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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-07 19:46:43 -0800 |
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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-07 19:46:43 -0800 |
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diff --git a/43056-h/43056-h.htm b/43056-h/43056-h.htm index 66ab4a4..86122db 100644 --- a/43056-h/43056-h.htm +++ b/43056-h/43056-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Jews, by Heinrich Graetz. @@ -247,45 +247,7 @@ i.place {font-style: italic;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's History of the Jews, Vol. I (of 6), by Heinrich Graetz - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: History of the Jews, Vol. I (of 6) - -Author: Heinrich Graetz - -Release Date: June 29, 2013 [EBook #43056] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE JEWS, VOL. I (OF 6) *** - - - - -Produced by David Edwards, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43056 ***</div> <hr /> @@ -378,7 +340,7 @@ its appointed mission without molestation.</p> <p>This translation, in five volumes, is not a mere excerpt of my "[German: Geschichte der Juden]" (like my -"[German: Volksthümliche Geschichte der Juden]"), but a condensed +"[German: Volksthümliche Geschichte der Juden]"), but a condensed reproduction of the entire eleven volumes. But the foot-notes have been omitted, so as to render the present work less voluminous for the general @@ -398,7 +360,7 @@ gratitude to one whose life-task it is to further with rare generosity all humane and intellectual interests, and who has caused this translation to be made and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">vii</a></span> published. At the risk of wounding his modesty, I -must mention, as the Mæcenas of this work, Mr. +must mention, as the Mæcenas of this work, Mr. Frederick D. Mocatta, whose name is a household word in every Jewish circle.</p> @@ -412,7 +374,7 @@ H. GRAETZ.</p> <p>To the foregoing words of the author I merely wish to add, that while the first volume, as far as -the period of the Hasmonæans, has been translated +the period of the Hasmonæans, has been translated by me, the other volumes have for the greater part "been done into English by various hands," and have afterwards been revised and edited by me.</p> @@ -423,7 +385,7 @@ with the difficulties presented by Hebrew and Jewish names and technicalities.</p> <p class="sigright larger"> -BELLA LÖWY.</p> +BELLA LÖWY.</p> <p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">London</span>, <span class="smcap">January, 1891</span>. </p> @@ -473,14 +435,14 @@ avoided.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">NEIGHBOURING NATIONS.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">The Phœnicians, Aramæans, Philistines, Idumæans—Their Customs and Mythology—The Moabites and Ammonites—Intercourse of the Israelites with their Neighbours and Adoption of their Manners—Disintegration of the Tribes—Consequent Weakness—Temporary Deliverers</td> + <td class="tdl">The Phœnicians, Aramæans, Philistines, Idumæans—Their Customs and Mythology—The Moabites and Ammonites—Intercourse of the Israelites with their Neighbours and Adoption of their Manners—Disintegration of the Tribes—Consequent Weakness—Temporary Deliverers</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE JUDGES.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Animosity of the Idumæans—Othniel, a Deliverer—Eglon, King of Moab—The Canaanite King, Jabin—Sisera, his General—The Prophetess and Poetess Deborah—Barak—Victory <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span>near Tabor—Early Hebrew Poetry—Sufferings through Nomads—The Hero Gideon Jerubbaal—Victory in the Plain of Jezreel—Commencement of Prosperity—Abimelech—Feud with the Shechemites—Jair the Gileadite—Hostilities of the Amalekites and the Philistines—Jephthah—Samson—Zebulunite Judges</td> + <td class="tdl">Animosity of the Idumæans—Othniel, a Deliverer—Eglon, King of Moab—The Canaanite King, Jabin—Sisera, his General—The Prophetess and Poetess Deborah—Barak—Victory <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span>near Tabor—Early Hebrew Poetry—Sufferings through Nomads—The Hero Gideon Jerubbaal—Victory in the Plain of Jezreel—Commencement of Prosperity—Abimelech—Feud with the Shechemites—Jair the Gileadite—Hostilities of the Amalekites and the Philistines—Jephthah—Samson—Zebulunite Judges</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></td></tr> @@ -514,7 +476,7 @@ avoided.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">DAVID.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">War with the Moabites—Insult offered by the King of the Ammonites—War with the Ammonites—Their Defeat—Battle of Helam—Attack of Hadadezer—Defeat of the Aramæans—Acquisition of Damascus—War with the Idumæans—Conquest of the town of Rabbah—Defeat of the Idumæans—Conquered races obliged to pay tribute—Bathsheba—Death of Uriah the Hittite—Parable of Nathan—Birth of Solomon (1033)—Misfortunes of David—Absalom—Wise Woman of Tekoah—Reconciliation of David and Absalom—Numbering of the Troops—Pestilence breaks out in Israel—Absalom's Rebellion—Murder of Amasa—Sheba's Insurrection—David and Nathan—Adonijah</td> + <td class="tdl">War with the Moabites—Insult offered by the King of the Ammonites—War with the Ammonites—Their Defeat—Battle of Helam—Attack of Hadadezer—Defeat of the Aramæans—Acquisition of Damascus—War with the Idumæans—Conquest of the town of Rabbah—Defeat of the Idumæans—Conquered races obliged to pay tribute—Bathsheba—Death of Uriah the Hittite—Parable of Nathan—Birth of Solomon (1033)—Misfortunes of David—Absalom—Wise Woman of Tekoah—Reconciliation of David and Absalom—Numbering of the Troops—Pestilence breaks out in Israel—Absalom's Rebellion—Murder of Amasa—Sheba's Insurrection—David and Nathan—Adonijah</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1035–1015 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></td></tr> @@ -541,7 +503,7 @@ avoided.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE HOUSE OF DAVID AND THE JEHUIDES.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Athaliah's rule—Early years of Joash—Proclamation of Joash by Jehoiada—Athaliah slain—Religious Revival—Elisha—Repairing of the Temple—Death of Jehoiada and of his Son—Invasion of Israel by Hazael—Jehoahaz—Murder of Joash, King of Judah—Jehoash, King of Israel—Defeat of the Aramæans—Amaziah—Conquest of Edom—Death of Elisha—Amaziah defeated by Jehoash—Jeroboam II.—Death of Amaziah</td> + <td class="tdl">Athaliah's rule—Early years of Joash—Proclamation of Joash by Jehoiada—Athaliah slain—Religious Revival—Elisha—Repairing of the Temple—Death of Jehoiada and of his Son—Invasion of Israel by Hazael—Jehoahaz—Murder of Joash, King of Judah—Jehoash, King of Israel—Defeat of the Aramæans—Amaziah—Conquest of Edom—Death of Elisha—Amaziah defeated by Jehoash—Jeroboam II.—Death of Amaziah</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">887–805 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></td></tr> @@ -595,7 +557,7 @@ avoided.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE DESTRUCTION.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">The National Decay—The Fugitives—Enmity of the Idumæans—Johanan, Son of Kareah—The Lamentation—Nebuchadnezzar appoints Gedaliah as Governor—Jeremiah Encourages the People—Mizpah—Ishmael Murders Gedaliah—The Flight to Egypt—Jeremiah's Counsel Disregarded—Depopulation of Judah—The Idumæans make Settlements in the Country—Obadiah—Condition of the Judæans in Egypt—Defeat of Hophra—Egypt under Amasis—Jeremiah's Last Days</td> + <td class="tdl">The National Decay—The Fugitives—Enmity of the Idumæans—Johanan, Son of Kareah—The Lamentation—Nebuchadnezzar appoints Gedaliah as Governor—Jeremiah Encourages the People—Mizpah—Ishmael Murders Gedaliah—The Flight to Egypt—Jeremiah's Counsel Disregarded—Depopulation of Judah—The Idumæans make Settlements in the Country—Obadiah—Condition of the Judæans in Egypt—Defeat of Hophra—Egypt under Amasis—Jeremiah's Last Days</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">586–572 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></td></tr> @@ -604,16 +566,16 @@ avoided.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE BABYLONIAN EXILE.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nebuchadnezzar's treatment of the Exiles—The Exiles obtain grants of land—Evil-Merodach favours Jehoiachin—Number of the Judæan Exiles—Ezekiel's captivity in the first period of the Exile—Moral change of the People—Baruch collects Jeremiah's Prophecies and compiles the Histories—The Mourners of Zion—Proselytes—The Pious and the Worldly—The Poetry of the Time—Psalms and Book of Job—Nabonad's Persecutions—The Martyrs and the Prophets of the Exile—The Babylonian Isaiah—Cyrus captures Babylon—The Return under Zerubbabel</td> + <td class="tdl">Nebuchadnezzar's treatment of the Exiles—The Exiles obtain grants of land—Evil-Merodach favours Jehoiachin—Number of the Judæan Exiles—Ezekiel's captivity in the first period of the Exile—Moral change of the People—Baruch collects Jeremiah's Prophecies and compiles the Histories—The Mourners of Zion—Proselytes—The Pious and the Worldly—The Poetry of the Time—Psalms and Book of Job—Nabonad's Persecutions—The Martyrs and the Prophets of the Exile—The Babylonian Isaiah—Cyrus captures Babylon—The Return under Zerubbabel</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">572–537 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">CHAPTER XIX.</a></td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE RETURN FROM BABYLON, THE NEW COMMUNITY IN JUDÆA, EZRA AND NEHEMIAH.</td></tr> + <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE RETURN FROM BABYLON, THE NEW COMMUNITY IN JUDÆA, EZRA AND NEHEMIAH.