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diff --git a/43282-h/43282-h.htm b/43282-h/43282-h.htm index 110a30c..666954c 100644 --- a/43282-h/43282-h.htm +++ b/43282-h/43282-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, @@ -211,43 +211,7 @@ img#n13 {font-weight:bold; font-size:5.5em; } </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX.—No. 6. -[New Series.], August 10, 1878, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX.—No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 22, 2013 [EBook #43282] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, AUGUST 10, 1878 *** - - - - -Produced by Colin M. Kendall, Juliet Sutherland and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43282 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <h1 class="caption em0point00">Scientific American</h1> @@ -319,11 +283,11 @@ premature hatching can be produced at will. The means for effecting the object are very simple—rubbing the eggs with a hair brush, subjecting them to the action of electricity, or more surely still by dipping them for half a minute -in concentrated sulphuric acid. M. Bollé, who has also +in concentrated sulphuric acid. M. Bollé, who has also turned his attention to the same subject, states that the same effect is produced by hydrochloric, nitric, or even acetic and tartaric acid. Finally, a submersion of a few -seconds in water heated to 50° Cent. (122° Fah.) is equally +seconds in water heated to 50° Cent. (122° Fah.) is equally efficacious. However, M. Ducloux states that the operation must be performed while the eggs are quite young, the second or third day at the outside. When this new hatching is @@ -597,7 +561,7 @@ earthquakes.</p> <p class="hangingindenttc">VI. NATURAL HISTORY, GEOLOGY, ETC.—Colors of Birds and Insects.—Microscopy. Minute and low forms of life. Poisonous -Caterpillar. Sphærosia Volvox. An Australian Polyzoon. +Caterpillar. Sphærosia Volvox. An Australian Polyzoon. </p> <p class="ptc">A Chinese Tornado.</p> @@ -606,7 +570,7 @@ Caterpillar. Sphærosia Volvox. An Australian Polyzoon. M.D.</span> Symptoms continued. Mental depression with timidity; morbid fear of special kinds; headaches; disturbances of the nerves and organs of special sense; localized peripheral numbness and -hyperæsthesia; general and local chills and flashes of heat; local +hyperæsthesia; general and local chills and flashes of heat; local spasms of the muscles. Suggestions and treatment. Electricity. Application of cold; kind of food; exercise; medicines.</p> @@ -981,7 +945,7 @@ larger than Great Britain. Near the edge of the disk, under favorable circumstances, they appear to rise up through the obscuring atmosphere, which darkens the limb, and gathered here and there in groups of hundreds, to form the -white cloudlike patches (<i>faculæ</i>), which may sometimes be +white cloudlike patches (<i>faculæ</i>), which may sometimes be seen even with a spy-glass—"something in the sun brighter than the sun itself," to employ the expression by which Huyghens described them nearly two hundred years ago. @@ -1061,7 +1025,7 @@ from minute to minute, it must be evident that the actual motion must have been rapid almost beyond conception—a speed of from 20 to 50 miles a <i>second</i> being commonly observed and sometimes exceeded. (A cannon ball moves less -than ¼ of a mile per second.) I have seen a portion of the +than ¼ of a mile per second.) I have seen a portion of the photosphere, or bright general surface of the sun, drawn into a spot, much as any floating thing would be drawn into a whirlpool, and then, though it occupied by measurement @@ -1276,7 +1240,7 @@ of mercury, that of the wind for the combustion of the gas (at Finspong the blast is not -heated) being only 16½ +heated) being only 16½ millimeters. The pressure of the gas in the tube near the pot was 6.2 millimeters @@ -1566,7 +1530,7 @@ the manufacture of an improved product or material suitable for paving roads and other places and for roofing, etc. The most important steps in making the composition consist in drying bruised or finely ground peat or spent tan, -heating the same <i>in vacuo</i> to degree of 150° Fah., and adding +heating the same <i>in vacuo</i> to degree of 150° Fah., and adding sulphur and gas tar, gas pitch, and stearine pitch in the proportions specified, then kneading the mixture while heated and adding carbonate of lime and furnace slag.