, 8-11, live in fresh-water. The animal of _Paludina_ is sprinkled all over with bright, golden specks. The -_Littorinae_, or "Winkles," 12-24, are marine, and frequent the shore among +_Littorinæ_, or "Winkles," 12-24, are marine, and frequent the shore among seaweeds. _Lacuna_, 25-32, belongs to the same family. PLATE XIII., XIV. Are small genera, various in their characters and habits, but reasonably -included in the last family, _Littorinidae_. +included in the last family, _Littorinidæ_. PLATE XV. -The animals of _Turritella_, 1-3, and _Caecum_, 6, 7, are not unlike, +The animals of _Turritella_, 1-3, and _Cæcum_, 6, 7, are not unlike, although the shells are so different; eyes at the base of the tentacles, a short foot, and horny operculum. The somewhat similar animal of _Aporrhais_, 4, 5, is brilliantly coloured with gold and red. _Cerithium_, @@ -281,7 +249,7 @@ is not spiral. PLATE XVI. _Chemnitzia_, 1-11, and _Truncatella_, 12, together with _Stylifer_, -_Eulima_, and _Odostomia_, form the family of _Pyramidellidae_. +_Eulima_, and _Odostomia_, form the family of _Pyramidellidæ_. Notwithstanding the difference in the shells, the animals are very similar, having a retractile proboscis, and eyes immersed at the base of their tentacles. @@ -316,7 +284,7 @@ wrapped in the lobes of the animal's mantle, as is also that of _Cyprea_, PLATE XX. -After _Tornatella_, 1, and _Ovula_, 2, 3, come _Bullidae_, 4-27, including +After _Tornatella_, 1, and _Ovula_, 2, 3, come _Bullidæ_, 4-27, including several genera differing remarkably in the shape and disposition of the lobes of their mantles, which in some instances, as in _Philine_, 20-25, cover the shell. The stomach of _Scapander_, 26, 27, is a remarkable kind @@ -330,7 +298,7 @@ PLATE XXI., XXII., XXIII., XXIV. These are occupied by shells of _Gasteropoda pulmonifera_, so named because they breathe air by a pulmonary cavity, instead of water by gills. The -_Limnaeadae_, or fresh-water Snails, contained in Plate I., live in water, +_Limnæadæ_, or fresh-water Snails, contained in Plate I., live in water, but breathe by exposing the pulmonary cavity to air at the surface. _Succinea_, Plate XXII., 1-3, lives by the sides of streams, sometimes immersed. _Conovulus_, 4-7, affects brackish marshes. Our common Slugs @@ -352,11 +320,11 @@ monograph of the CRAG Mollusca. The numbers refer to the species as figured in our Plates, Mr. Wood's nomenclature being inserted in italics when differing from ours. -Pl. I. Teredo 2. Pholas 11. Pholadidea 12. Gastrochaena 14, as _dubia_. +Pl. I. Teredo 2. Pholas 11. Pholadidea 12. Gastrochæna 14, as _dubia_. Saxicava 15, 16. Venerupis 18. Mya 19, 20. Panopea 21, 21*, as _Faujasii_. -Corbula 22, 23? Sphaenia 25. Neaera 27. +Corbula 22, 23? Sphænia 25. Neæra 27. -Pl. II. Poromya 1. Pandora 2, as _inaequivalvis_, 3, as _pinna_. Thracia 7, +Pl. II. Poromya 1. Pandora 2, as _inæquivalvis_, 3, as _pinna_. Thracia 7, 8. Solen, 13, 15. Solecurtus 18, as _Mactra strigilata_. Syndosmya, as _Abra_, 19, 22. @@ -384,9 +352,9 @@ Lima 22, 23, 24. Pl. IX. Pecten 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Pl. X. Chiton 7, as _fascicularis_. Patella 18. Acme 23. Propilidium, as -_Tectura_, 24. Dentalium 26, 27. Capulus 28. Calyptraea 29. +_Tectura_, 24. Dentalium 26, 27. Capulus 28. Calyptræa 29. -Pl. XI. Fissurella 1, as _graeca_. Puncturella 3. Emarginula 5, 6. Trochus +Pl. XI. Fissurella 1, as _græca_. Puncturella 3. Emarginula 5, 6. Trochus 8, 10, 11, 12, as _papillosus_, 15, 16, 17, 19. Margarita 21. Adeorbis 25. Scissurella 26. @@ -398,7 +366,7 @@ Pl. XIII. Rissoa 3*, as _Paludestrina subumbilicata_, 7, 11?, 13?, 15, 23, Pl. XIV. Rissoa 2, 9, as _Chemnitzia_. Aclis 24, as _Alvania ascaris_, 25, as _Chemnitzia n._ -Pl. XV. Turritella 2. Aporrhais 4. Caecum 6, 7. Cerithium 9, 10. +Pl. XV. Turritella 2. Aporrhais 4. Cæcum 6, 7. Cerithium 9, 10. Cerithiopsis, as _Cerithium_, 11. Scalaria 17, 19, 20. Eulima 22, 25. Pl. XVI. Chemnitzia 1, 2, as _similis_, 4, 8. Natica 13, 17, as _Catena_, @@ -410,13 +378,13 @@ Pl. XVIII. Purpura 5. Buccinum 10? Fusus 15, as _Trophon_, 16, as _Tr._, 17, as _Tr. gracile_, 18, as _Tr. T._, 19, as _Tr. p._ Trophon 22, 24. Pl. XIX. Nassa 1, 2. Mangelia, as _Clavatula_, 4, 5, 8, as _Philberti_, 9, -11, as _Boothii_, 12, 14, 15, 17?, 21, 22. Erato 27. Cypraea 28. +11, as _Boothii_, 12, 14, 15, 17?, 21, 22. Erato 27. Cypræa 28. -Pl. XX. Tornatella 1, as _Actaeon tornatilis_. Ovula 3, as _Bulla_. +Pl. XX. Tornatella 1, as _Actæon tornatilis_. Ovula 3, as _Bulla_. Cylichna, as _Bulla_, 4, 5, as _regulbiensis_, 7, 9, 12. Bulla 19. Philine -as _Bullaea_, 21, 22. Scaphander, as _Bulla_, 26. +as _Bullæa_, 21, 22. Scaphander, as _Bulla_, 26. -Pl. XXI. Limnaea 1, 4, 7, 11. Planorbis 18, 24, as _complanatus_, and in the +Pl. XXI. Limnæa 1, 4, 7, 11. Planorbis 18, 24, as _complanatus_, and in the upper fresh-water formation, all except 9, 11. Pl. XXII. Succinea 1, 3. Conovulus 5, and in the more recent fresh-water @@ -435,7 +403,7 @@ INDEX TO THE GENERA. Achatina, XXIV. 24. Aclis, XIV. 23, 25. - Acmaea, X. 22, 23. + Acmæa, X. 22, 23. Acme, XXIV. 26. Adeorbis, XI. 25. Akera, XX. 16. @@ -460,11 +428,11 @@ INDEX TO THE GENERA. Bulla, XX. 17-19. Bulimus, XXIV. 1-4. - Calyptraea, X. 29. + Calyptræa, X. 29. _Capulus_, Pileopsis. Cardium, V. 4-13. Carychium, XXII. 8. - Caecum, XV. 6-7. + Cæcum, XV. 6-7. _Cemoria_, Puncturella. Ceratisolen, II. 11. Cerithiopsis, XV. 11-15. @@ -483,7 +451,7 @@ INDEX TO THE GENERA. Cyclostoma, XXIV. 25. Cyclas, VI. 16-20. Cylichna, XX. 4-13. - Cypraea, XIX. 28. + Cypræa, XIX. 28. Cyprina, V. 1. Cytherea, IV. 23. @@ -503,14 +471,14 @@ INDEX TO THE GENERA. Fusus, XVIII. 14-19. Galeomma, VI. 14, 15. - Gastrochaena, I. 14. + Gastrochæna, I. 14. Haliotis, XI. 7. _Helix_ (Zonites), XXII. 17-29. Helix, XXIII. 1-29. _Hinnites_, Pecten, IX. 1. Hippothyris, IX. 17. - Hyalaea, X. 1. + Hyalæa, X. 1. Ianthina, XII. 1-4. Isocardia, V. 3. @@ -526,7 +494,7 @@ INDEX TO THE GENERA. Lepton, VI. 9-13. Lima, VIII. 22-24. Limax, XXII. 9-12. - Limnaea, XXI. 1-11. + Limnæa, XXI. 1-11. Limopsis, VIII. 14. Littorina, XII. 12-24. Lucina, V. 14-18. @@ -547,7 +515,7 @@ INDEX TO THE GENERA. Nassa, XIX. 1-3. Natica, XVI. 13-19. - Neaera, I. 26-28. + Neæra, I. 26-28. Neritina, XII. 5. Nucula, VIII. 1-5. @@ -558,7 +526,7 @@ INDEX TO THE GENERA. Paludina, XII. 8, 9. Pandora, II. 2, 3. - Panopaea, I. 21, 21*. + Panopæa, I. 21, 21*. Patella, X. 18-21. Pecten, IX. 1-16. Pectunculus, VIII. 13. @@ -599,7 +567,7 @@ INDEX TO THE GENERA. Stylifer, XV. 21. Succinea, XXII. 1-3. Syndosmya, II. 19-22. - Sphaenia, I. 25. + Sphænia, I. 25. Tapes, IV. 4-8. Tellina, III. 5-16. @@ -638,7 +606,7 @@ TEREDO. Pierces and inhabits wood. Fig. - 1. T. NAVALIS, _Linn._--_T. Batavae._--Herne Bay, R. Pallets shelly, + 1. T. NAVALIS, _Linn._--_T. Batavæ._--Herne Bay, R. Pallets shelly, crescented; valves with auricles extended sidewise; tube long. 2. T. NORVEGICA, _Spengl._--_T. Bruguieri._--Port Patrick, Teignmouth, @@ -684,7 +652,7 @@ PHOLADIDEA. Pierces and inhabits stone. Valves closed, with a cup. _P. lamellata_, Turt., when young, not closed; no cup. -GASTROCHAENA. Bores and inhabits stone, thick shells, etc. +GASTROCHÆNA. Bores and inhabits stone, thick shells, etc. 14. G. MODIOLINA, _Lamk._--_G. Pholadia_, _G. hians_, _Mya dubia_, _Mytilus ambiguus_, _Pholas faba_.--Torbay, Birterbuy, Galway, Weymouth, etc. Valves @@ -705,7 +673,7 @@ _Omitted._--S. fragilis, _Nyst._ _Not_ the young of _S. rugosa_. Vigo Bay. PETRICOLA. Inhabits stone. 17. P. LITHOPHAGA, _Retz._--_P. striata_, _costellata_, _rocellaria_, -_ruperella_, Lamk., _Mya_ and _Sphaenia decussata_.--Cork, Bristol, R. as +_ruperella_, Lamk., _Mya_ and _Sphænia decussata_.--Cork, Bristol, R. as British. VENERUPIS. Bores and inhabits stone. @@ -716,12 +684,12 @@ coasts. Wedge-shaped. MYA. Burrows in mud and sand. -19. M. TRUNCATA, _Linn._--_M. ovalis_ and _Sphaenia Swainsoni_ +19. M. TRUNCATA, _Linn._--_M. ovalis_ and _Sphænia Swainsoni_ (young).--Various localities and depths, C. Truncated at end. 20. M. ARENARIA, _Linn._--Herne Bay, Portsmouth, etc., C. Tapering at end. -PANOPAEA. Burrows in mud. +PANOPÆA. Burrows in mud. 21. P. NORVEGICA, _Spengl._--_P. glycimeris_, _P. arctica_.--Scarborough, Zetland (90 fath.), Rr. Quadrate. @@ -731,19 +699,19 @@ Zetland (90 fath.), Rr. Quadrate. CORBULA. Dredged in mud and sand. 22. C. NUCLEUS, _Lamk._--_C. striata_, _Mya_, and _C. -inaequivalvis_.--Dublin, Torquay, Forth, 4 to 80 fath., C. Valves unequal, +inæquivalvis_.--Dublin, Torquay, Forth, 4 to 80 fath., C. Valves unequal, beaked. 23. C. ROSEA, _Brown_.--Weymouth, Rr. as Brit. Valves not beaked. 24. C. OVATA, _Forbes_.--Isle of Man, Rr. Oval, truncated at end. -SPHAENIA. Burrows in foliaceous shells. +SPHÆNIA. Burrows in foliaceous shells. 25. S. BINGHAMI, _Turt._--_Corbula B._--Torquay, Guernsey, Swansea, Forth, etc., R. -NEAERA. Lives incrusted in sand. +NEÆRA. Lives incrusted in sand. 26. N. COSTELLATA, _Desh._--_Corbula c._, _N. sulcata_.--Loch Fyne, Rr. Radiately 3-ribbed. @@ -768,8 +736,8 @@ expanded. See Pl. IX. PANDORA. - 2. P. ROSTRATA, _Lamk._--_Tellina inaequivalvis_, Linn.; _P. margaritacea_ -and _inaequivalvis_.--S. Devon?, Guernsey, R. as Brit. Valves long. + 2. P. ROSTRATA, _Lamk._--_Tellina inæquivalvis_, Linn.; _P. margaritacea_ +and _inæquivalvis_.--S. Devon?, Guernsey, R. as Brit. Valves long. 3. P. OBTUSA, _Leach_.--_Solen Pinna_, Mont.--S. Devon, Dorset, Mc. Ire., R. Valves short and broad. @@ -802,7 +770,7 @@ Bantry Bay, etc. Various depths, Mc. COCHLODESMA. Laminarian and Coralline. -10. C. PRAETENUE, _Pult._--(_Mya_) _Anatina_, _Ligula_, and _Amphidesma +10. C. PRÆTENUE, _Pult._--(_Mya_) _Anatina_, _Ligula_, and _Amphidesma pr._--Dorset, Devon, Man, Bantry B., Oban, etc., (25 to 60 fath.), R. Spoon-shaped process on hinge. @@ -893,7 +861,7 @@ Wedge-shaped. 8, 9. T. PROXIMA, _Brown._--Var. _T. calcarea_ (9), _T. ovalis_, _T. sordida_, _Sanguinolaria sordida_, _Macroma tenera_.--Skye, etc., R. -10, 11. T. PYGMAEA, _Phil._--Devon, Cork, Shetland, etc., 8 to 50 fath., C. +10, 11. T. PYGMÆA, _Phil._--Devon, Cork, Shetland, etc., 8 to 50 fath., C. Smaller, more convex, and more truncate than _T. donacina_. 12, 13. T. TENUIS, _Da Costa._--_T. planata_, _T. polita_, _T. exigua_.--On @@ -907,7 +875,7 @@ _Psammobia solidula_, _T. Balthica_.--All British coasts; littoral, C. Thick, inflated. 16. T. FABULA, _Gronovius._--_T. discors._--On sandy shores generally, C. -Valve with oblique striae (omitted by error). +Valve with oblique striæ (omitted by error). ERVILLIA. @@ -975,7 +943,7 @@ Swansea, Forth, etc., C. _Venerupis_ and _Pullastra d._--S. Devon, Weymouth, Tenby, etc., Mc. Oblong, coarsely decussated. - 7. T. AUREA, _Gmel._--(_Venus_) _V. nebulosa_, _V. aenea_, _V. nitens_, _V. + 7. T. AUREA, _Gmel._--(_Venus_) _V. nebulosa_, _V. ænea_, _V. nitens_, _V. sinuata_, _Pullastra a._--Cornwall, Sussex, Bantry Bay, Loch Ryan, Mc. Yellow within. @@ -992,10 +960,10 @@ ARTEMIS. 10. A. EXOLETA, _Linn._--(_Venus_) _Cytherea e._, _Pectunculus capillaceus_.--Sandy ground, on Brit. co. generally, low-water to 80 fath., -C. Compressed; striae coarse. +C. Compressed; striæ coarse. 11. A. LINCTA, _Pult._--(_Venus_) _V. sinuata_, _Cytherea -sinuata_.--Various Brit, loc., C. Dorsal edge sloping; striae fine. +sinuata_.--Various Brit, loc., C. Dorsal edge sloping; striæ fine. VENUS. @@ -1068,7 +1036,7 @@ Skye, etc., Mc. Heart-shaped, beaks coiled. CARDIUM, or _Cockle_. - 4. C. PYGMAEUM, _Donovan._--_C. exiguum._--Herne, Sark, Weymouth, Zetland, + 4. C. PYGMÆUM, _Donovan._--_C. exiguum._--Herne, Sark, Weymouth, Zetland, Bantry Bay, 5 to 50 fath., Mc. Hinder side large, angular. 5. C. PAPILLOSUM, _Poli._--Guernsey, St. Martin's Port, _Jeffreys_, R. @@ -1096,7 +1064,7 @@ sharp. 12. C. EDULE, _Linn._--_C. vulgare_, _C. zonatum_, _C. obliquum_, _C. crenulatum_, _C. rusticum_.--Brit. co. generally. Common eatable, Cockle. -13. C. NORVEGICUM, _Spengler._--_C. laevigatum_, _C. serratum_, _C. +13. C. NORVEGICUM, _Spengler._--_C. lævigatum_, _C. serratum_, _C. oblongum_, _C. Pennantii_.--Brit. co. generally. Sand and gravel, 15 to 80 fath. Smooth, variegated when young. @@ -1154,7 +1122,7 @@ subquadrate. 3. M. SUBSTRIATA, _Mont._ (_Mya._)--_Erycina_ and _Tellimya s._--Devon, Tenby, Durham, Zetland, Bantry Bay, etc., on spines of _Spatangus_, deep -water, C. Minute, with diverging striae. +water, C. Minute, with diverging striæ. TURTONIA. @@ -1183,7 +1151,7 @@ than _L. squamosum_. 11. L. CONVEXUM, _Alder._--Bantry Bay, Rr. Convex, granulated. -12. L. CLARKIAE, _Clark._--Exmouth, Plymouth, Zetland, Rr. Minute, oval, +12. L. CLARKIÆ, _Clark._--Exmouth, Plymouth, Zetland, Rr. Minute, oval, smooth. 13. L. SULCATULUM, _Jeffr._--Annals, Feb. 1859. Guernsey, Mc. @@ -1195,7 +1163,7 @@ GALEOMMA. Adheres to rocks by byssus. CYCLAS. Inhabits fresh-water. -16. C. CORNEA, _Linn._ (_Tellina._)--_Sphaerium c._, Scopoli, _C. rivalis_, +16. C. CORNEA, _Linn._ (_Tellina._)--_Sphærium c._, Scopoli, _C. rivalis_, etc.--Ponds and ditches everywhere. Equilateral, subquadrate. 17. C. PISIDIOIDES, _Gray._--_C. cornea_, var., Brit. Moll.--Ditches and @@ -1218,7 +1186,7 @@ PISIDIUM. Inhabits fresh-water. _gibba_.--In marshes and ponds at various places, C. Includes _P. obtustale_? -23. P. AMNICUM, _Mueller_, (_Tellina._)--_T. rivalis_, _Cyclas palustris_, +23. P. AMNICUM, _Müller_, (_Tellina._)--_T. rivalis_, _Cyclas palustris_, _C. obliqua_.--British rivers, etc., generally. _C. obliqua_ ribbed. 24. P. NITIDUM, _Jennyns._--Battersea, Swansea, etc., C. Thick, dark, @@ -1352,18 +1320,18 @@ LEDA, _Schum._ Beaked behind. 6. L. CAUDATA, _Donovan_, (_Arca._)--_Arca_ and _Nucula minuta_ and _rostrata_.--North co., C.; south co., R. 10 fath. to deep water. Ridged. - 7. L. PYGMAEA, _Munster_, (_Nucula._)--_N._ and _L. tenuis_, _gibbosa_, and + 7. L. PYGMÆA, _Munster_, (_Nucula._)--_N._ and _L. tenuis_, _gibbosa_, and _lenticula_.--Skye, Hebrides, Croulin Isl., 25 to 50 fath. Minute, smooth. Size (omitted) one-fifth of an inch. -ARCA, _Linnaeus._ +ARCA, _Linnæus._ 8, 9. A. LACTEA, _Linn._--_A. barbata_, _A. Modiolus_, _A. crinita_, _A. perforans_, _A. Gaimardii_, var. f. 8; _A. Quoyi_, var. f. 9.--Penzance, Ilfracombe, Bantry Bay, Guernsey, etc. Adhering to shells and stones, 15 to 20 fath., C. Beaks approaching, radiately striated. -10. A. TETRAGONA, _Poli._--_A. Noae_ and _imbricata_.--Many Brit, loc., C. +10. A. TETRAGONA, _Poli._--_A. Noæ_ and _imbricata_.--Many Brit, loc., C. (12 to 50 fath.). Broad area between beaks. 11. A. RARIDENTATA, _S. Wood._--_A. pectunculoides._--Skye, Hebrides, etc., @@ -1389,7 +1357,7 @@ Bay, Devon, etc., R. PINNA. -16. P. PECTINATA, _Linn._--_P. fragilis_, _muricata_, _ingens_, _laevis_, +16. P. PECTINATA, _Linn._--_P. fragilis_, _muricata_, _ingens_, _lævis_, _papyracea_, _rotundata_, _elegans_.--Dorset, Milford Haven, Hebrides, Cape Clear; deep water, Mc. @@ -1404,10 +1372,10 @@ ANOMIA. etc.--Brit. co. generally, 1 to 30 fath., C. Pearly and irregular; beak marginal, curved. -19. A. ACULEATA, _Mueller._--_A. striolata._--Brit. co. generally, Mc. +19. A. ACULEATA, _Müller._--_A. striolata._--Brit. co. generally, Mc. Small, with spinous sculpture. -20. A. STRIATA, _Loven._--Hebrides, R. Rayed, striated, with apex not +20. A. STRIATA, _Lovén._--Hebrides, R. Rayed, striated, with apex not marginal. 21. A. PATELLIFORMIS, _Linn._--_A. undulata._--Cape Clear, etc., 1 to 50 @@ -1418,7 +1386,7 @@ LIMA. 22. L. SUBAURICULATA, _Montagu_, (_Pecten._)--_L. nivea_, _sulcata_, etc.--Plymouth, Man, Zetland, Belfast, etc., Mr. Nearly straight. -23. L. HIANS, _Gmel._ (_Vitraea._)--_L. tenera_, _fragilis_, _aperta_, +23. L. HIANS, _Gmel._ (_Vitræa._)--_L. tenera_, _fragilis_, _aperta_, etc.--Channel Isls., Penzance, Oban, Belfast, etc., Mc. Oblique, gaping at sides. @@ -1455,7 +1423,7 @@ _triradiata_, _adspersus_, _septemradiata_, etc.--Several Scotch localities, 25 to 90 fath., Mc. Very variable, extreme vars. f. 9, 10. Auricles more equal than _P. tigrinus_. -11, 12. P. TIGRINUS, _Mueller._--_P. obsoletus_, _domesticus_, _laevis_, +11, 12. P. TIGRINUS, _Müller._--_P. obsoletus_, _domesticus_, _lævis_, _parvus_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 12 to 60 fath., C. Variable; one auricle minute, the other large and ribbed. @@ -1465,10 +1433,10 @@ to 40 fath. The common eatable Scallop. Valves unequal. 14. P. SIMILIS, _Laskey._--_O._ and _P. tumidus_.--Fr. Forth, Isl. Man, Lerwick, Cape Clear, etc., Mc. Minute, smooth, with undulating marks. -15. P. STRIATUS, _Mueller._--_P. aculeatus_, _fuci_, etc.--Scotland, C.; +15. P. STRIATUS, _Müller._--_P. aculeatus_, _fuci_, etc.--Scotland, C.; England, R. -16. P. FURTIVUS, _Loven._--Zetland, Guernsey, etc., 40 to 50 fath., Mr. +16. P. FURTIVUS, _Lovén._--Zetland, Guernsey, etc., 40 to 50 fath., Mr. More rounded, and with auricles less broadly based than _P. striatus_. HIPPOTHYRIS. Fixed by byssus. @@ -1479,7 +1447,7 @@ Brit. "The Parrot's-beak Anomia." TEREBRATULA. Fixed by byssus. -18. T. CRANIUM, _Mueller._--_Anomia c._, and _T. vitrea_.--Zetland; deep +18. T. CRANIUM, _Müller._--_Anomia c._, and _T. vitrea_.--Zetland; deep water, unique as Brit. Smooth, oval. 19. T. CAPSULA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist._, _Jan. 1859_.--Belfast Bay, @@ -1499,7 +1467,7 @@ Mr. CRANIA. -24. C. ANOMALA, _Mueller._ (_Patella._)--_Pat. Anomia_, _Discina_, and +24. C. ANOMALA, _Müller._ (_Patella._)--_Pat. Anomia_, _Discina_, and _Criopus distorta_, _ostreoides_, _personata_, and _rostrata_.--Zetland, Arran, Lerwick, Cork, Mr. @@ -1507,7 +1475,7 @@ Arran, Lerwick, Cork, Mr. PLATE X. -HYALAEA. _Fam._ Pteropoda. +HYALÆA. _Fam._ Pteropoda. Fig. @@ -1536,11 +1504,11 @@ Tufted margin, large: granules very small. 8. C. HANLEYI, _Bean._--Scarborough, Skye, W. Ireland, R. Spinose margin. - 9, 10. C. MARMOREUS, _O. Fabr._--_C. latus_, Lowe, _C. laevigatus_, + 9, 10. C. MARMOREUS, _O. Fabr._--_C. latus_, Lowe, _C. lævigatus_, _ruber_, and _pictus_.--Scarborough, Forth, Skye, Zetland, W. Ire., R. Margin smooth. -11. C. LAEVIS, _Pennant._--_C. marginatus_, Pult., _C. Achatina_, +11. C. LÆVIS, _Pennant._--_C. marginatus_, Pult., _C. Achatina_, Brown.--Dorset, Devon; Brit. co. generally, but rare. Dorsally elevated; margin reticulated. @@ -1566,22 +1534,22 @@ PATELLA. (Limpet.) Sedentary. 19. P. ATHLETICA, _Bean._--Devon, Northumberland, etc., Cc. Ribs toothed. -20. P. PELLUCIDA, _Linn._--_P. laevis_, _caerulea_, _Acmaea pel_.--British co. +20. P. PELLUCIDA, _Linn._--_P. lævis_, _cærulea_, _Acmæa pel_.--British co. generally, C. smooth. -21. ---- var. _laevis_, Penn. +21. ---- var. _lævis_, Penn. -ACMAEA, or LOTTIA. +ACMÆA, or LOTTIA. -22. A. TESTUDINALIS, _Mueller._--_P. Clealandi._--North Ire., C. Oval, with +22. A. TESTUDINALIS, _Müller._--_P. Clealandi._--North Ire., C. Oval, with tortoise-shell markings. -23. A. VIRGINEA, _Mueller._--_P. parva_, _pulchella_.--Brit. co. generally, +23. A. VIRGINEA, _Müller._--_P. parva_, _pulchella_.--Brit. co. generally, Mc. Pale, pink-rayed, shallow. PILIDIUM, or TECTURA. -24. P. FULVUM, _Mueller._--_P. Forbesii._--Clyde, Cork, Zetland, etc., R. +24. P. FULVUM, _Müller._--_P. Forbesii._--Clyde, Cork, Zetland, etc., R. PROPILIDIUM. @@ -1592,17 +1560,17 @@ DENTALIUM, _Linn._ 26. D. ENTALIS, _Linn._--Brit. co. generally, C. Smooth, small end notched. 27. D. TARENTINUM, _Lamk._--_D. vulgare_, _striatum_, _labiatum_, -_politum_, _laeve_.--South coasts, C. Striated and entire at small end. +_politum_, _læve_.--South coasts, C. Striated and entire at small end. PILEOPSIS, or CAPULUS. 28. P. HUNGARICUS, _Linn._--Fool's-cap Limpet.--S. Devon, and Br. co. generally, C. -CALYPTRAEA, _Linn._ +CALYPTRÆA, _Linn._ 29. C. SINENSIS, _Linn._ (_Patella._)--_C. chinensis_, _albida_, -_laevigata_.--S. Brit., and Chan. Isls., R. With oblique septum. +_lævigata_.--S. Brit., and Chan. Isls., R. With oblique septum. [Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XI.] @@ -1612,8 +1580,8 @@ FISSURELLA. Fig. - 1. F. RETICULATA, _Donov._ (_Patella._)--_P._ and _F. Graeca_, _apertura_ -(young), _cancellata_, _europaea_.--Hebrides, Thanet, Devon, Ireland. On + 1. F. RETICULATA, _Donov._ (_Patella._)--_P._ and _F. Græca_, _apertura_ +(young), _cancellata_, _europæa_.--Hebrides, Thanet, Devon, Ireland. On shells, etc., 1 to 15 fath., C. 2. F. COSTARIA, _Deshayes._--Guernsey, R. More fine and numerous ribs than @@ -1750,10 +1718,10 @@ vivipara_. VALVATA. In ponds. -10. V. PISCINALIS, _Mueller._--_Nerita_, _Turbo_, _Cyclostoma fontinalis_, +10. V. PISCINALIS, _Müller._--_Nerita_, _Turbo_, _Cyclostoma fontinalis_, _obtusa_, _thermalis_, etc.--Fresh-water, C. Subglobose. -11. V. CRISTATA, _Mueller._--_V. planorbis_, etc.--Many loc., Mc. Orbicular. +11. V. CRISTATA, _Müller._--_V. planorbis_, etc.--Many loc., Mc. Orbicular. LITTORINA. On the sea-shore. @@ -1776,7 +1744,7 @@ etc,--Brit. co. generally. Depressed above. 22. L. FABALIS, _Turt._--_L. Beanii._--Young of _L. littoralis_? -23. L. NERITOIDES, _Linn._ (_Turbo._)--_T. petraea_, _L. caerulea_, +23. L. NERITOIDES, _Linn._ (_Turbo._)--_T. petræa_, _L. cærulea_, etc.--Kent, Sussex, etc., C. With white band. 24. L. PALLIATA, _Say_, (_Turbo._)--Yarmouth, Mr. @@ -1814,12 +1782,12 @@ and _littorea_.--On shore at Weymouth, Serk, Portland, Mr. RISSOA, or CINGULA. - 3. R. ULVAE, _Pennant_, (_Turbo._)--_Helix_, _Cingula_, _Paludina_, and + 3. R. ULVÆ, _Pennant_, (_Turbo._)--_Helix_, _Cingula_, _Paludina_, and _Littorina_.--In brackish water, on British shores, C. 3*. ---- var. _subumbilicata_, R. - 4. R. BARLEEI, _Jeffreys._--_R. ulvae_ var.--Loch Carron, Skye, R. + 4. R. BARLEEI, _Jeffreys._--_R. ulvæ_ var.--Loch Carron, Skye, R. 5. R. STRIATULA, _Mont._--_R._, _Turbo_, _Cingula_, and _Littorina carinata_ and _monilis_.--Devon, Margate, Galway, Herm, etc., 0 to 7 fath., @@ -1896,7 +1864,7 @@ Fig. 1. R. PULCHERRIMA, _Jeffreys._--Channel Isls., R. 2. R. SOLUTA, _Philippi._--Exmouth, Bute, Cork, etc., R. Like _R. pulch._, -but with spiral striae. +but with spiral striæ. 3. R. ALDERI, _Jeffreys_, _Annals, Aug. 1858_.--Skye, Rr. Larger and more conical than _R. soluta_. @@ -1936,7 +1904,7 @@ Northumberland, etc.; littoral, R. 15. J. GLOBULARIS, _Jeffreys._--Skye. -16. J. GULSONAE, _Clark_, (_Odostomia._)--_Chemnitzia G._--Sandwith, +16. J. GULSONÆ, _Clark_, (_Odostomia._)--_Chemnitzia G._--Sandwith, Lerwick, Weymouth, etc., Guernsey. EUOMPHALUS. @@ -1956,9 +1924,9 @@ shores generally, on coastal Corallines, C. Flat, like a _Planorbis_. striatus_.--Scarborough, Weymouth, Orkney, Galway, etc., 7 to 25 fath., Mr. Striated. -21. S. COSTULATA, _Moeller_, (_Margarita._)--Loch Fyne, Rr. +21. S. COSTULATA, _Möller_, (_Margarita._)--Loch Fyne, Rr. -22. S. LAEVIS, _Philippi_, (_Delphinula._)--Newcastle-on-Tyne, Rr. +22. S. LÆVIS, _Philippi_, (_Delphinula._)--Newcastle-on-Tyne, Rr. ACLIS. @@ -1972,17 +1940,17 @@ _Chemnitzia_.--Falmouth, Burrow Isl., R. EULIMELLA. -26. E. SCILLAE, _Loven_, (_Turbonilla._)--_Eulima_, _Odostomia_, -_Chemnitzia_, and _Eulimella crassula_, and _Macandraei_.--N. Scotland, +26. E. SCILLÆ, _Lovén_, (_Turbonilla._)--_Eulima_, _Odostomia_, +_Chemnitzia_, and _Eulimella crassula_, and _Macandræi_.--N. Scotland, Croulin, etc., 20 to 90 fath., R. 27. E. ACICULA, Philippi, (_Melania._)--_E._, _Chemn._, _Odost._, and _Eulima clavula_.--Skye, Rr. 28. E. AFFINIS, _Philippi_, (_Eulima._)--_Pyramis_, _Odost._, and _E. -gracilis_, _laevis_.--Skye, Torbay, R. +gracilis_, _lævis_.--Skye, Torbay, R. -29. E. CLAVULA, _Loven_ (_Turbonilla._)--_Odostomia c._--Torbay, Rr. +29. E. CLAVULA, _Lovén_ (_Turbonilla._)--_Odostomia c._--Torbay, Rr. Guernsey. 30. E. OBELISCUS, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1858._--Shetland. @@ -2012,14 +1980,14 @@ Outer lip with one anterior lobe. _serressiana_.--Zetland, 70 to 100 fath., R. Outer lip with two anterior lobes. -CAECUM. +CÆCUM. 6. C. TRACHEA, _Mont._--_Dentalium_ and _Orthocera imperforatum_, _C. annulatus_.--Devon, Weymouth, Scotland, Cork, etc., R.; S. Eu. Ringed and striated. 7. C. GLABRUM, _Mont._--_C._, _Dentalium_, and _Orthocera minutum_, and -_laevissimum_.--Exmouth, Weymouth, Swansea, Lerwick, Bantry Bay. Rare, +_lævissimum_.--Exmouth, Weymouth, Swansea, Lerwick, Bantry Bay. Rare, smooth. CERITHIUM. @@ -2045,7 +2013,7 @@ penultimate whorl. 13. C. NIVEA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. 1859_.--In shell sand, Belfast, R. Rather Buccinum-shaped. -14. C. METULA, _Loven_, (_Cerithium._)--_C. nitidum_, Forbes.--Zetland, 50 +14. C. METULA, _Lovén_, (_Cerithium._)--_C. nitidum_, Forbes.--Zetland, 50 to 80 fath., R. White, with angular whorls. 15. C. PULCHELLA, _Jeffreys._--Falmouth, Plymouth, Guernsey, R. Closely @@ -2072,7 +2040,7 @@ with thin ribs. STYLIFER. 21. S. TURTONI, _Brod._--_Phasianella stylifera_, _Velutina s._, _S. -globosus_ and _astericola_.--On spines of _Echinus sphaera_, Torbay and +globosus_ and _astericola_.--On spines of _Echinus sphæra_, Torbay and Berwick, R. Glassy, thin. EULIMA. @@ -2170,11 +2138,11 @@ small. RECLUZIA. -20. R. APERTA, _Jeffreys._--_Natica aperta_, Loven?--Zetland, Rr. +20. R. APERTA, _Jeffreys._--_Natica aperta_, Lovén?--Zetland, Rr. VELUTINA. -21. N. LAEVIGATA, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_Bulla_, _Velutina_, etc.--Brit. co. +21. N. LÆVIGATA, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_Bulla_, _Velutina_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 1 to 30 fath., N. Eu., C. 22. N. FLEXILIS, _Mont._ (_Bulla._)--_Coriocella_ and _Sigaretus @@ -2217,7 +2185,7 @@ M.--R. More lengthened than No. 1. 3, 4. O. ACUTA, _Jeffreys._--Torbay, Loch Fyne, Galway, etc., Mc. Strong, conical. Suture deep. - 5. O. PLICATA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Voluta p._, _V. plicatula_, _O. Annae_, + 5. O. PLICATA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Voluta p._, _V. plicatula_, _O. Annæ_, _Jaminia p._, etc., Mc.--Salcombe, Swansea, Dublin, Aberdeen, Mc. Turreted. Narrow, thin. @@ -2259,7 +2227,7 @@ etc.--Zetland, R. Pillar-lip thin, arched. 20. O. RISSOIDES, _Hanley._--_O. scalaris._--Channel Isls., Devon, Cornwall, Tenby, etc., Mc. Thin, conical, no umbilicus. -21. O. ALBELLA, _Loven._--_O. rissoides_, var., B. M.--Guernsey, S. Devon, +21. O. ALBELLA, _Lovén._--_O. rissoides_, var., B. M.--Guernsey, S. Devon, etc. Turreted, upper whorls more cylindrical than No. 20. 22. O. OBLIQUA, _Alder._--Tynemouth, Guernsey, 7 fath. to deep water, Rr. @@ -2326,7 +2294,7 @@ N. and S. Eu., C. LACHESIS. - 6. L. MINIMA, _Mont._ (_Buccinum_.)--_B. brunneum_, _B. rubrum_, _Nesaea + 6. L. MINIMA, _Mont._ (_Buccinum_.)--_B. brunneum_, _B. rubrum_, _Nesæa granulata_, _mamillata_, _Fusus minimus_, etc.--Channel Isls. and S. Brit., on shores. S. Eu. @@ -2340,7 +2308,7 @@ _imperiale_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, shores, Cc. N. Eu. and Am. 9. B. ACUMINATUM, _Brod._--_B. undatum_ var., B. M.--Rr. 10. B. CILIATUM, _Fabr._ (_Tritonium._)--Shetland, deep water, R. More thin -than No. 9; with striae finer, and hairs of epidermis tufted minutely. +than No. 9; with striæ finer, and hairs of epidermis tufted minutely. 11. B. FUSIFORME, _Brod._--Cork, Wexford, Rr. Turreted, fusiform, white, ribbed, striated. @@ -2399,11 +2367,11 @@ Fig. 1. N. RETICULATA, _Linn._ (_Buccinum._)--_N. pullus_, _Tritonium r._--Brit. and Eu. co. generally. Littoral, Cc. - 2. N. INCRASSATA, _Mueller_, (_Buccinum._)--_N._ and _B. minutum_, + 2. N. INCRASSATA, _Müller_, (_Buccinum._)--_N._ and _B. minutum_, _macula_, _asperulum_, etc.--Brit. shores generally, 0 to 50 fath., gravel, C. - 3. N. PYGMAEA, _Lamk._ (_Ranella._)--_B. tuberculatum_, _Tritonia + 3. N. PYGMÆA, _Lamk._ (_Ranella._)--_B. tuberculatum_, _Tritonia varicosa_, etc.--S. Brit. co., S. Eu., 4 fath. to deep water, C. Small, with white varices on the body. @@ -2445,7 +2413,7 @@ Plymouth, R. 14. M. NEBULA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_M._, _P._, and _F. Bertrandi_, _varians_, and _pyramidatus_.--Various places and depths, N. and S. Eu., C. -15. M. LAEVIGATA, _Phil._ (_Pleu._)--_M. nebula_ var.--South Brit., S. Eu. +15. M. LÆVIGATA, _Phil._ (_Pleu._)--_M. nebula_ var.--South Brit., S. Eu. Small, fusiform, shiny, banded. 16. M. GUINNIANA, _Phil._ (_Pleu._)--_M. nebula_ var.--Tenby, etc., Mr. S. @@ -2454,7 +2422,7 @@ Eu. Whorls longer than No. 14. 17. M. BRACHYSTOMA, _Phil._ (_Pleu._)--_M. tiarula_ and _Clavatula b._--Brit. co. gen., Mr. Turreted; ribs crossed by raised lines. -18. M. NANA, _Loven_, (_Tritonium._)--_Fusus albus._--Lerwick, Zetland, +18. M. NANA, _Lovén_, (_Tritonium._)--_Fusus albus._--Lerwick, Zetland, Orkneys, etc., 45 fath., and deep, R. Ventricose, cancellated. 