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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43259 ***
+
+[Illustration: Crest]
+
+[Illustration: PITTSBURGH IN 1817
+
+From a sketch made by Mrs. E. C. Gibson, wife of James Gibson of
+the Philadelphia bar, while on their wedding tour.]
+
+
+PITTSBURGH IN 1816
+
+
+COMPILED BY THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY OF PITTSBURGH ON THE ONE
+HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE GRANTING OF THE CITY CHARTER
+
+[Illustration: 181]
+
+PITTSBURGH
+CARNEGIE LIBRARY
+1916
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: Minor typographical errors have been
+corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies
+in the text have been retained as printed. Words printed
+in italics are noted with underscores: _italics_.
+
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+This little book will interest the Pittsburgher of 1916 chiefly
+because the parts and pieces of which it is made were written by men
+who were living here or who passed this way in 1816.
+
+The three newspapers of the day--the Gazette, the Mercury, and the
+Commonwealth--have furnished, though somewhat sparingly, the items of
+local news. They have also furnished advertisements--these in greater
+abundance and variety.
+
+The men who were the tourists of the day in America, traveling by
+stage, wagon, boat, or on horseback, often made Pittsburgh a stopping
+place in their journey. Many of them wrote books, in which may be
+found two or three pages, or a chapter, on the city as it appeared at
+that time. It is from these books that the section "Impressions of
+early travelers" has been gathered. The date given with these extracts
+is the date of publication, but the period referred to in every case
+is between 1815 and 1817.
+
+In addition to these gleanings from contemporaries, a number of
+paragraphs from various histories of the city have been included.
+
+The sketches that have thus been bought together do not form a
+systematic or well proportioned description of the city; yet they may
+help, through their vivid pictures and first-hand impressions, to give
+some idea of life in Pittsburgh a century ago.
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+
+                                                       Page
+
+THE NEW CITY                                              7
+
+IMPRESSIONS OF EARLY TRAVELERS                           13
+
+UNITED STATES CENSUS                                     20
+
+BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIES                                  21
+
+TRAVELING EASTWARD                                       26
+
+TAVERNS                                                  30
+
+STEAMBOATS AND RIVER TRAFFIC                             31
+
+FERRIES AND BRIDGES                                      40
+
+THE NEWSPAPERS                                           42
+
+CHURCHES                                                 44
+
+SCHOOLS                                                  48
+
+LIBRARIES                                                50
+
+THE NEW BOOKS OF 1816                                    51
+
+THE THEATRE                                              52
+
+THE MORALS EFFICIENCY SOCIETY OF 1816                    55
+
+FOURTH OF JULY, 1816                                     55
+
+POLICE                                                   55
+
+EAGLE FIRE COMPANY                                       56
+
+WATER-SUPPLY                                             56
+
+BANKS                                                    57
+
+POST-OFFICE                                              59
+
+THE SUBURBS                                              60
+
+COURTS                                                   61
+
+COUNTY ELECTIONS                                         61
+
+THE STATE LEGISLATURE                                    62
+
+SLAVERY                                                  63
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS FROM THE NEWSPAPERS OF 1816               64
+
+1816                                                     75
+
+
+
+
+The New City
+
+
+    A MEETING
+    OF THE
+    DEMOCRATICK REPUBLICANS
+    OF THE
+    CITY OF PITTSBURGH,
+
+will be held at the house of Captain Jacob Carmack, (sign of the
+_Turk's Head_, Wood-street,) this _evening_ (Tuesday June 25,) at 7
+o'clock for the purpose of forming a _ticket_ for the select and
+common Councils of the City of Pittsburgh.
+
+    _Commonwealth, June 25, 1816._
+
+
+City Election
+
+A number of respectable citizens, desirous of preserving that harmony
+which has for several years past, so happily prevailed in the borough
+councils, and which is so essential to the prosperity of our infant
+city, have formed the following Ticket. They recommend it to the cool,
+dispassionate considerations of their fellow citizens; and they
+flatter themselves, that it will, on the day of the election, meet
+with a firm and honorable support. It is formed, as tickets of the
+kind ought to be, without respect to party. There can exist no
+possible ground for the absurdity, that party feuds and animosity
+should be called up on occasions like the present. Every consideration
+of public interest, and of the peace and good order of the city,
+forbids it.--Our city is as yet in its infancy.--Its government is to
+be organized, its ordinances framed, its police established, and its
+general policy devised.
+
+In accomplishing these important objects, great prudence,
+deliberation, forbearance, and the _undivided support of all classes
+of the citizens_, are essentially necessary. Hence arises the
+necessity of checking, in the bud, any and every attempt, coming from
+whatever quarter it may, which would have a tendency to sow disunion
+and distrust among the people. Actuated by these reasons, the
+following ticket is recommended to the free and independent voters.
+Their aid and co-operation is solicited in checking the evils which
+may arise out of party feuds. The gentlemen composing the ticket here
+recommended, have been chosen with due regard to their local
+situations; they are respectable in private life; they are well
+qualified for discharging the duties which will devolve upon them as
+members of the councils, and are all deeply interested in the growth,
+prosperity, and good order of the infant city.
+
+    SELECT COUNCIL
+
+    John Wrenshall,
+    Benj. Bakewell,
+    James Ross,
+    Thomas Cromwell,
+    John Hannen,
+    E. Pentland,
+    Dr. Geo. Stevenson,
+    George Shiras,
+    Robert Patterson.
+
+    COMMON COUNCIL
+
+    James Lea,
+    Walter Forward,
+    John Lyttle,
+    Alex: Johnston, jr.,
+    Geo. Miltenberger,
+    James Irwin,
+    Richard Bowen,
+    Mark Stackhouse,
+    John W. Johnston,
+    Paul Anderson,
+    John P. Skelton,
+    George Boggs,
+    James R. Butler,
+    John Caldwell,
+    George Evans.
+
+    _Mercury, June 29, 1816._
+
+"Voters supported or opposed a candidate entirely according to their
+personal preferences. There were few newspapers and no political
+oratory to sway public sentiment. The United States was then passing
+through the 'era of good feeling,' which was renowned mainly for the
+absence of all political asperities. Had any question arisen which was
+fraught with political significance to the voters of this section the
+expression in and around Pittsburg would undoubtedly have been
+Democratic or in opposition to the Federalist doctrine. It took
+Pittsburg people a long time to forget that the excise tax, which
+brought about the Whiskey Insurrection, was a Federalist measure. The
+first question which arose to divide the people in bitter dispute came
+with the election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1828."
+_Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+City Election
+
+The first Election under the Act Incorporating the City of Pittsburgh,
+was held on Tuesday last, when the following gentlemen were elected:
+
+    SELECT COUNCIL
+
+    James Ross,
+    Dr. Geo. Stevenson,
+    William Hays,
+    John Roseburgh,
+    Samuel Douglas,
+    James Irwin,
+    Mark Stackhouse,
+    William Leckey,
+    Richard Geary.
+
+    COMMON COUNCIL
+
+    William Wilkins,
+    James R. Butler,
+    John P. Shelton,
+    A. Johnston, Jr.,
+    James S. Stevenson,
+    James Brown, (B.)
+    Paul Anderson,
+    John W. Johnston,
+    George Evans,
+    John Caldwell,
+    Richard Robinson,
+    Thomas M'Kee,
+    Daniel Hunter,
+    John Carson,
+    John W. Trembly.
+
+    _Commonwealth, July 9, 1816._
+
+
+The New Mayor
+
+    Ebenezer Denny, esq. has been elected mayor of the city of
+    Pittsburgh, _Ohio_.--This gentleman we believe is from
+    Massachusetts and is highly respected for his integrity and
+    patriotism. _Boston Yankee._
+
+We congratulate the editor of the Yankee upon the knowledge of men and
+places, exhibited in the foregoing article. It has been a custom at
+the Eastward to censure and burlesque the people of Western
+Pennsylvania on account of their ignorance. Let the editor of the
+Yankee now blush at his own. Could it be believed that any man of
+common geographical knowledge--or who could have referred to Dr. Morse
+for information, (for on this subject _even Dr. Morse_ is correct)
+would have located Pittsburgh--a city containing ten thousand
+inhabitants--possessing a manufacturing capital of many
+millions--having three banking institutions, and a commerce extending
+to every part of the union--a place which has long been considered the
+emporium of the West, and which makes a more conspicuous figure in
+books of travels than even the Town of Notions itself;--could it, we
+ask, be believed, that such a place should be so little known or
+thought of in the town of Boston, as to be located in the state of
+Ohio? Mayor Denny possesses all the virtues that are attributed to him
+by the Yankee, and many more, that render him an ornament to the
+station to which he has been elected;--but he does not boast an
+ancestry in the land of _steady habits_, the seat of _Hartford
+Convention politics_. He is a native of Carlisle, in this state.
+_Commonwealth, Aug. 6, 1816._
+
+
+From the Ordinances of 1816
+
+
+Traffic Rules
+
+"From and after the publication of this ordinance, all and every
+driver or drivers of all coaches, chariots, caravans, waggons,
+phaetons, chaises, chairs, solos, sleighs, carts, drays, and other
+carriages of burthen and pleasure, driving and passing in and through
+the streets, lanes and alleys of the City of Pittsburgh, where there
+is room sufficient for two to pass, shall keep on that side of street,
+lane or alley, on his or their right hand respectively, in the passing
+direction."
+
+"No person whatsoever shall sit or stand in or upon any such carriage
+or on any horse or beast harnessed thereto, in order to drive the
+same, unless he shall have strong lines or reins fastened to the
+bridles of his beasts, and held in his hands, sufficient to guide them
+in the manner aforesaid, and restrain them from running, galloping, or
+going at immoderate rates through the said streets, lanes or alleys;
+and ... no person whatsoever, driving any such carriage or riding upon
+any horse, mare or gelding, in or through the said city, shall permit
+or suffer the beast or beasts he shall so drive or ride, to go in a
+gallop or other immoderate gait, so as to endanger persons standing or
+walking in the streets, lanes or alleys thereof; and ... all porters
+... having the care of any such carriages ... who shall not hold the
+reins in their hands ... shall walk by the head of the shaft or wheel
+horse, holding or within reach of the bridle or halter of said horse."
+
+
+Shade Trees
+
+"It shall be lawful to plant on the bank of the Monongahela river,
+ornamental shade trees, provided the same do not incommode the
+passage; that they be set on the side of the street next to the water,
+and so as not to stop or obstruct the passage of water along the
+gutters; and so that the roots will not injure or raise the
+pavement:--when any of these injurious effects are produced, such
+trees then become a nusance, and the street commissioners shall
+forthwith remove the same."
+
+
+Fire Protection
+
+"A premium of ten dollars, to be paid on a warrant to be drawn by the
+Mayor on the city treasurer, shall be given to the fire company whose
+engine shall be first on the ground in fair operation, and in good
+order, in cases of fire; and the Mayor shall have power to determine
+all questions as to this premium."
+
+
+New Streets
+
+An ordinance respecting sundry new streets in the eastern addition to
+Pittsburgh.
+
+"That Third-street extending from Grant-street to Try-street, and
+Fourth, extended in a direct line from Grant-street to Try-street; and
+Diamond-street extending from Ross-street to the lane leading
+eastwardly from the end of Fourth-street, and Ross-street extended
+from Third-street to Diamond-street, and Try-street extended from
+Third-street to the lane leading eastwardly from the end of
+Fourth-street, be and they are hereby accepted and declared to be
+public streets and highways of the city ... and all those streets
+shall be kept, repaired and maintained for public use, at public
+expense forever hereafter."
+
+
+For the Public Good
+
+"If the chimney of any person or persons within the ... city shall
+take fire and blaze out at the top, the same not having been swept
+within the space of one calendar month, next before the time of taking
+such fire, every such person or persons, shall forfeit and pay the sum
+of three dollars."
+
+"No stove pipe within the ... city shall project through the front
+door, front windows, front wall, or past the front corners of any
+house, shop or building, over or out upon any street, square or alley,
+or public ground of the ... city; and if any stove pipe shall so
+project as aforesaid, the same is hereby declared to be a public
+nusance, and as such shall be removed, and a fine of five dollars also
+imposed on the person or persons who shall so offend."
+
+"If any person or persons, shall wilfully suffer his, her or their
+horse or horses, mare, gelding, mule, ox, hog or hogs, to run at large
+in the ... city, he, she or they so offending, shall for each offence,
+on conviction thereof, forfeit and pay for each of the said animals so
+running at large, the sum of one dollar."
+
+"If any person or persons shall, within the said city, beat a drum, or
+without lawful authority, ring any public bell, after sunset, or at
+any time except in lawful defence of person or property, discharge any
+gun or fire arms, or play at or throw any metal or stone bullet, or
+make a bon-fire, or raise or create any false alarm of fire, he, she,
+or they so offending, shall for every such offence, on conviction
+thereof, forfeit and pay the sum of four dollars."
+
+"City appropriation for filling up a part of the pond on Sixth street,
+between Cherry alley and Grant street--thirty dollars." _Commonwealth,
+Nov. 19, 1816._
+
+
+
+
+Impressions of Early Travelers
+
+
+"_Fort du Quesne_, built by the French, formerly stood here; its site
+has almost disappeared in the Ohio. The remains of Fort Pitt (from
+whence the town has its name) are very faint; we can yet perceive part
+of the ditch, its salient angles and bastions, &c., but several
+houses, stores, and a brewhouse, are built on the ground." _Palmer's
+Journal of travels in the United States and Canada, 1817._
+
+
+"Although Pittsburg, a few years since, was surrounded by Indians, it
+is now a curiosity to see any there; a few traders sometimes come down
+the Alleghany, with seneca oil, &c." _Palmer's Journal of travels in
+the United States, 1818._
+
+
+"_Pittsburgh_ was hidden from our view, until we descended through the
+hills within half a mile of the _Allegany river_. Dark dense smoke was
+rising from many parts, and a hovering cloud of this vapour, obscuring
+the prospect, rendered it singularly gloomy. Indeed, it reminded me of
+the smoking logs of a new field." _Thomas's Travels through the
+western country in 1816._
+
+
+"A mixture of all nations, though principally Americans; there are
+Irish, Scotch, English, French, Dutch, Swiss, etc.... The character of
+the people is that of enterprising and persevering industry; every man
+to his business is the prevailing maxim, there is therefore little
+time devoted to amusements or to the cultivation of refined social
+pleasures. Strangers are not much pleased with the place in point of
+hospitality merely, but those who have business to transact, will meet
+with as many facilities as elsewhere. They are of all denominations of
+the Christian religion; many of them attentive on the duties of their
+worship, and but few addicted to gross vices and dissipation. Luxury,
+pomp and parade are scarcely seen; there are perhaps, not more than
+one or two carriages in the place. There is a public academy, but not
+in a flourishing state, where the Latin and Greek classics are taught.
+There are besides, a number of English schools where children are
+taught to read, write, arithmetic, grammar, etc. There is a seminary
+for young ladies, which is said to be well conducted. The amusements
+of these industrious people are not numerous, a few balls during the
+winter season; there is also a small theatre where a company from the
+eastern cities sometimes performs. A society has been formed for the
+purpose of natural improvement in the different departments of natural
+history, and is flourishing; it has attached to it a circulating
+library, a cabinet of curiosities and chemical laboratory." _Cramer's
+Navigator, 1817._
+
+
+"The first buildings of Pittsburg were of logs, some of which were
+unhewn; then came rude stone structures made from material quarried
+nearby, and these in turn were followed by brick buildings, for with
+an abundance of clay and fuel, it was an easy matter to burn brick. In
+none of them was there any attempt at architectural beauty. Most of
+them consisted of four square walls, with small windows and doors,
+thus displaying every evidence of economy. The interior finish of the
+early houses displayed more taste and beauty than the exterior, for it
+was easier to carve and fashion in wood than in stone.... Nevertheless
+there was a beauty in the simplicity of the walls that gradually
+developed a style which in modern days is called Colonial
+architecture, and which even yet predominates in Pittsburg."
