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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43214 ***
+
+    Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+    possible. Some changes have been made. They are listed at the end of
+    the text.
+
+    OE ligatures have been expanded.
+    Italic text has been marked with _underscores_.
+    Superscript text has been marked ^{so}.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: DR. ARNE, BY DUNKARTON.]
+
+
+
+
+                                DR. ARNE
+                                  AND
+                            RULE, BRITANNIA
+
+                                   BY
+
+                        WILLIAM HAYMAN CUMMINGS,
+                     MUS. DOC., F.S.A., HON. R.A.M.
+      _Author of "The Origin and History of 'God Save the King.'"_
+
+                 LONDON: NOVELLO AND COMPANY, LIMITED.
+          NEW YORK: THE H. W. GRAY CO., SOLE AGENTS FOR U.S.A.
+
+                                  1912
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The glorious National Song, "Rule, Britannia," is familiar to the whole
+British race; nevertheless very few men and women are acquainted with
+the history of its birth and parentage.
+
+In the following pages I have endeavoured to chronicle all the facts
+which are discoverable by diligent research, and to present them in an
+attractive and entertaining manner.
+
+The life of Dr. Arne, the composer of "Rule, Britannia," offers to the
+reader and to the music student an interesting and instructive story,
+showing that natural ability, even when combined with genius, is not
+sufficient to ensure a triumphant and successful career. Morality and
+conscientious rectitude in the affairs of life are essential, and had
+Arne exercised these, his exceptional gifts might have enabled him to
+surpass his great contemporary, Handel.
+
+It only remains to be noted that many letters and documents are here
+printed for the first time, some of them copied from the original
+autographs in my possession. They illuminate much which has hitherto
+been obscure and uncertain in the career of a famous composer.
+
+                                                    WILLIAM H. CUMMINGS.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                                PAGE.
+
+ ARNE, BY DUNKARTON                                    _Frontispiece_
+
+ ARNE, BY GAINSBOROUGH                                              7
+
+ MRS. CIBBER                                                       12
+
+ CERVETTO--"OLD NOSEY"--BY ZOFFANY                                 16
+
+ MUSIC HALL, FISHAMBLE STREET, DUBLIN                              19
+
+ ARNE, BY BARTOLOZZI                                               46
+
+ COVENT GARDEN THEATRE. RIOTING DURING ARNE'S "ARTAXERXES"         61
+
+ FACSIMILE OF AUTOGRAPH LETTER BY ARNE                             69
+
+ ARNE, BY ZOFFANY                                                  94
+
+ VIEW OF CLIEFDEN HOUSE                                           111
+
+ FACSIMILE OF "RULE, BRITANNIA"                                   123
+
+
+
+
+DR. ARNE.
+
+
+Much confusion has arisen concerning the family of Arne; this is not
+surprising, seeing that three generations of the same family were named
+Thomas, and that all resided in the parish of St. Paul, Covent Garden.
+On the 14th of February, 1680, the Bishop of London granted a marriage
+licence to "Thomas Arne, of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, Bachelor, 27 and
+upwards, and Mary Thursfield, of St. Martin's-in-Fields, Spinster, 20,
+with her father's consent at St. Peter's, Cornhill, or elsewhere in
+Diocese." A son born to this couple was baptized in St. Paul, Covent
+Garden, on the 3rd of December, 1682; the church register records
+"Thomas, son of Thomas Arne by Mary his wife." In due time, when
+twenty-five years of age, this second Thomas married Anne Wheeler in
+the Mercers' Chapel, Cheapside, April, 1707.[1] Three years later a son
+was born, who also was named Thomas, and duly baptized in St. Paul,
+Covent Garden. The ceremony is recorded in the church register on the
+28th of May, 1710, "Thomas, son of Thomas Arne by Ann his wife." This
+was the future musician and composer; the date of his birth cannot be
+verified by documentary evidence, but tradition has given the 12th
+of March, and this has generally been accepted as correct. It is
+noteworthy that Arne received only one Christian name in baptism, and
+that in after life he added another, Augustine. It has been suggested
+that at some period he was received into the Roman Catholic Church, and
+then took the additional name; but diligent inquiry at the Sardinian
+Chapel, Lincoln's Inn Fields, a place of worship he frequented, has
+failed to discover any evidence of the alleged ceremony. A letter
+written by Dr. Burney[2] (Arne's pupil) to Sir Joseph Banks in July,
+1806, described "Old Mrs. Arne, the mother of Dr. Arne and Mrs. Cibber,
+as a bigotted Roman Catholic." Surely natural affection would suffice
+to induce a mother to instruct her children in her own religious faith,
+and there was no reason why her son should not have been baptized
+with both names had the parents wished it. It seems quite clear that
+the adoption of the second name became a necessity to distinguish the
+composer from his father.
+
+    THOMAS ARNE, _m._ 1680, ----+---- MARY THURSFIELD.
+         _d._ 1713.             |
+                                |
+          +---------------------+--------
+          |
+    THOMAS ARNE, _b._ 1682, ----+---- ANNE WHEELER.
+     _m._ 1707, _d._ 1736.      |
+                                |
+          +---------------------+--------
+          |
+    THOMAS ARNE, _b._ 1710, --------- CECILIA YOUNG,
+     _m._ 1736, _d._ 1778.            _b._ 1711, _d._ 1789.
+
+The last-named was born in his father's house, King Street, Covent
+Garden, now No. 34, but in 1710 distinguished by the sign of "The Crown
+and Cushion." It was notable as the residence for a time of the North
+American chieftains, who created a considerable sensation whilst in
+London, and were popularly called the Indian Kings. Bancroft's "United
+States" describes them: "Five Sachems from the Iroquois sailed with
+Schayler for England. They appeared amidst the gaze of crowds, dressed
+in English small-clothes of black, with scarlet ingrain cloth mantles,
+edged with gold, for their blankets; they were conducted in coaches to
+an audience with Queen Anne, and giving her belts of wampum they avowed
+their readiness to take up the hatchet and aid her in the reduction
+of Canada." Arne, senior, the father of the composer, carried on the
+business of an upholsterer, which included that of an undertaker. He
+paid for his house the considerable rental of £75 per annum, and for
+a time he filled the responsible office of parish overseer. There is
+every indication that he was a prosperous tradesman, so well to do that
+he was able to send his son at a suitable age to Eton College to be
+educated. Unfortunately the records of that ancient foundation afford
+no information as to the date of Arne's admission to the college,
+nor of the length of his residence there: he was not admitted as a
+foundation scholar, but as an Oppidan, and as such would live as a
+boarder in one of the masters' houses.
+
+Many errors have been printed respecting the status and career of
+Arne's father. Probably they all originated from the statements made
+in a letter of Addison's which appeared in the _Tatler_ in 1710; a
+certain Mr. Arne is there described as an Upholder of Covent Garden, a
+rabid politician, neglectful of home and family, and in consequence a
+bankrupt. It is certain that the man thus described was the composer's
+grandfather, who died in the Marshalsea debtors' prison and was buried
+in the graveyard of St. Paul, Covent Garden, as is recorded in the
+church register, "24 December, 1713, Thomas Arne from the Marchelsea."
+Commentators on Addison's letter evolved a story that Arne's father
+died in prison under very cruel conditions; but investigation shows
+that the Arne who was murdered in the Fleet prison was Edward Arne,
+probably an uncle of the composer. The _House of Commons Reports_
+published in 1729 states that "it appeared to the Committee that in the
+year 1725, one Mr. Arne an Upholder was carried into a stable which
+stood where the Strong Room on the Master's side now is, and was there
+confined (being a place of cold restraint) till he died, and that he
+was in a good state of health before he was confined to that room."
+The Prison Committee further inquired into the case, and presented a
+detailed statement as follows: "Mr. Arne, mentioned in the said former
+reports, whilst he was in the Tap-House of the said Fleet prison,
+during the wardership of John Huggins, Esq., and behaving himself
+quietly, was suddenly seized by James Barnes (agent for Huggins,) and
+without any reason given, was forced into the Strong Room, or Dungeon
+on the Master's side; which dungeon being then but lately built, and
+so damp that the drops hung upon the walls, was very nauseous and
+unwholesome. In this place was the unfortunate man locked up, and never
+once permitted to go out; But by an accident on a Sunday, the door
+being opened, he ran into the parlour adjoining to the _Chappell_,
+during the Time of Divine Service; he had no covering upon his Body,
+but the Feathers of a Bed (which Bed was thrown to him by a Prisoner,)
+into which he crept, to defend himself from the Cold, and the Feathers
+stuck and were clotted upon him, by his own Excrements, and the dirt
+which covered his skin. He was immediately seized and carried back into
+the said dungeon, where thro' cold and the Restraint, and, for want of
+food, he lost his senses, languished and perished. Notwithstanding the
+miserable condition of this man, and the applications were made to Mr.
+Huggins, the said Huggins had no compassion on him, but caused the door
+to be closed upon him."[3]
+
+The unhappy victim of tyrannic cruelty was buried in the precincts of
+St. Paul, Covent Garden, as is recorded in the church register, "23 of
+October, 1725, Edward Arne, from the Fleet Prison."
+
+The most reliable account of Arne's early years is to be found in
+Dr. Burney's "History of Music." Burney, when a youth, was sent to
+Chester to be educated in the Free School. In 1744 he was introduced
+to Mr. Arne, who was passing through the City on his journey from
+Ireland to London, "and this most popular of English vocal composers
+since the days of Purcell was so pleased with the talents of this
+nearly self-instructed performer, as to make an offer to Mr. Burney,
+senior, upon such conditions as are usual to such sort of patronage,
+to complete the education of this lively and aspiring young man; and
+to bring him forth to the world as his favourite and most promising
+pupil. To the proposal Mr. Burney, senior, was induced to consent;
+and at the age of seventeen, the eager young candidate for fame
+rapturously set off, in company with Dr. Arne, for the metropolis."[4]
+Arne was a man of pleasure, and seems to have done little to further
+the serious studies of his articled pupil; Burney's daughter said
+that the master constantly employed the pupil in copying music. It
+is therefore not surprising that the latter eagerly embraced an
+opportunity of emancipation from drudgery (which was afforded through
+the recommendation of Kirkman, the harpsichord maker), and accepted the
+appointment of performer and teacher to the fashionable Fulk Greville.
+The apprenticeship articles, however, presented a difficulty, and
+Greville called on Arne to inquire on what terms he would cancel the
+bond. "Arne at first would listen to no proposition, protesting that a
+youth of such promise was beyond all equivalent; But no sooner was a
+round sum mentioned, than Arne, who, in common with all the dupes of
+extravagance, was evermore needy, could not disguise from himself that
+he was dolorously out of cash; and the dazzling glare of three hundred
+pounds could not but play most temptingly in his sight. The articles,
+therefore, were cancelled."
+
+[Illustration: ARNE, BY GAINSBOROUGH.]
+
+We now return to the early days of Arne. Burney writes, "Arne had
+a good school education, having been sent to Eton by his father,
+who intended him for the law. But I have been assured by several of
+his school-fellows, that his love for music operated upon him
+too powerfully, even while he was at Eton, for his own peace, or
+that of his companions; for with a miserable, cracked common-flute
+he used to torment them night and day when not obliged to attend
+the school." Burney's description of the flute must be regarded as
+somewhat exaggerated if we may judge from the instrument depicted in
+the portrait of Arne painted by Gainsborough, and here reproduced.
+Burney's narrative continues, "He told me himself that when he left
+Eton, such was his passion for Music, that he used to avail himself of
+the privilege of a servant, by borrowing a livery and going into the
+upper gallery of the Opera, which was then appropriated to domestics."
+Arne's father, having decided that the young man should be brought up
+to the profession of the law, articled him to an attorney for three
+years, but this compulsory legal study did not prevent him secretly
+and assiduously practising on a spinet, which he had smuggled into
+his bedroom; using a silk handkerchief, he contrived to muffle the
+sounds of the instrument, and could indulge in play when the other
+members of the household were asleep. This he did with fear and
+trembling, well-knowing that if discovered by his father, both he and
+the musical instrument ran the risk of violent expulsion through the
+window. He further managed to acquire some proficiency on the violin,
+and soon contrived to get some lessons from the accomplished and
+eminent violinist, Michael Festing. His natural talent enabled him to
+make rapid progress, and shortly after the expiry of his articles, an
+incident occurred which happily determined his future career. His
+father, one day calling at a gentleman's house in the neighbourhood
+upon business, found that he was engaged, but sending in his name,
+Arne's father was invited upstairs, where there was a large company
+and a concert in progress, and, to his astonishment, his son in the
+very act of leading as first fiddle. This convincing proof that his
+son was more successful with music than law, caused him to relent, and
+he offered no further opposition to his adopting the former as a means
+of livelihood. Arne was now able to pursue his musical studies without
+restraint, and he soon bewitched all the family by his enthusiasm and
+ability. He discovered that his sister, Susanna, possessed a beautiful
+and sympathetic voice, which by his instruction rapidly developed.
+Festing still continued to give him lessons on the violin, and calling
+in King Street one day for this purpose, he found Arne diligently
+practising with his music supported on the lid of a coffin. Horrified
+with the sight, he declared he could not play under such circumstances,
+as he would be constantly imagining there might be a corpse in the
+coffin beneath. "So there is," said Arne, and gave proof by removing
+the lid.
+
+In 1732, Arne's father dabbled in music as a business speculation;
+induced to do so, perhaps, by the remarkable talent of his children.
+He and others, without permission, and without consulting Handel,
+announced performances of that composer's works at the theatre in the
+Haymarket. An advertisement of May the 10th reads: "At the theatre in
+the Haymarket on Thursday the 12th inst. Acis and Galatea, a pastoral
+drama set by Mr. Handel will be performed, with all the choruses,
+songs, machines and other decorations: being the first time it ever
+was performed in a theatrical way. The part of Acis by Mr. Mountier,
+being the first time of his appearing in character on any stage.
+Galatea by Miss Arne. Pit and boxes at five shillings. Subscriptions
+are only taken in by Mr. Arne at the Crown and Cushion, King Street,
+Covent Garden."
+
+For some reason the performance did not take place on the 12th, but on
+the 17th. Dr. Burney says that the adventurers, or partners, in the
+speculation included Arne and his son, and the performers, Miss Arne
+and Miss Cecilia Young, afterward young Arne's wife. Arne now resolved
+to essay his powers in composition, by setting to music the libretto
+of Rosamond, written by Addison. The music of the chief character he
+designed for his sister, and the part of the Page for his young brother
+Michael. The work when completed was presented to the public at the
+theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields on the 7th of March, 1733. In addition
+to his sister and brother, the performers were Mrs. Barbier; Leveridge,
+the veteran bass, Mr. Corfe, Mrs. Jones and Miss Chambers. The first
+performance proved a great success and was followed by ten others; the
+last was announced for the benefit of "_Mr. Arne, junior,_" evidently
+to distinguish the composer from the father. Thus encouraged Arne now
+determined to try his hand on a humorous composition, and selected for
+the purpose Fielding's Burletta "Tom Thumb"; this had been played as a
+comedy, with great success, in 1731, under the title "The Tragedy of
+Tragedies!" In its new musical dress the composer called it "The Opera
+of Operas," and it was submitted to the judgment of the public at the
+new theatre in the Haymarket on the 31st of May, 1733. The principal
+character, Tom Thumb, was personated by the composer's brother Michael.
+The verdict of the audience was highly favourable; the piece attained
+great popularity, and a very long run. The Princess Amelia and the
+Duke of Cumberland attended the second performance; the Prince of
+Wales, the sixth, and the younger Princesses the eighth. Arne's next
+composition was an experiment in another branch of stage work; a Masque
+with Harlequinade entitled, "Dido and Æneas." He was now regularly
+employed at Drury Lane Theatre as composer. His sister, Susannah Maria,
+had acquired considerable fame both as singer and actress, and in
+April, 1734, she married Theophilus Cibber, who became notorious as an
+evil-doer. He was the son of Colley Cibber, and for about three years
+husband and wife lived together; they had two children, who died in
+infancy. The profligate husband had a friend, a Mr. Sloper, who with
+ample means frequently relieved Cibber of pecuniary embarrassments,
+but in 1738 the latter absconded to France, and his wife placed
+herself under the protection of Mr. Sloper, who resided at Burnham in
+Buckinghamshire. On returning to England, Cibber brought an action
+for adultery, laying the damages at £5,000; the verdict in his favour
+gave him £10. He then brought a fresh action, claiming £10,000 for the
+loss of his wife's professional services, and obtained a verdict for
+£500. It appeared that Cibber[5] had forcibly broken into his wife's
+residence, abstracted her jewellery, and carried her off to the Bull's
+Head tavern, Clare Market, where he had locked her in an apartment from
+which she was rescued by her brother, Thomas Arne.
+
+In 1736, Arne, in the twenty-sixth year of his age, married Cecilia
+Young, the charming singer who had appeared with his sister at the
+performances in the new theatre in the Haymarket, in 1732. She was the
+daughter of Charles Young, a performer of good repute and organist of
+All Hallows' Church, Barking. Of three accomplished sisters she was
+the most gifted; her natural soprano voice had been well trained by
+Geminiani, and was of unusual compass and flexibility, ranging up to
+E in alt. She was also greatly admired on account of the accuracy and
+perfection with which she executed trills and shakes. Dr. Burney said,
+"her style of singing was infinitely superior to that of any other
+English woman of her time."
+
+Charles Young refused to sanction his daughter's marriage with Arne
+on account of the latter's religious principles. It is said he never
+forgave her.[6] In the year of his marriage, Arne wrote the incidental
+music for "Zara," a tragedy produced at Drury Lane Theatre, in which
+his sister Mrs. Cibber first gave proof of her extraordinary ability
+as a tragic actress as well as singer. She captivated everyone by her
+native sweetness of voice and powers of expression; "It was difficult
+to say which of the two received the greater applause, the actress for
+her interesting person, pathetic voice and manner, or the musician (the
+composer Arne) for his natural and pleasing strains, particularly
+the March which was encored every night." Mrs. Cibber's fame became
+pronounced. Handel thought so highly of her that he engaged her to
+sing the contralto part in "The Messiah" at its first performance, in
+Dublin. How well she merited his selection was proved at the conclusion
+of the Air "He was despised"; her singing was so natural and touching
+that the Dean of St. Patrick's, Dr. Delaney, arose from his seat and
+audibly exclaimed, "Woman, for this thy sins be forgiven thee!"
+
+Mrs. Cibber was not only a great artist, but also a very accomplished
+and amiable woman, as is proved by her correspondence with David
+Garrick. When she died, in 1766, Garrick declared that "tragedy expired
+with her."
+
+She was buried in the North Cloister of Westminster Abbey.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. CIBBER.]
+
+The only other composition of Arne's which can be traced to the year
+of his marriage, 1736, is a Serenata, the words by Thomas Phillips,
+written to commemorate the marriage of the Prince of Wales with the
+beautiful Princess Augusta of Saxe Gotha, which took place in April.
+The Serenata was performed at Drury Lane Theatre. Arne's connection
+with the theatre provided him with a splendid opening for his talent
+as composer. Dr. John Dalton, a Prebendary of Worcester Cathedral
+and Rector of St. Mary-at-hill, London, prepared a stage version of
+Milton's "Comus." He interpolated verses taken from other works of the
+poet, and added some songs of his own, all requiring music; and, as
+the sequel proved, no composer could have carried out the task more
+efficiently than Arne, who entered upon his welcome labours with
+real enthusiasm, and easily earned the reputation of being the best
+English composer of the day. His music combined graceful melody and
+expressive accent, needing no extraneous ornamentation to enhance its
+beauty. The songs "Now Phoebus sinketh in the West," "By dimpled
+brook," "How gentle was my Damon's Airs," and "Sweet Echo," are
+amongst the gems. The various characters were well represented on the
+stage. Comus by Mr. Quin; the Lady, Mrs. Cibber; the Brothers, Mr.
+Milward and Mr. Cibber; First Spirit, Mr. Mills; Second Spirit, Mr.
+Hill; Euphrosyne, Mrs. Clive; Sabrina, Mrs. Arne; Attendant Spirit,
+Mr. Beard. The Masque is preceded by a sprightly Overture scored
+for strings, two flutes, two oboes, two trumpets, and bassoons. The
+instruments are never employed simultaneously, an orchestral feature
+peculiar to Arne. The song "Sweet Echo" was sung "behind the scenes"
+by Mrs. Arne, with an echo played on the flute, and proved very
+effective. Either from want of time, or some other cause, Arne did
+not compose chorus music, but adapted several pieces from Handel; the
+manuscript of these adaptations is in the British Museum. Produced at
+Drury Lane Theatre in 1738 under the composer's direction, the piece
+had a long run and was frequently revived. A notable occasion was
+the performance at Drury Lane on the 5th of April, 1750, when it was
+given for the benefit of the grand-daughter of Milton, Mrs. Elizabeth
+Foster, who was living in extreme old age and poverty; for this notable
+event Dr. Johnson wrote a prologue which was spoken by Garrick. It is
+satisfactory to know that the substantial sum of one hundred and thirty
+pounds was handed over to the aged lady as a result of the united
+efforts of the artists who gave their services.
+
+The popularity of "Comus" induced Arne to publish a score of the music
+in 1740. The title-page of the volume reads: "The Music in the Masque
+of Comus. Written by Milton. As it was Perform'd at the Theatre-Royal
+in Drury-Lane. Composed by Thomas Augustine Arne. Opera Prima. London.
+Printed by William Smith, at the musick shop in Middle Row, near
+Holborn Bars, and sold by the Author." The copies were signed by
+the composer; we may therefore presume that the publication was his
+own venture, which may account for his calling it Opera Prima. It
+certainly was not the first work of his, either composed or printed.
+He afterwards sold the plates, and the score was published with a new
+title-page bearing the imprint "London. Printed for and sold by J.
+Simpson in Sweetings Alley Royal Exchange." "Comus" became so popular
+that the songs were sung all over the Kingdom, and gave rise to
+numerous convivial and musical associations which were convened under
+the title _Comus's Court_.
+
+In 1739, a number of eminent musicians residing in London united in
+establishing a charitable society for the relief of indigent musicians
+and their families. The first steps were taken by Festing, Handel,
+Green, Weideman, and nine others; it was then called "The Society of
+Musicians," and since has become by Charter "The Royal Society of
+Musicians." Among the first to join the Association and to sign the
+"Declaration of Trust" were Thomas Arne and Handel. The former, after
+some years, neglected to pay his subscription, and ceased to be a
+member; but the latter retained his membership to the end of his life,
+and by his Will bequeathed one thousand pounds to its funds.
+
+1740 was a very busy and prosperous year for Arne. His composition of
+the "Masque of Alfred" for the Prince of Wales will be found fully
+discussed in connection with "Rule, Britannia"; the other Masque,
+which was performed at the same celebration, was "The Judgment of
+Paris," written by William Congreve. This author died in 1728, and
+it is not known who arranged the book as set by Arne; it contained
+much more music than "Alfred," and, with the exception of "Rule,
+Britannia," of greater importance. The Overture, composed on the
+conventional pattern of the day, beginning with a Largo, followed
+by a spirited fugue, concludes with a Minuet Andante and a Giga con
+spirito; the only instruments employed are strings and oboes. The
+Recitative, "O ravishing delight," sung by Mr. Beard in the character
+of Paris, it would be difficult to surpass. Accompanied by the string
+quartett, it is full of variety and charm, and leads into an Allegro,
+with bravura passages well written for the voice. If revived to-day
+by a good tenor singer it would prove a great success. There is a
+remarkable Air for Venus, "Gentle Swain," which was sung by Mrs. Arne.
+In the printed score the composer appends the note, "This Air is
+composed for a _Violoncello_ solo, and a double Bass to play with the
+Harpsichord."[7] The violoncello had quite recently been introduced
+into England by Cervetto (Giacobbe Bassevi), who joined the Drury Lane
+Theatre orchestra in 1738; by his skill he soon made the instrument
+popular. Both Arne and Handel wrote special obbligato parts for him.
+His personality and manners were very marked, and he became a pet
+of the gods in the gallery of the theatre, who, when he appeared in
+the orchestra, would call out "play up, Nosey." He became manager of
+Drury Lane Theatre, and died on the 14th of January, 1783, over one
+hundred years of age, leaving his son a fortune of £20,000. He signed
+the admission book of the "Society of Musicians" on the 14th of April,
+1742. An amusing story is told of an encounter Cervetto had with
+Garrick; the latter had been absent from Drury Lane Theatre for two
+years, and on his return he prepared an address to speak previous to
+the play. When the applause which greeted him had subsided, the house
+became silent in expectation of the speech. At this crucial moment,
+Cervetto anticipated the first word by a tremendous yawn, which caused
+the audience to burst into convulsive laughter, and several minutes
+elapsed before quiet was restored. When the curtain dropped, Garrick
+rushed to the music-room and seized Cervetto by the shoulders, calling
+him a scoundrel, and a base-viol, and demanded what he meant by his
+conduct. The poor man could only reply that "when he had a great
+rapture" he always did "yawn that way."
+
+[Illustration: CERVETTO, BY ZOFFANY.]
+
+The Air "Gentle swain," sung by Mrs. Arne, in which Cervetto
+accompanied, is very melodious vocally and instrumentally: it was
+followed by a Trio for three soprano voices, sung by Mrs. Arne, Mrs.
+Clive, and Miss Edwards, representing Venus, Pallas, and Juno. The
+music is admirable, in spite of the words, which cannot be described as
+poetry. After an invitation from each of the three divinities:
+
+    Hither turn thee gentle swain,
+      Hither turn to me again:
+    She will deceive thee,
+      I'll never leave thee--
+
+Paris, represented by Mr. Beard, replied:
+
+    Apart let me view then each heav'nly fair,
+    For three at a time no mortal can bear;
+    And since a gay robe an ill shape may disguise,
+    When each is undrest
+    I'll judge of the best,
+    For 'tis not a face that must carry the prize.
+
+We have no record how they managed the stage business at Clieveden,
+but it must have presented some difficulty. A Recitative for Pallas
+is remarkable for the vigour of the instrumental accompaniment, and
+the Air "The glorious voice it was" is very spiritedly supported by
+strings, oboes, trumpets and drums. A fine Recitative, "Stay, lovely
+youth," sung by Mrs. Arne is also worthy of mention. At the close
+of the year 1740, on the 20th of December, Shakespeare's "As you
+like it" was played at Drury Lane Theatre, the first time for forty
+years. Great interest was excited by the revival, more especially on
+account of the fact that Arne had prepared new music for the songs.
+These included "When daisies pied," sung by Kitty Clive, "Under the
+greenwood tree" and "Blow, thou winter wind," sung by Mr. Thomas Lowe.
+They all captivated the public taste, who found Shakespeare's poetry
+admirably framed in Arne's melodies. The immediate popularity of the
+music attracted the attention of several unscrupulous publishers of
+the day. To protect himself against their nefarious depredations,
+Arne obtained a Royal license, dated 29th of January, 1741. "George,
+the Second, by the Grace of God, King of _Great Britain_, France, and
+Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. To all to whom these Presents
+shall come, Greeting. Whereas _Thomas Augustine Arne_, of _Craven
+Buildings_, near Drury Lane, in our County of _Middlesex_, Gent. Hath
+humbly represented unto US, That he hath with great Study, Labour and
+Expence, composed several works, consisting of Vocal and Instrumental
+Musick, in order to be printed and published; and hath Therefore
+humbly besought US to grant him Our Royal Privilege and License, for
+the sole printing and publishing thereof, for the term of Fourteen
+Years. We being willing to give all due Encouragement to works of this
+Nature, are graciously pleased to condescend to his Request: and We do
+therefore, by these Presents, so far as may be agreeable to the Statute
+in that behalf made and provided, grant unto the said _Thomas Augustine
+Arne_, his Executors, Administrators and Assigns, Our License for the
+sole Printing and Publishing the said Works, for the Term of Fourteen
+Years, to be computed from the Date hereof; strictly forbidding all our
+Subjects within our Kingdom and Dominions, to Reprint or Abridge the
+same, either in the like, or any other Volume or Volumes whatsoever; or
+import, buy, vend, utter, or distribute any Copies thereof reprinted
+beyond the Seas, during the aforesaid Term of Fourteen years, without
+the Consent or Approbation of the said _Thomas Augustine Arne_, his
+Heirs, Executors, and Assigns, as they will answer the contrary at
+their Peril. Whereof the Commissioners and other Officers of our
+Customs, the Master, Wardens and Company of Stationers, are to take
+Notice, that due Obedience may be rendered to our Pleasure herein
+declared. Given at our Court St. James's, the Twenty-Ninth Day of
+January, 1740-1, in the Fourteenth Year of Our Reign. By His Majesty's
+Command.