19, 20. M. STRIOLATA, _Scacchi_, (_Pleu._)--_P._ and _Murex Smithii_, @@ -2482,13 +2450,13 @@ _elegans_, etc., S. Brit., Galway, S. Eu., Mr. ERATO. -27. E. LAEVIS, _Donovan_, (_Voluta._)--_E._, _Marginella_, _Bulla_, -_Volvaria_, and _Columbella fusiformis_, _Cypraeola_, _Donovani_, +27. E. LÆVIS, _Donovan_, (_Voluta._)--_E._, _Marginella_, _Bulla_, +_Volvaria_, and _Columbella fusiformis_, _Cypræola_, _Donovani_, _Muscaria_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 1 to 50 fath., Mc. -CYPRAEA. +CYPRÆA. -28. C. EUROPAEA, _Mont._--_Cypr._ and _Trivia_, _Pediculus arctica_, +28. C. EUROPÆA, _Mont._--_Cypr._ and _Trivia_, _Pediculus arctica_, _bullata_, and _diaphana_.--Brit. co. generally, 0 to 50 fath., C. [Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XX.] @@ -2525,12 +2493,12 @@ mamillated. 7. C. TRUNCATA, _Adams_, (_Bulla._)--_B. truncatula_, _retusa_, _semisulcata_.--Brit. co. generally, C. N. and S. Eu. - 8. C. NITIDULA, _Loven._--_C._ and _Bulla n._ and _umbilicata_.--Skye, + 8. C. NITIDULA, _Lovén._--_C._ and _Bulla n._ and _umbilicata_.--Skye, Loch Fyne, etc., R. N. Eu. Elongated, oval. 9. C. CONULUS, _Desh._--Zetland, Rr. Conical. -10. C. STRIGILLA, _Loven._--_C._, _Bulla_, and _Atys s._ and +10. C. STRIGILLA, _Lovén._--_C._, _Bulla_, and _Atys s._ and _ovulata_.--Scotland, Mr. Spirally striated. 11. C. UMBILICATA, _Mont._ (_Bulla_).--_Bullina_ and _Volvaria u._ and @@ -2549,7 +2517,7 @@ Littoral, Mc. N. Eu. Rather square. AKERA. -16. A. BULLATA, _Mueller._--_Bulla Akera_, _B. norvegica_, _B. resiliens_, +16. A. BULLATA, _Müller._--_Bulla Akera_, _B. norvegica_, _B. resiliens_, _fragilis_, _flexilis_, _Hanleyi_.--Southampton, Zetland, Galway, etc. Littoral, Mc. N. and S. Eu. @@ -2567,25 +2535,25 @@ Narrower and more solid than _B. cornea_. PHILINE. -20. P. APERTA, _Linn._--_P. Bulla_, _Bullaea_, and _Lobaria a._, +20. P. APERTA, _Linn._--_P. Bulla_, _Bullæa_, and _Lobaria a._, _quadripartita_, _quadrilobata_, and _Planciana_.--Brit. co. gen., C. S. Eu. Large, smooth. -21. P. SCABRA, _Mueller._--_Bulla_ and _Scaphander scabra_, _pectinata_, +21. P. SCABRA, _Müller._--_Bulla_ and _Scaphander scabra_, _pectinata_, _dilatata_, and _catenulifera_.--Northumberland, Zetland, Ireland, etc., Mc., 5 to 50 fath. N. Eu. Oblong, serrated. -22. P. QUADRATA, _S. Wood._--_Bullaea_ and _P. scutulum_.--Zetland, etc., 10 +22. P. QUADRATA, _S. Wood._--_Bullæa_ and _P. scutulum_.--Zetland, etc., 10 to 100 fath., R. Striated. -23. P. CATENA, _Mont._--_Bulla_ and _Bullaea c._, _angustata_, and +23. P. CATENA, _Mont._--_Bulla_ and _Bullæa c._, _angustata_, and _punctata_,--Brit. co. generally, Mr., 0 to 40 fath. With chain-like sculpture. -24. P. PUNCTATA, _Clark._--_Bulla_ and _Bullaea_.--Devon, Swansea, Aberdeen, +24. P. PUNCTATA, _Clark._--_Bulla_ and _Bullæa_.--Devon, Swansea, Aberdeen, Clare. In sand, 60 fath., Mc. With punctured sculpture. -25. P. PRUINOSA, _Clark._--_Bulla_ and _Bullaea_.--Devon, Northumb., +25. P. PRUINOSA, _Clark._--_Bulla_ and _Bullæa_.--Devon, Northumb., Hebrides, etc. Mud, 20 to 70 fath. N. Eu. SCAPHANDER. @@ -2618,11 +2586,11 @@ SPIRULA. PLATE XXI. -LIMNAEUS. In and near fresh-water. +LIMNÆUS. In and near fresh-water. Fig. - 1, 2. L. PEREGER, _Mueller_ (_Buccinum._)--_Helix_, _Turbo_, _Bulimus_, and + 1, 2. L. PEREGER, _Müller_ (_Buccinum._)--_Helix_, _Turbo_, _Bulimus_, and _L. putris_, _inflata_, _teres_, _lutea_, _limosa_, _ovata_, _vulgaris_, _marginata_, _intermedia_, _lacustris_, etc.--Springs and ponds, Cc. @@ -2630,7 +2598,7 @@ _marginata_, _intermedia_, _lacustris_, etc.--Springs and ponds, Cc. _stagnalis_, _fragilis_, and _major_, etc.--Ponds, etc., not so generally as No. 1, 2, C. - 4. L. PALUSTRIS, _Mueller_, (_Bucc._)--_Helix_ and _L. fragilis_, + 4. L. PALUSTRIS, _Müller_, (_Bucc._)--_Helix_ and _L. fragilis_, _fontinalis_, _stagnalis_, etc.--Ditches, ponds, etc., C. Whorls more numerous and less rapidly enlarged than No. 3. @@ -2642,18 +2610,18 @@ very wide, and outer lip partially reflected. Lake, Bloomfield, Kent, R. Apex sharp and tapering; aperture smaller than No. 5. - 7. L. TRUNCATULUS, _Mueller_, (_Bucc._)--_H._, _B._, and _L. truncatus_, + 7. L. TRUNCATULUS, _Müller_, (_Bucc._)--_H._, _B._, and _L. truncatus_, _fossarius_, _minutus_, _limosus_, etc.--Partly amphibious, generally diffused, C. Small, spire equal to body. - 8. L. GLABER, _Mueller_, (_Buccinum._)--_H._, _B._, and _L. octanfracta_, + 8. L. GLABER, _Müller_, (_Buccinum._)--_H._, _B._, and _L. octanfracta_, _peregrina_, _elongata_, _octona_, _leucostoma_, etc.--Fresh and brackish marshes, Stafford, Somerset, York, etc., R. Spire longer than aperture. 9. L. INVOLUTUS, _Harvey._--_Amphipeplea i._--Lake near Killarney, Belfast, Rr. Spire almost covered. -10. L. GLUTINOSUS, _Mueller_, (_Buccinum._)--_Helix_, _Amphipeplea_, and +10. L. GLUTINOSUS, _Müller_, (_Buccinum._)--_Helix_, _Amphipeplea_, and _L._--Windermere, etc., Mr. Oval. 11. L. BURNETTI, _Alder._--Lakes in Dumfries and Breconshire. Inflated; @@ -2661,7 +2629,7 @@ spire flat; colour opaque-amber. PHYSA. In and near fresh-water. -12. P. HYPNORUM, _Linn._ (_Bulla._)--_Helix_, _Physa_, _Limnaea_, and +12. P. HYPNORUM, _Linn._ (_Bulla._)--_Helix_, _Physa_, _Limnæa_, and _Aplexa turrita_ and _marmorata_. Pools and lakes, Brit. generally, C. 13. P. FONTINALIS, _Linn._ (_Bulla._)--_Turbo_, _Planorbis_, _Bulimus_, and @@ -2670,7 +2638,7 @@ lakes, and ditches, C. ANCYLUS. In fresh-water. -14, 15. A. FLUVIATILIS, _Mueller._--_Patella lacustris._--Running streams, +14, 15. A. FLUVIATILIS, _Müller._--_Patella lacustris._--Running streams, on stones and plants generally, C. Oval, apex turned to left. 16, 17. A. OBLONGUS, _Lightfoot_, (_Patella._)--_A._ and _P. lacustris_. @@ -2682,20 +2650,20 @@ PLANORBIS. In fresh-water. _purpureus_, and _similis_, _P. nana_ (young).--Ponds and ditches generally, C. -19. P. ALBUS, _Mueller._--_Helix_ and _P. hispidus_, +19. P. ALBUS, _Müller._--_Helix_ and _P. hispidus_, _hirsutus_.--Distribution general, C. Finely ciliated in lines. -20. P. GLABER, _Jeffreys._--_P. laevis_, Alder.--Penzance, Falmouth, +20. P. GLABER, _Jeffreys._--_P. lævis_, Alder.--Penzance, Falmouth, Swansea, Belfast, etc., Mr. -21. P. NAUTILEUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P. imbricatus_, Mueller; _P. +21. P. NAUTILEUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P. imbricatus_, Müller; _P. cristatus_, _Turbo nautileus_, etc., Mc. With horny ridges. 22. P. CONTORTUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P._and _H. crassa_, _umbilicata_.--Distribution general, C. Numerous close whorls; aperture semi-lunar. -23. P. CARINATUS, _Mueller._--_Helix Planorbis_, Linn.; _P. planata_ and +23. P. CARINATUS, _Müller._--_Helix Planorbis_, Linn.; _P. planata_ and _lutescens_.--Generally distr., C. Whorls more rapidly increased than No. 24; keel more distinct. @@ -2709,7 +2677,7 @@ whorls, very compressed. 26. P. SPIRORBIS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P. vortex_, var.--Distr. general, C. Fewer whorls than No. 25; mouth not angular. -27. P. NITIDUS, _Mueller._--_Helix_ and _P. fontanus_, _complanatus_, and +27. P. NITIDUS, _Müller._--_Helix_ and _P. fontanus_, _complanatus_, and _lenticularis_.--Most parts of Brit., Mc. Very compressed. 28. P. LACUSTRIS, _Lightfoot._--_P. nitidus_, var., _Segmentina lineata_, @@ -2724,7 +2692,7 @@ SUCCINEA. Amphibious. Fig. - 1. S. PUTRIS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_H._, _S._, and _Limnaea Succinea_ and + 1. S. PUTRIS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_H._, _S._, and _Limnæa Succinea_ and _amphibia_.--On plants by the side of rivers, ditches, etc., C. Rather oval in form. @@ -2738,7 +2706,7 @@ with more distinct whorls. CONOVULUS. Partly marine, amphibious. - 4. C. BIDENTATUS, _Mont._ (_Voluta._)--_C._, _N._, _Actaeon_, and _Auricula + 4. C. BIDENTATUS, _Mont._ (_Voluta._)--_C._, _N._, _Actæon_, and _Auricula alba_ (var.) and _erosa_.--Salt-water marshes, and on rocks near high-water mark all round our coasts, C. No tooth on outer lip. @@ -2746,22 +2714,22 @@ mark all round our coasts, C. No tooth on outer lip. Thames, etc., C. Outer lip with one tooth. 6. C. DENTICULATUS, _Mont._ (_Voluta._)--_C._, _V._, _Auricula_, and -_Actaeon ringens_, _reflexa_ (var. f. 7), _Mysotis_, and +_Actæon ringens_, _reflexa_ (var. f. 7), _Mysotis_, and _personata_.--Numerous places, near the sea, C. Outer lip with many teeth. 7. C. REFLEXUS.--_Auricula reflexa_, _C. denticulatus_, var. _Jeffreys_. CARYCHIUM. - 8. C. MINIMUM, _Mueller._--_Turbo Carychium_, _Auricula minima_.--Moist + 8. C. MINIMUM, _Müller._--_Turbo Carychium_, _Auricula minima_.--Moist places, wet Mosses, etc. Generally distr., C. LIMAX. Land Slug, with shell under shield. - 9. L. CINEREUS _Mueller._--_L. maximus_, _maculatus_, _Limacella parma_. + 9. L. CINEREUS _Müller._--_L. maximus_, _maculatus_, _Limacella parma_. Brit. gen., C.; Eu. Shell oval, large, thin. -10. L. AGRESTIS, _Mueller._--_L. concava_ and _obliquus_.--Brit, gen., C. +10. L. AGRESTIS, _Müller._--_L. concava_ and _obliquus_.--Brit, gen., C. _Foss cr._ Shell small, oblique. 11. L. BRUNNEUS, _Drap._--_L. concava._--Under stones, etc. Shell minute, @@ -2772,15 +2740,15 @@ Cellar Slug. Shell thick, rather square. TESTACELLA. Slug with shell on tail. -13. T. MAUGEI, _Ferussac._--Clifton, Taunton, Plymouth, Swansea, etc., Mr. +13. T. MAUGEI, _Férussac._--Clifton, Taunton, Plymouth, Swansea, etc., Mr. Large, and more square than 14. -14. T. HALIOTOIDEA, _Drap._--_T. europaea_, _T. scutulum_.--Near London. +14. T. HALIOTOIDEA, _Drap._--_T. europæa_, _T. scutulum_.--Near London. Channel Isls., etc., Mc. VITRINA. Shell not including the whole Slug. -15. V. PELLUCIDA, _Mueller_, (_Helix._)--_H. diaphana_, _Helicolimax_, +15. V. PELLUCIDA, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H. diaphana_, _Helicolimax_, _Limacina major_, etc.--Various parts of the country, under stones, etc., Mc. Eu. Very transparent. @@ -2789,14 +2757,14 @@ globular than 15, R. ZONITES. Transparent, thin-edged Snails. -17, 18. Z. CELLARIUS, _Mueller_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. lucida_ and +17, 18. Z. CELLARIUS, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. lucida_ and _nitens_.--Brit. gen., C. -19, 20. Z. NITIDUS, _Mueller_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. nitens_, _lucida_, +19, 20. Z. NITIDUS, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. nitens_, _lucida_, _tennis_, _Succinea_, etc.--Less depressed than 17, 18, with larger umbilicus. -21. Z. CRYSTALLINUS, _Mueller_, (_Helix._)--_H._, _Z._, _Discus_, and +21. Z. CRYSTALLINUS, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H._, _Z._, _Discus_, and _"Polita" c._, _eburnea_, _vitrea_.--In damp spots, among stones and Moss. Minute, white, transparent. @@ -2825,10 +2793,10 @@ HELIX. Snails with thickened lips. Fig. - 1. H. PISANA, _Mueller._--_H. zonaria_, _cingenda_, _rhodostoma_, + 1. H. PISANA, _Müller._--_H. zonaria_, _cingenda_, _rhodostoma_, _strigata_, _albella_.--Cornwall, S. Wales, Dublin, C. S. and N. Eu. - 2. H. ASPERSA, _Mueller._--_H. grisea_, _hortensis_, _variegata_, + 2. H. ASPERSA, _Müller._--_H. grisea_, _hortensis_, _variegata_, _vulgaris_, etc.--Common in all our gardens and hedges. 3. H. VIRGATA, _Costa._--_H. variabilis_, _ericetorum_, _zonaria_, @@ -2836,11 +2804,11 @@ etc.--In sandy and chalky places, C. More compressed than No. 1. 4. H. CANTIANA, _Mont._--_H. pallida_, etc.--South and west Engl., C. - 5. H. ERICETORUM, _Mueller._--_H. itala_, _striata_, _albella_, _erica_, -_nivea_, _caespita_, etc.--Chalky and sandy places, C. Depressed, delicately + 5. H. ERICETORUM, _Müller._--_H. itala_, _striata_, _albella_, _erica_, +_nivea_, _cæspita_, etc.--Chalky and sandy places, C. Depressed, delicately banded; large umbilicus. - 6. H. RUFESCENS, _Pennant._--_H. rufina_, _montana_, _caelata_, + 6. H. RUFESCENS, _Pennant._--_H. rufina_, _montana_, _cælata_, _clandestina_, etc.--Most common in southern, chalky and limestone districts. Depressed, striated; whorls slightly angular. Generally lighter than our figure, sometimes nearly white. @@ -2857,10 +2825,10 @@ than _H. sericea_, with larger umbilicus. 11. H. SERICEA, _Drap._--_H. hispida_, _globularis_, _granulata_, etc.--Granulated, hairy. Mouth wider than 8. Small umbilicus. -12. H. OBVOLUTA, _Mueller._--_H. trigonophora_, etc.--Ditcham Wood, +12. H. OBVOLUTA, _Müller._--_H. trigonophora_, etc.--Ditcham Wood, Hampshire. In Moss at roots of trees, Rr. -13. H. FULVA, _Mueller._--_H. terrestris_, _trochiformis_, _nitidula_, +13. H. FULVA, _Müller._--_H. terrestris_, _trochiformis_, _nitidula_, etc.--Pretty general and common. Conical, minute, transparent. 14. H. POMATIA, _Linn._--Southern chalky districts, S. Eu., C. @@ -2868,7 +2836,7 @@ etc.--Pretty general and common. Conical, minute, transparent. 15. H. CAPERATA, _Mont._--_H. striata_, _H. crenulala_, etc.--Chalk-pits, etc., C. -16. H. CARTHUSIANA, _Mueller._--_H. nitida_, _carthusianella_, _rufilabris_, +16. H. CARTHUSIANA, _Müller._--_H. nitida_, _carthusianella_, _rufilabris_, etc.--Chalk-districts of Surrey and Kent, C. 17, 18. H. NEMORALIS, _Linn._--_H. hortensis_, _fasciata_, _hybrida_, @@ -2879,10 +2847,10 @@ aperture different from 17, 18. 20, 21. H. ROTUNDATA.--_H. radiata_, _Turtoni_, etc.--Common and general. -22, 23. H. PULCHELLA, _Mueller._--_H. costata_, _paludosa_, _crenella_, +22, 23. H. PULCHELLA, _Müller._--_H. costata_, _paludosa_, _crenella_, _minuta_, etc.--Common and general under stones, etc. -24. H. REVELATA, _Ferussac._--Cornwall, Devon, Torquay, Guernsey. Rare. A +24. H. REVELATA, _Férussac._--Cornwall, Devon, Torquay, Guernsey. Rare. A transparent, greenish, hairy shell. 25. H. APERTA.--_H. neritoides_, _naticoides_, etc.--A single specimen @@ -2891,12 +2859,12 @@ found in Guernsey. Not uncommon in S. Eu. Our specimen is foreign. 26. H. UMBILICATA, _Mont._--_H. rupestris_, etc.--On perpendicular heights and under stones, C. -27. H. PYGMAEA, _Drap._--_H. minuta_, etc.--Common in damp places. +27. H. PYGMÆA, _Drap._--_H. minuta_, etc.--Common in damp places. 28. H. LAMELLATA, _Jeffreys._--_H. Scarburgensis_, _seminulum_.--Brit. and Germany, C. -29. H. ACULEATA, _Mueller._--_H. spinulosa_, etc.--Among Moss and stones, +29. H. ACULEATA, _Müller._--_H. spinulosa_, etc.--Among Moss and stones, etc., C. General. [Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XXIV.] @@ -2911,10 +2879,10 @@ Fig. montana_.--Kent, Surrey, Gloucester, Selborne, N. and S. Eu., R. as Brit. Shagreened. - 2. B. OBSCURUS, _Mueller._--_Turbo rupium_, _B. hordaceus_, etc.--C. and + 2. B. OBSCURUS, _Müller._--_Turbo rupium_, _B. hordaceus_, etc.--C. and general. Surface smooth. - 3, 4. B. ACUTUS, _Mueller._--_Helix barbara_, _B. cretacea_, _articulatus_, + 3, 4. B. ACUTUS, _Müller._--_Helix barbara_, _B. cretacea_, _articulatus_, _Turbo fasciatus_, etc.--On sand and limestone in marine neighbourhoods, C. PUPA. Small Snails, among Moss, stones, etc. @@ -2930,30 +2898,30 @@ one tooth. 7. P. MUSCORUM, _Linn._--_T._, _P._, _H._, _B. marginata_, _chrysalis_, _unidentatus_, etc.--C. and gen. A rib behind the outer lip. - 8. P. ANGLICA, _Ferussac._--_Vertigo_, _Turbo_, and _P. a._ and + 8. P. ANGLICA, _Férussac._--_Vertigo_, _Turbo_, and _P. a._ and _ringens_.--Scarborough, Newcastle, Guernsey, etc., Mr. More cylindrical than 5. 9. P. EDENTULA, _Drap._--_H. exigua_, _Vertigo_, _Helix_, and _Jamimia e._, _nitida_, etc.--C. and gen. No teeth in aperture; smooth. -10. P. MINUTISSIMA, _Hartmann._--_P._, _Vertigo_, _Alaea cylindrica_, +10. P. MINUTISSIMA, _Hartmann._--_P._, _Vertigo_, _Alæa cylindrica_, _obtusa_, _muscorum_, etc.--Bristol, Salisbury, Skye, etc., R. as Brit.; C. in S. Eu. No teeth in aperture; striated. -11, 12. P. PYGMAEA, _Drap._--_P._, _T._, _V._, _H._, _Alaea_, etc., +11, 12. P. PYGMÆA, _Drap._--_P._, _T._, _V._, _H._, _Alæa_, etc., _sexdentatus_, _quinquedentatus_, _vulgaris_, etc.--The lighter variety, _P. alpestris_, C. and general. Four or five teeth. -13. P. SUBSTRIATA, _Jeffreys._--_Vertigo_, _Turbo_, _Alaea sexdentata_, +13. P. SUBSTRIATA, _Jeffreys._--_Vertigo_, _Turbo_, _Alæa sexdentata_, _curta_, etc.--C. and gen. Very cylindrical; six teeth; striated. -14. P. ANTIVERTIGO, _Drap._--_P._, _V._, _Alaea octodentata_, +14. P. ANTIVERTIGO, _Drap._--_P._, _V._, _Alæa octodentata_, _septemdentata_, _palustris_, etc.--Near Swansea and London; Bristol, Devon, Northumberland, Ayr, Mr. Ireland. Aperture subtrigonal, eight or nine teeth. -15. P. PUSILLA, _Mueller._--_Helix vertigo_, and _V. heterostropha_.--S. +15. P. PUSILLA, _Müller._--_Helix vertigo_, and _V. heterostropha_.--S. Wales, Northumberland, Belfast, etc., Mc. Sinistral, with seven teeth. 16. P. VENETZII, _Charpentier._--_Turbo_, _Vertigo_, and _P. vertigo_ and @@ -2985,7 +2953,7 @@ above fold. ZUA. -22. Z. LUBRICA, _Mueller_, (_Helix._)--_Turbo_, _Bulimus l._, +22. Z. LUBRICA, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_Turbo_, _Bulimus l._, _subcylindrica_, _muscorum_, etc.--C. and gen. Among leaves and under stones. @@ -2996,12 +2964,12 @@ Goodallii_, _Britannica_, etc.--C. and general. Habits as _Zua_ and _Pupa_. ACHATINA. -24. A. ACICULA, _Mueller._--_Buccinum_, _Bulimus_, _Helix octona_, +24. A. ACICULA, _Müller._--_Buccinum_, _Bulimus_, _Helix octona_, _terrestre_, etc.--In marshy places, among Grass, etc., C. S. Eu. CYCLOSTOMA. Snail with operculum. -25. C. ELEGANS, _Mueller_, (_Nerita._)--_Turbo reflexus_, _T. tumidus_, +25. C. ELEGANS, _Müller_, (_Nerita._)--_Turbo reflexus_, _T. tumidus_, _striatus_, _elegans_.--Chalky districts of S. Engl., C. ACME. Cylindrical Snail with operculum. @@ -3072,7 +3040,7 @@ susceptibility of _definition_ will be the guiding principle in deciding the claims of certain groups to generic separation. The illustrations will be copious and of full size, embracing every marked form, whether recent or fossil, and whether adopted as a genus or not. The price is not yet fixed, -but is expected to be about L3 3s. To appear between March and May, 1866. +but is expected to be about £3 3s. To appear between March and May, 1866. G. B. S., jun., will be glad to receive the names and addresses of those who desire to see the Work when published. @@ -3097,7 +3065,7 @@ FOSSILS. CRAG.--Numerous fine Teeth, Bones, and Shells. -LONDON CLAY.--Fish-heads, Teeth, Fruits, Teredinae, etc. +LONDON CLAY.--Fish-heads, Teeth, Fruits, Teredinæ, etc. CHALK and GAULT.--A magnificent series, including fine specimens of Goniaster, Cidaris, Ventriculites, Crustacea, Shells, etc. @@ -3119,8 +3087,8 @@ RECENT SHELLS. Among a most extensive range of genera and species are included Voluta Rossiana, V. fulgetrum, Conus Aurisiacus, C. princeps, C. marchionatus, a -fine series of C. venulatus, etc., Halia Priamus, Cypraea picta, Cardium -hians, C. AEolicum (true), Galathaea concamerata, Velorita, Anastoma, +fine series of C. venulatus, etc., Halia Priamus, Cypræa picta, Cardium +hians, C. Æolicum (true), Galathæa concamerata, Velorita, Anastoma, beautiful Spondyli, etc. Series of British Shells made up. MINERALS. @@ -3138,9 +3106,9 @@ Beautiful mahogany cabinet (40 drawers), with fine Butterflies, etc. BOOKS, NEW AND SECOND-HAND. Works on Crustacea, including Milne-Edwards' 'Histoire;' Desmarets' -'Considerations;' Roux, 'Crust. de la Mediterranee;' 'Crustacea of the +'Considérations;' Roux, 'Crust. de la Méditerranée;' 'Crustacea of the Fauna Japonica,' etc.; on Zoology, the 'Historia de Chili;' 'Journal de -Conchyliologie,' by Crosse; Bernardi's 'Monog. des Galathees,' etc.; +Conchyliologie,' by Crosse; Bernardi's 'Monog. des Galathées,' etc.; Supplement to Sowerby's 'Cones;' Deshayes' 'Coquilles Fossiles de Paris;' Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Pt. 1 to 22; Sowerby's 'Wild Flowers;' and new edition of Sowerby's 'English Botany.' @@ -3159,369 +3127,7 @@ Formations, Classes, or Genera, and specimens forwarded on approval._ -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Index of British Shells, by +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Index of British Shells, by George Brettingham Sowerby -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS *** - -***** This file should be named 43305.txt or 43305.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/3/0/43305/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Illustrated Index of British Shells - Containing figures of all the recent species - -Author: George Brettingham Sowerby - -Release Date: July 26, 2013 [EBook #43305] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -ILLUSTRATED INDEX - -OF - -BRITISH SHELLS. - -CONTAINING - -FIGURES OF ALL THE RECENT SPECIES, - -With Names and other Information. - -BY - -G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. - -LONDON: - -SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., PATERNOSTER ROW; - -AND - -THE AUTHOR, 9, PEMBROKE SQUARE, KENSINGTON. - -1859. - - * * * * * - -PREFACE. - -The first idea of this Work arose from the occasional use of Mr. Damon's -'Catalogue of the Shells of Great Britain and Ireland,' named after the -'History of British Mollusca,' etc. Here was, on one side, a very useful -list of names, without figures or references to guide an inquirer to the -species; and on the other, a very large and splendid Work, placed by its -heavy price beyond the reach of Naturalists in general. There was nothing -between the two; nothing within reach that would assist collectors of -British Shells to name their acquisitions from ocean, beach, river, pond, -or hedgerow. A public want seemed here to be discovered. It was thought -that a list like the above, with a coloured drawing of every species, if -produced at an available price, would supply that want. At first no more -than this was thought of, but afterwards, as the preparations advanced, -various suggestions were made tending to some extension of the plan. The -results are here presented. - -About 700 Figures in the Plates represent all the recognized species. They -amount to 600, being 60 more than are admitted in the latest monograph. The -greater part of these are either new or newly introduced as British. The -rest are raised from varieties to species. - -As the nomenclature used by Messrs. Forbes and Hanley in their great Work -will be most generally adopted in this country, it is followed here with -very few alterations; and the synonyms given (in italics) are selected from -those which are most familiar and likely to be met with. - -Some information is added respecting habits and localities, range of depth -of marine species, and comparative abundance. The letters C., Cc., Mc., R., -Rr., and Mr., signifying 'common,' 'extremely common,' 'moderately common,' -'rare,' etc., must be taken with great caution, especially the latter, as -subject to continual change. - -A list is given of British Fossil Shells identical with now living species. - -A familiar description of British Mollusca and some peculiarities in their -families and genera will, it is hoped, form a useful and suitable -introduction to the names and figures. The Author's best thanks are due to -his friends, Madame De Burgh, who has collected many beautiful shells; R. -McAndrew, Esq., F.L.S., whose dredging experiences are so extensive; J. G. -Jeffreys, Esq., F.R.S., etc., whose researches have resulted in so many -additions to our Fauna; Mr. Brice Wright, the Naturalist, of Great Russell -Street, and others, who have in the most liberal manner supplied him with -specimens from which his drawings are taken. The loan of delicate and -minute shells to authors and artists has so often proved disastrous, that -nothing but a generous friendship, and a zealous love of Natural History, -could have induced proprietors so freely to incur the risk. - - * * * * * - -INTRODUCTION - -TO - -SHELL-BEARING BRITISH MOLLUSCA. - -A common garden Snail, observed crawling and feeding, is easily seen to -possess a distinct head, upon which are four feelers or horns, with eyes at -the end, and underneath which is a mouth; a broad disc, extending the whole -length of the body, is the organ of locomotion; a spiral or coiled shell -surmounts the whole. - -If, on the other hand, an Oyster be opened, no distinct head, or place for -eyes or mouth, can be seen, but only a seeming mass of pulp, with a round -gristle in the centre (the muscle of attachment), the former enclosed in a -soft skin with a double fringe round the edge (mantle), placed within a -shell composed of two pieces. - -All Mollusca are more or less completely represented by these two. The -Snail and its class are named _Gasteropoda_ (abdomen-creeping), and their -shells _Univalves_; the Oyster and its class, _Acephala_ (headless), and -their shells _Bivalves_. We begin with the latter class at-- - -PLATE I. - -_Pholadidæ_, or "Borers," 1-13, have the power of piercing and inhabiting -holes in submarine wood, rocks, and stones. The hinder part of the body is -lengthened out in the form of a double tube, with openings for the ingress -and egress of fluids. _Teredo_, 1-6, has short valves, two pallets fixed at -the sides of the siphons, and lines its hole with a shelly tube. _Pholas_ -and _Pholadidea_, 8-13, have long valves and sometimes accessory plates. -The shell of _Xylophaga_, 7, is like that of _Teredo_, but the animal has -neither pallets nor tube. - -_Gastrochæna_, 14, has a gaping shell, and encloses itself in a -bottle-shaped covering of cemented stones and sand. _Saxicava_, 15, 16, -_Venerupis_, 18, and _Petricola_, 17, burrow in sand, or live in holes of -rocks. - -_Myadæ_, or "Gapers," _Mya_, 19, 20, and _Panopæa_, 21, 21*, burrow -downwards in sand and mud, their siphons protected by a coriaceous -covering. Their shells are not closed all round, and those of _Mya_ have a -spoon-shaped process in the hinge of one valve. - -_Corbulidæ_, 22-28, have short siphons with fringed edges, and the foot -protrudes through a hole in the otherwise closed mantle. - -PLATE II. - -_Poromya_, 1, 1*, and the beautiful pearly _Pandora_, 2, 3, might be -included in the family of _Corbulidæ_. _Lyonsia_, 4, and _Thracia_, 5-10, -represent the _Anatinidæ_. 