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">The Journey to Jerusalem—The Samaritans—Commencement of the Rebuilding of the Temple—Interruption of the Work—Darius—Haggai and Zechariah—Completion of the Temple—Contest between Zerubbabel and Joshua—Intermarriage with Heathens—The Judæans in Babylonia—Ezra visits Jerusalem—Dissolution of the Heathen Marriages—The Book of Ruth—Attacks by Sanballat—Nehemiah—His Arrival in Jerusalem—Fortification of the Capital—Sanballat's Intrigues against Nehemiah—Enslavement of the Poor—Nehemiah's Protest—Repopulation of the Capital—The Genealogies—The Reading of the Law—The Feast of Tabernacles—The Great Assembly—The Consecration—Departure of Nehemiah—Action of Eliashib—Withholding the Tithes—Malachi, the Last of the Prophets—Nehemiah's Second Visit to Jerusalem—His measures</td> + <td class="tdl">The Journey to Jerusalem—The Samaritans—Commencement of the Rebuilding of the Temple—Interruption of the Work—Darius—Haggai and Zechariah—Completion of the Temple—Contest between Zerubbabel and Joshua—Intermarriage with Heathens—The Judæans in Babylonia—Ezra visits Jerusalem—Dissolution of the Heathen Marriages—The Book of Ruth—Attacks by Sanballat—Nehemiah—His Arrival in Jerusalem—Fortification of the Capital—Sanballat's Intrigues against Nehemiah—Enslavement of the Poor—Nehemiah's Protest—Repopulation of the Capital—The Genealogies—The Reading of the Law—The Feast of Tabernacles—The Great Assembly—The Consecration—Departure of Nehemiah—Action of Eliashib—Withholding the Tithes—Malachi, the Last of the Prophets—Nehemiah's Second Visit to Jerusalem—His measures</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_354">354</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">537–420 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">xv</a></span></td></tr> @@ -622,7 +584,7 @@ avoided.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE SOPHERIC AGE.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Enmity of the Samaritans against the Judæans—The Temple on Mount Gerizim—The High-Priest Manasseh—The mixed language of the Samaritans—Their veneration for the Law of Moses—Judaism loses its national meaning—The Jubilee and Sabbatical Year—Almsgiving—The Council of Seventy—The Assyrian Characters—The Schools and the Sopherim—Observance of the Ceremonies—The Prayers—The Future Life—The Judæans under Artaxerxes II. and III.—Their Banishment to the Caspian Sea—Johanan and Joshua contend for the office of High-Priest—Bagoas—The Writings of the Period—The Greeks and Macedonians—Alexander the Great and the Judæans—Judæa accounted a Province of Cœlesyria—Struggles between Alexander's Successors—Capture of Jerusalem by Ptolemy—Judæa added to the Lagidean-Egyptian Kingdom—The Judæan Colonies in Egypt and Syria and the Greek Colonies in Palestine</td> + <td class="tdl">Enmity of the Samaritans against the Judæans—The Temple on Mount Gerizim—The High-Priest Manasseh—The mixed language of the Samaritans—Their veneration for the Law of Moses—Judaism loses its national meaning—The Jubilee and Sabbatical Year—Almsgiving—The Council of Seventy—The Assyrian Characters—The Schools and the Sopherim—Observance of the Ceremonies—The Prayers—The Future Life—The Judæans under Artaxerxes II. and III.—Their Banishment to the Caspian Sea—Johanan and Joshua contend for the office of High-Priest—Bagoas—The Writings of the Period—The Greeks and Macedonians—Alexander the Great and the Judæans—Judæa accounted a Province of Cœlesyria—Struggles between Alexander's Successors—Capture of Jerusalem by Ptolemy—Judæa added to the Lagidean-Egyptian Kingdom—The Judæan Colonies in Egypt and Syria and the Greek Colonies in Palestine</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_389">389</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">420–300 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></td></tr> @@ -631,7 +593,7 @@ avoided.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">SIMON THE JUST AND HIS DESCENDANTS.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Condition of the Judæans under the Ptolemies—Simon effects Improvements—His Praises are sung by Sirach—His Doctrines—The Chasidim and the Nazarites—Simon's Children—Onias II. and the Revolt against Egypt—Joseph, Son of Tobias—His Embassy to Alexandria—He is appointed Tax-collector—War between Antiochus the Great and Egypt—Defeat of Antiochus—Spread of Greek Manners in Judæa—Hyrcanus—The Song of Songs—Simon II.—Scopas despoils Jerusalem—The Contest between Antiochus and Rome—Continued Hellenisation of the Judæans—The Chasidim and the Hellenists—José ben Joezer and José ben Johanan—Onias III. and Simon—Heliodorus—Sirach's Book of Proverbs against the Errors of his Time</td> + <td class="tdl">Condition of the Judæans under the Ptolemies—Simon effects Improvements—His Praises are sung by Sirach—His Doctrines—The Chasidim and the Nazarites—Simon's Children—Onias II. and the Revolt against Egypt—Joseph, Son of Tobias—His Embassy to Alexandria—He is appointed Tax-collector—War between Antiochus the Great and Egypt—Defeat of Antiochus—Spread of Greek Manners in Judæa—Hyrcanus—The Song of Songs—Simon II.—Scopas despoils Jerusalem—The Contest between Antiochus and Rome—Continued Hellenisation of the Judæans—The Chasidim and the Hellenists—José ben Joezer and José ben Johanan—Onias III. and Simon—Heliodorus—Sirach's Book of Proverbs against the Errors of his Time</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_420">420</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">300–175 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></td></tr> @@ -640,25 +602,25 @@ avoided.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE TYRANNICAL CONVERSION TO HELLENISM AND THE ELEVATION OF THE MACCABEES.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Antiochus Epiphanes—His Character—His Wars with Rome—He appoints Jason to the High-Priesthood—Introduction <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">xvi</a></span>of the Greek Games—Jason sends Envoys to Tyre to take part in the Olympian Games—Affairs in Jerusalem—Antiochus invades Egypt—Report of his Death in Jerusalem—Antiochus attacks the City and defiles the Temple—His Designs against Judaism—His Second Invasion of Egypt—The Persecution of the Judæans—The Martyrs—Mattathias and his five Sons—Apelles appears in Modin—The Chasidim—Death of Mattathias and Appointment of Judas Maccabæus as Leader—His Virtues—Battles against Apollonius and Heron—Antiochus determines to Exterminate the Judæan People—Composition and Object of the Book of Daniel—Victory of Judas over Lysias</td> + <td class="tdl">Antiochus Epiphanes—His Character—His Wars with Rome—He appoints Jason to the High-Priesthood—Introduction <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">xvi</a></span>of the Greek Games—Jason sends Envoys to Tyre to take part in the Olympian Games—Affairs in Jerusalem—Antiochus invades Egypt—Report of his Death in Jerusalem—Antiochus attacks the City and defiles the Temple—His Designs against Judaism—His Second Invasion of Egypt—The Persecution of the Judæans—The Martyrs—Mattathias and his five Sons—Apelles appears in Modin—The Chasidim—Death of Mattathias and Appointment of Judas Maccabæus as Leader—His Virtues—Battles against Apollonius and Heron—Antiochus determines to Exterminate the Judæan People—Composition and Object of the Book of Daniel—Victory of Judas over Lysias</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_442">442</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">175–166 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII">CHAPTER XXIII.</a></td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl chap smaller">VICTORIES AND DEATH OF JUDAS MACCABÆUS; JONATHAN THE HASMONÆAN.</td></tr> + <td class="tdl chap smaller">VICTORIES AND DEATH OF JUDAS MACCABÆUS; JONATHAN THE HASMONÆAN.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Return of Judas to Jerusalem—Reconsecration of the Temple—The Feast of Lights—Fortification of the Capital—The Idumæans and Ammonites defeated by Judas—Ill-treatment of the Galilean Judæans—Measures against Timotheus—Death of Antiochus—Embassy of the Hellenists to Antiochus V.—Battle at Bethzur—Retreat of Judas—Affairs in Jerusalem—Alcimus—Intervention of the Romans—Nicanor's Interview with Judas—Battle of Adarsa—Death of Judas—Results of his Career—Condition of the People after the Death of Judas—The Chasidim, the Hellenists, and the Hasmonæans—Jonathan—His Guerilla Warfare against Bacchides—Death of the High-Priest Alcimus—Truce between Jonathan and Bacchides—Jonathan as High-Priest—His far-sighted Policy—His Captivity and his Death</td> + <td class="tdl">Return of Judas to Jerusalem—Reconsecration of the Temple—The Feast of Lights—Fortification of the Capital—The Idumæans and Ammonites defeated by Judas—Ill-treatment of the Galilean Judæans—Measures against Timotheus—Death of Antiochus—Embassy of the Hellenists to Antiochus V.—Battle at Bethzur—Retreat of Judas—Affairs in Jerusalem—Alcimus—Intervention of the Romans—Nicanor's Interview with Judas—Battle of Adarsa—Death of Judas—Results of his Career—Condition of the People after the Death of Judas—The Chasidim, the Hellenists, and the Hasmonæans—Jonathan—His Guerilla Warfare against Bacchides—Death of the High-Priest Alcimus—Truce between Jonathan and Bacchides—Jonathan as High-Priest—His far-sighted Policy—His Captivity and his Death</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_471">471</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">165–143 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIV">CHAPTER XXIV.</a></td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE JUDÆANS IN ALEXANDRIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SIMON.</td></tr> + <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE JUDÆANS IN ALEXANDRIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SIMON.