+_Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"In 1815 the buildings of a public character were 'a handsome octagon
+Episcopal church, a handsome and spacious Presbyterian church, also a
+Covenanters, German Lutheran and Roman Catholic church, and an
+Academy, all of brick;' a court house, jail, three incorporated banks,
+a dramatic theatre, a Masonic hall, three market houses, one in the
+Diamond and two in Second street. Both the court house and market
+house in the public square, called the Diamond, were built of brick,
+and some of the mercantile and financial buildings were of a
+substantial character." _Killikelly's History of Pittsburgh._
+
+
+"When this city and vicinity was surveyed by the author of this
+treatise, in October, 1815, there were in Pittsburg 960 dwelling
+houses, and in the suburbs, villages, and immediate outskirts, about
+300 more, making in all 1260, and including inhabitants, workmen in
+the manufactories, and labourers, upwards of 12,000 inhabitants."
+_Darby's Emigrant's guide, 1818._
+
+
+"Grant's-hill, an abrupt eminence which projects into the rear of the
+city, affords one of the most delightful prospects with which I am
+acquainted; presenting a singular combination of the bustle of the
+town, with the solitude and sweetness of the country. How many hours
+have I spent here, in the enjoyment of those exquisite sensations
+which are awakened by pleasing associations and picturesque scenes!
+The city lay beneath me, enveloped in smoke--the clang of hammers
+resounded from its numerous manufactories--the rattling of carriages
+and the hum of men were heard from its streets--churches, courts,
+hotels, and markets, and all the 'pomp and circumstance' of busy life,
+were presented in one panoramic view. Behind me were all the silent
+soft attractions of rural sweetness--the ground rising gradually for a
+considerable distance, and exhibiting country seats, surrounded with
+cultivated fields, gardens, and orchards." _Hall's Letters from the
+West, 1828._
+
+
+"Pittsburg is a considerable town, generally built of brick.... The
+site is romantic and delightful. It is well known as a manufacturing
+place, and once almost supplied the lower country with a variety of
+the most necessary and important manufactures. But the wealth,
+business, and glory of this place are fast passing away, transferred
+to Cincinnati, to Louisville, and other places on the Ohio. Various
+causes have concurred to this result; but especially the
+multiplication of steam-boats, and the consequent facility of
+communication with the Atlantic ports by the Mississippi. There is
+little prospect of the reverse of this order of things. The national
+road, terminating at Wheeling, contributes to this decay of
+Pittsburg." _Flint's Recollections of the last ten years, 1826._
+
+
+"It is laid out in strait streets, forty and fifty feet wide, having
+foot-walks on each side. Watch-boxes are placed at convenient
+distances, and the police of the city (except in lighting) is well
+regulated. From the number of manufactures, and the inhabitants
+burning coal, the buildings have not that clean appearance so
+conspicuous in most American towns. The houses are frame and brick, in
+the principal street three story high.
+
+"Outside of the town, some log houses yet remain. The number of
+inhabitants in 1810, was 4768; they are supposed to be now near 8000.
+The manufactures, carried on in the neighbourhood, out of the borough,
+employ many hundred people. The inhabitants, are Americans, Irish, and
+English. The Americans are most of them of German and Irish descent.
+The public buildings are a jail, fort Fayette barracks, a court house,
+market house, bank, and several churches." _Palmer's Journal of
+travels in the United States, 1818._
+
+
+"The adjoining hills contain inexhaustible quarries of sand rock,
+suitable for grindstones; and several establishments, for the
+manufacture of these useful articles, are extensively conducted. As no
+marble is brought hither, except from the neighbourhood of
+_Philadelphia_, those quarries also supply the citizens with
+gravestones. Near _Breakneck_, I noted that _mica_ was contained in
+the sand rock and this singular addition is also found here, in all
+the strata of that stone which I have seen." _Thomas's Travels through
+the western country in 1816._
+
+
+"_6 mo. 14._--Having been detained, day after day longer than we
+expected, this morning about sunrise, we left Pittsburgh with all the
+joy of a bird which escapes from its cage.
+
+    'From the tumult, and smoke of the city set free,'
+
+we were ferried over the Monongahela, with elated spirits; and I
+repeated that line in Montgomery, with an emphasis, which it never
+before seemed to require." _Thomas's Travels through the western
+country in 1816._
+
+
+"There are a considerable number of free negroes in the city. Whilst
+here, we saw a funeral attended by these people; sixty or seventy
+couple, two and two in the manner of the Philadelphians." _Palmer's
+Journal of travels in the United States, 1818._
+
+
+"The inhabitants of Pittsburg are fond of music; in our evening walks,
+we were sure to hear performers on the violin, clarionet, flute, and
+occasionally the piano-forte. Concerts are not unusual. The houses of
+the principal streets have benches in front, on which the family and
+neighbours sit and enjoy the placidity of their summer evenings."
+_Palmer's Journal of travels in the United States and Canada, 1817._
+
+
+"If the inhabitants of Pittsburgh are determined to call that place
+after some English town, I should propose that, instead of the
+'American Birmingham,' it be denominated, with relation of the
+humidity of its climate, 'the American Manchester;' for I remained at
+this place several days, during which time the rain never ceased. The
+smoke is also extreme, giving to the town and its inhabitants a very
+sombre aspect; but an English medical gentleman who has resided here
+some years, informs me that there is not a more healthy place in the
+United States." _Fearon's Sketches of America, 1818._
+
+
+"The streets of Pittsburgh are lighted, and consequently the useful
+order of watchmen is established. My ears, however, have not become
+reconciled to their music. It is true, I have been more conversant in
+forests than in cities, and may not comprehend the advantages of these
+deep-mouthed tones; but breaking the slumbers of the invalid, and
+giving timely notice to the thief, form two items of much weight in my
+view as a set off against them.
+
+Pittsburgh is laid out to front both rivers; but as these do not
+approach at right angles, the streets intersect each other obliquely.
+
+It is not a well built city. The south-west part is the most compact,
+but many years must elapse before it will resemble Philadelphia.
+Wooden buildings, interspersed with those of brick, mar the beauty of
+its best streets; and as few of these are paved, mud, in showery
+weather, becomes abundant. A short period, however, will probably
+terminate this inconvenience." _Thomas's Travels through the western
+country in 1816._
+
+
+"In October, 1816, a resolution was passed permitting a Mr. Gray to
+exhibit a panoramic view of the naval engagement on Lake Champlain and
+the battle of Plattsburg without a license or other tax, owing to 'the
+patriotic nature and worthy object of the exhibit.' In November, 1816,
+a committee was appointed to inquire whether it was expedient for the
+city to possess for public purposes more ground than it then did, and
+whether it would be expedient at that time to purchase ground upon
+which to erect buildings. In December a resolution introduced by Mr.
+Wilkins provided for the appointment of a special committee to make a
+detailed report upon the condition of the manufactures of Pittsburg,
+which resolution was adopted; whereupon the following committee was
+appointed: Benjamin Bakewell, Aquila M. Bolton and James Arthurs....
+The city councils at this time also sent agents to Harrisburg and
+Washington to labor specially in the interests of public roads in the
+Western country. In 1816 Northern Liberties was laid out by George A.
+Bayard and James Adams." _Wilson's History of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"The price of property has increased in the most surprising manner
+within the last ten years; it is now at least ten times as high as it
+was at that period. There are but few sales of lots in fee simple, the
+custom is to let on perpetual lease; the price in Market and Wood
+streets, varies from ten to twenty dollars per foot, and in the other
+streets from four to eight, and in particular situations still higher.
+The rents are equally high. In Market, Wood and Water streets, the
+principal places of business, it is difficult to procure a common room
+in an upper story, under one hundred dollars per annum; the rent of
+stores, vary from three to five hundred dollars; there is one
+warehouse which rents for twelve hundred; the rent of tavern stands,
+is from five to twelve hundred dollars. The rent of dwelling houses
+varies much, according to the locality and kind of the tenement; a
+genteel private family can scarcely obtain a good dwelling under three
+or four hundred dollars." _Cramer's Navigator, 1817._
+
+
+"Provisions of all kinds bring a high price in this city though the
+_market_ is fluctuating. Hay, at present is twenty dollars a ton, and
+oats one dollar per bushel. Butter varies from twenty-five to
+seventy-five cents per pound. The farmers of this neighbourhood,
+however, produce neither cheese or pork, that merits a notice. The
+former of these articles is chiefly obtained from the state of Ohio,
+and bacon, procured from Kentucky, is now retailed at sixteen or
+seventeen cents per pound.
+
+Before the late war, this market was distinguished for its cheapness;
+but with an influx of strangers, induced by the movements of that
+period, '_war prices_' commenced; and though peace has returned--and
+though many of those new comers have sought their former places of
+residence,--the encouragements held out to the farmer, suffers no
+diminution. Indeed, there are great inducements for the _industrious_
+to migrate hither. Though the soil is uneven, it is far from being
+sterile; and exclusive of salubrity of situation, and of durable
+timber for fences, the coal mines, which pervade almost every hill,
+constitute treasures of great value.
+
+Farms round this city, at the distance of two or three miles have been
+lately sold from fifty to one hundred dollars an acre, according to
+situation." _Thomas's Travels through the western country in 1816._
+
+
+"We remark much difference between the manners of the inhabitants of
+this country and those of Cayuga. In that place, profane language is
+rarely heard from any person, who pretends to decency, except in a
+paroxysm of vexation. Here it is an every day amusement. Crossing the
+Monongahela, in the ferry-boat, with an intelligent gentleman of
+polished manners, I was shocked and surprised to hear almost every
+sentence from his lips interlarded with an oath or an imprecation; yet
+he was in gay good humour, and, I believe, unconscious of this breach
+of decorum.
+
+It would be unjust not to express my belief, that honourable
+exceptions to these censures are numerous; but impiety certainly
+constitutes a strong characteristic of no inconsiderable part of this
+people....
+
+I have remarked with regret the impiety of some of these citizens; but
+we think, that generally, they are entitled to much praise for
+obliging and courteous behaviour. Civility to strangers, in a high
+degree, even pervades their factories; and in all those which I have
+visited, the mean practice of permitting children to ask the
+spectators for money, appears to be unknown." _Thomas's Travels
+through the western country in 1816._
+
+
+"Except the gratifying reflection arising from the review of so much
+plastic industry, Pittsburg is by no means a pleasant city to a
+stranger. The constant volumes of smoke preserve the atmosphere in a
+continued cloud of coal dust. In October, 1815, by a reduced
+calculation, at least 2000 bushels of that fuel was consumed daily, on
+a space of about two and a quarter square miles. To this is added a
+scene of activity, that reminds the spectator that he is within a
+commercial port, though 300 miles from the sea.
+
+Several good inns, and many good taverns, are scattered over the city;
+but often, from the influx of strangers, ready accommodation is found
+difficult to procure. Provisions of every kind abound; two markets are
+held weekly." _Darby's Emigrant's guide, 1818._
+
+
+"The published accounts of this city are so exaggerated and out of all
+reason, that strangers are usually disappointed on visiting it. This,
+however, was not my case. I have been in some measure tutored in
+American gasconade. When I am told that at a particular hotel there is
+_handsome_ accommodation, I expect that they are one remove from very
+bad; if '_elegant_ entertainment,' I anticipate tolerable; if a person
+is 'a _clever_ man,' that he is not absolutely a fool; and if a
+manufactory is the '_first in the world_,' I expect, and have
+generally found, about six men and three boys employed." _Fearon's
+Sketches of America, 1818._
+
+
+"As every blessing has its attendant evil, the stone coal is
+productive of considerable inconvenience from the smoke which
+overhangs the town, and descends in fine dust which blackens every
+object; even snow can scarcely be called white in Pittsburgh. The
+persons and dress of the inhabitants, in the interior of the houses as
+well as the exterior, experience its effect. The tall steeple of the
+court house, was once painted white, but alas! how changed. Yet all
+this might be prevented by some additional expense on the construction
+of the chimnies. In the English manufacturing towns, a fine is imposed
+upon those who do not consume their smoke. Incalculable would be the
+advantage to this place, could such a regulation be adopted."
+_Cramer's Navigator, 1817._
+
+
+"Upon the whole, I consider Pittsburgh, in every point of view, to be
+a very important town; and have no doubt, although its prosperity is
+now at a stand, and property if not declining, is not increasing in
+value, that it will _gradually advance_; and that the time must come
+when it will be an extensive and very populous city. The present
+population is 10,000, made up from all nations, and, of course, not
+free from the vices of each: this indeed is but too apparent upon a
+very short residence." _Fearon's Sketches of America, 1818._
+
+
+
+
+United States Census
+
+
+                             1810             1820
+
+    United States         7,239,903        9,637,999
+    Pennsylvania            810,091        1,049,449
+    Allegheny county         25,317           34,921
+    Pittsburgh                4,768            7,248
+
+
+
+
+Business and Industries
+
+
+"In 1813 there were five glass factories, three foundries, a new edge
+tool factory, Cowan's New Rolling Mill, a new lock factory built by
+Patterson, two steam engine and boiler works, one steel factory and a
+goodly number of small concerns manufacturing various articles. In
+1817 the city councils appointed a committee to collect and publish a
+list of all the large factories in the city. This was done perhaps to
+let the world know of the industry and thrift of Pittsburg, and is
+valuable because it is an official list and is to be relied upon. It
+must also be remembered that these figures represented the industries
+of Pittsburg when barely emerging from the panic of 1815-17, a
+financial depression that has scarcely been equalled in Western
+Pennsylvania in all its history." _Boucher's Century and a half of
+Pittsburg._
+
+
+"There are many good stores in Pittsburg, and a great trade is carried
+on with Philadelphia, Baltimore, and the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio,
+Kentucky, &c.; exclusive of the carrying trade, and the number of
+boats that are always proceeding down the Ohio, with vast quantities
+of foreign merchandize, destined to Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee,
+Indiana, &c. The inhabitants send up the Alleghany, Monongahela, and
+their forks, whisky, cyder, bacon, apples, iron, and castings, glass
+and foreign merchandize; in return they receive many thousand bushels
+of salt from Onondago, and immense rafts from Alleghany and French
+creeks. The quantity of rafts imported into Pittsburg annually, is
+computed at 4,000,000 feet; average nine dollars per 1000 feet."
+_Palmer's Journal of travels in the United States and Canada, 1817._
+
+
+"The state of trade is at present dull; but that there is a great deal
+of business done must be evident from the quantity of 'dry goods' and
+'grocery stores,' many of the proprietors of which have stocks as
+heavy as the majority of London retail dealers. They are literally
+stuffed with goods of English manufacture, consisting of articles of
+the most varied kind, from a man's coat or lady's gown, down to a whip
+or an oyster knife." _Fearon's Sketches of America, 1818._
+
+"It is difficult to form a judgment whether there is an opening in any
+of the present established businesses. One fact strongly in favour of
+the stability of this town is, _that there has not been a bankruptcy
+in it for three years!!!_ a singular contrast this with New York, in
+which the last published list of insolvents contained upwards of 400
+names." _Fearon's Sketches of America, 1818._
+
+
+"The principal manufacturing establishments are, a steam grist-mill,
+steam engine factory, slitting-mill, to which is attached a nail
+factory, the first of the kind in America; a cannon foundery, air
+furnace, cotton and woollen factories, two potteries, three breweries,
+&c.--There are four printing-offices, and two bookstores. A complete
+description of this interesting town would fill a volume." _Brown's
+Western gazetteer, 1817._
+
+
+"Two cotton factories, one woollen factory, one paper mill, two saw
+mills, and one flour mill, are all moved by steam, in this city and in
+its suburbs across the Monongahela. Four glass factories, two for
+flint, and two for green, are very extensive; and the productions of
+the former for elegance of workmanship, are scarcely surpassed by
+European manufacture. It is sent in many directions from this place;
+one of the proprietors assured us that Philadelphia receives a part,
+but the great outlet is down the Ohio." _Thomas's Travels through the
+western country in 1816._
+
+
+"Some of the ... manufactories may be denominated first-rate. This
+remark applies particularly to the nail, steam-engine (high pressure)
+and glass establishments. I was astonished to witness such perfection
+on this side of the Atlantic, and especially in that part of America
+which a New Yorker supposes to be at the farther end of the world.