11-18 are _Solenidæ_, or "Razor-shells." Solens -burrow in deep holes in the sand, where they remain in a perpendicular -position at a great depth below the surface, where yet their presence may -be traced by the opening left. Their large muscular foot enables them to -take great leaps when out of the holes. - -PLATE III. - -_Psammobia_, 1-4, and _Tellina_, 5-16, include some of our most beautiful -shells. The animals have a large, fleshy, curved foot, and the mantle open -and fringed. Their shells are provided with an external ligament, and teeth -on the hinge. _Donax_, or "Wedge," 19, 20, has long, separated, fringed -siphons. Besides the small external ligament, properly so called, the -_Mactridæ_ have a triangular pit in the hinge of their shell, containing an -elastic substance or spring, designed to resist the action of the adductor -muscles. _Mactra_, 21-26, ends the Plate. - -PLATE IV. - -_Lutraria_, 1-3, is another genus of _Mactridæ_. The _Veneridæ_, 4-16 and -23, or "Venus" tribe, differ from it in not having the spring-holding pit. -_Artemis_, 10, 11, is known by a large angular bend in the pallial -impression; and _Cytherea_, 23, is distinguished from Venus by one tooth on -the hinge standing out a little way from the central ones. _Astarte_, -17-22, belongs to the _Cyprinidæ_. - -PLATE V. - -Fig. 1-3 also represent genera of _Cyprinidæ_. They have no bend in the -palleal impression. _Cardium_, or "Cockle," 4-13, presents a peculiarity in -the foot, which is large and bent, and enables the animal to leap in a very -lively manner. The family of _Lucinidæ_ occupy the remaining figures. -_Lucina_ has a curious tongue-shaped doubling of the pallial impression. - -PLATE VI. - -The _Kelliadæ_, 1-15, are marine, while the _Cycladidæ_, completing the -Plate, are fresh-water bivalves, and may be found in many ponds and rivers. - -PLATE VII. - -Of the _Unionidæ_, or "Fresh-water Mussels," _Unio_, 1-3, has teeth on the -hinge, and _Anodon_, 4, has not: it is a thin shell. The foot of these -molluscs is very large, and is used in cutting the animal's way through the -mud in which it burrows. Of the marine, or true Mussels, _Modiola_, 6-9, -and _Crenella_, 12-17, have a portion of the shell reaching beyond the -point or apex, which in _Mytilus_ is terminal, 18-21. _Dreissina_, 5, is -shaped like _Mytilus_, but lives in fresh-water docks. The _Mytilidæ_ -attach themselves by means of horny threads spun from the foot, and called -a "byssus." - -PLATE VIII. - -Shells of _Arcadæ_, 1-14, have the hinge characterized by a series of teeth -on each side of the apex. _Nucula_, _Arca_, and _Pectunculus_ are easily -distinguished. _Limopsis_, 14, has a spring pit between the two rows. Our -figure of _Pinna_, 16, is from a young specimen: it grows to great size, -and spins a very silky byssus. The shell of _Anomia_, 18, is fixed to -rocks, etc., by means of a bony button passing through a hole or sinus in -the lower valve. _Lima_, 22-24, has a light, thin shell, and its mantle is -adorned with beautiful fringes. It swims rapidly through the water by the -opening and shutting of its valves, and also has the habit, in seasons of -rest, of protecting itself by a network or vest of marine fragments strung -together by its byssal threads. - -PLATE IX. - -Contains the shells of our Pectens, or Scallops, 1-16. The animals swim -like _Lima_, as above, and also spin a byssus. - -The class _Brachiopoda_, 17-24, so named because what seem to be organs of -locomotion consist of a pair of coiled, ciliated arms, ends the list of -Headless Molluscs and their bivalve shells. - -PLATE X. - -Class _Pteropoda_, 1-4, contains minute Mollusca, with glassy shells -variously formed, and wing-like expansions for swimming. - -_Chiton_, 5-17, or "Coat of Mail," which may often be seen incrusting -rocks, commences the _Gasteropoda_; although seemingly fixed, they are -capable of locomotion, using the whole of the oval disc, which may be seen -on turning them over, for the purpose. The same may be said of the "Limpet" -tribe, _Patella_, 1-22. - -PLATE XI. - -This Plate commences with other forms of the Limpet tribe, _Fissurella_, 1, -2, with a hole at the top; _Puncturella_, 3, with a fissure near the top; -and _Emarginula_, 4-6, with a slit at the margin. _Haliotis_, 7, or pearly -"Ear-shell," leads to the _Trochidæ_, or "Tops," 8-27. - -PLATE XII. - -_Ianthina_, 1-4, is genus of oceanic molluscs, which are provided with a -beautiful floating apparatus, on which the female carries her egg-bags. - -_Neritina_, 5, and the _Paludinidæ_, 8-11, live in fresh-water. The animal -of _Paludina_ is sprinkled all over with bright, golden specks. The -_Littorinæ_, or "Winkles," 12-24, are marine, and frequent the shore among -seaweeds. _Lacuna_, 25-32, belongs to the same family. - -PLATE XIII., XIV. - -Are small genera, various in their characters and habits, but reasonably -included in the last family, _Littorinidæ_. - -PLATE XV. - -The animals of _Turritella_, 1-3, and _Cæcum_, 6, 7, are not unlike, -although the shells are so different; eyes at the base of the tentacles, a -short foot, and horny operculum. The somewhat similar animal of -_Aporrhais_, 4, 5, is brilliantly coloured with gold and red. _Cerithium_, -8-10, differs from _Cerithiopsis_, 11-15, more in regard to the animal than -the shell; the latter animal has a retractile proboscis, and its operculum -is not spiral. - -PLATE XVI. - -_Chemnitzia_, 1-11, and _Truncatella_, 12, together with _Stylifer_, -_Eulima_, and _Odostomia_, form the family of _Pyramidellidæ_. -Notwithstanding the difference in the shells, the animals are very similar, -having a retractile proboscis, and eyes immersed at the base of their -tentacles. - -The animal of _Natica_, 13-19, has a lobe on the upper part of the foot, -reflected over the shell in front, and another lobe behind. The shells of -_Laminaria_, 23, 24, are completely enveloped in similar lobes. - -PLATE XVII. - -The shells of _Odostomia_ are known by a fold in the inner lip of the -aperture. - -PLATE XVIII. - -Two _Tritons_, 1, 2, are admitted for the first time as British, on what we -consider fair evidence, although only two or three specimens have been -taken off Guernsey. One of _T. nodiferus_ was incrusted by a truly British -_Lepralia_. _Murex_, 3, is now familiar as an aquarian, as well as -_Purpura_, 5. A milky secretion found in the head turns purple when -exposed, and gives the celebrated purple dye. _Buccinum_, 7-13, includes -the common "Whelk," 8. _Fusus Berniciensis_, 14, is among the rarest and -most beautiful of our British shells. - -PLATE XIX. - -_Nassa reticulata_, 3, is a favourite inhabitant of the tank; it burrows in -search of food among the pebbles, elevating its siphon above the surface. -_Mangelia_, 4-26, has a similar long siphon. The shell of _Erato_, 27, is -wrapped in the lobes of the animal's mantle, as is also that of _Cyprea_, -28, the latter presenting a beautiful object. - -PLATE XX. - -After _Tornatella_, 1, and _Ovula_, 2, 3, come _Bullidæ_, 4-27, including -several genera differing remarkably in the shape and disposition of the -lobes of their mantles, which in some instances, as in _Philine_, 20-25, -cover the shell. The stomach of _Scapander_, 26, 27, is a remarkable kind -of mill, composed of two bones, between which the food is ground. The -shells of _Aplysia_, 28, and _Pleurotranchus_, 29, 30, are quite internal. -_Spirula_, 31, belonging to the Cephalopodous or Cuttlefish tribe, is only -introduced doubtfully, as there is no proof of the species living in our -seas. - -PLATE XXI., XXII., XXIII., XXIV. - -These are occupied by shells of _Gasteropoda pulmonifera_, so named because -they breathe air by a pulmonary cavity, instead of water by gills. The -_Limnæadæ_, or fresh-water Snails, contained in Plate I., live in water, -but breathe by exposing the pulmonary cavity to air at the surface. -_Succinea_, Plate XXII., 1-3, lives by the sides of streams, sometimes -immersed. _Conovulus_, 4-7, affects brackish marshes. Our common Slugs -yield, on dissection, thin shells, which are concealed beneath the mantle, -_Limax_, 9-12. The shells of _Testacellus_, 13, 14, are fixed near the end -of the foot, outside. The glassy shells of _Vitrina_, 15, 16, do not -enclose the whole Slug-like animal. The other genera of Land Snails have -shells large enough to receive the animal when retracted and withdrawn for -repose. - - * * * * * - -BRITISH FOSSIL SHELLS. - -The following living species are also found in a fossil state in drift and -strata of the British Isles. They are all enumerated in Mr. Searles Wood's -monograph of the CRAG Mollusca. - -The numbers refer to the species as figured in our Plates, Mr. Wood's -nomenclature being inserted in italics when differing from ours. - -Pl. I. Teredo 2. Pholas 11. Pholadidea 12. Gastrochæna 14, as _dubia_. -Saxicava 15, 16. Venerupis 18. Mya 19, 20. Panopea 21, 21*, as _Faujasii_. -Corbula 22, 23? Sphænia 25. Neæra 27. - -Pl. II. Poromya 1. Pandora 2, as _inæquivalvis_, 3, as _pinna_. Thracia 7, -8. Solen, 13, 15. Solecurtus 18, as _Mactra strigilata_. Syndosmya, as -_Abra_, 19, 22. - -Pl. III. Psammobia 1, 3, 4. Tellina 5, 6, 7, 9, as _ovata_, 15, as -_Balthica_, 16. Scrobicularia 18, as _Trigonella plana_. Donax 19, as -_vittatus_. Mactra 20, 21, 22, as _ovalis_, 23, 25, 26. - -Pl. IV. Lutraria 2. Tapes 7, 8. Artemis 11. Venus 12, 14, 15, 17. Astarte -18, 19, 20, 22, as _borealis_. - -Pl. V. Cyprina 1. Circe 2. Isocardia 3. Cardium 6, 8, 9, 12, 13. Lucina 14, -as _Loripes_, 15, as _Cryptodon flexuosum_, 16. Diplodonta 19. Clausina 20, -as _Cryptodon f._ - -Pl. VI. Montacuta 1, 2, 3. Kellia 5, 6. Poronia 7, as _Kellia r._ Cyclas -16, 18. Pisidium 23, 24, 25, 26. - -Pl. VII. Unio 2, 3. Anodon 4. Modiola 6, 9, 10. Crenella 13, 14, 15, 16. -Mytilus 18, 19, 20. - -Pl. VIII. Nucula 1, 5. Leda 6, 7. Area 9, 10, 11, as _pectunculoides_. -Pectunculus 13. Avicula 15. Pinna 16. Ostrea 17. Anomia 18, 19, 20, 21. -Lima 22, 23, 24. - -Pl. IX. Pecten 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. - -Pl. X. Chiton 7, as _fascicularis_. Patella 18. Acme 23. Propilidium, as -_Tectura_, 24. Dentalium 26, 27. Capulus 28. Calyptræa 29. - -Pl. XI. Fissurella 1, as _græca_. Puncturella 3. Emarginula 5, 6. Trochus -8, 10, 11, 12, as _papillosus_, 15, 16, 17, 19. Margarita 21. Adeorbis 25. -Scissurella 26. - -Pl. XII. Paludina 9. Valvata 10. Littorina 14. Lacuna 27. - -Pl. XIII. Rissoa 3*, as _Paludestrina subumbilicata_, 7, 11?, 13?, 15, 23, -27. - -Pl. XIV. Rissoa 2, 9, as _Chemnitzia_. Aclis 24, as _Alvania ascaris_, 25, -as _Chemnitzia n._ - -Pl. XV. Turritella 2. Aporrhais 4. Cæcum 6, 7. Cerithium 9, 10. -Cerithiopsis, as _Cerithium_, 11. Scalaria 17, 19, 20. Eulima 22, 25. - -Pl. XVI. Chemnitzia 1, 2, as _similis_, 4, 8. Natica 13, 17, as _Catena_, -19, as _Groenlandica_. Velutina 21. Trichotropis 26. - -Pl. XVII. Odostomia 1, 8, as _plicata_, 9, as _plicata_, 10?, 12. - -Pl. XVIII. Purpura 5. Buccinum 10? Fusus 15, as _Trophon_, 16, as _Tr._, -17, as _Tr. gracile_, 18, as _Tr. T._, 19, as _Tr. p._ Trophon 22, 24. - -Pl. XIX. Nassa 1, 2. Mangelia, as _Clavatula_, 4, 5, 8, as _Philberti_, 9, -11, as _Boothii_, 12, 14, 15, 17?, 21, 22. Erato 27. Cypræa 28. - -Pl. XX. Tornatella 1, as _Actæon tornatilis_. Ovula 3, as _Bulla_. -Cylichna, as _Bulla_, 4, 5, as _regulbiensis_, 7, 9, 12. Bulla 19. Philine -as _Bullæa_, 21, 22. Scaphander, as _Bulla_, 26. - -Pl. XXI. Limnæa 1, 4, 7, 11. Planorbis 18, 24, as _complanatus_, and in the -upper fresh-water formation, all except 9, 11. - -Pl. XXII. Succinea 1, 3. Conovulus 5, and in the more recent fresh-water -deposits, all except 7 and 13 to 16. - -Pl. XXIII. Helix 19, 22, and upper fresh-water, all except 1, 12, 14, 15, -24, 25, 26. - -Pl. XXIV. Upper fresh-water deposits, all except 16, 24. - - * * * * * - -INDEX TO THE GENERA. - - Referring to Plates and Figures. - - Achatina, XXIV. 24. - Aclis, XIV. 23, 25. - Acmæa, X. 22, 23. - Acme, XXIV. 26. - Adeorbis, XI. 25. - Akera, XX. 16. - Amphispira, XX. 14, 15. - Ancylus, XXI. 14-17. - Anodonta, VII. 4. - Anomia, VIII. 18-21. - Aplysia, XX. 28. - Aporrhais, XV. 4, 5. - Arca, VIII. 18-12. - Argiope, IX. 20, 23. - Artemis, IV. 10, 11. - Assiminea, XIII. 1, 2. - Astarte, IV. 17, 22. - Avicula, VIII. 15. - Azeca, XXIV. 23. - - Balea, XXIV. 17. - Barleeia, XIV. 12. - Bithinea, XII. 6, 7. - Buccinum, XVIII. 8-13. - Bulla, XX. 17-19. - Bulimus, XXIV. 1-4. - - Calyptræa, X. 29. - _Capulus_, Pileopsis. - Cardium, V. 4-13. - Carychium, XXII. 8. - Cæcum, XV. 6-7. - _Cemoria_, Puncturella. - Ceratisolen, II. 11. - Cerithiopsis, XV. 11-15. - Cerithium, XV. 8-10. - Chemnitzia, XVI. 1-11. - Chiton, X. 5-17. - Circe, V. 2. - _Clavatula_, Mangelia. - Clausilia, XXIV. 18-21. - Clausina, V. 20-22. - Cochlodesma, II. 10. - Conovulus, XXII. 4-7. - Corbula, I. 22-24. - Crania, IX. 24. - Crenella, VII. 12-17. - Cyclostoma, XXIV. 25. - Cyclas, VI. 16-20. - Cylichna, XX. 4-13. - Cypræa, XIX. 28. - Cyprina, V. 1. - Cytherea, IV. 23. - - Dentalium, X. 26, 27. - Diodonta, II. 16, 16*. - Diplodonta, V. 19. - Donax, III. 19, 20. - Dreissina, VII. 5. - - Emarginula, XI. 4-6. - Euomphalus, XIV. 17, 18. - Ervillia, III. 17. - Eulima, XV. 22-26. - Eulimella, XIV. 26-30. - - Fissurella, XI. 1, 2. - Fusus, XVIII. 14-19. - - Galeomma, VI. 14, 15. - Gastrochæna, I. 14. - - Haliotis, XI. 7. - _Helix_ (Zonites), XXII. 17-29. - Helix, XXIII. 1-29. - _Hinnites_, Pecten, IX. 1. - Hippothyris, IX. 17. - Hyalæa, X. 1. - - Ianthina, XII. 1-4. - Isocardia, V. 3. - - Jeffreysia, XIV. 13-16. - - Kellia, VI. 5-8. - - Lachesis, XVIII. 6. - Lacuna, XII. 25-32. - Lamellaria, XVI. 23, 24. - Leda, VIII. 6, 7. - Lepton, VI. 9-13. - Lima, VIII. 22-24. - Limax, XXII. 9-12. - Limnæa, XXI. 1-11. - Limopsis, VIII. 14. - Littorina, XII. 12-24. - Lucina, V. 14-18. - Lucinopsis, IV. 9. - Lutraria, IV. 1-3. - Lyonsia, II. 4. - - Mactra, III. 21-26. - Mangelia, XIX. 4-26. - Margarita, XI. 21-24. - _Marginella_, Erato. - _Megathyris_, Argiope. - Modiola, VII. 6-11. - Montacuta, VI. 1-3. - Murex, XVIII. 3, 4. - Mya, I. 19-20. - Mytilus, VII. 18-21. - - Nassa, XIX. 1-3. - Natica, XVI. 13-19. - Neæra, I. 26-28. - Neritina, XII. 5. - Nucula, VIII. 1-5. - - Odostomia, XVII. 1-31. - Ostrea, VIII. 17. - Otina, XVI. 25. - Ovula, XX. 2, 3. - - Paludina, XII. 8, 9. - Pandora, II. 2, 3. - Panopæa, I. 21, 21*. - Patella, X. 18-21. - Pecten, IX. 1-16. - Pectunculus, VIII. 13. - Petricola, I. 17. - Phasianella, XI. 27. - Philine, XX. 20-25. - Pholas, I. 8-11, 13. - Pholadidea, I. 12. - Physa, XXI. 12, 13. - Pileopsis, X. 28. - Pilidium, X. 24. - Pinna, VIII. 16. - Pisidium, VI. 21-28. - Planorbis, XXI. 18-28. - Pleurobranchus, XX. 29. - _Pleurotoma_, Mangelia. - Poromya, II. 1, 1*, IX. - Propilidium, X. 25. - Psammobia, III. 1-4. - Puncturella, XI. 3. - Pupa, XXIV. 5-16. - Purpura, XVIII. 5. - - Recluzia, XVI. 20. - Rissoa, XIII. 3-28; XIV. - - Saxicava, I. 15, 16. - Scalaria, XV. 16-20. - Scaphander, XX. 26, 27. - Scrobicularia, III. 18. - Scissurella, XI. 26. - _Segmentina_, Planorbis, XXI. 27, 28. - Skenea, XIV. 19-22. - Solen, II. 12-15. - Solecurtus, II. 17, 18. - Spirialis, X. 2-4. - Spirula, XX. 31. - Stylifer, XV. 21. - Succinea, XXII. 1-3. - Syndosmya, II. 19-22. - Sphænia, I. 25. - - Tapes, IV. 4-8. - Tellina, III. 5-16. - Terebratula, IX. 18-20. - Teredo, I. 1-6. - Testacellus, XXII. 13, 14. - Thracia, II. 5-9. - Tornatella, XX. 1. - Trichotropis, XVI. 26. - Triton, XVIII. 1, 2. - Trochus, XI. 8-20. - Trophon, XVIII. 20-24. - Truncatella, XVI. 12. - Turritella, XV. 1-3. - Turtonia, VI. 4. - - Unio, VII. 1-3. - - Valvata, XII. 10, 11. - Velutina, XVI. 21, 22. - Venerupis, I. 18. - Venus, IV. 12-16. - _Vertigo_, Pupa. - Vitrina, XXII. 15-16. - - Xylophaga, I. 7. - - Zonites, XXII. 17-29. - Zua, XXIV. 22. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE I.] - -PLATE I. - -TEREDO. Pierces and inhabits wood. - -Fig. - - 1. T. NAVALIS, _Linn._--_T. Batavæ._--Herne Bay, R. Pallets shelly, -crescented; valves with auricles extended sidewise; tube long. - - 2. T. NORVEGICA, _Spengl._--_T. Bruguieri._--Port Patrick, Teignmouth, -etc., Mc. Pallets shelly, not crescented; auricles not extended. - - 3. T. MEGOTARA, _Hanl._--_T. nana_ (young).--Herne Bay, Devon, Swansea, -etc., R. Pallets shelly, spade-shaped; auricles raised and expanded. - - 4. T. BIPENNATA, _Turt._--Ireland, Scarborough, etc., R. Pallets horny, -long; auricles lobed. - - 5. T. MALLEOLUS, _Turt._--Torquay, Rr. Pallets shelly, mallet-shaped; -valves narrow. - - 6. T. PALMULATA, _Lamk._--_T. bipalmulata._--Floating wood, Ire., S. Eng. -Pallets horny, short; valves small, shaped like _T. navalis_. - -XYLOPHAGA. In fixed and floating timber. - - 7. X. DORSALIS, _Turt._--Ayrs., Dubl., Exm., Scarb., etc., C. Two dorsal -plates, no tube, no pallets. - -PHOLAS. Pierces and inhabits stone. - - 8. P. DACTYLUS, _Linn._--_P. hians_, _P. callosa_.--Eng., Scot., Ire., C. -Dorsal plates four; hinge pitted. - - 9. P. CANDIDA, _Linn._--Eng., Scot., Ire., C. One dorsal plate; valves not -beaked. - -10. P. PARVA, _Penn._--_P. callosa_, _P. tuberculata_.--Salcombe, Belfast, -Cornwall, etc., M. C. One dorsal plate; valves beaked. - -11. P. CRISPATA, _Linn._--_P. bifrons._--Hastings, Liverp., Scarb., Dubl., -Forth, etc., C. No dorsal plate; valves broad, beaked, with oblique -division. - -13. P. STRIATA. Rare and doubtful as British. Valves closed. - -PHOLADIDEA. Pierces and inhabits stone. - -12. P. PAPYRACEA, _P. Loscombiana_, _P. Goodalli._--S. Devon, N. Ire., R. -Valves closed, with a cup. _P. lamellata_, Turt., when young, not closed; -no cup. - -GASTROCHÆNA. Bores and inhabits stone, thick shells, etc. - -14. G. MODIOLINA, _Lamk._--_G. Pholadia_, _G. hians_, _Mya dubia_, _Mytilus -ambiguus_, _Pholas faba_.--Torbay, Birterbuy, Galway, Weymouth, etc. Valves -thin, gaping, enclosed in bottle-shaped tube. - -SAXICAVA. Bores and inhabits stone. - -15. S. RUGOSA, _Linn._--_Mytilus r._, _Hiatella r._, _S. gallicana_, _S. -pholadis_, _Byssomya pholadis_, _Mya byssifera_.--Eng., Scot., Ire., C. -Valves oval. - -16. S. ARCTICA, _Linn._--(_Mya_) _Hiatella a._, _Anatina a_., _Hiatella -minuta_, _Solen minutus_, _S. rhomboides_, _Agina purpurea_, _Solen -p._--Eng., Scot., Ire., C. Valves rhomboidal; angle serrated. - -_Omitted._--S. fragilis, _Nyst._ _Not_ the young of _S. rugosa_. Vigo Bay. - -PETRICOLA. Inhabits stone. - -17. P. LITHOPHAGA, _Retz._--_P. striata_, _costellata_, _rocellaria_, -_ruperella_, Lamk., _Mya_ and _Sphænia decussata_.--Cork, Bristol, R. as -British. - -VENERUPIS. Bores and inhabits stone. - -18. V. IRUS, _Linn._ (Donax).--_Tellina cornubiensis_, _Cuneus foliaceus_, -_Petric._, and _Pullastra_, I.--In limestone at Plymouth and other southern -coasts. Wedge-shaped. - -MYA. Burrows in mud and sand. - -19. M. TRUNCATA, _Linn._--_M. ovalis_ and _Sphænia Swainsoni_ -(young).--Various localities and depths, C. Truncated at end. - -20. M. ARENARIA, _Linn._--Herne Bay, Portsmouth, etc., C. Tapering at end. - -PANOPÆA. Burrows in mud. - -21. P. NORVEGICA, _Spengl._--_P. glycimeris_, _P. arctica_.--Scarborough, -Zetland (90 fath.), Rr. Quadrate. - -21*. P. ALDROVANDI, _Lamk._--Cornwall, one specimen, _Jeffreys_. Oblique. - -CORBULA. Dredged in mud and sand. - -22. C. NUCLEUS, _Lamk._--_C. striata_, _Mya_, and _C. -inæquivalvis_.--Dublin, Torquay, Forth, 4 to 80 fath., C. Valves unequal, -beaked. - -23. C. ROSEA, _Brown_.--Weymouth, Rr. as Brit. Valves not beaked. - -24. C. OVATA, _Forbes_.--Isle of Man, Rr. Oval, truncated at end. - -SPHÆNIA. Burrows in foliaceous shells. - -25. S. BINGHAMI, _Turt._--_Corbula B._--Torquay, Guernsey, Swansea, Forth, -etc., R. - -NEÆRA. Lives incrusted in sand. - -26. N. COSTELLATA, _Desh._--_Corbula c._, _N. sulcata_.--Loch Fyne, Rr. -Radiately 3-ribbed. - -27. N. CUSPIDATA, _Olivi_.--Forth, Northumberland, Cape Clear, etc., Mr. -Pear-shaped. - -28. N. ABBREVIATA, _Forbes_.--Loch Fyne, Mc. Radiately 1-ribbed. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE II.] - -PLATE II. - -POROMYA. On mud, in deep water. - -Fig. - - 1. P. GRANULATA, _Nyst._--_P. anatinoides_, Forbes.--Skye, R. - - 1*. P. SUBTRIGONA, _Jeffreys_.--Shetland, Mr. Minute, posteriorly -expanded. See Pl. IX. - -PANDORA. - - 2. P. ROSTRATA, _Lamk._--_Tellina inæquivalvis_, Linn.; _P. margaritacea_ -and _inæquivalvis_.--S. Devon?, Guernsey, R. as Brit. Valves long. - - 3. P. OBTUSA, _Leach_.--_Solen Pinna_, Mont.--S. Devon, Dorset, Mc. Ire., -R. Valves short and broad. - -LYONSIA. With byssal attachment. - - 4. L. NORVEGICA, _Chemn._--_Mya_ and _Anatina n._, _Mya_ and _Anatina -striata_, _M. nitida_, _Lyonsia elongata_, _Myatella_, and -_Osteodesma_.--Tenby, Bantry, Oban, etc., 5 to 80 fath. With movable -ossicle on hinge. - -THRACIA. Laminarian and Coralline. - - 5. T. DISTORTA, _Mont._--(_Mya_) _Anatina_ and _Amphidesma d._, _Th. -truncata_.--Distribution general, but not common. Short, truncated, -irregular. - - 6. T. CONVEXA, _Wood_.--(_Mya_) _Anatina_ and _Amphidesma c._, _T. -declivis_.--S. Devon, Bantry Bay, Arran, etc., Mc. Inflated. - - 7. T. PHASEOLINA, _Lamk._--_Amphidesma p._, _T. declivis_.--Various -localities and depths, C. Oval, obliquely truncated. - - 8. T. PUBESCENS, _Pult._--(_Mya_) _Anatina_ and _Amphidesma p._, _T. -declivis_.--S. Devon, Cornwall, Belfast, etc., C. Oblong, straightly -truncated. - - 9. T. VILLIOSULCA, _Macgillivray_.--_T. ovata_, Brown.--Exmouth, Swansea, -Bantry Bay, etc. Various depths, Mc. - -COCHLODESMA. Laminarian and Coralline. - -10. C. PRÆTENUE, _Pult._--(_Mya_) _Anatina_, _Ligula_, and _Amphidesma -pr._--Dorset, Devon, Man, Bantry B., Oban, etc., (25 to 60 fath.), R. -Spoon-shaped process on hinge. - -CERATISOLEN. Burrows in sand. - -11. C. LEGUMEN, _Linn._--(_Solen_) _Psammoiia_ and _Solenicurtus -l._--Exmouth, Swansea, Bantry, etc., C. Hinge nearly central. - -SOLEN. Burrows perpendicularly in sand. - -12. S. PELLUCIDUS, _Penn._--Various British localities, 6 to 100 fath. -Curved; hinge not terminal. - -13. S. ENSIS, _Linn._--Eng., Scot., Ire., generally 5 to 15 fath., C. -Arched and slender. - -14. S. MARGINATUS, _Pult._--_S. vagina_, Penn., not Linn.--Exmouth, Clyde, -Cork, etc., littoral to 10 fath., Mc. Straight, with terminal constriction. - -15. S. SILIQUA, _Linn._--_S. novacula_, _S. ligula_.--Eng., Scot., Ire., -many places; littoral and laminarian, C. Straight, end not constricted. - -DIODONTA. - -16. D. FRAGILIS, _Linn._--(_Tellina_) _Psammobia f._, _Tellina jugosa_ and -_ochroleuca_.--Dublin, Tenby, Weymouth, R. Oval or wedge-shaped. - -16*. D. BARLEEI, _Jeffr._--Arran, Rr. Minute, subquadrate. - -SOLECURTUS. - -17. S. COARCTATUS, _Gmel._--_S. cultellus_, _S. emarginatus_, _S. -antiquatus_, etc.--Torbay, Anglesea, Man, Skye, etc., R. Oblong, smooth. - -18. S. CANDIDUS, _Renieri._--(_Solen_) _S. strigilatus_, Turt., not Linn., -_Psammobia scopula_.--S. Devon, Dublin, etc., R. Striated. - -SYNDOSMYA. - -19. S. PRISMATICA, _Mont._--(_Ligula_) _Mya_ and _Amphidesma p._--Weymouth, -Forth, Dublin, Antrim, etc., littoral, Mc. More pointed and narrow than _S. -intermedia_. - -20. S. TENUIS, _Mont._--(_Mactra_) _Amphidesma t._--Dorset, Scarborough, -Antrim, etc., 5 to 100 fath., Mc. Short, subtrigonal. - -21. S. INTERMEDIA, _Thompson._--_Mya_ and _Syndosmya nitida_, _Abra -profundissima_.--In mud, 6 to 100 fath., Zetland, Skye, Cape Clear, etc., -R. Broader and more pointed than _S. prismatica_. - -22. S. ALBA, _Wood._--(_Mactra_) _M._ and _Amphidesma Boysii_ and _A. -album_.--Brit. co. generally, C. Short, rounded, oval. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE III.] - -PLATE III. - -PSAMMOBIA. Inhabits sand and mud. - -Fig. - - 1. P. FERROENSIS, _Chemn._--(_Tellina_) _T. incarnata_, _T. radiata_, _T. -trifasciata_, _T. truncata_.--Brit. co. generally; coralline, C. Oblong, -keeled and angulated behind. - - 2. P. COSTULATA, _Turt._--_P. discors._--Torbay, Cornwall, Skye, etc., R. -Ribbed behind. - - 3. P. TELLINELLA, LAMK.--_P. florida._--Exmouth, Guernsey, Tenby, Bantry -B., Oban, Zetland, etc., 5 to 50 fath., C. Oval, smooth. - - 4. P. VESPERTINA, _Chemn._--(_Lux V._) _Solen_, _Sanguinolaria V._, -_Tellina depressa_, _variabilis_.--Weymouth, Scarborough, Tenby, Bantry, -etc., Guernsey, C. Not angular nor keeled behind. - -TELLINA. - - 5. T. CRASSA, _Penn._--_T. maculata_, _T. rigida_.--S. Devon, Guernsey, -Man, Tenby, Bantry, Forth, etc., low-water to 15 fath., C. Thick, -orbicular. - - 6. T. BALAUSTINA, _Linn._--Birterbuy, Skye, Exmouth, Rr. as British. - - 7. T. DONACINA, _Linn._--_T. trifasciata_, _T. variegata_, _T. -Llantivyi_.--Various British loc., and S. Europe, 5 to 50 fath., C. -Wedge-shaped. - - 8, 9. T. PROXIMA, _Brown._--Var. _T. calcarea_ (9), _T. ovalis_, _T. -sordida_, _Sanguinolaria sordida_, _Macroma tenera_.--Skye, etc., R. - -10, 11. T. PYGMÆA, _Phil._--Devon, Cork, Shetland, etc., 8 to 50 fath., C. -Smaller, more convex, and more truncate than _T. donacina_. - -12, 13. T. TENUIS, _Da Costa._--_T. planata_, _T. polita_, _T. exigua_.--On -sandy shores, in various localities, C. Flat, thin. - -14. T. INCARNATA, _Linn._--_T. squalida_, _T. depressa_.--Devon, Bantry, -Tenby, R. Flat, beaked. - -15. T. SOLIDULA, _Pult._--_T. rubra_, Da Costa, _T. carnaria_, _T. zonata_, -_Psammobia solidula_, _T. Balthica_.--All British coasts; littoral, C. -Thick, inflated. - -16. T. FABULA, _Gronovius._--_T. discors._--On sandy shores generally, C. -Valve with oblique striæ (omitted by error). - -ERVILLIA. - -17. E. CASTANEA, _Mont._--(_Donax_) _Mesodesma c._, _Capsa c._--Cornwall -and Scilly Isles, R. Ligament within. - -SCROBICULARIA. - -18. S. PIPERITA, _Gmel._--Generic syn.: _Mya_, _Venus_, _Trigonella_, -_Mactra_, _Lutraria_, _Listera_.--Specific syn.: _hispanica_, _borealis_, -_plana_, _gaditana_, _Listeri_, _compressa_.--Scarborough, Southend, -Swansea, Cork, Clyde, C. Broad, compressed. - -DONAX. - -19. D. ANATINUS, _Lamk._--_D. trunculus_, Linn.?, _Cuneus vittatus_, _D. -ruber_ (young).--Brit. co. generally, sandy shores, C. Broad; margin -crenulated. - -20. D. POLITUS, _Poci._--(_Tellina_) _D._ and _Capsa complanata_.--S. -Devon, Bantry Bay, etc., Mr. Smooth; inner edge not crenated. - -MACTRA. Lives on sandy beaches. - -21. M. STULTORUM, _Linn._--(_Cardium_) _Tellina radiata_, _Trigonella r._, -_M. cinerea_, _M. magna_.--British co. generally, C. - -22. M. ELLIPTICA, _Brown._--British co. generally, C. Oval. - -23. M. SUBTRUNCATA, _Costa._--_M. lactea_, _M. triangula_, _M. -crassatella_.--Brit. co. generally, C. Obliquely cuneiform. - -24. M. HELVACEA, _Chemn._--_M. glauca_, _M. neapolitana_.--Odd valves found -dead in Cornwall, R. Large, obliquely oval. - -25. M. SOLIDA, _Linn._--_Trigonella zonaria_ and _gallina_.--Brit. co. -generally, C. Trigonal, thick. - -26. M. TRUNCATA, _Mont._--Forth, Cork, Cornwall, etc., C. Trigonal, deep, -thick. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE IV.] - -PLATE IV. - -LUTRARIA. Inhabits mud. - -Fig. - - 1. L. INTERMEDIA?, _Sowb._--Perhaps only the young of _L. elliptica_. - - 2. L. ELLIPTICA, _Lamk._--_Mactra lutraria_, Linn.--Scarborough, Torbay, -Dublin, Forth, Lerwick, etc., C. Broad, oval. - - 3. L. OBLONGA, _Chemn._--(_Mya_) _L. solenoides_, _L. hians_, _Mactra -hians_, _Chama magna_.--Cornwall, Devon, etc., Mc. Arched, narrow. - -TAPES. Burrows in mud and stone. - - 4, 5. T. PULLASTRA, _Wood._--_Venus pullastra_, _V. perforans_ (var. f. -4), _Venerupis nucleus_, _Pullastra vulgaris_, etc.--Plymouth, Scarborough, -Swansea, Forth, etc., C. - - 6. T. DECUSSATA, _Linn._--(_Venus_) _V. litterata_, _V. florida_, -_Venerupis_ and _Pullastra d._--S. Devon, Weymouth, Tenby, etc., Mc. -Oblong, coarsely decussated. - - 7. T. AUREA, _Gmel._--(_Venus_) _V. nebulosa_, _V. ænea_, _V. nitens_, _V. -sinuata_, _Pullastra a._--Cornwall, Sussex, Bantry Bay, Loch Ryan, Mc. -Yellow within. - - 8. T. VIRGINEA, _Linn._--(_Venus_) _V. rhomboides_, _V. sarniensis_, _V. -virago_, _Cuneus fasciatus_.--Various British loc., C. Pink within. - -LUCINOPSIS, _Forbes_ and _Hanley_. Sandy ground. - - 9. L. UNDATA, _Pennant._--(_Venus_) _V. sinuosa_, _V. incorrupta_, _Lucina -undata_.--Exm., Scarborough, Man, etc., 5 to 80 fathoms, M.R. Orbicular, -flexuous at side. - -ARTEMIS. - -10. A. EXOLETA, _Linn._--(_Venus_) _Cytherea e._, _Pectunculus -capillaceus_.--Sandy ground, on Brit. co. generally, low-water to 80 fath., -C. Compressed; striæ coarse. - -11. A. LINCTA, _Pult._--(_Venus_) _V. sinuata_, _Cytherea -sinuata_.--Various Brit, loc., C. Dorsal edge sloping; striæ fine. - -VENUS. - -12. V. CASINA, _Linn._--_V. reflexa_, _V. lactea_, _V. -discina_.--Northumberland, S. Devon, Man, Bantry, Skye, etc., Mc. -Concentrically laminated. - -13. V. VERRUCOSA, _Linn._--_V. erycina_, _V. cancellata_, etc.--Devon, -Cornwall, Channel Isls., etc., C. Ventricose, warted. - -14. V. FASCIATA, _Donov._--Various southern Brit, loc., C. Round, with -thick ribs. - -15. V. OVATA, _Pennant._--Brit. co. generally, C. Oval, radiately ribbed. - -16. V. STRIATA, _Donov._--_V. gallina_, _V. Pennantii_, _V. rugosa_.--Brit. -co. generally. Shores and deep water, C. - -ASTARTE. - -17. A. TRIANGULARIS, _Mont._--_Mactra_ and _Goodallia_, _minutissima_ and -_triangularis_.--Northern parts of Britain, 15 to 20 fathoms, C. Minute, -triangular. - -18. A. ELLIPTICA, _Brown._--_Crassina e._, _Crassina ovata_, and _C. -sulcata_. Scotland, 5 to 10 fath., mud, M. C. Oblong, smooth near the -margin. - -19. A. SULCATA, _Costa._--(_Pectunculus_) _V. scotica_ and _Damnoniensis_, -_Crassina sulcata_, etc.--Devon, Cornwall, Bantry, etc., C. Thickly ribbed. - -20. A. COMPRESSA, _Mont._--(_Venus_) _Venus and Crassina Montagui_, -_Cyprina comp._--Scarborough, Northumbria, Bantry Bay, Firth of Forth, 7 to -40 fath., M. C. - -21. A. CREBRICOSTATA, _Forbes._--Zetland and Skye (dead), R. Ribs more -numerous than in _A. sulcata_. - -22. A. ARCTICA, _Gray._--(_Crassina_) _Venus borealis_, _Astarte -compressa_.--Aberdeen, Zetland, St. Andrew's bay, etc., Rr. Lenticular, not -ribbed. - -CYTHEREA. - -23. C. CHIONE, _Linn._--(_Venus._)--Plymouth, S. Devon, Falmouth, -Carnarvon, 12 to 20 fath., Mr. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE V.] - -PLATE V. - -CYPRINA. - -Fig. - - 1. C. ISLANDICA, _Linn._ (_Venus._)--_C. vulgaris_, _V. -mercenaria_.--Brit. co. generally, most abundant north, 5 to 80 fath. Oval, -with thick epidermis. - -CIRCE. - - 2. C. MINIMA, _Mont._ (_Venus._)--Gen. _Cyprina_ and _Cytherea -triangularis_, _apicialis_, _Cyrillii_, _minuta_.--Guernsey, Cornwall, -Milford Haven, Clyde, Bantry Bay, etc., 10 to 50 fath., C. - -ISOCARDIA. - - 3. I. COR, _Linn._ (_Chama._)--_I. hibernica_, _Cardita cor._--Dublin, -Skye, etc., Mc. Heart-shaped, beaks coiled. - -CARDIUM, or _Cockle_. - - 4. C. PYGMÆUM, _Donovan._--_C. exiguum._--Herne, Sark, Weymouth, Zetland, -Bantry Bay, 5 to 50 fath., Mc. Hinder side large, angular. - - 5. C. PAPILLOSUM, _Poli._--Guernsey, St. Martin's Port, _Jeffreys_, R. -Rather rounded, equally ribbed and grained. - - 6. C. PUNCTATUM, _Broc._, C. NODOSUM, _Turt._--_C. scabrum_, Ph.--Exmouth, -Falmouth, Galloway, etc., Mc. Angular behind. - - 7. C. FASCIATUM, _Mont._--_C. elongatum_, _C. ovale_, _C. parvum_, _C. -rubrum_ (young).--Various Brit. loc., Mr. - - 8. C. SUECICUM, _Loven._--_C. Swediense_, Reeve, _C. Loveni_, -Thompson.--Down, Oban, Zetland, 30 to 70 fath., Rr. Oval, equally ribbed. - - 9. C. ACULEATUM, _Linn._--_C. ciliare_ and _parvum_ (young).--S. Devon, -Mc. Thin, oblique, with thorn-like tubercles; interstices of ribs smooth. - -10. C. RUSTICUM, _Linn._--_C. tuberculatum_, Linn.?--Paignton, Torbay, -Velvet Strand, Dublin co., Mc. Thick, not oblique, coarsely wrinkled. - -11. C. ECHINATUM, _Linn._--_C. mucronatum_, _C. spinosum_.