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">The Judæan Colonies in Egypt and Cyrene—Internal Affairs of the Alexandrian Community—King Philometor favours the Judæans—Onias and Dositheus—The Temple of Onias—Translation of the Pentateuch into Greek—Struggle between the Judæans and Samaritans in Alexandria—Affairs in Judæa—Independence of Judæa—Simon's League with the Romans—Overthrow of the Acra and of the Hellenists—Simon's Coinage—Quarrel between Simon and the Syrian King—Invasion by Cendebæus—Assassination of Simon</td> + <td class="tdl">The Judæan Colonies in Egypt and Cyrene—Internal Affairs of the Alexandrian Community—King Philometor favours the Judæans—Onias and Dositheus—The Temple of Onias—Translation of the Pentateuch into Greek—Struggle between the Judæans and Samaritans in Alexandria—Affairs in Judæa—Independence of Judæa—Simon's League with the Romans—Overthrow of the Acra and of the Hellenists—Simon's Coinage—Quarrel between Simon and the Syrian King—Invasion by Cendebæus—Assassination of Simon</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_503">503</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">160–135 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></td></tr> @@ -712,7 +674,7 @@ in descent and pursuits. The primary place was held by the aborigines, the <i xml:lang="he" lang="he">Anakim</i> and <i xml:lang="he" lang="he">Rephaim</i>, a powerful race of giants. Tradition represents them as the descendants of that unruly and -overbearing race which, in primæval times, attempted +overbearing race which, in primæval times, attempted to storm the heavens. For this rebellious attempt they had been doomed to ignominious destruction.</p> @@ -872,7 +834,7 @@ The lives of the patriarchs, as commemorated by posterity, served as a sufficient illustration of the family law. Abraham was especially held up as a model of human excellence. Differing from other -nations who <i>worshipped</i> their primæval ancestors, +nations who <i>worshipped</i> their primæval ancestors, his descendants did not revere him as a performer of marvellous deeds, nor as one exalted to the eminent degree of a god or a demi-god. Not as a warrior @@ -1629,7 +1591,7 @@ only objects contained therein were a candelabrum,<span class="pagenum"><a name= a table with twelve loaves, symbolising the twelve tribes; and there was also a recess for the Ark of the Covenant. Altar, sanctuary and sacrificial rites -required a priesthood. This primæval institution, too, +required a priesthood. This primæval institution, too, was retained. The Levites, as the most devoted and best informed tribe, were charged with sacerdotal functions, as during the sojourn in Egypt. The @@ -2170,7 +2132,7 @@ themselves like vassals to a ruling tribe.</p> Kenites, kinsmen and allies of the Israelites, had been domiciled since the days of Israel's wandering through the wilderness. By the friendly aid of this -people the Judæans hoped to succeed more easily in +people the Judæans hoped to succeed more easily in gaining new dwelling-places. They avoided a war with the Jebusites, with whom possibly they had made a compact of peace, and spared the territory @@ -2403,7 +2365,7 @@ other mountain is Hermon (the Anti-Lebanon), the highest point of which, <i class="place">the Sheikh</i>, has an elevation of 9,300 feet. The Lebanon was never included in the land of Israel; it remained in the possession of -the Phœnicians, the Aramæans, and the people who +the Phœnicians, the Aramæans, and the people who succeeded the latter. This mountain range was of practical utility to the Israelites, who derived from its celebrated cedar forests the material for their edifices. @@ -2766,7 +2728,7 @@ realised.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hang">The Phœnicians, Aramæans, Philistines, Idumæans​—​Their Customs +<p class="hang">The Phœnicians, Aramæans, Philistines, Idumæans​—​Their Customs and Mythology​—​The Moabites and Ammonites​—​Intercourse of the Israelites with their Neighbours and Adoption of their Manners​—​Disintegration of the Tribes​—​Consequent Weakness​—​Temporary @@ -2780,7 +2742,7 @@ escaped the influences of their surroundings only by either destroying the homes of the bordering populations, or by being proof against the strongest temptations. The neighbouring Phœnicians, Canaanites, -Aramæans, Philistines, Idumæans, Moabites, +Aramæans, Philistines, Idumæans, Moabites, Ammonites, Amalekites, Arabs and half-castes of Arabs, had their own peculiar customs, manners, and religious observances. The tribes came into @@ -2864,16 +2826,16 @@ was depicted in a form half human, half piscine.</p> and cloud-seers (<i xml:lang="he" lang="he">Meonenim</i>), who predicted future events from various auguries.</p> -<p>With the Idumæans, the Israelites had less intercourse. +<p>With the Idumæans, the Israelites had less intercourse. The territory of the former extended from Mount Seir to the Gulf of the Red Sea. It is thought that at a remote time they navigated this sea, and traded with Arabia. Their mountains -contained metals, including gold. The Idumæans +contained metals, including gold. The Idumæans had the reputation of being sagacious and practical. In early ages they were governed by kings, who apparently were elective. On the north side -of the Idumæans, to the east of the Dead Sea, the +of the Idumæans, to the east of the Dead Sea, the Moabites and the Ammonites were neighbours of the tribes of Reuben and Gad. Their lascivious idolatry was also dedicated to a Baal on Mount Peor. @@ -2908,7 +2870,7 @@ with the adjoining populations. This temporary truce might easily satisfy the Canaanites and Phœnicians, who were mainly concerned in keeping the high-roads open for commercial dealings. The -Idumæans, the Philistines, and the Moabites were +Idumæans, the Philistines, and the Moabites were the only nations who sought to do injury to the Israelites. Every recollection of the troubles endured in the desert made the Israelites more @@ -3037,7 +2999,7 @@ Sinaitic doctrines.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hang">Animosity of the Idumæans​—​Othniel, a Deliverer​—​Eglon, King of +<p class="hang">Animosity of the Idumæans​—​Othniel, a Deliverer​—​Eglon, King of Moab​—​The Canaanite King, Jabin​—​Sisera, his General​—​The Prophetess and Poetess Deborah​—​Barak​—​Victory near Tabor​—​Early Hebrew Poetry​—​Sufferings through Nomads​—​The Hero @@ -3049,7 +3011,7 @@ Judges.</p></blockquote> <p>Othniel, the son of Kenaz, a brother, and at the same time the son-in-law of Caleb, was the first warrior-judge. Having collected a brave band of combatants, -he advanced against an <span class="locked">Idumæan<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></span> king, and delivered +he advanced against an <span class="locked">Idumæan<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></span> king, and delivered the southern tribes of Judah and Simeon. But his enterprise did not bring the least advantage to the rest of the tribes, and remained almost unknown @@ -4251,7 +4213,7 @@ special band of men served as runners (<i xml:lang="he" lang="he">razim</i>), an armed force who became the obedient instruments of the king's will. These and their chief formed the king's court. Saul's leader of the guard was named -Doag, an Idumæan by birth. Owing to the presence +Doag, an Idumæan by birth. Owing to the presence of the standing army and attendants, Gibeah, till then only a small town, now became the capital. Towards Samuel, Saul at first showed submission. @@ -5125,7 +5087,7 @@ from an abyss below. From this mountain fortress, the Jebusites ruled the entire surrounding territory, and felt themselves secure from all intruders. They appear to have lived in a state of peace with the surrounding -Benjamites and Judæans, as even Saul did +Benjamites and Judæans, as even Saul did not disturb them in the possession of their territory. David, however, considered it conducive to his interest to obtain possession of this citadel of Zion before commencing @@ -5250,7 +5212,7 @@ the small but powerful nation which depended on incursions and warfare for its maintenance. He therefore proceeded with his soldiers as far as Gath, the former capital of the Philistines, which was -situated nearest to the land of Judæa. The Philistines<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> +situated nearest to the land of Judæa. The Philistines<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> made a very obstinate resistance, and violent conflicts arose, in which David's heroes had ample opportunity for distinguishing themselves. It appears @@ -5499,7 +5461,7 @@ especially in cases requiring discretion. He was also fortunate in having an adviser at hand, who could give suitable counsel in various emergencies; his name was Ahithophel, and his birthplace<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span> -was the Judæan town of Gilo. At that time his +was the Judæan town of Gilo. At that time his advice was currently said to be as infallible as the oracles uttered by the lips of the high priest. This wise and over-wise councillor of David was destined @@ -5587,9 +5549,9 @@ the embittered Benjamites cast stones at him.</p> <p class="hang">War with the Moabites​—​Insult offered by the king of the Ammonites​—​War with the Ammonites​—​Their Defeat​—​Battle of Helam​—​Attack -of Hadadezer​—​Defeat of the Aramæans​—​Acquisition of -Damascus​—​War with the Idumæans​—​Conquest of the town of -Rabbah​—​Defeat of the Idumæans​—​Conquered races obliged to +of Hadadezer​—​Defeat of the Aramæans​—​Acquisition of +Damascus​—​War with the Idumæans​—​Conquest of the town of +Rabbah​—​Defeat of the Idumæans​—​Conquered races obliged to pay tribute​—​Bathsheba​—​Death of Uriah the Hittite​—​Parable of Nathan​—​Birth of Solomon (1033)​—​Misfortunes of David​—​Absalom​—​Wise Woman of Tekoah​—​Reconciliation of David and @@ -5650,7 +5612,7 @@ girded their loins, and the Cherethite and Pelethite mercenaries sallied forth with their heroic leader Benaiah at their head. Hanun, who feared the valor of the Israelites, looked around for help, and engaged -mercenary troops from among the Aramæans, +mercenary troops from among the Aramæans, who lived in the regions between the mountains of Hermon and the banks of the Euphrates. Hadadezer, king of Zobah on the Euphrates, contributed the @@ -5659,36 +5621,36 @@ conduct this war, but left the supreme command with the careful and reliable Joab. Having led the Israelite army across the Jordan, Joab divided it into two bodies. With the one he attacked the -Aramæans, the other he left under the command of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> +Aramæans, the other he left under the command of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> his brother Abishai. He aroused the enthusiasm of his army by inspiring words: "Let us fight bravely for our people and the city of our God, and may the Lord God do what seemeth good unto Him." Joab -then dashed at the Aramæans, and put them to flight. +then dashed at the Aramæans, and put them to flight. On this, the Ammonites were seized with such fear that they withdrew from the field, and took shelter behind the walls of their capital. It was a most successful achievement. Joab hurried to Jerusalem to report to the king, and to lay before him a plan by -which the Aramæans might be totally annihilated, +which the Aramæans might be totally annihilated, and any future interference on their part prevented. The victorious army, having been recalled from the Ammonitish territories, was reinforced, and with the -king himself at its head pursued the Aramæan enemy +king himself at its head pursued the Aramæan enemy on the other side of the Jordan. King Hadadezer, on his part, also sent fresh troops to the aid of his defeated -forces, but in a battle at Helam, the Aramæan +forces, but in a battle at Helam, the Aramæan army was again defeated, and its general, Shobach, fell in the encounter. The vassals of the mighty Hadadezer then hastened to make peace with David.