+
+                                                     "HOLLIS NEWCASTLE."
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROOM, FISHAMBLE STREET, DUBLIN.]
+
+In 1741, Arne and his wife made their first united visit to Ireland;
+from _Faulkner's Dublin Journal_ of June 29-July 3, we learn that:
+"Last Wednesday (June 30th) the ingenious Mr. Arne, brother to Mrs.
+Cibber, and Composer of the Musick of Comus, together with his Wife,
+(the celebrated Singer,) arrived here from London." This notice is
+interesting as evidence that "Comus" had already been performed in
+Dublin; Mrs. Cibber and James Quin, the original exponents of the Lady,
+and Comus, were two of the actors engaged in the Dublin production;
+we may therefore reasonably suppose that they had introduced some of
+Arne's music. Mrs. Cibber had also won a high place in the estimation
+of the public by her exquisite singing in the first performance of
+the "Messiah" Oratorio when conducted by Handel on the 13th of April
+preceding. No time was lost by Arne and his wife in making a venture
+for public favour. _Faulkner's Journal_, July 13-17, exhibited the
+following advertisement: "At the particular Desire of several Persons
+of Quality, for the Benefit of Mrs. Arne, at the Great Room in
+Fishamble-street, on Wednesday, the 21st Inst., will be performed a
+grand Entertainment of Musick, to be divided into three Interludes;
+wherein several favourite Songs and Duetto will be performed by Mrs.
+Arne and Mrs. Cibber. In the first Interlude (after an Overture of Mr.
+Handel's) a Scene from Mr. Arne's Opera of Rosamund, by Mrs. Arne; O
+beauteous Queen, from Mr. Handel's Oratorio Esther, by Mrs. Cibber; Non
+chiamarmi, from an Opera of Signor Hasse's by Mrs. Arne; and O fairest
+of ten thousand Fair, a Duetto, from Mr. Handel's Oratorio of Saul, by
+Mrs. Arne and Mrs. Cibber. In the second Interlude (after an Overture
+of Mr. Arne's) Lascia cadermi in Volto, a Song of Farinelli's Singing,
+by Mrs. Arne; Chi scherza colle Rose, from Mr. Handel's Opera of Hymen,
+by Mrs. Cibber; Vo solcando, a song of Signor Vinci's by Mrs. Arne; and
+Vado e vido, a Duetto of Mr. Handel's in Faramond by Mrs. Arne and Mrs.
+Cibber. In the third Interlude (after an Overture of Mr. Arne's), O
+peace, thou fairest Child of Heaven, from Mr. Arne's Masque of Alfred,
+by Mrs. Arne; Un Guardo Solo from Mr. Handel's Opera of Hymen, by Mrs.
+Cibber; (by particular Desire) Sweet Bird, from Mr. Handel's Allegro,
+by Mrs. Arne; and Per le Porte del Tormento, a favourite Duetto of Mr.
+Handel's in Sosarmes, by Mrs. Arne and Mrs. Cibber.--Mrs. Arne, being
+a Stranger in this Kingdom, humbly hopes the Nobility and Gentry will
+excuse her personal Application, and to prevent Their being detained
+at the Doors of the Hall, while Tickets are delivered them, that they
+will send for their Tickets to Mrs. Cibber's House in Aungier-street,
+where Places may be taken.--And, to prevent mistakes, they are desired
+to send their Servants to Keep Places before five o'clock, To begin
+exactly at 7 o'clock. N.B. This Performance (intended for the Theatre)
+is at the Request of several Gentlemen and Ladies altered to the Great
+Room above mentioned."
+
+It will be noticed that the programme contains eight pieces composed
+by Handel, and only four by Arne. Handel was residing in Dublin,
+and it is quite likely that he extended his friendly patronage to
+Mrs. Arne and attended the concert. In any case Handel's music was
+undoubtedly an attraction for the fashionable world of Dublin; and it
+is satisfactory to read that the concert was so great a success that
+"At the particular Desire of several Persons of Quality" a repeat was
+granted on the following Wednesday, the 28th of July. Very soon after
+the latter performance, the Dublin musical season came to an end and
+the many artists who had been making hay in that city transferred
+their personalities to England. "The celebrated Mr. Handel" left
+Dublin on the 13th of August, and on Monday, the 23rd of the same
+month, was followed by Mrs. Cibber, Mr. Arne and David Garrick. Mrs.
+Arne remained in Dublin; probably her husband only went to London to
+make preparations for an extended campaign in Dublin. In a month's
+time he returned, and resided with his wife at a house "over against
+the Ram in Aungier-street" near the Theatre. We obtain intelligence
+of their doings from an advertisement in _Faulkner's Journal_ of
+September 25-28,--"The Charitable and Musical Society" announced the
+commencement of the season by a concert to be given on the 8th of
+October. Special attention is directed to the fact that "they have
+provided a fine Organ, and have engaged the celebrated Mrs. Arne to
+sing"; the day after the performance the _Journal_ reported, "Last
+Night the Charitable and Musical Society opened their first Concert to
+a very numerous and polite Assembly of Ladies and Gentlemen, when Mrs.
+Arne (tho' extremely ill of a Cold) sang with universal applause." She
+speedily recovered and with her husband gave a concert in the following
+December. The _Journal_ of November 27-30 contained the following
+announcement: "We hear that on Friday next [Dec. 3] being particularly
+desir'd, at the Great Room in Fishamble Street, Mrs. Arne will sing the
+Song Sweet Bird, accompanied on the Violin by Mr. Arne. And that he
+intends between the Acts of his Serenatas, Operas, and other Musical
+Performances, to intermix Comic Interludes (after the Italian Manner),
+amongst which will be perform'd Tom Thumb, the Original Burlesque
+Opera compos'd by him, the Dragon of Wantley, Miss Lucy in Town, etc.
+Intended to give Relief to that grave Attention, necessary to be kept
+up in Serious Performances. Which he intends shall begin in January
+next." We learn from this the evident intention of Arne to make a
+lengthened stay in the city which had received him and his wife with
+so much favour. It is likewise interesting to note that hitherto he
+had acted as harpsichord accompanist, and now proposed exhibiting his
+excellent skill as a solo violinist. The obbligato to the song "Sweet
+Bird," from Handel's "Allegro," was composed for a flute, by no means
+an easy task for a violin player at that time. The "Charitable Musical
+Society," evidently satisfied with Mrs. Arne's performance, on the 17th
+of December engaged her for another concert given "for the Benefit and
+Enlargement of Prisoners confined for Debt, in the several Marshalseas
+in this City." An advertisement announced "On Tuesday next, being the
+14th of December, at 12 o'clock at Noon will be the Rehearsal of Acis
+and Galatea, with the celebrated Coronation Anthem called Zadok the
+Priest, composed by Mr. Handel. Mr. Dubourg will perform a new Solo.
+The Performance will be on Friday the 17th, at 6 in the Evening. The
+Gentlemen of the Choir of each Cathedral will assist,[8] with Mrs.
+Arne, Mrs. Storer, Mr. Colgan, and others. Tickets to be had at half a
+Guinea each, from Mr. Neal, at the said Musick Hall. A Rehearsal Ticket
+will be delivered with the Ticket for the Performance, as it was for
+the Messiah." "There are great Numbers of Tickets already disposed
+of for the Musical Entertainment of Acis and Galatea; and it is not
+doubted but the Ladies of this Kingdom who so eminently distinguish
+themselves for their great Virtue and Charity, will, upon this
+Occasion, exert themselves by promoting this Charity, many of them, of
+great Quality and Distinction, having come to a Resolution not to wear
+any Hoops next Friday, as it will be a Means of admitting more People
+into the Hall than usual."
+
+In this month, December 11-14, the _Journal_ made an announcement of
+considerable importance: "Mr. Swan being desirous to entertain the Town
+in the best manner possible, has contracted with Mr. Arne, for Mrs.
+Arne, Mrs. Baildon, Mrs. Sybilla, and other singers belonging to him,
+to perform in the Masque of Comus, written by Milton, and set to Musick
+by Mr. Arne. The Choruses will be properly performed, and Mr. Arne will
+accompany the Performance, which will be exhibited on Monday next,
+being the 10th inst. Jan. N.B. The Orchestra will be doubled, and there
+will be a Row at the Pit enclosed for the Musick." The same _Journal_
+of the 4-8th January, 1743, gave more details: "By His Majesty's
+Company of Comedians, at the Theatre Royal in Aungier-street, on Monday
+next, being the 10th inst. Jan. will be performed a Dramatick Masque
+called Comus, written by Milton. The Musick, vocal and instrumental,
+composed by Mr. Arne. The Part of Comus, by Mr. Swan; a pastoral Nymph,
+and the Part of Sabrina, by Mrs. Arne; the principal Bacchanal, by
+Mrs. Baildon, from London; the Lady's Song (Sweet Echo) by Mrs. Arne,
+accompany'd by Mr. Neal, from England, who performed it originally;
+the second pastoral Nymph by Mrs. Sybilla, a Scholar of Mr. Arne's;
+the Part of Euphrosyne to be performed by Miss Davis. With all the
+Choruses performed in Parts, as originally in England, and never done
+here before. The original Prologue to be spoke by Mr. Swan, and the
+Epilogue by Mrs. Furnival. A Row of the Pit will be taken into the
+Orchestra, there being an extraordinary Band of Musick provided on
+this occasion. The whole conducted by Mr. Arne, who accompanies the
+Performance on the Harpsichord. With new Habits, Scenes, Machines,
+Risings, Sinkings, Flyings, and other Decorations. It is hoped it
+will not be taken ill, that none can be admitted behind the Scenes.
+N.B. This Performance being exhibited at a much greater Expense than
+any Theatrical Entertainment in this Kingdom, we are obliged to lay
+the Pit and Boxes together at 5s. 5d. Lattaces, 5s. 5d. Gallery, 2s.
+8d. halfp." The foregoing advertisement is brim full of interesting
+matter; we see that Mr. Arne was a tower of strength; that Mr. Neal was
+the solo flautist at the first performance of "Comus," in Drury Lane
+Theatre; the choruses, performed in parts, were taken from Handel, as
+in London; also that Mr. Arne conducted and accompanied, according to
+the fashion of the day, at the harpsichord. The artistic venture of
+Mr. Swan met with due reward; "Comus" was successfully repeated on the
+13th, 20th, and 24th of January, and again on the 8th of February for
+the benefit of Mr. Swan; finally, on the 21st of April, Mr. Neal took
+a benefit at the Smock Alley Theatre on the 1st of February, when he
+exhibited his versatility; the _Journal_ announced "Between the Acts,
+Mr. Neale will perform a Solo and Concerte on the Hautboy, with a
+Piece on the German Flute. Mr. Charles and his Second will perform a
+Concerto on the French Horn, and Mr. Storer will sing a favourite Song.
+Master Neale, a child of ten Years old, will perform a Concerto on the
+Violin, and Elin a Roon, with all its Variations." This advertisement
+is of importance, showing that Arne had excellent orchestral players.
+Mr. Charles[9] was a very skilful performer; possibly he had been
+one of the Drury Lane orchestra. On the following 10th of February,
+Mrs. Arne had a benefit at the Theatre Royal, Aungier Street, when
+the programme consisted of "A Grand Serenata, call'd Love and Glory;
+composed by Mr. Arne, in Honour of the Nuptials of His Royal Highness
+Frederick Prince of Wales, with the Princess Augusta. After the
+Serenata, a new Farce call'd Miss Lucy in Town,[10] with all the songs
+composed by Mr. Arne, and performed at the Theatre-Royal in Drury Lane."
+
+A concert was given at the Music Hall in Fishamble Street, on the 4th
+of May, for the benefit of the Charitable Infirmary, when Handel's
+"Alexander's Feast" was performed. Mr. Arne conducted and Mrs. Arne
+sang; "the Gentlemen of the Choirs of both Cathedrals and several other
+voices" assisted. On Saturday, the 7th, three days afterwards, Mr. Arne
+had a benefit at the Theatre Royal in Aungier Street, when the bill
+consisted of "an Opera called Rosamond, Written by the celebrated Mr.
+Addison, and set to Musick by Mr. Arne: King Henry, Mr. Baildon; Sir
+Trusty, Mr. Layfield; Page, Master Pilkington; being the first Time
+of his Appearance on any Stage; Rosamond, Mrs. Sybilla; Grideline,
+Miss Davis; and the part of Queen Eleanor to be performed by Mrs.
+Arne, After which will be performed the original comic burlesque Opera
+called Tom Thumb. The Part of Tom Thumb by Master Pilkington; King, Mr.
+Baildon; Lord Grizzel, Mr. Layfield; Queen Dollallolla, Miss Davis;
+Princess, Huncamunca, Mrs. Sybilla; all the other characters, as
+Noodle, Doodle, Foodle, Giantess, Conjurer, etc., by a select Company
+of burlesque Opera Singers. To prevent Mistakes, Ladies are desired to
+take their Places in Time, and on the Day of Performance to send their
+Servants to keep Places before five o'clock."
+
+The above programme was announced for repetition on the 27th of May,
+for the benefit of Mr. Baildon and Mrs. Sybilla, but Mrs. Arne was
+attacked by one of her frequent illnesses, which on this occasion
+proved so serious, that her physician forbade her attempting to perform
+"at the Hazard of her Life." In June she had so far recovered that the
+deferred benefit was announced for the 11th of June, "being positively
+the last time of Mr. Arne's exhibiting any Performance this Season."
+
+_Faulkner's Journal_, Oct. 22-25, announced that "Mr. Dubourg[11] and
+Mr. Arne are to have six Oratorios of Mr. Handel's performed this
+Season by Subscription, in which Mr. Lowe, Mrs. Arne, Mr. Colgan,
+and Mrs. Storer will perform the vocal Parts"; on the following Nov.
+29-Dec. 3, an elaborate advertisement detailed Mr. Arne's plans:--"Mr.
+Arne proposes to exhibit, at the Theatre-royal in Aungier-street,
+Four Performances in the manner of the Oratorios in London, viz.: Two
+Performances of the Distresses and Conquest of King Alfred, composed by
+Command of His Royal Highness Frederick Prince of Wales, and performed
+at his Palace at Cliefden, but never yet exhibited in Publick, and two
+Performances of a New Oratorio called The Death of Abel: Both composed
+by Mr. Arne. Subscription Three Guineas, Every Subscriber to have three
+Tickets on each Night of Performance. No Person (not subscribing)
+will be admitted into Pit, Boxes, or Lattices, under half-a-Guinea a
+single Ticket. The first Performance to begin as soon as one hundred
+Subscribers shall be obtained, of which fifty have already subscribed.
+Subscriptions are taken in by Mr. Arne, at his House in Aungier-street,
+near the Theatre. Mr. Arne has a few Books of the Works he has
+published, which he will dispose of at the following Prices, viz.:
+The complete Score of the Overture, Songs and Duettos in the Masque
+of Comus, 7s. The Songs in As you like it, and Twelfth Night, with
+the favourite Duetto in the Rival Queens, and other select Airs, 4s.
+4d. And the Songs in the Beggar of Bethnel Green, with several new
+favourite Ballads annexed, 6s. 6d. Likewise, a curious Harpsichord from
+London, made by Kirkman, Tabell's Foreman, which he will sell very
+reasonably." A writer in the _Dublin Journal_ at this time (November,
+1743), said, "Mr. and Mrs. Arne are beyond comparison, in their way the
+most extraordinary Persons this Kingdom has seen. The Aungier Street
+Stage has now the very best Company of Players that ever was in this
+Kingdom, they are now better than any Company in London, and the Prices
+(except on very extraordinary Occasions) are at the lowest Rate."
+
+The Duke and Duchess of Devonshire commanded a performance of "The
+Beggar's Opera" on December the 8th, at the Theatre Royal in Aungier
+Street, when Arne presided at the harpsichord, and also at seven
+representations which followed. At a benefit given for Mr. Lowe on
+the 17th, "Comus" was performed, with Mrs. Arne in the parts of the
+Pastoral Nymph and Sabrina, singing also, as usual, the Lady's song,
+"Sweet Echo." She again appeared with Mr. Arne at a benefit concert
+given for Signor Barbatielli, who had broken his leg. The advertisement
+announced, "Mr. Dubourg, is so kind as to perform, and will conduct
+the whole, assisted by Mr. Arne and Mr. Pasqualino, the Vocal Parts by
+Mrs. Arne, Mrs. Storer, Mr. Lowe, and Mr. Colgan. Tickets to be had at
+Mr. Barbatielli's Lodgings in George's Lane, opposite to Fade-street,
+and at the Musick hall, at 5s. 5d.--N.B. It is hoped that the Gentlemen
+and Ladies will be so good as to excuse Mr. Barbatielli's personal
+Attendance, he lying under the Misfortune of a broken Leg. Ladies are
+requested to order their Coaches down Fishamble-street, for the more
+easy going in, as at Mr. Handell's."
+
+Arne's "Comus" was again performed on the 22nd of December. In 1744,
+on the 2nd of January, at the Theatre Royal after "Amphitryon," with
+singing and dancing between the acts, the farce "Miss Lucy in Town"
+with Arne's music was performed. Special attention was directed to
+Mr. Lowe's singing of "the Part of Cantileno" [a Burlesque upon the
+Italian Singers]. On the 12th of January Mrs. Arne made her first
+appearance in Lampe's burlesque Opera "The Dragon of Wantley." The
+advertisement runs, "The Part of Moor-Hall to be performed by Mr. Lowe.
+The Part of Margery to be performed by Mrs. Arne, being her first
+Appearance in any comic Character; and the Part of Mauxalinda to be
+performed by Madam Chateauneuf; Gubbins by Mr. Worsdale; the Dragon by
+Mr. Layfield." Mr. Arne presided at the harpsichord.
+
+We have become familiar with Arne's skill as composer, violinist,
+conductor, and harpsichord player; we now find an interesting notice of
+his first essay, and probably his last, as an actor. The _Journal_ of
+Jan. 24-28 announced, "By the real and absolute Command of their Graces
+the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, for the benefit of Mrs. Arne, at
+the Theatre-royal in Aungier-street, on Saturday, the 28th Instant,
+will be performed the Second Part of Henry IV. With the Humours of Sir
+John Falstaff. The Part of Henry Prince of Wales by Mr. Arne, being his
+First attempt of that Kind." The Shakespeare play was followed by some
+vocal music by Mrs. Arne and Mr. Lowe, and the whole concluded with
+Lampe's "Dragon of Wantley."
+
+We now come to an important event, the performance of the Oratorio,
+"The Death of Abel," which was first produced in Dublin, and not in
+London, as is generally stated. The following curious advertisement
+appeared in the _Journal,_ Feb. 11-14, 1744: "By subscription. At the
+Theatre-royal in Smock Alley, on Saturday next, being the 18th of
+this Inst. Feb. will be performed A new Oratorio, called _The Death
+of Abel_. Set to music by Mr. Arne. The Principal Characters to be
+performed by Mr. Lowe, Mrs. Arne, and Mademoiselle Chateauneuf. The
+stage will be disposed in the same manner as at Mr. Handel's Oratorios
+in London. As but 12 more subscribers can be admitted, such gentlemen
+and ladies as intend to honour Mr. Arne by subscribing, are greatly
+desired immediately to send their names to his house in Aungier-street.
+where tickets are ready to deliver to the subscribers. N.B. Attendance
+will be given at the Theatre on each Day of Performance, when
+Subscribers, on sending their Subscription Tickets, will have three
+delivered on each of the four Nights of Performance. Pit, Boxes, and
+Lattices, Half a Guinea. First Gallery, 2s. 8d. halfp. Upper Gallery,
+2s. 2d. Ladies are requested to sit in the Pit, as well as Boxes, as
+is the Custom at the Operas and Oratorios in London, for which purpose
+the Pit seats will be made thoroughly clean. To begin exactly half
+an Hour after Six. The Printer made a mistake in the last bills; but
+the Subscribers may depend that (according to Mr. Arne's proposal)
+no Person (except Subscribers) will be admitted into Pit, Boxes, or
+Lattices under Half a Guinea. Mr. Arne begs Leave to acquaint the
+Public, that he has been credibly inform'd by several worthy Families
+that the Gentlewomen who keep the Saturday Nights Assembly, or some one
+concern'd with, or commission'd by them, have made it their business
+to complain of his performing the Subscription Oratorios on that
+Night, alledging that it was done on purpose to prejudice them. Now,
+so far was that from being thought of, much less intended, that the
+Gentlemen Proprietors of the Theatre, as well as Mr. Arne, endeavoured
+their utmost to fix another Night, but could not, for the following
+Reasons; The Mondays and Thursdays are taken up with Benefits for six
+Weeks. On Tuesdays are Vicars-street Consort, and the Bear on College
+green, which take up all the best Hands. On Wednesday are the Phil
+Harmonic Society, and Crow-street, where they are likewise engaged. And
+on Friday is Fishamble Consort, where they are obliged to perform."
+"The Death of Abel" was repeated on the 25th of February. This early
+oratorio of Arne's was never published, and no manuscript copy of it
+is known to exist. One song, however, became very popular, and was in
+great request--"The Hymn of Eve":
+
+        How cheerful along the gay mead,
+    The daisy and cowslip appear,
+    The Flocks as they carelessly feed,
+    Rejoice in the Spring of the year.
+    The Myrtles that shade the gay bow'rs,
+    The Herbage that springs from the Sod;
+    Trees, plants, cooling fruits, and sweet flow'rs
+    All rise to the praise of my God.
+
+The music, very simple and melodious, but without striking evidence of
+genius, has been frequently reprinted, and arranged in various forms.
+
+A comedy, "The Rehearsal," with Arne's music, was played on the 1st
+of March, at the Theatre in Aungier Street, for the benefit of Mr.
+Basdin; the singing parts were performed by Mr. Lowe and Mr. Worsdale.
+The _Journal_, Feb. 28-March 3, 1744, contained the advertisement
+announcing the first public performance of "Alfred," and the "Judgment
+of Paris," which took place on the 10th of March; and on the 29th
+of the same month "Comus" was again performed, for the last time in
+the season, Mrs. Arne, as a matter of course, representing Sabrina
+and the Pastoral Nymph, and singing the song "Sweet Echo." Lowe was
+the Bacchanal and Attendant Spirit; and Miss Davis, Euphrosyne. This
+performance was given at the Theatre in Aungier Street, and shortly
+afterwards "Rosamond" was revived at the Theatre Royal in Smock Alley.
+It must have been well received, as there were five performances, on
+the 2nd, 5th, 9th, 10th, and 19th of April. Mrs. Arne represented Queen
+Eleanor; Lowe, King Henry; Layfield, Sir Trusty; Miss Davis, Grideline;
+Madame Chateauneuf, Rosamond. On the 2nd "The Merchant of Venice" was
+also performed "with the songs proper to the Character," sung by Mr.
+Lowe. _Faulkner's Journal_, 7-10 April, contained a Song, "The Scene a
+Bower," addressed to Mrs. Arne, which may be taken as evidence of her
+popularity. There are nine verses, commencing:
+
+    From yonder Bow'r, where blowing sweets
+      Perfume the vernal Air,
+    I hear the music of a voice
+      Peculiar to the tuneful Fair.
+
+On the 26th of April a performance was given of the tragedy "Theodosius,
+or the Force of Love." This play, written by Lee, was printed in
+1680 with five songs and two choruses composed by Henry Purcell. The
+libretto was revised for the Dublin performance. The announcement ran,
+"At the particular Desire of several Persons of Quality, for the
+Benefit of Mr. Barry, at the Theatre-royal in Smock-alley on Thursday
+the 26th Inst. will be acted a Tragedy called Theodosius or the Force
+of Love. The Part of Varanes to be performed by Mr. Barry, being the
+first Time of his appearing in that Character. Tickets to be had at
+Mr. Barry's in Skinner-Row.--As the original Songs, and Chorus's of
+the Play were never performed in this Kingdom, for want of Musick and
+Performances equal to such an Undertaking; Mr. Arne has been prevailed
+upon to set the same to new Musick." Purcell's music was published in
+1680; copies of it are now very rare. It consisted of five songs and
+two choruses. Arne's music was never printed, and only one manuscript
+score of it is known.[12] An examination of that copy shows that Arne
+wrote music for nine pieces--four airs and five choruses, very short
+movements. The words are not those set by Purcell, excepting one air
+and one chorus. The solos are written for soprano and contralto voices;
+the orchestration for strings, two oboes, and two horns.
+
+The last appearance of Mr. and Mrs. Arne in Dublin, during the year
+1744, was at the Great Room in Fishamble Street on Wednesday, the
+30th of May, when "The Judgment of Paris" and "Alfred" were performed
+for their joint benefits. Particulars respecting this event will be
+found on page 124. The season being ended, Arne and his wife returned
+to England, by way of Parkgate and Chester. During their stay in the
+last named city the youth Charles Burney was introduced to Arne, and
+having exhibited his skill as a performer on the harpsichord became
+an articled pupil of the popular composer, with whom he journeyed to
+London. Upon his arrival in the Metropolis, Arne resumed his connection
+with Drury Lane Theatre as composer, and obtained an engagement there
+for his wife as "Serious Singer." The year 1745 was a prosperous one
+for both Arne and his wife--they were in constant employ at the Theatre
+and in concerts.
+
+On the 20th of March, Mrs. Arne had a benefit at Drury Lane Theatre,
+when "Alfred" was performed for the first time in London. The details
+of this interesting and memorable occasion will be given in connection
+with "Rule, Britannia."
+
+On the death of Gordon, the leader of the orchestra at Drury Lane, Arne
+accepted the appointment which was virtually that of conductor. This
+was a welcome addition to his importance and income.
+
+A letter written by Mrs. Cibber to Garrick, dated the 1st of May, 1745,
+gives interesting evidence of the amicable relations between Arne and
+Garrick at that time: "I am very glad to hear you are better, and if
+you dare venture out, shall be glad of your company at dinner. As you
+are an invalid, pray send me word what you can eat, and at what hour
+you will dine. I shall send _Tom_ [Arne] to meet you, and am Sir David,
+Your most faithful friend and servant, to command till death."