</p> @@ -2345,9 +2309,9 @@ tested. This was a most difficult task, but 200 measurements were made with four different lenses, and the results were for the mean of the first 50 measurements -0·00000489208; for the second, 0·00000488673; -for the third, 0·00000488024; for the -fourth, 0·00000488200, giving a mean value +0·00000489208; for the second, 0·00000488673; +for the third, 0·00000488024; for the +fourth, 0·00000488200, giving a mean value for the whole, expressed in vulgar fractions, of the 1/204700 of an inch as the diameter of the flagellum of <i>B. termo</i>.</p> @@ -2365,7 +2329,7 @@ indefinite length of time. The importance of studying such organisms in this way—by continuous observation—was then plainly shown, some of the peculiar inferences of Dr. Bastian, as to the transmutation of bacteria into monads, -and monads into amœbæ, etc., being explained by discontinuity +and monads into amœbæ, etc., being explained by discontinuity of observation.</p> @@ -2402,7 +2366,7 @@ or two rooms.</p> <b>The Treatment of Cancer by Pressure.</b></a></h2> <p>M. Bouchut has recently introduced to the notice of the -members of the Académie des Sciences a cuirasse of vulcanized +members of the Académie des Sciences a cuirasse of vulcanized caoutchouc, which he has used with success for the treatment of cancerous and other tumors of the breast. In this country there has been much division of opinion upon @@ -2414,13 +2378,13 @@ Hospital studied it systematically some years ago, and gave an unfavorable report. The theory of the plan is certainly good: a neoplasia, like a healthy tissue, is dependent upon its blood supply for vitality and growth, and complete -anæmia causes the death of a tumor, as it does of a patch +anæmia causes the death of a tumor, as it does of a patch of brain substance. It will be remembered that Mr. Haward last year related at the Clinical Society a case in point. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> ligatured the left lingual artery for a recurrent epithelioma of the tongue; the tumor sloughed away, and a fortnight before the patient's death from blood poisoning the tongue -was quite healed. In just the same way ischæmia will impair +was quite healed. In just the same way ischæmia will impair the vitality and so lessen the growth of a tumor. The difficulty is rather in the practical application of this theory. The knowledge that we now possess of the mode of growth @@ -2432,7 +2396,7 @@ the tumor rather than over it, where, by compressing and obstructing the capillaries, it would cause overfullness of those at the circumference. It is the periphery of a cancer that is its active part, and we must, therefore, produce -ischæmia around and not in the tumor. In the application of +ischæmia around and not in the tumor. In the application of the treatment this must be obtained by the careful adjustment of elastic pads or cotton wool, and as the whole success of the plan depends upon the skill with which this is done, @@ -2583,7 +2547,7 @@ use.</p> <p>This valve affords a ready means of supplying dry steam to sulphuric acid chambers. We are informed that by its use a chamber in ordinary working order will produce acid -3° to 5° Baumé stronger than can be obtained with ordinary +3° to 5° Baumé stronger than can be obtained with ordinary globe valves. Thirty steam pipes, arranged at different points, are found to deliver into a chamber in the space of five minutes from 4 to 16 ounces of condense water (according @@ -3205,7 +3169,7 @@ gasket used.</p> <p>"At the present time we have over 90 miles of street mains laid, and outside of our loss from street lamps (we get paid -for three foot burners and they average about 3¼ foot) our +for three foot burners and they average about 3¼ foot) our loss from leakage will not exceed 6 per cent. We have suffered severe loss of gas from sewering in our city. In some cases where there are railroad tracks in the streets, the @@ -3292,7 +3256,7 @@ never have cholera, diarrhea, or loss of appetite."</p> <p>Two intrepid velocipedists, M. le Baron Emanuel de Graffenried de Burgenstein, aged twenty years and six months, and a member of the Society of Velocipede Sport, of Paris, -has accomplished, with M. A. Laumaillé +has accomplished, with M. A. Laumaillé d'Angers, the greatest distance that has been made with a velocipede in France.</p> @@ -3308,7 +3272,7 @@ distance of more than three thousand miles.