</p> -<p>Tôi (or Tou), the king of Hamath, who had been at +<p>Tôi (or Tou), the king of Hamath, who had been at war with Hadadezer, now sent his son Joram to David with presents, congratulating him on the victory over their common foe. David followed up his successes until he reached the capital of king Hadadezer, situated on the banks of the Euphrates. -The Aramæans were then defeated a third time; +The Aramæans were then defeated a third time; their chariots and soldiers could not withstand the attack of the Israelite army. The extensive district of Zobah, to which various princes had been tributary, @@ -5698,7 +5660,7 @@ was divided into several parts.</p> Zobah, was also defeated by David, and the ancient town of Damascus henceforth belonged to the king of Israel. David placed land-overseers in all the -Aramæan territories from Hermon to the Euphrates, +Aramæan territories from Hermon to the Euphrates, in order to enforce the payment of tribute. David and his army themselves must have been astonished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span> at the wonderful result which they had achieved. It @@ -5706,17 +5668,17 @@ rendered the king and his army objects of fear far and wide. Meanwhile the king of the Ammonites had escaped punishment for his insults to the ambassadors of Israel. In consequence of the campaign -against the Aramæans, which lasted nearly a year, the +against the Aramæans, which lasted nearly a year, the Israelitish army had been unable to resume the war against Hanun. It was only after the great events narrated above that David was again enabled to send his forces, under Joab, against Ammon. Yet another war arose out of the hostilities against this nation. -The Idumæans, on the south of the Dead Sea, had +The Idumæans, on the south of the Dead Sea, had also assisted the Ammonites by sending troops to their aid, and these had to be humiliated now. David deputed his second general, Abishai, Joab's brother, -to direct the campaign against the Idumæans. Joab +to direct the campaign against the Idumæans. Joab was in the meantime engaged in a long contest with the Ammonites, who had secured themselves behind the strong walls of their fortified capital, and were continually @@ -5748,31 +5710,31 @@ manner. Hanun, the original cause of the war, who had so deeply insulted David, was either killed or driven out of the kingdom. In his stead David appointed his brother Shobi as king. Meanwhile -Abishai had been engaged in a war against the Idumæan +Abishai had been engaged in a war against the Idumæan king, and had utterly routed him in the Valley of Salt—probably in the neighbourhood of the rocksalt mountain, near the Dead Sea. Eighteen thousand -Idumæans are said to have fallen there. The rest +Idumæans are said to have fallen there. The rest probably submitted; and for this reason David contented himself with placing excise officers and a garrison over them, as he had done in Damascus and -the other Aramæan provinces. The Idumæans, however, +the other Aramæan provinces. The Idumæans, however, seem later on to have revolted against the Israelitish garrison and the tax collectors, and to have -massacred them. Joab therefore repaired to Idumæa, +massacred them. Joab therefore repaired to Idumæa, caused the murdered Israelites to be buried, and all -Idumæan males to be put to death. He was occupied +Idumæan males to be put to death. He was occupied with this war of destruction during half a year, and so thoroughly was the task executed that only a few of the male sex could save themselves by flight. Amongst them was a son or a grandson of the -Idumæan king.</p> +Idumæan king.</p> <p>By these decisive victories, in the west over the -Philistines, in the south over the Idumæans, in the +Philistines, in the south over the Idumæans, in the east (on the opposite side of the Jordan) over the Moabites and Ammonites, and in the north over the -Aramæans, David had raised the power of Israel to +Aramæans, David had raised the power of Israel to an unexpected degree. While, at the commencement of his reign, when he was first acknowledged king of all Israel, the boundaries of the country had @@ -5853,7 +5815,7 @@ enervation of the national vigour. By one false step David lost not only his own inward contentment and peace, but shook the very foundations of that state which it had cost him such exertions to establish. -When David returned home from the Aramæan +When David returned home from the Aramæan war, and was resting from the fatigues of battle, which Joab and his army were still undergoing in the land of Ammon, he beheld from the roof of his @@ -5983,7 +5945,7 @@ the effect of a distrustful imagination.</p> <p>David's first impulse was to seek out the murderer, who had taken refuge with his grandfather, King Talmai, -of Geshur, on the south-west boundary of Judæa,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> +of Geshur, on the south-west boundary of Judæa,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> in order to deal with him as he deserved, even at the risk of going to war on his account. But there were various influences at work against such a policy. In @@ -6489,7 +6451,7 @@ that of the other tribes, since, by appealing to his generosity, they might incline him favourably towards them. In obedience to this advice, one thousand Benjamites went forward to meet David, joined -the Judæan embassy, and, on arriving at the bank of +the Judæan embassy, and, on arriving at the bank of the Jordan, threw a bridge across the river in order to facilitate the king's transit. Meanwhile the king had left Mahanaim, and was approaching the Jordan, @@ -6501,13 +6463,13 @@ acknowledged his fault, and entreated David's forgiveness. David now returned with a larger concourse of followers than had accompanied him on his flight across the Jordan: he was attended by the -Judæan embassy, by a thousand Benjamites, and by +Judæan embassy, by a thousand Benjamites, and by the faithful friends who formed his guard of honour. The first town reached after crossing the Jordan was Gilgal. Here the ambassadors of the different tribes on this side of the river were assembled to renew their homage; they felt surprised and annoyed -that the Judæans had stolen a march on them +that the Judæans had stolen a march on them by meeting the king at the very shore of the Jordan.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> They saw in this eager display of loyalty, which they could not consider sincere, an effort on the part of @@ -6516,12 +6478,12 @@ detriment of the house of Israel.</p> <p>The elders of Israel made no secret of their displeasure, and gave vent to it in David's presence; -the Judæans, however, retaliated on them. The question +the Judæans, however, retaliated on them. The question of precedency degenerated into a violent quarrel, -the Judæans making angry retorts, thus offending +the Judæans making angry retorts, thus offending the northern tribes still more. Bitter animosity arose between the contending parties; David appears -to have inclined to the side of the Judæans. +to have inclined to the side of the Judæans. Sheba, a Benjamite of the family of Bichri, taking advantage of the general confusion, sounded the trumpet and cried, "We have no portion in David, @@ -6542,7 +6504,7 @@ word with Amasa, and to appoint him to the office of commander-in-chief. David, being now dependent on the tribe of Judah, felt the necessity of retaining Amasa's good-will, as the latter's influence had immense -weight with the Judæans. Without consulting +weight with the Judæans. Without consulting Joab, he commanded Amasa to summon the forces of the tribe of Judah within three days, in order to proceed against the rebels. The time expired, and @@ -6565,7 +6527,7 @@ troops, or rather became their leader. He appears to have issued an appeal to the people to gather around him. When Amasa joined them in Gibeon, Joab killed him with one stroke of his sword, and -the Judæans, whom Amasa had collected, followed +the Judæans, whom Amasa had collected, followed the sons of Zeruiah. In all the towns, fresh partisans and followers attached themselves to David's cause. Sheba found but few adherents, the northern @@ -6807,7 +6769,7 @@ and by conquering the nations inhabiting the banks of the Euphrates, he had not only established internal prosperity, but had also founded a great empire which could vie in power with Egypt, and had -cast into the shade the Chaldæan and Assyrian +cast into the shade the Chaldæan and Assyrian kingdoms on the Euphrates and the Tigris. By this means he had roused the people to the proud consciousness that it constituted a mighty nation of the @@ -7060,7 +7022,7 @@ with this common but corrupt practice that Solomon formed an immense harem. His first wife was Naamah (the beautiful), an Ammonite princess; he also had other wives from the Moabite and -Aramæan courts, and even from those of the Hittite +Aramæan courts, and even from those of the Hittite and Canaanite kings; but what most gratified his pride was that the Egyptian king Psusennes gave him his daughter in marriage. Solomon thought that @@ -7469,10 +7431,10 @@ were also made of this rare and costly wood. Solomon sent his fleet several times to Ophir or India, and each time new riches and curiosities were