+
+On Saturday, the 28th of September, 1745, occurred a memorable scene
+in the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. The _Daily Advertiser_ published on
+the Monday following describes it thus: "On Saturday night last, the
+audience of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, were agreeably surprised by
+the Gentlemen belonging to that House performing the Anthem of God
+save our noble King. The universal Applause it met with, being encored
+with repeated Huzzas, sufficiently denoted in how just an Abhorrence
+they hold the arbitrary Schemes of our insidious Enemies, and detest
+the despotick Attempts of Papal power." The Anthem was repeated nightly
+till nearly the end of November, and the managers of Covent Garden
+Theatre followed suit. The arrangement of the Anthem for Drury Lane was
+made by Arne, who had for principal singers Mrs. Cibber, Mr. Beard, and
+Mr. Reinhold. Mrs. Cibber being a contralto, the music had to be sung
+in a low key. Arne's autograph manuscript written for the occasion is
+in the British Museum: it will be interesting to see the melody of "God
+save the King" as then sung:
+
+[Music]
+
+Arne's pupil Burney made the arrangement of "God save the King" for
+Covent Garden Theatre; the enthusiasm excited at that theatre fully
+equalled that of Drury Lane. Benjamin Victor, in a letter he wrote
+to Garrick on the 10th of October, 1745, said "the stage, at both
+houses, is the most _pious_, as well as the most _loyal_ place in the
+three kingdoms. Twenty men appear at the end of every play; and one,
+stepping forward from the rest, with uplifted hands and eyes, begins
+singing, to an old anthem tune, the following words--God save the King."
+
+In this year, 1745, Arne was appointed composer to Vauxhall Gardens,
+for which fashionable place of amusement he wrote a considerable number
+of songs, ballads, and a dialogue "Colin and Phoebe," which was
+sung every evening throughout the season by Mrs. Arne and Mr. Lowe.
+Engagements of a similar character at Marylebone Gardens and Ranelagh
+gave great scope for his talents, and must have kept him fully occupied.
+
+In 1746, on the 17th of January, a farce, "Miss in her Teens," written
+by Garrick, with music by Arne, was produced at Covent Garden Theatre.
+On the 31st of January Shakespeare's "Tempest" was revived at Drury
+Lane Theatre. The _General Advertiser_ announced the performances,
+"Drury Lane. Never Acted there before. By His Majesty's Company of
+Comedians. At the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, this Day will be presented
+a Play call'd The Tempest, as written by Shakespeare: with the original
+Decorations, particularly the Grand Masque, new set to music by Mr.
+Arne. The Part of Ariel (with the proper songs) by Mrs. Clive." This
+was the birthday of the beautiful melody, "Where the bee sucks," a
+song whose freshness and charm never tire, and a tuneful combination
+of poetry and music destined to endure so long as the concord of sweet
+sounds has the power of touching human hearts.
+
+Another interesting letter from Mrs. Cibber to Garrick, dated 8th of
+April, 1746, contains several references to her brother:--"My brother
+is to thank you for my playing for him.... Tom Arne sends his service:
+he is forced to put his pit and boxes together, which I reckon will
+be no advantage to him, ladies' hoops taking up more room than the
+difference of price."
+
+In 1748, Mrs. Arne left Drury Lane Theatre, and went to Dublin with her
+sister, Mrs. Lampe, a singer of repute and wife of the composer of "The
+Dragon of Wantley." Previous reference has been made to Mrs. Arne's
+frequent attacks of illness; one of these prevented her undertaking
+work in the early part of the Dublin season; and it was not before
+the 11th of November that she was able to sing in public. On that day
+she took part in Handel's "Esther," "being recovered from her late
+illness." She next sang the part of Galatea in Handel's "Acis" on the
+18th, and at a repetition performance on the 25th. _Faulkner's Journal_
+of Nov. 19-22, reported that "Mrs. Arne (tho' but just recovered
+out of a violent Fever) gave entire satisfaction." In the following
+December (on the 16th) she sang in Handel's "Solomon"; and on the 7th
+of February, 1749, had a benefit concert at the Fishamble Street Music
+Hall, when she took the part of Galatea in Handel's "Acis," and she
+with her sister, Mrs. Lampe, "introduced several favourite Songs and
+Duets."
+
+Arne had a son, born in 1740 or 1741 (Dr. Burney says, he was a
+"natural son"), who inherited some of his father's gifts for music.
+These were encouraged and developed, and we find, amongst Arne's
+compositions, songs composed for the youth, who was introduced to
+the public by his father at Marylebone Gardens. Two excellent printed
+examples are "Ianthe and Iphis, sung by Master Arne, at Marybon
+Gardens"--and "An thou wert mine own Thing, sung by Master Arne at
+Marybon Gardens." The youth became well known as a composer and
+performer in London and Dublin. One of his songs, popular to-day, "The
+lass with a delicate air," is sometimes ascribed in error to his father.
+
+In 1752 Arne composed music for "Harlequin Sorcerer," an old
+pantomime in which Rich had many years before made a great success.
+The performance took place at Covent Garden Theatre on the 11th of
+February, and there was an overwhelming demand for seats; the doors
+were therefore opened at three o'clock in the afternoon. The performers
+included Mrs. Arne, Mrs. Lampe, Mr. Lowe, Mr. Legge, and a Chorus.
+The music was published by Walsh, who appears to have had a business
+contract with the composer. The following letter, by Arne, addressed to
+William Shenstone, the poet, throws light on the subject: "Nov. ye 30,
+1754. SIR--By the hands of Mr. Dodsley, I receiv'd your very obliging
+letter, and wou'd for my own Pleasure comply with your Request; but
+Mr. Dodsley's interest in this Particular interferes with mine; for if
+he prints my Music in his Publication, I shall lose the sale of it to
+Mr. Walsh [the King's Music-Printer] who gives me 20 guineas for every
+Collection I compose--consisting of eight or nine Songs, and who wou'd
+not give a shilling for any Thing that another had first publish'd.
+Of this I acquainted Mr. Dodsley, who did not seem inclin'd to make
+any Gratuity for the Loss. Any Song, Cantata, or Dramatic Piece from
+so delicate a Pen, whereby I should not considerably lose to promote
+another's Gain, wou'd be the most welcome present I cou'd receive,
+stamp an additional Reputation on my Music, and highly oblige. Sr. your
+most obedt. servt. Thos. Augne. Arne, Charles Street, Covent Garden."
+
+That Arne's music had obtained repute in Edinburgh, is shown by an
+advertisement in the _Caledonian Mercury_ of the 6th of March, 1752:
+"New Musick. Now in the press and will be ready by the beginning of
+April next, and delivered to subscribers. All the Songs, Duettos, and
+Trios in the Masque of Comus composed by Thomas Augustine Arne, as
+adapted to the Harpsichord and Voice, and all the Songs, Duettos and
+Trios in the Burlesque Opera, called the Dragon of Wantley composed by
+the great John Frederick Lampe, likewise adapted to the Harpsichord and
+Voice. The above words may occasionally be accompanied with Violin or
+German Flute and Violoncello. This manner of reducting them to avoid
+the Perplexity of the different parts in a score which confound young
+practitioners was finished by Mr. Lampe in his lifetime,[13] and the
+proofs of the Plates have been revised and corrected by Mr. Arne."
+
+In May, 1754, Arne went to Edinburgh, possibly on business in
+connection with the publications announced in the above advertisement.
+Be that as it may, the _Caledonian Mercury_ of the 23rd of May
+contained the following notice:--"For the benefit of Mr. Arne. At
+the Assembly Hall on Monday, 27th May, A Concert of Vocal and
+Instrumental Musick. The Vocal part to be performed by Miss Rodburn,
+and the Instrumental by Mr. Pasquali, Mr. Arne and others. To begin
+Precisely at 6. Tickets, 2/6. To be had at Mr. Arne's Lodgings, at
+Mr. Johnston's, Wigmaker, head of Chalmer's Close, and at the Old and
+John's Coffee houses."
+
+In the autumn of 1755, Arne and his wife again visited Dublin. They
+were accompanied by a number of capable vocalists, Miss Young, Mrs.
+Arne's sister, her six-year-old niece Miss Polly Young,[14] and Miss
+Charlotte Brent; they resided together in Fishamble Street, at the
+Passage Door next the Golden Scales. Arne advertised in _Faulkner's
+Journal_, Oct. 4-7: "To the Public. Mr. Arne, who is arrived in this
+Kingdom, with several Vocal Performers, having agreed with Managers of
+the Theatre Royal, Proposes, by Subscription, to entertain the Town Ten
+Nights, with Three Operas in the English Language, (viz.): A new Opera
+call'd Eliza, An Opera call'd Alfred, and, an Opera call'd the Fairies.
+The Subscription is, this Day, opened at the Office of the Theatre in
+Smock Alley, where Attendance will be given every Day from Twelve to
+Three. Ten Box Tickets for the ten Performances will be delivered to
+each Subscriber for two Guineas.--The first Performance will be in
+the Beginning of November. N.B. The Orchestra will be considerably
+enlarged, an Additional Number of the best Instrumental Performers
+engag'd, and Mr. Arne will accompany the Operas on the Harpsichord."
+
+This advertisement was repeated several times, with the additional
+information that there would be "A fine Organ put up" and that "Places
+for the Boxes for the said Nights of Performance, to be taken at the
+Office of the Theatre from 12 to 3, or of Mr. Neil, at his House
+in Abbey-street." In consequence of the illness of Mrs. Arne, the
+_Journal_ of 8-11 Nov. stated:--"The Opera of Eliza is obliged to be
+deferred to the 27th, on Account of the Indisposition of a principal
+Performer." The opera was again postponed to the 29th, when it was
+given "By Command of his Excellency the Marquis of Hartington," and
+the "whole House was illuminated with Wax Lights." Printed books of
+the opera were "published and sold by Mr. Hoey, at the _Mercury_ in
+Skinner-Row, and at the Theatre, at a British Sixpence each." The
+_Journal_ gave a report of the performance: "On Saturday last, at
+the Theatre-Royal in Smock-Alley, was perform'd Mr. Arne's new Opera
+call'd Eliza: The noble and splendid Appearance, and the great and just
+Applause throughout the whole Performance, were strong Indications
+of the good Taste reigning in this Kingdom, and a generous, though
+proper Compliment to that great Master of his Science, Mr. Arne,--Mrs.
+Arne, whose Excellence is well known, had the Misfortune of a violent
+Hoarseness, and rose from her Bed in a Fever to perform; Mr. Sadler
+and Miss Brent, were greatly approv'd; but Miss Polly Young, a Child
+of six Years of Age, pleased and astonished the whole Company, having
+a sweet melodious voice, accenting her Words with great Propriety,
+and Singing perfectly in Time and Tune. The Poem is, by all judges
+of good Writing, thought excellent; the Orchestra was full, and
+perform'd without a Fault; but the Judgement, Taste, Expression, and
+Variety of the Music would be injur'd in an Attempt to commend it." The
+performance was repeated on Thursday the 4th, and Saturday the 20th of
+December. Arne's opera "Rosamond" was played on the 31st, with Mrs.
+Arne as Queen Eleanor; Miss Brent, Rosamond; Grideline, Miss Young;
+Page, Miss Polly Young; King Henry, Mr. Sadler. Mr. Arne conducted. The
+opera was repeated with the same cast on the 9th of January, 1756; and
+on the 21st and 26th of the same month "Comus" was performed under the
+composer's conductorship by Mrs. Arne, Miss Brent, Miss Spencer, Mr.
+Sadler and Mr. Corry. _Faulkner's Journal_, 20-24 Jan., 1756, contained
+an "Ode to Apollo," without author's name. The following verses, if
+written by one of the public, show that Arne and his wife were held in
+the highest estimation by music-lovers:
+
+    Hark! hark! what notes enchant my Ears,
+    Sweet as the musick of the Spheres?
+    'Tis ARNE--the Gods' Vicegerent comes,
+    Now vanish Rackets, Routs, and Drums;
+    And with him come the Muses Hand in Hand,
+    To see fulfilled Apollo's great command.
+
+    See Taste with Joy its Head uprears,
+    Rais'd by Arne's heav'nly Airs;
+    Skill'd with equal Pow'r t'inspire
+    Irene's youth with martial Fire,
+    And lull to Rest, with Soul-delighting Sounds,
+    The Pains of Grief, and heal Love's bleeding Wounds.
+
+    Not he that charm'd the Thracians' Plains,
+    E'er tun'd his Lyre to softer strains;
+    Nor does the warbling Bird of Night
+    More than his sweet-song'd Spouse delight.
+    O say! what Price or Gifts can both engage
+    Here to remain, to save a sinking age?
+
+In the following February (24-28) the _Journal_ announced: "The Play
+called the Tempest, or the Inchanted Island (with all the original
+Musick) is now in Rehearsal at the Theatre Royal, and will be performed
+next Week. The Part of Ariel by Miss Brent, being her first Appearance
+in that Character, Neptune by Mr. Sadler, Amphitrite by Miss Spencer,
+and Mr. Arne will accompany the Musick on the Harpischord." Mrs. Arne,
+Miss Brent and Miss Spencer sang at a concert given on the 17th March,
+in aid of the Meath Hospital, and three days later, the 20th, were
+engaged in a performance of "Comus" for the benefit of Mr. Arne; the
+"Masque of Comus" was followed by "a Farce (never acted before) called,
+The Pincushion: Being a Manuscript of the celebrated Mr. Gay's, Author
+of the Beggar's Opera. The Songs adapted to favourite Ballad Airs of
+Mr. Arne's. The Characters by Mr. Sadler, Mrs. Pye, Miss E. Young,
+and Miss Brent." The _Journal_ informed the public "that the Masque
+of Comus will be performed in a most elegant Manner on Mr. Arne's
+Benefit night next Saturday, that two Rows of the Pit will be taken
+in to inlarge the Orchestra, and Mr. Arne will accompany the musical
+Part. We are further assured that the new pastoral ballad Farce called
+The Pincushion, which will likewise then be performed, is a real
+Manuscript of that celebrated Poet Mr. Gay, Author of the Beggar's
+Opera, and that Songs are adapted by Mr. Arne. several of which are
+New."
+
+A benefit for Mrs. Knowles, on the 2nd of April, was given for which
+Arne composed music. The advertisement announced: "Act the 2nd. A
+Duetto between Mr. Sadler and Mr. Butler, accompanied with French
+Horns, etc., called The Death of the Stag. The Music composed by
+Mr. Arne!" At the end of the play "by particular desire" Miss Brent
+sang, "Where the bee sucks." The duet with French horns was doubtless
+composed to exhibit the skill of "Mr. Charles and his Second." On
+the 5th of May, Miss Spencer had a benefit at the Theatre, when she
+introduced "A new Ballad call'd Kitty, or the Female Phaeton; the
+words by Prior, set by Mr. Arne." This song became a favourite at
+Ranelagh Gardens. Mrs. Arne contemplated giving a benefit concert
+and ball in May; the programme was to include music from Arne's
+"Alfred," but after several advertisements and postponements, it was
+announced that "Mrs. Arne is obliged to acquaint the Public that Mr.
+Arne (by Desire) intending one capital Performance of Alfred before
+his Departure from this Kingdom, she will make no other Benefit on
+her own Account, and those Tickets which are disposed of among her
+Friends will be then taken, on paying the additional Price." Subsequent
+advertisement announced: "By Special Command of their Excellencies
+the Lords Justices.--For the Benefit of Mr. and Mrs. Arne. At the
+Great Music-hall in Fishamble-street, on Tuesday, the 25th of this
+Inst., May, will be performed, in the Manner of an Oratorio, Alfred
+the Great, composed by Mr. Arne, at the special command of His late
+Royal Highness, Frederic, Prince of Wales, and originally performed in
+his Palace at Cliefdon. Mr. Arne will accompany the Performance on the
+Harpsichord, and Mr. Walsh will perform a Concerto on the Organ. The
+Vocal Parts to be performed by Mrs. Arne, Mr. Sadler, Miss Brent, Miss
+Spencer, Miss Young and Miss Polly Young. Ticket, a British Crown. All
+outstanding Tickets, for the Opera of Eliza and the Tickets delivered
+by Mrs. Arne, will be taken. After the Performance (by Desire) will be
+a Ball, conducted in the most elegant Manner, on Account of which the
+Performance will begin at Seven. Tickets to be had only of Mr. Arne, at
+the Passage Door next the Golden Scales, in Fishamble-street."
+
+[Illustration: ARNE, BY BARTOLOZZI.]
+
+After this performance in 1756, Arne appears to have left Dublin,
+and probably never revisited that city. Mrs. Arne remained in Dublin
+with her niece, Miss Polly Young, who had a benefit at the Smock
+Alley Theatre on the 8th of July, and was assisted by Miss Young
+and Miss Brent. The Youngs sang also at a benefit concert given for
+Miss Polly Young, at Marborough Green, on the 7th of September. It
+seems pretty clear that Arne deserted his wife at this time, and
+that the fact soon became known to many in Dublin. An "Assembly" was
+announced for her benefit early in December, but was postponed from
+time to time; finally, the _Journal_, March 5-8, 1767, announced:
+"Mrs. Arne, having opened the Music-Hall in Fishamble-Street for
+her Benefit on Saturday the 12th of Feb., under great Disadvantages,
+is advised by her Friends (who had Notice of that Night, _and are
+sensible of her Losses_) to fix on Thursday, the 10th of March, for
+her Benefit and Miss Young's, when the Ladies and Gentlemen who will
+honour them with their Company, may depend they shall on no Account
+be disappointed.--N.B. The Tickets given out for the different Nights
+she has advertised will be taken, and others had of Mrs. Arne, at her
+Lodgings in Aungier-street and at the Music-Hall. Price 5s. 6d." Later
+in the year (April 24th) Mrs. Arne and Miss Young gave a concert.
+Allusion has already been made to Mrs. Arne's frequent attacks of
+indisposition, and it is reasonable to think that her husband's
+conduct would have a grave effect on her health and spirits. She seems
+to have relinquished public performance for a time and retired into
+private life. A very interesting glimpse of her is to be found in "The
+Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany."
+Writing to her sister, Mrs. Dewes, from Mount Panther, County Down,
+on the 8th of August, 1758, she said: "On Saturday we dined at Mr.
+Bayly's; Miss Bayly had gone on a party of pleasure. I was surprised
+there at meeting Mrs. Arne (Miss Young that was); they have her in the
+house to teach Miss Bayly to sing; she was recommended to Mr. Bayly
+by Mrs. Berkeley as an object of compassion. She looks, indeed, much
+humbled, and I hope is as deserving as they think her to be; great
+allowances are to be made for the temptations those poor people fall
+under. She has been severely used by a bad husband, and suffered to
+starve, if she had not met with charitable people. She behaves herself
+very well, and though her voice has lost its bloom as well as her
+face, she sings well, and was well taught by Geminiani and Handel, and
+had she not been idle would have been a charming singer. Mr. Bayly
+plays on the violin, his curate on the German flute; Mrs. Arne and
+Miss Bayly sing, and a girl of nine years old[15] accompanies them
+on the harpsichord most surprisingly; she is a niece of Mrs. Arne's;
+the race of the Youngs are _born_ songsters and musicians. It is very
+agreeable to have such an entertainment in our power to go to whenever
+we please." Poor Mrs. Arne! humbled, half-starved, deserted by her
+husband, losing her good looks, and the bloom of her voice, sings well,
+and if she had not been idle would have been a charming singer! Mrs.
+Delany, a gifted and kind-hearted woman, was evidently ignorant of the
+fact that the lady she criticised was forty-seven years of age, and had
+been constantly before the public, as a vocalist, for twenty-six years.
+
+In the following January, 1759, Mrs. Arne and Miss Young were residing
+together in Dublin, at Mrs. Rowe's, in Drogheda Street. A Grand concert
+of Vocal and Instrumental Musick, followed by a Ball, was given for
+Mrs. Arne's Benefit at the Fishamble Street Music Hall on the 6th
+of March, when both appeared and sang; another benefit performance
+for Mrs. Arne was given on the 17th of April, when "Much ado about
+Nothing" was performed. Miss Young, Mrs. Storer and Mr. Wilder
+were the vocalists. A benefit concert and ball, for Mrs. Arne, was
+given on the 10th of December; she had then removed to "Mrs. Lee's,
+in William-street." It is significant that she did not sing on this
+occasion, nor is there any evidence of her appearing again before the
+Dublin public; a Grand Ball was announced for the Benefit of Mrs.
+Arne and Miss Young at the Fishamble Street Music Hall on the 25th of
+November, when it was stated: "Before the Minuets Miss Young will sing
+some capital Songs, accompanied by herself on the Harpsichord."
+
+Mr. Arne had been fully engaged in the various gardens and theatres
+in London. At Covent Garden "Cymbeline" was produced, with songs by
+him. His pupil, Miss Brent, had appeared at Drury Lane Theatre, in his
+opera "Eliza," on March the 3rd, 1758, and at Covent Garden on the
+10th of October, 1759, as Polly, in the "Beggar's Opera." On the 6th
+of July, 1759, the University of Oxford conferred upon Arne the degree
+of "Doctor in Music."[16] It is said that he composed an Ode which he
+submitted to the authorities; but no copy of it is known to exist.
+
+In 1760, on the 28th of November, Dr. Arne's musical entertainment
+"Thomas and Sally," written by Bickerstaff, was produced at Covent
+Garden Theatre. Miss Brent made a great success both as singer and
+actress; the other vocalists included Mr. Beard, Mrs. Vernon, and Mr.
+Mattocks. The piece obtained immediate and lasting popularity. The
+music was published with the following title: "Thomas and Sally, or
+the Sailor's Return, a Dramatic Pastoral, with the Overture in score,
+songs, dialogues, duettos and dance tunes, as performed at the Theatre
+Royal in Covent Garden by Mr. Beard and Miss Brent, Mr. Mattocks,
+Mrs. Vernon, and chorus. The music compos'd by Doctr. Arne. London
+Printed for J. Walsh, in Catherine Street, in the Strand. Enter'd at
+Stationers' Hall."
+
+In 1761, on the 27th of February, at Drury Lane Theatre, Arne brought
+out his oratorio "Judith," one of his most important compositions.
+The _Public Advertiser_ of the above date, announced: "At the Theatre
+Royal in Drury-Lane, This Day, will be performed a new Sacred Oratorio
+call'd JUDITH. The Music composed by Dr. Arne, with a Concerto on the
+Organ. Pit and Boxes will be laid together at Half a Guinea. First
+Gallery 5s. Upper Gallery 3s. 6d. Tickets for the Pit and Boxes may
+be had of Mr. Varney, at the Stage-Door of the Theatre. To begin at
+half an hour after Six o'clock." The following day a brief notice
+appeared in the same journal, which said: "Last Night the new sacred
+Oratorio call'd _Judith_, was performed at the Theatre Royal in Drury
+Lane, to a most polite Audience, who gave it the greatest Approbation
+and Applause ever known, on the Occasion." Evidence of the success
+of the oratorio is the repetition of it on the 4th and 6th of March.
+It was also again performed in Lenten season of 1762 at the theatre.
+In 1764, on February 29th, it was performed at the Chapel of the
+Lock Hospital, Grosvenor Place, Pimlico, on behalf of the funds of
+the charity. A more notable repetition took place at Covent Garden
+Theatre on the 26th of February 1773, when for the first time ladies
+formed a part of the chorus; before this time the treble chorus was
+confined to boys' voices. This happy innovation of Dr. Arne's was
+well received; the _Public Advertiser_ said: "The Oratorio of Judith,
+composed by Dr. Arne, which was performed at the Theatre Royal in
+Covent Garden, yesterday evening, was received with uncommon Applause.
+The principal singers acquitted themselves to the utmost Satisfaction
+of the Audience. Mr. Barthelemon was greatly admired in his Solo on
+the Violin, and too much cannot be said of Signor Spandau's Concerto
+on the French Horn, as it surpassed any Performance on that Instrument
+hitherto heard in this Country. The striking Appearance of the Band
+and Chorus, which were much more numerous than they usually have been,
+received a most pleasing Addition from the Female Singers, then first
+introduced." It is somewhat remarkable that the Pianoforte was first
+used in public as an accompaniment for the voice when a song from
+"Judith" was sung at Covent Garden Theatre by Miss Brickler on the
+16th of May, 1767. The playbill announced that after the first Act of
+the "Beggar's Opera," "Miss Brickler will sing a favourite song from
+Judith, accompanied by Mr. Dibdin, on a new instrument called Piano
+Forte." The published score of the music of "Judith" has for title,
+"Judith an Oratorio as it is Perform'd at the Theatre-Royal in Drury
+Lane, Compos'd by Dr. Arne, London. Printed for J. Walsh in Catherine
+Street in the Strand." This volume unfortunately does not contain a
+single chorus. The Overture is scored for Strings, Hautboys, Bassoon
+and Horns. It opens with a spirited Allegro, followed by a short
+Andante movement for strings only; the other instruments resume in
+the final Allegro Moderato. A solo, "Wake, my harp," which was sung
+by Mrs. Cornelys, is accompanied by strings, violins pizzicato, harp
+and harpsichord in a very effective manner. In an air, "Haste to the
+gardens of delight," sung by Mr. Tenducci, two flutes are added to the
+orchestration; and in another air, "With heroes and sages," also sung
+by Tenducci, we find the bassoons have parts independent of the basses,
+a somewhat novel departure at the period when Arne wrote. An air,
+"No more the Heathen shall blaspheme," sung by Mr. Fawcett, has the
+novel accompaniment of two violoncellos and bass; no other instruments
+until the last four bars of symphony, when the violins are introduced.
+Fortunately the composer's autograph score exists in the British
+Museum, and in that we find much of interest. It exemplifies in some
+degree the well-known haste and carelessness of the composer; there
+are sundry memoranda, such as "take care of the Instrumental parts
+where I have mistaken the lines," "Bassoons in semibriefs," &c. The
+choruses are in this case his own; there was no borrowing from Handel.
+The first, "Father of mercies," is short--only thirty-seven bars. The
+next, "When Israel wept," is also short and good. "Hear, angels, hear"
+extends to one hundred and twenty-six bars; "Hail, immortal Bacchus,"
+eighty-five bars; "Prepare the genial bower," eighty-seven bars; and
+the next, a very fine chorus, "Who can Jehovah's wrath abide," one
+hundred and eight bars; "Breathe the pipe," sixty-two bars; and the
+last chorus, "Here, sons of Jacob," written in five vocal parts for
+soprano, alto, tenor and bass, sixty-four bars. Dr. Arne was remarkable
+for his deficient memory respecting things trifling in themselves, yet
+sometimes of considerable consequence as connected with other matters.
+If he made an appointment to meet a friend, whether for the purpose
+of business or amusement, he would probably mistake the day; if he
+wrote an order for the theatre, it was equally probable that the play
+would be misnamed, or that the frank would bear a wrong date. On one
+occasion, when he had prepared an elaborate Ode, he had it rehearsed,
+and announced the day for its public performance. The great room at
+the Crown and Anchor[17] was crowded with company impatiently waiting
+for their expected gratification. Arne arrived at the tavern-door
+in a fiacre, leaped out with the score under his arm, and left the
+parts behind him. When the doctor discovered his neglect, he was in
+the condition of a madman. Persons were dispatched in all directions
+in search of the coach, but it could not be found; and the band and
+company were subjected to the mortification of being dismissed--the
+first without performing, and the latter without hearing, a note of
+the prepared Ode. Could this have been the Ode which, it is said,
+he composed as an exercise for his degree? Arne, by his connection
+with the theatres, had constant opportunities for cultivating the
+acquaintance of Italian singers, and of keeping up his knowledge of the
+Italian language; he was evidently influenced in his later compositions
+by this familiarity. The simplicity of his melodies became disfigured
+by excessive ornamentation, and was the subject of adverse criticism.
+The scurrilous poet, Churchill, in 1761, published the "Rosciad," a
+satire on actors, in which he violently attacked Arne:
+
+    Let Tommy Arne, with usual pomp of style,
+    Whose chief, whose only merit's to compile,
+    Who, meanly pilfering here and there a bit,
+    Deals music out, as Murphy deals out wit;
+    Publish proposals, laws for taste prescribe,
+    And chaunt the praise of an Italian tribe;
+    Let him reverse Kind Nature's first decrees,
+    And teach e'en Brent a method not to please:
+    But never shall a truly British age
+    Bear a vile race of eunuchs on the stage:
+    The boasted work's called national in vain,
+    If one Italian voice pollute the strain.