--Brit. co. -generally, mud and sand, 7 to 80 fath. Oblique, wrinkled; hinder tubercles -sharp. - -12. C. EDULE, _Linn._--_C. vulgare_, _C. zonatum_, _C. obliquum_, _C. -crenulatum_, _C. rusticum_.--Brit. co. generally. Common eatable, Cockle. - -13. C. NORVEGICUM, _Spengler._--_C. lævigatum_, _C. serratum_, _C. -oblongum_, _C. Pennantii_.--Brit. co. generally. Sand and gravel, 15 to 80 -fath. Smooth, variegated when young. - -LUCINA. - -14. L. DIVARICATA, _Linn._ (_Tellina._)--_Cardium arcuatum_, _L. arcuata_, -_commutata_.--Near Falmouth, 20 fath., Rr. Rounded, with diverging ribs. - -15. L. FLEXUOSA, _Mont._ (_Tellina._)--_Venus sinuosa_, _Amphidesma -flexuosa_, _L. sinuata_; gen. _Cryptodon_, _Axinus_, and -_Ptychina_.--Clyde, Bantry, Anglesea, etc., 7 to 80 fath., Mc. Thin, with a -fold behind. - -16. L. BOREALIS, _Linn._ (_Venus._)--_Tellina radula_, _Lucina r._, _L. -alba_.--Many Brit. loc., 1 to 90 fath., C. Lenticular, concentrically -laminated. - -17. L. LEUCOMA, _Turt._--_L. lactea_, not Linn., _Loripes lactea_.--Torbay, -Scarborough, Bantry Bay, etc., low-water to 80 fath., C. Round, smooth. - -18. L. SPINIFERA, _Mont._ (_Venus._)--_Myrtea s._, _L. -hiatelloides_.--Dartmouth, Plymouth, Hebrides, etc., 8 to 100 fath., M. R. -Oval; dorsal margin spinose. - -DIPLODONTA, _Mont._ - -19. T. ROTUNDATA, _Mont._ (_Tellina._)--_T. undata_, _Lucina r._, _D. -dilatata_.--Dorset, Devon, Tenby, Bantry Bay, etc., 7 to 25 fath., R. - -CLAUSINA, _Jeffreys._ - -20. C. FERRUGINOSA, _Forbes_, (_Kellia._)--Skye, Loch Fyne, etc., 30 to 100 -fath., C. Concentrically ribbed, minute, oval. - -21. C. CROULINENSIS, _Jeffreys._--Croulin Island, Shellands, R. -Suborbicular. - -22. C. ABYSSLICOLA, _Jeffreys._--Not ribbed, R. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE VI.] - -PLATE VI. - -MONTACUTA. - -Fig. - - 1. M. FERRUGINOSA, _Mont._ (_Mya._)--_M. oblonga_, _M. glabra_, _Tellimya -elliptica_, _Erycina f._--S. Devon, Scarborough, Tenby, Cape Clear, etc., -Mr. Wedge-shaped, long. - - 2. M. BIDENTATA, _Mont._ (_Mya._)--_Erycina_, _Petricola_, and _Tellimya -b._--Newcastle, Weymouth, Dublin, etc. Burrows in dead shells, Mr. Short, -subquadrate. - - 3. M. SUBSTRIATA, _Mont._ (_Mya._)--_Erycina_ and _Tellimya s._--Devon, -Tenby, Durham, Zetland, Bantry Bay, etc., on spines of _Spatangus_, deep -water, C. Minute, with diverging striæ. - -TURTONIA. - - 4. T. MINUTA, _O. Fabr._ (_Venus._)--_Mya purpurea_, etc.--Scarborough, -Tenby, Cork, Oban, etc., C. - -KELLIA. - - 5. K. SUBORBICULARIS, _Mont._ (_Mya._)--_Bornia inflata_, _Tellina_ and -_Tellimya s._--Anglesea, Portland, Zetland, etc., low-water to 60 fath., -Mr. - - 6. K. LACTEA, _Brown_, (_Tellimya._)--Brit. co. generally. More oblong -than _K. sub._ - - 7, 8. K. RUBRA, _Mont._ (_Cardium._)--_Poronia r._, etc.--Numerous -localities; littoral, C. - -LEPTON. - - 9. L. SQUAMOSUM, _Mont._--_Solen_ and _Lutraria s._--Salcombe Bay, Tenby, -Cork, etc., R. Flat, subquadrate. - -10. L. NITIDUM, _Turt._ (_Kellia._)--Torbay, Skye, R. Less square and flat -than _L. squamosum_. - -11. L. CONVEXUM, _Alder._--Bantry Bay, Rr. Convex, granulated. - -12. L. CLARKIÆ, _Clark._--Exmouth, Plymouth, Zetland, Rr. Minute, oval, -smooth. - -13. L. SULCATULUM, _Jeffr._--Annals, Feb. 1859. Guernsey, Mc. -Concentrically wrinkled. - -GALEOMMA. Adheres to rocks by byssus. - -14, 15. G. TURTONI, _Sowb._--Channel Islands, and Exmouth. Oblong, gaping. - -CYCLAS. Inhabits fresh-water. - -16. C. CORNEA, _Linn._ (_Tellina._)--_Sphærium c._, Scopoli, _C. rivalis_, -etc.--Ponds and ditches everywhere. Equilateral, subquadrate. - -17. C. PISIDIOIDES, _Gray._--_C. cornea_, var., Brit. Moll.--Ditches and -ponds, C. Oblique, and light coloured. - -18. C. RIVICOLA, _Leach._--_Cardium nux_, etc.--Thames, etc. Large, oval, -wrinkled. - -19. C. CALICULATA, _Drap._-_C. lacustris_, etc.--Newcastle, Bristol, etc., -Mr. With a ridge at the apex. - -20. C. LACUSTRIS, _Drap._--_pallida_, Gray.--Regent's Park, etc., Mr. Oval, -light. - -PISIDIUM. Inhabits fresh-water. - -21. P. OBTUSALE, _Pfeiffer._--_P. pusillum_, var.? - -22. P. PUSILLUM, _Turton_, (_Tellina._)--_Cyclas fontinalis_ and -_gibba_.--In marshes and ponds at various places, C. Includes _P. -obtustale_? - -23. P. AMNICUM, _Müller_, (_Tellina._)--_T. rivalis_, _Cyclas palustris_, -_C. obliqua_.--British rivers, etc., generally. _C. obliqua_ ribbed. - -24. P. NITIDUM, _Jennyns._--Battersea, Swansea, etc., C. Thick, dark, -blunt. - -25. P. HENSLOWIANUM, _Sheppard_, (_Tellina._)--_Cyclas appendiculata_, _P. -acutum_.--Cambridge, Swansea, etc., R. With a projection on the umbones. - -26. P. PULCHELLUM, _Jennyns._--_Cyclas fontinalis_, etc.--Various -localities, C. Ridged. - -27. P. CINEREUM, _Alder._--_Cyclas c._--Various localities, Mc. Smooth. - -28. P. ROSEUM, _Scholtz._--Various loc., with _P. pulchellum_ and _P. -nitidum_ M. C. Subquadrate; animal pink. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE VII.] - -PLATE VII. - -UNIO. Fresh-water Mussel with hinge-teeth. - -Fig. - - 1. U. MARGARITIFERUS, _Linn._ (_Mya._)--_Alasmodon m._, _A. arcuata_, _U. -elongata_, _U. sinuata_.--R. Conway; rivers in Cumberland, Wales, Ireland, -etc., Mc. Long, thick, arched. - - 2. U. PICTORUM, _Linn._ (_Mya._)--_U. ovalis_, _U. rostrata_, _U. -limosus_, _U. Deshayesii_, etc.--Various British rivers, C. Long, oval, not -wedge-shaped behind. - - 3. U. TUMIDUS, _Retz._--_Mya_ and _Unio ovalis_, _M. depressa_, _M. -ovata_, _Myscei o._, _M. solida_.--Thames, and various British rivers, C. -More solid, deep, and wedge-shaped than _U. pictorum_. - -ANODONTA. Fresh-water Mussel, without teeth. - - 4. A. CYGNEA, _Linn._ (_Mytilus._)--_M. anatinus_, _M. stagnalis_, _M. -paludosa_, _Symphonota cy._--Britain and Europe generally, in rivers and -canals, C. - -DREISSINA, _Beneden._ - - 5. D. POLYMORPHA, _Pallas_, (_Mytilus._)--London Docks, Edinburgh Canal, -C. - -MODIOLA, _Lamarck._ - - 6. M. MODIOLUS, _Linn._ (_Mytilus._)--_M. umbilicatus_, _M. curtus_, _M. -vulgaris_.--British coasts generally, C. Large, brown, not rayed. - - 7. M. OVALIS?, _Sowb._--_M. tulipa_ (_radiata_), var., Brit. Moll., now -named provisionally. Less tumid, and with longer and more gradually sloped -dorsal line than _M. radiata_, Rr. - - 8. M. RADIATA, _Hanley_, _Brit. Marine Conch._--_M. tulipa_, Brit. Moll., -Mc. Tumid, radiated. - - 9. M. BARBATA, _Linn._ (_Mytilus._)--_M. Gibbsii._--Jersey, Torbay, -Milford Haven, Youghal, R. as Brit. Barbs of epidermis serrated. - -10. M. PHASEOLINA, _Philippi._--Guernsey, Falmouth, Scotland, Mc. Small -barbs of epidermis not serrated. - -11. M. CUPREA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1859_.--In the stomach of -a bird shot at Scarborough, Rr. Minute, rhomboidal, smooth. - -CRENELLA, _Brown._ - -12. C. NIGRA, _Gray_, (_Modiola._)--_Mytilus_ and _Modiola discrepans_, -_depressa_, _compressa_, _discors_.--Scotland, R. Broad and compressed -behind. - -13. C. DISCORS, _Linn._ (_Mytilus._)--_Modiola d._ and _discrepans_.--Brit. -co. generally, among seaweeds, C. Wedge-shaped and lobed. - -14. C. MARMORATA, _Forbes._--_Mytilus_ and _Mediola discors_, _discrepans_, -and _tumida_.--Brit. co. generally, Cc. Rhomboidal, marbled. - -15. C. COSTULATA, _Risso._--Exmouth, Cornwall, Swansea, Herm. Wedge-shaped, -marbled, strongly-ribbed. - -16. C. RHOMBEA, _Berkley_, (_Modiola._)--_M. Prideauxiana._--Guernsey, -Torbay, Penzance, etc.; coralline, R. - -17. C. DECUSSATA, _Montagu_, (_Mytilus._)--_C._ and _Modiola elliptica_, -_cicercula_, and _faba_.--Scarborough, and a few northern localities, 5 to -50 fath., Mc.; Norway, etc. Subquadrate, decussated, minute. - -MYTILUS, _Linn._ - -18. M. EDULIS, _Linn._--_M. vulgaris._--Brit. co. generally, Cc. Byssal -margin swelled. - -19. M. UNGULATUS, _Linn. Syst. Nat._--_M. edulis_, var. _M. incurvatus_ -(Hoof-Mussel).--Cornwall, Guernsey, etc., Mr. Byssal margin bent inwards, -lower margin broad and straight. - -20, 21. M. GALLOPROVINCIALIS, _Lamk._--_M. edulis_, var. _M. dilatatus_?, -_M. pellucidus_? (young, f. 21), _M. subsaxatilis_?--British Channel, etc., -C. Dorsal margin dilated, beak advancing. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE VIII.] - -PLATE VIII. - -NUCULA, _Linn._ - -Fig. - - 1. N. NUCLEUS, _Linn._ (_Arca._)--_N. margaritacea_, _Glycimeris -argentea_.--Brit. co. generally, 7 to 90 fath., C. Thick, obtuse; beaks -terminal. - - 2. N. DECUSSATA, _Sowerby._--_N. sulcata_, _N. Polii_.--Hebrides, Loch -Fyne, Dublin Bay, 30 to 50 fath., Mr. Large, striated; beak not terminal. - - 3. N. RADIATA, _Hanley._--_N._ and _Arca nucleus_ and _radiata_.--Torbay, -Milford Haven, Arran, etc., 10 to 70 fath., Mc. Prolonged anteriorly, -rayed. - - 4. N. NITIDA, _Sowerby._--_N. nucleus_, var.--Numerous British loc., 1 to -35 fath., C. Shining, ends rather pointed. - - 5. N. TENUIS, _Montagu_, (_Arca._)--North British co., 40 to 100 fath., -sand, C. Thin, inner edge not crenated; beak terminal. - -LEDA, _Schum._ Beaked behind. - - 6. L. CAUDATA, _Donovan_, (_Arca._)--_Arca_ and _Nucula minuta_ and -_rostrata_.--North co., C.; south co., R. 10 fath. to deep water. Ridged. - - 7. L. PYGMÆA, _Munster_, (_Nucula._)--_N._ and _L. tenuis_, _gibbosa_, and -_lenticula_.--Skye, Hebrides, Croulin Isl., 25 to 50 fath. Minute, smooth. -Size (omitted) one-fifth of an inch. - -ARCA, _Linnæus._ - - 8, 9. A. LACTEA, _Linn._--_A. barbata_, _A. Modiolus_, _A. crinita_, _A. -perforans_, _A. Gaimardii_, var. f. 8; _A. Quoyi_, var. f. 9.--Penzance, -Ilfracombe, Bantry Bay, Guernsey, etc. Adhering to shells and stones, 15 to -20 fath., C. Beaks approaching, radiately striated. - -10. A. TETRAGONA, _Poli._--_A. Noæ_ and _imbricata_.--Many Brit, loc., C. -(12 to 50 fath.). Broad area between beaks. - -11. A. RARIDENTATA, _S. Wood._--_A. pectunculoides._--Skye, Hebrides, etc., -Scot. Cape Clear, 40 to 60 fath., Mr. Minute, teeth few. - -12. A. NODULOSA, _Ph._--E. Zetland, Shetland Isls., Rr. - -PECTUNCULUS. - -13. P. GLYCIMERIS, _Linn._ (_Arca._)--_A._ and _P._ and _Glycimeris -pilosa_, _orbicularis_, _undata_, and _marmorata_.--Brit. co. generally, 15 -to 60 fath., C. - -LIMOPSIS. - -14. L. PELLUCIDA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 59_.--Dredged in sand -at Guernsey, Rr. - -AVICULA. - -15. A. TARENTINA, _Lamk._--_Mytilus_ and _Avicula hirundo_, etc.--Bantry -Bay, Devon, etc., R. - -PINNA. - -16. P. PECTINATA, _Linn._--_P. fragilis_, _muricata_, _ingens_, _lævis_, -_papyracea_, _rotundata_, _elegans_.--Dorset, Milford Haven, Hebrides, Cape -Clear; deep water, Mc. - -OSTREA. - -17. O. EDULIS, _Linn._--_O. vulgare_, etc.--Various natural and artificial -beds, in England, Scotland, and Ireland. The common Oyster. - -ANOMIA. - -18. A. EPHIPPIUM, _Linn._--_A. electrica_, _A. squamula_, _cepa_, -etc.--Brit. co. generally, 1 to 30 fath., C. Pearly and irregular; beak -marginal, curved. - -19. A. ACULEATA, _Müller._--_A. striolata._--Brit. co. generally, Mc. -Small, with spinous sculpture. - -20. A. STRIATA, _Lovén._--Hebrides, R. Rayed, striated, with apex not -marginal. - -21. A. PATELLIFORMIS, _Linn._--_A. undulata._--Cape Clear, etc., 1 to 50 -fath., Mr. Flat, ribbed. - -LIMA. - -22. L. SUBAURICULATA, _Montagu_, (_Pecten._)--_L. nivea_, _sulcata_, -etc.--Plymouth, Man, Zetland, Belfast, etc., Mr. Nearly straight. - -23. L. HIANS, _Gmel._ (_Vitræa._)--_L. tenera_, _fragilis_, _aperta_, -etc.--Channel Isls., Penzance, Oban, Belfast, etc., Mc. Oblique, gaping at -sides. - -24. L. LOSCOMBII, _Sowerby._--_Pecten_ and _Ostrea_ and _Lima fragilis_ and -_bullata_.--Many Brit. loc., 10 to 50 fath., Mc. Oblique, closed at sides. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE IX.] - -PLATE IX. - -PECTEN. Free, except 1. - -Fig. - - 1. P. PUSIO, _Pennant_, (_Ostrea._)--_P._, _O._, and _Hinnites distortus_ -and _sinuosus_.--Brit. co. generally, 15 to 90 fath., C. Irregular, -attached to stones, etc. - - 2, 3. P. VARIUS, _Linn._ (_Ostrea._)--_P. monotis._--Brit. co. generally, -3 to 35 fath.; C. Vertically elongate; auricles very unequal. - - 4. P. NIVEUS, _Macgillivray._--Scotland, R. (15 fath.) Ribs more numerous -than _P. varius_; white. - - 5, 6, 7. P. OPERCULARIS, _Linn._ (_Ostrea._)--_O._, and _P. subrufus_, -_pictus_, _lineatus_ (var. f. 6), and _sanguinea_.--Brit. co. generally, 5 -to 100 fath., C. As broad as long; ribs rounded. - - 8. P. AUDOUINII, _Payraudeau._--_P. opercularis_, var., B. Moll.--Ribs -angular and squamose. - - 9, 10. P. DANICUS, _Chemn._--_P._ and _O. pes-felis_, _glaber_, -_triradiata_, _adspersus_, _septemradiata_, etc.--Several Scotch -localities, 25 to 90 fath., Mc. Very variable, extreme vars. f. 9, 10. -Auricles more equal than _P. tigrinus_. - -11, 12. P. TIGRINUS, _Müller._--_P. obsoletus_, _domesticus_, _lævis_, -_parvus_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 12 to 60 fath., C. Variable; one -auricle minute, the other large and ribbed. - -13. P. MAXIMUS, _Linn._ (_Ostrea._)--_P. vulgaris._--Brit. co. generally, 3 -to 40 fath. The common eatable Scallop. Valves unequal. - -14. P. SIMILIS, _Laskey._--_O._ and _P. tumidus_.--Fr. Forth, Isl. Man, -Lerwick, Cape Clear, etc., Mc. Minute, smooth, with undulating marks. - -15. P. STRIATUS, _Müller._--_P. aculeatus_, _fuci_, etc.--Scotland, C.; -England, R. - -16. P. FURTIVUS, _Lovén._--Zetland, Guernsey, etc., 40 to 50 fath., Mr. -More rounded, and with auricles less broadly based than _P. striatus_. - -HIPPOTHYRIS. Fixed by byssus. - -17. H. PSITTACEA, _Gmel._ (_Anomia._)--_A. rostrum-psittaci_, Chem.; -_Terebratula psittacea_.--Northumberland, Fr. Forth; deep water, Rr. as -Brit. "The Parrot's-beak Anomia." - -TEREBRATULA. Fixed by byssus. - -18. T. CRANIUM, _Müller._--_Anomia c._, and _T. vitrea_.--Zetland; deep -water, unique as Brit. Smooth, oval. - -19. T. CAPSULA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist._, _Jan. 1859_.--Belfast Bay, -R. Minute, punctured. - -ARGIOPE, or MEGATHYRIS. - -20. T. CAPUT-SERPENTIS, _Linn._ (_Anomia._)--_A._ and _T. retusa_, -_pubescens_, _costata_, and _aurita_.--Oban, Skye, etc., 20 to 50 fath., -Mr. - -21. A. CISTELLULA, _S. Wood._ (_Terebratula._)--_A. seminulum_?, T. - -22. A. DECOLLATA, _Chemn._--_A. detruncata._--Guernsey, R. - -23. A. SEMINULUM, _Philippi._--Croulin, near Skye, _Jeffreys_. - -CRANIA. - -24. C. ANOMALA, _Müller._ (_Patella._)--_Pat. Anomia_, _Discina_, and -_Criopus distorta_, _ostreoides_, _personata_, and _rostrata_.--Zetland, -Arran, Lerwick, Cork, Mr. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE X.] - -PLATE X. - -HYALÆA. _Fam._ Pteropoda. - -Fig. - - 1. H. TRISPINOSA, _Lesueur._--Once taken on floating timber, Dublin. -Doubtful as British. - -SPIRIALIS, or PERACLE. _Fam._ Pteropoda. - - 2. S. FLEMINGII, _Forbes._--_Fusus retroversus_, Fl.--Zetland, Skye, -Arran, Donegal, M. C. Snail-shaped. - - 3. S. MACANDREI, _F. and H._--Near Mizen Head, S. Ire., Rr. Turreted. - - 4. S. JEFFREYSII, _F. and H._--Brit. Channel, Rr. Discoid. - -CHITON. Sedentary on rocks. - - 5. C. FASCICULARIS, _Linn._--Brit co. generally, Mc. Tufted margin, small, -granules large. - - 6. C. GRACILIS, _Jeffr._ _Ann. Nat. Hist._, _Jan. 1859_.--Weymouth. -Narrow; granules very small; two postero-terminal tufts. - - 7. C. DISCREPANS, _Brown._--_crinitus_, Pennant?--Tenby, Guernsey, C. -Tufted margin, large: granules very small. - - 8. C. HANLEYI, _Bean._--Scarborough, Skye, W. Ireland, R. Spinose margin. - - 9, 10. C. MARMOREUS, _O. Fabr._--_C. latus_, Lowe, _C. lævigatus_, -_ruber_, and _pictus_.--Scarborough, Forth, Skye, Zetland, W. Ire., R. -Margin smooth. - -11. C. LÆVIS, _Pennant._--_C. marginatus_, Pult., _C. Achatina_, -Brown.--Dorset, Devon; Brit. co. generally, but rare. Dorsally elevated; -margin reticulated. - -12. C. RUBER, _Linn._--Brit, seas generally, Mr. Valves smooth; margin -coriaceous. - -13. C. CINEREUS, _Linn._--_C. marginatus_, Penn.?--Brit. co. generally, C. -Valves carinated; margin and valves granulated. - -14. C. ALBUS, _Linn._--_C. asselloides_, Lowe.--Northern coasts, R. -Marginal granules scaly and large; dorsal gr. smaller than _C. cinereus_. - -15, 16. C. ASSELUS, _Chemn._--_C. minimus_, _Cinereus albus_.--Brit. co. -generally, C. Broad, granules on valves beaded. - -17. C. CANCELLATUS, _Sowerby._--_C. albus_, Pult.--Devon, Guernsey, Isl. -Man, Oban, Zetland, Loch Carron, R. Narrow, back elevated, else like _C. -assellus_. - -PATELLA. (Limpet.) Sedentary. - -18. P. VULGATA, _Linn._--Brit, generally, Cc. Ribs not toothed. - -19. P. ATHLETICA, _Bean._--Devon, Northumberland, etc., Cc. Ribs toothed. - -20. P. PELLUCIDA, _Linn._--_P. lævis_, _cærulea_, _Acmæa pel_.--British co. -generally, C. smooth. - -21. ---- var. _lævis_, Penn. - -ACMÆA, or LOTTIA. - -22. A. TESTUDINALIS, _Müller._--_P. Clealandi._--North Ire., C. Oval, with -tortoise-shell markings. - -23. A. VIRGINEA, _Müller._--_P. parva_, _pulchella_.--Brit. co. generally, -Mc. Pale, pink-rayed, shallow. - -PILIDIUM, or TECTURA. - -24. P. FULVUM, _Müller._--_P. Forbesii._--Clyde, Cork, Zetland, etc., R. - -PROPILIDIUM. - -25. P. ANCYLOIDE, _Forbes._--Lamlash, Ayrshire, etc., R. - -DENTALIUM, _Linn._ - -26. D. ENTALIS, _Linn._--Brit. co. generally, C. Smooth, small end notched. - -27. D. TARENTINUM, _Lamk._--_D. vulgare_, _striatum_, _labiatum_, -_politum_, _læve_.--South coasts, C. Striated and entire at small end. - -PILEOPSIS, or CAPULUS. - -28. P. HUNGARICUS, _Linn._--Fool's-cap Limpet.--S. Devon, and Br. co. -generally, C. - -CALYPTRÆA, _Linn._ - -29. C. SINENSIS, _Linn._ (_Patella._)--_C. chinensis_, _albida_, -_lævigata_.--S. Brit., and Chan. Isls., R. With oblique septum. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XI.] - -PLATE XI. - -FISSURELLA. - -Fig. - - 1. F. RETICULATA, _Donov._ (_Patella._)--_P._ and _F. Græca_, _apertura_ -(young), _cancellata_, _europæa_.--Hebrides, Thanet, Devon, Ireland. On -shells, etc., 1 to 15 fath., C. - - 2. F. COSTARIA, _Deshayes._--Guernsey, R. More fine and numerous ribs than -_F. reticulata_. - -PUNCTURELLA. - - 3. P. NOACHINA, _Linn._ (_Patella._)--_Cemoria Flemingii_, _Fissurella -N._, _Rimula Flemingii_, etc.--Scotland and Northumberland, 20 to 100 -fath., R. With slit under apex. - -EMARGINULA. - - 4. E. RETICULATA, _Sowerby._--_Patella fissura_, etc.--Brit. co. -generally, C. Conical, with slit in margin. - - 5. E. ROSEA, _Bell._--_E. pileolus_, _conica_, _capuliformis_, -etc.--Channel Isls., Exmouth, Cornwall, etc., 7 to 25 fath., Mc. Curved, -coarsely cancellated. Red within. - - 6. E. CRASSA, _Sowerby._--Loch Fyne, Oban and Belfast, 20 to 25 fath., Rr. -Large, not cancellated. - -HALIOTIS, or "Ear-shell." - - 7. H. TUBERCULATA, _Leim._--_H. vulgaris_, Channel Isls., Cc. - -TROCHUS. - - 8. T. ZIZYPHINUS, _Linn._-_-C. conulus_, _C. discrepans_, _C. Lyonsii_ -(white, ribbed var.), etc. Brit. co. generally, low-water to 50 fath., C. - - 9. T. CONULUS, _Linn._--Lincolnshire, Rr. More simply conical than the -most extreme forms of _T. zizyphinus_. - -10. T. ALABASTRUM, _Beck._--_T. formosus_.--Zetland, Lerwick, etc., 45 to -80 fath., R. White, with deep, plain, and beaded ridges. - -11. T. MILLEGRANUS, _Philippi._--_T. Clealandi_, _T. Martini_.--Brit. co. -generally, 15 to 90 fath., Mr. Granulated, whorls with prominent margin. - -12. T. GRANULATUS, _Born._--_T. papillosus_, _T. fragilis_.--Channel Isls., -Weymouth, Dublin, etc., R. Like 8, but grained. - -13. T. STRIATUS, _Linn._--_T. parvus_, etc.--S. Brit., C. More finely -ribbed than _T. exiguus_. - -14. T. EXIGUUS, _Pult._--_T. exasperatus_, _minutus_, etc. S. co., C. - -15. T. MONTAGUI, _Gray._--_T. striatus_, Forbes.--Scarborough, Exmouth, -Cape Clear, etc., C. Elevated, whorls tumid. - -16. T. TUMIDUS, _Mont._--_T. patholatus_, _Rackettii_, etc. Brit. co. -generally, C. Short, whorls tumid, umbilicated. - -17. T. CINEREUS, _Linn._--_T. lineatus_, _T. perforatus_, etc.--Brit. co. -generally, C. Littoral, small umbilicus. - -18. T. UMBILICATUS, _Mont._--_T. cinerarius_, etc.--Guernsey, S. and W. -Brit. co., C. Littoral, umbilicus large. - -19. T. MAJUS, _Linn._--_T. tuberculatus._--Brit. co. generally; littoral, -C. Broad, tuberculated. Large umbilicus. - -20. T. LINEATUS, _Costa._--_T. crassus_, etc.--Channel Isls., Devon. W. -Ire., Mc. Smooth, imperforate. - -MARGARITA, or TROCHUS. - -21. M. UNDULATUS, _Sowerby._--_Turbo carneus_, _M. striata_, -etc.--Scotland, 5 to 50 fath., Mc. Striated and undulated. - -22. M. HELICINUS, _Fabricius._--_Turbo_ and _Trochus neritoideus_, -_margarita_, _M. vulgaris_, etc.--Many Brit. loc.; littoral, C. - -23. M. PUSILLUS, _Jeffreys._--Lerwick, R., 10 to 40 fath. Minute, white, -depressed. - -24. M. EXILIS, _Phil._--_Skenea Cutleriana._--Guernsey, Skye, etc., R. -Globose, striated. - -ADEORBIS. - -25. A. SUBCARINATA, _Mont._--(_Helix_) _Trochus rugosus_, _Cingula subc._, -etc.--S. Brit, co., Mr. Depressed, keeled. - -SCISSURELLA. - -26. S. CRISPATA, _Flem._--Zetland, etc., in sand, Mc. - -PHASIANELLA. - -27. P. PULLUS, _Linn._ (_Turbo._)--_T. pictus_, _Cingula p._, etc.--Brit. -co. generally, C. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XII.] - -PLATE XII. - -IANTHINA. Floats on ocean. - -Fig. - - 1. I. COMMUNIS, _Lamk._--_Helix Ianthina_, _I. fragilis_, etc.--Cornwall, -Bristol, etc.; oceanic, C. Sides depressed. - - 2. I. BRITANNICA, _Leech._ _Reeve._--Ireland, Cornwall, etc., Mr. Darkly -coloured, not compressed. - - 3. I. PALLIDA, _Harvey._--_I. patula._--Clare, Rr. as Brit. - - 4. I. EXIGUA, _Lamk._--Cornwall, Clare, etc., Mr. - -NERITINA. In rivers. - - 5. N. FLUVIATILIS, _Linn._--_N. fontinalis._--Thames, Trent, Humber, etc., -Scotch lakes, Cc. - -BITHINIA. In ponds. - - 6. B. LEACHII, _Shepp._ (_Turbo._)--_B. ventricosus_, _Paludina acuta_, -_similis_, etc.--Rivers S. Brit., Mr. Narrow, with rounded whorls. - - 7. B. TENTACULATA, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_T. nucleus_, _Paludina impura_, -etc.--Fresh-water, throughout Brit. Oval. - -PALUDINA. In ponds. - - 8. P. LISTERI, _Forbes and Hanley._--_Helix vivipara_, etc.--Lakes and -ponds generally, Mc. Whorls more separate, umbilicus larger than _P. -vivipara_. - - 9. P. VIVIPARA, _Linn._--_Pal. achatina_, etc.--Thames, etc., C. - -VALVATA. In ponds. - -10. V. PISCINALIS, _Müller._--_Nerita_, _Turbo_, _Cyclostoma fontinalis_, -_obtusa_, _thermalis_, etc.--Fresh-water, C. Subglobose. - -11. V. CRISTATA, _Müller._--_V. planorbis_, etc.--Many loc., Mc. Orbicular. - -LITTORINA. On the sea-shore. - -12, 13. L. RUDIS, _Donov._ (_Turbo._)--_L. littoreus_, etc., _L. -nigro-lineatus_ (var. f. 13).--British shores generally, Cc. - -14, 15. L. LITTOREA, _Linn._ (_Turbo._)--_L. vulgaris_, etc.--British -shores generally. The common eatable Winkle. - -16, 17. L. TENEBROSA, _Mont._ (_Turbo_).--British shores generally, C. Not -thickened at bottom of mouth like _L. rudis_. - -18. L. PATULA, _Jeffreys._--_L. labiata_, _L. jugosa_, etc.--Common on our -shores. - -19. L. SAXATILIS, _Johnston._--_L. neglecta._--Probably _L. patula_ var.? - -20, 21. L. LITTORALIS, _Linn._ (_Turbo._)--_T. neritoides_, _T. ustulatus_, -etc,--Brit. co. generally. Depressed above. - -22. L. FABALIS, _Turt._--_L. Beanii._--Young of _L. littoralis_? - -23. L. NERITOIDES, _Linn._ (_Turbo._)--_T. petræa_, _L. cærulea_, -etc.--Kent, Sussex, etc., C. With white band. - -24. L. PALLIATA, _Say_, (_Turbo._)--Yarmouth, Mr. - -LACUNA. - -25, 26. L. PUTEOLUS, _Turt._ (_Turbo._)--_Cochlea_, _Helix_, and _Nerita -parva_, _fasciata_, _lacuna_, _rufa_, etc.--Brit. shores, C. Globose. - -27, 28. L. VINCTA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_T. canalis_, _quadrifasciatus_, -etc,--Brit. co. generally, C. - -29. L. CRASSIOR, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_L. pallidus._--Numerous Brit. co. -Thick, conical. - -30. ---- var. ? of this rather than of _C. vincta_. - -31. L. PALLIDULA, _Costa_, (_Turbo._)--Brit. co. generally, C. - -32. L. PATULA.--Fry of _L. pallidula_? - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XIII.] - -PLATE XIII. - -ASSIMINEA. - -Fig. - - 1. A. GRAYANA, _Jeffreys._--_Limneus_ and _Paludina G._--Greenwich and -other marshes. - - 2. A. LITTOREA, _Delle Chiaje_, (_Helix littorina._)--_Rissoa globularis_ -and _littorea_.--On shore at Weymouth, Serk, Portland, Mr. - -RISSOA, or CINGULA. - - 3. R. ULVÆ, _Pennant_, (_Turbo._)--_Helix_, _Cingula_, _Paludina_, and -_Littorina_.--In brackish water, on British shores, C. - - 3*. ---- var. _subumbilicata_, R. - - 4. R. BARLEEI, _Jeffreys._--_R. ulvæ_ var.--Loch Carron, Skye, R. - - 5. R. STRIATULA, _Mont._--_R._, _Turbo_, _Cingula_, and _Littorina -carinata_ and _monilis_.--Devon, Margate, Galway, Herm, etc., 0 to 7 fath., -Mr.; S. Eu. Carinated. - - 6. R. CIMICOIDES, _Forbes._--_R. sculpta._--W. Scotland. Like _R. -zetlandica_, but with outer lip crenulated; finely decussated. - - 7. R. ZETLANDICA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_R._, _Cyclostoma_, _Cingula -scalariformis_, _Cyclostrema z._--N. Scotland, 0 to 60 fath., Mc. Whorls -angulated. - - 8. R. CRENULATA, _Michaud._--_Turbo_ and _R. cimex_ and -_cancellatus_.--Falmouth, Cornwall, Skye, Galway, C. Very coarsely -cancellated. - - 9. R. CALATHUS.--_Forbes and Hanley._--Sheerness, Whitesand Bay, 15 to 50 -fath., R. Finely cancellated. - -10. R. BEANII, _Hanley._--Cornwall, Plymouth, Orkney, Galway, C.; N. Eu. -Striated. - -11. R. ABYSSICOLA, _Forbes._--N. Scotland; deep water, R. - -12. R. LACTEA, _Michaud._--_Turbo cancellatus._--Jersey and Medit., Rr. -Oval, plicated and striated. - -13. R. PUNCTURA, _Montagu._--_Turbo_ and _Cingula_ and _R. -reticulata_.--Brit. co. generally, 10 to 20 fath. - -14. R. COSTATA, _Adams._--_R._, _Turbo_, _Cingula plicata_, _costata_, and -_exigua_.--South co. Brit., S. Wales, Orkneys, Ireland, Channel Isls., 0 to -25 fath., C. - -15. R. STRIATA, _Mont._--_R._, _Turbo_, and _Cingula semicostata_, -_minutissima_, _communis_, _gracilis_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, N. and S. -Eu.; littoral C. - -16, 17, 18. R. PARVA, _Costa._--_T._, _C._, and _R. sublutea_, _lactea_, -_alba_, etc., _R. interrupta_ (var. f. 17), _R. Sarsii_, var. f. 18 -(unique).--Brit. shores generally, C. - -19. R. COSTULATA, _Alder._--_Turbo variabilis_, _R. similis_.--Devon, -Channel Isls., W. Ireland, etc., C.; S. Eu. - -20. R. RUFILABRUM, _Leach._--_R._ and _C. hyalina_ and _punctata_.--Devon, -Belfast, etc., Mc. - -21. R. LABIOSA, _Mont._ (_Helix._)--_T._, _C._, and _R. membranacea_ and -_costata_.--Brit. co. generally, C. - -22, 23, 24, R. INCONSPICUA, _Alder._--_R. albula_ and _supra-costata_, var. -f. 23, _R. similis_, var. 24, _R. maculata_.--Brit. co. generally, C. - -25. R. SEMISTRIATA, _Mont._--_T._ and _R. pulchra_ and _tristriata_.--Brit. -shores generally, C. - -26. R. CINGILLUS, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_R._, _T._, and _C. vittata_, var., -_R. graphica_ and _R. rupestris_.--Brit co. generally. - -27. R. VITREA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Helix glabrata_, _R. -crystallina_.--Exmouth, Oban, Birterbuy, etc., Mr. Elongated, smooth. - -28. R. PROXIMA, _Alder._--A rare Irish species. Elongated, striated. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XIV.] - -PLATE XIV. - -RISSOA,--_continued_. - -Fig. - - 1. R. PULCHERRIMA, _Jeffreys._--Channel Isls., R. - - 2. R. SOLUTA, _Philippi._--Exmouth, Bute, Cork, etc., R. Like _R. pulch._, -but with spiral striæ. - - 3. R. ALDERI, _Jeffreys_, _Annals, Aug. 1858_.--Skye, Rr. Larger and more -conical than _R. soluta_. - - 4. R. FULGIDA, _Adams_, (_Helix._)--_Turbo_ and _Cingula f._--Weymouth, -Arran, Cork, etc., Mr. Whorls rounded and banded. - - 5. R. ANATINA, _Drap._ (_Cyclostoma._)--_Paludina_ and _Littorina -a._--Very rare, Greenwich marshes. - - 6. R. EXIMIA, _Jeffreys._--_Chemnitzia Barleei_, Clark. - - 7. R. VENTROSA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Cyclostoma_, _Paludina_, and _Cingula -acutus_, _ventricosus_, _octona_, _stagnorum_, etc.--Marine shores and -brackish-water marshes, Mc. - - 8. R. DENTICULATA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--Herm, Rr. - - 9. R. UNICA, (_Turbo._)--_Aclis u._, Brit. Moll., _Turritella_, _Pyramis_, -and _Chemnitzia_, R.--Devon, Cork, etc., Mr. - -10. R. GLABRATA, _Jeffreys._--N. sp. - -11. R. CASTANEA, _Jeffreys._--N. sp. - -BARLEEIA. - -12. B. RUBRA, _Flem._ (_Cingula._)--_Turbo_, _C._, and _Rissoa ruber_, -_unifasciatus_, _fulva_.--Herm, Tenby, Dunbar, etc., S. Eu., Mr. - -JEFFREYSIA. - -13. J. DIAPHANA, _Alder_, (_Rissoa._)--_R. glabra._--Dublin, Swansea, -Northumberland, etc.; littoral, R. - -14. J. OPALINA, _Jeffreys_, (_Rissoa._)--Channel Isls., R. - -15. J. GLOBULARIS, _Jeffreys._--Skye. - -16. J. GULSONÆ, _Clark_, (_Odostomia._)--_Chemnitzia G._--Sandwith, -Lerwick, Weymouth, etc., Guernsey. - -EUOMPHALUS. - -17. E. NITIDISSIMUS, _Adams_, (_Helix._)--_Skenea_, B. Moll., _Truncatella -atomus_.