+
+At Messrs. Page and Bakewell's glass warehouse I saw chandeliers and
+numerous articles in cut glass of a very splendid description; among
+the latter was a pair of decanters, cut from a London pattern, the
+price of which will be eight guineas. It is well to bear in mind that
+the demand for these articles of elegant luxury lies in _the Western
+States!_ the inhabitants of Eastern America being still importers from
+the 'Old Country.'" _Fearon's Sketches of America, 1818._
+
+
+"The glass establishment of Bakewell, Page & Bakewell was founded in
+1808 and the building erected in 1811, on Water Street, above Grant,
+and, from the start, was devoted exclusively to the manufacture of
+white or flint glass. So excellent was the article produced that the
+manufacturers attained a fame, not only in all parts of the United
+States, but in Mexico and in many parts of Europe. No finer product
+could be found anywhere. If a stranger of prominence visited
+Pittsburgh he was taken with certainty to Bakewell's glasshouse."
+_Wilson's History of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"Perhaps of all the wonders of Pittsburg, the greatest is the glass
+factories. About twenty years have elapsed since the first glass-house
+was erected in that town, and at this moment every kind of glass, from
+a porter bottle or window pane, to the most elegant cut crystal glass,
+are now manufactured. There are four large glass-houses, in which are
+now manufactured, at least, to the amount of 200,000 dollars
+annually." _Darby's Emigrant's guide, 1818._
+
+
+"Walter Forward, the great lawyer of Pittsburg in his day, had
+addressed a large audience in the court house on December 28, 1816. In
+speaking of the rapidly growing iron business of Pittsburg, he said,
+that the iron interests were then consuming about 1800 tons of pig
+iron; that the business employed about 150 hands, and the product was
+valued at $250,000. Of wrought iron there was annually worked up about
+2000 tons, the products from which were, according to the best
+estimates, worth about $1,300,000." _Boucher's Century and a half of
+Pittsburg._
+
+
+"The first furnace or foundry in the town which had a permanent
+existence was established in 1803 by Joseph McClurg. This was the
+celebrated Fort Pitt foundry.... Here were cast cannon that boomed
+over Lake Erie in the war of 1812 and thundered before Mexico in 1847.
+A large part of Commodore Perry's equipment came from here." _Magazine
+of western history, 1885._
+
+
+"The first rolling mill of Pittsburg was built by a Scotch-Irishman in
+1811 and 1812. It was called the Pittsburg Rolling Mill.... This
+extensive mill stood on the corner of Penn street and Cecil alley, and
+is referred to by early writers as the Stackpole and Whiting mill.
+They were two Boston iron workers named respectively William Stackpole
+and Ruggles Whiting. They introduced nail cutting machines which both
+cut and headed the nails. They operated the mill during the hard times
+which followed the War of 1812, and strange to say, failed financially
+in 1819, when business of all kinds had somewhat revived." _Boucher's
+Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"The slitting and rolling mill, together with the nail factory of
+_Stackpole & Whiting_, is moved by a steam engine of seventy-horse
+power. These we visited with much satisfaction. On entering the
+south-west door, the eye catches the majestic swing of the beam; and
+at the same instant, nine nailing-machines, all in rapid motion, burst
+on the view. Bewildered by the varying velocity of so many new
+objects, we stand astonished at this sublime effort of human
+ingenuity." _Thomas's Travels through the western country in 1816._
+
+
+"At the close of the first quarter of the nineteenth century Pittsburg
+had surpassed all other parts of the West in the production of nails.
+A patent nail machine had been introduced extensively, and it had
+revolutionized the manufacture. Some of the factories were built in
+connection with the rolling mills." _Boucher's Century and a half of
+Pittsburg._
+
+
+"The first rope-walk erected west of the Allegheny Mountains, was
+established in Pittsburgh in 1794, and was located on the ground now
+occupied by the Monongahela House. The business was carried on by Col.
+John Irwin and wife....
+
+Immediately following the death of Col. Irwin, Mrs. Irwin gave her son
+an interest in the business; and it was carried on under the name and
+style of Mary and John Irwin.
+
+In the year 1795 the works were removed to the square bounded by
+Liberty, Third, and Fourth Streets and Redoubt Alley. In view of the
+increasing demand for their products, and confined limits of this
+locality, the walk was removed in 1812 to the bank of the Allegheny
+River between Marbury Street and the point, where the entire rigging
+for Perry's fleet was manufactured....
+
+Mrs. Irwin, on account of her age, and loss of health, resolved to
+quit business, in view of which she disposed of her interest to her
+son, who, in accordance with his preconceived notions on the subject,
+commenced the erection, in Allegheny, in 1813, of one of the most
+extensive works in the West, on the ten-acre out-lot bounded by the
+West Commons, Water Lane (now Western Avenue), out-lots Nos. 275, 29,
+and 30. It was known and designated as out-lot No. 276 in the 'Reserve
+Tract opposite Pittsburg.' Mr. Irwin successfully carried on the
+business until Jan. 1, 1835, when he associated with him his son
+Henry, under the name of John Irwin & Son." _Parke's Recollections of
+seventy years._
+
+
+"Mr. Charles Rosenbaum has established a shop for making Piano Fortes,
+which are of superior quality. They are equal in elegance of
+workmanship, and in tone, to any imported. We are happy to hear that
+his success meets his most flattering expectation." _Cramer's
+Almanack, 1816._
+
+
+"Knitting needle making has been commenced by Messrs. Frethy and
+Pratt. In New-York pin making is going on lively. It is hoped our
+females will be well supplied with these articles especially with the
+first." _Cramer's Navigator, 1817._
+
+
+"Trunks are made smartly by J. M. Sloan, who wants for this purpose
+deer skins with the hair on.
+
+Stocking weaving, for want of encouragement, perhaps goes on but
+slowly. We see no reason why a stocking cannot be wove as cheap and as
+good here as in any other part of the world.
+
+Brush-making. Mr. Blair conducts this business to great advantage and
+manufactures vast quantities of brushes. Much more could be done were
+the farmers more careful of their hogs' bristles." _Cramer's
+Navigator, 1817._
+
+
+
+
+Traveling Eastward
+
+
+QUICK TRANSPORTATION.
+
+"In the course of the present week, waggons have arrived at
+Pittsburgh, in _thirteen days from Philadelphia_, with loads of 3500
+lbs. and upwards." _Mercury, May 11, 1816._
+
+
+"Two good safe and easy Stages Will leave Pittsburgh for Philadelphia
+on the 27th or 28th inst. and will offer a pleasant conveyance for
+four persons on very accommodating terms. Apply at the Branch Bank on
+Second street or at the office of the Pittsburgh Gazette." _Gazette,
+1816._
+
+
+"Near Philadelphia, the single team of eight or nine horses is seen;
+in the lower parts of Maryland and Virginia, the light three-horse
+team is common; while in this country, the heavy Lancaster waggon,
+drawn by five or six horses, which vie in stature with the elephant,
+is continually before us. The extreme slowness of these overland
+sloops, often attracted our notice." _Thomas's Travels through the
+western country in 1816._
+
+
+"Before the time of railroads between the east and west of the
+Allegheny mountains, the freight business to the Monongahela was
+carried on by means of the Conestoga road wagons drawn by six horses.
+By this way the freight to Pittsburgh was carried exclusively, but
+after the completion of the Pennsylvania canal, transportation was
+divided between the canal-boat and the wagon. As early as 1817 12,000
+wagons, in twelve months, passed over the Allegheny mountains from
+Philadelphia and Baltimore, each with from four to six horses,
+carrying from thirty-five to forty hundred weight. The cost was about
+$7 per 100 weight, in some cases $10. To transport one ton of freight
+between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, therefore, would cost about $140,
+and in so doing two weeks, at least, of time would be consumed." _Van
+Voorhis's Old and new Monongahela._
+
+
+"The standard wagon for heavy work was the 'Conestoga.' The bed was
+low in the center and high at each end. The lower part of the bed was
+painted blue. Above this was a red part about a foot wide which could
+be taken off when necessary, and these with the white canvas covering,
+made the patriotic tri-color of the American flag, though this was
+probably unintentional. Bells were often used in all seasons of the
+year though not strings of bells such as were afterwards used in
+sleighing. The wagoner's bells were fastened to an iron bow above the
+hames on the horses and were pear shaped and very sweet toned. Perhaps
+they relieved the monotony of the long journey over the lonely pike."
+_Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"With the Conestoga wagons originated our modern 'stogie' cigars which
+have become so common in Pittsburg and which have been in recent
+years, sent from Pittsburg to every section of the Union. They were
+made in that day of pure home grown tobacco and being used very
+largely at first by the Conestoga wagoners, took the name 'stogies'
+which clings to them yet." _Boucher's Century and a half of
+Pittsburg._
+
+
+"There was almost a continuous stream of four or six horse wagons
+laden with merchandise, going west and returning with the product of
+the Ohio Valley to supply the eastern cities. These wagons journeyed
+mostly between Pittsburg and Philadelphia and Baltimore. The wagoners
+generally stopped at a wayside inn which was less expensive than at
+the inns in the villages. Wagoners cared little for style but demanded
+an abundance while the stage-coach passengers demanded both. The
+wagoner invariably slept on a bunk which he carried with him and which
+he laid on the floor of the big bar-room and office of the country
+hotel. Stage drivers and their passengers stopped at the best hotels
+and paid higher prices. For the purpose of feeding his horses in the
+public square, the wagoner carried a long trough which at night he
+fastened with special irons to the tongue of the wagon.... An old
+gentleman told the writer that he had once seen 52 wagons in an
+unbroken line going towards Pittsburg on this pike. They were
+Conestoga wagons with great bowed beds covered with canvas, and none
+of them were drawn by less than four, while many of them had six
+horses. The old fashioned public square which kept them over night
+must have been a good sized one. The public squares on this turnpike
+were usually from three to four hundred feet long and from two to
+three hundred feet wide. Some of the older villages had two squares
+separated a short distance from each other, but this was generally
+brought about by a rivalry among two factions when the town was first
+laid out." _Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"When a village was laid out along the pike there was usually a public
+square in its center, and at least two corners of this public square
+were set apart for taverns. This square generally called a diamond,
+was not intended as a place of ornament as it usually is now, but was
+for special purposes. There the wagons laden with freight stood over
+night, and as a general rule in all kinds of weather, the horses were
+blanketed, fed and bedded in the public square. Upon these wagons were
+transported nearly all the goods between Philadelphia and Pittsburg."
+_Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"An account has been furnished us by Mr. Alexander Thompson, who
+resides on the Turnpike road four miles and a half from Pittsburgh,
+from which it appears, that from the 1st of January, 1815 to the 31st
+of December 1815, inclusive, 5,800 road waggons, laden with
+merchandize &c. passed his farm for Pittsburgh. The greater part of
+these waggons returned loaded with cordage, salt petre, &c. to the
+east of the mountains.
+
+The waggons with iron from the Juniata and other iron works, are not
+included in the above." _Gazette, Jan. 27, 1816._
+
+
+"Recurring to my old plan of estimation, I passed on my road from
+Chambersburgh to Pittsburgh, being 153 miles, one hundred and three
+stage-waggons, drawn by four and six horses, proceeding from
+Philadelphia and Baltimore to Pittsburgh,--seventy-nine from
+Pittsburgh to Baltimore and Philadelphia,--sixty-three waggons, with
+families, from the several places following:--twenty from
+Massachusetts,--ten from the district of Maine,--fourteen from
+Jersey,--thirteen from Connecticut,--two from Maryland,--one from
+Pennsylvania,--one from England,--one from Holland,--and one from
+Ireland; about two hundred persons on horseback,--twenty on foot,--one
+beggar, one family, with their waggon, returning from Cincinnati,
+entirely disappointed--a circumstance which, though rare, is by no
+means, as some might suppose, miraculous." _Fearon's Sketches of
+America, 1818._
+
+
+"Pittsburg is a cheap market for horses ... travellers from the east,
+often quit their horses here, and take the river for New Orleans, &c.;
+and on the contrary, those from the west proceed eastward from this
+place, in stages. Thus, there are constantly a number of useful
+hackneys on sale. The mode of selling is by auction. The auctioneer
+rides the animal through the streets, proclaiming with a loud voice,
+the biddings that are made as he passes along, and when they reach the
+desired point, or when nobody bids more, he closes the bargain.
+
+A complete equipment is, in the first place, a pacing horse, a blanket
+under the saddle, another upon it, and a pair of saddle-bags, with
+great-coat and umbrella strapped behind.
+
+Women of advanced age, often take long journeys in this manner,
+without inconvenience. Yesterday I heard a lady mentioned familiarly
+(with no mark of admiration) who is coming from Tennessee, twelve
+hundred miles, to Pittsburg with an infant; preferring horseback to
+boating up the river." _Birkbeck's Notes on a journey in America,
+1818._
+
+
+"The _horses_, in this place, are a much larger breed than those
+commonly raised in New-York; and as the utmost regularity in feeding
+and currying prevails, their appearance is well calculated to excite
+the admiration of strangers, from the eastward." _Thomas's Travels
+through the western country in 1816._
+
+
+"A common mode of selling horses is for the owner to gallop through
+the street, announcing the amount of his last bidding. I have
+witnessed several crying out, 'twenty-five _dallars_,' 'twenty-five
+_dallars_,' twenty-five _dallars_;' and after half an hour's exercise,
+they have been transferred, saddle, bridle, and all, to a new bidder,
+for twenty-five _dallars_, fifty _sants_." _Fearon's Sketches of
+America, 1818._
+
+
+
+
+Taverns
+
+
+"A requisite of the old-fashioned wagon or stage town hotel or of the
+wayside inn was a large room used as an office and bar-room and as a
+sleeping place for the wagoners. In it was a large open fireplace
+which was abundantly supplied with wood in the early days, and later
+with coal. Around this, when the horses were cared for and the
+evening's diversion was over, the wagoners spread their bunks in a
+sort of semi-circle with their feet to the fire, for they were said to
+be much subjected to rheumatism, and this position was taken as a
+preventative.... Wagoners drove in all kinds of weather and the
+descent of a mountain or large hill was often attended with great
+danger, especially when it was covered with ice. The day's journey of
+a regular wagoner when heavily laden, was rather less than over 20
+miles, and 100 miles in a week was a fair average.... The average load
+hauled was about 6,000 pounds for a six horse team. Sometimes four
+tons were put on, and even five tons which the wagoner boastfully
+called 'a hundred hundred,' were hauled, but these were rare
+exceptions." _Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+
+
+Steamboats and River Traffic
+
+
+"Many travellers and emigrants to this region, view the first samples
+of the mode of travelling in the western world, on the Allegany at
+Oleanne point, or the Monongahela at Brownsville. These are but the
+retail specimens. At Pittsburg, where these rivers unite, you have the
+thing in gross, and by wholesale. The first thing that strikes a
+stranger from the Atlantic, arrived at the boat-landing, is the
+singular, whimsical, and amusing spectacle, of the varieties of
+water-craft, of all shapes and structures. There is the stately barge,
+of the size of a large Atlantic schooner, with its raised and
+outlandish looking deck.... Next there is the keel-boat, of a long,
+slender, and elegant form, and generally carrying from fifteen to
+thirty tons.... Next in order are the Kentucky flats, or in the
+vernacular phrase, 'broad-horns,' a species of ark, very nearly
+resembling a New England pig-stye. They are fifteen feet wide, and
+from forty to one hundred feet in length, and carry from twenty to
+seventy tons. Some of them, that are called family-boats, and used by
+families in descending the river, are very large and roomy, and have
+comfortable and separate apartments, fitted up with chairs, beds,
+tables and stoves. It is no uncommon spectacle to see a large family,
+old and young, servants, cattle, hogs, horses, sheep, fowls, and
+animals of all kinds, bringing to recollection the cargo of the
+ancient ark, all embarked, and floating down on the same bottom. Then
+there are what the people call 'covered sleds,' or ferry-flats, and
+Allegany-skiffs, carrying from eight to twelve tons. In another place
+are pirogues of from two to four tons burthen, hollowed sometimes from
+one prodigious tree, or from the trunks of two trees united, and a
+plank rim fitted to the upper part. There are common skiffs, and other
+small craft, named, from the manner of making them, 'dug-outs,' and
+canoes hollowed from smaller trees.... You can scarcely imagine an
+abstract form in which a boat can be built, that in some part of the
+Ohio or Mississippi you will not see, actually in motion....