+    Where tyrants rule, and slaves with joy obey,
+    Let slavish minstrels pour th' enervate lay;
+    To Britons far more noble pleasures spring
+    In native note, while Beard and Vincent sing.
+
+Arne's Italian proclivities induced him to translate Metastasio's drama
+"Artaserse," and to transform it into an Opera on the accepted Italian
+mode, without dialogue. This he did successfully; the recitatives,
+however, are long and dreary, and the poetry is by no means of a high
+order. For instance, a very favourite air reads:
+
+    Water parted from the sea,
+      May increase the river's tide;
+    To the bubbling fount may flee
+      Or thro' fertile valleys glide:
+    Yet in search of lost repose,
+      Doom'd, like me, forlorn to roam,
+    Still it murmurs as it flows,
+      Till it reach its native home.
+
+The music of "Artaxerxes" has much charm, and presents excellent
+harmonization in the accompaniments, which are scored for strings,
+flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, and drums. In
+two of the pieces the violetta is employed; there are also two violas
+obbligato, but as was usual with Arne there is no instance of a general
+ensemble of the instruments employed. In the Air "O too lovely," sung
+by Tenducci, the violins and basses are marked "_Sordini e Pizzicati_."
+The vocal music is quite overladen with ornament, and the compass
+required for the several voice parts is generally excessive. The opera
+was produced at Covent Garden Theatre on the 2nd of February, 1762;
+the principal performers were Miss Brent, Mr. Beard, Mrs. Vernon, Miss
+Thomas, Mr. Mattocks, and Tenducci and Pesetti, both of whom came under
+the lash of Churchill's satire. The part of Mandane was composed to
+show off the compass and flexibility of the voices of the composer's
+celebrated pupil, Miss Brent, who therefore was the first exponent of
+the martial song, "The soldier tired of war's alarms," which for many
+succeeding years was the prescribed test for every new soprano who
+courted public favour on the stage or in the concert room. This bravura
+air with its trumpet obbligato still remains a favourite with competent
+vocalists and discriminating audiences. Arne sold the copyright of
+his music for sixty guineas, and it was published with the following
+title: "Artaxerxes An English Opera As it is performed at the Theatre
+Royal in Covent Garden Set to Music by Dr. Arne. London. Printed for
+John Johnson at the Harp and Crown opposite Bow Church Cheapside."
+Another edition of the full score was published from Johnson's plates,
+"by Authority," by Mr. William Warrell, No. 35 Tavistock Street, Covent
+Garden. Price 12s. It is again worthy of note that Arne did not publish
+the music of the recitatives in "Artaxerxes," nor of the concluding
+chorus, "Live to us, to Empire live." Arne's libretto was published by
+Tonson in 1763, with a preface written by the composer. A short extract
+follows: "Metastasio, in his Dialect, seems to affect Simplicity; and
+from his great Experience in writing for music, has given the following
+Plan for the Poetry of an Opera, viz., That the Fable, or Recitative,
+to which fixed Musical Sounds are adapted, should be simple Dialect;
+hard and dissonant Epithets (though ever so forcible in other Respects)
+being destructive to Music, and, when sung, for the chief Part,
+unintelligible. That the similes be confin'd to the Songs; and that the
+Words, which are to express them, be as smooth and sonorous as possible
+lest the Composer be cramp'd in his Fancy, and the Singers rendered
+incapable of shewing their Skill, which chiefly consists in openly
+displaying the Tones of their Voices or running executive Passages.
+
+"The Translator of this Opera has no Merit, but from his Endeavour
+to follow the Author in all these Particulars. He therefore submits
+this first Attempt of the Kind to the Favour and Indulgence of the
+Publick, not doubting that (if they consider the Difficulty of writing
+under such Restrictions, the Necessity of sometimes departing from the
+Author, on Account of the different Idioms of our Language; and of
+leaving out many Beauties in the Narrative Part of the Drama, for the
+sake of Brevity;) they will rather peruse it with an Eye of Favour than
+Severity."
+
+"Artaxerxes" was played twelve nights at Covent Garden Theatre during
+the season 1762-63, and twelve nights in the succeeding season,
+1763-64. Seven nights in 1764-65, and nine nights, 1768-69. In this
+latter season, Drury Lane Theatre performed it for four nights with
+Mrs. Arne as Mandane. In 1791, the rival theatres competed; Covent
+Garden with the part of Mandane by Mrs. Billington as a star, and Drury
+Lane with Madame Mara in that character. On the 23rd of September,
+1813, it was reproduced at Covent Garden, for the début of Miss
+Stephens, afterwards Countess of Essex. The famous tenor, Braham,
+after a temporary absence from the theatre stage, generally selected
+"Artaxerxes" for his reappearance. "Artaxerxes" was performed at the
+Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, in 1769, with Mr. Rose as Artaxerxes; Mr.
+Phillips, Artabanes; Arbaces, Mr. Tenducci; Rimines, Mrs. Woodman;
+Semira, Miss Brown; and Mandane by Madame Tenducci.[18] The curious
+part of the performance was "the addition of three favourite Scots
+Airs, the words by Mr. R. Fergusson." The first of these was "By
+Heav'n's displeasure," to the tune "Braes of Balansene"; the second
+"What doubts oppress," to the tune "Roslin Castle"; the third, "O where
+shall I wander," to the tune "Lochaber no more." The first and last of
+these interpolations were sung by Signor Tenducci.
+
+On the 8th of December, 1762, "Love in a village," by Bickerstaff, with
+music by Dr. Arne, and Beard in the principal character, was brought
+out at Covent Garden Theatre. Arne was at the time not on friendly
+terms with Garrick, the manager of Drury Lane, to whom he addressed the
+following letter:
+
+"SIR--The occasion of my troubling you with this arises from a wicked
+report made by some busy Argus, who having an hundred eyes, and but
+one of them honest, had ninety-nine too many. Mrs. Cibber not a
+little amazed me, when she told me I was charged by you with hissing
+Master Norris,[19] or, at least, with holding my head down, in an odd
+position, whenever he was hissed.--Sir, I cannot remember whether my
+head was up or down, or inclining to one side or the other, but take
+upon me positively to swear, that I never was so mean a rascal as to
+hiss the greatest enemy I ever had in the world, much less a young lad
+who never offended me; who, I then thought, as I now think, deserved
+the kindest treatment imaginable; being surprised, as well as shocked,
+to hear and see the best singer in your company (except Mr. Vernon),
+though with some material defects, treated in so base and undeserving
+a manner. I was so far from inclining to any such unbecoming behaviour
+that I was the only advocate he had, and kept all quiet about me,
+except a young boy of an officer, who said he did not care for the
+lad's understanding music, that he squalled, and he would hiss him. I
+would not have gone to the performance, for fear of some scandal from
+these observing Pickthanks, had I not a friendship for Mr. Stevens,
+the lawyer, and an intention to serve the lad; and was so unhappy,
+when I came home, that I could not eat my supper on his account.
+Whoever told you that I showed any signs of disapprobation is a busy
+lying scoundrel, which I am ready to assert to his face, and answer
+the consequence. Yet, though neither I, nor my small abilities in my
+profession, nor those of any person belonging to me, or in my interest,
+have ever received the smile of your favour, but, on the contrary,
+have been greatly overlooked and discouraged upon my account, I have
+never failed in my respect to you, and still continue (in spite of
+ill-treatment) an admirer of your extraordinary talents, and, SIR,
+
+                                              "Your real humble servant,
+                                                 "THOMAS AUGUSTINE ARNE.
+
+"Nov. 10th, 1762."
+
+Garrick lost no time in replying. On the same day he wrote to Dr. Arne:
+"SIR,--There are many mistakes in your letter; and first I did not
+charge you with hissing Master Norris; but when Mrs. Cibber spoke to
+me about that affair, I told her the truth, that you was charged with
+being in the company of hissers, and though you might not hiss, the
+persons averred that you were pleased, and laughed at the malcontents
+about you. I thought this affair of so little consequence, and so
+little willing am I to hear Pickthanks, as you politely call them, that
+I never spoke to the person who accused you. Mr. Lacy did, and will
+inform you of the whole. When you know and see the person in question,
+you may deliver your own messages, for I have too much to do to trouble
+myself about these matters. Your assertion, that _neither you nor your
+abilities_, &c., have had a smile of favour from me, has no foundation;
+for everybody who knows me, knows that I have always given you your
+due, as a man of genius, but at the same time I had no great reason to
+applaud your behaviour to me. I never ill-treated a man of genius in
+my life, and I was so far from returning ill-will towards you, that
+I agreed, contrary to my judgment, and against all rules of reason
+and policy, that you should make new prices at our theatre for your
+Oratorio. Therefore you will be much at a loss to particularise the
+_ill-treatment_ you mentioned; nor know I of any transactions between
+us, but your indulging us with an engagement with Mr. Fawcett, when you
+entered into articles with the other house for Miss Brent.
+
+                                              "I am, SIR,
+                                                 "Your obedient servant,
+                                                           "D. GARRICK."
+
+[Illustration: RIOT AT COVENT GARDEN THEATRE, DURING THE PERFORMANCE OF
+"ARTAXERXES."]
+
+In 1759, Arne and Garrick had some negotiations in reference to Miss
+Brent. Arne was very anxious that Garrick should engage her, but terms
+could not be arranged. Garrick readily acquiesced in her superior
+merit alleged by Arne, but he "told the Doctor that all his geese
+were swans." "Tommy," said he, in his usual familiar way, "you should
+consider that Music is at best but Pickle to my Roast Beef."--"By ...
+Davy," replied the Doctor, "your Beef shall be well pickled before I
+have done." Accordingly he went to Covent Garden Theatre, and concluded
+an engagement with the manager for Miss Brent, whose success as Polly
+in the "Beggar's Opera" was so tremendous that Drury Lane Theatre was
+nearly deserted on the nights on which she performed. Arne, of course,
+transferred his services to Covent Garden, and "Comus" with his music
+was played on the 8th of October, 1762, with the celebrated Anne Catley
+in the part of the Pastoral Nymph. In 1763, on the 24th of February,
+"Artaxerxes" was again brought forward at Covent Garden, and it was
+advertised that "nothing under full price would be taken." This was
+observed by Fitzpatrick, the leader of the rioters who had compelled
+Garrick, at Drury Lane Theatre, to submit to the demand that the
+public should be admitted, as heretofore, to the theatre at half-price
+after the third act. Accordingly the same malcontents attended the
+performance of "Artaxerxes" at Covent Garden, and noisily endeavoured
+to browbeat the manager, Mr. Beard. He, however, refused to return to
+the half-price custom, on the ground of the enormous expenses incurred
+in the splendid manner in which pieces were got up at Covent Garden;
+he was reminded that Garrick had submitted after a vain resistance,
+and he was called on to say whether he would comply with the demand or
+no; the answer must be "Yes" or "No." Beard boldly from the stage said,
+"No." "The benches, chandeliers, etc., were immediately demolished, and
+as much injury done as took four or five days to repair." Fitzpatrick
+and two others were summoned to appear before Lord Mansfield, with
+the result that the rioting ceased; but the actors on the stage were
+nightly disturbed by cat-calls and other noises, so that at last Beard
+was obliged to give way, and resume the long-established custom of
+half-price.
+
+In 1764, on December 12th, the oratorio "Judith" was repeated, and a
+new opera with Arne's music, "The Guardian Outwitted," was produced
+at Covent Garden Theatre. The libretto was also the work of Arne.
+The music of this opera has disappeared, probably in the fire which
+consumed the theatre in 1808. His "Arcadian Nuptials"--a Masque
+introduced into "Perseus and Andromeda"--was also played, with Mr.
+Beard and Miss Hallam in the principal parts. In 1765, on the 30th of
+October, Mr. William Mawhood, an intimate friend of Arne's, proposed
+him as a member of the Madrigal Society, founded in 1741, a worthy
+assembly of musicians and amateurs who met regularly to practise the
+best examples of old English and Italian madrigals. The books of
+the Society, which still exist, show that Arne paid six shillings
+and sixpence subscription, and that his son, Michael, was elected a
+member shortly after. In this year Arne composed an Italian opera,
+"Olimpiade," to a libretto by Metastasio, with a special part for
+the male soprano Manzuoli. This was performed at the King's Theatre,
+in the Haymarket, twice only; we may therefore conclude it was not a
+success. Arne composed a considerable amount of music for male voices,
+unaccompanied, chiefly Glees and Catches. He obtained three prizes for
+pieces he sent in competition to the Noblemen and Gentlemen's Catch
+Club (founded in 1761). His Glee, "Come, shepherds, we'll follow the
+hearse," was for many years sung after the announcement of the death of
+a member. The proceedings of the Society were frequently of a highly
+convivial nature, and it is to be feared that Arne found them greatly
+to his liking; in one instance he outraged good taste and becoming
+reverence by composing a burlesque on a most solemn religious rite, to
+the words "Poculum elevatum."
+
+He deserves credit for his endeavours to popularise vocal concerted
+music in the theatre and at garden entertainments; he took care not to
+present his musical programmes without due rehearsal. A letter of his,
+without date, probably written about 1766, is evidence of this. "Dr.
+Arne's compliments to W. Smith desiring him not to fail meeting the
+other gentlemen concern'd in the new Catches and Glees, at the Dr.'s
+house, on Thursday evening next, exactly at 7; having reason to hope
+for some continuance of them; if perform'd with a requisite spirit
+and humour; besides another material employment for him on the Anvil.
+(Jan. y^{e} 2d.) West Street, near Litchfield street, Soho. Pray don't
+forget to bring the part." It may be necessary to explain that the Mr.
+W. Smith to whom the above reminder was sent was not only a singer,
+but also the engraver of many of Arne's publications, and therefore
+familiar with the use of the anvil; evidently the composer had music
+waiting publication.
+
+On the 4th of February, 1767, we learn from a note in a private diary
+kept by Mr. Mawhood that he "call'd on Dr. Arne and Mic. Arne, and was
+at the Madrigal"; probably the Arnes accompanied him. On the 4th of
+April Mr. Mawhood attended "Mrs. Arne's and Mr. Pemberton's Benefit:
+took 3 Pit tickets at 3s. each"; on the 9th of May he "was at Dr.
+Arne's and heard y^{e} Catches perform^{d}"; on the 29th of December
+"Perform^{d} Dr. Arne's mass at Church."
+
+On the 12th of May, 1767, Arne conducted a concert of Catches and Glees
+at Ranelagh House, described in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ as the first
+of the kind. In the following year, 1768, a second vocal concert was
+given by Arne at Drury Lane Theatre; for the occasion a book of the
+words was published, with explanatory notes, probably the earliest
+example of an annotated programme book. The title is, "The words of
+the favourite Catches and Glees which, with the elegant and humorous
+music, composed by the most eminent masters of the last and present
+age, will be performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on Tuesday,
+the twenty-first of this instant June, by a considerable number of the
+best vocal and instrumental performers. The Choral and Instrumental
+parts are added, to give the Catches and Glees their proper effect,
+being composed, for that purpose, by Dr. Arne. This performance (the
+second of the kind ever publicly exhibited in this or any Kingdom)
+is introduced at the desire of many persons of quality, lovers and
+encouragers of good harmony and inoffensive humour. London, printed in
+the year MDCCLXVIII." There is a preface to the book explaining what
+is a Catch and what a Glee. Arne wrote, "these kinds of entertainment
+(in the time of Mr. Henry Purcell) were so much in fashion, that in
+most polite families, after dinner and supper, it was a custom to lay
+the choicest collections of Catches and Glees on the table, and thought
+a deficiency of education in those, who could not readily perform a
+part." The concert commenced with a New Grand Overture by Dr. Arne,
+and was succeeded by a Catch of his composition, "The family quarrel,"
+which "gained a golden prize-medal in the year 1764." Next came a Glee
+composed by Mr. Norris, an "Elegiac on the death of his late Royal
+Highness the Duke of Cumberland." The words of this are:
+
+    O'er William's tomb, with love and grief opprest,
+    Britannia mourns her hero, now at rest;
+    Not tears alone; but praises too she gives,
+    Due to the guardian of our laws and lives;
+    Nor shall that laurel ever fade with years
+    Whose leaves are water'd with a nation's tears.
+
+Those who are acquainted with Braham's popular song, "The death of
+Nelson," will recognize the unacknowledged annexation of the above
+lines by Mr. S. J. Arnold, who is credited with the authorship of the
+words.
+
+The next item in the programme is a Catch by Mr. Henry Purcell, "The
+Soldier and his friend"; then a Catch by Mr. Giardini, "Beviamo
+tutti tre." The words are printed in Italian and English. A Glee by
+Mr. Baildon, "Prithee friend, fill t'other pipe," ends "The first
+Interlude." The second part opens with a Catch by Mr. Henry Purcell,
+"Jack, thou'rt a toper," to which Arne has appended a note, "The
+words of this last Catch are said to be written by Mr. Henry Purcell,
+wherein, it is obvious, that he meant no elegance, with regard to
+the poetry; but made it entirely subservient to his extream pretty
+design, in the music." The catch originally was a number in the
+Tragedy "Bonduca," for which Purcell composed the music: it was first
+published in _Delicæ Musicæ_, in 1696. Arne was probably correct in
+ascribing the words to Purcell. The next piece in the book is called a
+Glee, but should have been described as a Madrigal--"The Nightingale,"
+by Weelkes. Arne remarked that "The mastership and genius of this
+production may serve as a specimen of the state of music at that time,
+1608." A Glee by Mr. Baildon, "When gay Bacchus fills my breast," which
+"gained a golden prize-medal in 1766," is followed by a Glee by Arne,
+"On Chloe sleeping," "the favourite song in Artaxerxes beginning,
+'Water parted from the sea'; at the Earl of Eg----t's particular
+desire, taken by the doctor for the subject of this Glee, and set for
+different voices, the words being now written to the measure of the
+music." The "Interlude" concluded with Dean Aldrich's Catch, "Hark, the
+bonny Christ-Church bells." The third part commenced with a Catch by
+Arne, "The street intrigue," the words of which are neither elegant nor
+decent. A note informs us, "This last Catch was written and composed
+in the year 1763, soon after the invitation of the Catch-Club, and not
+put in for a prize-medal; but with humility, presented to the members."
+Next we find a Glee by Arne, "The love rapture"; then his Catch, "Which
+is the properest day to drink?" "This gained a golden prize-medal
+in the year 1765," and is a clever composition, still occasionally
+performed. The last piece in the book is a Glee and Grand Chorus by
+Arne, "Punch, the medium of life."
+
+In 1769 Arne composed an Ode for the Shakespeare Jubilee at
+Stratford-on-Avon; the words of the Ode were written by Garrick, who
+paid the composer sixty guineas for the music, which was published with
+the following title: "An Ode upon dedicating a building to Shakespeare,
+which was erected by the subscription of the Noblemen and Gentlemen
+in the neighbourhood of Stratford upon Avon, the music composed by
+Dr. Arne. London, Printed and Sold by John Johnston, at No. 11, York
+Street, Covent Garden." There are nine pieces of music; one Air became
+popular, "Thou soft flowing Avon," which was sung by Miss Weller; the
+other singers were Mrs. Barthelemon, Mr. Vernon, Mr. Champness, Mrs.
+Baddeley, and Master Brown. A semi-chorus in the work is entitled
+"A strict Fuge for 4 voices. Chapel Time." This was evidently sung
+unaccompanied, and although short must have made a good effect.[20]
+At the same Jubilee festival, Arne's oratorio "Judith" was performed
+at the Church. In 1770, Garrick determined on reviving Dryden's "King
+Arthur" at Drury Lane Theatre, and engaged Arne to superintend the
+musical part of the performance, who seems to have suffered at the time
+from an overdose of self-importance, and addressed the following letter
+to:
+
+"DAVID GARRICK, ESQ. SIR,--A due attention to your Commission having
+gone hand in hand with what fancy and judgment I may be thought to
+possess in my profession, I thought it necessary to lay before you a
+true state of the merits and demerits of the Musical Performance, you
+are about to exhibit in King Arthur. To attain a certain rectitude,
+in judging of this matter, I have not only, with the utmost care and
+candor, inspected the Score of Purcell's composition; but attended two
+rehearsals of it; the result of which, is, as follows:
+
+"The long Scene of the Sacrifice, in the 1st Act, necessary to be
+deliver'd in, as being written for Music, may have a solemn and noble
+effect, provided that the last Air and Chorus--'I call you all to
+Woden-hall'--be perform'd as I have new compos'd it; the introductory
+Air to be sung by Champness, which being highly spirited, will carry
+off with an eclat, an, (otherwise) dull, tedious, antiquated suite of
+Chorus: Besides which, that Song, as set by Purcell, is intirely out
+of Mrs. Baddeley's compass, very indifferent, and no way proper for a
+woman, where a troop of warriors are assembled, to bribe their idols
+for a success in battle.
+
+"The following Song and Chorus, 'Come, if you dare, our Trumpets
+sound,' is in Purcell tolerable; but so very short of that Intrepity
+and Spirited defiance pointed at by Dryden's words and sentiments,
+that, I think, you have only to hear what I have compos'd on the
+occasion, to make you immediately reject the other. The Air 'Let not a
+Moon-born Elf mislead you,' is, after the two first bars of Purcell,
+very bad, and out of Mr. Champnes' compass of voice.--Hear mine. All
+the other Solo Songs of Purcell are infamously bad; so very bad, that
+they are privately the objects of sneer and ridicule to the musicians,
+but, I have not meddled with any, that are not to come from the mouths
+of your principal Performers. I wish you wou'd only give me leave to
+_Doctor_ this performance, I would certainly make it pleasing to the
+Public, which otherwise, may prove an obstruction to the success of
+the Revival. It is not _now_ my intention to new set many things,
+mention'd in our original plan; but to put it in the power of your
+principal performers to make a proper figure, by opening and adorning
+the most entertaining points of view, wherein _they_ are to appear;
+consequently, the expence will be much short of the Sume propos'd; all
+self-interest subsiding to the earnest desire I shall ever entertain,
+of proving my sincerity, when I stile myself SIR Your devoted humble
+serv^{t}.
+
+                                               THO^{S.} AUG^{NE.} ARNE."
+
+[Illustration: Manuscript of last page of letter]
+
+Happily Garrick did not accede to Arne's requests, and much of
+Purcell's music was left in the Masque. Arne composed a new Overture
+in which he introduced an imitation on the flute of the call of the
+"Cuckow." The whole of the first Act, including the famous "Come, if
+you dare," was left with Purcell's music untouched. In the second Act
+there were several changes; a new recitative, both words and music,
+"Alas, the horrors of this bloody field," was sung by Mrs. Baddeley.
+This, and a new air, "O peace descend," were composed by Arne; "the
+music ill match'd" that of Purcell. Before the chorus, "Come follow
+me," Arne introduced a solo "on the subject of Purcell's chorus,
+in which he took care to write a goodly number of runs to show off
+Mrs. Baddeley's execution." A new song by Arne, "How blest are the
+shepherds," was substituted for Purcell's solo and chorus, and Mrs.
+Baddeley was provided with a recitative, "We must work, we must haste,"
+followed by an air, "To virtue with rapture," and also "Thus I infuse
+these sov'reign dews." Mrs. Wrighten had new music composed for her,
+a recitative, "Oh sight," and an air, "'Tis sweet the blushing morn
+to view." It may be noted that the words of these pieces were written
+by Garrick. The third Act, with Purcell's masterly "Frost Scene," was
+left intact. In the fourth Act Purcell's lovely duet, "Two daughters
+of this aged stream," also the solo and chorus, "How happy the lover,"
+were retained. The music of the fifth Act included Purcell's "Fairest
+Isle all Isles excelling." The final air and chorus, "Saint George the
+Patron of our Isle," had new music by Arne.
+
+There are some entries in the "Mawhood"[21] diary referring to Dr.
+Arne in 1770: "13 June, Call^{d}. on Dr. Arne who will compose some
+music for Mr. Pemberton's Diurge." "23^{d}. Call^{d}. on D^{r}. Arne
+had a small practtice of the Service, for Mr. Pemberton." "28{th}. Was
+at Church, perform^{d} Dr. Arne and Webb's Burial for my poor friend
+Franc^{s}. Pemberton."
+
+A manuscript copy of the Dirge is to be found in the British Museum.
+It was presented in the year 1849 by Vincent Novello to the Musical
+Antiquarian Society. His father, Giuseppe Novello, in 1770 resided in
+Oxford Road, and probably worshipped in the Sardinian Chapel, where
+Vincent, born in 1781, became a chorister boy; this may account for his
+possession of the manuscript of the Dirge. It is in the handwriting of
+a copyist, not an autograph, and has many errors. It is not complete;
+at the commencement there should have been ten bars of instrumental
+introduction, which are only indicated in the manuscript by rests. The
+pencil marks of figured bass are in the handwriting of Vincent Novello;
+there are also pencilled names of solo singers--Swiney, Fitz, Lanza,
+Guich^{d}, Novello. The music is admirable, and opens with a chorus for
+treble, alto, two tenors, and bass, to the words "Libera me, Domine,
+de morte æterna." The pathos of this quintet, admirably expressive
+of the text, cannot be praised too highly. The words "Tremens factus
+sum ego" are set as a solo for a bass voice, in the style of many
+cathedral anthems of the period. The manuscript, evidently intended
+for the organist, gives the necessary organ-bass part; this solo, in
+the key of A minor, leads into a short chorus in C major to the words
+"Quando Coeli morendi sunt." A solo for a tenor voice to the words
+"Dies illa, Dies iræ," exhibits Arne's skill in writing vocal music,
+and is a very touching and effective piece of work; it is followed
+without a break by a chorus, "Dies Magna"; the next movement is a
+soprano solo, "Requiem æternam," in E major, a charming melody, with
+Italian fiorituri. A short chorus, "Requiescat in pace," concludes a
+composition which is a very fine example of Arne's genius, quite worthy
+of publication and performance. The British Museum possesses another
+manuscript of the composer to Latin words, "O salutaris hostia," which
+looks like an exercise in fugue writing, not intended for Church
+performance. It may have been sent to the "Catch Club" in competition
+for a prize.
+
+It has already been stated that Arne deserted his wife in 1756; what
+their relations were in the succeeding years can only be surmised. She
+was regarded by her contemporaries as a good and injured woman, and her
+husband was notoriously a profligate. Some few years ago a number of
+autograph manuscript documents came into the possession of the present
+writer, which throw a light on the unhappy condition of things as they
+existed in 1770. On the 22nd of November in that year, Mrs. Arne's
+Attorney sent the following letter to Dr. Arne:
+
+"SIR,--I am employed to institute a Suit in the Commons on the
+Complaint of your wife against you.
+
+"The small pittance you gave her for Maintenance falls greatly Short
+of Supplying her with Common Necessaries, and not only so but this
+Small allowance which is but £40 a year is now £10 in arrear. You must
+be sensible Mrs. Arne could not Subsist without Running you in Debt,
+those Debts must be paid very soon by you. Mrs. Arne has a right and
+expects to be maintained by you Suitable to your Circumstances. I must
+request an explicit and immediate answer; Or I shall take the necessary
+Steps to procure Mrs. Arne that justice which she has an Undoubted
+Right to."
+
+This called forth the following reply from Dr. Arne. It will be noted
+that Arne did not address the Attorney, but wrote direct to his wife:
+
+                                                             "A.D. 1770.
+
+    "MRS. ARNE,--After the affectionate note I sent you yesterday, with
+    5 Guineas, which was from the first money I reciev'd, how great was
+    my surprize, when I reciev'd in return a threatening letter from
+    one Rennett an Attorney, on your account!