brought into the country. The port Elath became a place of -great importance. Judæans settled there, and the land +great importance. Judæans settled there, and the land of Israel thus extended from the extreme end of the Red Sea to the Euphrates. In order to convey horses -and chariots from Aramæa to the Euphrates, as also +and chariots from Aramæa to the Euphrates, as also the various importations from Phœnicia, roads had to be made, and measures taken to ensure the safety of the caravans. In a mountainous country, it is not @@ -7534,7 +7496,7 @@ The commercial treaties, the prosperity of the country, the security to life arising from the long peace maintained in Solomon's reign, all contributed to attract the surrounding tribes of Moabites, Ammonites, -Idumæans, and even Egyptians to the +Idumæans, and even Egyptians to the country. It is probable, too, that the high religious culture of the Israelites, so superior to idolatry, and its splendid manifestation in the temple at Jerusalem @@ -7665,14 +7627,14 @@ was inimical to the Israelitish nation, which had become more powerful than was agreeable to him. He therefore received Jeroboam with kindness, intending to use him against Solomon. Shishak also -gave a friendly reception and protection to an Idumæan +gave a friendly reception and protection to an Idumæan prince, who had special reasons for avenging himself on the Israelitish nation. Hadad (or Adad) -was a relation of the Idumæan king whom David +was a relation of the Idumæan king whom David had conquered. He had, when a boy, escaped the massacre ordered by Joab in consequence of a -revolution in Idumæa. When Shishak ascended the -throne, the Idumæan prince hurried to Egypt, and +revolution in Idumæa. When Shishak ascended the +throne, the Idumæan prince hurried to Egypt, and was graciously received. Shishak gave him the queen's sister in marriage, and his first-born son (Genubath) grew up among the Egyptian princes. Hadad @@ -7687,7 +7649,7 @@ under Solomon's peaceful rule, and that petty warfare in the mountainous districts would be connected with little danger, while it might be productive of great benefit to himself. Hadad and the troops -which he had mustered in Idumæa did great damage +which he had mustered in Idumæa did great damage to Solomon's caravans, which carried goods between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span> the bay of Elath and the Israelitish boundaries; and Solomon's warriors were powerless to prevent these @@ -7900,7 +7862,7 @@ be considered independent. The tribe of Benjamin also remained faithful to Rehoboam. It was closely connected with that of Judah, and their fortunes could not again be parted. There were more Benjamites -than Judæans living in Jerusalem. These +than Judæans living in Jerusalem. These tribes, then, sided with Rehoboam. No sooner was he aware that two or three tribes would remain true to him, than he naturally entertained the idea of @@ -7940,7 +7902,7 @@ made a treaty with the newly elected king of Damascus, the state founded by Rezon, the bandit, in Solomon's time, having attained great power. Rezon, or his successor Tabrimon, had united various -Aramæan districts to Damascus, and ruled over +Aramæan districts to Damascus, and ruled over extensive territory. The treaty between Rehoboam and the king of Damascus prevented Jeroboam from attacking the kingdom of Judah, and visiting it with @@ -7959,7 +7921,7 @@ were probably filled with grief at the breach which had occurred, but they were unable to avert it. The civil war which appeared imminent was prevented by the prophet Shemaiah, who, in the name -of God, called on the Judæans and Benjamites to +of God, called on the Judæans and Benjamites to desist from fratricide. Slight feuds, however, broke out between the contiguous kingdoms, as was unavoidable between such near neighbours, but they @@ -7969,7 +7931,7 @@ led to no serious result.</p> plans by Shishak (Sheshenk), who, it is said, married his wife's elder sister Ano to the fugitive Israelite, just as he had given another sister in marriage to -the Idumæan prince who had taken refuge with him. +the Idumæan prince who had taken refuge with him. Shishak probably had furnished Jeroboam with the supplies of money that enabled him to return to his fatherland, and now the new king seems to have @@ -8019,8 +7981,8 @@ Penuel (or Peniel), to serve as a rampart against attacks from the south, where the Moabites and the Ammonites, in consequence of what had taken place, had separated themselves from the Israelites, in the -same way as the Idumæans had shaken off the yoke -of the Judæans. Internal embarrassments forced +same way as the Idumæans had shaken off the yoke +of the Judæans. Internal embarrassments forced Jeroboam to introduce innovations. Guided either by habit or conviction, the families of the northern tribes continued to present themselves at Jerusalem @@ -8236,7 +8198,7 @@ booty to Jerusalem.</p> <p>Baasha was disconcerted by these proceedings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span> and endeavoured to bring about an alliance with the -Aramæan king, Ben-hadad I., of Damascus, who, +Aramæan king, Ben-hadad I., of Damascus, who, hitherto friendly to the kingdom of Judah, had prevented all inimical attacks. Ben-hadad, the son of Tabrimon, now cancelled his treaty with Asa, and @@ -8402,7 +8364,7 @@ Moabites to send herds of oxen and rams every year<span class="pagenum"><a name= as tribute. As, however, a sort of alliance existed between Moab and Aram, and an increase of Israel's power was watched by Aram with a jealous eye, the -Aramæan king of Damascus, Ben-hadad I., declared +Aramæan king of Damascus, Ben-hadad I., declared war against Omri, and recovered some of the cities he had taken. Omri was forced to accept peace with Ben-hadad on hard terms, and bound himself @@ -8825,7 +8787,7 @@ and besieged Samaria (904). In his distress, Ahab sued for peace, but Ben-hadad imposed such hard and disgraceful conditions that Ahab was forced to continue the contest. Finally, Ahab was victorious, -and the Aramæan king, forced to surrender, was +and the Aramæan king, forced to surrender, was ready to promise anything in order to secure peace. The former enemies became friends, made a treaty and ratified it by many oaths, soon to be forgotten. @@ -8871,8 +8833,8 @@ The soldiers were not informed of the king's condition, and fought until evening. Not until after the king had bled to death did the herald announce "Let each return to his own country and to his own town." -The Israelitish and Judæan armies then recrossed the -Jordan, and the Aramæans remained in possession of +The Israelitish and Judæan armies then recrossed the +Jordan, and the Aramæans remained in possession of the mountain city of Ramoth-Gilead. Ahab's corpse was brought to Samaria and interred. But his blood, which had filled the chariot, was washed out at a pool @@ -9127,7 +9089,7 @@ way the worthy daughter of her mother.</p> Jehoiada​—​Athaliah slain​—​Religious Revival​—​Elisha​—​Repairing of the Temple​—​Death of Jehoiada and of his Son​—​Invasion of Israel by Hazael​—​Jehoahaz​—​Murder of Joash, King of Judah​—​Jehoash, -King of Israel​—​Defeat of the Aramæans​—​Amaziah​—​Conquest +King of Israel​—​Defeat of the Aramæans​—​Amaziah​—​Conquest of Edom​—​Death of Elisha​—​Amaziah defeated by Jehoash​—​Jeroboam II.​—​Death of Amaziah.</p></blockquote> @@ -9169,7 +9131,7 @@ had failed, and by establishing idolatrous practices in Jerusalem, to give new fervour to the Phœnician worship?</p> <p>Whatever motive actuated the worthy daughter of -Ahab and Jezebel, Athaliah reduced the Judæans to +Ahab and Jezebel, Athaliah reduced the Judæans to so complete a subservience to her will that no one dared oppose her evil courses. The nation and the priests bowed before her. Even the high priest, @@ -9429,7 +9391,7 @@ Baal was, however, banished from both kingdoms.</p> Jehu, the bold chief of horsemen, who had destroyed the house of Omri in Jezreel and Samaria, did not display the same energy against powerful foreign -enemies. Hazael, the Aramæan regicide, who +enemies. Hazael, the Aramæan regicide, who was daring in warlike undertakings and eager for conquest, attacked the land of Israel with his troops, took the citadels by storm, burnt the houses, and @@ -9451,7 +9413,7 @@ Hazael and his son Ben-hadad, and the Israelites had been so reduced in strength, that their available forces consisted of but 10,000 infantry, fifty horse-soldiers, and ten war-chariots. From time to time -the Aramæans made inroads, carried off booty and +the Aramæans made inroads, carried off booty and captured prisoners, whom they treated and sold as slaves. Jehoahaz appears to have concluded a disgraceful peace with the conqueror, to whose troops @@ -9468,7 +9430,7 @@ and Jehozabad, killed him in a house where he chanced to be staying.