+
+This variety of boats, so singular in form, and most of them
+apparently so frail, is destined in many instances to voyages of from
+twelve hundred to three thousand miles." _Flint's Recollections of the
+last ten years, 1826._
+
+
+"I reached Olean, on the source of the Alleghany River, early in 1818,
+while the snow was yet upon the ground, and had to wait several weeks
+for the opening of that stream. I was surprised to see the crowd of
+persons, from various quarters, who had pressed to this point, waiting
+for the opening of the navigation.
+
+It was a period of general migration from the East to the West.
+Commerce had been checked for several years by the war with Great
+Britain. Agriculture had been hindered by the raising of armies, and a
+harassing warfare both on the sea-board and the frontiers; and
+manufactures had been stimulated to an unnatural growth, only to be
+crushed by the peace. Speculation had also been rife in some places,
+and hurried many gentlemen of property into ruin. Banks exploded, and
+paper money flooded the country.
+
+The fiscal crisis was indeed very striking. The very elements seemed
+leagued against the interests of agriculture in the Atlantic States,
+where a series of early and late frosts, in 1816 and 1817, had created
+quite a panic, which helped to settle the West.
+
+I mingled in this crowd, and, while listening to the anticipations
+indulged in, it seemed to me that the war had not, in reality, been
+fought for 'free trade and sailors' rights' where it commenced, but to
+gain a knowledge of the world beyond the Alleghanies.
+
+Many came with their household stuff, which was to be embarked in arks
+and flat boats. The children of Israel could scarcely have presented a
+more motley array of men and women, with their 'kneading troughs' on
+their backs, and their 'little ones,' than were there assembled, on
+their way to the new land of promise.
+
+To judge by the tone of general conversation, they meant, in their
+generation, to plough the Mississippi Valley from its head to its
+foot. There was not an idea short of it. What a world of golden dreams
+was there!
+
+I took passage on the first ark that attempted the descent for the
+season. This ark was built of stout planks, with the lower seams
+caulked, forming a perfectly flat basis on the water. It was about
+thirty feet wide and sixty long, with gunwales of some eighteen
+inches. Upon this was raised a structure of posts and boards about
+eight feet high, divided into rooms for cooking and sleeping, leaving
+a few feet space in front and rear, to row and steer. The whole was
+covered by a flat roof, which formed a promenade, and near the front
+part of this deck were two long 'sweeps,' a species of gigantic oars,
+which were occasionally resorted to in order to keep the unwieldy
+vessel from running against islands or dangerous shores.
+
+We went on swimmingly, passing through the Seneca reservation, where
+the picturesque costume of the Indians seen on shore served to give
+additional interest to scenes of the deepest and wildest character.
+Every night we tied our ark to a tree, and built a fire on shore.
+Sometimes we narrowly escaped going over falls, and once encountered a
+world of labor and trouble by getting into a wrong channel. I made
+myself as useful and agreeable as possible to all. I had learned to
+row a skiff with dexterity during my residence on Lake Dunmore, and
+turned this art to account by taking the ladies ashore, as we floated
+on with our ark, and picked up specimens while they culled shrubs and
+flowers. In this way, and by lending a ready hand at the 'sweeps' and
+at the oars whenever there was a pinch, I made myself agreeable. The
+worst thing we encountered was rain, against which our rude carpentry
+was but a poor defence. We landed at everything like a town, and
+bought milk, and eggs, and butter. Sometimes the Seneca Indians were
+passed, coming up stream in their immensely long pine canoes. There
+was perpetual novelty and freshness in this mode of wayfaring. The
+scenery was most enchanting. The river ran high, with a strong spring
+current, and the hills frequently rose in most picturesque cliffs.
+
+1818. I do not recollect the time consumed in this descent. We had
+gone about three hundred miles, when we reached Pittsburgh. It was the
+28th of March when we landed at this place, which I remember because
+it was my birthday. And I here bid adieu to the kind and excellent
+proprietor of the ark, L. Pettiborne, Esq., who refused to receive any
+compensation for my passage, saying, prettily, that he did not know
+how they could have got along without me.
+
+I stopped at one of the best hotels, kept by a Mrs. McCullough, and,
+after visiting the manufactories and coal mines, hired a horse, and
+went up the Monongahela Valley, to explore its geology as high as
+Williamsport. The rich coal and iron beds of this part of the country
+interested me greatly; I was impressed with their extent, and value,
+and the importance which they must eventually give to Pittsburgh.
+After returning from this trip, I completed my visits to the various
+work-shops and foundries, and to the large glass-works of Bakewell and
+of O'Hara.
+
+I was now at the head of the Ohio River, which is formed by the
+junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela. My next step was to descend
+this stream; and, while in search of an ark on the borders of the
+Monongahela, I fell in with a Mr. Brigham, a worthy person from
+Massachusetts, who had sallied out with the same view. We took passage
+together on one of these floating houses, with the arrangements of
+which I had now become familiar. I was charmed with the Ohio; with its
+scenery, which was every moment shifting to the eye; and with the
+incidents of such a novel voyage." _Schoolcraft's Thirty years with
+the Indian tribes._
+
+
+"I have seen a pleasant anecdote of one of these (vessels, recorded in
+the Picture of Cincinnati, published at Cincinnati,) she had entered a
+port in the Mediterranean, and when the captain presented his papers,
+the examining officer read in his clearance, Pittsburg, state of
+Pennsylvania, 'Pittsburg, Pennsylvania,' said he, 'there is no such
+port; your papers must be forged; here is some deception or piracy; we
+shall detain your papers and ship till we see farther into this.' The
+American captain tried for some time, in vain, to convince him; till
+by the aid of the American consul and a map, he reluctantly admitted
+the possibility of there being such a place, from which a ship could
+be navigated, although two thousand miles from the ocean." _Palmer's
+Journal of travels in the United States, 1818._
+
+
+"A company, stiled the 'Ohio steam boat company,' has lately been
+formed, who intend building steam boats to run between this place and
+the Falls of Ohio. The dimensions of the boats will be 100 feet keel
+and 20 feet beam. They contemplate having two running this fall or
+winter, 1815-6....
+
+This line of Steam Boats, though not attached to those belonging to
+the Mississippi Steam Boat Company, will form a chain of conveyance
+from New Orleans to this place, which must result very much to the
+advantage and prosperity of Pittsburgh and intermediate towns."
+_Cramer's almanack, 1816._
+
+
+"Steam-boat, ark, Kentucky, barge, and keel-boat building, is carried
+on to a considerable extent. Sea vessels have been built here, but the
+navigation is too far from the sea, and attended with too much hazard
+for it to answer. The following vessels, besides steam-boats, have
+been built at Pittsburg and on its rivers: _ships_, Pittsburg,
+Louisiana, General Butler, and Western Trader; _brigs_, Dean, Black
+Walnut, Monongahela Farmer, and Ann Jean; _schooners_, Amity,
+Alleghany, and Conquest, (_navigator_)." _Palmer's Journal of travels
+in the United States and Canada, 1817._
+
+
+"The _steam-boat navigation_, we are assured, is a losing concern. The
+newspapers have announced the hopes of our western citizens, and the
+editors now appear to be careful to conceal their disappointments. Two
+large vessels of this description are lying near the _Point_, which
+have not justified public expectations. Captain FRENCH, of
+_Brownsville_, (fifty miles by water up the Monongahela and
+thirty-five by land) has built two vessels of this kind, which it is
+said have succeeded best." _Thomas's Travels through the western
+country in 1816._
+
+
+"The best mode perhaps in descending the Ohio, in time of low water,
+is in keel boats.... Merchants are beginning to prefer this method for
+safety and expedition; and instead of purchasing boats and taking
+charge of them themselves, they get their goods freighted down from
+Pittsburgh in keel boats by the persons who make them, and who make it
+their business to be prepared, with good boats and experienced hands
+for such engagements." _Cramer's Navigator, 1817._
+
+
+"The manners of the boatmen are as strange as their language. Their
+peculiar way of life has given origin not only to an appropriate
+dialect, but to new modes of enjoyment, riot, and fighting. Almost
+every boat, while it lies in the harbour has one or more fiddles
+scraping continually aboard, to which you often see the boatmen
+dancing. There is no wonder that the way of life which the boatmen
+lead, in turn extremely indolent, and extremely laborious; for days
+together requiring little or no effort, and attended with no danger,
+and then on a sudden, laborious and hazardous, beyond Atlantic
+navigation; generally plentiful as it respects food, and always so as
+it regards whiskey, should always have seductions that prove
+irresistible to the young people that live near the banks of the
+river.... And yet with all these seductions for the eye and the
+imagination, no life is so slavish, none so precarious and dangerous.
+In no employment do the hands so wear out. After the lapse of so very
+short a period since these waters have been navigated in this way, at
+every bend, and every high point of the river, you are almost sure to
+see, as you stop for a moment, indications of the 'narrow house;' the
+rude monument, the coarse memorial, carved on an adjoining tree by a
+brother boatman, which marks that an exhausted boatman there yielded
+his breath, and was buried." _Flint's Recollections of the last ten
+years, 1826._
+
+
+"Three steamers were built at Pittsburgh in 1816, the 'Franklin,' one
+hundred and twenty-five tons, by Messrs. Shiras and Cromwell; the
+'Oliver Evans,' seventy-five tons, by George Evans; and the 'Harriet,'
+forty tons, by a Mr. Armstrong of Williamsport, Pennsylvania.... Up to
+1816 grave doubts existed as to the practicability of navigating the
+Ohio by steamboats. A gentleman who in that year, with others, long
+watched the futile efforts of a stern wheeler to ascend the Horsetail
+ripple, five miles below Pittsburgh, afterwards wrote that the
+unanimous conclusion of the company was that 'such a contrivance might
+do for the Mississippi ... but that we of Ohio must wait for some more
+happy century of invention.'" _Magazine of western history, 1885._
+
+
+THE STEAMBOAT FRANKLIN
+
+"The elegant steam-boat Franklin, was launched from the shipyard at
+the Point, in this city, on Wednesday last." _Mercury, April 20,
+1816._
+
+
+"The Steam Boat Franklin, burden 140 tons, was launched from the Point
+Ship Yard, on Wednesday morning last. The Franklin is owned by a
+company of gentlemen in this city, and is intended as a regular trader
+between here and New Orleans. The engine for this boat is constructed
+on Bolton and Watt's plan, improved by Mr. Arthurs of this place."
+_Gazette, April 20, 1816._
+
+
+    Maysville, Dec. 24, 1816.
+
+"The undersigned passengers in the Steam Boat Franklin, from
+Pittsburgh, feel it a just tribute due to the proprietors and captain,
+to express publicly their approbation of the very handsome manner in
+which they have been entertained. Her accommodations, speed and
+safety, as well as the polite attention of Captain Cromwell, are such
+as will always insure a decided preference.
+
+    Chas. Savage, _Massachusetts_.
+    J. P. Cambridge, M.D., _Philadelphia_.
+    Tho. Sloo, _Cincinnati_.
+    John Trimble, _Kentucky_.
+    Geo. P. Turrence, _Cincinnati_.
+    Robert J. Baron, _London_.
+    W. R. Ord, _London_.
+    Louis Caenon, _France_.
+    J. W. Simonton, _Philadelphia_.
+    Daniel Lewis, _New York_.
+
+The beautiful Steam Boat above named passed by this place on Tuesday
+last." _Commonwealth, Jan. 6, 1817._
+
+
+INTERESTING TO THE WESTERN PUBLIC
+
+"On the 30th December, the steamboat Oliver Evans, departed from this
+city for New-Orleans, laden with about forty tons freight and forty
+passengers, and drew but thirty inches water, which is without doubt
+less than ever known.... Her length is one hundred and twenty feet and
+beam fourteen feet nine inches. She ascended the Allegheny when it was
+high and rapid, at the rate of five miles per hour, and passed over
+the ripple at Wainright's island, at such a rate as to cause people on
+the shore to walk, briskly, to keep pace with her, and there remains
+no doubt but that she is much the fastest vessel ever exhibited here."
+_Mercury, Jan. 4, 1817._
+
+
+THE STEAMBOAT HARRIET
+
+"We had, on Tuesday last, the pleasure of a sail in the new steam boat
+Harriett of _Pittsburgh_, owned by Mr. Joshua Armitage. She is
+designed as a regular trader between this place and New-Orleans. She
+is supposed to carry forty to sixty tons. Her engine and machinery
+were built by Mr. J. Arthurs. They are simple in their construction,
+and proved very complete in their operation. She ascended the
+Allegheny, which was high and rapid, at about the rate of three miles
+an hour; and ascended the rapid ripple at Wainright's island, with
+perfect ease.--We feel happy in being able to announce this effort of
+individual enterprize. It is the harbinger of the general introduction
+of steam boat navigation on the western waters--and the day is not far
+distant when _individuals_ as well as _companies_ will embark in such
+useful improvements." _Mercury, Dec. 14, 1816._
+
+
+THE STEAMBOAT DISPATCH
+
+    Stubenville, May 31, 1816.
+
+"The steam boat Dispatch, Capt. Bruce, arrived at this place on
+Tuesday evening last about 6 o'clock, from Cincinnati, and departed
+next morning for Pittsburgh.--This is the same boat that the Kentucky
+papers made so much noise about as having been stopped and ordered
+off from New-Orleans without a cargo, by the agents of Fulton and
+Livingston. The Dispatch is a remarkable sailor, having beat the Aetna
+seven days in the run from Natchez to the Falls. She made her passage
+in 24 days, while the Aetna was 31 days.--The Dispatch has 24
+passengers on board from Cincinnati, and has been 10 days on her
+passage from Cincinnati to Stubenville. Capt. Bruce reports that in
+his passage from Natchez to the Falls he counted over 2000 boats
+floating down the river, and this in the day time only; others might
+have passed him in the night which he did not observe." _Mercury, May
+11, 1816._
+
+
+THE STEAMBOAT VESUVIUS
+
+"We are sorry to state that the beautiful Steam Boat Vesuvius,
+launched about two years ago at this place, has been burned to the
+water's edge, at New-Orleans. The Vesuvius was freighted with a
+valuable cargo of dry goods and other commodities. The fire broke
+out about 12 o'clock the night previous to her intended departure.