+
+    "Cou'd I possibly have suppos'd that after my being so long in no
+    way of earning a Guinea, which (till this Job of Mr. Colman's)
+    was ever since the end of last March, and being involv'd in debts
+    on that account that you--my Wife, shou'd be the only person who
+    sought to distress me? If other people had been as inhuman, what
+    must have become of a Man, who is a laborious Slave to support his
+    necessary Dependants; insomuch that he does not enjoy three days'
+    ease and pleasure the whole year round?
+
+    "As peace and quiet are all the enjoyments which a man of my age
+    can hope for, if he is in his senses, which, in spite of base and
+    wicked minded people, I thank God I have not yet lost, I shall not
+    fly in a passion at your very ungenerous treatment; but with the
+    temper of a Philosopher explain to you the consequences of your
+    following the ill advice, which may have been given you, and I know
+    from whom.
+
+    "When Mr. Tyers refus'd to engage Polly Young, unless you cou'd
+    produce a Bond sign'd by me, whereby we were both impower'd to
+    live and act seperately, did not I directly on your express
+    solicitation, enter into such Bond, impowering you to recieve her
+    whole income? Did I ever desire a shilling of all she got before
+    and after or wish otherwise than that it had been ten times as much
+    for your sake?
+
+    "Well, after this, you having married your Niece to Mr. Bartelmon,
+    which threw you out of a good income, having besides impoverish'd
+    yourself, by lending your Money in large Sums to an extravagant,
+    unprincipled Whore, and to others, who only meant to defraud you
+    of that and other valuables, you applied to me by Mr. Forest, to
+    pay you an annual allowance for your support: I, who was ever
+    desirous and ready to do all within my power, ent'red immediately
+    into an Agreement to pay you £40 a year, though I had no certain
+    income of my own to do it with, and through years of distress,
+    for want of something weekly coming in, made up my payments to
+    you, in one week, fortnight, or month, whenever I cou'd scrape
+    your money together, till lately, meeting with no employment for a
+    considerable time,--encumber'd with an expensive house at Chelsea,
+    which I have prudently quitted, and being robb'd by an abandon'd
+    infamous Whore and Thief of a Servant, my Necessities oblig'd me to
+    be behindhand in my payments; yet you very well know that whenever
+    I had two, three, or five Guineas, I never fail'd to give them to
+    you, in part of payment, and that but a trifle now remains due.
+
+    "Is this a Man to recieve the treatment you now give me? Fie, fie,
+    Mrs. Arne! don't drive me to resentment, when I am willing to act
+    conformable to the laws of religion, peace and love; if you do,
+    by Heaven you'll have terribly the worst of it; for I can prove
+    that having no regular income, whenever I recieve any money, it is
+    always consum'd in debts, and that I am actualy not in a capacity
+    to allow you £20 a year.
+
+    "If, on the contrary, you chuse to continue in love and friendship,
+    send a line immediately to Mr. Rennett, that the affair is amicably
+    accommodated, and though I may be never so distress'd, I will
+    cheerfuly pay your allowance, and remain,
+
+                                               Your affect^{te} Husband,
+                                       "THO^{S.} AUG^{NE.} ARNE. (Seal.)
+
+ "Saturday Morn^{g}.
+ "One o'clock
+ "Nov^{r}.-y^{e}-23^{d}."
+
+Evidently Mrs. Arne left the matter in the Attorney's hands;
+accordingly he wrote a reply as follows:--"Mrs. Arne is Extremely sorry
+to hear of any Distresses of Dr. Arne's and wishes 'twas in her power
+to Avoid calling on him, for a subsistence. Her loss of Doctor Arne's
+affections has been a misfortune she has labour'd under too many years
+and that without doing him ye least injury but on the Contrary behaved
+with that affection and Justice that will give her Satisfaction in
+her last Moments. She hopes Doctor Arne has not so little humanity as
+to add to her Misery by refusing her a Necessary Subsistance if not
+Equal to Dr. Arne's wife yet Sufficient to provide her with Common
+Necessaries which 'tis impossible for her to do for less than a Guinea
+a week. If that is paid into Mr. Rennett's hands Weekly who will have
+the Receipts ready Mrs. Arne must Content herself with wearing out an
+Unhappy Life depriv'd of that Comfort which She had a right to expect
+from her Husband. Doctor Arne threatens to proceed to Extremities with
+his wife she is sorry to hear it But must be Contented with her fate
+and rely upon the justice of her case."
+
+No further correspondence is available, nor is there any record of
+proceedings at common law; it is therefore reasonable to suppose that
+an arrangement was concluded. (_See_ page 108.)
+
+In 1772, on the 26th of February, the oratorio "Judith" was performed
+at Covent Garden Theatre, with women in the chorus, for the first time,
+as has already been narrated. Shortly afterwards Arne had a performance
+at the Theatre in the Haymarket; the bill of announcement said, "By
+desire, for one night only, under the Direction of Dr. Arne. At the
+Theatre Royal in the Hay-Market, this present Monday, March 16, 1772,
+will be performed the celebrated Catches and Glees. With a Concerto
+on the Violin by Mr. Fisher. After which (by permission) will be
+performed a New Burletta, called 'Squire Badger. Altered and planned
+for Music, from a favourite Piece. Written by Henry Fielding Esq.; the
+Music entirely New Composed by Dr. Arne & With a New Irish and Scotch
+Medley Overture. Fairlove by Mr. Phillips, Sir Thomas Loveland by Mr.
+Fox, 'Squire Badger by Mr. Smith, Landlord by Mr. Hamilton, Clarinda
+by Mrs. Jewell, Pert by Mrs. Thompson. Boxes 5s. Pit 3s. First Gallery
+2s. Upper Gallery 1s. To begin exactly at Six o'clock. Books of both
+Performances may be had together at the Theatre at 1s. 6d."
+
+In 1775 Arne wrote the following letter to Garrick: "Aug. 21st, 1775.
+Dr. Arne presents his best compliments to Mr. Garrick, heartily
+returning thanks for his permission to several of his company to
+perform in the intended new comedy at the Opera-House, for the Doctor's
+advantage. He is unluckily, and indeed ungenteelly cut out of, at
+least, a clear £100, by Mrs. Greville's accepting and promising to
+perform the principal comic character, and, after keeping it near three
+weeks when it was too late to substitute another, returning the part
+with frivolous excuses. The Doctor knows not whether he is rightly
+informed; but he has heard that Mr. Garrick discharged Mr. Dibdin. If
+(as he has likewise been told, Mr. Garrick has engaged Mr. Arne[22]
+in the other's place, the Doctor can better reconcile _his_ being
+neglected; otherwise should have thought himself at least as capable
+of the business as any other person, and that his name and credit in
+the profession would have brought no disgrace on his friendly employer.
+Cannot help regretting likewise that, though he has ever maintained
+the most cordial respect and regard to Mr. Garrick for many signal
+good qualities, as well as for his being incontestably the first genius
+of this age in all that he professes,) any young person's belonging
+to _him_, though ever so conspicuous for his abilities, is sufficient
+cause for his rejection. These unkind prejudices the Doctor can no
+otherwise account for, than as arising from an irresistible apathy, to
+which (though painfully) he submits; but will never (notwithstanding)
+deviate a tittle from that respect, with which he has ever been Mr.
+Garrick's most obedient servant."
+
+To this letter Garrick replied: "Drury Lane Theatre, Aug. 24, 1775.
+DEAR SIR,--I am very sorry that Mrs. Greville (to whom I gave free
+leave to assist you) should behave so ill to you, and more so, that
+your loss will be so great by her ill-behaviour. The managers of
+Drury-lane have no intention to employ a constant composer, but to
+engage with different gentlemen, as business may arise in the theatre.
+How can you imagine that I have an irresistible _apathy_ to you? I
+suppose you mean _antipathy_, my dear Doctor, by the general turn
+of your letter. Be assured, as my nature is very little inclined to
+apathy, so it is as far from conceiving an antipathy to you or any
+genius in this or any other country. You ask me why I will not make
+use of your pupils?--Shall I tell you fairly? because I have not the
+opinion of them which you have. I tried Mrs. Bradford, Miss Weller,
+and I have now Mr. Fawcet: the two first (as I in a most friendly
+manner foretold) did no credit to you or myself by appearing in a piece
+which you obstinately insisted on bringing out, though you knew it
+would be the means of making a coolness between us. In short, dear
+sir, your heart and your genius seem more inclined to the theatre
+of Covent-Garden than that of Drury-Lane; and when I consider the
+additional music to 'King Arthur,' and the music to 'Elfrida,' I trust
+that I am justified in my opinion. Whether I am mistaken or not, I have
+not the least antipathy, I give you my honour I have not, to Doctor
+Arne; but on the contrary, if I had a work of consequence, I should
+wish to employ him, notwithstanding that our theatrical connections
+have not yet been serviceable to either of us. I am, dear Sir, your
+very sincere well wisher, and humble Servant. DAVID GARRICK."
+
+To this conciliatory epistle Dr. Arne replied in the following month:
+"Sept. 3rd 1775. DEAR SIR.--I received the favour of your reply to
+my letter, which I could not doubt of, you never being deficient in
+politeness. You are certainly in the right to suppose that, if I wrote
+the word apathy, I meant antipathy. Did I make the blunder or is it a
+joke, like Mrs. Cibber's asking you how you could possibly spell King
+with a Q? I must beg your permission to assure you that you are greatly
+mistaken in two points. First, when you imagine that I have the least
+partiality either in favour of the other theatre or its patentees: next
+in saying that the music in 'Elfrida' is much superior to the music I
+composed for you in 'King Arthur.' The principal songs, which for air
+and mastership I have never excelled, have _not_ been performed. They
+were written for the late Mrs. Arne,[23] and fashioned to her sweet
+voice, and glaring abilities. Mr. Arne expected, from the music and
+her performances of it, that they would be productive of the highest
+pleasure, that a judicious audience ever received from either of our
+endeavours, and several eminent masters thought as he did: but when
+those _coups de maître_ came out of the mouths of persons who could
+neither sing in time nor tune, nor turn out one _jeu de la voix_ in
+them, the result was much the same as if an approved author had written
+a fine part for ----. I was near hurting your delicacy, in nominating
+a gentleman, with whose acquaintance I am honoured, and this part,
+through an unfortunate event, should be acted by Jemmy Raftor, or
+Dagger Marr. Champness's songs, the chorus in the first scene of Mr.
+Vernon's 'Come, if you dare,' and several other things that employed my
+utmost efforts, were laid aside, in favour of Purcell's music, which
+(though excellent in its kind) was Cathedral, and not to the taste of
+a modern theatrical audience. But never was my surprise greater than
+when I perceived that a drama so fertile of invention and elegant in
+poetry, which brought so much to Harry Gifford, and lately in Dublin
+should (though strongly performed at a vast expense at Drury-lane) fail
+in making that impression on the public, which the managers had an
+undoubted right to expect. You frankly say that you have not engaged
+any of my pupils, because you have not the same opinion of them that
+I have. Be pleased to remember that I did not recommend Miss Weller
+as an accomplished singer; but as a young girl, with a good person,
+who would be useful in musical pieces; but whose talents in speaking
+and acting, might, with your friendly encouragement, in a little time
+bring so pretty a figure to be a shining object. Had you seen her
+play Mrs. Cadwallader in Foote's farce at Covent Garden, your candour
+would induce you to think with that company, who all declared that
+no young actress ever did better. When I offered you this girl, you
+wanted an accomplished singer. When I recommended Miss Jameson as such,
+I was to whistle an angel from Heaven, or you were full; though you
+brought out a raw nothing last year, and have taken Mrs. Jewell and
+a Jewess[24] this season. I hope you will, as you have kindly done,
+excuse this frankness in me, and give me leave to add that I will
+positively bet a hundred pounds upon Miss Jameson, against any singer
+you can name in either theatre--I might safely a hundred to one. I
+wish you would ponder on the contents--not now, because your cast is
+rather overloaded--but hereafter, when it may not be so. And now, Sir,
+to the last matter I shall at present trouble you with. Bickerstaff
+added songs to the Oracle, and brought it out by the title of 'Daphne
+and Amintor,' at Drury Lane, which succeeded very well. I remember a
+piece of Mr. Lloyd's, called the 'Capricious Lovers,' when performed in
+Clive's time. Every body liked the Burletta, but none were pleased with
+the music--which has induced me to reset it. Now, Sir, if you think
+it will (with the addition of my new music) fill up a vacancy, till
+the town fills, the vocal, instrumental, and speaking parts, are ready
+drawn out: the title may, and should be altered to 'The Country Girl
+at Court,' being the original one, viz.: 'La Contadina in Cort,' and
+(for a sixth night) I will attend the getting up of the musical part,
+and deliver up the composition to your use. If you don't want it, make
+no ceremony in saying so; for it will be of use to me, with my catches
+and glees. Have I been studying the longitude? Perhaps so; but if I
+have tired you, it is more than _you_ could do by _me_, were you to
+fill a ream of paper.
+
+"This requires no other answer, than just whether you can, with
+advantage to your undertaking, make use of my new composition or not. I
+am, Sir, with due respects, ever your friend and humble servant,
+
+                                                "THOMAS AUGUSTINE ARNE."
+
+There is another letter from Arne to Garrick, without date; it reads as
+follows:
+
+"DEAR SIR,--Mr. Johnston informing me of your desire to receive my
+demand for the composition of the music in 'The Little Gipsy,' I
+beg leave to expatiate a little thereon. I think a musician, with
+regard to theatrical employment, under an unfortunate predicament,
+if comparatively considered with the author of any little piece, for
+the following reason. They should both have learning, invention, and
+a perfect knowledge of effects; but an author of a _petite pièce_ can
+instantaneously write down his thoughts as they arise, whereas, the
+poor musician, when he has conceived an air, in every respect suitable
+to the sense, and emphatically expressed in every part, has done but
+half his business; for he has all the instrumental accompaniments to
+study and write down; insomuch as, that in a composition of ten,
+twelve, or more different parts, when he has written a whole side of
+music paper, he has the mortification to have composed but one line;
+all, except the voice part, being requisite to that one line. And yet
+an author of a farce will frequently make upwards of £100 by his sixth
+night, besides £50 by the sale of his copy to the printer; while the
+poor devil of a crotchet monger is thought well paid with £50 for six
+times the study and labour. This last observation, though strictly
+just, is not, in me, productive of a single complaint or grumble; but
+convictive that I have taken infinite pains to be master of a scurvy
+profession. As to my bill, it amounts, at my constant and reasonable
+rule of charging, but to £45 13 6: If you should think I have employed
+extraordinary time and care to make the composition proper and perfect
+in its kind, you will not overpay me with £50. But do as you please;
+I shall be satisfied, and am, with true respects, Dear Sir, your most
+obedient servant,
+
+                                                "THOMAS AUGUSTINE ARNE."
+
+This letter is endorsed by Garrick, "Dr. Arne, about bill for 'May
+Day.' I gave him the £50 desired."
+
+"May Day, or the Little Gipsy," a musical farce in one act, by David
+Garrick, was produced at Drury Lane Theatre on the 28th of August, 1775.
+
+There is much to be learned from the correspondence which passed
+between Arne and Garrick; the following letter, undated, is full of
+interest:
+
+"DEAR SIR,--I was never so conceited of any abilities, as _non cedere
+majoribus_; but then I ever was above servility, and could not pay a
+compliment to the opinion of Socrates or Seneca, at the expense of my
+reason. _Humanum est errare_, therefore the main study of every wise
+man is to arrive at rectitude, which cannot possibly be accomplished by
+giving an implicit concession to our first determinations. But shall
+Arne, a _musician_, have the _hardiesse_ to dispute with Garrick, in
+his _own_ way?--Yes, if Garrick, not giving himself time to debate
+on the natural effects arising from their causes, peremptorily gives
+his _ego dixi_ to what does not (to Arne) appear natural. But where
+Garrick is pleased to exercise his judgment, as in his own parts, by a
+fair trial of his opinion pro and con? No, Arne would as soon dispute
+with Sir Isaac Newton (if living) on his doctrine of colours, _sed ad
+propositum_.
+
+"When Miss Weller rehearsed part of Polly's character in the
+green-room, I knew it would be in vain to attempt a justification of
+her manner, at that juncture, and therefore reserved my sentiments
+for this occasion. I shall only particularize the soliloquy, 'Now
+I'm a wretch indeed,' which, in all the Polly's I ever saw, had no
+effect on the audience, except when Mrs. Cibber played the character,
+who spoke and acted in the same manner as Miss Weller does; and Mr.
+Barry had the same idea of it. In _you_ this position is glaringly
+illustrated. Now, in regard to Polly's situation, it is this. She has
+been soliciting her husband's life with her parents, which, instead
+of moving their obdurate hearts, has had no other effect, than her
+father's leaving her mother with a determination to prepare matters at
+the Old Bailey for his death. Polly, overhearing this, comes on in an
+agony of grief, says, 'Now I'm a wretch indeed!'--thinks she sees him
+already in the cast--that she hears vollies of sighs from the windows
+in Holborn--then abruptly breaks out--'I see him at the tree--the
+whole circle are in tears--even butchers weep.' Can it be natural that
+the sight of a beloved husband at the gallows should excite fainter
+emotions in a doting wife, than arise in butchers exercised in offices
+of cruelty? Would not an apple-woman, who should see so fine a youth,
+merely in the cast, naturally clap her hands together, through depth
+of concern, and exclaim 'Ah, poor soul! God bless him and take him to
+his mercy!'--perhaps shed tears? Certainly; then Polly's emotion on
+figuring him at the fatal tree, where the whole circle, through mere
+humanity, are in tears, can be nothing short of distraction, and any
+action, short of the force she gave it, must appear trifling, faint,
+and unfeeling. You are far from having seen the best of her in that
+character, which appears in her scenes of love, fondness, fears, and
+strokes of tenderness with Mackheath. But I was not willing to give
+you too much trouble, and besides, I plainly saw that you could not
+divest yourself of prepossession; else, how was it possible that a fine
+voice both for speaking and singing; action open, easy, and graceful;
+an unexceptionable person and figure, with a countenance free from
+the least distortion, could be productive of such faint approbation?
+You have often said you regarded me--but, as in the case of Miss
+Brent, were I to produce an angel, her being ushered by _me_ would
+create coolness and indifference. This observation, which I could more
+forcibly illustrate, I plainly see has put you out of humour. Give
+me leave to say, so it has _me_, who am not without my feeling on so
+mortifying an occasion. You are possessed both of fortune and merit;
+the one considerable, the other supreme. I pay you no particular
+respect, on account of the former; but the highest imaginable on
+account of the latter. Providence, by placing you in this beneficial
+situation, meant you as the sun and rain, to cheer and water plants
+of _genius_. Your own talents, and the just encouragement they have
+met with, demand, as a debt, those beneficent offices from you. The
+pay given to three _nothings_ would be a suitable reward to a rising,
+promising genius, whose industry and advancement could never fail of
+repaying you ten fold in return. Having faithfully kept my promise to
+take no material step, without first acquainting you with my design,
+and therefore given you a fair offer of Miss Weller, I will trouble you
+with no more letters, or applications on her account; so shall only
+add, that if you are inclined to encourage and cherish _her_, as you
+have done by _many_ others, with much lesser talents and requisites, I
+am desirous, and immediately ready to give you the preference; but if
+otherwise, as I have only my _small merit and hard labour to subsist
+on_, let it never be a matter of the least difference between us, that
+I have acted like a man of honour, and you----overlooked a jewel. I am,
+Sir, as I ever was, your sincere friend, and most obedient servant,
+
+                                              "THO^{S.} AUG^{NE.} ARNE."
+
+No reply to the above can be found. The following letter from Arne
+to Garrick must have been written soon after the above: "Sept. 3rd.
+DEAR SIR,--Having just received a letter from the ingenious author of
+the two operas, and 'Pennyworth of Wit,' under your kind inspection,
+wherein he begs concealment of his name, till the fate of one or other
+of his pieces is determined."
+
+Arne enclosed a copy of his unnamed friend's letter, which need not
+be produced here. He then finished his own as follows: "Now give me
+leave to wish you would consult your assured friend in the musical
+productions of your theatre, which (waving your own consequence,
+undeniably the first with the public) might produce the best second
+dish at the feast. Though half a ghost myself, I have more honour than
+the whole ghost in 'Hamlet.' He was forbid to tell the secrets of his
+prison house----I tell them not, through principle; but this I _may_
+say, _in confidence_, you actually want strength for the exhibition
+of musical performances--and why should you?--Mr. Garrick, though
+I wish him immortal, to the grief of the discerning world, is not
+so--sickness, pain, mortality may intervene. Let it not be said, that
+so great a master of his art is deaf or blind to rising merit. I tell
+you _bona fide_, that the young woman and young girl [Miss Weller's
+sister] whom I recommended, are real objects of your notice, as
+handsome women, complete figures, and promising actresses, abstracted
+from their utility as singers. Pray be so obliging as to let me hear
+from you as soon as you come to town, and be assured that if my skill
+or connexions are of any value, they shall be exerted to the utmost,
+in testimony of the respect with which I am, Dear Sir, your faithful
+friend, and humble servant,
+
+                                               "THO^{S} AUG^{NE.} ARNE."
+
+There is yet another letter from Arne to Garrick, and a characteristic
+reply, both undated, but which probably were written in 1775:
+
+"Nov. 17. SIR,--As you have causelessly dropped the friend, I have
+sense enough to write at a becoming distance. You will undoubtedly
+hear, by the freshest advice, the _tête-à-tête_ alteration between
+your brother and me. How could it happen otherwise, when the first
+salutation I received was 'Dr. Arne, we have considered of the farce,
+and PROTEST AGAINST IT'; which nearly led me into a mistake; for how
+could I suppose he meant the farce you had first promised to do, and
+after the last rehearsal concluded on? But on his warm repititions, I
+found that I should have protested against the farce that has been so
+long acting ex-parte managers, and tragedy on the composer's part. I
+answered, 'I am not surprised, it tallies exactly with the treatment I
+have all along received,' (meaning not only on account of the farce,
+but the discharge of two young women,[25] handsome, perfect figures,
+and possessed of better talents than most on either stage have set out
+with:) I scorn to retract my words, and think Mr. G. Garrick[26] will
+equally scorn to aggravate them. The young women brought three very
+good houses for the opening of a season, and met with more public
+applause than I have ever heard; and though inexperience, mixed with
+sensibility, might intimidate Miss Weller so as sometimes to exceed the
+exact sound, it was so little that the audience were not susceptible
+of it. If you had no intention to retain them, one night's performance
+had surely been sufficient for their condemnation; but they had not
+then been supplanted by my son's application;--permit me to give you
+joy of the acquisition. As to singing in tune, by my salvation! not
+above three in both theatres can do it, though several have had nearly
+twenty years' experience. I did not, _as has been done to you more than
+once_, impose my young pupils on you as finished singers; why then
+should they be discharged for what you knew before their appearance,
+especially after three warm receptions? Your public declaration this
+morning appeared as meant to complete the many shocks which I and mine
+have received--it was ineffectual: I shall think myself happy to be
+mistaken. If you are willing to show a friendship which I shall deem
+an honour to receive, it will not be sufficient that you perform the
+piece; I shall have the presumption to hope that you will further
+its success; though I fear that the cold breath of the manager, like
+a wintry blast, has chilled the hearts of his dependents; it is a
+distemper as catching as the itch. There has been but one decent
+rehearsal which was in your presence; though, even then, two principals
+were absent; nor can I expect any better, till the manager will either
+graciously appear, or at least send his general mandate: and, but
+for the respect due to the author, I had long since withdrawn the
+prettiest music, in the light style, that I ever wrote; but I will not,
+uncompelled, incur the resentment of a gentleman, a man of fortune
+and a scholar, respected by the first personages of the University of
+Oxford, by assuring him, from your promise, that his piece will be
+performed with all possible expedition; then, that it is in rehearsal,
+and now, by writing him word that you 'protest against it'? I once had
+a sparring of this kind with Mr. Rich; he generously acknowledged that
+he had not treated me kindly, and misunderstanding was the cement of
+our friendship ever after. May this candid explanation prove equally
+successful! It shall not be my fault if it does not, being ever
+desirous of proving myself, your real humble servant,
+
+                                              "THO^{S.} AUG^{NE.} ARNE."
+
+Garrick's reply is very short and sharp:
+
+"DEAR SIR.--I have read your play and rode your horse, and do not
+approve of either. They both want particular spirit which alone can
+give pleasure to the reader and the rider. When the one wants wits,
+and the other the spur, they both jog on very heavily. I must keep
+the horse, but I have returned you the play. I pretend to some little
+knowledge of the last; but as I am no jockey, they cannot say that the
+knowing one is taken in. I am, Sir, your most obedient servant. D. G."
+
+Endorsed "Designed for Dr. Arne, who sold me a horse, a very dull one;
+and sent me a comic opera, ditto."
+
+In 1776, early in the year, Miss Abrams, referred to in a letter from
+Dr. Arne to Garrick, made her first appearance on the Drury Lane stage
+in Garrick and Arne's "May-day, or the Little Gipsy." She possessed a
+sweet voice and good taste, which had been excellently cultivated under
+Arne's tuition. At the last rehearsal of the piece, which took place
+on the morning of the day of performance, Garrick suddenly conceived
+that a dance of rustics would improve the play, and told Dr. Arne of
+his idea, adding, "I suppose it would be impossible for you to compose
+a tune for it in time?" The Doctor, smiling and rubbing his elbow,
+according to his usual practice, replied, "We'll see what can be done,"
+and calling for pen, ink, and music paper, sat down at the prompter's
+table, and in less than five minutes produced one of the prettiest
+dancing tunes ever heard, which, when played by the band, astonished
+and delighted Garrick so much that, forgetting his age, he ran up to
+the Doctor, and embracing, took him by the hands and danced with him
+round the stage with much grace and animation, to the admiration of all
+who witnessed it.
+
+In 1776, Arne was engaged to compose music for the Rev. William Mason's
+drama, "Caractacus." The original libretto was written in 1759; but
+considerably revised, altered, and adapted for stage purposes in 1776
+by the author, and this amended version, with Arne's incidental music,
+was produced at Covent Garden Theatre on the 6th of December. That it
+was a complete success is evident; the _New Morning Post, or General
+Advertiser_, on the day following the performance, congratulated the
+town "on the acquisition of so fine an entertainment as 'Caractacus'
+where poetry and music unite their fascinating powers." Dr. Samuel
+Arnold, the composer, who was attached to Covent Garden Theatre when
+"Caractacus" was produced, spoke in the highest terms of Arne's
+music. Unfortunately every vestige of this has disappeared; according
+to the testimony of Dr. Arnold and of Dr. Thomas Busby, "One of the
+latest and finest of Dr. Arne's theatrical compositions, was an
+Opera called 'Caractacus,' founded on a piece of that name written
+by Mason. Every portion of the music, as the late Dr. Arnold, who
+had seen it, informed the compilor of this work, evinced a vigour
+and warmth of imagination worthy of the flower of early manhood. At
+Dr. Arne's decease, this production came into the possession of his
+son, Mr. Michael Arne, who unfortunately sold the manuscript to one
+Harrison, a bookseller in Paternoster-row, who becoming a bankrupt
+before the piece was published, it was publicly sold together with his
+other effects, to whom it is not now known, and never has been heard
+of since." Six years after Dr. Arne's death, in 1784, _The Universal
+Magazine_ announced that Mr. Michael Arne was intending to publish
+his father's "Death of Abel, Caractacus, and a Set of Concertos for
+the Harpsichord or Pianoforte with the Choruses in Judith." Michael
+Arne died in 1786, without having accomplished his desire; in 1793 the
+Concertos appeared, having been edited by Mr. Groombridge, and from the
+interesting preface to the volume we learn that this was the only piece
+which had been published. Quite recently an anonymous publication of
+music for Mason's "Caractacus" has been attributed to Dr. Arne, but
+the composition is so faulty and puerile that, even if other evidence
+were wanting, it would be impossible to suppose it the work of an
+experienced and accomplished musician like Arne. The book in question
+has a water-mark in the paper, 1794, which was sixteen years after Dr.