--Shetland to Channel Isls., Mc. - -18. E. ROTA, _Forbes and Hanley_, (_Skenea._)--Donegal, rare. Like a minute -Ammonite. - -SKENEA. - -19. S. PLANORBIS, _O. Fabr._ (_Helix._)--_Turbo_, _Sk. depressa_.--Brit. -shores generally, on coastal Corallines, C. Flat, like a _Planorbis_. - -20. S. DIVISA, _Flem._ (_Turbo._)--_Helix_ and _Sk. serpuloides_, _Adeorbis -striatus_.--Scarborough, Weymouth, Orkney, Galway, etc., 7 to 25 fath., Mr. -Striated. - -21. S. COSTULATA, _Möller_, (_Margarita._)--Loch Fyne, Rr. - -22. S. LÆVIS, _Philippi_, (_Delphinula._)--Newcastle-on-Tyne, Rr. - -ACLIS. - -23. A. ASCARIS, _Turt._ (_Turbo._)--_Turritella_, _Alvania_, and _Pyramis -supranitida_ and _acutissima_.--Ireland, Tenby, Zetland, Mr. - -24. A. SUPRA-NITIDA, _S. Wood_ (_Alvania._)--Tenby, Dublin, etc., Rr. - -25. A. NITIDISSIMA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Turritella_, _Pyramis_, and -_Chemnitzia_.--Falmouth, Burrow Isl., R. - -EULIMELLA. - -26. E. SCILLÆ, _Lovén_, (_Turbonilla._)--_Eulima_, _Odostomia_, -_Chemnitzia_, and _Eulimella crassula_, and _Macandræi_.--N. Scotland, -Croulin, etc., 20 to 90 fath., R. - -27. E. ACICULA, Philippi, (_Melania._)--_E._, _Chemn._, _Odost._, and -_Eulima clavula_.--Skye, Rr. - -28. E. AFFINIS, _Philippi_, (_Eulima._)--_Pyramis_, _Odost._, and _E. -gracilis_, _lævis_.--Skye, Torbay, R. - -29. E. CLAVULA, _Lovén_ (_Turbonilla._)--_Odostomia c._--Torbay, Rr. -Guernsey. - -30. E. OBELISCUS, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1858._--Shetland. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XV.] - -PLATE XV. - -TURRITELLA. - -Fig. - - 1. T. CORNEA, _Lamk._--_T. communis_, var., B. M.--Cork and Zetland, Mr. -Whorls less flat and less rapidly enlarged than _T. communis_. A white var. -exists (_T. nivea_). - - 2, 3. T. COMMUNIS, _Risso._--_T. cornea_?, _T. Terebra_.--Brit. co. -generally; 4 to 100 fath., Cc. Aperture rather square. - -APORRHAIS. - - 4. A. PES-PELICANI, _Linn._ (_Strombus._)--_A. quadrifidus_, _Tritonium_, -and _Rostellaria p._--Brit. co. gen.; N. and S. Eu.; 4 to 100 fath., C. -Outer lip with one anterior lobe. - - 5. A. PES-CARBONIS, _Brongniart._--_Rostellaria_ and _A. p._, and -_serressiana_.--Zetland, 70 to 100 fath., R. Outer lip with two anterior -lobes. - -CÆCUM. - - 6. C. TRACHEA, _Mont._--_Dentalium_ and _Orthocera imperforatum_, _C. -annulatus_.--Devon, Weymouth, Scotland, Cork, etc., R.; S. Eu. Ringed and -striated. - - 7. C. GLABRUM, _Mont._--_C._, _Dentalium_, and _Orthocera minutum_, and -_lævissimum_.--Exmouth, Weymouth, Swansea, Lerwick, Bantry Bay. Rare, -smooth. - -CERITHIUM. - - 8. C. RETICULATUM, _Costa_, (_Strombiformis._)--_Murex_ and _Terebra -r._--Brit. co. gen., 0 to 20 f., C. Narrow, and closely reticulated. - - 9. C. METAXA, _Delle Chiaje._--_C. angustissimum._--Guernsey, R.; S. Eu. -Lengthened, white. - -10. C. ADVERSUM, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_C._, _Triphoris_, _Turbo_, and -_Terebra a._, _perversus_, and _reticulatus_.--W. and S. Brit., Channel -Isls., etc., 5 to 25 fath., Mr. - -CERITHIOPSIS. - -11. C. TUBERCULARE, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_Cerithium_ and _Terebra t._--Brit. -co. gen.; S. Eu.; 4 to 40 fath., Mc. Three rows of tubercles in the -penultimate whorl. - -12. C. CLARKII, _Hanley._--Exmouth, Rr. Two rows of tubercles. - -13. C. NIVEA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. 1859_.--In shell sand, Belfast, -R. Rather Buccinum-shaped. - -14. C. METULA, _Lovén_, (_Cerithium._)--_C. nitidum_, Forbes.--Zetland, 50 -to 80 fath., R. White, with angular whorls. - -15. C. PULCHELLA, _Jeffreys._--Falmouth, Plymouth, Guernsey, R. Closely -whorled and cancellated. - -SCALARIA. - -16. S. COMMUNIS, _Lamk._--_Turbo_ and _Strombiformis clathrus_ and -_clathratus_.--S. co. principally, C. Laminarian zone, S. Eu. Ridges -raised; whorls separated. - -17. S. GROENLANDICA, _Chemn._ (_Turbo._)--_S. planicostata_, -_subulata_.--Fragments only, N. Scotland, N. Eu. Grooved between ridges. - -18. S. TURTONIS, _Turton._--Scarborough, Exmouth, Cork, etc., N. and S. -Eu., R. as Brit. Ridges flat. - -19. S. TREVELYANA, _Leach._--N. Brit., 15 to 85 fath., Mr. Thin, with ribs -narrower than _Sc. Turtonis_. - -20. S. CLATHRATULA, _Mont._--S. Brit. and Channel Isls., Mr. Small, white, -with thin ribs. - -STYLIFER. - -21. S. TURTONI, _Brod._--_Phasianella stylifera_, _Velutina s._, _S. -globosus_ and _astericola_.--On spines of _Echinus sphæra_, Torbay and -Berwick, R. Glassy, thin. - -EULIMA. - -22. E. POLITA, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_Strombiformis_, _Turbo_, _Rissoa_, and -_Phasianella p._ and _albus_, _Boscii_ and _anglica_.--Ireland, S. Brit., -E. Scot., N. and S. Eu., 7 to 50 fath., Mr. Rather solid. - -23. E. DISTORTA, _Deshayes._--Brit. co. gen., Mc.; 12 to 90 fath.; N. and -S. Eu. Small, tortuous. - -24. E. STENOSTOMA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. 1858._--Zetland and Norway, -Rr. Thin, with rapidly increasing whorls. - -25. E. SUBULATA, _Donov._ (_Turbo._)--_Strombiformis_, _Helix_, and -_Melania s._ and _glaber_, _trifasciatus_, _Donovani_, and _lineata_.--S. -and W. Brit., Ire., Zetland, Medit., 10 to 80 fath., Mr. Whorls deep, -banded. - -26. E. BILINEATA, _Alder._--Or _E. subulata_, var.--Northumberland, etc. -Whorls more swelled than _E. su._, two-banded. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XVI.] - -PLATE XVI. - -CHEMNITZIA. - -Fig. - - 1. C. ELEGANTISSIMA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_T. lacteus_, Linn.?, _T. -acutus._--Brit. co. generally; not deep, C. Interstices of longitudinal -ribs smooth. - - 2. C. SIMILLIMUS, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_C. gracilis_, Phil. More slender -and minute than f. 1. - - 3. C. PUSILLA, _Phil. Moll. Sic._ 2. _p._ 224. _pl._ 28. _f._ 21.--More -stout than f. 1, with the ribs straight and broad. Medit., Brit.? - - 4, 5. C. RUFA, _Phil._--And var. _C. fulvocincta_ (f. 5).--Brit. co. -generally, 15 to 50 fath., Mc. Spiral grooves between ribs. - - 6. C. FORMOSA, _Jeffreys_, (_Odostomia._)--Swansea, Shellness, Bantry Bay, -etc., Mr. Grooved between ribs, excavated at suture. - - 7. C. FENESTRATA, _Forbes and Jeffr._ (_Odostomia._)--Torbay, etc., R. -With pits between spiral ridges. - - 8. C. RUFESCENS, _Forbes._--_Odostomia_ and _Turritella indistincta_ and -_scalaris_.--Clyde, Hebrides, Oban, 15 to 50 fath., R. More stout than _C. -rufa_. Three-banded. - - 9. C. SCALARIS, _Philippi_, (_Melania._)--Exmouth, Guernsey, Medit., R. -Ribbed; whorls angular above. - -10. C. CLATHRATA, _Jeffreys._--Birterbuy Bay, R. Lower part of whorls -spirally grooved between ribs. - -11. C. INDISTINCTA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Odost._, _Turritella_, _Terebra_, -and _Pyramis truncata_ and _speciosa_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 5 to 40 -fath., Mr.; S. Eu. Ribs curved, striated between. - -TRUNCATELLA. - -12. T. SUBCYLINDRICA, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_T. Montagui_, _Turbo truncatus_, -_subtruncatus_, _Cyclostoma truncatulum_, _Turritella t._ and _s._, -etc.--Weymouth, S. Devon, Scarborough, etc., C. - -NATICA. - -13. N. HELICOIDES, _Johnston._--Scotland, Scarborough, etc., 15 to 40 -fath., R.; N. Eu. Thin-grooved suture. - -14. N. MONTAGUI, _Forbes._--_Nerita rufa_, _Natica r._ and -_rutilla_.--Principally northern loc. In sand and gravel, 12 to 90 fath., -Mr. Small, stout. - -15. N. KINGII, _Forbes and Hanley._--Northumberland, unique, _Jeffreys_ -coll. - -16. N. NITIDA, _Donovan._--_Nerita_ and _Natica catena_, _nitida_, -_Alderi_, _glaucina_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 4 to 90 fath., C. Oblique, -marked with undulating lines. - -17. N. MONILIFERA, _Lamk._--_Nerita glaucina_, _catena_, etc.--Near -water-mark, in sandy places generally, C. Whorls rounded. - -18. N. SORDIDA, _Phil._--_N. fulva_, _plumbea_, etc.--Scilly, Cape Clear, -Zetland, etc., 25 to 90 fath., R. - -19. N. PUSILLA, _Say._--_N. Groenlandica_, _livida_, -_alba_.--Northumberland, Yorkshire, N. Eu., 45 fath., R. White; umbilicus -small. - -RECLUZIA. - -20. R. APERTA, _Jeffreys._--_Natica aperta_, Lovén?--Zetland, Rr. - -VELUTINA. - -21. N. LÆVIGATA, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_Bulla_, _Velutina_, etc.--Brit. co. -generally, 1 to 30 fath., N. Eu., C. - -22. N. FLEXILIS, _Mont._ (_Bulla._)--_Coriocella_ and _Sigaretus -plicatilis_.--N. Scot., 25 fath., Rr. - -LAMELLARIA. - -23. L. PERSPICUA, _Linn._--_Helix_, _Bulla haliotoidea_, _Sigareta_ and -_Coriocella neritoideus_.--Brit. co. generally, but R.; 1 to 15 fath., Mr. -Thin, glassy, more ventricose than _L. tentaculata_. - -24. L. TENTACULATA, _Mont._--_Sig._ and _Cor._--Falmouth, Swansea, Arran, -etc. Laminarian, Mr. Upper whorls less full than _L. perspicua_. - -OTINA. - -25. O. OTIS, _Turt._ (_Helix._)--_Velutina_, _Galericulum ovatum_.--Wales, -Devon, Channel Isls., Clare, etc., Mc. Littoral. - -TRICHOTROPIS. - -26. T. BOREALIS, _Broderip and Sowb._--_T._ and _Murex carinatus_, -_umbilicatus_, _acuminatus_, etc.--N. Scotland, W. Ireland, 15 to 80 fath., -R. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XVII.] - -PLATE XVII. - -ODOSTOMIA. - -Fig. - - 1. O. UNIDENTATA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Voluta u._, _O. plicata_.--Brit. -co. generally, Mc. Rather conical. Tooth strong; no epidermis. - - 2. O. TURRITA, _Hanley_, _Brit. Mar. Conch._--_O. unidentata_, var. B. -M.--R. More lengthened than No. 1. - - 3, 4. O. ACUTA, _Jeffreys._--Torbay, Loch Fyne, Galway, etc., Mc. Strong, -conical. Suture deep. - - 5. O. PLICATA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Voluta p._, _V. plicatula_, _O. Annæ_, -_Jaminia p._, etc., Mc.--Salcombe, Swansea, Dublin, Aberdeen, Mc. Turreted. -Narrow, thin. - - 6. O. INSCULPTA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Voluta_, _Jaminia_, and _O. -ins._--S. Devon, Oban, Hebrides, etc., R. Conical, spirally striated. - - 7. O. PALLIDA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Vol._, _Cingula_, _Phasianella p._, -_O. ambigua_.--S. Devon, Rr. Broad. Thin, pillar straight. - - 8. O. CONOIDEA, _Brock._--_Turbo_, _Odost._, etc.--N. Scotland, Mc. S. -Devon, Mr. N. and S. Eu. White. Whorls straight; throat striated. - - 9. O. CONSPICUA, _Alder._--Isl. Man, Whitburn, Herm. Coloured. Whorls -rounded; throat striated. - -10. O. TRUNCATULA, _Jeffreys._--Plymouth. Elongated. - -11. O. CYLINDRICA, _Alder._--_Turbo nivosus_?--S. Devon, Ilfracombe, -Guernsey, Cork, R. Cylindrical, few whorls. - -12, 13. O. EULIMOIDES, _Hanley._--_O. crassa_, _O. pallida_ (var. f. 13), -_O. notata._--Brit. co. generally. Coralline zone, Mr. Ample body-whorl. - -14. O. DUBIA, _Jeffr._--S. Devon, Lerwick, Guernsey, Mr. Rather large -body-whorl. - -15, 16. O. ALBA, _Jeffreys_, (and var.)--Swansea, Skye, Zetland, Guernsey, -Mr. Thin, whorls rounded. - -17. O. NITIDA, _Alder._--S. Devon. Littoral, Mc. Aperture differently -formed from No. 17. - -18. O. LUKISII, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. 1859._--Guernsey. Sublittoral -and coralline, Mc. Whorls tumid; a slight umbilicus. - -19. O. GLABRATA, _Muhlfeldt_, (_Helix._)--_Rissoa punctulum_, -etc.--Zetland, R. Pillar-lip thin, arched. - -20. O. RISSOIDES, _Hanley._--_O. scalaris._--Channel Isls., Devon, -Cornwall, Tenby, etc., Mc. Thin, conical, no umbilicus. - -21. O. ALBELLA, _Lovén._--_O. rissoides_, var., B. M.--Guernsey, S. Devon, -etc. Turreted, upper whorls more cylindrical than No. 20. - -22. O. OBLIQUA, _Alder._--Tynemouth, Guernsey, 7 fath. to deep water, Rr. -Thin, oblique. - -23. O. DIAPHANA, _Jeffr._ _Ann. Nat. Hist. New Ser. vol._ ii. _p._ 341.--R. -Manifestly distinct from No. 22. - -24. O. STRIALATA, _Alder._--Northumberland, Rr. Conical, striated. - -25. O. MINIMA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1, 1858._ - -26. O. INTERSTINCTA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_T._, _O._, _Voluta_, and _Jaminia -canaliculata_, _oblonga_, and _obtusa_.--Brit. co. generally. Shallow -water, C. With longitudinal ribs. - -27. O. DOLIOLIFORMIS, _Jeffr._--Scarborough, Exmouth, Swansea, Tenby, Rr., -Scotland. Oval, body-whorl very tumid. - -28. O. WARRENII, _Thompson_, (_Rissoa_.)--_Turbonilla_ and _O. obliqua_, -_O. decorata_.--Dublin, S. Devon, W. Scotland, R. Turreted. Mouth oblique; -an umbilicus; no fold or columella. - -29. O. SPIRIALIS, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_Voluta_ and _Rissoa s._, -_pellucida_, and _plicatula_.--Brit. co. generally, not deep, Mc. Whorls -ribbed longitudinally above, spirally beneath. - -30. O. DECUSSATA, _Mont._ (_Turbo._)--_T. Helix_, _Rissoa_ and _O. -arenaria_, _pellucida_?, and _d._--Exmouth, Lerwick, etc., R. Ribbed and -spirally striated. - -31. O. EXCAVATA, _Phil._ (_Rissoa_.)--_R._, _O._, and _Cingula Harveyi_ and -_Deshayesiana_.--Dublin, Arran, Guernsey, R. Largely sculptured. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XVIII.] - -PLATE XVIII. - -TRITON. - -Fig. - - 1. T. CUTACEUS, _Linn._--Channel Isls., Rr. as Brit. Mr. Lukis's specimen -taken living off Guernsey. - - 2. T. NODIFERUS, _Lamk._--Guernsey; three living specimens, one incrusted -with _Lepralia coccinea_ (truly British). Mr. Jeffrey's specimen reduced. - -MUREX. - - 3. M. ERINACEUS, _Linn._--_Purpura scalata_, var. _M. Tarentinus_.--Brit. -co. generally; 5 to 30 fath., C. N. and S. Eu. - - 4. M. CORALLINUS, _Scacchi._--_Fusus_ and _M. lavatus_, _inconspicuus_, -_gyrinus_, and _badius_?--Channel Isls. and S. Eu., C. - - M. RUDIS. See _Trophon_. - -PURPURA. - - 5. P. LAPILLUS, _Linn._ (_Buccinum._)--_B._ and _P. filosum_, -_imbricatum_, and _bizonalis_.--In crevices on shores, Brit. co. generally, -N. and S. Eu., C. - -LACHESIS. - - 6. L. MINIMA, _Mont._ (_Buccinum_.)--_B. brunneum_, _B. rubrum_, _Nesæa -granulata_, _mamillata_, _Fusus minimus_, etc.--Channel Isls. and S. Brit., -on shores. S. Eu. - -BUCCINUM. - - 7. B. HOLBOLLII.--_Mangelia H._--Cornwall, Rr. - - 8. B. UNDATUM, _Linn._--_B. striatum_, _anglicanum_, _pyramidale_, -_imperiale_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, shores, Cc. N. Eu. and Am. - - 9. B. ACUMINATUM, _Brod._--_B. undatum_ var., B. M.--Rr. - -10. B. CILIATUM, _Fabr._ (_Tritonium._)--Shetland, deep water, R. More thin -than No. 9; with striæ finer, and hairs of epidermis tufted minutely. - -11. B. FUSIFORME, _Brod._--Cork, Wexford, Rr. Turreted, fusiform, white, -ribbed, striated. - -12. B. DALEI, _Sowerby._--_B. ovum_, _Halia Flemingiana_.--Torbay, -Northumberland, Aberdeen, etc., R. Ventricose. - -13. B. HUMPHREYSIANUM, _Bennett._--_Tritonium H._--Cork, Skye, Bantry Bay, -R. Light, smooth. - -FUSUS. - -14. F. BERNICIENSIS, _King._--Northumberland, Rr. Carinated, with open pink -mouth. - -15. F. NORVEGICUS, _Chemn._ (_Strombus._)--_Tritonium n._--Scarborough, -Durham, Rr. Oval, smooth, with large aperture. - -16. F. ANTIQUUS, _Linn._ (_Murex._)--_M._, _B._, and _Tritonium despectus_, -_contrarius_, _carinatus_, _babylonicus_, etc.--Various Brit. co., 5 to 30 -fath., C. - -17. F. ISLANDICUS, _Chemn._--_Murex corneus_, _Tritonium gracile_, -etc.--Brit. co. generally; 5 to 80 fath.; N. Eu., C. (See _F. propinquus_.) - -18. F. TURTONI, _Bean._--Yorkshire, Northumberland, 60 fath., Rr. - -19. F. PROPINQUUS, _Alder._--_F. corneus_ and _islandicus_, var.--N. -Scotland, Bantry Bay, Northumberland, deep water, Mr. Shorter than _F. -islandicus_, with deep suture and symmetrical spire. - -TROPHON. - -20. T. RUDIS, _Phil._ (_Fusus._)--_Murex r._, Jeffreys.--Tenby; unique as -British. Whorls and ribs rounded. - -21. T. MURICATUS, _Mont._--_Fusus_ and _Murex m._--Brit. co. generally, -Channel Isls., 15 to 50 fath., Mr. Whorls angular, ribs intersected. - -22. T. SCALARIFORMIS, _Gould._--Belfast, in sand, Rr. Ribs smooth. - -23. T. CLATHRATUS, _Linn._ (_Murex._)--_Tritonium_, _Fusus_, and -_Pleurotoma Bamfius_.--Irish sea, Zetland, Mc. Ribs laminated. - -24. T. BARVICENSIS, _Johnston._--_Fusus_ and _Tritonium b._--Hebrides, -Cork, Northumberland, 60 fath., Mr. Ribs aculeated. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XIX.] - -PLATE XIX. - -NASSA. - -Fig. - - 1. N. RETICULATA, _Linn._ (_Buccinum._)--_N. pullus_, _Tritonium -r._--Brit. and Eu. co. generally. Littoral, Cc. - - 2. N. INCRASSATA, _Müller_, (_Buccinum._)--_N._ and _B. minutum_, -_macula_, _asperulum_, etc.--Brit. shores generally, 0 to 50 fath., gravel, -C. - - 3. N. PYGMÆA, _Lamk._ (_Ranella._)--_B. tuberculatum_, _Tritonia -varicosa_, etc.--S. Brit. co., S. Eu., 4 fath. to deep water, C. Small, -with white varices on the body. - -MANGELIA. - - 4. M. TURRICULATA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_Bela_, _Fusus_, and _Pleurotoma -angulatus_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 3 to 100 fath., N. Eu., C. Whorls -flat above. - - 5. M. TREVELLIANA, _Turt._--_Pleurotoma_, _Bela_, and _M. reticulata_, -_decussata_, and _leucostoma_.--Northumberland, Aberdeen, Zetland, etc., 15 -to 40 fath., R. Whorls with angular slope above. - - 6. M. RUFA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_F._, _M._, and _B. chordula_, _Ulideana_ -(var.), etc.--Brit. co. generally, Mc. - - 7. M. TERES, _Forbes_, (_Pleurotoma._)--_P. boreale._--Various loc., 15 to -50 fath. S. Eu., Mr. Carinated, aperture deeply notched. - - 8. M. PURPUREA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_Fusus_ and _Pleu. p._, _Philberti -versicolor_ and _variegatum_.--Brit. co. gen., 3 to 60 fath., C. S. Eu. - - 9. M. CANCELLATA, _Sowerby_ (_Fusus._)--_M. purpurea_ var., _F. -asperrimus_,--Cornwall, Cork, R. Sharply sculptured. - -10. M. RETICULATUM, _Brown_, (_Pleurotoma._)--_M. cancellata_ -var.--Shetland, Guernsey, Rr. Sculpture between 8 and 9; inner lip not -thickened. - -11. M. LEUFROYI, _Michaud_, (_Pleurotoma._)--_P._, _F._, and _M. inflata_, -_Boothii_.--Arran, Orkneys, Guernsey, etc.; S. Eu., 5 to 50 fath., Mc. - -12. M. LINEARIS, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_M._, _Pl._, _Fus. elegans_, -_concinna_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, sand and shells, 1 to 80 fath., C. - -13. M. SCABRA, _Jeffreys_, (_Pleur._)--_M. linearis_ var.--Guernsey, -Plymouth, R. - -14. M. NEBULA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_M._, _P._, and _F. Bertrandi_, -_varians_, and _pyramidatus_.--Various places and depths, N. and S. Eu., C. - -15. M. LÆVIGATA, _Phil._ (_Pleu._)--_M. nebula_ var.--South Brit., S. Eu. -Small, fusiform, shiny, banded. - -16. M. GUINNIANA, _Phil._ (_Pleu._)--_M. nebula_ var.--Tenby, etc., Mr. S. -Eu. Whorls longer than No. 14. - -17. M. BRACHYSTOMA, _Phil._ (_Pleu._)--_M. tiarula_ and _Clavatula -b._--Brit. co. gen., Mr. Turreted; ribs crossed by raised lines. - -18. M. NANA, _Lovén_, (_Tritonium._)--_Fusus albus._--Lerwick, Zetland, -Orkneys, etc., 45 fath., and deep, R. Ventricose, cancellated. - -19, 20. M. STRIOLATA, _Scacchi_, (_Pleu._)--_P._ and _Murex Smithii_, -_Farranti_.--S. Devon, Clyde, Guernsey, Bantry, etc., Medit., R. as Brit. -Ribs angularly curved above. - -21, 22. M. COSTATA, _Pennant_, (_Murex._)--_Buccinum_, _Fusus_, _Pl. c._, -etc.; var. f. 22, _M. Metcalfei_.--Brit co. generally, 5 to 50 fath., N. -and S. Eu., C. Body-whorl larger than No. 24. - -23. M. COARCTATA, _Forbes._--_Pl._, _M. costata_ var., B. M.--Distribution -as 21 and 22; not so common. - -24. M. SEPTANGULARIS, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_M._, _F._, and _Pl. costatus_, -_heptagona_, etc.--Torbay, Bristol Channel, Forth, Galway, 5 to 30 fath., -Mc. - -25. M. ATTENUATA, _Mont._ (_Murex._)--_M. aciculatus_, _Pl. gracilis_, -_Villiersii_, etc.--S. Devon, Oban, Hebrides, Cork, etc., Mr. S. Eu. - -26. M. GRACILIS, _Mont._ (_Murex_)--_M. emarginatus_, _suturalis_, -_elegans_, etc., S. Brit., Galway, S. Eu., Mr. - - M. HOLBOLLII. See _Buccinum_. - -ERATO. - -27. E. LÆVIS, _Donovan_, (_Voluta._)--_E._, _Marginella_, _Bulla_, -_Volvaria_, and _Columbella fusiformis_, _Cypræola_, _Donovani_, -_Muscaria_, etc.--Brit. co. generally, 1 to 50 fath., Mc. - -CYPRÆA. - -28. C. EUROPÆA, _Mont._--_Cypr._ and _Trivia_, _Pediculus arctica_, -_bullata_, and _diaphana_.--Brit. co. generally, 0 to 50 fath., C. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XX.] - -PLATE XX. - -TORNATELLA. - -Fig. - - 1. T. FASCIATA, _Lamk._--_Voluta tornatilis_, Linn., _Bulimus T._, _T. -pellucida_ and _pusilla_ (young).--Brit. co. generally. N. and S. Eu. - -OVULA. - - 2. O. PATULA, _Penn._ (_Bulla_).--Exmouth, Arran, etc., 20 fath. S. Eu. -Wide aperture, Mc. - - 3. O. ACUMINATA, _Brug._--_Bulla_ and _Volvula a._--Loch Fyne, Lamlash, -Galway, etc., R. S. Eu. Narrow, pointed. - -CYLICHNA. - - 4. C. CYLINDRACEA, _Penn._ (_Bulla._)--_Bullina_ and _Volvaria c._, -_oliva_, and _umbilicata_.--Brit. co. generally, C. N. and S. Eu. - - 5. C. OBTUSA, _Montagu_ (_Bulla_).--_Utriculus_, _B._ and _C. -Jerviscensis_ and _discors_.--Brit. co. generally, C. - - 6. C. MAMILLATA, _Philippi._--_Bulla_ and _Tornatina m._ and -_truncatula_.--Exm., Skye, Galway, etc., Mc. S. Eu. Spire sunk, apex -mamillated. - - 7. C. TRUNCATA, _Adams_, (_Bulla._)--_B. truncatula_, _retusa_, -_semisulcata_.--Brit. co. generally, C. N. and S. Eu. - - 8. C. NITIDULA, _Lovén._--_C._ and _Bulla n._ and _umbilicata_.--Skye, -Loch Fyne, etc., R. N. Eu. Elongated, oval. - - 9. C. CONULUS, _Desh._--Zetland, Rr. Conical. - -10. C. STRIGILLA, _Lovén._--_C._, _Bulla_, and _Atys s._ and -_ovulata_.--Scotland, Mr. Spirally striated. - -11. C. UMBILICATA, _Mont._ (_Bulla_).--_Bullina_ and _Volvaria u._ and -_subcylindrica_.--Brit. co. gen., Mc. With umbilicated apex. - -12, 13. C. LAJONKAIREANA, _Basterot_, (_Bulla._)--Guernsey, R. Narrower, -and with more raised spire than _C. obtusa_. - -AMPHISPIRA. - -14. A. HYALINA, _Turt._ (_Bulla._)--_A. diaphana_ and _Utriculus -pellucidus_, _minutus_, and _candidus_.--Scarborough, Weymouth, Cork, etc. -Littoral, Mc. N. Eu. Rather square. - -15. A. GLOBOSA, _Jeffreys_, _Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1859._--Skye. - -AKERA. - -16. A. BULLATA, _Müller._--_Bulla Akera_, _B. norvegica_, _B. resiliens_, -_fragilis_, _flexilis_, _Hanleyi_.--Southampton, Zetland, Galway, etc. -Littoral, Mc. N. and S. Eu. - -BULLA. - -17. B. CRANCHII, _Leach._--_B. punctura_ and _striata_.--Brit. co. gen. -Devon, Aberdeen, Cork, etc., 50 to 100 fath., Mr. Spirally puncto-striated. - -18. B. CORNEA, _Lamk._--_B. hydatis_ (as of _Linn._), _B. navicula_, _B. -ampulla_, _Haminea hydatis_.--South Brit. co., 0 to 50 fath., C. S. Eu. -Broad, thin. - -19. B. HYDATIS, _Linn._--_Haminea elegans._--Guernsey and Mediterranean. -Narrower and more solid than _B. cornea_. - -PHILINE. - -20. P. APERTA, _Linn._--_P. Bulla_, _Bullæa_, and _Lobaria a._, -_quadripartita_, _quadrilobata_, and _Planciana_.--Brit. co. gen., C. S. -Eu. Large, smooth. - -21. P. SCABRA, _Müller._--_Bulla_ and _Scaphander scabra_, _pectinata_, -_dilatata_, and _catenulifera_.--Northumberland, Zetland, Ireland, etc., -Mc., 5 to 50 fath. N. Eu. Oblong, serrated. - -22. P. QUADRATA, _S. Wood._--_Bullæa_ and _P. scutulum_.--Zetland, etc., 10 -to 100 fath., R. Striated. - -23. P. CATENA, _Mont._--_Bulla_ and _Bullæa c._, _angustata_, and -_punctata_,--Brit. co. generally, Mr., 0 to 40 fath. With chain-like -sculpture. - -24. P. PUNCTATA, _Clark._--_Bulla_ and _Bullæa_.--Devon, Swansea, Aberdeen, -Clare. In sand, 60 fath., Mc. With punctured sculpture. - -25. P. PRUINOSA, _Clark._--_Bulla_ and _Bullæa_.--Devon, Northumb., -Hebrides, etc. Mud, 20 to 70 fath. N. Eu. - -SCAPHANDER. - -26. S. LIGNARIUS, _Linn._ (_Bulla._)--_B. oblonga_.--Brit. co. generally. 1 -to 50 fath. N. and S. Eu., C. - -27. S. ZONATUS, _Turt._ (_Bulla_)--Young specimen taken at Zetland by Mr. -Jeffreys, resembling older Norwegian specimens. More oval than _S. -lignarius_. Spire umbilicated. - -APLYSIA. - -28. A. HYBRIDA, _Sowerby._--_Laplysia depilans_, _A. depilans_ and -_punctata_.--Brit. co. generally. Among seaweeds, 0 to 6 fath., C. - -PLEUROBRANCHUS. - -29. P. MEMBRANACEUS, _Mont._ (_Lamellaria._)--Devon, Arran, Cork, etc. -Low-water, Mr. Broad, flexible. - -30. P. PLUMULA, _Mont._ (_Bulla._)--Guernsey, Devon, Skye, etc. Littoral, -R. Narrow, less flexible. - -SPIRULA. - -31. S. PERONII--Once taken near Swansea, imperfect. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XXI.] - -PLATE XXI. - -LIMNÆUS. In and near fresh-water. - -Fig. - - 1, 2. L. PEREGER, _Müller_ (_Buccinum._)--_Helix_, _Turbo_, _Bulimus_, and -_L. putris_, _inflata_, _teres_, _lutea_, _limosa_, _ovata_, _vulgaris_, -_marginata_, _intermedia_, _lacustris_, etc.--Springs and ponds, Cc. - - 3. L. STAGNALIS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_Buccinum_, _Turbo_, etc., -_stagnalis_, _fragilis_, and _major_, etc.--Ponds, etc., not so generally -as No. 1, 2, C. - - 4. L. PALUSTRIS, _Müller_, (_Bucc._)--_Helix_ and _L. fragilis_, -_fontinalis_, _stagnalis_, etc.--Ditches, ponds, etc., C. Whorls more -numerous and less rapidly enlarged than No. 3. - - 5. L. AURICULARIUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_L._, _Helix_, _Bucc._, _Turbo_, -_Bulimus a._, _patulus_, etc.--Near London, Swansea, etc., Mc. Aperture -very wide, and outer lip partially reflected. - - 6. L. ACUTUS, _Jeffreys._--_L. auricularius_, var. B. M.--Oban, Clumber -Lake, Bloomfield, Kent, R. Apex sharp and tapering; aperture smaller than -No. 5. - - 7. L. TRUNCATULUS, _Müller_, (_Bucc._)--_H._, _B._, and _L. truncatus_, -_fossarius_, _minutus_, _limosus_, etc.--Partly amphibious, generally -diffused, C. Small, spire equal to body. - - 8. L. GLABER, _Müller_, (_Buccinum._)--_H._, _B._, and _L. octanfracta_, -_peregrina_, _elongata_, _octona_, _leucostoma_, etc.--Fresh and brackish -marshes, Stafford, Somerset, York, etc., R. Spire longer than aperture. - - 9. L. INVOLUTUS, _Harvey._--_Amphipeplea i._--Lake near Killarney, -Belfast, Rr. Spire almost covered. - -10. L. GLUTINOSUS, _Müller_, (_Buccinum._)--_Helix_, _Amphipeplea_, and -_L._--Windermere, etc., Mr. Oval. - -11. L. BURNETTI, _Alder._--Lakes in Dumfries and Breconshire. Inflated; -spire flat; colour opaque-amber. - -PHYSA. In and near fresh-water. - -12. P. HYPNORUM, _Linn._ (_Bulla._)--_Helix_, _Physa_, _Limnæa_, and -_Aplexa turrita_ and _marmorata_. Pools and lakes, Brit. generally, C. - -13. P. FONTINALIS, _Linn._ (_Bulla._)--_Turbo_, _Planorbis_, _Bulimus_, and -_Ph. adversus_, _bulla_, _bulloides_, and _fluviatilis_.--Brit. pools, -lakes, and ditches, C. - -ANCYLUS. In fresh-water. - -14, 15. A. FLUVIATILIS, _Müller._--_Patella lacustris._--Running streams, -on stones and plants generally, C. Oval, apex turned to left. - -16, 17. A. OBLONGUS, _Lightfoot_, (_Patella._)--_A._ and _P. lacustris_. -More lacustrine than No. 14, Mc. Oblong, apex turned to right. - -PLANORBIS. In fresh-water. - -18. P. CORNEUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P._ and _H. cornu-arietis_, -_purpureus_, and _similis_, _P. nana_ (young).--Ponds and ditches -generally, C. - -19. P. ALBUS, _Müller._--_Helix_ and _P. hispidus_, -_hirsutus_.--Distribution general, C. Finely ciliated in lines. - -20. P. GLABER, _Jeffreys._--_P. lævis_, Alder.--Penzance, Falmouth, -Swansea, Belfast, etc., Mr. - -21. P. NAUTILEUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P. imbricatus_, Müller; _P. -cristatus_, _Turbo nautileus_, etc., Mc. With horny ridges. - -22. P. CONTORTUS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P._and _H. crassa_, -_umbilicata_.--Distribution general, C. Numerous close whorls; aperture -semi-lunar. - -23. P. CARINATUS, _Müller._--_Helix Planorbis_, Linn.; _P. planata_ and -_lutescens_.--Generally distr., C. Whorls more rapidly increased than No. -24; keel more distinct. - -24. P. MARGINATUS, _Drap._--_H. Planorbis_, _H._, _P. limbata_, -_complanata_, _Draparnaldi turgidus_, _rhombeus_, etc.--Distr. gen., C. -Whorls more rhomboidal than 23. - -25. P. VORTEX, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_Pl. compressa_.--Distr. gen., C. Many -whorls, very compressed. - -26. P. SPIRORBIS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_P. vortex_, var.--Distr. general, C. -Fewer whorls than No. 25; mouth not angular. - -27. P. NITIDUS, _Müller._--_Helix_ and _P. fontanus_, _complanatus_, and -_lenticularis_.--Most parts of Brit., Mc. Very compressed. - -28. P. LACUSTRIS, _Lightfoot._--_P. nitidus_, var., _Segmentina lineata_, -_P. nautileus_ and _clausulatus_.--Ponds and ditches near London, etc., Mc. -With internal divisions; lower disc flat. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XXII.] - -PLATE XXII. - -SUCCINEA. Amphibious. - -Fig. - - 1. S. PUTRIS, _Linn._ (_Helix._)--_H._, _S._, and _Limnæa Succinea_ and -_amphibia_.--On plants by the side of rivers, ditches, etc., C. Rather oval -in form. - - 2. S. GRACILIS, _Alder._--_S. putris_, var. _gracilis_, _S. amphibia_, -var. _Pfeifferi_.