</p> <p>Their route extended through a part of the west, the middle, and the south of France, Italy, and southern Switzerland. They traveled -through Orléans, Tours, Poitiers, Angoulême, +through Orléans, Tours, Poitiers, Angoulême, Bordeaux, Montauban, Toulouse, Montpellier, Marseilles, Toulon, Nice, Menton, San-Remo, Genoa, Turin, Milan, the Simplon—where @@ -3577,7 +3541,7 @@ from manufacturing centers; and ranges from fifty-six cents a day in the neighborhood of Barmen to thirty-one cents a day in the lower Rhine valley, and as low as eighteen cents in parts of Silesia. At Barmen, Crefeld and -Düsseldorf, carpenters, coppersmiths, plumbers, machinists +Düsseldorf, carpenters, coppersmiths, plumbers, machinists and wagonsmiths earn fifty-one to seventy-five cents daily; saddlers and shoemakers forty-seven to fifty-two cents daily; bakers and brewers, with board and lodging, from $1.42 to @@ -3777,7 +3741,7 @@ August 13. Venus will be at her descending node August 17. Jupiter will be near the moon August 17, 4h. 20m. morning, being the moon's apparent diameter north; this will be an occultation south of the equator. Saturn will be -near the moon August 16, being about 7° south.</p> +near the moon August 16, being about 7° south.</p> <p>There will be a partial eclipse of the moon August 16, in the evening. The moon will rise more or less eclipsed east @@ -3798,7 +3762,7 @@ of Kansas, west of which no eclipse will be visible.</p> <p>The following shows the appearance of the moon when the eclipse is greatest --7·1 digits, or 0·596 +-7·1 digits, or 0·596 of the moon's diameter.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> @@ -3844,7 +3808,7 @@ had no unusual appearance. Now what was that dark body? We are constant observers of the heavenly bodies, though not deeply versed in the science of astronomy, and are anxious to know if any one can give us some light on -the subject. The telescopes used were a 2½ inch and 5 inch +the subject. The telescopes used were a 2½ inch and 5 inch achromatic, magnifying 154 and 216 diameters, but the 154 was chiefly used. was chiefly used.<br /> @@ -4014,7 +3978,7 @@ Grease. One pound equal to two gallons of sperm oil. R. J. Chard, New York.</p> <p>Assays of Ores, Analyses of Minerals, Waters, Commercial -Articles, etc. Technical formulæ and processes. +Articles, etc. Technical formulæ and processes. Laboratory, 33 Park Row, N. Y. Fuller & Stillman.</p> <p>Manufacturers of Improved Goods who desire to build @@ -4122,7 +4086,7 @@ Margedant & Co., Hamilton, Ohio, at lowest prices.</p> <p>Water Wheels, increased power. O. J. Bollinger, York, Pa.</p> -<p>We make steel castings from ¼ to 10,000 lbs. weight. +<p>We make steel castings from ¼ to 10,000 lbs. weight. 3 times as strong as cast iron. 12,000 Crank Shafts of this steel now running and proved superior to wrought iron. Circulars and price list free. Address Chester Steel @@ -4208,7 +4172,7 @@ See also p. 107 (8), vol. 38, and p. 25, current volume.</p> <p><a name="dissolving_bleached_shellac" id="dissolving_bleached_shellac"> (2) M. A. C.</a> writes: I would like to know how to dissolve bleached shellac, to make it a cement for stone. A. Dissolve it by digestion in 3 or 4 parts of -strong alcohol, or by the aid of ¼ its weight of borax +strong alcohol, or by the aid of ¼ its weight of borax in about 4 volumes of boiling water.</p> <p><a name="rating_substances" id="rating_substances">(3) A. K.</a> asks: 1. In rating substances as @@ -4304,7 +4268,7 @@ best kind of wood to make them out of? A. Spruce.</p> bar electro-magnet to go in a cylinder 1 inch in diameter and 1 inch long. 1. What size ought the core to be? What number of wire shall I use, and what number of -Léclanché cells shall I use (not to exceed twelve) to obtain +Léclanché cells shall I use (not to exceed twelve) to obtain the greatest possible attractive power, distance 1/10 of an inch? A. Make the core 3/8 inch, wind it with No. 24 silk covered wire. Use 6 or 8 cells. 2. In the same @@ -4381,7 +4345,7 @@ stretching frame and paste a tape binding around the edges.</p> <p>(20) P. M. asks: What is the difference between -the inner and outer rails of a 10° curve 100 yards +the inner and outer rails of a 10° curve 100 yards in length, gauge 4 feet 8 inches? A. If this 100 yards is measured on the center of the curve, whose radius in feet is R, the length of the inner rail is</p> @@ -4403,7 +4367,7 @@ feet is R, the length of the inner rail is</p> <p><a name="shoe_dressing" id="shoe_dressing">(21) W. B. K.