+Arne's death. The author's preface to the publication was evidently
+written by some one alive at that date; it is therefore not necessary
+to waste more space in discussing it.
+
+Dr. Arne had a very high opinion of his own talent as a poet, and
+some of his theatrical pieces are said to have suffered comparative
+failure in consequence of the poor quality of the words. But there was
+one piece of his, never performed nor ever published, which, while
+exhibiting his skill as a composer of music, shows also that he was at
+times wholly wanting in good taste and discretion. There are two copies
+of the libretto in existence, printed by Arne for publication, but
+never issued: the title-page is: "Whittington's Feast, a new Parody on
+Alexander's Feast written by a College Wag. The Overture, Songs, &c.,
+with all the grand chorusses, new composed by Thomas Augustine Arne.
+Doctor of Music.
+
+              Risum teneatis amici?
+    O what is Music to the ear that's deaf;
+    Or a goose pye to him that has no taste?
+
+London: Printed for the Author."
+
+In the preface, Arne says: "The fairest apologies I can offer in excuse
+for this Parody on Alexander's Feast, which, by its ludicrous turn,
+may be thought an attempt to depreciate one of the noblest poems
+in the English, or perhaps any other language, are, First, that the
+impossibility, in any degree, to lessen the value of so perfect an ode
+was a capital motive. The second was an irresistible propensity (which
+perhaps I may have mistaken for genius) to the comic muse." The preface
+ends with an intimation that the author hopes the "oddity of the
+attempt, with the intense application bestowed on the music, and the
+great expence at which it is performed, will compensate for any defects
+in the parody, and invite a good-humoured audience to support it."
+"April the 10th, 1776. From my Garret, in Cat and Harp Alley."--"The
+Scribbler."
+
+The libretto is printed in double columns, the left giving Dryden's
+text, the right the College Wag's parody. It may suffice to say that
+there are seventeen pages of vulgarity and sometimes indecency. The
+music, which extends to two hundred and fifty pages in the manuscript
+score, is superior to the poetry. There is no Overture; the various
+songs and choruses are palpably meant to be in imitation of Handel, but
+like the words they fail to detract from the value of the originals
+they vainly burlesque. There is evidence that Arne intended to have
+a public performance of "Whittington's Feast"; but circumstances,
+probably indifferent health, prevented it.
+
+[Illustration: ARNE, BY ZOFFANY.]
+
+In October, 1777, Arne and his wife met and became again a united
+and affectionate pair. This happy reconciliation was brought about
+by the intervention of their grand-niece, Cecilia Maria Barthelemon.
+A memorandum written by her, still preserved by one of her descendants,
+is worth quoting verbatim: "In former days the Doctor [Arne] had taken
+great pleasure in hearing my mother[27] sing the songs for _Mandane_
+in his Opera of _Artaxerxes_, and latterly she used to visit him for
+the purpose of receiving her Aunt's seperate maintenance money, and the
+last time she called for this purpose, she took her little daughter
+with her, then about ten years old. The Doctor who was always kind to
+the child, had her seated on his knee all the time: and when her mother
+was about to leave, she ventured to say, that she began to be tired of
+calling for this purpose, and thought it would be far better for him to
+be reconciled to his good wife, who had always been so irreproachable
+herself. He, however, answered her in a manner so violent and angry,
+that the child who both loved and revered her great-aunt, burst into
+tears and cried aloud; and her mother at once rose to take leave,
+observing also that she would _never take the trouble to call upon
+him again_. A few days after, however, she received a letter from the
+Doctor, apologizing for his conduct, adding that the tears of the dear
+child had affected him more than could a host of men, and that if his
+dear old wife would be reconciled, he would be happy to see her and her
+niece and nephew Barthelemon, and the dear child also, to dine with him
+on the following Sunday. The good Mrs. Arne shed tears of joy, gave
+her ready consent, and lovingly embraced her little grand niece." The
+narrative continues: "The Doctor and his wife lived happily together
+(alas) only for six months after this long wished for reconciliation
+(after a separation of thirty years)--often expressing the wish that it
+had taken place years, instead of only months before."
+
+We learn from an entry made by Mawhood in his diary, dated the 6th of
+December, 1777, that he saw Dr. Arne, "who has conformed and is now
+very ill; he has made his will betwixt Mrs. Arne and Michael." Another
+entry in the diary, dated the 10th, stated: "Mr. Paxton called, says
+Dr. Arne is now on the recovery." The improvement in his health,
+however, proved only temporary, and on the 5th of the following March,
+1778, the diarist wrote, "Dr. Arne died this evening at eight o'clock."
+
+The grand-niece previously quoted says: "Dr. Arne died a sincere
+penitent, and a firm Catholic. His confessor buried him according to
+the ceremony of his Church. A cross was put on his coffin, and he was
+interred in the burial ground of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, on the
+right hand side going in." There are two contemporary printed accounts
+of the last moments of the distinguished composer; one from his
+intimate friend, the popular tenor singer, Vernon, who, at that time
+engaged in the neighbouring Drury Lane Theatre, was in the habit of
+visiting Arne daily at his residence in Bow Street. The morning after
+Arne's decease he told the company assembled in the music-room at the
+theatre that he "was talking on the subject of music with the Doctor,
+who suffered much from exhaustion, when, in attempting to illustrate
+what he had advanced, he in a very feeble and tremulous voice sung part
+of an air, during which he became progressively more faint, until he
+breathed his last, making as our immortal Shakespeare expresses it, a
+swan-like end fading in music."
+
+The other account says Arne "died of a spasm on his lungs, retaining
+his faculties to the last moment of his existence. He had originally
+been instructed in the principles of the Romish Church: these however
+he had for many years wholly neglected, as inconsistent with a life
+of ease and gallantry, in which he indulged to the fullest extent of
+his purse and constitution. In his last stage, the dormant seeds of
+early maxims and prejudices, as is usually the case, revived in his
+bosom, too strong to be checked, or perhaps discriminated by sound
+reason. The complicated train of doubts, hopes, and fears, operated so
+forcibly on the Doctor's feelings at this awful period, that a priest
+was sent for, by whom he was awed into a state of most submissive
+repentance. In thus renewing the duties of a Christian, those of his
+professional line were not forgotten; for about an hour before his
+death he sung an harmonious Halleluja, a flight of fancy, calculated
+as it were to usher him into the other world." These narratives,
+though not precisely similar in detail, leave no doubt in the mind
+of the reader that Arne died repentant, doubtless the happier for
+having been reconciled to his wife. "Notwithstanding the number and
+excellence of his publications, Dr. Arne left little or no property
+behind him; a circumstance which will not appear extraordinary to those
+who consider his real character and life. He was naturally fond of
+vicious pleasure, to which he sacrificed every other consideration."
+The Will he made is at Somerset House, and recites as follows:--"In the
+Name of God Amen--I Thomas Augustine Arne of Bow Street Covent Garden
+in the County of Middlesex doctor in Music being of sound mind memory
+and understanding hereby make and pronounce this to be my last Will
+and Testament revoking all former Wills made or pretended to be made
+whatever Whereas I am possessed of a small Personal Estate consisting
+of goods Chattels and Effects most of them now standing lying or being
+in the House I rent of Mrs. Woodeville in Bow Street aforesaid and
+particularized in the Schedule hereto annexed I leave give and bequeath
+them in manner and form following First to my beloved wife Cecilia
+and only son Michael I give and bequeath the sad remains of my once
+excellent Organ mangled trod to pieces and ruined by and through the
+Villainy of wicked Servants that they may dispose of the same to the
+best advantage and share the profits equally between them Secondly I
+give and bequeath to the said Cecilia and Michael all my Worldly Goods
+Chattels Estate Personal whatever and wherever to be found (except
+as hereafter excepted) Books musical and for reading Plate and every
+other thing now situate standing or lying in my house in Bow Street
+aforesaid or in any other place to be found As to all books Musical
+or Literary and all Manuscripts in either branch written or composed
+by me or other Persons My Will is that such as may by performance at
+any time or in any place produce any profit or Benefit to the said
+Cecilia and Michael The expenses attending such Performances being
+first paid and defrayed equally between them The Profits or Benefits
+arising from the Sale or Public Performance thereof shall be equally
+divided between them share and share alike And the said Property being
+liable to an exception before limited I shall make it here viz. That
+the share and proportion of the said Michael is only circumscribed or
+limited in this particular viz. that when by sale of the Goods or part
+of them or by Public Performance or Performances of any of my Works,
+have received to his share the sum of seventy Pounds that he shall pay
+or cause to be paid to his Daughter Jemima the sum of ten Guineas as a
+present from me to his said Daughter for her Love and Kindness to me
+It is therefore my last will that all my works in particular Shall be
+and remain in the Possession of my said wife Cecilia subject to their
+being called forth used and employed for the mutual benefit profit and
+emolument of my said son as well as my wife, for Security of which to
+the said Cecilia she has and shall have by virtue hereof (before the
+delivery of any work) an unquestionable right to be satisfied As to the
+Probability of Success in the undertaking and an equal right to elect a
+Trustee or Treasurer to sit in the Treasurers Office on all and every
+Night whereon any of my works are performed And after all the charges
+attending such performance or performances shall be duly deducted to
+take and receive for and to the use of the said Cecilia one clear half
+or Moiety of the Monies or Profits arising therefrom and then take
+the Score and Parts of such Work or Works and reconvey it or them in
+Safety to the said Cecilia And this same just method of Proceeding
+shall duly be observed for the said Cecilia's equal Security in Case
+that either of the said dramatic Productions shall by their mutual
+consent be disposed of for their mutual Profits or Advantage to either
+of the Patent Theatres And in case that the said Cecilia shall depart
+this Life before the Death of the said Michael in such case the whole
+Personal Estate and Property above mentioned shall devolve or come down
+in right to the said Michael as sole Successor by this my last Will and
+Testament And lastly I hereby nominate and appoint the said Cecilia and
+Michael my joint and sole Executors of this my last will and Testament
+hereby impowering them to sue for and recover all debts and Demands
+whatever due to me on any account whatever whether in Law or Equity As
+Witness my hand and Seal this sixth of December in the seventeenth year
+of the Reign of Our Sovereign Lord George the third and in the year of
+our Lord One thousand seven hundred and seventy-seven.
+
+                                                THO^{S.} AUG^{NE.} ARNE.
+
+Sealed and delivered being first duly stamp'd in the presence of
+Stephen Paxton Maria Barthelemon.[28]
+
+On the 6th of March, 1778, the _Morning Chronicle_ had a short
+paragraph: "yesterday, died Dr. Arne, at his house in Bow-Street, whose
+musical talents were an honour to himself and this country."
+
+Arne was interred in the burial ground on the north side of St. Paul's
+Church, Covent Garden, on the 15th of March, and the fact was noted
+in the Parish Register, he being described simply as "Thomas Arne."
+No memorial of him was erected, but his son suggested a scheme for
+placing a monument in Westminster Abbey. This, like most of Michael
+Arne's projects, ended in talk; indeed, he only survived his father
+eight years, and died in South Lambeth on the 14th of January, 1786,
+leaving a widow, his second wife, in destitute circumstances. His
+career had been a varied one. His aunt, Mrs. Cibber, taught him as a
+child how to act on the stage, and he appeared as the Page in Otway's
+tragedy "The Orphan." His father gave him singing lessons, and procured
+him engagements at the Marylebone Gardens in 1751. He became a skilled
+harpsichord player, and made a good reputation as a composer of songs
+and ballads. His music to Garrick's romance, "Cymon," produced at Drury
+Lane in 1767, was very popular. He married one of his father's pupils,
+Elizabeth Wright, in 1766, who became a successful stage-vocalist;
+she died in 1774-5. He inherited much of his father's talent, but,
+infatuated with the determination to discover the mystery of the
+philosopher's stone, he built a laboratory at Chelsea, and ruined
+himself. Removing to Ireland, he resumed his profession of music, and
+revived his fortune; but the old mania returned, and he retired to
+Clontarf to make experiments which he believed would enable him to
+manufacture gold, with the result that he again beggared himself, and
+was arrested and confined in a sponging-house in Dublin. From this, by
+the exertions of friends, he was released. He returned to London, and
+again took up work as a teacher and composer, but with only moderate
+success.
+
+Dr. Arne, as we have seen, died on the 5th of March, and on the 28th
+of the succeeding month (April) a performance was given at the Theatre
+Royal in the Haymarket for the benefit of Mrs. Arne, which was attended
+by the old family friend Mr. Mawhood, and duly recorded in his diary.
+The programme included Dr. Arne's Elegy Glee, "Come, shepherds, we'll
+follow the hearse," specially instrumented for the occasion by Dr.
+Samuel Arnold.
+
+Previous to the reconciliation with her husband, Mrs. Arne had resided
+with Barthelemon and his wife; after Dr. Arne's death she again went
+to live with them at their house in Vauxhall. Here she enjoyed a few
+years of peaceful happiness, loving and beloved. An extract from a
+letter addressed to Mrs. Barthelemon in 1788 by a near relative will be
+read with interest: "We rest in hope Mrs. Arne continues on the mending
+hand, she has been a good woman, and has long attended to the future
+rest of her soul, which becomes the most important of all charges,
+though many of us decline it to a late moment. Mrs. Scott desires to
+be kindly remembered to Mr. Barthelemon, Mrs. Lampe, Miss Lampe, and
+_dear_ Mrs. Arne, Yours affectionately, John Scott."[29]
+
+"At the advanced age of seventy-nine Mrs. Arne continued to observe the
+hours of prayer, and the usual fast-days of her Church, with a rigour
+suitable to the austerity of primitive times, although that Church's
+discipline excused such habits of severe self-denial in its members
+at her time of life. Her manners, her habits, and her person at that
+great age, were not only inoffensive and untroublesome, but edifying,
+affecting, and affection-moving to those around her."
+
+"When she was ill and supposed to be dying, notwithstanding their
+different Communions they [the Barthelemon family] read the Psalms and
+Lessons together in Mrs. Arne's bedroom, where, at her bed's head,
+was a Crucifix, at the foot of which was a little vase full of holy
+water." "One day, she was supposed to be dead, and the Doctor, whose
+name was Carson, being present assured Mrs. Barthelemon that she was
+gone. She, however, could not resign herself to that belief, although
+he said he wished he could be as certain of going to heaven as he
+was that she was already there. Mrs. Barthelemon, however, tried to
+delay his departure, and accompanied him to the house door, when she
+implored him to look at her aunt once more, and to this he impatiently
+consented, and almost angrily applied a flame to her mouth and nose to
+show that breathing had ceased, when he suddenly called out for the
+strongest cordial at hand, the result of which was the revival of the
+supposed deceased, who soon exclaimed--'Oh! my dears, you have called
+me back from the glories described in the Te Deum.'" This restoration
+took place nine months before she eventually expired, on the 6th of
+October, 1789. Her mortal remains were placed in the vaults of the
+church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. Ten years later her loved niece,
+Mrs. Barthelemon, was buried in the same vault, "the two coffins being
+linked together by a chain."
+
+The following interesting letter addressed to Mr. and Mrs. Barthelemon,
+written by Dr. Burney on the 21st of October, 1789, throws a flood of
+light on the life and character of Mrs. Arne:
+
+"DEAR SIR AND MADAM.--Having been in Norfolk a considerable time,
+the melancholy news of my old and worthy friend did not arrive at my
+knowledge till a few days ago, otherwise we should certainly have been
+more early in communicating our condolence. Except yourselves, whose
+anxious care and benevolence have been so uninterruptedly manifested
+for such a series of years, no one of the friends or acquaintances of
+_the good Mrs. Arne_ could wish to be of some use to her more heartily
+than I have constantly done, ever since I first saw her at Chester, on
+her way from Ireland, in the Autumn of 1744; and it has of late years
+been a matter of real affliction to me that it has not been in my
+power to give more proofs of my zeal. I never had forgotten the good
+soul's kindness to me during my residence with Dr. Arne; when, it is
+not too much to say, I profited more in my studies by the advantage
+of accompanying her in her vocal exercises than by any instructions
+which the Doctor had leisure to give me. She was indeed, not only
+desirous of my professional improvement, but had a parental attention
+to my morals and conduct. As long as I remained under the same roof, I
+tried everything in my power, and not unsuccessfully, to contribute
+to domestic harmony, so necessary to the welfare of the whole family,
+as well as the comfort of individuals; and I did flatter myself, if I
+had continued longer with them, the union would have been of longer
+duration.
+
+"The Doctor, rest his soul! with all his genius and abilities, was too
+_volage_ at every period of his life, to merit the title of a good
+family man; and soon after I quitted him, I heard with grief that our
+late _dear worthy friend_ was no longer under the same roof. During
+a residence of nine years in Norfolk, I lost sight of her, but never
+forgot the goodness of her heart, or the talents and professional
+merits of her younger years. There was a time when her voice, shake and
+manner of singing, were superior to those of any female performer in
+the country.
+
+"I always respected that benevolence of heart which inclined you both
+to afford the poor soul an asylum after age and infirmity had deprived
+her of those talents, and however inconvenient it may have sometimes
+been, I am certain you will always think of it with the pleasure which
+reflecting upon good actions constantly affords to minds capable of
+performing them.
+
+"It gave me great satisfaction to hear that our well disposed and
+virtuous friend had the comfort of religion in her last moments. _She
+was always attentive to the duties of a sincere and worthy member of
+her church_; a disposition to be honoured and had in reverence among
+Christians of every denomination. Mrs. Burney sincerely joins in
+condolence and best compliments, and I beg you will believe me to be
+with unfeigned regard, dear Sir and Madam,
+
+"Your affectionate friend and faithful Servant,
+
+                                                          "CHAS. BURNEY.
+
+"(P.S.) I cannot help regarding the loss of Mrs. Arne with a kind of
+filial sorrow; she was the last survivor among those to whom I attached
+the idea of a parent. I lost my poor mother about 12 years ago, at the
+great age of 86. This letter must not be sealed before I have added my
+compliments and good wishes for the health of Miss Cecilia, sincerely
+hoping she will continue a constant source of comfort to you to your
+lives' end!"
+
+The following is a chronological list of music composed by Dr. Arne.
+
+ 1733 Rosamond. Tom Thumb. Dido and Æneas.
+
+ 1736 Zara. Serenata, Love and Glory. The fall of Phæton.
+
+ 1738 Comus.
+
+ 1739 An Hospital for fools.
+
+ 1740 Alfred. Rule, Britannia. Judgment of Paris. As you like it.
+
+ 1741 Twelfth Night. The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green.
+
+ 1742 Miss Lucy in town. Merchant of Venice.
+
+ 1743 Britannia. Eliza.
+
+ 1744 The death of Abel. Theodosius. The Rehearsal.
+
+ 1745 The Temple of Dulness. King Pepin's Campaign. Colin and Phoebe.
+
+ 1746 The Tempest. Neptune and Amphitrite. Capochio and Dorinna. Miss in
+        her Teens.
+
+ 1747 The Tender Husband. Love's Labour's Lost.[30]
+
+ 1749 Don Saverio. Much Ado about Nothing[30]. The Provok'd Wife.[30]
+
+ 1750 Dirge in "Romeo and Juliet." Ode on Cheerfulness.
+
+ 1752 Harlequin Sorcerer. The Oracle.
+
+ 1756 The Pincushion. The Sacrifice of Iphigenia.
+
+ 1759 The Prophetess. The Sultan. Exercise Mus.Doc. Cymbeline. The She
+        Gallants.
+
+ 1760 Thomas and Sally. The Desert Island.
+
+ 1761 Judith.
+
+ 1762 Artaxerxes. Love in a Village.
+
+ 1763 The Birth of Hercules.
+
+ 1764 The Guardian Outwitted. Olimpiade. Perseus and Andromeda. Arcadian
+        Nuptials.
+
+ 1769 Shakespeare Ode. The Jovial Crew.
+
+ 1770 Dirge. King Arthur. The Ladies' Frolic.
+
+ 1771 The Fairy Prince.
+
+ 1772 The Cooper. Trip to Portsmouth. Squire Badger. Reffley Spring. The
+        Rose. Elfrida.
+
+ 1773 Pasticcio. The Contest of Beauty and Virtue. Achilles in
+        Petticoats.
+
+ 1774 The Rival Queens.
+
+ 1775 Caractacus.
+
+ 1776 Little Gipsy. Whittington's Feast. Phoebe at Court. Phillis.
+
+Arne composed many pieces for the "Nobleman's Catch Club"; thirty-seven
+of these are printed in "Warren's Collection" and in "Vocal Harmony."
+Fifteen are English and Italian Catches, fourteen are Glees, and eight
+are Canons. There are published numerous songs, concertos, sonatas
+for harpsichord, and for violins and harpsichord. These are not dated
+in the foregoing list. In his orchestral compositions Arne employed
+piccolo, flutes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets and drums in
+addition to the usual strings, violins, violas, violetta, violoncelli,
+double-basses and harp. He used the device of pizzicato and of sordino;
+he also occasionally labelled imitative passages, for example, "The
+Owl," in "Where the bee sucks." He used the abbreviation [Music] for
+[Music]; possibly he introduced it.
+
+Arne was the acknowledged author of the libretti of many stage-pieces
+and wrote the poetry of numerous songs. His known libretti included
+"Don Saverio," 1750; "Artaxerxes," 1762; "The Guardian Outwitted,"
+1764; "The Rose," 1772; "The Cooper," 1772; "The Contest of Beauty and
+Virtue," 1773; a "Pasticcio," 1773; "Phoebe at Court," 1776; and
+"Whittington's Feast," 1776.
+
+
+NOTE TO PAGE 76. [31] Dr. Arne presents his love to Mrs. Arne, desiring
+to be inform'd of her health, which he sincerely hopes she enjoys. He
+cou'd not possibly call upon her in the hurry of this new Piece; but
+will take a speedy opportunity. Begs the favour of her signing the
+inclos'd receipt for the money he has paid, which he thinks was sixteen
+Guineas, and five more, sent herewith, make one and twenty.
+
+Reciev'd Nov. ye 21st, of Dr. Arne, the sume of twenty-one Guineas, in
+part of the money due to me, at the rate of forty pounds a year, agreed
+to be paid for my board, lodging and maintenance.
+
+Dr. Arne' Accot. of Arrears due to Mrs. Arne from the Allowance made
+to her of 16s. 8d. p. week, which from April 16th, 1771, to Novr. 26th
+following is Eight Months and two Days and which amounts to
+
+                             26 18 10½
+    Recd. at Sundry times    16 16  0
+                             ---------
+    Remaining due            10  2 10½
+                              5  5  0
+                             ---------
+                              4 17 10½
+
+[Illustration: CLIEFDEN IN 1740.]
+
+
+
+
+RULE, BRITANNIA.
+
+
+His Royal Highness Frederick Prince of Wales, son of King George the
+Second, was opposed to his father not only in politics, but also in
+his tastes and amusements. The King had no liking for, or appreciation
+of, British men and things; the Prince, on the contrary, assiduously
+cultivated a knowledge of the English laws and constitution, and
+strove to assimilate his tastes and feelings to those of the people
+he expected one day to rule and govern. He zealously promoted such
+measures as he thought desirable for the public welfare, and patronized
+men of eminence connected with arts, science, and literature. His
+beautiful residence, Cliefden,[32] on the banks of the Thames, was
+the recognized resort of the most distinguished men of letters and
+art. The under-secretary of the Prince was David Mallet, to whom he
+paid a stipend of two hundred pounds per annum; Thomson the poet was
+also one of his protégés. A change of government deprived Thomson of
+a lucrative appointment, and being introduced to the Prince of Wales
+the latter gaily interrogated him about the state of his affairs; the
+poet replied, "they were in a more poetical posture than formerly,"
+whereupon the Prince granted him a pension of one hundred pounds a year.
+
+In 1740 the Prince of Wales resolved to celebrate in a special manner
+two important events--the Accession of the House of Hanover to the
+throne of England, and the anniversary of the birth of his little
+daughter, the Princess Augusta, born on the 31st of July, 1737.
+For the occasion the services of Mallet and Thomson were called
+into requisition. John Rich, the successful actor-manager, was also
+commissioned to prepare various stage performances. Rich had become
+popular from his connection with Gay's "Beggar's Opera," which he had
+the good fortune to produce at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields
+in 1728, and thereby netted four thousand pounds. The author received
+six hundred and ninety-three pounds three shillings and sixpence. This
+remarkable success called forth the witty saying that "the 'Beggar's
+Opera' made Gay rich, and Rich gay." Rich was the founder of Covent
+Garden Theatre, in 1731, and was doubtless on excellent terms with the
+aristocratic patrons of the stage, including the Prince of Wales. On
+the 5th of September, 1740, he piloted the Prince through the mazes of
+Bartholomew Fair, Smithfield. A witness of the scene has described it
+thus: "The multitude behind was impelled violently forwards, a broad
+blaze of red light, issuing from a score of flambeaux, streamed into
+the air; several voices were loudly shouting 'Room there for Prince
+George! make way for the Prince!' Presently the pressure became much
+greater, the voices louder, the light stronger, and as the train came
+onward it might be seen that it consisted of a party of yeomen of the
+guard clearing the way; then several more of them bearing flambeaux and
+flanking the procession, while in the midst of all appeared a tall,
+fair and handsome young man, having something of a plump, foreign
+visage, seemingly about four-and-thirty years of age, dressed in a
+ruby-coloured frock coat, very richly guarded with gold lace, and
+having his long flowing hair curiously curled over his forehead and
+at the sides, and finished with a very large bag and courtly queue
+behind. The air of dignity with which he walked, the blue ribbon and
+star and garter with which he was decorated, the small three-cornered
+silk hat which he wore, whilst all around him were uncovered, the
+numerous suite, as well of gentlemen as of guards, which marshalled
+him along, the obsequious attention of a short, stout person, who by
+his flourishing manner seemed to be a player,--all these particulars
+indicated that the amiable Frederick Prince of Wales was visiting
+Bartholomew Fair by torchlight, and that Manager Rich was introducing
+his royal guest to all the entertainments of the place."
+
+Great preparations were made at Cliefden, and on the 1st of August,
+the Prince of Wales received his guests. An interesting account of
+the proceedings was printed in the _London Daily Post and General
+Advertiser_ of Saturday, the 2nd, in the following words: "Last
+night was performed at the gardens of Cliefden, (in commemoration
+of the Accession of his late Majesty King George, and in Honour of
+the Birth of the Princess Augusta; their Royal Highnesses the Prince
+and Princess of Wales, with all their Court being present,) a new
+Masque of Two Acts, taken from the various Fortunes of Alfred the
+Great by Mr. Thomson; and performed by Mr. Quin, Mr. Milward, Mrs.
+Horton, and others from both Theatres;--also a Masque of Music, call'd
+'The Judgement of Paris' writ by Mr. Dryden;[33] and concluded with
+several Scenes out of Mr. Rich's Pantomime Entertainment, perform'd
+by himself, and others of his appointing particularly the Skeleton
+Scene in Merlin's Cave, and the Dwarf Scene in Orpheus and Euridice.
+Also the famous Le Barbarini (newly arriv'd with Mr. Rich from
+Paris,) performed several Dances, and so much to the satisfaction
+of their Royal Highnesses, that his Royal Highness was pleas'd to
+make her a very handsome Present, and the work was conducted with
+the utmost Magnificence and Decorum." The Fête was repeated on the
+following evening, but unfortunately a violent rain-storm interrupted
+the proceedings, and the Masque of Alfred had to be performed in the
+house. The _Daily Post_, of August the 5th, reported that "the whole
+was exhibited upon a Theatre in the Garden, composed of Vegetables and
+decorated with Festoons of Flowers, at the End of which was erected a
+Pavilion for Their Royal Highnesses the Prince of Wales, Prince George,
+and Princess Augusta."