--By sides of streams and in damp meadows, C. Elongated, -with spire produced. - - 3. S. OBLONGA, _Drap._--_Helix elongata_, _Amphibulina o._ and -_e._--Swansea, Glasgow, etc. Sometimes at a distance from water, R. Spire -with more distinct whorls. - -CONOVULUS. Partly marine, amphibious. - - 4. C. BIDENTATUS, _Mont._ (_Voluta._)--_C._, _N._, _Actæon_, and _Auricula -alba_ (var.) and _erosa_.--Salt-water marshes, and on rocks near high-water -mark all round our coasts, C. No tooth on outer lip. - - 5. C. MYSOTIS, _Drap._--_C. denticulatus_, var., etc.--Brackish marshes, -Thames, etc., C. Outer lip with one tooth. - - 6. C. DENTICULATUS, _Mont._ (_Voluta._)--_C._, _V._, _Auricula_, and -_Actæon ringens_, _reflexa_ (var. f. 7), _Mysotis_, and -_personata_.--Numerous places, near the sea, C. Outer lip with many teeth. - - 7. C. REFLEXUS.--_Auricula reflexa_, _C. denticulatus_, var. _Jeffreys_. - -CARYCHIUM. - - 8. C. MINIMUM, _Müller._--_Turbo Carychium_, _Auricula minima_.--Moist -places, wet Mosses, etc. Generally distr., C. - -LIMAX. Land Slug, with shell under shield. - - 9. L. CINEREUS _Müller._--_L. maximus_, _maculatus_, _Limacella parma_. -Brit. gen., C.; Eu. Shell oval, large, thin. - -10. L. AGRESTIS, _Müller._--_L. concava_ and _obliquus_.--Brit, gen., C. -_Foss cr._ Shell small, oblique. - -11. L. BRUNNEUS, _Drap._--_L. concava._--Under stones, etc. Shell minute, -square. - -12. L. FLAVUS, _Linn._--_Limacella unguiculata_ and _variegata_.--The large -Cellar Slug. Shell thick, rather square. - -TESTACELLA. Slug with shell on tail. - -13. T. MAUGEI, _Férussac._--Clifton, Taunton, Plymouth, Swansea, etc., Mr. -Large, and more square than 14. - -14. T. HALIOTOIDEA, _Drap._--_T. europæa_, _T. scutulum_.--Near London. -Channel Isls., etc., Mc. - -VITRINA. Shell not including the whole Slug. - -15. V. PELLUCIDA, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H. diaphana_, _Helicolimax_, -_Limacina major_, etc.--Various parts of the country, under stones, etc., -Mc. Eu. Very transparent. - -16. V. DRAPARNALDI, _Jeffreys._--_V. oblonga_, _H. brevipes_?--Less -globular than 15, R. - -ZONITES. Transparent, thin-edged Snails. - -17, 18. Z. CELLARIUS, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. lucida_ and -_nitens_.--Brit. gen., C. - -19, 20. Z. NITIDUS, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. nitens_, _lucida_, -_tennis_, _Succinea_, etc.--Less depressed than 17, 18, with larger -umbilicus. - -21. Z. CRYSTALLINUS, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_H._, _Z._, _Discus_, and -_"Polita" c._, _eburnea_, _vitrea_.--In damp spots, among stones and Moss. -Minute, white, transparent. - -22. Z. NITIDULUS, _Drap._--Generally distributed, Mc. Mouth oblique. -Umbilicus small. - -23, 24. Z. ALLARIUS, _Miller_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. glabra_, -_alliacea_, _nitens_, _tenera_, _lurida_, etc.--Distr. gen., C. Smaller and -more convex than 17, 18. - -25. Z. EXCAVATUS, _Bean_, (_Helix_)--_H._ and _G. nitida_, _lucida_, -etc.--Durham, Northumberland, Galway, etc., Mc. Umbilicus very large. - -26, 27. Z. RADIATULUS, _Alder_, (_Helix._)--Distr. gen., C. Striated, -minute. - -28, 29. Z. PURUS, _Alder_, (_Helix._)--_H._ and _Z. polita_, and _Helicella -nitidosa_, _electrina_, etc.--Most common North Engl. Whorls less close and -more oblique than 21. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XXIII.] - -PLATE XXIII. - -HELIX. Snails with thickened lips. - -Fig. - - 1. H. PISANA, _Müller._--_H. zonaria_, _cingenda_, _rhodostoma_, -_strigata_, _albella_.--Cornwall, S. Wales, Dublin, C. S. and N. Eu. - - 2. H. ASPERSA, _Müller._--_H. grisea_, _hortensis_, _variegata_, -_vulgaris_, etc.--Common in all our gardens and hedges. - - 3. H. VIRGATA, _Costa._--_H. variabilis_, _ericetorum_, _zonaria_, -etc.--In sandy and chalky places, C. More compressed than No. 1. - - 4. H. CANTIANA, _Mont._--_H. pallida_, etc.--South and west Engl., C. - - 5. H. ERICETORUM, _Müller._--_H. itala_, _striata_, _albella_, _erica_, -_nivea_, _cæspita_, etc.--Chalky and sandy places, C. Depressed, delicately -banded; large umbilicus. - - 6. H. RUFESCENS, _Pennant._--_H. rufina_, _montana_, _cælata_, -_clandestina_, etc.--Most common in southern, chalky and limestone -districts. Depressed, striated; whorls slightly angular. Generally lighter -than our figure, sometimes nearly white. - - 7. H. LAPICIDA, _Linn._--_H. acuta_, _affinis_, _Carocolla l._--Chalk and -limestone districts, C. S. and N. Eu. Sharply angular. - - 8, 9. H. HISPIDA, _Linn._--_H. rufescens_, _sericea_, _concinna_ (var. -without hairs), etc., _plebeia_.--All parts of Brit., C. More depressed -than _H. sericea_, with larger umbilicus. - -10. H. FUSCA, _Mont._--_H. subrufescens._--Brit. gen., Mc. - -11. H. SERICEA, _Drap._--_H. hispida_, _globularis_, _granulata_, -etc.--Granulated, hairy. Mouth wider than 8. Small umbilicus. - -12. H. OBVOLUTA, _Müller._--_H. trigonophora_, etc.--Ditcham Wood, -Hampshire. In Moss at roots of trees, Rr. - -13. H. FULVA, _Müller._--_H. terrestris_, _trochiformis_, _nitidula_, -etc.--Pretty general and common. Conical, minute, transparent. - -14. H. POMATIA, _Linn._--Southern chalky districts, S. Eu., C. - -15. H. CAPERATA, _Mont._--_H. striata_, _H. crenulala_, etc.--Chalk-pits, -etc., C. - -16. H. CARTHUSIANA, _Müller._--_H. nitida_, _carthusianella_, _rufilabris_, -etc.--Chalk-districts of Surrey and Kent, C. - -17, 18. H. NEMORALIS, _Linn._--_H. hortensis_, _fasciata_, _hybrida_, -etc.--Cc. A peculiar flattening near the base of aperture. - -19. H. ARBUSTORUM, _Linn._--Common and general. Brown-marbled. Edge of -aperture different from 17, 18. - -20, 21. H. ROTUNDATA.--_H. radiata_, _Turtoni_, etc.--Common and general. - -22, 23. H. PULCHELLA, _Müller._--_H. costata_, _paludosa_, _crenella_, -_minuta_, etc.--Common and general under stones, etc. - -24. H. REVELATA, _Férussac._--Cornwall, Devon, Torquay, Guernsey. Rare. A -transparent, greenish, hairy shell. - -25. H. APERTA.--_H. neritoides_, _naticoides_, etc.--A single specimen -found in Guernsey. Not uncommon in S. Eu. Our specimen is foreign. - -26. H. UMBILICATA, _Mont._--_H. rupestris_, etc.--On perpendicular heights -and under stones, C. - -27. H. PYGMÆA, _Drap._--_H. minuta_, etc.--Common in damp places. - -28. H. LAMELLATA, _Jeffreys._--_H. Scarburgensis_, _seminulum_.--Brit. and -Germany, C. - -29. H. ACULEATA, _Müller._--_H. spinulosa_, etc.--Among Moss and stones, -etc., C. General. - -[Illustration: BRITISH SHELLS. PLATE XXIV.] - -PLATE XXIV. - -BULIMUS. Long Snail. - -Fig. - - 1. B. LACKHAMENSIS, _Mont._--_B. montanus_, _Montacuti_, _Eua -montana_.--Kent, Surrey, Gloucester, Selborne, N. and S. Eu., R. as Brit. -Shagreened. - - 2. B. OBSCURUS, _Müller._--_Turbo rupium_, _B. hordaceus_, etc.--C. and -general. Surface smooth. - - 3, 4. B. ACUTUS, _Müller._--_Helix barbara_, _B. cretacea_, _articulatus_, -_Turbo fasciatus_, etc.--On sand and limestone in marine neighbourhoods, C. - -PUPA. Small Snails, among Moss, stones, etc. - - 5. P. SECALE, _Drap._--_Turbo_, _Helix_, _Chondrus_, and _Vertigo -juniperi_ and _cylindricus_.--S. Engl., Channel Isls., C. S. Eu. Larger and -more tapering than the other sp. - - 6. P. UMBILICATA, _Drap._--_Turbo_, _Bulimus_, _Helix_, and _P. muscorum_, -_cylindraceus_, _bidentata_, etc.--C. and general, Eu. Mouth oblique, long, -one tooth. - - 7. P. MUSCORUM, _Linn._--_T._, _P._, _H._, _B. marginata_, _chrysalis_, -_unidentatus_, etc.--C. and gen. A rib behind the outer lip. - - 8. P. ANGLICA, _Férussac._--_Vertigo_, _Turbo_, and _P. a._ and -_ringens_.--Scarborough, Newcastle, Guernsey, etc., Mr. More cylindrical -than 5. - - 9. P. EDENTULA, _Drap._--_H. exigua_, _Vertigo_, _Helix_, and _Jamimia -e._, _nitida_, etc.--C. and gen. No teeth in aperture; smooth. - -10. P. MINUTISSIMA, _Hartmann._--_P._, _Vertigo_, _Alæa cylindrica_, -_obtusa_, _muscorum_, etc.--Bristol, Salisbury, Skye, etc., R. as Brit.; C. -in S. Eu. No teeth in aperture; striated. - -11, 12. P. PYGMÆA, _Drap._--_P._, _T._, _V._, _H._, _Alæa_, etc., -_sexdentatus_, _quinquedentatus_, _vulgaris_, etc.--The lighter variety, -_P. alpestris_, C. and general. Four or five teeth. - -13. P. SUBSTRIATA, _Jeffreys._--_Vertigo_, _Turbo_, _Alæa sexdentata_, -_curta_, etc.--C. and gen. Very cylindrical; six teeth; striated. - -14. P. ANTIVERTIGO, _Drap._--_P._, _V._, _Alæa octodentata_, -_septemdentata_, _palustris_, etc.--Near Swansea and London; Bristol, -Devon, Northumberland, Ayr, Mr. Ireland. Aperture subtrigonal, eight or -nine teeth. - -15. P. PUSILLA, _Müller._--_Helix vertigo_, and _V. heterostropha_.--S. -Wales, Northumberland, Belfast, etc., Mc. Sinistral, with seven teeth. - -16. P. VENETZII, _Charpentier._--_Turbo_, _Vertigo_, and _P. vertigo_ and -_angustior_.--Swansea, Cork, Clare, R. Sinistral; four teeth and a flat -fold on columella. - -BALEA. - -17. B. FRAGILIS, _Drap._ (_Pupa._)--_Bulimus_, _Pupa_, _Clausilia f._, -_perversus_.--C. and gen. Under bark on trees, and under stones. - -CLAUSILIA. With a twisted _clausium_ on columella. - -18. C. LAMINATA, _Mont._--_Helix_, _Turbo_, _Bulimus_, and _Pupa bidens_ -and _perversus_ and _derugata_.--S. Brit. principally. Among dead leaves, -and on Beech-trunks, Mc. Smooth, broad. - -19. C. NIGRICANS, _Maton and Rackett._--_Strombiformis_, _Turbo_, and -_Odostomia perversus_, _bidens_, _parvula_, etc.--C. and gen.; under -stones, on walls and trees, etc. Narrow, striated. - -20. C. BIPLICATA, _Mont._--_Helix_, _Turbo_, _Odost._, _C. perversa_, -_plicata_, _ventricosa_, etc.--Near London, etc., Mc. Two folds on -columella. - -21. C. PLICATULA, _Drap._--_Turbo_ and _C. conversus_.--Charlton Wood, -Kent, Hastings, Gloucestershire, etc., R. Numerous plaits on columella -above fold. - -ZUA. - -22. Z. LUBRICA, _Müller_, (_Helix._)--_Turbo_, _Bulimus l._, -_subcylindrica_, _muscorum_, etc.--C. and gen. Among leaves and under -stones. - -AZECA. - -23. A. TRIDENS, _Pulteney_, (_Turbo._)--_Helix_, _Pupa_ and _Cionella -Goodallii_, _Britannica_, etc.--C. and general. Habits as _Zua_ and _Pupa_. - -ACHATINA. - -24. A. ACICULA, _Müller._--_Buccinum_, _Bulimus_, _Helix octona_, -_terrestre_, etc.--In marshy places, among Grass, etc., C. S. Eu. - -CYCLOSTOMA. Snail with operculum. - -25. C. ELEGANS, _Müller_, (_Nerita._)--_Turbo reflexus_, _T. tumidus_, -_striatus_, _elegans_.--Chalky districts of S. Engl., C. - -ACME. Cylindrical Snail with operculum. - -26. A. LINEATA, _Drap._ (_Auricula._)--_Turbo_, _Carychium_, _Cyclostoma_, -_Bulimus fuscus_, _Cochlea minuta_.--Bristol, Pembroke, Clare, Dublin, -etc., R. - - * * * * * - - -G. B. SOWERBY, JUNR., - -_Supplies single Specimens or large parcels of_ - -RECENT SHELLS AND FOSSILS - -Parcels will be sent for selection, to those who forward suitable -credentials, in any part of the world, so that those Collectors whose -supplies have been interrupted by a recent lamented death can now have them -renewed. - -G. B. S., Junr., has a very large stock of Shells, purchased from the -VAUTERIAN and DENNISSONIAN Collections, and from the stores of the late M. -CUMING, as well as from the sale of Mr. REEVE'S stock, and other sources. - -COLLECTIONS OF BRITISH SHELLS. - -Seventy-five named species, arranged in a box, having the appearance of a -book in two volumes, One Guinea. Or a more extensive series prepared in the -same manner. - -THE RECENTLY DESCRIBED FOSSILS FROM THE LINGULA FLAGS, SOUTH WALES, -SUPPLIED SINGLY OR IN SETS. - -BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. - -(_Discount to direct purchasers._) - -THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM; - -OR MONOGRAPHS OF RECENT SHELLS. - -Parts 24 and 25 will be published before Christmas, 1865, containing -additions to former Monographs, and some new Monographs; - -_Completing Vol III. and the First Series._ - -The New Series, to be commenced early next year, will appear under improved -conditions, and will be carried to a completion in as small a compass and -as short a time as possible. - -ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS. - -_Cloth gilt, Imperial._ - -700 coloured figures of 600 species, with names, localities, and other -information. - -NEW PROPOSED WORK, BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. - -GENERIC FORMS OF SHELLS ILLUSTRATED. - -The Author has long been engaged collecting materials for this Work, which -is to contain a harmonization of existing systems, in which a balance will -be struck between a too negligent and too minute subdivision. Comparative -susceptibility of _definition_ will be the guiding principle in deciding -the claims of certain groups to generic separation. The illustrations will -be copious and of full size, embracing every marked form, whether recent or -fossil, and whether adopted as a genus or not. The price is not yet fixed, -but is expected to be about £3 3s. To appear between March and May, 1866. - -G. B. S., jun., will be glad to receive the names and addresses of those -who desire to see the Work when published. - -45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY. - - * * * * * - -NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY OFFICES, - -CONDUCTED BY - -G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S., - -45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY. - -_Collections Bought, Sold on Commission, or Prepared for Auction._ - -STOCK ON HAND. - -FOSSILS. - -CRAG.--Numerous fine Teeth, Bones, and Shells. - -LONDON CLAY.--Fish-heads, Teeth, Fruits, Teredinæ, etc. - -CHALK and GAULT.--A magnificent series, including fine specimens of -Goniaster, Cidaris, Ventriculites, Crustacea, Shells, etc. - -GREENSAND.--A comprehensive series from Blackdown, Cambridge, etc. - -OOLITES.--A fine specimen of the New Cidaris (block with five individuals -and many long spines), extensive Minchinhampton series, etc. - -LIAS.--Ichthyosaurus,--a fine museum specimen, mounted 6 ft. 6 -in.,--Plesiosaurus, Teleosaurus, a most beautiful specimen of Lepidotus, -and numerous other Fishes in fine condition. - -COAL.--Fine specimens of Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, Ferns, etc. - -DEVONIAN Fishes, Plants, etc. - -RECENT SHELLS. - -Among a most extensive range of genera and species are included Voluta -Rossiana, V. fulgetrum, Conus Aurisiacus, C. princeps, C. marchionatus, a -fine series of C. venulatus, etc., Halia Priamus, Cypræa picta, Cardium -hians, C. Æolicum (true), Galathæa concamerata, Velorita, Anastoma, -beautiful Spondyli, etc. Series of British Shells made up. - -MINERALS. - -A very extensive series of specimens; also illustrative collections. - -BIRDS AND INSECTS. - -A fine collection of British and other Birds in 31 cases. - -Beautiful rosewood cabinet (48 drawers), with fine Butterflies, etc. - -Beautiful mahogany cabinet (40 drawers), with fine Butterflies, etc. - -BOOKS, NEW AND SECOND-HAND. - -Works on Crustacea, including Milne-Edwards' 'Histoire;' Desmarets' -'Considérations;' Roux, 'Crust. de la Méditerranée;' 'Crustacea of the -Fauna Japonica,' etc.; on Zoology, the 'Historia de Chili;' 'Journal de -Conchyliologie,' by Crosse; Bernardi's 'Monog. des Galathées,' etc.; -Supplement to Sowerby's 'Cones;' Deshayes' 'Coquilles Fossiles de Paris;' -Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Pt. 1 to 22; Sowerby's 'Wild Flowers;' -and new edition of Sowerby's 'English Botany.' - -THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, 22 parts at 25_s._ each. - -ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS, 700 Coloured Figures, with Names, -Localities, and other information; by G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., etc. Impl. -cloth gilt, 30_s._ Labels, 6_d._ - -*** _Further particulars will be furnished. Sets made up to illustrate -Formations, Classes, or Genera, and specimens forwarded on approval._ - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Index of British Shells, by -George Brettingham Sowerby - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS *** - -***** This file should be named 43305-8.txt or 43305-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/3/0/43305/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/43305-8.zip b/43305-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c656ae9..0000000 --- a/43305-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/43305-h.zip b/43305-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5ac6ff2..0000000 --- a/43305-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/43305-h/43305-h.htm b/43305-h/43305-h.htm index d4fa79a..bcb9cf1 100644 --- a/43305-h/43305-h.htm +++ b/43305-h/43305-h.htm @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> Illustrated Index of British Shells </title> @@ -37,47 +37,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Index of British Shells, by -George Brettingham Sowerby - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Illustrated Index of British Shells - Containing figures of all the recent species - -Author: George Brettingham Sowerby - -Release Date: July 26, 2013 [EBook #43305] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43305 ***</div> <p class="ac lg200">ILLUSTRATED INDEX</p> @@ -178,7 +138,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate1">Plate I.</a></span></p> - <p><i>Pholadidæ</i>, or "Borers," 1-13, have the power of piercing and + <p><i>Pholadidæ</i>, or "Borers," 1-13, have the power of piercing and inhabiting holes in submarine wood, rocks, and stones. The hinder part of the body is lengthened out in the form of a double tube, with openings for the ingress and egress of fluids. <i>Teredo</i>, 1-6, has short @@ -188,25 +148,25 @@ by The Internet Archive) is like that of <i>Teredo</i>, but the animal has neither pallets nor tube.</p> - <p><i>Gastrochæna</i>, 14, has a gaping shell, and encloses itself in a + <p><i>Gastrochæna</i>, 14, has a gaping shell, and encloses itself in a bottle-shaped covering of cemented stones and sand. <i>Saxicava</i>, 15, 16, <i>Venerupis</i>, 18, and <i>Petricola</i>, 17, burrow in sand, or live in holes of rocks.</p> - <p><i>Myadæ</i>, or "Gapers," <i>Mya</i>, 19, 20, and <i>Panopæa</i>, 21, + <p><i>Myadæ</i>, or "Gapers," <i>Mya</i>, 19, 20, and <i>Panopæa</i>, 21, 21*, burrow downwards in sand and mud, their siphons protected by a coriaceous covering. Their shells are not closed all round, and those of <i>Mya</i> have a spoon-shaped process in the hinge of one valve.</p> - <p><i>Corbulidæ</i>, 22-28, have short siphons with fringed edges, and + <p><i>Corbulidæ</i>, 22-28, have short siphons with fringed edges, and the foot protrudes through a hole in the otherwise closed mantle.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate2">Plate II.</a></span></p> <p><i>Poromya</i>, 1, 1*, and the beautiful pearly <i>Pandora</i>, 2, 3, - might be included in the family of <i>Corbulidæ</i>. <i>Lyonsia</i>, 4, - and <i>Thracia</i>, 5-10, represent the <i>Anatinidæ</i>. 11-18 are - <i>Solenidæ</i>, or "Razor-shells." Solens burrow in deep holes in the + might be included in the family of <i>Corbulidæ</i>. <i>Lyonsia</i>, 4, + and <i>Thracia</i>, 5-10, represent the <i>Anatinidæ</i>. 11-18 are + <i>Solenidæ</i>, or "Razor-shells." Solens burrow in deep holes in the sand, where they remain in a perpendicular position at a great depth below the surface, where yet their presence may be traced by the opening left. Their large muscular foot enables them to take great leaps when out @@ -219,52 +179,52 @@ by The Internet Archive) the mantle open and fringed. Their shells are provided with an external ligament, and teeth on the hinge. <i>Donax</i>, or "Wedge," 19, 20, has long, separated, fringed siphons. Besides the small external ligament, - properly so called, the <i>Mactridæ</i> have a triangular pit in the + properly so called, the <i>Mactridæ</i> have a triangular pit in the hinge of their shell, containing an elastic substance or spring, designed to resist the action of the adductor muscles. <i>Mactra</i>, 21-26, ends the Plate.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate4">Plate IV.</a></span></p> - <p><i>Lutraria</i>, 1-3, is another genus of <i>Mactridæ</i>. The - <i>Veneridæ</i>, 4-16 and 23, or "Venus" tribe, differ from it in not + <p><i>Lutraria</i>, 1-3, is another genus of <i>Mactridæ</i>. The + <i>Veneridæ</i>, 4-16 and 23, or "Venus" tribe, differ from it in not having the spring-holding pit. <i>Artemis</i>, 10, 11, is known by a large angular bend in the pallial impression; and <i>Cytherea</i>, 23, is distinguished from Venus by one tooth on the hinge standing out a little way from the central ones. <i>Astarte</i>, 17-22, belongs to the - <i>Cyprinidæ</i>.</p> + <i>Cyprinidæ</i>.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate5">Plate V.</a></span></p> - <p>Fig. 1-3 also represent genera of <i>Cyprinidæ</i>. They have no bend + <p>Fig. 1-3 also represent genera of <i>Cyprinidæ</i>. They have no bend in the palleal impression. <i>Cardium</i>, or "Cockle," 4-13, presents a peculiarity in the foot, which is large and bent, and enables the animal - to leap in a very lively manner. The family of <i>Lucinidæ</i> occupy the + to leap in a very lively manner. The family of <i>Lucinidæ</i> occupy the remaining figures. <i>Lucina</i> has a curious tongue-shaped doubling of the pallial impression.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate6">Plate VI.</a></span></p> - <p>The <i>Kelliadæ</i>, 1-15, are marine, while the <i>Cycladidæ</i>, + <p>The <i>Kelliadæ</i>, 1-15, are marine, while the <i>Cycladidæ</i>, completing the Plate, are fresh-water bivalves, and may be found in many ponds and rivers.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate7">Plate VII.</a></span></p> - <p>Of the <i>Unionidæ</i>, or "Fresh-water Mussels," <i>Unio</i>, 1-3, + <p>Of the <i>Unionidæ</i>, or "Fresh-water Mussels," <i>Unio</i>, 1-3, has teeth on the hinge, and <i>Anodon</i>, 4, has not: it is a thin shell. The foot of these molluscs is very large, and is used in cutting the animal's way through the mud in which it burrows. Of the marine, or true Mussels, <i>Modiola</i>, 6-9, and <i>Crenella</i>, 12-17, have a portion of the shell reaching beyond the point or apex, which in <i>Mytilus</i> is terminal, 18-21. <i>Dreissina</i>, 5, is shaped like - <i>Mytilus</i>, but lives in fresh-water docks. The <i>Mytilidæ</i> + <i>Mytilus</i>, but lives in fresh-water docks. The <i>Mytilidæ</i> attach themselves by means of horny threads spun from the foot, and called a "byssus."</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate8">Plate VIII.</a></span></p> - <p>Shells of <i>Arcadæ</i>, 1-14, have the hinge characterized by a + <p>Shells of <i>Arcadæ</i>, 1-14, have the hinge characterized by a series of teeth on each side of the apex. <i>Nucula</i>, <i>Arca</i>, and <i>Pectunculus</i> are easily distinguished. <i>Limopsis</i>, 14, has a spring pit between the two rows. Our figure of <i>Pinna</i>, 16, is from @@ -303,7 +263,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Fissurella</i>, 1, 2, with a hole at the top; <i>Puncturella</i>, 3, with a fissure near the top; and <i>Emarginula</i>, 4-6, with a slit at the margin. <i>Haliotis</i>, 7, or pearly "Ear-shell," leads to the - <i>Trochidæ</i>, or "Tops," 8-27.</p> + <i>Trochidæ</i>, or "Tops," 8-27.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate12">Plate XII.</a></span></p> @@ -311,20 +271,20 @@ by The Internet Archive) with a beautiful floating apparatus, on which the female carries her egg-bags.</p> - <p><i>Neritina</i>, 5, and the <i>Paludinidæ</i>, 8-11, live in + <p><i>Neritina</i>, 5, and the <i>Paludinidæ</i>, 8-11, live in fresh-water. The animal of <i>Paludina</i> is sprinkled all over with - bright, golden specks. The <i>Littorinæ</i>, or "Winkles," 12-24, are + bright, golden specks. The <i>Littorinæ</i>, or "Winkles," 12-24, are marine, and frequent the shore among seaweeds. <i>Lacuna</i>, 25-32, belongs to the same family.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate13">Plate XIII.</a></span>, <a href="#plate14">XIV.</a></p> <p>Are small genera, various in their characters and habits, but - reasonably included in the last family, <i>Littorinidæ</i>.</p> + reasonably included in the last family, <i>Littorinidæ</i>.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate15">Plate XV.</a></span></p> - <p>The animals of <i>Turritella</i>, 1-3, and <i>Cæcum</i>, 6, 7, are not + <p>The animals of <i>Turritella</i>, 1-3, and <i>Cæcum</i>, 6, 7, are not unlike, although the shells are so different; eyes at the base of the tentacles, a short foot, and horny operculum. The somewhat similar animal of <i>Aporrhais</i>, 4, 5, is brilliantly coloured with gold and red. @@ -336,7 +296,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Chemnitzia</i>, 1-11, and <i>Truncatella</i>, 12, together with <i>Stylifer</i>, <i>Eulima</i>, and <i>Odostomia</i>, form the family of - <i>Pyramidellidæ</i>. Notwithstanding the difference in the shells, the + <i>Pyramidellidæ</i>. Notwithstanding the difference in the shells, the animals are very similar, having a retractile proboscis, and eyes immersed at the base of their tentacles.</p> @@ -374,7 +334,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc"><a href="#plate20">Plate XX.</a></span></p> <p>After <i>Tornatella</i>, 1, and <i>Ovula</i>, 2, 3, come - <i>Bullidæ</i>, 4-27, including several genera differing remarkably in + <i>Bullidæ</i>, 4-27, including several genera differing remarkably in the shape and disposition of the lobes of their mantles, which in some instances, as in <i>Philine</i>, 20-25, cover the shell. The stomach of <i>Scapander</i>, 26, 27, is a remarkable kind of mill, composed of two @@ -388,7 +348,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>These are occupied by shells of <i>Gasteropoda pulmonifera</i>, so named because they breathe air by a pulmonary cavity, instead of water by - gills. The <i>Limnæadæ</i>, or fresh-water Snails, contained in Plate I., + gills. The <i>Limnæadæ</i>, or fresh-water Snails, contained in Plate I., live in water, but breathe by exposing the pulmonary cavity to air at the surface. <i>Succinea</i>, Plate XXII., 1-3, lives by the sides of streams, sometimes immersed. <i>Conovulus</i>, 4-7, affects brackish @@ -411,12 +371,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) nomenclature being inserted in italics when differing from ours.</p> <p><a href="#plate1"><span class="sc">Pl. I.</span></a> Teredo 2. Pholas - 11. Pholadidea 12. Gastrochæna 14, as <i>dubia</i>. Saxicava 15, 16. + 11. Pholadidea 12. Gastrochæna 14, as <i>dubia</i>. Saxicava 15, 16. Venerupis 18. Mya 19, 20. Panopea 21, 21*, as <i>Faujasii</i>. Corbula - 22, 23? Sphænia 25. Neæra 27.</p> + 22, 23? Sphænia 25. Neæra 27.</p> <p><a href="#plate2"><span class="sc">Pl. II.</span></a> Poromya 1. - Pandora 2, as <i>inæquivalvis</i>, 3, as <i>pinna</i>. Thracia 7, 8. + Pandora 2, as <i>inæquivalvis</i>, 3, as <i>pinna</i>. Thracia 7, 8. Solen, 13, 15. Solecurtus 18, as <i>Mactra strigilata</i>. Syndosmya, as <i>Abra</i>, 19, 22.</p> @@ -452,10 +412,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><a href="#plate10"><span class="sc">Pl. X.</span></a> Chiton 7, as <i>fascicularis</i>. Patella 18. Acme 23. Propilidium, as <i>Tectura</i>, - 24. Dentalium 26, 27. Capulus 28. Calyptræa 29.</p> + 24. Dentalium 26, 27. Capulus 28. Calyptræa 29.</p> <p><a href="#plate11"><span class="sc">Pl. XI.</span></a> Fissurella 1, - as <i>græca</i>. Puncturella 3. Emarginula 5, 6. Trochus 8, 10, 11, 12, + as <i>græca</i>. Puncturella 3. Emarginula 5, 6. Trochus 8, 10, 11, 12, as <i>papillosus</i>, 15, 16, 17, 19. Margarita 21. Adeorbis 25. Scissurella 26.</p> @@ -470,7 +430,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Chemnitzia n.</i></p> <p><a href="#plate15"><span class="sc">Pl. XV.</span></a> Turritella 2. - Aporrhais 4. Cæcum 6, 7. Cerithium 9, 10. Cerithiopsis, as + Aporrhais 4. Cæcum 6, 7. Cerithium 9, 10. Cerithiopsis, as <i>Cerithium</i>, 11. Scalaria 17, 19, 20. Eulima 22, 25.</p> <p><a href="#plate16"><span class="sc">Pl. XVI.</span></a> Chemnitzia 1, @@ -487,14 +447,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><a href="#plate19"><span class="sc">Pl. XIX.</span></a> Nassa 1, 2. Mangelia, as <i>Clavatula</i>, 4, 5, 8, as <i>Philberti</i>, 9, 11, as - <i>Boothii</i>, 12, 14, 15, 17?, 21, 22. Erato 27. Cypræa 28.</p> + <i>Boothii</i>, 12, 14, 15, 17?, 21, 22. Erato 27. Cypræa 28.</p> <p><a href="#plate20"><span class="sc">Pl. XX.</span></a> Tornatella 1, - as <i>Actæon tornatilis</i>. Ovula 3, as <i>Bulla</i>. Cylichna, as + as <i>Actæon tornatilis</i>. Ovula 3, as <i>Bulla</i>. Cylichna, as <i>Bulla</i>, 4, 5, as <i>regulbiensis</i>, 7, 9, 12. Bulla 19. Philine - as <i>Bullæa</i>, 21, 22. Scaphander, as <i>Bulla</i>, 26.</p> + as <i>Bullæa</i>, 21, 22. Scaphander, as <i>Bulla</i>, 26.</p> - <p><a href="#plate21"><span class="sc">Pl. XXI.