</p> <p>Joash, king of Israel (845–830), at last succeeded -in gradually reducing the preponderance of the Aramæan +in gradually reducing the preponderance of the Aramæan kingdom. Probably this was owing to the fact that the neighbouring kings of the Hittites (who dwelt on the Euphrates), as well as the king of @@ -9483,7 +9445,7 @@ Few of the war-horses survived, and these were so emaciated that they were incapacitated for service. The famine drove two women to such extremities that they determined to kill and eat their children. -The Aramæans, however, unexpectedly raised the +The Aramæans, however, unexpectedly raised the siege and hurried away, leaving their tents, horses, asses, valuables and provisions behind them. The king, to whom this discovery was communicated by @@ -9510,16 +9472,16 @@ Mount Seir. On chalk and porphyry rocks, it rose at a height of 4000 feet above the sea-level. A pathway led up to it from the valley below. In this mountain city (Petra), fifteen miles south of the Dead -Sea, the Idumæans hoped to remain secure from all +Sea, the Idumæans hoped to remain secure from all attacks. Edom said proudly, "Who shall bring me down to the ground?" Amaziah had the courage -to attack the Idumæans in their mountain fastnesses. +to attack the Idumæans in their mountain fastnesses. A battle was fought in the salt valley, not far from the Dead Sea, where Amaziah caused great destruction among the enemy, the survivors taking to flight, and leaving their fortress at his mercy. Having captured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span> it, he, for some unknown reason, changed its -name to that of a Judæan city, "Jokthel." Doubtless +name to that of a Judæan city, "Jokthel." Doubtless rich booty followed the successful campaign, for Edom was a country rich not only in flocks, but also in metals. Amaziah was not a little proud of his @@ -9566,7 +9528,7 @@ since the king submitted to his guidance. Elisha also gained a great triumph for the Law of God, though without any effort on his part. A prominent Gentile, the Syrian general Naaman, who was the inferior -only of the king in the Aramæan country, voluntarily +only of the king in the Aramæan country, voluntarily renounced the impious worship of Baal and Astarte, and acknowledged the God of Israel, because Elisha's ministry produced in him the conviction that only in @@ -9597,7 +9559,7 @@ into misfortune, that Judah may fall with thee?" But Amaziah refused to yield, and sent his army to the borders of the kingdom of Israel. Jehoash, encouraged by the victory he had just obtained over the -Aramæans, went forth to meet him. A battle was +Aramæans, went forth to meet him. A battle was fought on the frontier at Beth-Shemesh, where the men of Judah sustained a considerable defeat, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span> fled. Amaziah himself was taken prisoner by the @@ -9630,7 +9592,7 @@ of the kingdom, and fortune befriended him. He enjoyed a very long reign (830–769), during which he was enabled to fight many battles, and achieve various conquests. He appears first of all to have -turned his arms against the Aramæans. They were +turned his arms against the Aramæans. They were the worst enemies of the kingdom of the Ten Tribes, and had kept up continuous attacks against it since the time of Ahab. The boundary of the kingdom of @@ -9638,7 +9600,7 @@ Israel extended from the road which led to Hamath, as far as the south-east river, which empties itself into the Red Sea. A prophet of this time, Jonah, the son of Amittai, from the town of Gath-Hepher, had encouraged -Jeroboam to make war against the Aramæans. +Jeroboam to make war against the Aramæans. The king also seems to have conquered the district<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span> of Moab, and to have annexed it to the kingdom of the Ten Tribes.</p> @@ -9678,25 +9640,25 @@ Amaziah's only surviving son, Azariah (called also Uzziah), was a child of four or five years of age, and the land was surrounded by enemies. Advantage was taken of this helpless condition of the country by the -Idumæans, who had been beaten and disgraced by +Idumæans, who had been beaten and disgraced by Amaziah. They commenced an attack on the kingdom of Judah, and Egypt again espoused their cause,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span> as it had done in the times of Rehoboam. Sanguinary -battles ensued, and the Idumæans took many +battles ensued, and the Idumæans took many prisoners. They pressed on to Jerusalem, where the breaches in the walls had not yet been repaired, and carried off numbers of captives. There are no further -particulars known of the attack of the Idumæans. +particulars known of the attack of the Idumæans. Some domains seem to have been separated from Judah, and annexed to Edom and Egypt respectively. -The rude warriors exchanged Judæan boys and girls +The rude warriors exchanged Judæan boys and girls for wine and prostitutes, and their new masters, chiefly Philistines, in turn sold them to the Ionians, who at that time vied with the Phœnicians in the pursuit of slave-trading. The Tyrians, forgetful of their long-standing alliance with the house of David, behaved in no friendlier manner. This was the first dispersion -of Judæans to distant lands, whither the Ionians +of Judæans to distant lands, whither the Ionians had sold them as slaves. It was probably these Jewish slaves who brought the first germs of higher morals and culture to the Western nations. Amongst @@ -9822,19 +9784,19 @@ the brooks and cisterns were filled, and scarcity was at an end. The young king immediately availed himself of this auspicious change, in order to chastise the enemies of Judah. He first turned his arms -against the Idumæans, who had laid his land waste. +against the Idumæans, who had laid his land waste. He defeated them, possibly because they were no longer aided by the Egyptians, and reduced Edom to subjection. The town of Elath, on the shore of the Red Sea, he re-annexed to Judah, and the maritime trade with Arabia and Ophir (India) could thus be renewed. The Maonites or Minites, who occupied -a small territory in Idumæa, around the city of Maon +a small territory in Idumæa, around the city of Maon (Maan), were subjugated by Uzziah, and compelled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span> to pay tribute. He punished the Philistines for their -hostile attitude towards Judæa during his minority, -when they had delivered over the Judæan refugees -and emigrants to the Idumæans. He conquered the +hostile attitude towards Judæa during his minority, +when they had delivered over the Judæan refugees +and emigrants to the Idumæans. He conquered the towns of Gath, Ashdod, Jabneh, which lay nearest to the land of Judah, and razed their walls. In other portions of Philistia, which he annexed to his own @@ -9865,7 +9827,7 @@ Egypt in Solomon's time.</p> <p>Uzziah appears, in all respects, to have taken Solomon's kingdom as his model. The navigation of the Red Sea, from the harbour of Ailat, which -Solomon had obtained from the Idumæans, was again +Solomon had obtained from the Idumæans, was again resumed, and great vessels (ships of Tarshish) were fitted out for the purpose. Altogether, Uzziah attained a position of predominance over the neighbouring @@ -10118,7 +10080,7 @@ without leaving a trace of their individuality, which was entirely merged in their deeds or works. Joel appeared at a time when all minds had been terrified and driven into a condition of despair bordering on -stupor, by the repeated attacks of the Idumæans and +stupor, by the repeated attacks of the Idumæans and neighbouring nations, and the subsequent plagues of earthquake, drought and locusts. The inhabitants of Jerusalem and the country were wearing themselves @@ -10177,9 +10139,9 @@ and wide, should again return. The peoples who had committed acts of cruelty would be severely punished in the Valley of Justice (Emek Jehoshaphat), where God would pronounce judgment on all nations. -Then Egypt and Idumæa would become deserts, +Then Egypt and Idumæa would become deserts, because they had shed the innocent blood of the -Judæans; but Judah and Jerusalem would be inhabited +Judæans; but Judah and Jerusalem would be inhabited throughout all generations. Then a higher moral order would begin, and all creatures would be filled with the divine spirit of prophecy.</p> @@ -10640,7 +10602,7 @@ in making idolatry, dissipation, intoxication, pride, and scorn of what was right, the common character of both kingdoms.</p> -<p>However, depraved as the Israelitish and Judæan +<p>However, depraved as the Israelitish and Judæan nobles had become, there existed a safeguard which prevented depravity from becoming an established institution of law. In Israel, injustice could never @@ -10829,7 +10791,7 @@ relation between king and people. He unrolls the picture of a glorious future, in order to lift the people up above the dispiriting present. He predicts that the neighbouring nations, who were hostile to Israel,—the -Aramæans, Tyrians, and even the Philistines—would +Aramæans, Tyrians, and even the Philistines—would acknowledge the God of Israel, and would be accepted as His children, when they have laid aside their evil deeds and their false pride. He also @@ -11030,7 +10992,7 @@ entrance of the Temple, and horses and chariots were dedicated to him. Ahaz outvied the king of Israel in idolatry. Other Assyrian influences made themselves felt in Judah. The Assyrian language, which -closely resembles that of the Aramæans, was spoken +closely resembles that of the Aramæans, was spoken by the courtiers to facilitate communication with their sovereign lord. Ahaz went beyond all bounds in his love of imitation. Once, when a misfortune befell @@ -11128,7 +11090,7 @@ could maintain himself in power. Hoshea appears at first to have refused the crown of thorns, and there was no one else who could lay claim to sovereignty. From the time of Pul's interference with the Lebanon -affairs and the destruction of the Aramæan kingdom +affairs and the destruction of the Aramæan kingdom by Tiglath-Pileser, war between Egypt and Assyria had become inevitable. The two empires, on the Nile and on the Tigris, watched each other suspiciously, @@ -11278,7 +11240,7 @@ soul was filled with an ideal, which he beheld in his people's own law, in its ancient statutes and traditions. With the same eagerness with which his father had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">267</a></span> paid homage to foreign usages, Hezekiah was intent -on the restoration of pristine Judæan morals, and the +on the restoration of pristine Judæan morals, and the purification of religious conceptions and institutions. He accepted the Torah as the guide of his own life and of that of his nation. His were not only the virtues @@ -11396,7 +11358,7 @@ trees, planted for idolatrous purposes. This internal double policy, due to the powerlessness of the king and the obstinacy of the palace inspector and the nobles, exercised a bad influence on the foreign -relations of the government. The Judæan statesmen, +relations of the government. The Judæan statesmen, after the fall of Samaria, followed a course of politics which would have been more wise and more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">270</a></span> honourable if it had been resolved upon earlier. They @@ -11409,7 +11371,7 @@ The plan of rebelling against the sovereign power of Assyria was naturally developed in secret, for the premature report of their intentions might have led to great misfortunes. But, however secret their -undertakings, the Judæan statesmen could not keep +undertakings, the