+
+It is remarkable that the newspaper report makes no mention of Thomas
+Arne, who composed the music for both Masques, whose work alone has
+rescued from oblivion the memory of the proceedings. One of the songs
+in "Alfred" was "Rule, Britannia." The Masque is forgotten; poet and
+composer, and they who first heard its thrilling burst from chorus and
+orchestra are mouldering in their tombs; the halls through which the
+strain resounded have long since perished; but the enthusiasm then
+awakened still vibrates in the British heart to the sound of the words,
+
+    Rule, Britannia, Britannia rule the waves.
+
+Thomas Arne resided at Cliefden before and during the Fête; his wife,
+who was one of the principal vocalists in both Masques, many years
+afterwards told her grand-niece, Cecilia Maria Barthelemon, that she
+witnessed a curious scene on one of the lawns: "Two men were mowing,
+when the hinder man severely cut the calf of the leg of the other,
+and the Prince of Wales immediately dipped a cambric handkerchief in
+some Arquebusade[34] and himself wrapped it round the man's leg, which
+needed no other cure."
+
+Very shortly after the performance, on the 19th of August, Millar, the
+bookseller and publisher, issued the libretto of "Alfred": the title
+of the book reads: "Alfred, a Masque Represented before Their Royal
+Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, At Clifden, (_sic_) on the
+First of August, 1740. London Printed for A. Millar, over against St.
+Clement's Church in the Strand MDCCXL." A perusal of the publication
+shows that Mr. Milward represented King Alfred; Mrs. Horton, the King's
+wife, Eltruda; Mr. Quin, a Hermit; Mr. Mills, the Earl of Devon; Mr.
+Salway, Corin, a Shepherd; Mrs. Clive, Emma, the Shepherd's wife. Two
+other characters, a Bard and a Spirit, have no names attached, but we
+know that the part of the Spirit was sung by Mrs. Arne. The Masque
+consists almost entirely of speaking parts; the first introduction of
+music is a song for Emma, the Shepherd's wife, who has a delightful
+little ditty to the words:
+
+    O peace! the fairest child of heaven,
+    To whom the sylvan reign was given,
+    The vale, the fountain and the grove,
+    With every softer scene of love.
+    Return, sweet peace, and cheer the weeping swain;
+    Return with ease and pleasure in thy train.
+
+This charming song was doubtless well sung by Kitty Clive, who, a few
+years later, was the first to warble Arne's exquisite melody, "Where
+the bee sucks."
+
+The third scene opens with a stage direction--"Solemn music is heard
+at a distance. It comes nearer in full symphony: after which a single
+trumpet sounds a high and awakening air. Then the following stanzas are
+sung by two aerial spirits unseen:
+
+    "Hear, _Alfred_, father of the state
+    Thy genius heaven's high will declare!
+    What proves the hero truly great,
+    Is never, never to despair:
+    Thy hope awake, thy heart expand
+    With all its vigour, all its fires.
+    Arise! and save a sinking land--
+    Thy country calls, and heaven inspires."
+
+If Arne composed music for the above, it was never published.
+
+The next air is sung by Eltruda, the Queen, represented by Mrs.
+Horton. It was sung off the stage, and according to Arne's score was
+accompanied by harpsichord and flute, the latter instrument echoing the
+voice-part. The libretto has two verses, but only the following was
+performed:
+
+    Sweet valley, say, where, pensive lying,
+    For me, our children, _England_, sighing,
+        The best of mortals leans his head.
+    Ye fountains, dimpled by my sorrow,
+    Ye brooks that my complainings borrow,
+        O lead me to his lonely bed:
+            Or if my lover,
+            Deep woods, you cover,
+    Ah, whisper where your shadows o'er him spread!
+
+In the third scene, second Act, after a dialogue between Alfred,
+Eltruda and the Hermit, the latter summons the "Genius of England."
+Then the stage direction is "Music grand and awful. The Genius
+descending sings the following song":
+
+    From these eternal regions bright,
+    Where suns, that never set in night,
+      Diffuse the golden day:
+    Where spring unfading pours around,
+    O'er all the dew-impearled ground,
+      Her thousand colors gay:
+    O whether on the fountain's flowery side,
+    Whence living waters glide,
+      Or in the fragrant grove
+      Whose shade embosoms peace and love,
+    New pleasures all your hours employ,
+    And rapture every sense with every joy!
+    Great heirs of empire! yet unborn,
+    Who shall this island late adorn;
+    A monarch's drooping thought to chear,
+    Appear! Appear! Appear!
+
+Possibly this song may have been omitted at the performance. Music
+for it cannot be found. The spirits of Edward the Third, Philipa his
+Queen, and their son the Black Prince, arise together; afterwards
+Queen Elizabeth, succeeded by William the Third--all are described by
+the Hermit. The next scene opens with a "Symphony of Martial music."
+The last scene affords an opportunity for Emma, the Shepherd's wife,
+represented by Kitty Clive, to sing a bright and sprightly melody,
+accompanied by the string orchestra in gavotte time to the following
+words:
+
+    If those, who live in Shepherd's bower,
+    Press not the rich and stately bed:
+    The new-mown hay and breathing flower
+    A softer couch beneath them spread.
+    If those, who sit at Shepherd's board,
+    Soothe not their taste by wanton art:
+    They take what Nature's gifts afford,
+    And take it with a chearful heart.
+    If those, who drain the Shepherd's bowl,
+    No high and sparkling wines can boast,
+    With wholesome cups they chear the soul,
+    And crown them with the village toast.
+    If those who join in Shepherd's sport,
+    Gay-dancing on the daizy'd ground.
+    Have not the splendor of a court;
+    Yet Love adorns the merry round.
+
+A short dialogue between Alfred and Eltruda follows, and then the
+Hermit speaks, "Behold, my Lord, our venerable Bard,
+
+    "Aged and blind, him whom the Muses favour.
+    You ere you go, in our lov'd country's praise,
+    That noblest theme, hear what his rapture breathes."
+
+This is immediately succeeded by
+
+
+AN ODE.
+
+    When _Britain_ first at heaven's command,
+    Arose from out the azure main:
+    _This_ was the charter of the land,
+    And guardian Angels sung _this_ strain:
+    "Rule, _Britannia_, rule the waves:
+    Britons never will be slaves."
+
+    The nations, not so blest as thee,
+    Must in their turns, to tyrants fall:
+    While thou shalt flourish great and free,
+    The dread and envy of them all.
+                                "Rule," etc.
+
+    Still more majestic shalt thou rise,
+    More dreadful, from each foreign stroke:
+    As the loud blast that tears the skies,
+    Serves but to root thy native oak.
+                                "Rule," etc.
+
+    Thee haughty tyrants ne'er shall tame:
+    All their attempts to bend thee down,
+    Will but arouse thy generous flame;
+    But work their woe, and thy renown.
+                                "Rule," etc.
+
+    To thee belongs the rural reign;
+    Thy cities shall with commerce shine;
+    All thine shall be the subject main,
+    And every shore it circles thine.
+                                "Rule," etc.
+
+    The Muses, still with freedom found,
+    Shall to thy happy coast repair:
+    Blest isle! with matchless beauty crown'd,
+    And manly hearts to guard the fair.
+    "Rule, _Britannia_, rule the waves,
+    Britons never will be slaves."
+
+Each of the foregoing verses was sung as a solo with the choral refrain
+"Rule, Britannia." The venerable bard was represented by Mr. Thomas
+Lowe,[35] a favourite singer who was engaged at Cliefden, and sang
+the tenor solos on that occasion in the "Judgement of Paris." We know
+from the report in the _Daily Post_ that there were "other performers
+from both theatres,"[36] doubtless a good and efficient chorus. The
+Ode would have made a splendid climax to the Masque,[37] but the
+libretto shows that the Hermit followed with a speech which is worthy
+of reproduction; the last four lines are particularly deserving of
+attention:
+
+    Alfred, go forth! lead on the radiant years,
+      To thee reveal'd in vision.----Lo! they rise!
+    Lo! patriots, heroes, sages, crowd to birth:
+      And bards to sing them in immortal verse!
+    I see thy commerce, _Britain_, grasp the world:
+      All nations serve thee; every foreign flood,
+    Subjected, pays its tribute to the _Thames_.
+      Thither the golden South obedient pours
+    His sunny treasures: thither the soft East
+      Her spices, delicacies, gentle gifts;
+    And thither his rough trade the stormy North.
+      See, where beyond the vast Atlantic surge,
+    By boldest keels untouch'd, a dreadful space!
+      Shores, yet unfound, arise! in youthful prime,
+    With towering forests, mighty rivers crown'd!
+      These stoop to _Britain's_ thunder. This new world,
+    Shook to the centre, trembles at her name:
+      And there, her sons with aim exalted, sow
+    The seeds of rising empire, arts, and arms.
+
+    _Britons_ proceed, the subject _Deep_ command,
+    Awe with your navies every hostile land.
+    In vain their threats; their armies all in vain:
+    They rule the balanc'd world, who rule the main.
+
+Although the libretto of "Alfred" was published a few days after the
+performance at Cliefden, the music remained in manuscript; possibly
+Arne did not consider the number of pieces, only five, sufficient to
+warrant the expense of publication; it is certain however that the
+"Rule, Britannia" Ode caught the public ear, and became celebrated.
+When therefore the "Judgement of Paris" Masque was published, about
+1741, the opportunity was taken of printing the score of "Rule,
+Britannia." The volume consists of sixty-one pages, and the title-page
+reads: "The music in the Judgement of Paris, consisting of All the
+Songs, Duettos and Trio, with the Overture in Score, as perform'd by
+Mr. Beard, Mr. Lowe, Mrs. Arne, Mrs. Clive, Miss Edwards and others
+at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. To which (by particular Desire of
+Several Encouragers of the Work) are added the _Celebrated Ode, in
+Honour of Great-Britain call'd Rule, Britannia_, and Sawney and Jenney,
+a favourite Dialogue, in the Scotch Stile. The whole compos'd by Thomas
+Augustine Arne. Opera Sesta. London. Printed for Henry Waylett, at the
+Black Lyon in Exeter Change in the Strand, and sold by him, and at all
+the music shops in London and Westminster, where may be had five other
+volumes of the Author's Works."
+
+It was not before 1751 that the other music of "Alfred" was published.
+The title-page reads: "The Masque of Alfred compos'd by Mr. Arne.
+London. Printed for I. Walsh in Catherine Street in the Strand." The
+volume consists of eighty-three pages; but the "celebrated Ode" is
+conspicuous by its absence. No doubt Waylett, the publisher of the
+"Judgement of Paris," was unwilling to permit its insertion without
+some adequate recompense. In what way the matter was adjusted we do not
+know; but an arrangement was made, and a second edition of "Alfred"
+issued which included the "Celebrated Ode." The plates used were those
+from which the music was printed in the "Judgement of Paris"; this is
+evident from the double-paging visible on the pages of "Alfred": 62-84,
+63-85, 64-86. The first set of numbers belong to the "Judgement of
+Paris," and the second set to "Alfred."
+
+[Music: The Score of The celebrated ODE in Honour of Great BRITAIN
+call'd Rule Britannia.]
+
+The first published score of "Rule, Britannia" enables us to note that
+both words and music have undergone considerable changes, some of them
+undoubtedly improvements and others the reverse. The elimination of
+the short ritornelles, or symphonies, which Arne wrote between the
+several lines of the verses, brings the subject-matter closer together
+and makes it more adaptable for a national song. On the other hand,
+the alteration of the melody in the last bar of the solo cannot be
+commended, neither can the change of melody and harmony at the end of
+the first bar of the chorus. As originally composed it was very strong,
+virile, and characteristic of Arne. It would, however, be injudicious
+now to attempt to restore the original; custom and the popular ear have
+stereotyped the prevailing version. It is noteworthy that Chappell's
+"Popular Music of the Olden Time," and also the reprint of that work,
+give the erroneous version without comment. The _Gentleman's Magazine_
+of 1755, with the exception of some typographical errors, faithfully
+follows the composer. It would be interesting to ascertain who first
+tampered with the Ode. William Horsley published an edition about
+1840, which is correct. The words have also been badly treated. The
+original says "guardian angels _sung_ this strain," and the command
+"Rule, Britannia, _rule_ the waves" has been changed to an assertion
+that "Britannia rules the waves." This error may without difficulty be
+avoided in future.
+
+After the performance of "Alfred" at Cliefden, we can trace no public
+representation of any of the music before the 21st July, 1742, when
+Mrs. Arne sang the air, "O Peace, thou fairest child of Heaven," at a
+concert in Dublin.
+
+The work was advertised for performance in Dublin in 1743, but was
+not actually produced until the following year. On the 28th of
+February and 3rd of March an advertisement appeared in _Faulkner's
+Journal_--"The Third Night of the Subscription, at the Theatre-royal
+in Smock Alley, on Saturday next, being the 10th of this Inst., March,
+will be performed the Judgement of Paris, written by Mr. Congreve
+and set to music by Mr. Arne, with all the Chorusses as performed at
+the Theatre Royal in Drury-Lane; after which will be performed a new
+Serenata, called Alfred, composed by Mr. Arne, at the special Command
+of his Royal Highness, Frederick Prince of Wales, and never performed
+but at his Palace at Cliefden, which concludes with a favourite Ode
+in Honour of Great Britain, beginning, When Britain first at Heav'n's
+command. N.B. Attendance will be given at the Theatre on each Day
+of Performance." In May and June, 1744, for the benefit of the
+composer and his wife, two performances were given of "Alfred" and the
+"Judgement of Paris." The _Dublin Journal_ announced by advertisement
+as follows: "Being particularly desired. For the benefit of Mr. and
+Mrs. Arne. At Mr. Neale's great Room in Fishamble street, on Wednesday
+the 30th of this Inst. May 1, will be performed the Judgement of
+Paris, written by Mr. Congreve, and now set to music by Mr. Arne,
+after which will be performed a Serenata, call'd Alfred, composed by
+Mr. Arne at the special Command of his Royal Highness Frederick Prince
+of Wales, and performed at his Palace at Cliefden, on the Birthday of
+the young Princess Augusta. To conclude with the celebrated Ode in
+Honour of Great Britain, beginning (When Britain first at Heaven's
+Command). The principal Parts to be sung by Mr. Lowe, Mr. Cologan, and
+Mrs. Arne, being the last Time but one that Mr. Arne, Mrs. Arne or
+Mr. Lowe will perform in Publick this Season. Mr. Arne will accompany
+the Performance on the Violin, Mr. Welch on the Organ, and Signior
+Pasqualino on the Violoncello. N.B. This Performance will be done to
+great Advantage, on account of the Organ, and the assistance of Mr.
+Cologan, and several Gentlemen in the Chorusses, who could not perform
+at the Theatre. Ticket a British Crown. To begin precisely at half an
+Hour after 6 o'Clock. Vivat Rex. Tickets to be had at Mr. Arne's in
+Aungier street." The repeat performance took place on the 6th of June.
+It may be noted that Mr. Cologan (James Colgan) was a vicar-choral of
+St. Patrick's Cathedral; probably the several gentlemen in the chorus
+were also attached to St. Patrick's or Christ Church Cathedrals, and
+thus precluded from assisting in performances on the theatre stage.
+Mr. Welch was Mr. George Walsh, the organist of St. Ann's Church,
+Dublin. The next performance of "Alfred" took place in London. The
+_General Advertiser_ of 20th March, 1745, printed the following: "for
+the benefit of Mrs. Arne, an Historical Musical Drama, call'd Alfred
+the Great, King of England. The Musick was composed by Command of His
+Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, and never performed in England, but
+at His Royal Highness's Palace at Cliefden. The music by Mr. Arne. To
+conclude with a celebrated Ode in Honour of Great Britain, in imitation
+of those formerly sung at the Banquets of Kings and Heroes: Boxes, 6s.;
+Pit, 4s.; First Gallery, 2s. 6d.; and Upper Gallery, 1s. 6d. Mr. Arne
+humbly hopes the Town will not be offended at the small advance of
+the Price, this Performance being exhibited at an Extra Expence, with
+regard to the Number of Hands, Chorus Singers, building the stage, and
+erecting an Organ; besides all other incidents as usual. The Ladies are
+desir'd to send their Servants[38] by Four o'clock. The above day is
+fix'd on to avoid interfering with Mr. Handel."[39]
+
+For this performance the libretto had been considerably altered,
+re-written in fact, and Arne had composed the additional music
+required; the title-page of the revised book reads: "Alfred, an Opera.
+Alter'd from the Play, written by Mr. Thomson and Mr. Mallet, in Honour
+of the Birth-Day of Her Royal Highness, The Young Princess Augusta.
+The Musick was composed by Mr. Arne, and perform'd with the Play
+at Cliffden in Buckinghamshire at the Special Command of His Royal
+Highness, Frederic, Prince of Wales. London. Printed for A. Millar at
+Buchanan's Head, Opposite Catherine Street in the Strand. M.DCC.XLX."
+
+The dramatis personæ were all singers, Mr. Lowe, the tenor, represented
+Alfred, King of England; Master Connel, Prince Edward, son of Alfred;
+Mr. Baildon, Earl of Devon; Mr. Baker, Corin, a shepherd; Mrs. Arne,
+Eltruda, Queen of England; Miss Young, the First Spirit; Miss Sybilla,
+the Second Spirit; Miss Young, a Shepherdess, wife of Corin.
+
+The first libretto (1740) of "Alfred" was certainly written by Thomson.
+It contained many fine lines which are not to be found in the 1745
+book. Two examples will suffice. The Hermit, addressing Alfred, says:
+
+    A vision to my phantasy appear'd--
+    I liv'd thro' future ages; felt the virtue,
+    The great the glorious passions that will fire
+    Distant posterity: when guardian laws
+    Are by the patriot, in the glowing senate,
+    Won from corruption; when th' impatient arm
+    Of liberty, invincible, shall scourge
+    The tyrants of mankind,--and when the Deep,
+    Through all her swelling waves, shall proudly joy
+    Beneath the boundless empire of thy sons.
+
+Alfred the King speaks:
+
+    In thoughtless, gay prosperity, when all
+    Attends our wish; when nought is seen around us
+    But kneeling flattery, and obedient fortune;
+    Then are blind mortals apt, within themselves
+    To fix their stay, forgetful of the giver,
+    But when thus humbled, ALFRED, as thou art,
+    When to their feeble natural powers reduc'd,
+    'Tis then they feel this universal truth--
+    That heaven is all--and man is nothing.
+
+The 1745 book doubtless owed its rearrangement and some of its lyrics
+to Mallet; it provides twenty sets of words which require music, but
+if these were set by Arne, eight can no longer be traced. In 1754 a
+new version of the libretto was published with the title: "Alfred the
+Great, an Oratorio, As it was Represented at the Theatre-Royal in
+Drury-Lane. The Musick was composed by Mr. Arne. London: Printed for
+A. Miller, in the Strand. MDCCLIV." The advertisement, or preface, to
+the book reads: "This Oratorio is altered from _Alfred_, a Masque,
+represented before their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of
+Wales, at Clifeden, August 1, 1740; being the Birth-Day of the Princess
+Augusta, written by the late Mr. Thomson and Mr. Mallet, and afterwards
+new written by Mr. Mallet, and acted at the Theatre Royal in Drury
+Lane,[40] in 1751." Thomson died in 1748; Mallet had therefore a free
+hand, a liberty of which he availed himself very fully; lines were
+altered, new ones introduced, and several verses added for songs and
+for chorus. The music for all the songs and solo music is contained in
+the volume published by Arne, but the music for the choruses is not
+given; probably it no longer exists. Amongst the additions made by
+Mallet is a Pastoral Invocation, or song, commencing:
+
+    Nymphs and shepherds, come away,
+
+and he makes the second Act end with a _Grand Chorus_:
+
+    How sleep the Brave, who sink to Rest,
+    By all their Country's Wishes blest!
+    When Spring, with dewy Fingers cold,
+    Returns to deck their hallow'd Mould,
+    She then shall dress a sweeter Sod
+    Than Fancy's Feet have ever trod.
+    There Honour comes, a Pilgrim grey,
+    To bless the Turf that wraps their clay;
+    And Freedom shall a while repair,
+    To dwell a weeping Hermit there.
+    By Hands unseen the Knell is rung;
+    By Fairy Forms their Dirge is sung.
+
+These exquisite lines were written by William Collins in 1746; but
+when Mallet annexed and printed them, without acknowledgment, the
+unfortunate author was in a lunatic asylum, and therefore quite
+incapable of protecting himself. When Mallet produced his version of
+"Alfred" for Garrick in 1751, he endeavoured to make folk believe that
+he wrote the words of the Ode, "Rule, Britannia." They had been printed
+in Edinburgh in a popular song-book, "The Charmer," with Thomson's
+initials, J. T., and by the friends of the poet were generally known
+to be his. Mallet's literary honesty or dishonesty is now generally
+appreciated, but it must not be forgotten that for years he posed as
+the author of the ballad "William and Margaret," and unflinchingly
+accepted all the encomiums passed upon him in connection with it. In
+1880 William Chappell called attention to a folio black-letter sheet in
+the British Museum, which, with the exception of the first two lines,
+was identical with Mallet's print. The date of the publication of the
+Museum copy was 1711, Mallet's 1724, and the ballad is believed to have
+been popular when quoted by Fletcher in the "Knight of the Burning
+Pestle," in 1611.
+
+The celebrity of "Rule, Britannia" appears to have been immediate and
+general. Hanoverians and Jacobites adopted it as a popular ditty; the
+latter party produced several parodies, amongst them the chorus:
+
+    Rule, Britannia, Britannia rise and fight,
+    Restore your injured Monarch's right.
+
+The following words in a collection of songs called "The True Royalist"
+are directed to be sung to the tune, "When Britain first, at heav'n's
+command":
+
+    Britannia, rouse at heav'n's command!
+    And crown thy native Prince again;
+    Then Peace shall bless thy happy land,
+    And Plenty pour in from the main:
+    Then shalt thou be--Britannia, thou shalt be
+    From home and foreign tyrants free.
+
+    Behold great Charles! thy godlike son,
+    With majesty and sweetness crown'd;
+    His worth th' admiring world doth own,
+    And fame's loud trump proclaims the sound.
+    Thy captain him, Britannia, him declare,
+    Of kings and heroes he's the heir.
+
+    The second hope young Hero claims,
+    Th' extended empire of the main;
+    His breast with fire and courage flames,
+    With Nature's bounds to fix thy reign.
+    He (Neptune-like), Britannia will defy
+    All but the thunder of the sky.
+
+    The happiest states must yield to thee,
+    When free from dire corruption's thrall,
+    Of land and sea, thou'lt Emp'ror be.
+    Britannia, unite! Britannia must prevail,
+    Her powerful hand must guide the scale.
+
+    Then Britons, rouse! with trumpets' sound
+    Proclaim this solemn, happy day!
+    Let mirth, with cheerful music crown'd,
+    Drive sullen thoughts and cares away!
+    Come, Britons, sing! Britannia, draw thy sword,
+    And use it for thy rightful lord.
+
+Another example will suffice:
+
+    When our great Prince, with his choice band
+    Arriv'd from o'er the azure main,
+    Heav'n smil'd with pleasure on the land,
+    And guardian angels sing this strain:
+    Go, brave hero; brave hero, boldly go,
+    And wrest thy sceptre from thy foe.
+
+A striking proof of the general popularity of the music of the Ode is
+the quotation made from it by Handel in 1745-6, when he composed the
+"Occasional Oratorio" to commemorate the suppression of the Rebellion.
+The words "war shall cease, welcome peace" are set to music, evidently
+intentionally taken from the song of the day, "Rule, Britannia":
+
+[Music: war shall cease, ... wel-come peace]
+
+We may note here that the music of the beautiful recitative, "Ah me,
+what fears oppress my throbbing heart?" followed by the air, "Guardian
+angels now descend," first printed in the 1754 "Alfred" libretto, is
+modelled on Handel's recitative, "O worse than death," and air, "Angels
+ever bright and fair," composed in 1749 and performed in March, 1750.
+
+No doubt "Rule, Britannia" was heard in Germany very soon after its
+first performance at Cliefden. A copy of the Ode in vocal score,
+with harpsichord accompaniment, was published in Hanover with the
+brief-title "Rule Britannia Frey Uebersetzt, Hanover, Gedruckt bey J.
+L. Lamminger Hofbuchdrucker." The German words, freely translated from
+the English, are as follow:
+
+    Britannia, aus des Meeres Schoos,
+    stieg auf des Schöpfers Wink hervor.
+    Dir zog hochahndend dein Genius das Loos,
+    und jubelnd sang ein Engelchor:
+    Herrsch' Britannia! der weite Ocean
+    sey deinem Scepter untherthan.
+
+There are five more verses which need not be reproduced. The
+publication is undated, and gives no name of poet or composer.
+Subsequently the same publisher issued a more complete edition with
+the original English words and a German translation. The title-page
+is "Rule, Britannia am Höchsterfreulichen Geburtsfeste Ihro Majestat
+der Königinn Charlotte den 18. Januar 1799 auf dem Grossen Königlichen
+Schlosstheater vom Herrn Schauspiel-Director Ignaz Walter nach der von
+I. G. F. Brauer versuchten Uebersetzung gesungen."
+
+Beethoven showed his appreciation of the Air of "Rule, Britannia" by
+using it not only for a pianoforte piece with variations in 1804,
+but also by incorporating it in the Battle Symphony, "Wellingtons
+Sieg, oder Schlacht bei Vittoria," which was performed at a concert
+in Vienna, in 1813, given for the benefit of the soldiers wounded at
+Hanau, and again in 1814 during the Vienna Congress, conducted by the
+composer.
+
+Wagner declared that the first eight notes of "Rule, Britannia"
+embodied the whole character of the British people, and as a
+tribute to the English nation he set himself the task of composing
+an Overture with Arne's music as the motif. The history of this
+interesting composition of Wagner's has never been accurately stated.
+The preliminary sketch of the music was made by Wagner in 1836, and
+is still preserved at Bayreuth. The composition was completed and
+performed in March, 1837, at Königsberg, and was again played at
+Riga, on each occasion under the direction of Wagner. He sent the
+score to the Philharmonic Society in London; but its receipt was
+not acknowledged. Therefore, when in 1839 he made his first visit
+to London, he wrote to the secretary of the Society with the result
+recorded in the Philharmonic Society's minute-book, under date "April
+19, 1840. Present, Mr. Neate, in the Chair, Messrs. Potter, F.
+Cramer, Dance, Anderson, Calkin. Letter from Wagner. Resolved that
+the score of the Overture be returned, with an apology for having
+kept it so long, and explaining that written upon a theme which
+is here very commonplace, precludes the performance of it at the
+Philharmonic Concerts." Wagner resided in London at the "King's Arms"
+boarding-house, Great Compton Street, Soho, only eight days, and then
+went to Paris. Presumably his removal was not known to the Philharmonic
+secretary, who sent the letter and score to Wagner's London address;
+the proprietor of the hotel then forwarded it to Paris, but without
+defraying the carriage. Wagner in his autobiography wrote: "One
+morning, when we had been anxiously consulting as to the possibility
+of raising our first quarter's rent, a carrier appeared with a parcel
+addressed to me from London. I thought it was an intervention of
+Providence, and broke open the seal. At the same moment a receipt-book
+was thrust into my face for signature, in which I at once saw that I
+had to pay seven francs for carriage. I recognised, moreover, that
+the parcel contained my overture, 'Rule, Britannia,' returned to me
+from the London Philharmonic Society. In my fury I told the bearer
+that I would not take in the parcel, whereupon he remonstrated in the
+liveliest fashion, as I had already opened it. It was no use; I did
+not possess seven francs, and told him he should have presented the
+bill for the carriage before I had opened the parcel. So I made him
+return the only copy of my overture to Messrs. Lafitte & Galliard's
+firm, to do what they liked with it, and I never cared to inquire what
+became of that manuscript." Its recovery is a mystery; the conductor of
+the band of the Leicester Opera House, Mr. E. W. Thomas, a few years
+since disposed of his belongings, including a pile of manuscript music
+which was purchased by Mr. Cyrus Gamble, who, in May, 1904, looking
+through the collection, discovered the long-lost Wagner autograph,
+signed and dated "Richard Wagner 15 March 1837 Königsberg in Prussia."