</span></a> Limnæa 1, 4, + <p><a href="#plate21"><span class="sc">Pl. XXI.</span></a> Limnæa 1, 4, 7, 11. Planorbis 18, 24, as <i>complanatus</i>, and in the upper fresh-water formation, all except 9, 11.</p> @@ -520,7 +480,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="stanza"> <p>Achatina, <a href="#plate24"><span class="sm">XXIV.</span></a> 24.</p> <p>Aclis, <a href="#plate14"><span class="sm">XIV.</span></a> 23, 25.</p> - <p>Acmæa, <a href="#plate10"><span class="sm">X.</span></a> 22, 23.</p> + <p>Acmæa, <a href="#plate10"><span class="sm">X.</span></a> 22, 23.</p> <p>Acme, <a href="#plate24"><span class="sm">XXIV.</span></a> 26.</p> <p>Adeorbis, <a href="#plate11"><span class="sm">XI.</span></a> 25.</p> <p>Akera, <a href="#plate20"><span class="sm">XX.</span></a> 16.</p> @@ -549,11 +509,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) </div> <div class="stanza"> - <p>Calyptræa, <a href="#plate10"><span class="sm">X.</span></a> 29.</p> + <p>Calyptræa, <a href="#plate10"><span class="sm">X.</span></a> 29.</p> <p><i>Capulus</i>, Pileopsis.</p> <p>Cardium, <a href="#plate5"><span class="sm">V.</span></a> 4-13.</p> <p>Carychium, <a href="#plate22"><span class="sm">XXII.</span></a> 8.</p> - <p>Cæcum, <a href="#plate15"><span class="sm">XV.</span></a> 6-7.</p> + <p>Cæcum, <a href="#plate15"><span class="sm">XV.</span></a> 6-7.</p> <p><i>Cemoria</i>, Puncturella.</p> <p>Ceratisolen, <a href="#plate2"><span class="sm">II.</span></a> 11.</p> <p>Cerithiopsis, <a href="#plate15"><span class="sm">XV.</span></a> 11-15.</p> @@ -572,7 +532,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Cyclostoma, <a href="#plate24"><span class="sm">XXIV.</span></a> 25.</p> <p>Cyclas, <a href="#plate6"><span class="sm">VI.</span></a> 16-20.</p> <p>Cylichna, <a href="#plate20"><span class="sm">XX.</span></a> 4-13.</p> - <p>Cypræa, <a href="#plate19"><span class="sm">XIX.</span></a> 28.</p> + <p>Cypræa, <a href="#plate19"><span class="sm">XIX.</span></a> 28.</p> <p>Cyprina, <a href="#plate5"><span class="sm">V.</span></a> 1.</p> <p>Cytherea, <a href="#plate4"><span class="sm">IV.</span></a> 23.</p> </div> @@ -600,7 +560,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="stanza"> <p>Galeomma, <a href="#plate6"><span class="sm">VI.</span></a> 14, 15.</p> - <p>Gastrochæna, <a href="#plate1"><span class="sm">I.</span></a> 14.</p> + <p>Gastrochæna, <a href="#plate1"><span class="sm">I.</span></a> 14.</p> </div> <div class="stanza"> @@ -609,7 +569,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Helix, <a href="#plate23"><span class="sm">XXIII.</span></a> 1-29.</p> <p><i>Hinnites</i>, Pecten, <a href="#plate9"><span class="sm">IX.</span></a> 1.</p> <p>Hippothyris, <a href="#plate9"><span class="sm">IX.</span></a> 17.</p> - <p>Hyalæa, <a href="#plate10"><span class="sm">X.</span></a> 1.</p> + <p>Hyalæa, <a href="#plate10"><span class="sm">X.</span></a> 1.</p> </div> <div class="stanza"> @@ -633,7 +593,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Lepton, <a href="#plate6"><span class="sm">VI.</span></a> 9-13.</p> <p>Lima, <a href="#plate8"><span class="sm">VIII.</span></a> 22-24.</p> <p>Limax, <a href="#plate22"><span class="sm">XXII.</span></a> 9-12.</p> - <p>Limnæa, <a href="#plate21"><span class="sm">XXI.</span></a> 1-11.</p> + <p>Limnæa, <a href="#plate21"><span class="sm">XXI.</span></a> 1-11.</p> <p>Limopsis, <a href="#plate8"><span class="sm">VIII.</span></a> 14.</p> <p>Littorina, <a href="#plate12"><span class="sm">XII.</span></a> 12-24.</p> <p>Lucina, <a href="#plate5"><span class="sm">V.</span></a> 14-18.</p> @@ -658,7 +618,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="stanza"> <p>Nassa, <a href="#plate19"><span class="sm">XIX.</span></a> 1-3.</p> <p>Natica, <a href="#plate16"><span class="sm">XVI.</span></a> 13-19.</p> - <p>Neæra, <a href="#plate1"><span class="sm">I.</span></a> 26-28.</p> + <p>Neæra, <a href="#plate1"><span class="sm">I.</span></a> 26-28.</p> <p>Neritina, <a href="#plate12"><span class="sm">XII.</span></a> 5.</p> <p>Nucula, <a href="#plate8"><span class="sm">VIII.</span></a> 1-5.</p> </div> @@ -673,7 +633,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="stanza"> <p>Paludina, <a href="#plate12"><span class="sm">XII.</span></a> 8, 9.</p> <p>Pandora, <a href="#plate2"><span class="sm">II.</span></a> 2, 3.</p> - <p>Panopæa, <a href="#plate1"><span class="sm">I.</span></a> 21, 21*.</p> + <p>Panopæa, <a href="#plate1"><span class="sm">I.</span></a> 21, 21*.</p> <p>Patella, <a href="#plate10"><span class="sm">X.</span></a> 18-21.</p> <p>Pecten, <a href="#plate9"><span class="sm">IX.</span></a> 1-16.</p> <p>Pectunculus, <a href="#plate8"><span class="sm">VIII.</span></a> 13.</p> @@ -718,7 +678,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Stylifer, <a href="#plate15"><span class="sm">XV.</span></a> 21.</p> <p>Succinea, <a href="#plate22"><span class="sm">XXII.</span></a> 1-3.</p> <p>Syndosmya, <a href="#plate2"><span class="sm">II.</span></a> 19-22.</p> - <p>Sphænia, <a href="#plate1"><span class="sm">I.</span></a> 25.</p> + <p>Sphænia, <a href="#plate1"><span class="sm">I.</span></a> 25.</p> </div> <div class="stanza"> @@ -775,7 +735,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>1. <span class="sc">T. navalis</span>, <i>Linn.</i>—<i>T. - Batavæ.</i>—Herne Bay, R. Pallets shelly, crescented; valves with + Batavæ.</i>—Herne Bay, R. Pallets shelly, crescented; valves with auricles extended sidewise; tube long.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>2. <span @@ -838,7 +798,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) closed, with a cup. <i>P. lamellata</i>, Turt., when young, not closed; no cup.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Gastrochæna.</span> Bores and inhabits stone, thick shells, etc.</p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Gastrochæna.</span> Bores and inhabits stone, thick shells, etc.</p> <p class="ind2">14. <span class="sc">G. modiolina</span>, <i>Lamk.</i>—<i>G. Pholadia</i>, <i>G. hians</i>, <i>Mya dubia</i>, @@ -866,7 +826,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">17. <span class="sc">P. lithophaga</span>, <i>Retz.</i>—<i>P. striata</i>, <i>costellata</i>, - <i>rocellaria</i>, <i>ruperella</i>, Lamk., <i>Mya</i> and <i>Sphænia + <i>rocellaria</i>, <i>ruperella</i>, Lamk., <i>Mya</i> and <i>Sphænia decussata</i>.—Cork, Bristol, R. as British.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Venerupis.</span> Bores and inhabits stone.</p> @@ -879,13 +839,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Mya.</span> Burrows in mud and sand.</p> <p class="ind2">19. <span class="sc">M. truncata</span>, - <i>Linn.</i>—<i>M. ovalis</i> and <i>Sphænia Swainsoni</i> + <i>Linn.</i>—<i>M. ovalis</i> and <i>Sphænia Swainsoni</i> (young).—Various localities and depths, C. Truncated at end.</p> <p class="ind2">20. <span class="sc">M. arenaria</span>, <i>Linn.</i>—Herne Bay, Portsmouth, etc., C. Tapering at end.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Panopæa.</span> Burrows in mud.</p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Panopæa.</span> Burrows in mud.</p> <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">P. norvegica</span>, <i>Spengl.</i>—<i>P. glycimeris</i>, <i>P. @@ -898,7 +858,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">22. <span class="sc">C. nucleus</span>, <i>Lamk.</i>—<i>C. striata</i>, <i>Mya</i>, and <i>C. - inæquivalvis</i>.—Dublin, Torquay, Forth, 4 to 80 fath., C. Valves + inæquivalvis</i>.—Dublin, Torquay, Forth, 4 to 80 fath., C. Valves unequal, beaked.</p> <p class="ind2">23. <span class="sc">C. rosea</span>, @@ -907,13 +867,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">24. <span class="sc">C. ovata</span>, <i>Forbes</i>.—Isle of Man, Rr. Oval, truncated at end.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Sphænia.</span> Burrows in foliaceous shells.</p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Sphænia.</span> Burrows in foliaceous shells.</p> <p class="ind2">25. <span class="sc">S. Binghami</span>, <i>Turt.</i>—<i>Corbula B.</i>—Torquay, Guernsey, Swansea, Forth, etc., R.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Neæra.</span> Lives incrusted in sand.</p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Neæra.</span> Lives incrusted in sand.</p> <p class="ind2">26. <span class="sc">N. costellata</span>, <i>Desh.</i>—<i>Corbula c.</i>, <i>N. sulcata</i>.—Loch Fyne, @@ -950,8 +910,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>2. <span class="sc">P. rostrata</span>, <i>Lamk.</i>—<i>Tellina - inæquivalvis</i>, Linn.; <i>P. margaritacea</i> and - <i>inæquivalvis</i>.—S. Devon?, Guernsey, R. as Brit. Valves + inæquivalvis</i>, Linn.; <i>P. margaritacea</i> and + <i>inæquivalvis</i>.—S. Devon?, Guernsey, R. as Brit. Valves long.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>3. <span @@ -997,7 +957,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Cochlodesma.</span> Laminarian and Coralline.</p> - <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">C. prætenue</span>, + <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">C. prætenue</span>, <i>Pult.</i>—(<i>Mya</i>) <i>Anatina</i>, <i>Ligula</i>, and <i>Amphidesma pr.</i>—Dorset, Devon, Man, Bantry B., Oban, etc., (25 to 60 fath.), R. Spoon-shaped process on hinge.</p> @@ -1126,7 +1086,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) (9), <i>T. ovalis</i>, <i>T. sordida</i>, <i>Sanguinolaria sordida</i>, <i>Macroma tenera</i>.—Skye, etc., R.</p> - <p class="ind2">10, 11. <span class="sc">T. pygmæa</span>, + <p class="ind2">10, 11. <span class="sc">T. pygmæa</span>, <i>Phil.</i>—Devon, Cork, Shetland, etc., 8 to 50 fath., C. Smaller, more convex, and more truncate than <i>T. donacina</i>.</p> @@ -1146,7 +1106,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">16. <span class="sc">T. fabula</span>, <i>Gronovius.</i>—<i>T. discors.</i>—On sandy shores - generally, C. Valve with oblique striæ (omitted by error).</p> + generally, C. Valve with oblique striæ (omitted by error).</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Ervillia.</span></p> @@ -1244,7 +1204,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>7. <span class="sc">T. aurea</span>, <i>Gmel.</i>—(<i>Venus</i>) <i>V. - nebulosa</i>, <i>V. ænea</i>, <i>V. nitens</i>, <i>V. sinuata</i>, + nebulosa</i>, <i>V. ænea</i>, <i>V. nitens</i>, <i>V. sinuata</i>, <i>Pullastra a.</i>—Cornwall, Sussex, Bantry Bay, Loch Ryan, Mc. Yellow within.</p> @@ -1266,11 +1226,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">A. exoleta</span>, <i>Linn.</i>—(<i>Venus</i>) <i>Cytherea e.</i>, <i>Pectunculus capillaceus</i>.—Sandy ground, on Brit. co. generally, low-water to - 80 fath., C. Compressed; striæ coarse.</p> + 80 fath., C. Compressed; striæ coarse.</p> <p class="ind2">11. <span class="sc">A. lincta</span>, <i>Pult.</i>—(<i>Venus</i>) <i>V. sinuata</i>, <i>Cytherea - sinuata</i>.—Various Brit, loc., C. Dorsal edge sloping; striæ + sinuata</i>.—Various Brit, loc., C. Dorsal edge sloping; striæ fine.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Venus.</span></p> @@ -1368,7 +1328,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Cardium</span>, or <i>Cockle</i>.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>4. <span - class="sc">C. pygmæum</span>, <i>Donovan.</i>—<i>C. + class="sc">C. pygmæum</span>, <i>Donovan.</i>—<i>C. exiguum.</i>—Herne, Sark, Weymouth, Zetland, Bantry Bay, 5 to 50 fath., Mc. Hinder side large, angular.</p> @@ -1412,7 +1372,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) generally. Common eatable, Cockle.</p> <p class="ind2">13. <span class="sc">C. norvegicum</span>, - <i>Spengler.</i>—<i>C. lævigatum</i>, <i>C. serratum</i>, <i>C. + <i>Spengler.</i>—<i>C. lævigatum</i>, <i>C. serratum</i>, <i>C. oblongum</i>, <i>C. Pennantii</i>.—Brit. co. generally. Sand and gravel, 15 to 80 fath. Smooth, variegated when young.</p> @@ -1491,7 +1451,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) class="sc">M. substriata</span>, <i>Mont.</i> (<i>Mya.</i>)—<i>Erycina</i> and <i>Tellimya s.</i>—Devon, Tenby, Durham, Zetland, Bantry Bay, etc., on spines of <i>Spatangus</i>, - deep water, C. Minute, with diverging striæ.</p> + deep water, C. Minute, with diverging striæ.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Turtonia.</span></p> @@ -1530,7 +1490,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">11. <span class="sc">L. convexum</span>, <i>Alder.</i>—Bantry Bay, Rr. Convex, granulated.</p> - <p class="ind2">12. <span class="sc">L. Clarkiæ</span>, + <p class="ind2">12. <span class="sc">L. Clarkiæ</span>, <i>Clark.</i>—Exmouth, Plymouth, Zetland, Rr. Minute, oval, smooth.</p> @@ -1546,7 +1506,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Cyclas.</span> Inhabits fresh-water.</p> <p class="ind2">16. <span class="sc">C. cornea</span>, <i>Linn.</i> - (<i>Tellina.</i>)—<i>Sphærium c.</i>, Scopoli, <i>C. rivalis</i>, + (<i>Tellina.</i>)—<i>Sphærium c.</i>, Scopoli, <i>C. rivalis</i>, etc.—Ponds and ditches everywhere. Equilateral, subquadrate.</p> <p class="ind2">17. <span class="sc">C. pisidioides</span>, @@ -1575,7 +1535,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>gibba</i>.—In marshes and ponds at various places, C. Includes <i>P. obtustale</i>?</p> - <p class="ind2">23. <span class="sc">P. amnicum</span>, <i>Müller</i>, + <p class="ind2">23. <span class="sc">P. amnicum</span>, <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Tellina.</i>)—<i>T. rivalis</i>, <i>Cyclas palustris</i>, <i>C. obliqua</i>.—British rivers, etc., generally. <i>C. obliqua</i> ribbed.</p> @@ -1767,12 +1727,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) water. Ridged.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>7. <span - class="sc">L. pygmæa</span>, <i>Munster</i>, + class="sc">L. pygmæa</span>, <i>Munster</i>, (<i>Nucula.</i>)—<i>N.</i> and <i>L. tenuis</i>, <i>gibbosa</i>, and <i>lenticula</i>.—Skye, Hebrides, Croulin Isl., 25 to 50 fath. Minute, smooth. Size (omitted) one-fifth of an inch.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Arca</span>, <i>Linnæus.</i></p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Arca</span>, <i>Linnæus.</i></p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>8, 9. <span class="sc">A. lactea</span>, <i>Linn.</i>—<i>A. barbata</i>, <i>A. @@ -1782,7 +1742,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) to 20 fath., C. Beaks approaching, radiately striated.</p> <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">A. tetragona</span>, - <i>Poli.</i>—<i>A. Noæ</i> and <i>imbricata</i>.—Many Brit, + <i>Poli.</i>—<i>A. Noæ</i> and <i>imbricata</i>.—Many Brit, loc., C. (12 to 50 fath.). Broad area between beaks.</p> <p class="ind2">11. <span class="sc">A. raridentata</span>, <i>S. @@ -1815,7 +1775,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">16. <span class="sc">P. pectinata</span>, <i>Linn.</i>—<i>P. fragilis</i>, <i>muricata</i>, <i>ingens</i>, - <i>lævis</i>, <i>papyracea</i>, <i>rotundata</i>, + <i>lævis</i>, <i>papyracea</i>, <i>rotundata</i>, <i>elegans</i>.—Dorset, Milford Haven, Hebrides, Cape Clear; deep water, Mc.</p> @@ -1834,11 +1794,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) beak marginal, curved.</p> <p class="ind2">19. <span class="sc">A. aculeata</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>A. striolata.</i>—Brit. co. generally, Mc. + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>A. striolata.</i>—Brit. co. generally, Mc. Small, with spinous sculpture.</p> <p class="ind2">20. <span class="sc">A. striata</span>, - <i>Lovén.</i>—Hebrides, R. Rayed, striated, with apex not + <i>Lovén.</i>—Hebrides, R. Rayed, striated, with apex not marginal.</p> <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">A. patelliformis</span>, @@ -1853,7 +1813,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) straight.</p> <p class="ind2">23. <span class="sc">L. hians</span>, <i>Gmel.</i> - (<i>Vitræa.</i>)—<i>L. tenera</i>, <i>fragilis</i>, <i>aperta</i>, + (<i>Vitræa.</i>)—<i>L. tenera</i>, <i>fragilis</i>, <i>aperta</i>, etc.—Channel Isls., Penzance, Oban, Belfast, etc., Mc. Oblique, gaping at sides.</p> @@ -1907,8 +1867,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) than <i>P. tigrinus</i>.</p> <p class="ind2">11, 12. <span class="sc">P. tigrinus</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>P. obsoletus</i>, <i>domesticus</i>, - <i>lævis</i>, <i>parvus</i>, etc.—Brit. co. generally, 12 to 60 + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>P. obsoletus</i>, <i>domesticus</i>, + <i>lævis</i>, <i>parvus</i>, etc.—Brit. co. generally, 12 to 60 fath., C. Variable; one auricle minute, the other large and ribbed.</p> <p class="ind2">13. <span class="sc">P. maximus</span>, <i>Linn.</i> @@ -1921,11 +1881,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) marks.</p> <p class="ind2">15. <span class="sc">P. striatus</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>P. aculeatus</i>, <i>fuci</i>, + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>P. aculeatus</i>, <i>fuci</i>, etc.—Scotland, C.; England, R.</p> <p class="ind2">16. <span class="sc">P. furtivus</span>, - <i>Lovén.</i>—Zetland, Guernsey, etc., 40 to 50 fath., Mr. More + <i>Lovén.</i>—Zetland, Guernsey, etc., 40 to 50 fath., Mr. More rounded, and with auricles less broadly based than <i>P. striatus</i>.</p> @@ -1939,7 +1899,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Terebratula.</span> Fixed by byssus.</p> <p class="ind2">18. <span class="sc">T. cranium</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Anomia c.</i>, and <i>T. + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Anomia c.</i>, and <i>T. vitrea</i>.—Zetland; deep water, unique as Brit. Smooth, oval.</p> <p class="ind2">19. <span class="sc">T. capsula</span>, <i>Jeffreys</i>, @@ -1964,7 +1924,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Crania.</span></p> - <p class="ind2">24. <span class="sc">C. anomala</span>, <i>Müller.</i> + <p class="ind2">24. <span class="sc">C. anomala</span>, <i>Müller.</i> (<i>Patella.</i>)—<i>Pat. Anomia</i>, <i>Discina</i>, and <i>Criopus distorta</i>, <i>ostreoides</i>, <i>personata</i>, and <i>rostrata</i>.—Zetland, Arran, Lerwick, Cork, Mr.</p> @@ -1977,7 +1937,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </div> <p class="ac lg125">PLATE X.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Hyalæa.</span> <i>Fam.</i> Pteropoda.</p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Hyalæa.</span> <i>Fam.</i> Pteropoda.</p> <p class="sm">Fig.</p> @@ -2022,11 +1982,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>9, 10. <span class="sc">C. marmoreus</span>, <i>O. Fabr.</i>—<i>C. latus</i>, - Lowe, <i>C. lævigatus</i>, <i>ruber</i>, and + Lowe, <i>C. lævigatus</i>, <i>ruber</i>, and <i>pictus</i>.—Scarborough, Forth, Skye, Zetland, W. Ire., R. Margin smooth.</p> - <p class="ind2">11. <span class="sc">C. lævis</span>, + <p class="ind2">11. <span class="sc">C. lævis</span>, <i>Pennant.</i>—<i>C. marginatus</i>, Pult., <i>C. Achatina</i>, Brown.—Dorset, Devon; Brit. co. generally, but rare. Dorsally elevated; margin reticulated.</p> @@ -2062,25 +2022,25 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Bean.</i>—Devon, Northumberland, etc., Cc. Ribs toothed.</p> <p class="ind2">20. <span class="sc">P. pellucida</span>, - <i>Linn.</i>—<i>P. lævis</i>, <i>cærulea</i>, <i>Acmæa + <i>Linn.</i>—<i>P. lævis</i>, <i>cærulea</i>, <i>Acmæa pel</i>.—British co. generally, C. smooth.</p> - <p class="ind2">21. —— var. <i>lævis</i>, Penn.</p> + <p class="ind2">21. —— var. <i>lævis</i>, Penn.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Acmæa</span>, or <span class="sc">Lottia</span>.</p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Acmæa</span>, or <span class="sc">Lottia</span>.</p> <p class="ind2">22. <span class="sc">A. testudinalis</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>P. Clealandi.</i>—North Ire., C. Oval, with + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>P. Clealandi.</i>—North Ire., C. Oval, with tortoise-shell markings.</p> <p class="ind2">23. <span class="sc">A. virginea</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>P. parva</i>, <i>pulchella</i>.—Brit. co. + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>P. parva</i>, <i>pulchella</i>.—Brit. co. generally, Mc. Pale, pink-rayed, shallow.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Pilidium</span>, or <span class="sc">Tectura</span>.</p> <p class="ind2">24. <span class="sc">P. fulvum</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>P. Forbesii.</i>—Clyde, Cork, Zetland, + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>P. Forbesii.</i>—Clyde, Cork, Zetland, etc., R.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Propilidium.</span></p> @@ -2095,7 +2055,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">27. <span class="sc">D. tarentinum</span>, <i>Lamk.</i>—<i>D. vulgare</i>, <i>striatum</i>, <i>labiatum</i>, - <i>politum</i>, <i>læve</i>.—South coasts, C. Striated and entire + <i>politum</i>, <i>læve</i>.—South coasts, C. Striated and entire at small end.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Pileopsis</span>, or <span class="sc">Capulus</span>.</p> @@ -2104,11 +2064,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Linn.</i>—Fool's-cap Limpet.—S. Devon, and Br. co. generally, C.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Calyptræa</span>, <i>Linn.</i></p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Calyptræa</span>, <i>Linn.</i></p> <p class="ind2">29. <span class="sc">C. sinensis</span>, <i>Linn.</i> (<i>Patella.</i>)—<i>C. chinensis</i>, <i>albida</i>, - <i>lævigata</i>.—S. Brit., and Chan. Isls., R. With oblique + <i>lævigata</i>.—S. Brit., and Chan. Isls., R. With oblique septum.</p> <p class="ind2"><a name="plate11"></a></p> @@ -2125,8 +2085,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>1. <span class="sc">F. reticulata</span>, <i>Donov.</i> - (<i>Patella.</i>)—<i>P.</i> and <i>F. Græca</i>, <i>apertura</i> - (young), <i>cancellata</i>, <i>europæa</i>.—Hebrides, Thanet, + (<i>Patella.</i>)—<i>P.</i> and <i>F. Græca</i>, <i>apertura</i> + (young), <i>cancellata</i>, <i>europæa</i>.—Hebrides, Thanet, Devon, Ireland. On shells, etc., 1 to 15 fath., C.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>2. <span @@ -2320,12 +2280,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Valvata.</span> In ponds.</p> <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">V. piscinalis</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Nerita</i>, <i>Turbo</i>, <i>Cyclostoma + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Nerita</i>, <i>Turbo</i>, <i>Cyclostoma fontinalis</i>, <i>obtusa</i>, <i>thermalis</i>, etc.—Fresh-water, C. Subglobose.</p> <p class="ind2">11. <span class="sc">V. cristata</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>V. planorbis</i>, etc.—Many loc., Mc. + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>V. planorbis</i>, etc.—Many loc., Mc. Orbicular.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Littorina.</span> On the sea-shore.</p> @@ -2359,7 +2319,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) littoralis</i>?</p> <p class="ind2">23. <span class="sc">L. neritoides</span>, <i>Linn.</i> - (<i>Turbo.</i>)—<i>T. petræa</i>, <i>L. cærulea</i>, + (<i>Turbo.</i>)—<i>T. petræa</i>, <i>L. cærulea</i>, etc.—Kent, Sussex, etc., C. With white band.</p> <p class="ind2">24. <span class="sc">L. palliata</span>, <i>Say</i>, @@ -2413,7 +2373,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Rissoa</span>, or <span class="sc">Cingula</span>.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>3. <span - class="sc">R. ulvæ</span>, <i>Pennant</i>, + class="sc">R. ulvæ</span>, <i>Pennant</i>, (<i>Turbo.</i>)—<i>Helix</i>, <i>Cingula</i>, <i>Paludina</i>, and <i>Littorina</i>.—In brackish water, on British shores, C.</p> @@ -2421,7 +2381,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) >subumbilicata</i>, R.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>4. <span - class="sc">R. Barleei</span>, <i>Jeffreys.</i>—<i>R. ulvæ</i> + class="sc">R. Barleei</span>, <i>Jeffreys.</i>—<i>R. ulvæ</i> var.—Loch Carron, Skye, R.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>5. <span @@ -2533,7 +2493,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>2. <span class="sc">R. soluta</span>, <i>Philippi.</i>—Exmouth, Bute, Cork, - etc., R. Like <i>R. pulch.</i>, but with spiral striæ.</p> + etc., R. Like <i>R. pulch.</i>, but with spiral striæ.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>3. <span class="sc">R. Alderi</span>, <i>Jeffreys</i>, <i>Annals, Aug. @@ -2594,7 +2554,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">15. <span class="sc">J. globularis</span>, <i>Jeffreys.</i>—Skye.</p> - <p class="ind2">16. <span class="sc">J. Gulsonæ</span>, <i>Clark</i>, + <p class="ind2">16. <span class="sc">J. Gulsonæ</span>, <i>Clark</i>, (<i>Odostomia.</i>)—<i>Chemnitzia G.</i>—Sandwith, Lerwick, Weymouth, etc., Guernsey.</p> @@ -2620,10 +2580,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Adeorbis striatus</i>.—Scarborough, Weymouth, Orkney, Galway, etc., 7 to 25 fath., Mr. Striated.</p> - <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">S. costulata</span>, <i>Möller</i>, + <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">S. costulata</span>, <i>Möller</i>, (<i>Margarita.</i>)—Loch Fyne, Rr.</p> - <p class="ind2">22. <span class="sc">S. lævis</span>, <i>Philippi</i>, + <p class="ind2">22. <span class="sc">S. lævis</span>, <i>Philippi</i>, (<i>Delphinula.</i>)—Newcastle-on-Tyne, Rr.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Aclis.</span></p> @@ -2642,10 +2602,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Eulimella.</span></p> - <p class="ind2">26. <span class="sc">E. Scillæ</span>, <i>Lovén</i>, + <p class="ind2">26. <span class="sc">E. Scillæ</span>, <i>Lovén</i>, (<i>Turbonilla.</i>)—<i>Eulima</i>, <i>Odostomia</i>, <i>Chemnitzia</i>, and <i>Eulimella crassula</i>, and - <i>Macandræi</i>.—N. Scotland, Croulin, etc., 20 to 90 fath., + <i>Macandræi</i>.—N. Scotland, Croulin, etc., 20 to 90 fath., R.</p> <p class="ind2">27. <span class="sc">E. acicula</span>, Philippi, @@ -2654,9 +2614,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">28. <span class="sc">E. affinis</span>, <i>Philippi</i>, (<i>Eulima.</i>)—<i>Pyramis</i>, <i>Odost.</i>, and <i>E. - gracilis</i>, <i>lævis</i>.—Skye, Torbay, R.</p> + gracilis</i>, <i>lævis</i>.—Skye, Torbay, R.</p> - <p class="ind2">29. <span class="sc">E. clavula</span>, <i>Lovén</i> + <p class="ind2">29. <span class="sc">E. clavula</span>, <i>Lovén</i> (<i>Turbonilla.</i>)—<i>Odostomia c.</i>—Torbay, Rr. Guernsey.</p> @@ -2700,7 +2660,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>serressiana</i>.—Zetland, 70 to 100 fath., R. Outer lip with two anterior lobes.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Cæcum.</span></p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Cæcum.</span></p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>6. <span class="sc">C. trachea</span>, <i>Mont.</i>—<i>Dentalium</i> and @@ -2710,7 +2670,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>7. <span class="sc">C. glabrum</span>, <i>Mont.</i>—<i>C.</i>, <i>Dentalium</i>, and <i>Orthocera minutum</i>, and - <i>lævissimum</i>.—Exmouth, Weymouth, Swansea, Lerwick, Bantry Bay. + <i>lævissimum</i>.—Exmouth, Weymouth, Swansea, Lerwick, Bantry Bay. Rare, smooth.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Cerithium.</span></p> @@ -2744,7 +2704,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Ann. Nat. Hist. 1859</i>.—In shell sand, Belfast, R. Rather Buccinum-shaped.</p> - <p class="ind2">14. <span class="sc">C. metula</span>, <i>Lovén</i>, + <p class="ind2">14. <span class="sc">C. metula</span>, <i>Lovén</i>, (<i>Cerithium.</i>)—<i>C. nitidum</i>, Forbes.—Zetland, 50 to 80 fath., R. White, with angular whorls.</p> @@ -2781,7 +2741,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">S. Turtoni</span>, <i>Brod.</i>—<i>Phasianella stylifera</i>, <i>Velutina s.</i>, <i>S. globosus</i> and <i>astericola</i>.—On spines of <i>Echinus - sphæra</i>, Torbay and Berwick, R. Glassy, thin.</p> + sphæra</i>, Torbay and Berwick, R. Glassy, thin.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Eulima.</span></p> @@ -2914,12 +2874,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Recluzia.</span></p> <p class="ind2">20. <span class="sc">R. aperta</span>, - <i>Jeffreys.</i>—<i>Natica aperta</i>, Lovén?—Zetland, + <i>Jeffreys.</i>—<i>Natica aperta</i>, Lovén?—Zetland, Rr.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Velutina.</span></p> - <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">N. lævigata</span>, <i>Linn.