+As she lay in the middle of the stream, no assistance could be
+afforded her, and all the property on board fell a prey to the
+flames." _Commonwealth, Aug. 6, 1816._
+
+
+THE TRANS-ATLANTIC STEAMER
+
+"We are on the eve of one of the greatest experiments, which has been
+undertaken during the present age. A Steam boat is about to brave the
+Atlantic, and cross from N.Y. to Russia. The consequences of this
+enterprize who will predict? It may open a new era in the art of
+navigation. It may dispense with the lagging and variable agency of
+winds and waves. It may bring the two worlds nearer together--it may
+shorten the passage from 25 to 15 days. A first experiment is
+everything, who does not wish it success?" _Gazette, Aug. 23, 1816._
+
+"We have heard it doubted (says the Virginia Patriot) whether the
+steam-boat soon to leave New York for Russia, will have sails; or
+those who go in it will venture to trust themselves to the efficacy of
+steam alone. If without sails (though Columbus deserves more credit,)
+those who first cross the Atlantic in a steam-boat will be entitled to
+a great portion of applause. In a few years we expect such trips will
+be common....
+
+    Bold was the man, the first who dared to brave,
+    In fragile bark, the wild, perfidious wave:
+
+and bold will they be who first make a passage to Europe in a steam
+boat. Jason crept along by the shore: Not so these adventurers: they
+will have
+
+    No port to cheer them on the restless wave."
+
+    _Gazette, Sept. 3, 1816._
+
+
+
+
+Ferries and Bridges
+
+
+"Between 1764 and 1819 the only means of crossing these streams, at
+Pittsburg, was by way of ferries. The first of these, it is believed,
+was operated from the foot of Ferry street, Pittsburg to the opposite
+shore, and this was the origin of the name 'Ferry street'.... Early in
+the nineteenth century a ferry was established from the mouth of
+Liberty street, called 'Jones Ferry.' Foot passengers desiring to
+cross the river employed skiffs, while stock was taken over on
+flat-boats. Such boats were pushed by means of poles, at low stages of
+water, and by oars in high water periods." _Boucher's Century and a
+half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"The Subscriber respectfully informs his friends and the public in
+general, that he intends opening a new Ferry on the Monongahela River,
+where he now lives, a few steps East of the mouth of Wood-street,
+which will co-operate with Mr. Beltzhoover's new house on the opposite
+side of the river, kept by Mr. Robert Wilson. He has been careful to
+provide himself with good new crafts, and also good trusty ferrymen.
+He expects to be able to give general satisfaction to those who may
+please to favor him with their custom. As he is determined there shall
+be no detention at the ferry, those wishing to cross the river on the
+evening before the Market-day can be accommodated with storage for
+their marketing free of charge. He intends keeping a supply of the
+best Liquors. He flatters himself that his strict attention to
+business will insure him a sufficient supply of the public patronage.
+
+    WM. RALSTON,
+
+    Pittsburgh, March 20.
+
+N.B. Those wishing to take their Ferrage by the year, can have an
+opportunity of engaging with him at any time.
+
+    W. R."
+
+    _Commonwealth, March 20, 1816._
+
+
+STEAM BOAT FERRY
+
+"A meeting will be held at E. Carr's Tavern, in Water Street, on
+Wednesday evening, 3d April, at 7 o'clock, on organizing a Company to
+establish a Steam Ferry,--Those persons interested in preserving the
+present advantages of the western section of the City from being
+wrested out of their hands, by the injudicious site chosen by the
+Legislature for the Monongahela Bridge, are particularly requested to
+attend." _Gazette, March 30, 1816._
+
+
+"The first steps taken towards the erection of bridges at Pittsburgh
+were as early as 1810. A charter was granted by the Legislature on the
+20th of March of that year for two bridges, one over the Monongahela
+and the other over the Allegheny; but circumstances interfered to
+prevent their erection for several years. The bridge charter was
+allowed to lapse, but a new one was granted by the Legislature
+February 17, 1816, which was signed by the governor May 31, 1816. A
+company organized under this charter July 8, 1816. The bridges were
+constructed and opened to the public for traffic, the Monongahela in
+1818 and the Allegheny in 1820." _Warner's History of Allegheny
+county._
+
+
+At an election held on the 10th instant for officers for the
+Monongahela Bridge Company, the following persons were unanimously
+elected:
+
+    _President_--Wm. Wilkins.
+
+    _Managers._
+
+    James Ross, Oliver Ormsby, David Pride, Christian Latshaw, George
+    Anshutz, Thomas Baird, Wm. M'Candless, Philip Gilland, James S.
+    Stevenson, Benj. Page, Jacob Beltzhoover, Fred'k Wendt.
+
+    _Treasurer_--John Thaw
+    _Clerk_--John Thaw
+
+    _Commonwealth, June 25, 1816._
+
+
+
+
+The Newspapers
+
+
+THE PITTSBURGH GAZETTE
+
+Printed by John Scull, corner of Market and Front Streets. The Gazette
+was published every Saturday morning at three dollars per annum. Later
+in the year the Gazette was published on Tuesdays and Fridays.
+
+
+"On the 1st of August, 1816, John Scull, the veteran editor,
+relinquished the publication of the Pittsburg Gazette. He was
+succeeded by Morgan Neville in the editorship of that journal, and his
+son, John I. Scull, became associated with Mr. Neville." _Wilson's
+History of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"'The Pittsburgh Gazette' under the original proprietor, Mr. John
+Scull, was the first establishment of the kind, west of the mountains.
+On its first appearance, it was viewed as a meteor of the moment,
+whose existence would terminate with the second or third number; and
+the idea of deriving a subsistence from its publication, was classed
+among the chimeras of a too sanguine temper. Our country was then a
+'howling wilderness,' and the Ohio, whose fair bosom is now covered
+with the 'white sails of commerce,' was then disturbed only by the
+yell of the savage, who lay ambushed on its bank, or glided over its
+surface, in his solitary canoe. But these obstacles, though
+disheartening, were not sufficient to destroy the enterprize of the
+Editor. He had turned his back on civilization and comforts of his
+native place; he had deliberately subjected himself to the
+inconveniences of emigration, and his was not the ardour to be damped
+at the outset.... He became a citizen of Pittsburgh, when it was
+little more than an Indian village; his interests grew with its
+growth; he saw it rise into a manufacturing town; he has heard it
+emphatically called the 'Birmingham of America;' and finally, he has
+the triumphant satisfaction, of beholding in his own days, the village
+of the desert, changed into the city of the west. He has succeeded
+even beyond his expectations; he has run his moderate, unostentatious
+course. The patronage he has received, was sufficient for his desires;
+his editorial life here ends; with feelings acutely sensible of the
+favors he has received, he now relinquishes to his son and successor
+the 'Pittsburgh Gazette,' unstained by corruption, and free from
+venality, but ever firm, he trusts, in supporting our palladium, the
+freedom of the Press." _Gazette, Aug. 9, 1816._
+
+
+THE COMMONWEALTH
+
+Printed every Tuesday morning by C. Colerick for S. Douglas & Co. in
+Diamond Alley, between Market and Wood Streets.
+
+
+THE PITTSBURGH MERCURY
+
+"'The Pittsburgh Mercury,' is published every Saturday, at the new
+brick building, in Liberty-street, at the head of Wood-street,
+opposite the Octagon Church; where the subscribers, advertising
+customers, and other friends of the establishment, are respectfully
+invited to call." _Mercury, Oct. 19, 1816._
+
+
+"The kind of news material found in the columns of papers of those
+days is entirely different from the style of material found today.
+Local news is rarely ever given in the papers of an early day. As a
+rule the subscriber read but one paper and local news could be handed
+around by gossip from one neighbor to another, and what the subscriber
+demanded in his paper was foreign news that he could gain in no other
+way. The founding of new enterprises, marriages, or deaths of
+prominent citizens, etc. found no place in the pioneer newspaper.
+European news necessarily nearly two months old, long articles on the
+management of public affairs, controversies carried on from week to
+week between rival exponents on different theories, essays on morality
+and amateur poetry, fill up the columns of nearly all the early
+newspapers of Western Pennsylvania.... Their value to those who would
+learn of early local history is found chiefly in the advertisements
+and from these ... one may gather some important information
+concerning Pittsburg's early days." _Boucher's Century and a half of
+Pittsburg._
+
+
+
+
+Churches
+
+
+First Presbyterian Church
+
+"In [1785] a bill was introduced into the Legislative Assembly, at
+Philadelphia, to incorporate a 'Presbyterian Congregation in
+Pittsburgh, at this time under the care of the Rev. Samuel Barr,'
+which, after much delay, was finally passed on the twenty-ninth of
+September, 1787. The Penns gave the site for this church....
+
+In the Spring of 1811 Reverend Francis Herron became the pastor of
+the First Church, which the year before had had a membership of
+sixty-five. Dr. Herron's salary was six hundred dollars per annum. For
+thirty-nine years he labored ceaselessly and wisely for the church and
+congregation. In 1817 the church was enlarged, and the membership
+steadily increased." _Killikelly's History of Pittsburgh._
+
+
+Second Presbyterian Church
+
+"The Second Presbyterian Church was organized ... in 1804, by those
+members of the First Church to whom the methods used, regarding the
+services in the First Church, were unsatisfactory. The next year Dr.
+Nathaniel Snowden took charge of the congregation which worshiped ...
+in the Court House and other places, public and private. Dr. John
+Boggs came, but remained only a short time. He was replaced by the
+Rev. Mr. Hunt, in 1809. The first edifice, on Diamond alley, near
+Smithfield street, was built in 1814." _Killikelly's History of
+Pittsburgh._
+
+
+East Liberty Presbyterian Church
+
+"Mr. Jacob Negley, whose wife had been a Miss Winebiddle, and
+consequently, inherited much real estate, controlled practically what
+is now known as East Liberty Valley, in the early days, called
+Negleystown. He was largely instrumental ... in erecting a small frame
+school building at what subsequently became the corner of Penn and
+South Highland avenues. This was for the accommodation of the children
+of the district, as well as his own. It was ... a long distance to the
+then established churches, and Mr. Negley very often, for the benefit
+of the neighborhood, invited some minister passing through, or one
+from one of the other churches, to preach in his own house and later
+in the school house. In 1819 the little school house was torn down to
+make way for a church building." _Killikelly's History of Pittsburgh._
+
+
+Reformed Presbyterian Church
+
+"The First Reformed Presbyterian Church of Pittsburg, long afterwards
+known as the 'Oak Alley Church,' was organized in 1799. Rev. John
+Black, an Irishman of considerable intellectual force, who had been
+graduated from the University of Glasgow, was its first pastor.... He
+included, in his ministry, all societies of the same persuasion in
+Western Pennsylvania. He preached here until his death on October 25,
+1849." _Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+Roman Catholic Church
+
+"The number of Catholics prior to 1800, in what is now Allegheny
+county, must have been very small. They were visited occasionally by
+missionaries traveling westward.... [These] priests, ministering to a
+few scattered families, celebrating Mass in private houses, fill up
+the long interval between the chapel of the 'Assumption of the Blessed
+Virgin of the Beautiful River' in Fort Duquesne, and 'Old St.
+Patrick's Church,' which was begun in 1808.
+
+Rev. Wm. F. X. O'Brien, the first pastor, was ordained in Baltimore,
+1808, and came to Pittsburg in November of the same year, and at once
+devoted himself to the erection of ... 'Old St. Patrick's.' It stood
+at the corner of Liberty and Washington streets, at the head of
+Eleventh street, in front of the new Union Station.... The structure
+was of brick, plain in design and modest in size, about fifty feet in
+length and thirty in width. Rt. Rev. Michael Egan dedicated the Church
+in August 1811, and the dedication was the occasion of the first visit
+of a Bishop to this part of the State." _St. Paul's Cathedral record._
+
+
+Protestant Episcopal Church
+
+"The building of the first Trinity Church was begun about the time it
+was organized and chartered, 1805. It occupied a triangular lot at the
+corner of Sixth, Wood and Liberty streets. It was built in an oval
+form that it might more nearly conform to the shape of the three
+cornered lot and for this reason was generally known as the 'round
+church.' Rev. Taylor in his latter years became known as 'Father'
+Taylor. He remained with the church as its rector until 1817, when he
+resigned." _Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+First German United Evangelical Protestant Church
+
+"When John Penn, jr., and John Penn presented land to the Presbyterian
+and Episcopal churches of Pittsburgh they, at the same time, deeded
+the same amount to the already organized German Evangelical
+congregation; the land given to them was bounded by Smithfield street,
+Sixth avenue, Miltenberger and Strawberry alleys. No church was built
+on this grant, however, until some time between 1791-94, and it was of
+logs. This was ... replaced in 1833 by a large brick building, which
+had the distinction of a cupola, in which the first church bell in
+Pittsburgh was hung." _Killikelly's History of Pittsburgh._
+
+
+Methodist Episcopal Church
+
+"In June, 1810, a lot was purchased for the first [Methodist] church
+built in the city. It was situated on Front street, now First street,
+nearly opposite ... the present Monongahela House. The erection of a
+church was commenced at once, for on August 26th of that year Bishop
+Asbury preached on the foundation of it. His journal says: 'Preached
+on the foundation of the new chapel to about five hundred souls. I
+spoke again at 5 o'clock to about twice as many. The society here is
+lively and increasing in numbers.' The building was a plain brick
+structure, 30 × 40 feet. We do not know certainly when it was
+completed, but probably in the autumn of 1810.
+
+In this church the society continued to worship in peace and
+prosperity for eight years. But near the close of this period it had
+become too small, and a new and larger one became a necessity.
+Consequently, in May, 1817, three lots were purchased on the corner of
+Smithfield and Seventh streets, and the erection of a larger church
+commenced. It was completed the following year." _Warner's History of
+Allegheny county._
+
+
+Baptist Church
+
+"The first church of this denomination in Pittsburg was organized in
+April, 1812, when the city had about five thousand people. It was an
+independent organization and included about six families with perhaps
+not more than twelve people in all who had come from New England. The
+chief organizer and pastor was Rev. Edward Jones, also from New
+England. The society was too poor then to build a church, but
+worshiped in private houses and in rented halls." _Boucher's Century
+and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+
+
+Schools
+
+
+"Robert Steele, who afterward became a Presbyterian preacher, opened a
+school in Pittsburg in January, 1803, at his house on Second
+street.... His rates were four dollars per quarter. In 1803, a teacher
+named Carr opened a school for both boys and girls. The next year he
+advertised that his school was moved to larger quarters over Dubac's
+store, where he probably taught till 1808, when he opened a boarding
+school for boys. In 1818 he removed his school to Third street where
+Mrs. Carr 'instructed young ladies in a separate room in the usual
+branches, and in all kinds of needle work.' William Jones began a
+school in 1804, and charged but two dollars per quarter for tuition.
+In February, 1808, Samuel Kingston opened a school in a stone house on
+Second street.... A teacher named Graham opened a school on Second
+street, using the room formerly occupied by Mr. Kingston, in which he
+proposed to give his pupils an English and classical education on
+moderate terms. The advertisement stated that Mrs. Graham would at the
+same time open a school for 'young ladies' in an adjoining room, and
+that she would instruct them in all branches of an English education
+and in needle work. In 1811 Thomas Hunt opened a school 'for the
+instruction of females exclusively.' The hours he advertised were from
+8 to 12 a.m., and from 2 to 5 p.m.... In the same year this
+advertisement appears: 'Messrs. Chute and Noyes' evening school
+commences the first of October next. They also propose on Sabbath
+morning, the 22 instant, to open a Sunday morning school to commence
+at the hour of eight a.m., and continue until ten. They propose to
+divide the males and females into separate departments. The design of
+the school is to instruct those who wish to attend, the Catechism and
+hear them read the Holy Scriptures. No pecuniary compensation is
+desired, a consciousness of doing good will be an ample reward.' In
+1812 John Brevost opened a French school, and with his wife and
+daughter opened a boarding school in connection with it in 1814. Their
+terms were, 'for reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar,
+history and geography, with the use of maps, globes, etc., $8.00
+quarterly. Playing on the piano, $10.00 quarterly; vocal music, $5.00
+quarterly. Drawing and painting of flowers, $6.00 quarterly. French
+language, $5.00 quarterly. Boarding $37.00, payable in advance.