Judæan statesmen could not keep them concealed from public notice. They could not escape Isaiah's prophetic vision, and he exerted all his eloquence, in order, if possible, to prevent their rash @@ -11581,14 +11543,14 @@ summoned King Hezekiah to an interview. Rab-shakeh, one of the Assyrian officials, representing Sennacherib, spoke with as much disdain as if the conquest of Jerusalem were as easy as robbing a -bird's nest. The Judæan warriors stationed on the +bird's nest. The Judæan warriors stationed on the outer wall waited with great anxiety for the result of the interview. In order to daunt their courage, Rab-shakeh uttered his bold and daring speech in -the Hebrew or Judæan tongue, in order that the +the Hebrew or Judæan tongue, in order that the listeners might understand him. When Hezekiah's officers requested Rab-shakeh to address them rather -in the Aramæan language, he replied that he desired to +in the Aramæan language, he replied that he desired to speak in their own language, so that the warriors on the outer wall might understand him, and be disabused of Hezekiah's delusion. In order to win them to his @@ -11598,7 +11560,7 @@ God would save them. Were the gods of those countries subdued by the Assyrians able to save their people? Nor had the God of Israel been able even to rescue Samaria from the king of Assyria. Rab-shakeh -openly demanded of the Judæan warriors +openly demanded of the Judæan warriors that they should desert their king and acknowledge Sennacherib, and he would then lead them into a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">275</a></span> land as fruitful as that of Judah. The people and the @@ -11740,7 +11702,7 @@ shut up in the capital, and part of whom had fled for refuge to the neighbouring hollows and caves, now returned to their homes, and tilled the land in safety. All fear of the frowning eye of the Assyrian king -having passed away, the Judæans, whose territory was +having passed away, the Judæans, whose territory was but small, could now seek out other dwelling places where they could settle down and spread. Hezekiah's thoughts were not directed towards war; his @@ -11841,7 +11803,7 @@ Book of Deuteronomy​—​Josiah's Passover​—​Ba <p class="center bpad">695–608 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></p> -<p>It was not destined that the Judæan nation should +<p>It was not destined that the Judæan nation should enjoy uninterrupted happiness for even a few generations. Its strength was tried by rapid changes from prosperity to misfortune. Close upon the @@ -11915,7 +11877,7 @@ idolatry in itself, were its influences on morality. The profligate temple-servants and priestesses (Kedeshoth) of Astarte were provided with cells, where they led a wild and dissolute life. The pyre -(Tôpheth) was once more raised in the beautiful vale +(Tôpheth) was once more raised in the beautiful vale of Ben-Hinnom, where tender children were cast into the fire as offerings to Moloch to avert calamity. Everything was done to cause the memory of the @@ -11977,7 +11939,7 @@ could seize the pencil, or they were obliged to hide their thoughts in veiled language. As though these sad times were doomed to be forgotten, the historians have noted down but little of public interest. -An event of great import to Judæa occurred during +An event of great import to Judæa occurred during Manasseh's reign, and the books of history have given but slight or no account of it.</p> @@ -11992,7 +11954,7 @@ mere dependence on Assyria. Thus strengthened Esarhaddon commenced a war with Egypt, the conquest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">285</a></span> of which his father had been obliged to relinquish. Some of his generals appear to have landed -on the Judæan coast, in order to effect Manasseh's +on the Judæan coast, in order to effect Manasseh's subjection by means of threats. Manasseh went to him to secure a fair peace, but, as is related, he was made a captive, and led in chains to Babylon. It @@ -12004,13 +11966,13 @@ love of the stranger.</p> prisoners of the countries he had subdued, such as Babylon, Cuthah, Sepharvaim, and Hamath, to Samaria in order to colonise it. This event, which, at the time, -seemed without significance to Judæa, was destined to +seemed without significance to Judæa, was destined to be important in the future. These exiles, who were -called Cuthæans, from their origin, and Samaritans, +called Cuthæans, from their origin, and Samaritans, from their dwelling-places, gradually adopted Israelitish customs, probably from the small remnant of Israelites who remained after the destruction of the -kingdom of the Ten Tribes. The Cuthæans made +kingdom of the Ten Tribes. The Cuthæans made pilgrimages to the holy places of Bethel, where Israelitish priests performed the service. They, however, continued to worship idols, and some of them @@ -12109,7 +12071,7 @@ threw themselves on Asia Minor. A number of them remained in Philistia, overran the country, and burnt the temple of Mylitta, the Assyrian goddess of debauchery. The Scythians swarmed from Philistia into -the neighbouring country of Judæa, ravaged the land, +the neighbouring country of Judæa, ravaged the land, carried off the cattle, and burnt the cities and villages. They appear, however, not to have entered Jerusalem.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">288</a></span> No doubt the youthful king Josiah, with the @@ -12396,7 +12358,7 @@ The altar in the vale of Hinnom, where children were sacrificed, was desecrated by order of the king. All the chief altars throughout the country were destroyed. This purification extended as far as Bethel, -where the Cuthæans, who had settled in the place, +where the Cuthæans, who had settled in the place, and the remnant of Israel still had their sanctuaries, and as far as those towns which had formerly belonged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">295</a></span> to Samaria. The priests of the idols and altars @@ -12555,13 +12517,13 @@ sacred: the decisive word lay with another power. The king of Egypt, to whom the country had become subject by the victory at Megiddo, had decided otherwise. Apparently, without troubling himself about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">299</a></span> -Judæa, Necho had reached the district of the Euphrates +Judæa, Necho had reached the district of the Euphrates by forced marches; had obtained possession of the territories of Aram or Syria, belonging to Assyria, and had taken up his residence in Riblah. Jehoahaz repaired thither to meet Necho, to have his election confirmed by him, and at the same time to receive -the land of Judæa from him as a tributary state. +the land of Judæa from him as a tributary state. But the newly-elected king found no favour in the eyes of the Egyptian sovereign, who caused him to be put into chains and carried off to Egypt. He then @@ -12602,7 +12564,7 @@ They therefore returned to their evil ways, erected altars and high places on every hill and under every green tree. In Judah there were as many gods as there were towns. They paid special homage to the -Egyptian goddess Neïth, the Queen of Heaven, who +Egyptian goddess Neïth, the Queen of Heaven, who was most zealously adored in Sais, the capital of King Necho; for had not this goddess assisted the Egyptian king in the victory he had obtained? Images @@ -12762,7 +12724,7 @@ strengthened his now enlarged kingdom internally, erected gigantic buildings, and established a system of navigation by means of canals. He then undertook a more extensive expedition of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">304</a></span> -conquest. Aramæan Assyria, or Syria, which was +conquest. Aramæan Assyria, or Syria, which was split up into small districts, was subdued without much opposition. Next Phœnicia fell, and its king, Ithobal (Ethbaal) II., also became Nebuchadnezzar's @@ -12792,7 +12754,7 @@ disciple, Baruch, to write down the prophetic exhortation which he had uttered some years before, and in which he had predicted that Judah herself, as well as all the nations around her, would be reduced to subjection -to the young Chaldæan empire. After Baruch had +to the young Chaldæan empire. After Baruch had inscribed this address on a roll, Jeremiah commanded him to read it in front of the Temple, in the presence of all the inhabitants of the capital and the entire @@ -12848,13 +12810,13 @@ be endangered. He therefore made peace with Nebuchadnezzar, paid the tribute imposed, promised him military aid, and assumed all the duties which in those days were imposed on a vassal. This was -the commencement of the Chaldæan vassalage of +the commencement of the Chaldæan vassalage of Judah (600). Jeremiah, it appears, could now leave his hiding-place. Incensed as the king was against him, he dared not touch a hair of his head, for the princes who had saved him continued to protect him.