</i> + <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">N. lævigata</span>, <i>Linn.</i> (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>Bulla</i>, <i>Velutina</i>, etc.—Brit. co. generally, 1 to 30 fath., N. Eu., C.</p> @@ -2983,7 +2943,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>5. <span class="sc">O. plicata</span>, <i>Mont.</i> (<i>Turbo.</i>)—<i>Voluta p.</i>, <i>V. plicatula</i>, <i>O. - Annæ</i>, <i>Jaminia p.</i>, etc., Mc.—Salcombe, Swansea, Dublin, + Annæ</i>, <i>Jaminia p.</i>, etc., Mc.—Salcombe, Swansea, Dublin, Aberdeen, Mc. Turreted. Narrow, thin.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>6. <span @@ -3043,7 +3003,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Cornwall, Tenby, etc., Mc. Thin, conical, no umbilicus.</p> <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">O. albella</span>, - <i>Lovén.</i>—<i>O. rissoides</i>, var., B. M.—Guernsey, S. + <i>Lovén.</i>—<i>O. rissoides</i>, var., B. M.—Guernsey, S. Devon, etc. Turreted, upper whorls more cylindrical than No. 20.</p> <p class="ind2">22. <span class="sc">O. obliqua</span>, @@ -3137,7 +3097,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>6. <span class="sc">L. minima</span>, <i>Mont.</i> (<i>Buccinum</i>.)—<i>B. - brunneum</i>, <i>B. rubrum</i>, <i>Nesæa granulata</i>, <i>mamillata</i>, + brunneum</i>, <i>B. rubrum</i>, <i>Nesæa granulata</i>, <i>mamillata</i>, <i>Fusus minimus</i>, etc.—Channel Isls. and S. Brit., on shores. S. Eu.</p> @@ -3158,7 +3118,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">B. ciliatum</span>, <i>Fabr.</i> (<i>Tritonium.</i>)—Shetland, deep water, R. More thin than No. 9; - with striæ finer, and hairs of epidermis tufted minutely.</p> + with striæ finer, and hairs of epidermis tufted minutely.</p> <p class="ind2">11. <span class="sc">B. fusiforme</span>, <i>Brod.</i>—Cork, Wexford, Rr. Turreted, fusiform, white, ribbed, @@ -3243,13 +3203,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) r.</i>—Brit. and Eu. co. generally. Littoral, Cc.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>2. <span - class="sc">N. incrassata</span>, <i>Müller</i>, + class="sc">N. incrassata</span>, <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Buccinum.</i>)—<i>N.</i> and <i>B. minutum</i>, <i>macula</i>, <i>asperulum</i>, etc.—Brit. shores generally, 0 to 50 fath., gravel, C.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>3. <span - class="sc">N. pygmæa</span>, <i>Lamk.</i> (<i>Ranella.</i>)—<i>B. + class="sc">N. pygmæa</span>, <i>Lamk.</i> (<i>Ranella.</i>)—<i>B. tuberculatum</i>, <i>Tritonia varicosa</i>, etc.—S. Brit. co., S. Eu., 4 fath. to deep water, C. Small, with white varices on the body.</p> @@ -3311,7 +3271,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>varians</i>, and <i>pyramidatus</i>.—Various places and depths, N. and S. Eu., C.</p> - <p class="ind2">15. <span class="sc">M. lævigata</span>, <i>Phil.</i> + <p class="ind2">15. <span class="sc">M. lævigata</span>, <i>Phil.</i> (<i>Pleu.</i>)—<i>M. nebula</i> var.—South Brit., S. Eu. Small, fusiform, shiny, banded.</p> @@ -3324,7 +3284,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) b.</i>—Brit. co. gen., Mr. Turreted; ribs crossed by raised lines.</p> - <p class="ind2">18. <span class="sc">M. nana</span>, <i>Lovén</i>, + <p class="ind2">18. <span class="sc">M. nana</span>, <i>Lovén</i>, (<i>Tritonium.</i>)—<i>Fusus albus.</i>—Lerwick, Zetland, Orkneys, etc., 45 fath., and deep, R. Ventricose, cancellated.</p> @@ -3362,15 +3322,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Erato.</span></p> - <p class="ind2">27. <span class="sc">E. lævis</span>, <i>Donovan</i>, + <p class="ind2">27. <span class="sc">E. lævis</span>, <i>Donovan</i>, (<i>Voluta.</i>)—<i>E.</i>, <i>Marginella</i>, <i>Bulla</i>, - <i>Volvaria</i>, and <i>Columbella fusiformis</i>, <i>Cypræola</i>, + <i>Volvaria</i>, and <i>Columbella fusiformis</i>, <i>Cypræola</i>, <i>Donovani</i>, <i>Muscaria</i>, etc.—Brit. co. generally, 1 to 50 fath., Mc.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Cypræa.</span></p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Cypræa.</span></p> - <p class="ind2">28. <span class="sc">C. europæa</span>, + <p class="ind2">28. <span class="sc">C. europæa</span>, <i>Mont.</i>—<i>Cypr.</i> and <i>Trivia</i>, <i>Pediculus arctica</i>, <i>bullata</i>, and <i>diaphana</i>.—Brit. co. generally, 0 to 50 fath., C.</p> @@ -3427,7 +3387,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) generally, C. N. and S. Eu.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>8. <span - class="sc">C. nitidula</span>, <i>Lovén.</i>—<i>C.</i> and <i>Bulla + class="sc">C. nitidula</span>, <i>Lovén.</i>—<i>C.</i> and <i>Bulla n.</i> and <i>umbilicata</i>.—Skye, Loch Fyne, etc., R. N. Eu. Elongated, oval.</p> @@ -3436,7 +3396,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Conical.</p> <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">C. strigilla</span>, - <i>Lovén.</i>—<i>C.</i>, <i>Bulla</i>, and <i>Atys s.</i> and + <i>Lovén.</i>—<i>C.</i>, <i>Bulla</i>, and <i>Atys s.</i> and <i>ovulata</i>.—Scotland, Mr. Spirally striated.</p> <p class="ind2">11. <span class="sc">C. umbilicata</span>, <i>Mont.</i> @@ -3461,7 +3421,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Akera.</span></p> <p class="ind2">16. <span class="sc">A. bullata</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Bulla Akera</i>, <i>B. norvegica</i>, <i>B. + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Bulla Akera</i>, <i>B. norvegica</i>, <i>B. resiliens</i>, <i>fragilis</i>, <i>flexilis</i>, <i>Hanleyi</i>.—Southampton, Zetland, Galway, etc. Littoral, Mc. N. and S. Eu.</p> @@ -3485,31 +3445,31 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Philine.</span></p> <p class="ind2">20. <span class="sc">P. aperta</span>, - <i>Linn.</i>—<i>P. Bulla</i>, <i>Bullæa</i>, and <i>Lobaria a.</i>, + <i>Linn.</i>—<i>P. Bulla</i>, <i>Bullæa</i>, and <i>Lobaria a.</i>, <i>quadripartita</i>, <i>quadrilobata</i>, and <i>Planciana</i>.—Brit. co. gen., C. S. Eu. Large, smooth.</p> <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">P. scabra</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Bulla</i> and <i>Scaphander scabra</i>, + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Bulla</i> and <i>Scaphander scabra</i>, <i>pectinata</i>, <i>dilatata</i>, and <i>catenulifera</i>.—Northumberland, Zetland, Ireland, etc., Mc., 5 to 50 fath. N. Eu. Oblong, serrated.</p> <p class="ind2">22. <span class="sc">P. quadrata</span>, <i>S. - Wood.</i>—<i>Bullæa</i> and <i>P. scutulum</i>.—Zetland, + Wood.</i>—<i>Bullæa</i> and <i>P. scutulum</i>.—Zetland, etc., 10 to 100 fath., R. Striated.</p> <p class="ind2">23. <span class="sc">P. catena</span>, - <i>Mont.</i>—<i>Bulla</i> and <i>Bullæa c.</i>, <i>angustata</i>, + <i>Mont.</i>—<i>Bulla</i> and <i>Bullæa c.</i>, <i>angustata</i>, and <i>punctata</i>,—Brit. co. generally, Mr., 0 to 40 fath. With chain-like sculpture.</p> <p class="ind2">24. <span class="sc">P. punctata</span>, - <i>Clark.</i>—<i>Bulla</i> and <i>Bullæa</i>.—Devon, Swansea, + <i>Clark.</i>—<i>Bulla</i> and <i>Bullæa</i>.—Devon, Swansea, Aberdeen, Clare. In sand, 60 fath., Mc. With punctured sculpture.</p> <p class="ind2">25. <span class="sc">P. pruinosa</span>, - <i>Clark.</i>—<i>Bulla</i> and <i>Bullæa</i>.—Devon, + <i>Clark.</i>—<i>Bulla</i> and <i>Bullæa</i>.—Devon, Northumb., Hebrides, etc. Mud, 20 to 70 fath. N. Eu.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Scaphander.</span></p> @@ -3553,12 +3513,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) </div> <p class="ac lg125">PLATE XXI.</p> -<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Limnæus.</span> In and near fresh-water.</p> +<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Limnæus.</span> In and near fresh-water.</p> <p class="sm">Fig.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>1, 2. <span - class="sc">L. pereger</span>, <i>Müller</i> + class="sc">L. pereger</span>, <i>Müller</i> (<i>Buccinum.</i>)—<i>Helix</i>, <i>Turbo</i>, <i>Bulimus</i>, and <i>L. putris</i>, <i>inflata</i>, <i>teres</i>, <i>lutea</i>, <i>limosa</i>, <i>ovata</i>, <i>vulgaris</i>, <i>marginata</i>, @@ -3572,7 +3532,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) etc., not so generally as No. 1, 2, C.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>4. <span - class="sc">L. palustris</span>, <i>Müller</i>, + class="sc">L. palustris</span>, <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Bucc.</i>)—<i>Helix</i> and <i>L. fragilis</i>, <i>fontinalis</i>, <i>stagnalis</i>, etc.—Ditches, ponds, etc., C. Whorls more numerous and less rapidly enlarged than No. 3.</p> @@ -3590,13 +3550,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) R. Apex sharp and tapering; aperture smaller than No. 5.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>7. <span - class="sc">L. truncatulus</span>, <i>Müller</i>, + class="sc">L. truncatulus</span>, <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Bucc.</i>)—<i>H.</i>, <i>B.</i>, and <i>L. truncatus</i>, <i>fossarius</i>, <i>minutus</i>, <i>limosus</i>, etc.—Partly amphibious, generally diffused, C. Small, spire equal to body.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>8. <span - class="sc">L. glaber</span>, <i>Müller</i>, + class="sc">L. glaber</span>, <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Buccinum.</i>)—<i>H.</i>, <i>B.</i>, and <i>L. octanfracta</i>, <i>peregrina</i>, <i>elongata</i>, <i>octona</i>, <i>leucostoma</i>, etc.—Fresh and brackish marshes, Stafford, Somerset, York, etc., R. @@ -3606,7 +3566,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) class="sc">L. involutus</span>, <i>Harvey.</i>—<i>Amphipeplea i.</i>—Lake near Killarney, Belfast, Rr. Spire almost covered.</p> - <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">L. glutinosus</span>, <i>Müller</i>, + <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">L. glutinosus</span>, <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Buccinum.</i>)—<i>Helix</i>, <i>Amphipeplea</i>, and <i>L.</i>—Windermere, etc., Mr. Oval.</p> @@ -3617,7 +3577,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Physa.</span> In and near fresh-water.</p> <p class="ind2">12. <span class="sc">P. hypnorum</span>, <i>Linn.</i> - (<i>Bulla.</i>)—<i>Helix</i>, <i>Physa</i>, <i>Limnæa</i>, and + (<i>Bulla.</i>)—<i>Helix</i>, <i>Physa</i>, <i>Limnæa</i>, and <i>Aplexa turrita</i> and <i>marmorata</i>. Pools and lakes, Brit. generally, C.</p> @@ -3629,7 +3589,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Ancylus.</span> In fresh-water.</p> <p class="ind2">14, 15. <span class="sc">A. fluviatilis</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Patella lacustris.</i>—Running streams, on + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Patella lacustris.</i>—Running streams, on stones and plants generally, C. Oval, apex turned to left.</p> <p class="ind2">16, 17. <span class="sc">A. oblongus</span>, @@ -3645,16 +3605,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) and ditches generally, C.</p> <p class="ind2">19. <span class="sc">P. albus</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Helix</i> and <i>P. hispidus</i>, + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Helix</i> and <i>P. hispidus</i>, <i>hirsutus</i>.—Distribution general, C. Finely ciliated in lines.</p> <p class="ind2">20. <span class="sc">P. glaber</span>, - <i>Jeffreys.</i>—<i>P. lævis</i>, Alder.—Penzance, Falmouth, + <i>Jeffreys.</i>—<i>P. lævis</i>, Alder.—Penzance, Falmouth, Swansea, Belfast, etc., Mr.</p> <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">P. nautileus</span>, <i>Linn.</i> - (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>P. imbricatus</i>, Müller; <i>P. cristatus</i>, + (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>P. imbricatus</i>, Müller; <i>P. cristatus</i>, <i>Turbo nautileus</i>, etc., Mc. With horny ridges.</p> <p class="ind2">22. <span class="sc">P. contortus</span>, <i>Linn.</i> @@ -3663,7 +3623,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) aperture semi-lunar.</p> <p class="ind2">23. <span class="sc">P. carinatus</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Helix Planorbis</i>, Linn.; <i>P. planata</i> and + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Helix Planorbis</i>, Linn.; <i>P. planata</i> and <i>lutescens</i>.—Generally distr., C. Whorls more rapidly increased than No. 24; keel more distinct.</p> @@ -3681,7 +3641,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Fewer whorls than No. 25; mouth not angular.</p> <p class="ind2">27. <span class="sc">P. nitidus</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Helix</i> and <i>P. fontanus</i>, + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Helix</i> and <i>P. fontanus</i>, <i>complanatus</i>, and <i>lenticularis</i>.—Most parts of Brit., Mc. Very compressed.</p> @@ -3705,7 +3665,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>1. <span class="sc">S. putris</span>, <i>Linn.</i> - (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>H.</i>, <i>S.</i>, and <i>Limnæa Succinea</i> + (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>H.</i>, <i>S.</i>, and <i>Limnæa Succinea</i> and <i>amphibia</i>.—On plants by the side of rivers, ditches, etc., C. Rather oval in form.</p> @@ -3725,7 +3685,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>4. <span class="sc">C. bidentatus</span>, <i>Mont.</i> - (<i>Voluta.</i>)—<i>C.</i>, <i>N.</i>, <i>Actæon</i>, and + (<i>Voluta.</i>)—<i>C.</i>, <i>N.</i>, <i>Actæon</i>, and <i>Auricula alba</i> (var.) and <i>erosa</i>.—Salt-water marshes, and on rocks near high-water mark all round our coasts, C. No tooth on outer lip.</p> @@ -3738,7 +3698,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>6. <span class="sc">C. denticulatus</span>, <i>Mont.</i> (<i>Voluta.</i>)—<i>C.</i>, <i>V.</i>, <i>Auricula</i>, and - <i>Actæon ringens</i>, <i>reflexa</i> (var. f. 7), <i>Mysotis</i>, and + <i>Actæon ringens</i>, <i>reflexa</i> (var. f. 7), <i>Mysotis</i>, and <i>personata</i>.—Numerous places, near the sea, C. Outer lip with many teeth.</p> @@ -3749,19 +3709,19 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Carychium.</span></p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>8. <span - class="sc">C. minimum</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Turbo + class="sc">C. minimum</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Turbo Carychium</i>, <i>Auricula minima</i>.—Moist places, wet Mosses, etc. Generally distr., C.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Limax.</span> Land Slug, with shell under shield.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>9. <span - class="sc">L. cinereus</span> <i>Müller.</i>—<i>L. maximus</i>, + class="sc">L. cinereus</span> <i>Müller.</i>—<i>L. maximus</i>, <i>maculatus</i>, <i>Limacella parma</i>. Brit. gen., C.; Eu. Shell oval, large, thin.</p> <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">L. agrestis</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>L. concava</i> and <i>obliquus</i>.—Brit, + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>L. concava</i> and <i>obliquus</i>.—Brit, gen., C. <i>Foss cr.</i> Shell small, oblique.</p> <p class="ind2">11. <span class="sc">L. brunneus</span>, @@ -3776,16 +3736,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Testacella.</span> Slug with shell on tail.</p> <p class="ind2">13. <span class="sc">T. Maugei</span>, - <i>Férussac.</i>—Clifton, Taunton, Plymouth, Swansea, etc., Mr. + <i>Férussac.</i>—Clifton, Taunton, Plymouth, Swansea, etc., Mr. Large, and more square than 14.</p> <p class="ind2">14. <span class="sc">T. haliotoidea</span>, - <i>Drap.</i>—<i>T. europæa</i>, <i>T. scutulum</i>.—Near + <i>Drap.</i>—<i>T. europæa</i>, <i>T. scutulum</i>.—Near London. Channel Isls., etc., Mc.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Vitrina.</span> Shell not including the whole Slug.</p> - <p class="ind2">15. <span class="sc">V. pellucida</span>, <i>Müller</i>, + <p class="ind2">15. <span class="sc">V. pellucida</span>, <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>H. diaphana</i>, <i>Helicolimax</i>, <i>Limacina major</i>, etc.—Various parts of the country, under stones, etc., Mc. Eu. Very transparent.</p> @@ -3797,16 +3757,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Zonites.</span> Transparent, thin-edged Snails.</p> <p class="ind2">17, 18. <span class="sc">Z. cellarius</span>, - <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>H.</i> and <i>Z. lucida</i> and + <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>H.</i> and <i>Z. lucida</i> and <i>nitens</i>.—Brit. gen., C.</p> <p class="ind2">19, 20. <span class="sc">Z. nitidus</span>, - <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>H.</i> and <i>Z. nitens</i>, + <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>H.</i> and <i>Z. nitens</i>, <i>lucida</i>, <i>tennis</i>, <i>Succinea</i>, etc.—Less depressed than 17, 18, with larger umbilicus.</p> <p class="ind2">21. <span class="sc">Z. crystallinus</span>, - <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>H.</i>, <i>Z.</i>, <i>Discus</i>, + <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>H.</i>, <i>Z.</i>, <i>Discus</i>, and <i>"Polita" c.</i>, <i>eburnea</i>, <i>vitrea</i>.—In damp spots, among stones and Moss. Minute, white, transparent.</p> @@ -3845,12 +3805,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sm">Fig.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>1. <span - class="sc">H. pisana</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. zonaria</i>, + class="sc">H. pisana</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. zonaria</i>, <i>cingenda</i>, <i>rhodostoma</i>, <i>strigata</i>, <i>albella</i>.—Cornwall, S. Wales, Dublin, C. S. and N. Eu.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>2. <span - class="sc">H. aspersa</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. grisea</i>, + class="sc">H. aspersa</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. grisea</i>, <i>hortensis</i>, <i>variegata</i>, <i>vulgaris</i>, etc.—Common in all our gardens and hedges.</p> @@ -3864,14 +3824,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) etc.—South and west Engl., C.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>5. <span - class="sc">H. ericetorum</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. itala</i>, + class="sc">H. ericetorum</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. itala</i>, <i>striata</i>, <i>albella</i>, <i>erica</i>, <i>nivea</i>, - <i>cæspita</i>, etc.—Chalky and sandy places, C. Depressed, + <i>cæspita</i>, etc.—Chalky and sandy places, C. Depressed, delicately banded; large umbilicus.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>6. <span class="sc">H. rufescens</span>, <i>Pennant.</i>—<i>H. rufina</i>, - <i>montana</i>, <i>cælata</i>, <i>clandestina</i>, etc.—Most common + <i>montana</i>, <i>cælata</i>, <i>clandestina</i>, etc.—Most common in southern, chalky and limestone districts. Depressed, striated; whorls slightly angular. Generally lighter than our figure, sometimes nearly white.</p> @@ -3896,11 +3856,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) umbilicus.</p> <p class="ind2">12. <span class="sc">H. obvoluta</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. trigonophora</i>, etc.—Ditcham Wood, + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. trigonophora</i>, etc.—Ditcham Wood, Hampshire. In Moss at roots of trees, Rr.</p> <p class="ind2">13. <span class="sc">H. fulva</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. terrestris</i>, <i>trochiformis</i>, + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. terrestris</i>, <i>trochiformis</i>, <i>nitidula</i>, etc.—Pretty general and common. Conical, minute, transparent.</p> @@ -3912,7 +3872,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) etc.—Chalk-pits, etc., C.</p> <p class="ind2">16. <span class="sc">H. carthusiana</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. nitida</i>, <i>carthusianella</i>, + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. nitida</i>, <i>carthusianella</i>, <i>rufilabris</i>, etc.—Chalk-districts of Surrey and Kent, C.</p> <p class="ind2">17, 18. <span class="sc">H. nemoralis</span>, @@ -3927,11 +3887,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) radiata</i>, <i>Turtoni</i>, etc.—Common and general.</p> <p class="ind2">22, 23. <span class="sc">H. pulchella</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. costata</i>, <i>paludosa</i>, <i>crenella</i>, + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. costata</i>, <i>paludosa</i>, <i>crenella</i>, <i>minuta</i>, etc.—Common and general under stones, etc.</p> <p class="ind2">24. <span class="sc">H. revelata</span>, - <i>Férussac.</i>—Cornwall, Devon, Torquay, Guernsey. Rare. A + <i>Férussac.</i>—Cornwall, Devon, Torquay, Guernsey. Rare. A transparent, greenish, hairy shell.</p> <p class="ind2">25. <span class="sc">H. aperta.</span>—<i>H. @@ -3942,7 +3902,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Mont.</i>—<i>H. rupestris</i>, etc.—On perpendicular heights and under stones, C.</p> - <p class="ind2">27. <span class="sc">H. pygmæa</span>, + <p class="ind2">27. <span class="sc">H. pygmæa</span>, <i>Drap.</i>—<i>H. minuta</i>, etc.—Common in damp places.</p> @@ -3951,7 +3911,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>seminulum</i>.—Brit. and Germany, C.</p> <p class="ind2">29. <span class="sc">H. aculeata</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. spinulosa</i>, etc.—Among Moss and + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>H. spinulosa</i>, etc.—Among Moss and stones, etc., C. General.</p> <p class="ind2"><a name="plate24"></a></p> @@ -3972,11 +3932,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) Selborne, N. and S. Eu., R. as Brit. Shagreened.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>2. <span - class="sc">B. obscurus</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Turbo rupium</i>, + class="sc">B. obscurus</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Turbo rupium</i>, <i>B. hordaceus</i>, etc.—C. and general. Surface smooth.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>3, 4. <span - class="sc">B. acutus</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Helix barbara</i>, + class="sc">B. acutus</span>, <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Helix barbara</i>, <i>B. cretacea</i>, <i>articulatus</i>, <i>Turbo fasciatus</i>, etc.—On sand and limestone in marine neighbourhoods, C.</p> @@ -4000,7 +3960,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) etc.—C. and gen. A rib behind the outer lip.</p> <p class="ind2"><span class="hid">0</span>8. <span - class="sc">P. anglica</span>, <i>Férussac.</i>—<i>Vertigo</i>, + class="sc">P. anglica</span>, <i>Férussac.</i>—<i>Vertigo</i>, <i>Turbo</i>, and <i>P. a.</i> and <i>ringens</i>.—Scarborough, Newcastle, Guernsey, etc., Mr. More cylindrical than 5.</p> @@ -4010,29 +3970,29 @@ by The Internet Archive) etc.—C. and gen. No teeth in aperture; smooth.</p> <p class="ind2">10. <span class="sc">P. minutissima</span>, - <i>Hartmann.</i>—<i>P.</i>, <i>Vertigo</i>, <i>Alæa cylindrica</i>, + <i>Hartmann.</i>—<i>P.</i>, <i>Vertigo</i>, <i>Alæa cylindrica</i>, <i>obtusa</i>, <i>muscorum</i>, etc.—Bristol, Salisbury, Skye, etc., R. as Brit.; C. in S. Eu. No teeth in aperture; striated.</p> - <p class="ind2">11, 12. <span class="sc">P. pygmæa</span>, + <p class="ind2">11, 12. <span class="sc">P. pygmæa</span>, <i>Drap.</i>—<i>P.</i>, <i>T.</i>, <i>V.</i>, <i>H.</i>, - <i>Alæa</i>, etc., <i>sexdentatus</i>, <i>quinquedentatus</i>, + <i>Alæa</i>, etc., <i>sexdentatus</i>, <i>quinquedentatus</i>, <i>vulgaris</i>, etc.—The lighter variety, <i>P. alpestris</i>, C. and general. Four or five teeth.</p> <p class="ind2">13. <span class="sc">P. substriata</span>, - <i>Jeffreys.</i>—<i>Vertigo</i>, <i>Turbo</i>, <i>Alæa + <i>Jeffreys.</i>—<i>Vertigo</i>, <i>Turbo</i>, <i>Alæa sexdentata</i>, <i>curta</i>, etc.—C. and gen. Very cylindrical; six teeth; striated.</p> <p class="ind2">14. <span class="sc">P. antivertigo</span>, - <i>Drap.</i>—<i>P.</i>, <i>V.</i>, <i>Alæa octodentata</i>, + <i>Drap.</i>—<i>P.</i>, <i>V.</i>, <i>Alæa octodentata</i>, <i>septemdentata</i>, <i>palustris</i>, etc.—Near Swansea and London; Bristol, Devon, Northumberland, Ayr, Mr. Ireland. Aperture subtrigonal, eight or nine teeth.</p> <p class="ind2">15. <span class="sc">P. pusilla</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Helix vertigo</i>, and <i>V. + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Helix vertigo</i>, and <i>V. heterostropha</i>.—S. Wales, Northumberland, Belfast, etc., Mc. Sinistral, with seven teeth.</p> @@ -4073,7 +4033,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Zua.</span></p> - <p class="ind2">22. <span class="sc">Z. lubrica</span>, <i>Müller</i>, + <p class="ind2">22. <span class="sc">Z. lubrica</span>, <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Helix.</i>)—<i>Turbo</i>, <i>Bulimus l.</i>, <i>subcylindrica</i>, <i>muscorum</i>, etc.—C. and gen. Among leaves and under stones.</p> @@ -4088,13 +4048,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Achatina.</span></p> <p class="ind2">24. <span class="sc">A. acicula</span>, - <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Buccinum</i>, <i>Bulimus</i>, <i>Helix + <i>Müller.</i>—<i>Buccinum</i>, <i>Bulimus</i>, <i>Helix octona</i>, <i>terrestre</i>, etc.—In marshy places, among Grass, etc., C. S. Eu.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><span class="sc">Cyclostoma.</span> Snail with operculum.</p> - <p class="ind2">25. <span class="sc">C. elegans</span>, <i>Müller</i>, + <p class="ind2">25. <span class="sc">C. elegans</span>, <i>Müller</i>, (<i>Nerita.</i>)—<i>Turbo reflexus</i>, <i>T. tumidus</i>, <i>striatus</i>, <i>elegans</i>.—Chalky districts of S. Engl., C.</p> @@ -4168,7 +4128,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) guiding principle in deciding the claims of certain groups to generic separation. The illustrations will be copious and of full size, embracing every marked form, whether recent or fossil, and whether adopted as a - genus or not. The price is not yet fixed, but is expected to be about £3 + genus or not. The price is not yet fixed, but is expected to be about £3 3s. To appear between March and May, 1866.</p> <p class="ac scac">G. B. S., jun., will be glad to receive the names and addresses of those who desire to see the Work when published.</p> @@ -4195,7 +4155,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Shells.</p> <p><span class="sc">London Clay.</span>—Fish-heads, Teeth, Fruits, - Teredinæ, etc.</p> + Teredinæ, etc.</p> <p><span class="sc">Chalk</span> and <span class="sc">Gault</span>.—A magnificent series, including fine @@ -4223,8 +4183,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Among a most extensive range of genera and species are included Voluta Rossiana, V. fulgetrum, Conus Aurisiacus, C. princeps, C. marchionatus, a - fine series of C. venulatus, etc., Halia Priamus, Cypræa picta, Cardium - hians, C. Æolicum (true), Galathæa concamerata, Velorita, Anastoma, + fine series of C. venulatus, etc., Halia Priamus, Cypræa picta, Cardium + hians, C. Æolicum (true), Galathæa concamerata, Velorita, Anastoma, beautiful Spondyli, etc. Series of British Shells made up.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><b>MINERALS.</b></p> @@ -4245,9 +4205,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><b>BOOKS, NEW AND SECOND-HAND.</b></p> <p>Works on Crustacea, including Milne-Edwards' 'Histoire;' Desmarets' - 'Considérations;' Roux, 'Crust. de la Méditerranée;' 'Crustacea of the + 'Considérations;' Roux, 'Crust. de la Méditerranée;' 'Crustacea of the Fauna Japonica,' etc.; on Zoology, the 'Historia de Chili;' 'Journal de - Conchyliologie,' by Crosse; Bernardi's 'Monog. des Galathées,' etc.; + Conchyliologie,' by Crosse; Bernardi's 'Monog. des Galathées,' etc.; Supplement to Sowerby's 'Cones;' Deshayes' 'Coquilles Fossiles de Paris;' Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Pt. 1 to 22; Sowerby's 'Wild Flowers;' and new edition of Sowerby's 'English Botany.'</p> @@ -4262,388 +4222,6 @@ by The Internet Archive) furnished. Sets made up to illustrate Formations, Classes, or Genera, and specimens forwarded on approval.</i></p> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Index of British Shells, by -George Brettingham Sowerby - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS *** - -***** This file should be named 43305-h.htm or 43305-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/3/0/43305/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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