</a> asks how to make a shoe dressing for ladies' shoes. A. Soft water, 1 gallon; extract of logwood, 6 ozs.; dissolve at a temperature of -about 120° Fah. Soft water, 1 gallon; borax, 6 ozs.; +about 120° Fah. Soft water, 1 gallon; borax, 6 ozs.; shellac, 1-1/2 oz.; boil until dissolved. Potassium dichromate, 3/8 oz.; hot water, 1/2 pint; dissolve, and add all together. It is preferred to add 3 ozs. of strong aqua @@ -5683,7 +5647,7 @@ of heat, cold, or sound</i>. Cheaper than hair-felt.</p> <p class="center p0"> <b>A. D. ELBERS,</b></p> <table width="100%" summary="P. O. box number and street address"><tr><td><i>P. O. Box 4461.</i></td> -<td align="right">26½ Broadway, N. Y.</td></tr></table> +<td align="right">26½ Broadway, N. Y.</td></tr></table> <hr class="full"/> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <p class="caption em0point00 p0">[WROUGHT IRON BEAMS & GIRDERS]</p> @@ -5813,7 +5777,7 @@ SETTING THE CUTTER.</b></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/f15blockplane.png" width="600" height="208" alt="[Illustration: block plane]" /> </div> -<p class="center em1point40 p0"><b>Length, 7½ inches; 1¾ inch Cutter.</b></p> +<p class="center em1point40 p0"><b>Length, 7½ inches; 1¾ inch Cutter.</b></p> <p class="center em1point70 p0"><b>PRICE $1.00.</b></p> <p class="p0">Sent by mail, to any address, postage prepaid, on receipt of price.</p> @@ -6149,17 +6113,17 @@ all kinds of grain.</p> <p class="center p0">Manufactured by our new</p> <p class="center em2point60 p0"><b>Patented Processes.</b></p> <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Lumber types and prices"> -<tr><td align="left">Poplar</td><td align="right">1¼c.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Mahogany</td><td align="right"> 2½c.<br /></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Spanish Cedar Veneers.</td><td align="right"> ½c.<br /></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Spanish Cedar, 2d quality</td><td align="right"> 2¾c.<br /></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Poplar</td><td align="right">1¼c.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mahogany</td><td align="right"> 2½c.<br /></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Spanish Cedar Veneers.</td><td align="right"> ½c.<br /></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Spanish Cedar, 2d quality</td><td align="right"> 2¾c.<br /></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> " 1st and 2d quality</td> -<td align="right"> 3¼c.</td></tr> +<td align="right"> 3¼c.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> " 1st - "</td><td align="right"> 3¾c.</td></tr> + "</td><td align="right"> 3¾c.</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" align="left"> No charge for cartage. Terms cash.</td></tr></table> <p class="center p0" ><b>GEO. W. READ & CO.,</b><br /> <b>186 to 200 Lewis Street, New York.</b> @@ -6174,20 +6138,20 @@ catalogue. Address Taper-Sleeve Pulley Works, Erie, Pa.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <p class="caption em0point00 p0">[MARVIN'S -· FIRE & BURGLAR +· FIRE & BURGLAR SAFES -COUNTER PLATFORM · WAGON & TRACK +COUNTER PLATFORM · WAGON & TRACK SCALES MARVIN SAFE & SCALE CO. -·265 BROADWAY. N. Y.·]</p> +·265 BROADWAY. N. Y.·]</p> <img src="images/f16marvins.png" width="600" height="547" alt="[Illustration: MARVIN'S -· FIRE & BURGLAR +· FIRE & BURGLAR SAFES -COUNTER PLATFORM · WAGON & TRACK +COUNTER PLATFORM · WAGON & TRACK SCALES MARVIN SAFE & SCALE CO. -·265 BROADWAY. N. Y.·]" /> +·265 BROADWAY. N. Y.·]" /> </div> <hr class="full"/> <p class="center p0">An assortment of <br/> @@ -6463,7 +6427,7 @@ Eye and Ear, Feet and Limbs, fully described. Speed at the Trot, and in Walking, Style and Action, etc., with the percentage allowed for each quality. The Standard Size and Speed for Matched Carriage Horses, Gents' -Driving Horses, Family Horses, Park or Phæton Horses, +Driving Horses, Family Horses, Park or Phæton Horses, etc. An excellent Guide in selecting animals. Contained in <span class="smcap">Scientific American Supplement No.</span> <b>103</b>, price 10 cents. To be had at this office and of all @@ -6780,380 +6744,6 @@ terminating punctuation in the original.</p> </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX.—No. -6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, AUGUST 10, 1878 *** - -***** This file should be named 43282-h.htm or 43282-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/2/8/43282/ - -Produced by Colin M. 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