+Dancing, books, materials, drawing, sewing, bed and bedding to be paid
+for separately or furnished by parents.' Mrs. Gazzam had opened a
+seminary for young ladies by this time, and advertised its removal to
+Fifth street. Her pupils were instructed in the elementary studies of
+an English education, and in needle work at four dollars per quarter.
+She taught them to cut, make and repair their clothes. The pupils were
+permitted to visit their homes once each week, but no young men were
+allowed to visit them unless attended by a servant. She boarded them
+for $125 per year. The two sisters, Miss Anna and Arabella Watts,
+instructed young ladies solely in needle work. In almost all schools
+needle work was a requisite part of the education of young women. In
+fact it was considered the all important part of a woman's training
+and not infrequently other branches were taught if required, or if
+thought necessary." _Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+CITY ACADEMY
+
+"The subscriber, respectfully informs his fellow citizens, and others,
+that he has happily secured the co-operation of Mr. Edward
+Jones--hopes their most sanguine expectations, relative to his
+seminary, will be fully justified.
+
+All the most important branches of education, taught as in the best
+academies, on either side the Atlantick.--Mathematics in general, as
+in the city of _Edinburgh_.--During four years, the subscriber taught
+the only Mathematical school in the capital of New-Hampshire.
+
+A class of young gentlemen will shortly commence the study of
+Navigation, Gunnery, Bookkeeping, Geography and English grammar.
+George Forrester." _Mercury, May 18, 1816._
+
+
+THE LANCASTER SCHOOL.
+
+"Will continue at the room where it is now kept in Market street. In
+addition to the common branches of reading, orthography, etc., the
+teacher gives lessons in English grammar, geography and Book-keeping.
+Penmanship is taught on a most approved system at all hours.
+
+To those who are acquainted with this mode of instructing children,
+its superior excellence need not be pointed out, and such as have
+never seen a school on this plan in actual operation, and are not
+intimately conversant with its theory, are invited (if they have the
+curiosity) to visit the institution in Market street; where, although
+the number of pupils is small, yet the school will afford a sufficient
+illustration of the Lancaster system to convince the most incredulous
+that 500 or even 1000 pupils by the aid of this wonderful invention,
+may be taught with prodigious facility by a single teacher."
+_Commonwealth, April 3, 1816._
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
+
+"The first charter to an institution of learning west of the mountains
+granted by the legislature of Pennsylvania, February 28, 1787, created
+the Pittsburg Academy. The school was in existence earlier than
+this....
+
+The principals of the academy from the very beginning were men of high
+attainments, some of them attaining great distinction. George Welch,
+the first principal, took office April 13, 1789. Rev. Robert Steele,
+pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Rev. John Taylor, Mr. Hopkins
+and James Mountain successively were at the head of the academy. From
+1807 to 1810, Rev. Robert Patterson, of excellent fame, successfully
+carried on the work. He was succeeded in the latter year by Rev.
+Joseph Stockton, author of the 'Western Calculator' and 'Western
+Spelling Book,' who continued in office until the re-incorporation of
+the academy as the Western University of Pennsylvania, in 1819."
+_Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+
+
+Libraries
+
+
+"It was not ... until the fall of 1813, that the question of a
+community Library took definite shape, when in response to the efforts
+'of many leading and progressive citizens,' there was organized 'The
+Pittsburgh Library Company.' On the evening of November 27, 1813,
+about 40 representative people assembled in the spacious 'bar room' of
+the 'Green Tree Inn,' at the northwest corner of Fifth and Wood
+streets, where the First National Bank now stands, and took the
+initiative in the formation of Pittsburgh's first real public
+library.... Its first president was the Rev. Francis Herron, for 40
+years pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. The secretary was
+Aquila M. Bolton, 'land broker and conveyancer.' The treasurer was
+Col. John Spear.... Quite a sum of money was subscribed by citizens
+generally for the purchase of books, while many valuable volumes were
+either contributed or loaned by members. Messrs. Baldwin, O'Hara,
+Wilkins and Forward being especially mentioned for their generosity in
+this connection. The first head-quarters of the library were in rooms
+'on Second street, opposite Squire Robert Graham's office,' who at
+that time dispensed even handed justice at the northeast corner of
+Market and Second streets. Here the library remained until the county
+commissioners set aside a commodious room in the Court House for its
+use." _A. L. Hardy, in Gazette-Times, 1913._
+
+
+"The triennial meeting of the shareholders [of the Pittsburgh Library
+Company] was convened at their new library room, in Second street,
+opposite Squire Graham's office, at six o'clock, Monday evening,
+December thirtieth, 1816. The following gentlemen were then elected by
+ballot to serve as a Board of Directors for the ensuing three years,
+viz: George Poe, president; Aquila M. Bolton, secretary; Lewis
+Bollman, treasurer; James Lea, Benjamin Bakewell, Robert Patterson,
+Walter Forward, Alexander Johnson, jr., William Eichbaum, jr.,
+Benjamin Page, Alexander McClurg, J. P. Skelton, Ephraim Pentland,
+Charles Avery, J. R. Lambdin, directors." _Killikelly's History of
+Pittsburgh._
+
+
+"It has been published, that the Library of this city contains two
+thousand volumes. Through the politeness of J. Armstrong, the
+librarian, I gained admittance, and having examined the catalogue, am
+enabled to state that the whole collection is only about five hundred
+volumes. The books, however, are well chosen, and of the best
+editions. How the error originated is of no consequence except to him
+who made it." _Thomas's Travels through the western country in 1816._
+
+
+
+
+The New Books of 1816
+
+
+    Austen. Emma.
+    Byron. Childe Harold (Canto III).
+      The dream.
+      Hebrew melodies.
+      Parisina.
+      Prisoner of Chillon.
+      Siege of Corinth.
+    Coleridge. Christabel.
+    Crabbe. Dictionary of English synonymes.
+    D'Israeli. Character of James I.
+    Goethe. Italianische reise.
+    Hunt. A story of Rimini.
+    Moore. Elegy on Sheridan.
+      Irish melodies.
+    Peacock. Headlong Hall.
+    Scott. Antiquary.
+      Black dwarf.
+      Guy Mannering.
+      Lord of the Isles.
+      Old Mortality.
+    Shelley. Alastor.
+    Southey. Carmen triumphale.
+    Wordsworth. Poems.
+      White doe of Rylstone.
+
+
+
+
+The Theatre
+
+
+"There were in 1808 two dramatic societies in Pittsburg that were
+important enough to receive notice in the newspapers. The one was
+composed of law students and young lawyers and the other was composed
+of mechanics. The object of these societies was to study the poets and
+dramatic literature and to give public performances in the court
+house. William Wilkins ... was a member and took a leading part in
+the entertainments given by these societies. There was no way for
+theatrical companies from the East to reach Pittsburg prior to 1817,
+save by the state road, which was scarcely passable for a train of
+pack horses, yet they came even as early as 1808 and performed in
+a small room, which was secured for them when the court room was
+occupied. In 1812 a third dramatic society called the Thespian Society
+was organized among the young men and young women of Pittsburg.
+
+The society numbered among its members the brightest and best bred
+young people of the city, most of whom took part in each performance.
+They were given in a room on Wood street, in a building known as
+Masonic Hall." _Boucher's Century and a half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"The Theatre of this City has been now opened nearly a fortnight, and
+the managers although they have used every exertion to please, in the
+selection of their pieces, have not been enabled to pay the contingent
+expenses of the House. This is a severe satire on the taste of the
+place.
+
+Tomorrow [Wednesday] evening we understand that the 'Stranger' is to
+be produced--we hope under auspices more favorable to the managers
+than heretofore. The part of the Stranger is to be performed by a
+Young Gentleman of the City, who has never before graced the
+Boards.--If report speaks correctly of his talents, he bids fair to
+excel any person who has yet appeared upon the stage on this side the
+Mountains. It is hoped that this novelty, together with the correct
+and manly acting of Mr. Savage, a stranger here, and the chastened
+elegance which Mrs. Savage is said to exhibit, will attract to the
+Theatre, for this one evening at least, the friends to this rational
+amusement." _Commonwealth, Nov. 12, 1816._
+
+
+On Friday evening, June 7, will be presented, Shakespear's celebrated
+comedy, in 3 acts called
+
+    Catharine & Petruchio
+    after which, a much admired comic opera called
+    The Highland Reel.
+    For particulars, see bills.
+
+And, that every person should have the opportunity of seeing the most
+splendid spectacle ever exhibited in Pittsburgh, on Saturday evening,
+June 8, will be presented, the grand romantic drama, called
+
+    Timour the Tartar;
+    or, the
+    Princess of Mingrelia.
+
+Which will positively be the last time, of its being performed, as the
+scenery will be appropriated to other purposes.
+
+With other Entertainments.
+
+    For particulars, see box bills.
+
+
+"A few days after the performance of Hamlet, Mr. Entwistle, the
+manager, had for his benefit, that irresistibly amusing burlesque,
+'Hamlet Travestie.' His line of acting is a broad-farce caricature of
+that of Liston. He personated the modern Danish prince. The audience
+were solemn, serious, and dull. The affecting entrance of the deranged
+Ophelia, who, instead of rosemary, rue, &c. had an ample supply of
+turnips and carrots, did not move a muscle of their _intelligent
+faces_--the ladies, indeed, excepted, who evinced by the frequent use
+of their pocket handkerchiefs, that their sympathies were engaged on
+the side of the love-sick maiden. Some who had seen the original
+Hamlet for the first time a few evenings before, gave vent to their
+criticisms when the curtain fell. They thought Mr. Entwistle did not
+look sufficiently grave; and that, as it was his benefit, he acted
+very dishonourably in shaving (cheating) them out of two acts; for
+that they guessed when Mr. Hutton played _that'ere_ king's mad son, he
+gave them five acts for their _dallar_. Mr. ---- assured me that on
+the following morning, a respectable lawyer of Pittsburgh met him, and
+said, 'I was at the play last night, Sir, and do not think that Mr.
+Entwistle acted Hamlet quite so well as Mr. Hutton.'" _Fearon's
+Sketches of America, 1818._
+
+
+_Thespian Society_
+
+The Public are respectfully informed that on this evening, Jan. 14th,
+will be presented the much admired Drama, called
+
+    the
+    Man of Fortitude.
+
+The proceeds to be appropriated to the benefit of the Sunday Male
+Charitable School.
+
+Recitation, Alonzo the brave or the fair Imogen.
+
+Song, I have loved thee, dearly loved thee.--Mrs. Menier.
+
+----, America, Commerce and Freedom.
+
+    _After which the much admired Farce, called_,
+    The Review,
+    _Or, the_
+    Wag of Windsor.
+
+Doors to be opened at half past 5 o'clock, and the curtain to rise at
+half past six. Box, one dollar; Pit, _Fifty cents_.
+
+
+"A citizen of Pittsburgh, and a lover of the useful and rational
+amusement of the Theatre, begs leave to observe to his fellow
+citizens, that on Monday evening next Mr. Alexander will stand forward
+for public recompense, for his exertions in his profession.... It must
+be readily acknowledged that no young gentleman of more transcendent
+talent ever graced the dramatic floor of Pittsburgh; it is, therefore,
+but just that he who has so often made _us_ smile, should from _us_
+receive a something to make _him_ smile in turn." _Commonwealth, Nov.
+4, 1815._
+
+
+"The Theatre in this city is now opened by the Thespian Society, for
+the double purpose of gratifying the public taste by a moral and
+rational amusement and adding to the funds of the Male Charitable
+Sunday School. The _Man of Fortitude_ and the Farce of the _Review_
+have been selected for representation this evening. Since society has
+been released from the chains of superstition, the propriety of
+Theatrick amusements has not been doubted by any man of liberal
+feelings and enlightened understanding.... The stage conveys a moral
+in colours more vivid than the awful and elevated station of the
+preacher permits him to use--it is his coadjutor in good, and goes
+with him hand in hand exposing vice to ridicule and honouring virtue."
+_Gazette, Jan. 14, 1817._
+
+
+
+
+The Morals Efficiency Society of 1816
+
+
+"The Moral Society of Pittsburgh announce to the public their
+formation. The object of their association is the suppression of vice
+and immorality, as far as their influence shall extend, and they shall
+be authorized by the laws of the commonwealth, and the ordinances of
+this city....
+
+We hereby give this public information of our intention to aid the
+civil officers in the execution of the laws of this commonwealth, and
+the ordinances of the city, against all vice and crime cognizable by
+said laws and ordinances. Such as profane swearing, gambling, horse
+racing, irregular tippling houses and drunkenness, profanation of the
+Lord's day by unnecessary work of any kind, such as driving of
+waggons, carts, carriages of pleasure and amusement, or other
+conveyances not included under the exception of the laws of the
+commonwealth in case of necessity and mercy." _Commonwealth, Nov. 26,
+1816._
+
+
+
+
+Fourth of July, 1816
+
+
+"A numerous and respectable concourse of citizens met at Hog Island,
+nearly opposite the village of Middletown, on the Ohio river, to
+celebrate the birth day of American independence. Colonel James
+Martin, was nominated president, and Captain Robert Vance,
+vice-president.--The utmost harmony and unanimity prevailed; and it
+was a pleasing sight to see citizens of opposite political sentiments,
+bury their former animosity, and with great cordiality join in
+celebrating the American anniversary. After performing the manual
+exercise, the company partook of an elegant dinner, prepared for the
+occasion, and the cloth being removed ... patriotic toasts were drank
+with great hilarity, accompanied by the discharge of musketry, and
+appropriate music....
+
+The citizens retired at a late hour in the utmost harmony." _Mercury,
+July 20, 1816._
+
+
+
+
+Police
+
+
+"When the borough was incorporated into a city [March 1816], the act
+incorporating it authorized the authorities to establish a police
+force, but there was none established for some years afterwards. The
+act limited the city taxation to five mills on a dollar, and the
+corporation could scarcely have paid a police force, even if one had
+been required. The city authorities did, however, pass an ordinance on
+August 24, 1816, establishing a night watchman, but soon found they
+had no money with which to pay him. They accordingly repealed the
+ordinance and for some years the city slept in darkness without the
+benefit of police protection." _Boucher's Century and a half of
+Pittsburg._
+
+
+
+
+Eagle Fire Company
+
+
+"In 1811 the second epoch in the company's history may be said to have
+started, the younger element having gradually crept in and assumed
+control of affairs, and the older men had to some extent lost interest
+and perhaps gained rheumatism in the fire service. The company was now
+re-organized on a more active and vigorous basis. The first engineer
+to take charge under the new regime was William Eichbaum, who
+continued to act in that capacity until 1832, when he was elected
+First Chief Engineer of the Fire Department on its organization....
+
+In the company organization the most important duty devolved upon the
+Bucket Committee. Every citizen was required to keep two or three
+heavy leather buckets with his name painted on them, and in case of
+fire these were all brought on the ground. Two lines of men and women
+were formed to the water supply, to pass the full buckets to and the
+empty ones from the engine.... When the fire was extinguished all the
+buckets were left on the ground till next day. Then, as many of the
+inscriptions were obliterated, there was some stealing of buckets and
+consequent fights. Certain folks ... picked out the best buckets, just
+as in modern times some people get the best hats, or umbrellas, at the
+conclusion of a party. The Bucket Committee, to put a stop to this,
+decided to deliver all buckets to their respective owners." _Dawson's
+Our firemen._
+
+
+
+
+Water-Supply
+
+
+"The water supply was gained, up to 1802, from wells and springs which
+flowed from out the hillsides, these being sufficient for a small
+town. An ordinance passed August 9, of that year, called for the
+making of four wells, not less than forty-seven feet in depth. Three
+of these were to be located on Market street, and were to be walled
+with stone.... Wells, with the springs at Grant's Hill, furnished the
+supply of water for public use until 1826." _Boucher's Century and a
+half of Pittsburg._
+
+
+
+
+Banks
+
+
+"As early as the year 1815, there were only three banks in Pittsburgh;
+viz., the Bank of Pennsylvania, located on the north side of Second
+Avenue, between Chancery Lane and Ferry Street; Bank of Pittsburg,
+south-west corner of Market and Third Streets; Farmers and Mechanics'
+Bank, north side of Third, between Wood and Market Streets,--the
+aggregate capital amounting to less than two million dollars, which
+was considered abundantly adequate to the business of that period."