+Arne's orchestral score is limited to strings, two oboes, two trumpets,
+one bassoon, and kettle-drums; Wagner's score requires strings, two
+piccolos, two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, serpent,
+double-bassoon, four horns, four trumpets, three trombones, ophicleide,
+side-drum, triangle, grosse caisse, cymbals and kettle-drums.
+
+Passing notice is all that is necessary of the gross want of reverence
+and good taste exhibited by the Rev. Rowland Hill, of Surrey Chapel,
+who wrote a hymn for the music of "Rule, Britannia," which was sung on
+the 4th of December, 1803, by a crowded congregation of Volunteers, and
+printed in a collection of hymns sung at Surrey Chapel.
+
+At the Coronation of William IV., the Sailor King, at Westminster
+Abbey, September 8th, 1831, an anthem, "O Lord, grant the King a
+long life," was sung, having been composed by Thomas Attwood. The
+introductory symphony and the concluding chorus have quotations from
+the melody of "Rule, Britannia," introduced in a very ingenious and
+admirable manner.
+
+Sir Alexander Mackenzie has also made masterly use of the tune in his
+brilliant "Britannia" Overture.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[1] The register does not specify the day of the month.
+
+[2] The autograph in my possession.--W. H. C.
+
+[3] On the Report of this Committee, John Huggins, the Warden of the
+Fleet was tried for murder, but acquitted. James Barnes, his agent, by
+whom this outrage was committed, fled, and was never tried. However,
+Lord Chief Justice Raymond was of opinion, that had he been on his
+trial, and the fact proved against him, he would undoubtedly have been
+found guilty of murder.
+
+[4] Mrs. Arne rode on a pillion, behind Burney, on horse-back, from
+Chester to London.
+
+[5] In October, 1758, Cibber was crossing the sea to fulfil an
+engagement with Sheridan in Dublin, when the vessel was shipwrecked,
+and he with nearly all the passengers drowned.
+
+[6] Mrs. Arne soon became a convert to the Roman Church.
+
+[7] These are published by Novello & Co., Ltd.
+
+[8] The Choir of Christ Church Cathedral, in 1742, consisted of six
+Vicars Choral, Messrs. John Warrall, Charles Taylor, William Jones,
+John Eusebius Smith, John Mason and Mr. John Church; there were also
+six Stipendiaries, Messrs. John Phipps, James Baily, William Lamb,
+Joseph Ward, Timothy Carter, John Hill; with six chorister boys. The
+Choir of St. Patrick's Cathedral at the same date included nine Vicars
+Choral, Messrs. James Baily, William Tavernor, Robert Hall, Robert
+Woffington, William Lambe, John Eusebius Smith, Joseph Ward, John Hill,
+James Colgan. There were also six chorister boys, five of these being
+the same in both Cathedrals. The organist of both Cathedrals was Ralph
+Rosengrave.
+
+[9] "Twelve Duettos for Two French Horns, or Two German Flutes,
+composed by Mr. Charles." A rare publication.
+
+[10] Written by Fielding, produced in 1742.
+
+[11] Dubourg a fine violinist and pupil of Geminiani, was noted for his
+brilliant technique; on one occasion he indulged in a Cadenza of such
+length and diffuseness, that at its close Handel, who was conducting,
+called out "Welcome home, Mr. Dubourg."
+
+[12] In the King's Library, Buckingham Palace.
+
+[13] Lampe died at Edinburgh in 1751. His wife was sister to Mrs. Arne.
+
+[14] Miss Polly Young was the daughter of Charles Young, Mrs. Arne's
+brother.
+
+[15] Polly Young.
+
+[16] He had been studying the science of music under the learned Dr.
+Pepusch.
+
+[17] The Crown and Anchor, in the Strand, was a favourite resort for
+concert-givers. In my youthful days the "Abbey Glee Club" and other
+Musical Societies met there.--W. H. C.
+
+[18] The name of Madame Tenducci was not publicly announced.
+
+[19] Master Norris had been a chorister in Salisbury Cathedral; he
+was born in 1741, and seems to have continued singing soprano up to
+1762. His voice must have been in a transition state. He sang at the
+Gloucester Festival of 1766 as a tenor. He became organist of Christ
+Church Cathedral, Oxford; a Mus. Bac., and a singer of good repute.
+
+[20] The audience was much incommoded by the wet; incessant September
+rain poured through the roof, and converted the floor into a swamp.
+Eventually the four hundred people who were present, wet through, took
+refuge on the benches and orchestra.
+
+[21] Mr. William Mawhood, born in 1723, died in 1797, was a merchant,
+residing in West Smithfield, and an accomplished musical amateur. An
+account of him will be found in the _Musical Times_ of January, 1910,
+written by Mr. Barclay Squire.
+
+[22] Michael Arne, his son.
+
+[23] Mrs. Michael Arne, the popular vocalist, Elizabeth Wright.
+
+[24] Miss Abrams.
+
+[25] Miss Weller and her sister.
+
+[26] David Garrick's brother.
+
+[27] Mary Barthelemon, _née_ Young.
+
+[28] Proved. 16 March, 1778, by Cecilia Arne, widow, relict of the
+deceased, one of the executors with power reserved, 21 March, 1778, by
+Michael Arne, son of the deceased, the other executor named in the will.
+
+[29] nephew by marriage of Mrs. Arne.
+
+[30] The date of production is uncertain.
+
+[31] The autograph in my possession.--W. H. C.
+
+[32] Cliefden House, originally erected for George Villiers, second
+Duke of Buckingham, was built of red brick with stone dressings,
+having at each end a square wing connected with the main building by
+a colonnade, and fronted by a magnificent terrace four hundred and
+forty feet long. The Duke expended large sums on the house and grounds;
+for the latter, consisting of about one hundred and thirty-six acres,
+he procured, regardless of cost, the choicest specimens of trees,
+shrubs and flowers, native and foreign, and so enhanced the natural
+beauties of the site that it was reputed to surpass all other estates
+in England. At the death of the Duke, Cliefden was purchased by Lord
+George Hamilton, afterwards Earl of Orkney; he died without male issue,
+and the property and title passed to his daughter. She leased the
+estate to the Prince of Wales, who regularly resided there until his
+death in 1751. The splendid mansion was destroyed by fire on the 20th
+of May, 1795, owing to the carelessness of a maidservant, who, whilst
+reading in bed, was startled by the curtains bursting into flame. With
+the exception of the wings, the building was entirely burnt, together
+with valuable furniture, tapestry and paintings. Sir George Warrender
+bought the estate and rebuilt the house in 1830. At his death it was
+sold to the Duke of Sutherland, and on the 15th of March, 1849, fire
+again destroyed the building, which was afterwards rebuilt from designs
+by Barry.
+
+[33] A mistake; the "Judgement of Paris" was written by Congreve.
+
+[34] Arquebusade water was a concoction of spirits and herbs commonly
+applied to gunshot wounds.
+
+[35] Dr. Burney observes, "Lowe had the finest tenor voice I ever heard
+in my life."
+
+[36] "This day was rehears'd at Drury-Lane Theatre a Masque entitled
+'Alfred,' in order to be represented before the Prince and Princess,
+at Cliefden House on the first of August."--(_Gent. Mag._, July 28th,
+1740.)
+
+[37] When "Alfred" was performed at Drury Lane Theatre, in 1751, the
+part for the Hermit was deleted and the drama concluded with the Ode,
+which was cut down to four verses. The solos were sung alternately by
+Alfred and Eltruda (Mr. Beard and Signora Frasi).
+
+[38] Commentary on the practice of securing seats at Drury Lane
+Theatre is to be found in the "Private correspondence" addressed to
+David Garrick: "SIR.--The many proofs you have given the town of your
+desire to oblige them, encourage me to propose to you a scheme no less
+advantageous than useful to the public, especially the polite part of
+it. The alterations lately made in your theatre for the convenience of
+the spectators, naturally suggested to me an inconvenience arising from
+the servants who are sent to keep places. I have, with concern, seen a
+lady finely dressed forced to sit down by a servant whose clothes and
+feet have been very dirty, and behaviour extremely offensive; it has
+happened, to my knowledge, that some servants, in order to follow their
+own pleasures, have hired common porters of the street to keep their
+places, whose company better suited a prison than a place of polite
+entertainment."
+
+                                             Signed T. B. Nov. 25, 1762.
+
+[39] Handel gave a performance of his Oratorio "Joseph" at the King's
+Theatre, Haymarket, on the 21st of March, 1745.
+
+[40] The singers in 1751 were Mrs. Arne, Signora Galli' Signora Frasi,
+Miss Young, Mr. Beard, Mr. Baker, Signor Guadagni.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+ Abbey Glee Club, 53
+
+ Abrams, 81, 91
+
+ Acis and Galatea, 8, 23, 28
+
+ Addison, 3, 4, 9
+
+ Ah me, what fears, 132
+
+ Alas, the horrors, 70
+
+ Aldrich, 66
+
+ Alexander's Feast, 93
+
+ Alfred, 15, 20, 33, 41, 46, 114, 116, 122, 124
+
+ Alfred, go forth, 121
+
+ Allegro, 20
+
+ Amelia, Princess, 10
+
+ Amphitryon, 29
+
+ Anderson, 134
+
+ Angels ever bright, 132
+
+ Arcadian nuptials, 62
+
+ ARNE--
+   Actor, 30
+   At Cliefden, 114
+   At Eton, 3, 6
+   At Stratford-on-Avon, 67
+   Birth of composer, 1
+   Burial, 101
+   Conductor, 35
+   Death, 96
+   Employs ladies in Choir, 51
+   Father of composer, 1
+   First composition, 9
+   Flautist, 7
+   Grandfather of composer, 1, 4
+   Harpsichordist, 22
+   His will, 98
+   In Dublin, 19
+   In Edinburgh, 40
+   Introduces P.F. accomp., 51
+   Leaves wife in Dublin, 46
+   Marriage, 21
+   Member Soc. of Mus., 14
+   Mother of composer, 2, 11, 13, 15
+   Mus. Doc. Oxon, 49
+   Reunited to wife, 94
+   Son Michael born, 38
+   Violinist, 8, 22, 125
+   Wife of composer, 2, 11, 13, 15, 20, 22, 24, 46, 57, 72, 94, 102,
+     115, 125, 127
+
+ Arne, Edward, 4
+
+ Arne, Michael, bro. of composer, 9
+
+ Arne, Michael, Mrs., 79
+
+ Arne, Michael, son of composer, 38, 62, 77, 92, 97, 101
+
+ Arne, Susanna, sis. of composer, 9
+
+ Arnold, 92, 102
+
+ Artaxerxes, 54, 61
+
+ As you like it, 17, 28
+
+ Attwood, 136
+
+ Augusta, Princess, 12, 112
+
+
+ Baddely, 67, 70
+
+ Baildon, 24, 27, 66, 127
+
+ Baker, 127, 129
+
+ Banks, 2
+
+ Barbarini, 114
+
+ Barbatielli, 29
+
+ Barbier, 9
+
+ Barnes, 4
+
+ Barry, 34, 84
+
+ Barthelemon, 50, 74
+
+ Barthelemon, Mrs., 67, 95, 102
+
+ Barthelemon, Cecelia M., 94, 115
+
+ Bartholomew fair, 113
+
+ Battle Symphony, 133
+
+ Bayly, 47
+
+ Beard, 13, 15, 17, 49, 55, 58, 61, 121, 129
+
+ Beethoven, 133
+
+ Beggar's Opera, 29, 49, 61
+
+ Beviamo tutti tre, 66
+
+ Bickerstaff, 49, 58, 81
+
+ Billington, 57
+
+ Blow, thou winter wind, 17
+
+ Bradford, 73
+
+ Braham, 57
+
+ Breathe the pipe, 52
+
+ Brent, 41, 43, 45, 49, 55, 60, 85
+
+ Brickler, 51
+
+ Britannia, rouse, at heaven's command, 131
+
+ Brown, 57, 67
+
+ Busby, 92
+
+ Butler, 45
+
+ By dimpled brook, 13
+
+
+ Calkin, 134
+
+ Capricious lovers, 81
+
+ Caractacus, 91
+
+ Catches and Glees, 64, 76
+
+ Cathedrals, Dublin, 23
+
+ Catley, 61
+
+ Cervetto, 15
+
+ Chambers, 9
+
+ Champness, 67, 80
+
+ Chappell, 130
+
+ Charles, 25
+
+ Chateauneuf, 30
+
+ Chi scherza colle rose, 20
+
+ Churchill, 54
+
+ Cibber, 10, 13, 19, 35, 58, 79, 84
+
+ Cliefden, 111
+
+ Clive, 13, 16, 37, 81, 116, 118
+
+ Colgan, 23, 27, 125
+
+ Colin and Phoebe, 37
+
+ Collins, 129
+
+ Colman, 73
+
+ Come, follow me, 70
+
+ Come, if you dare, 68, 80
+
+ Come, shepherds, we'll follow, 63, 102
+
+ Comus, 12, 19, 24, 28, 33, 40, 44, 61
+
+ Comus's Court, 14
+
+ Concerto, 92
+
+ Congreve, 15, 114, 124
+
+ Connel, 127
+
+ Corfe, 9
+
+ Cornelys, 52
+
+ Coronation Anthem, 23
+
+ Corry, 43
+
+ Country girl at court, 82
+
+ Covent Garden Theatre riot, 61
+
+ Cramer, 134
+
+ Crown and Anchor, 53
+
+ Cumberland, Duke of, 10
+
+ Cymbeline, 49
+
+
+ Dalton, 12
+
+ Dance, 134
+
+ Daphne and Amintor, 81
+
+ Davis, 24, 27
+
+ Death of Abel, 28, 31, 92
+
+ Death of Nelson, 65
+
+ Delany, 12, 47
+
+ Delicæ Musicæ, 66
+
+ Dibdin, 51, 77
+
+ Dido and Æneas, 10
+
+ Dirge, 71
+
+ Dodsley, 39
+
+ Dragon of Wantley, 22, 30, 40
+
+ Drury Lane Theatre, 10, 35, 61
+
+ Dryden, 68
+
+ Dubourg, 23, 27
+
+
+ Edwards, 16
+
+ Elfrida, 79
+
+ Eliza, 41, 49
+
+ Esther, 20, 38
+
+ Eton College, 3, 6
+
+
+ Fairest Isle, 70
+
+ Fairies, 40
+
+ Faramond, 20
+
+ Farinelli, 20
+
+ Father of Mercies, 52
+
+ Fawcett, 52, 60, 73
+
+ Fergusson, 51
+
+ Festing, 7, 14
+
+ Fielding, 9, 76
+
+ Fishamble Street room, 69
+
+ Fisher, 76
+
+ Fitzpatrick, 62
+
+ Fleet prison, 4
+
+ Foote, 81
+
+ Forest, 74
+
+ Foster, 13
+
+ Fox, 77
+
+ Frasi, 121, 129
+
+ Frederick, Prince of Wales, 111, 116
+
+ From the eternal regions, 118
+
+ From yonder bower, 33
+
+ Frost scene, 70
+
+
+ Gainsborough, 7
+
+ Galli, 129
+
+ Gamble, 135
+
+ Garrick, 12, 15, 21, 35, 58, 61, 67, 77, 82, 126
+
+ Garrick, G., 88
+
+ Gay, 44, 112
+
+ Geminiani, 27
+
+ Gentle swain, 15
+
+ Gentleman's Mag., 123
+
+ Giardini, 66
+
+ Gifford, 80
+
+ Glorious voice, 17
+
+ God save the King, 36
+
+ Gordon, 35
+
+ Green, 14
+
+ Grenville, 6, 77
+
+ Groombridge, 92
+
+ Guadagni, 129
+
+ Guardian angels, 132
+
+ Guardian outwitted, 62
+
+
+ Hail, immortal Bacchus, 52
+
+ Hallam, 62
+
+ Hamilton, 77
+
+ Handel, 8, 12, 19, 23, 27, 31, 38, 127, 132
+
+ Hark! the bonny, 66
+
+ Hark! what notes enchant, 43
+
+ Harlequin sorcerer, 39
+
+ Hasse, 20
+
+ Haste to the gardens, 52
+
+ Haymarket Theatre, 8, 11
+
+ He was despised, 12
+
+ Hear, Alfred, 117
+
+ Hear, angels, 52
+
+ Henry IV., 30
+
+ Here, sons of Jacob, 53
+
+ Hill, 13, 135
+
+ Hither turn thee, 17
+
+ Horsley, 124
+
+ Horton, 114-116
+
+ How blest are the shepherds, 70
+
+ How cheerful along the gay mead, 32
+
+ How gentle was my Damon's air, 13
+
+ How happy the lover, 70
+
+ How sleep the brave, 129
+
+ Huggins, 4
+
+ Hymen, 20
+
+ Hymn of Eve, 32
+
+
+ I call you all to Woden-hall, 68
+
+ If those, who live in Shepherd's, 119
+
+ In thoughtless gay prosperity, 128
+
+ Ianthe and Iphis, 39
+
+ Indian Kings, 3
+
+
+ Jack, thou'rt a toper, 66
+
+ Jameson, 81
+
+ Jewell, 77, 81
+
+ Johnson, 13, 56, 82
+
+ Jones, 9
+
+ Joseph, 127
+
+ Judgment of Paris, 15, 114, 122, 124
+
+ Judith, 50, 62, 68, 76
+
+
+ King Arthur, 68, 79
+
+ Kirkman, 5
+
+ Kitty, 45
+
+ Knight of the Burning Pestle, 130
+
+ Knowles, 45
+
+
+ Lacy, 60
+
+ Ladies' hoops, 24
+
+ Lafitte and Galliard, 135
+
+ Lampe, 40
+
+ Lampe, Mrs., 38
+
+ Lascia cadermi, 20
+
+ Lass with the delicate air, 39
+
+ Layfield, 27, 30
+
+ Legge, 39
+
+ Let not a moonbeam, 69
+
+ Leveridge, 9
+
+ Lincoln's Inn Fields theatre, 9
+
+ Little gipsy, 82-91
+
+ Live to us, to empire, 56
+
+ Lock hospital, 50
+
+ Love in a village, 58
+
+ Love rapture, 67
+
+ Lowe, 17, 27, 30, 33, 39, 120, 125, 127
+
+
+ Mackenzie, 136
+
+ Madrigal Society, 62
+
+ Mallet, 111, 128
+
+ Mansfield, 62
+
+ Manzuoli, 63
+
+ Mara, 57
+
+ Mason, 91
+
+ Mattocks, 49, 55
+
+ Mawhood, 62, 64, 70, 96, 102
+
+ May-day, 83
+
+ Merchant of Venice, 33
+
+ Metastasio, 54, 63
+
+ Millar, 116, 127
+
+ Mills, 13, 116
+
+ Milton, 12
+
+ Milward, 13, 114, 116
+
+ Miss in her 'teens, 37
+
+ Miss Lucy in town, 22-29
+
+ Mountain, 9
+
+ Much Ado about Nothing, 48
+
+
+ Neal, 23, 24
+
+ Neal, Master, 25
+
+ Neate, 134
+
+ Neil, 42
+
+ Nightingale, 66
+
+ No more the heathen, 52
+
+ Noblemen's Catch Club, 63
+
+ Non chiamarmi, 20
+
+ Norris, 58-65
+
+ Novello, 71
+
+ Now Phoebus sinketh, 13
+
+
+ O beauteous Queen, 20
+
+ O fairest, 20
+
+ O Lord, grant the King, 136
+
+ O peace, 20, 116
+
+ O peace, descend, 70
+
+ O ravishing delight, 15
+
+ O sight, 70
+
+ O too lovely, 55
+
+ O'er William's tomb, 65
+
+ Olimpiade, 63
+
+ On Chloe sleeping, 66
+
+ Orphan, The, 101
+
+ Orpheus and Euridice, 114, 124
+
+ Otway, 101
+
+
+ Pasquali, 41
+
+ Pasqualino, 125
+
+ Paxton, 96, 100
+
+ Pemberton, 64-71
+
+ Pennyworth of wit, 87
+
+ Pepusch, 49
+
+ Per le porte, 20
+
+ Perseus and Andromeda, 62
+
+ Pesetti, 56
+
+ Philharmonic Society, 134
+
+ Philharmonic Society, Dublin, 32
+
+ Phillips, 12, 57, 77
+
+ Pianoforte, 51
+
+ Pilkington, 27
+
+ Pincushion, 44
+
+ Poculum elevatum, 63
+
+ Potter, 134
+
+ Prepare the genial bowers, 52
+
+ Prince of Wales, 12
+
+ Prior, 45
+
+ Prithee, friend, 66
+
+ Punch, the medium, 67
+
+ Purcell, 33, 65, 68
+
+ Pye, 44
+
+
+ Quin, 13, 19, 114
+
+
+ Rafter, 80
+
+ Ranelagh, 64
+
+ Redburn, 41
+
+ Rehearsal, 32
+
+ Rennett, 73
+
+ Requiem, 72
+
+ Rich, 39, 90, 112
+
+ Rival Queens, 28
+
+ Rosamond, 9, 20, 43
+
+ Rose, 57
+
+ Rosengrave, 23
+
+ Royal license, 18
+
+ Royal Society of Musicians, 14
+
+ Rule, Britannia, 15, 115, 119
+
+ Rule, Britannia, in Germany, 132
+
+ Rule, Britannia, rise and fight, 130
+
+
+ Sadler, 42
+
+ Saint George the patron, 70
+
+ Salway, 116
+
+ Sardinian Chapel, 2
+
+ Saul, 20
+
+ Scott, 102
+
+ Serenata, 12
+
+ Shakespeare jubilee, 67
+
+ Shenstone, 39
+
+ Sloper, 10
+
+ Smith, 63, 77
+
+ Soldier and his friend, 65
+
+ Soldier tired, 55
+
+ Solomon, 38
+
+ Sosarmes, 20
+
+ Spandau, 50
+
+ Spencer, 43
+
+ Squire Badger, 76
+
+ Stephens, 57
+
+ Stevens, 59
+
+ Storer, 23, 25, 27, 48
+
+ Street intrigue, 66
+
+ Swan, 24
+
+ Sweet bird, 20
+
+ Sweet echo, 13, 24
+
+ Sweet valley, 117
+
+ Sybilla, 24, 27, 127
+
+
+ Tempest, 37, 44
+
+ Tenducci, 52, 55, 57
+
+ Theodosius, 33
+
+ Thomas, 55, 135
+
+ Thomas and Sally, 49
+
+ Thompson, 77, 130
+
+ Thomson, 112
+
+ Thou soft flowing Avon, 67
+
+ Thursfield, 1
+
+ Thus I infuse, 70
+
+ 'Tis sweet the blushing, 70
+
+ To virtue with rapture, 70
+
+ Tom Thumb, 9, 22, 26
+
+ Tonson, 56
+
+ Tragedy of tragedies, 9
+
+ Twelfth night, 28
+
+ Two daughters, 70
+
+ Tyers, 74
+
+
+ Un guardo solo, 20
+
+ Under the greenwood tree, 17
+
+
+ Vado e vido, 20
+
+ Vauxhall gardens, 37
+
+ Vernon, 59-67
+
+ Vernon, Mrs, 49-55
+
+
+ Wagner, 133
+
+ Wake, my harp, 52
+
+ Walsh, 39, 51, 121
+
+ Warrell, 56
+
+ Water parted from the sea, 66
+
+ Waylett, 12
+
+ We must work, 70
+
+ Weelkes, 66
+
+ Weideman, 14
+
+ Welch (Walsh), 46, 125
+
+ Weller, 67, 73, 80, 84, 87, 89
+
+ Westminster Abbey, 12
+
+ Wheeler, 1
+
+ When Britain first, 119, 124
+
+ When daisies pied, 17
+
+ When gay Bacchus, 66
+
+ When Israel wept, 52
+
+ When our great Prince, 132
+
+ Where the bee sucks, 37, 117
+
+ Which is the properest day to drink?, 67
+
+ Whittington's feast, 93
+
+ William (King), 136
+
+ William and Margaret, 130
+
+ Who can Jehovah's wrath, 52
+
+ With heroes and sages, 52
+
+ Woodman, 57
+
+ Worsdale, 30
+
+ Wright, 79, 101
+
+ Wrighten, Mrs, 70
+
+
+ Young, Cecilia, 2, 9, 11
+
+ Young, Charles, 11, 41
+
+ Young, Miss, 41, 43
+
+ Young, E, 44
+
+ Young, Polly, 41, 43, 46, 48, 74, 127
+
+
+
+
+COMPOSITIONS BY DR. ARNE.
+
+
+ SONGS.
+
+                                                    s. d.
+
+ Twenty Songs                                       1  6
+ Gentle Swain                                       2  0
+ Guardian Angels                                    1  6
+ O ravishing delight                                1  6
+ When icicles                                       1  6
+
+
+ PART-SONGS.
+
+ Blow, blow thou wintry wind (Unison Song)          0  1½
+ Come away, death (S.A.T.B.)                        0  2
+ Rule, Britannia (S.A.T.B.)                         0  1½
+   Do.   (T.T.B.B.)                                 0  1
+   Do.   (Solo with _ad lib._ Chorus)               0  1½
+ Where the bee sucks (S.A.T.B.)                     0  1½
+   Do.   (S.S.T.B.)                                 0  3
+   Do.   (Two-part)                                 0  1½
+ Which is the properest day to sing (S.A.T.B.)      0  2
+   Do.   (S.S.A.)                                   0  1½
+ If o'er the cruel tyrant, love               folio 0  9
+ The Curfew (Round for four voices)                 0  1½
+ Under the greenwood tree (Unison Song)             0  1½
+
+
+ VIOLIN.
+
+ Trio--Sonata in E minor                            3  0
+
+
+ ORGAN.
+
+ By the rushy-fringed bank--Air from "Comus"        1  0
+ March, "Judith"                                    1  0
+ Largo--Overture to "Artaxerxes"                    1  0
+
+                 LONDON: NOVELLO AND COMPANY, LIMITED.
+
+
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+                     NOVELLO AND COMPANY, LIMITED,
+                               PRINTERS.
+
+
+
+
+    Transcriber's notes:
+
+    The following is a list of changes made to the original.
+    The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.
+
+    at a British Sixpence each. The _Journal_ gave a
+    at a British Sixpence each." The _Journal_ gave a
+
+    which otherwise, may have an obstruction to the
+    which otherwise, may prove an obstruction to the
+
+    to the words Quando Coeli morendi sunt." A solo
+    to the words "Quando Coeli morendi sunt." A solo
+
+    spoke in th highest terms of Arne's music.
+    spoke in the highest terms of Arne's music.
+
+    Risum tencatis amici?
+    Risum teneatis amici?
+
+    1771 The Fairy Princess.
+    1771 The Fairy Prince.
+
+    Herrsch "Britannia! der weite Ocean
+    Herrsch' Britannia! der weite Ocean
+
+    Charlotte den 18. Januar 1799 auf dem Grosser
+    Charlotte den 18. Januar 1799 auf dem Grossen
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Dr. Arne and Rule, Britannia, by 
+William Hayman Cummings
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43214 ***