+_Parke's Recollections of seventy years._
+
+
+The Bank of Pittsburgh is situated on the s.w. corner of Market and
+Third streets.
+
+    President,
+
+    William Wilkins,
+
+    Directors,
+
+    George Anchutz, Jun.
+    Nicholas Cunningham
+    William Hays
+    James Morrison
+    Craig Ritchie (Cannonsbr'g)
+    James Brown (baker)
+    Thos. Cromwell
+    John Darragh
+    Wm. McCandless
+    John M. Snowden
+    George Allison
+    T. P. Skelton
+
+    Cashier
+
+    Alexander Johnston, Jun.
+
+Open daily from 9 o'clock a.m. till 3 p.m., except Sunday, Fourth of
+July, Christmas and Fast days. Discount day, Wednesday. Capital
+$600,000. Shares $50 each. Dividends, first Mondays in May and
+November. _Pittsburgh directory, 1815._
+
+
+The Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of Pennsylvania is
+situated on the north side of Second between Market and Ferry streets.
+
+    President,
+
+    James O'Hara.
+
+    Directors,
+
+    Joseph Barker
+    Anthony Beelen
+    Thomas Baird
+    Ebenezer Denny
+    Boyle Irwin
+    George Wallace
+    David Evans
+
+    _Pittsburgh directory, 1815._
+
+
+THE FARMERS' AND MECHANICS' BANK OF PITTSBURGH.
+
+    Cashier
+    George Poe, Jun.
+
+Open daily from 9 o'clock a.m. till 3 p.m., except Sunday, Fourth of
+July, Christmas and Fast days. Discount day, Thursday.
+
+Is situated on the north side of Third, between Market and Wood
+streets.
+
+    President,
+
+    John Scull
+
+    Directors,
+
+    William Eichbaum, Jun.
+    John Ligget
+    William Leckey
+    Jacob Negley
+
+    _Pittsburgh directory, 1815._
+
+
+
+
+Post-Office
+
+POST-OFFICE ESTABLISHMENT.
+
+
+    Arrival and Departure
+    of the
+    MAILS,
+    At the Post-Office--Pittsburgh
+
+The Eastern Mail arrives on Sunday, Wednesday, and Friday evenings,
+and closes on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 8 o'clock A.M.
+
+
+The Western Mail arrives on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, and
+closes on Sunday at sunset, and Wednesday and Friday at 1 o'clock P.M.
+
+The Beaver Mail arrives on Monday evening, and closes the same day at
+sun-set.
+
+The Erie Mail arrives on Monday evening and closes the same day at
+sun-set.
+
+The Steubenville Mail arrives on Sunday and Wednesday evenings, and
+closes same days at sun-set.
+
+The Huntingdon Mail, via Ebensburgh and Indiana, arrives on Tuesday,
+and closes same day at half past twelve P.M....
+
+As there are several places of the same name in the United States, it
+is necessary that the directions should be particular, the states
+should be distinguished, and, where it might otherwise be doubtful,
+the counties....
+
+Those who send letters may either pay the postage in advance, or leave
+it to be paid by their correspondents.
+
+
+RATES OF POSTAGE
+
+For Single Letters
+
+                                                 Cents
+
+    For any distance not exceeding  40 miles    12
+        Over  40 and not exceeding  90  do      15
+        Over  90 and not exceeding 150  do      18-3/4
+        Over 150 and not exceeding 300  do      25-1/2
+        Over 500                                37-1/2
+
+    _Pittsburgh directory, 1815._
+
+
+
+
+The Suburbs
+
+
+"_Birmingham_ is a small village across the Monongahela, about one
+mile south of Pittsburgh. It has works for green glass, furnaces for
+casting hollow ware, &c. from pigs, and a saw mill, which is moved by
+a steam engine. The coal for all these, is used fresh from the mine,
+without mixture, coaking or desulphuration.
+
+Many of the balls for Perry's fleet, were cast in this foundery. But
+instead of forming such ministers of havoc, the metal is now moulded
+for softer hands, and _flat_ or _smoothing_ irons are produced in
+abundance. These are ground on a stone which revolves by a band from
+the steam engine." _Thomas's Travels through the western country in
+1816._
+
+
+"At a respectable meeting of the inhabitants of Birmingham and its
+vicinity, convened at the school-house, on Friday evening the 28th of
+March, 1816, in order to take into consideration the expediency of
+erecting a Market-House, in said town; Nathaniel Bedford, was called
+to the Chair, and George Patterson, appointed secretary.
+
+The chairman having stated the object of the meeting, the following
+resolutions were proposed and unanimously adopted, viz.--
+
+RESOLVED, That a Market-House be built on the plan exhibited by Mr.
+Benjamin Yoe.
+
+RESOLVED, That the site of the structure be the centre of the square.
+
+Thus, another thriving and Manufacturing Town, is added to the many
+which have been established in the western section of Pennsylvania;
+and social order, with its concomitants, the arts and sciences,
+illuminate those wild and dreary shades, where lately none but the
+prowling wolf, or the restless and cruel savage held their haunts."
+_Mercury, April 20, 1816._
+
+
+"At the beginning of the century the site of Allegheny City was a
+wilderness. In 1812 a few settlers had made inroads upon the forest,
+and had builded their cabins. Notice is called to the fact in the
+minutes of the Presbytery of Erie, in April of that year, in the
+following words: 'An indigent and needy neighborhood, situated on the
+Allegheny, opposite Pittsburgh, having applied for supplies,' the
+matter was laid before the Presbytery.
+
+Joseph Stockton seems to have been the first stated minister,
+preaching a part of his time there until 1819." _Centenary memorial of
+Presbyterianism in western Pennsylvania._
+
+
+"The facility for getting to and from Pittsburg [from Allegheny] was
+quite a different matter from what it is to-day. The only highway (if
+it may be called such) leading west from Federal Street to the Bottoms
+at that early day, was the erratic Bank Lane, which owing to the
+natural unevenness of the ground upon which it was located, and total
+neglect of the authorities of Ross township to put it in a condition
+for travel, ... was for many years only accessible for
+foot-passengers." _Parke's Recollections of seventy years._
+
+
+Lawrenceville was laid out in 1815 by Wm. B. Foster, and had begun
+with the building of the United States arsenal.
+
+
+
+
+Courts
+
+
+"The Supreme Court holds a term in Pittsburgh, on the 1st Monday in
+September annually, to continue two weeks if necessary, for the
+Western District, composed of the counties of Somerset, Westmoreland,
+Fayette, Greene, Washington, Allegheny, Beaver, Butler, Mercer,
+Crawford, Erie, Warren, Venango, Armstrong, Cambria, Indiana and
+Jefferson." _Pittsburgh directory, 1815._
+
+
+"Mr. Lacock submitted an important resolution for instructing the
+committee on the Judiciary to enquire into the expediency of dividing
+the state of Pennsylvania into _two Judicial Districts_, and
+establishing a _district court_ of the U. States at the city of
+Pittsburgh, which was agreed to." _Commonwealth, Jan. 6, 1817._
+
+
+
+
+County Elections
+
+
+"Henry Baldwin is elected to congress for the district composed of the
+counties of Allegheny and Butler, by a majority of about 800 votes.
+
+John Gilmore, William Woods, Samuel Douglass and Andrew Christy are
+elected to the assembly.
+
+Lazarus Stewart is elected Sheriff of Allegheny county, by a majority
+of 181 votes.
+
+Joseph Davis is elected commissioner by a majority of 249 votes, and
+Charles Johnson, Auditor by a majority of 28 votes." _Gazette, Oct.
+15, 1816._
+
+
+
+
+The State Legislature
+
+
+"The bill for erecting the two Bridges at Pittsburgh has passed both
+houses. The sites are fixed at St. Clair-street for the Allegheny and
+Smithfield-street for the Monongahela. The state subscribes $40,000 of
+stock for each bridge.
+
+A bill is about being reported for establishing a horse and cattle
+market in the vicinity of Pittsburgh.
+
+The bill for erecting Pittsburgh into a city has passed the senate and
+is before the house, where it is expected to pass through without
+opposition.
+
+The bill for erecting a new county out of parts of Allegheny,
+Westmoreland, Washington, and Fayette, is reported. This bill will
+throw off the greater part of Elizabeth township from Allegheny
+county. There have been no remonstrances against it received from this
+county; but we understand that some have been received from the other
+counties concerned.
+
+The bill for erecting a Poorhouse for Allegheny county, it is expected
+will pass." _Mercury, Feb. 24, 1816._
+
+
+"We regret to say that neither from our correspondent at Harrisburg
+nor from the papers printed there, have we been enabled to procure an
+account of the legislative proceedings. We take two papers published
+at the seat of government, but from some unaccountable reason they do
+not contain the intelligence our readers require. We are reduced to
+the necessity of picking up here and there from letters to
+editors--from information derived from travellers--or from some other
+like inconclusive sources of information, that intelligence with which
+Journals published at the seat of government should supply us. They
+ought to be the fountains of information to the mass of the community:
+Instead of dabbling in politics and abusing or eulogizing party
+leaders, they should deal in facts. The National Intelligencer we look
+upon as the best model with which we are acquainted of a national
+journal." _Commonwealth, Dec. 24, 1816._
+
+
+
+
+Slavery
+
+
+"Nearly all of the first residents of Pittsburg and vicinity who were
+wealthy enough to afford the luxury were owners of slaves. The
+Nevilles, John Gibson, James O'Hara, Alexander Fowler, Adamson
+Tannehill, the Kirkpatricks and many others owned them, and several
+continued to do so as late as the war of 1812. The old newspapers
+contained advertisements for runaway slaves even as late as 1820."
+_Wilson's History of Pittsburg._
+
+
+"The year 1780 is memorable in the annals of Pennsylvania for the
+passage of the act for the gradual abolition of slavery in this
+State.... It provided for the registration of every negro or mulatto
+slave or servant for life, or till the age of thirty-one years, before
+the first of November following, and also provided, 'that no man or
+woman of any nation or color, except the negroes or mulattoes who
+shall be registered as aforesaid, shall at any time hereafter be
+deemed, adjudged, or holden within the territory of this Commonwealth,
+as slaves or servants for life, but as free men and free women.'"
+_Egle's History of Pennsylvania._
+
+
+
+
+Advertisements from the Newspapers of 1816
+
+
+SHOT, POWDER, &c.
+
+The Subscriber Has Just Received a quantity of first quality
+
+    Patent Shot, No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6.
+    Good Rifle Gun Powder
+    By the keg
+    Country Segars, Scotch and Rappe Snuff
+    Domestic Cloth, and Cotton Shawls.
+    -- On Hand --
+
+A General assortment of Merchandize, suited to the present and
+approaching season.
+
+    -- Also --
+    Prime Pickling Vinegar
+    Very strong and fit for immediate use
+
+All of which will be sold Wholesale or Retail at the lowest market
+prices, for Cash or approved Trade.
+
+    ISAAC HARRIS,
+    Diamond, Pittsburgh.
+
+Will be received in Exchange Butter, Beeswax, Deer Skins, Clover and
+Flaxseed, Flax and Tow Linen, Bags, Flax, Rags, and country produce
+generally.
+
+
+CANDLE MANUFACTORY
+
+The subscriber, respectfully informs his friends and the public, that
+he has erected a dip and candle manufactory in the Diamond,
+Pittsburgh; where he will keep constantly on hand and offers,
+Wholesale and Retail, dipt and mould candles of the best quality and
+on the most reasonable terms.
+
+    THOMAS COLMAN.
+
+N.B. Economical Lanthern Candles, at 12 cents per bunch.
+
+
+D. & J. CHUTE
+
+Have on hand, a handsome assortment of Shoes, adapted to the season; a
+few pairs Boots, suitable for laborers; also, Currant Wine, by the
+barrel or smaller quantity. The above are offered for sale low for
+cash or negotiable paper.
+
+N.B. When servants call for shoes, it is necessary that an order be
+sent.
+
+
+PITTSBURGH PIPE MANUFACTORY,
+
+ROUND HOUSE.
+
+WILLIAM PRICE
+
+Informs the merchants of the Western country that they may be supplied
+with any quantity of long or short
+
+    Smoking Pipes
+
+as handsome and good as those imported--and hopes the merchants of
+this place will give the preference to the Manufactures of our own
+country.
+
+
+OYSTERS
+
+Gentlemen can be genteely accommodated at the City Hotel, with Oysters.
+
+    EDWARD CARR.
+
+
+STOP THE THIEF!
+
+Taken from the subscriber on the 19th of November last, a Black Great
+Coat, with a large Cape, the Cape buttoned on the collar, on the front
+of the Cape is black glass buttons, and on the front and hips of the
+coat is cloth buttons, taken by James Dunlap from his boarding house.
+This Dunlap is a large man with a red face, and on the fingers of his
+right hand two of the knuckles are out of joint.
+
+Said Dunlap is by occupation a sort of a saddler, but if you wish to
+see him you may go to the grog shop or brandy house, for there is his
+place of abode in general. Any person that will take up and return
+said Dunlap and Coat, shall receive the reward of Five Dollars.
+
+    BENJAMIN CRANDALL.
+
+
+THE BANKS
+
+WEST OF THE MOUNTAINS,
+
+Are most respectfully informed, that the Bank Bill Engraving and
+Printing Office at Pittsburgh, shall in the future be kept constantly
+open in such a style of elegance and punctuality as to merit the honor
+of their patronage.
+
+The Bank Paper manufactured for the office, by Messrs. Drum & Markle
+of Greensburgh, is allowed by competent judges to be equal to any in
+the United States.
+
+    CHARLES P. HARRISON.
+
+
+PRACTISING BALL.
+
+Mr. Boudet's first Practising Ball will be on Saturday Evening the
+26th instant, at his School Room.
+
+N.B. No gentlemen can be admitted without being introduced by a lady
+with whom Mr. B. is acquainted; nor can any gentleman be permitted to
+dance in boots. Admission tickets for gentlemen to be had at any time
+of Mr. B. Price One Dollar, pupils half price.
+
+
+GERMAN REDEMPTIONERS.
+
+Just arrived from Amsterdam, Tradesmen and Farmers, single and
+married, who are willing to bind themselves for the payment of their
+passage money, amounting to about ninety dollars, for a term of three
+years, and their children being upwards of four years old until they
+are of age on paying half passage money. The steady habits of these
+people and their general character for honesty and industry it is
+supposed would render them particularly desirable in a country, where
+the procuring of assistance is difficult and uncertain. For further
+particulars apply to
+
+    BOSLER & CO. or to
+    GLAZER & SMITH
+    of Philadelphia.
+
+
+READER ASK YOURSELF THE
+
+FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
+
+Do I, or do I not, owe the Printer? Shall I pay him his small
+pittance?--Shall he stop his business for want of what I honestly owe
+him? All just men will answer No! Then gentlemen, if such is your
+answer, it certainly is a pleasing one to the Printer, who will, at
+all times, be happy to attend the calls of those who have it in their
+power to pay our just demand--for without money we must discontinue
+our useful business.
+
+    H. D. & Co.
+
+
+BALL
+
+Mr. Boudet, respectfully informs the Ladies and Gentlemen of
+Pittsburgh and its vicinity, that he will give a Ball this evening,
+(Friday the 24th inst.) at the court-house, at half past seven
+o'clock, and will be conducted as they are in our populous cities
+viz--the ladies to be invited, and gentlemen to pay one dollar on
+their admission--understood, that such gentlemen as are strangers to
+the professor, must come introduced by some person with whom he is
+acquainted, without which they cannot be admitted.
+
+N.B. No gentlemen allowed to dance in boots. Tickets to be had at the
+door--price one dollar.
+
+
+CHARLES S. FIMETON
+
+Carpenter--Late of Chambersburgh, Respectfully informs his friends and
+the public in general, that he has commenced the Carpenter Business,
+in Front-street, in the same house occupied by William Sands, barber
+and hair dresser; where all orders in his line will be thankfully
+received and promptly attended to.
+
+
+LITERARY NOTICES.
+
+John Binns of Philadelphia proposes to publish a splendid edition of
+the Declaration of Independence, which shall be in all respects
+American: The _paper_, the _types_, the _ink_, the _designs_, the
+_engravings_,--the publication throughout shall afford evidence of
+what our citizens have done in politics, and can do in art.
+
+
+TO BUILDERS.
+
+The public are respectfully informed that they can be accommodated
+with any quantity of Iron Cannon Borings. In cities where these
+Borings can be procured, they are much used as cement for any kind of
+mason work, exposed to the weather, or the action of water, such as
+chimney tops, parapat or fire walls, piers of bridges, etc.
+
+    M'CLURGS & M'KNIGHT.
+
+
+OYSTERS
+
+JOHN BYRNE
+
+    At his Umbrella Manufactory, Fourth, Between Market and Ferry
+    Streets.
+
+Just received and for sale at his Oyster House, a few Kegs most
+excellent Spiced Oysters.
+
+He continues to make and repair Umbrellas and Parasols in the newest
+manner, the smallest favour will be gratefully attended to.
+
+
+GRAND NATIONAL LOTTERY
+
+SECOND CLASS
+
+Authorised by Act of Congress, for opening a Canal in the City of
+Washington.
+
+Begins drawing on the 30th September next.
+
+    35,000 Dollars }
+    25,000 Dollars } Highest prizes
+    10,000 Dollars }
+
+    Six Dollars the lowest Prize.
+
+    Tickets for Sale
+
+At the Store of William Hill for cash only, who will receive the
+drawings regularly.
+
+
+NOTICE
+
+My wife Fanny having thought proper to withdraw herself from my
+protection, without the least cause given on my part for her doing so,
+I am compelled, though very reluctantly, to forbid all persons from
+trusting her on my account, as I will pay no debts which she may
+contract hereafter.
+
+    J. TIBBETTE.
+
+N.B. I also inform those who wish to be shaved in Imperial Style, that
+I am always to be found at my Shop in Market Street, between Front and
+Water Streets.
+
+
+MECHANICS RETREAT,
+
+At the Green Cottage, facing Mr. Jelly's Factory, Turnpike Road,
+
+    Is Opened,
+
+Where an assortment of Liquors of the very best quality are kept.
+Turtle and other Soups every Wednesday and Sunday.--Share of public
+patronage is solicited.
+
+
+WANTED
+
+At the United States' Arsenal, now erecting near Pittsburgh.
+
+    Forty good Stone Masons, and Twenty Labourers,
+
+to whom constant employment and good wages will be given for one or
+two seasons.
+
+
+Apply to the subscriber on the ground.
+
+    CHRISTOPHER ARMSTRONG.
+
+
+WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TIN MANUFACTURY.
+
+THOMAS W. EAGLES,
+
+Wood street, between Water and Front Sts.,
+
+Has just imported an elegant assortment of the best English planished
+Tin Ware,
+
+    consisting of
+
+    Dish covers in setts,
+    Tea pots,
+    Coffee Biggons,
+    Hash dishes of all sizes, &c. &c. &c.
+    Sheet Brass,
+    Do. Copper,
+    Mill saws,
+    Iron and tinned rivetts,
+    Brass kettles of all sizes, &c. &c.
+
+The above are the first assortment that has been offered for sale west
+of the mountains, and will be sold at the importers prices.
+
+    Also, on hand an elegant assortment of Looking Glasses,
+
+on better terms than at any other house in this city.
+
+A small invoice of first rate Sadlery.
+
+An assortment of Patent Iron Ware tinned inside.
+
+
+BANK OF PITTSBURGH,
+
+2d JANUARY, 1817
+
+The Directors of this institution being desirous to procure an
+eligible situation on which to erect a Banking House, hereby give
+notice to persons holding such that they will receive at the Bank
+sealed proposals for the sale of the same until the first day of
+February next.
+
+By order of the board,
+
+    ALEX. JOHNSTON, JR. _Cashier_.
+
+
+SIX OUT-LOTS FOR SALE
+
+These Lots are situated on Grant's Hill, adjoining Adamson Tannehill,
+Esq. The intrinsic beauty of these Lots, their contiguity to
+Pittsburgh, the elegant and commanding view which they afford of the
+town, the surrounding country, and the Monongahela, Allegheny and Ohio
+rivers, sufficiently recommend them. For terms apply to
+
+    JOHN M'DONALD,
+    Smithfield Street.
+
+
+WANTED
+
+10,000 merchantable deer-skins, for which a generous price will be
+given--if delivered within a month from this day.
+
+    CHARLES L. VOLZ & CO.
+
+
+REMOVAL
+
+John Cowan, has removed his Bow String Manufactory, from Liberty
+street, to the house lately occupied by Wm. Davis, in Diamond alley,
+sign of the Bird in Hand; where he continues to manufacture
+Bow-strings. He also keeps a convenient yard for Market people, to
+leave their horses in, Liquors, etc. He returns the public thanks for
+their liberal encouragement, and hopes to merit its continuance.
+
+
+J. BYRNE,
+
+JEWELLER, MARKET STREET,
+
+Has just received a fresh supply of those justly esteemed and highly
+approved "Medicines," prepared by W. T. Conway, No. 1, Hamilton Place,
+Common Street, Boston.
+
+Read! Try! Judge!
+
+Then speak as ye Find.
+
+
+TO BE LET
+
+_And possession given on or before the first of April next._
+
+A Three story brick dwelling House with Kitchen, Well, Smoke-house,
+Smith shop, Stable, etc. in the yard. Situate in Virgin alley, between
+Wood and Smithfield streets. For terms apply at the store of the
+subscriber, in Market Street, nearly opposite the Black Bear.
+
+    JOHN WILLS.
+
+
+LOTS FOR SALE
+
+IN THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH.
+
+The Subscribers being appointed by the President of the United States
+Joint Commissioners for the purpose of selling certain Lots in the
+City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the property of the United States,
+in pursuance of an Act of Congress, passed 2d August, A.D. 1815: In
+virtue of the said appointment, they will expose for sale at Public
+Vendue,
+
+    Lots No. 55, 56, 57, & 58,
+
+Being part of the site of Fort Fayette, bounded by the Allegheny
+River, Hand and Penn Streets and an alley....
+
+These Lots are as eligible as any vacant Lots in the City.
+
+
+THE SUBSCRIBER OFFERS FOR SALE,
+
+A HOUSE AND LOT,
+
+Situate on the corner of Smithfield-street and Strawberry alley. The
+lot is 20 feet front and 60 deep. The house stands on the back end of
+the lot and rents for eighty-four dollars per year. There is room on
+front for building 20 feet by 32. The property is subject to a ground
+rent of seventy dollars per annum. For further particulars, apply to
+the subscriber, in Virgin alley, between Wood and Liberty-streets.
+
+    THOMAS COLLINGWOOD.
+
+
+FIVE CENTS REWARD.
+
+Ran away from the subscriber, on Sunday the 1st inst.
+
+    Andrew Jeffery
+
+An apprentice to the tin plate business. The above reward will be paid
+if brought home, but no expences.
+
+    GEORGE MILTENBERGER.
+
+
+TO LET,
+
+    and possession given immediately,
+
+That well known tavern sign of Capt. Lawrence on the Turnpike road two
+miles from Pittsburgh.--To a person qualified to keep a public house
+the terms will be made very reasonable. Apply to
+
+    WM. B. FOSTER.
+
+
+FOR SALE
+
+A Black Woman, who has six years and a half to serve, with two female
+children, from 4 to 6 years of age, to serve till 28. The woman is
+healthy, honest, industrious, and an excellent Cook. The owner having
+no further occasion for their services will dispose of them on
+moderate terms. Enquire at the Gazette Office.
+
+
+FOR SALE,
+
+A Black Girl, who has eleven years and eight months to serve. She is
+young, active and healthy: a good house maid and equally qualified for
+farm or tavern work. As the owner has no further use for her, she will
+be disposed of on moderate terms and at an accommodating credit. Apply
+at the Auction Store, Market street to
+
+    D. S. SCULLY.
+
+
+TWENTY DOLLARS REWARD
+
+Ran away about the middle of September last, from the subscriber
+living in Connelsville, Fayette county, Pa. a negro man named Pompey,
+a slave for life, about fifty years of age, five feet six inches high,
+very dark, small featured, bald head, active, much addicted to
+drunkenness and impudent when in that state--has formerly resided in
+Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and affects to speak French. Took with
+him a black cloth coat, a lindsey coatee, one pair blue cloth
+pantaloons, one pair dimitty do and sundry other wearing apparel.
+Whoever apprehends and secures the said negro so that the subscriber
+may get him again, shall receive the above reward and reasonable
+charges if returned.
+
+    JOHN CAMPBELL.
+
+
+TAKE WARNING.
+
+FIFTY DOLLARS REWARD.
+
+Ran away from the subscriber, on Saturday the 2nd day of March last, a
+Negro Man named Jim, about 23 years of age, about 5 feet 10 inches
+high, somewhat slender and not very black, about a chestnut colour,
+has a small scar on one of his cheeks, I believe the right, the scar
+appears to have been made with a knife when small, and is about one
+inch long, just above the cheek bone. Whoever will apprehend said
+Negro and confine him in any jail in the state of Pennsylvania or
+Ohio, so that I may get him, shall have the above reward--and this is
+to forewarn all persons from hiring or harbouring said Negro, under
+the penalty of their lives, for after this notice, I am determined to
+kill any man that I find him in the possession of, without he first
+ascertains that he is legally free, and I hope all persons will be
+cautious how they hire slaves.
+
+    HEZEKIAH CONN.
+
+N.B. If the above described Negro is apprehended and put in jail, a
+letter to me at Frontroyal, Fredrick county, Virginia, will be
+immediately attended to.
+
+
+SIX CENTS REWARD.
+
+Ran away from the subscriber on the 4th inst. a servant girl named
+Nancy M'Carthy about 14 years of age had on when she went away a
+cotton frock, green silk bunnot, fair complexion, light hair cut off
+short. She is supposed to be gone to the new garrison, as she was
+taken up there once before. I forewarn all persons from harbouring
+her. The reward will be given, but no charges.
+
+    WM. GRAHAM.
+
+
+A FLAT-BOTTOMED BOAT
+
+Was taken up the subscriber, living at the mouth of the Four Mile Run,
+on the Ohio river, on the 21st inst. She is 50 feet long, 12 feet
+wide--the gunnels and gunnel plank are oak, and the rest of her
+poplar. She had on board two oars lying on deck, and no stearing oar.
+The owner is desired to come and prove property, pay charges, and take
+her away.
+
+    WILLIAM BURGER.
+
+
+$30 REWARD
+
+Ranaway from the Subscriber on the 1st inst. an Apprentice to the
+carpenter business, named
+
+    Joseph Reever,
+
+about 20 years of age, dark complexion about 5 feet 7 or 8 inches
+high, long sandy hair, had on when he went away a black roram hat,
+black velvet round about and pantaloons of the same, he took with
+him sundry articles of his own clothing and stole one pair of gray
+casimere and a pair of blue striped gingham pantaloons, also a green
+striped waistcoat with silver buttons and rings, also one fine cambric
+muslin shirt and an old linen one marked G. F. He has a cross on his
+left arm and a representation of a buffalo on the calf of his right
+leg below his knee and a figure 4 on his thigh made with Indian ink,
+whoever takes up said apprentice and returns him to the subscriber
+shall have the above reward all reasonable charges.
+
+    GEO. FOULK.
+
+
+THREE CENTS AND A POUND OF
+
+OLD HORSE-SHOE NAILS
+
+REWARD!
+
+Strayed away from the subscriber on the 11th instant.
+
+    John Donaldson,
+
+an apprentice to the blacksmith business--aged 18 years--five feet 7
+or 8 inches high--stout built--very slow in the motion--very fond of
+playing ball and being idle--more proud of dress than of his work;--He
+took with him no more clothes than what was on his back, which
+consisted of one common shirt, a dark marsailles waistcoat, a dark
+gray coattee and pantaloons, one pair stockings, one pair shoes half
+worn, a neck-handkerchief, and one new black fur hat, made by Wm.
+Church. No other marks are recollected. The above reward, no charges
+and no thanks, will be given to any person who will return said stray.
+
+    JAMES YOURD.
+
+
+VALUABLE PROPERTY ON PERPETUAL LEASE
+
+The subscriber will Let on a Perpetual Lease the Houses, Stabling, and
+Lot of ground, situate on the corner of Wood and Fifth Streets, in the
+City of Pittsburg, Containing 120 feet front on Wood Street and fifty
+seven on Fifth Street. The Houses, Stabling and Lot is well known: the
+sign of the Turk's Head. Any Person wishing to view the property, will
+apply to the subscriber next door to the sign of the Turk's Head,
+Fifth Street.
+
+    G. STEWART.
+
+
+WILLIAM MASSON
+
+SAILMAKER--PITTSBURGH
+
+Begs leave to inform the public, that he has received from
+Philadelphia, a quantity of Russia Sail Duck--also, a quantity of
+Blocks, of various sizes; and that he is ready to receive orders from
+any place to make sails for boats or vessels of any size--likewise
+sacking bottoms, either of country cloth or Russia duck.
+
+From an experience of twenty years following the sea, he flatters
+himself he will be enabled to give satisfaction to those who may want
+any thing in his line.
+
+
+BOAT LOST.
+
+    _Lost at the time of the last Fresh of the River_,
+
+    A handsome Boat,
+
+Twenty feet keel, painted green outside, and red inside, a heart
+painted on the stern, the moulding and stern painted yellow and a keel
+from stem to stern. Whoever has taken up said boat, or will give
+information where she may be found, shall be handsomely rewarded, on
+application to
+
+    CHARLES IMSEN, O'Hara's Glassworks.
+
+
+TAKEN UP A DRIFT
+
+In the time of the flood, in February last, a Broken Raft of Scantling
+and Boards, & landed them near the foot of Sandy Creek Island, in the
+Allegheny river. The subscriber supposing the owner would soon come,
+and take care of his property, which he did not, and they lying in a
+bad way, and a spoiling, he has drawn the raft, and secured it, and
+requests the owner to come, and prove his property, pay charges, and
+take it away.
+
+    MICHAEL BRIGHT.
+
+
+
+
+1816
+
+
+"There is always a peculiar solemnity which impresses every thoughtful
+mind on the birthday of another Year. The year one thousand eight
+hundred and sixteen, with all its cares, with all its bustle, its
+pleasures and its pains, has gone, and now mingles with the departed
+dreams of our midnight slumbers. How many of us imagined while engaged
+in the din and bustle and uproar of the world, that this era would
+form an important epoch in the history of man? and yet all these
+thoughts have now vanished, and scarce left a record on the pages of
+memory behind!" _Gazette, Jan. 14, 1817._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pittsburgh in 1816, by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43259 ***