</p> -<p>Jehoiakim, however, bore the Chaldæan yoke +<p>Jehoiakim, however, bore the Chaldæan yoke with great reluctance; he could no longer give reins to his passion. The king of Egypt, no doubt, continued to urge Jehoiakim to rebel against Nebuchadnezzar. @@ -12871,7 +12833,7 @@ Judah, and the latter might flatter himself with the belief that he had lastingly secured his independence. But though Nebuchadnezzar could not send a great army out against him, he nevertheless distressed -the country by predatory inroads. Idumæan, +the country by predatory inroads. Idumæan, Moabitish and Ammonitish hordes also overran the land and devastated it. At this critical period, Jehoiakim died (697). His successor was his young son Jehoiachin @@ -12885,7 +12847,7 @@ as his father had done. But this blindness of Jehoiachin and his mother lasted only a short time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">307</a></span> Nebuchadnezzar at length was enabled to withdraw, from the siege of Tyre, a great portion of his army, -with which he proceeded against Egypt. This Chaldæan +with which he proceeded against Egypt. This Chaldæan army easily subdued the entire country south of Phœnicia as far as the Egyptian river (Rhinokolura). The whole of Judah was also taken, with @@ -12917,7 +12879,7 @@ indiscriminately from the various families that lived in the capital, and transplanted them to Babylonia. Among them he also carried off a thousand mechanics who were skilled in forging arms and building -fortifications. Of the Judæans who lived in +fortifications. Of the Judæans who lived in the country he also took three thousand and twenty-three to Babylon as prisoners. That Nebuchadnezzar took possession of the treasures of the @@ -12989,13 +12951,13 @@ foolhardiness on the part of the nobles, led to the fall of Judah. The nobles appear to have been seized with madness. Suggestions were made, in various quarters, of rebelling against Nebuchadnezzar. Egypt, ever -false and deceitful, was continually goading the Judæans +false and deceitful, was continually goading the Judæans on by making brilliant promises of alliance which it seldom kept. On the other side, King Ethbaal of Tyre urged upon Judah and the neighbouring countries a war against Nebuchadnezzar. And by a third party, Judah was urged to revolt against -Babylon, namely, by the banished Judæans, who +Babylon, namely, by the banished Judæans, who stood in constant communication with their native land by letters and messengers. They clamoured for war, because they cherished the vague hope that @@ -13064,7 +13026,7 @@ even Egypt was afraid to deal an effective blow. It was, therefore, easy for Nebuchadnezzar to subdue the land of Judah and even to occupy its fortresses. In the south-west only, Lachish and -Azeka offered opposition. The Chaldæan army, +Azeka offered opposition. The Chaldæan army, however, left them unmolested, and proceeded against Jerusalem on the 10th day of the 10th month (at the end of 588, or the beginning of 587). @@ -13109,7 +13071,7 @@ with varying success, a change suddenly took place. King Apries (Hophra) of Egypt at length determined to fulfil his oft-repeated promise, and sent an army against Nebuchadnezzar. This Egyptian -army must have been a mighty one, for the Chaldæans, +army must have been a mighty one, for the Chaldæans, hearing of its approach, raised the siege of Jerusalem, and marched to oppose it (February or March, 586). The joy in Jerusalem was unbounded; @@ -13124,7 +13086,7 @@ former bondage and former degradation. Jeremiah was deeply angered at this cruelty and selfishness; he delivered a scathing address to the nobles and the king, in which he reproached them with their perjury, -and announced that the Chaldæans would return +and announced that the Chaldæans would return and capture Jerusalem; and that fire, war, hunger, and pestilence would rage amongst the people.</p> @@ -13133,7 +13095,7 @@ against Jeremiah for his former opposition; but his last address excited a deadly hatred against him. As he was one day leaving the city to go to his birthplace,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">313</a></span> Anathoth, he was seized by a sentinel under -the pretext that he was deserting to the Chaldæans. +the pretext that he was deserting to the Chaldæans. In spite of his assurance that he had no thought of flight, he was delivered up to the princes. Glad of an opportunity to revenge themselves on him, they @@ -13144,17 +13106,17 @@ man who was made his jailor. In this narrow, dirty, unhealthy place Jeremiah remained for many days.</p> <p>The frenzied joy did not last long in Jerusalem. -The Chaldæan army, which had marched against the +The Chaldæan army, which had marched against the Egyptian forces, under Apries, utterly routed the enemy and put them to flight. The power of Egypt was broken, and Judah was now again left entirely to -its own resources. The Chaldæans returned to the +its own resources. The Chaldæans returned to the siege of Jerusalem, and surrounded it more closely than before, so as to bring the siege to a speedy end. The courage of those who were shut up in the capital now began to fail. Many, anxious for their own safety, left the besieged city at unguarded places, -and went over to the Chaldæans, or fled to Egypt. +and went over to the Chaldæans, or fled to Egypt. King Zedekiah himself was fearful about the result, and saw too late that he had been guilty of folly in attempting to cope with the Babylonian power, without @@ -13169,12 +13131,12 @@ struck, of that city which even the heathen had considered impregnable. On the 9th of Tamuz (June, 586) there was no more bread in the city, and in consequence of the utter exhaustion of the garrison, the -Chaldæans succeeded in making a wide breach in +Chaldæans succeeded in making a wide breach in the wall, by which they penetrated into the city. Nebuchadnezzar was not present; he was at Riblah, in Syria. His generals and the elders of the Magi proceeded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">314</a></span> to the very heart of Jerusalem unmolested, in -order to pass judgment on the inhabitants. The Chaldæan +order to pass judgment on the inhabitants. The Chaldæan warriors probably met with no opposition, as the inhabitants, enfeebled by famine, could scarcely drag themselves along. They overran all parts of the city, @@ -13186,8 +13148,8 @@ irrespective of age. They also entered the Temple and massacred the Aaronides and prophets who had sought safety in the Sanctuary, amidst cries of rage, as if they wished to wage war with the God of Israel. -The Chaldæans were accompanied by many of the -neighbouring nations, the Philistines, Idumæans, and +The Chaldæans were accompanied by many of the +neighbouring nations, the Philistines, Idumæans, and Moabites, who had joined Nebuchadnezzar. They stole the treasures and desecrated the Sanctuary.</p> @@ -13195,7 +13157,7 @@ stole the treasures and desecrated the Sanctuary.</p> meanwhile succeeded in escaping at night through the royal gardens and by a subterranean passage in the north-eastern part of the city. He sought in -haste to reach the Jordan, but Chaldæan horsemen +haste to reach the Jordan, but Chaldæan horsemen hurried after the fugitives, and blocked their way in the narrow passes. Weakened as they were, crawling along rather than walking, they could be @@ -13211,22 +13173,22 @@ in Jerusalem or its neighbourhood, as the air was rendered pestilential by the numerous corpses which lay unburied. Amongst the prisoners was the prophet Jeremiah. He was found in the court Mattara, in -the king's palace, and the Chaldæan soldiers, believing +the king's palace, and the Chaldæan soldiers, believing him to be a servant of the palace, made him prisoner.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">315</a></span> His disciple Baruch no doubt shared his fate. The -generals appointed Gedaliah, a Judæan of noble +generals appointed Gedaliah, a Judæan of noble birth, son of Ahikam, of the family of Shaphan, as overseer of the prisoners and fugitives.</p> <p>The last hope left the unfortunate remnant of the nation when the news reached them that the king was captured. Zedekiah and his followers were -overtaken near Jericho by the Chaldæan horsemen. +overtaken near Jericho by the Chaldæan horsemen. The warriors who were with him scattered at the approach of the enemy, and crossed the Jordan or took refuge in some hiding-place, but Zedekiah, his sons, and some of his nobles were taken prisoners by -the Chaldæans, and led to Riblah, before Nebuchadnezzar. +the Chaldæans, and led to Riblah, before Nebuchadnezzar. The latter poured out all his justified anger on the king for his faithlessness and perjury, and the punishment he decreed upon him was @@ -13242,7 +13204,7 @@ standing. The generals who had captured her had no instructions as to her fate. Nebuchadnezzar himself appears at first to have been undecided about it, but at last he sent Nebuzaradan, the chief of his -guard, with orders to destroy the city. The Idumæan +guard, with orders to destroy the city. The Idumæan nobles, filled with hate, immediately sought to make him complete the destruction without mercy (Psalm cxxxvii. 7). Nebuzaradan gave orders to raze the @@ -13294,13 +13256,13 @@ complete destruction by the enemy.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hang">The National Decay​—​The Fugitives​—​Enmity of the Idumæans​—​Johanan, +<p class="hang">The National Decay​—​The Fugitives​—​Enmity of the Idumæans​—​Johanan, Son of Kareah​—​The Lamentation​—​Nebuchadnezzar appoints Gedaliah as Governor​—​Jeremiah Encourages the People​—​Mizpah​—​Ishmael Murders Gedaliah​—​The Flight to Egypt​—​Jeremiah's Counsel Disregarded​—​Depopulation of Judah​—​The -Idumæans make Settlements in the Country​—​Obadiah​—​Condition -of the Judæans in Egypt​—​Defeat of Hophra​—​Egypt +Idumæans make Settlements in the Country​—​Obadiah​—​Condition +of the Judæans in Egypt​—​Defeat of Hophra​—​Egypt under Amasis​—​Jeremiah's Last Days.</p></blockquote> <p class="center bpad">586–572 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></p> @@ -13327,7 +13289,7 @@ in his own country.</p> <p>The remainder of the soldiers, who had fled at night with Zedekiah from the conquered capital, had -dispersed at the approach of the Chaldæan pursuers. +dispersed at the approach of the Chaldæan pursuers. A handful, under the command of one of the princes of the blood royal, Ishmael, son of Nethaniah, had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">318</a></span> escaped across the Jordan, and had found shelter with @@ -13335,28 +13297,28 @@ Baalis, the king of the Ammonites. The rest had preferred to flee to Egypt, whither several families had already emigrated, because they hoped to receive the protection of Hophra, who was an ally of their country. -But in order to reach it they had to cross Idumæan +But in order to reach it they had to cross Idumæan territory, and here a fierce, unrelenting enemy awaited -them. The Idumæans, mindful of their old hatred, +them. The Idumæans, mindful of their old hatred, untouched by the brotherly kindliness of Judah, and not contented with the fall of Jerusalem and with the booty they had acquired, carried their enmity so far as to post a guard on the borders of their land for the purpose of killing the fugitive Israelites or delivering -them up to the Chaldæans, with whom they +them up to the Chaldæans, with whom they wished to ingratiate themselves. It was not only dislike, but also policy which prompted Edom to behave with cruelty to the miserable fugitives. They hoped to obtain possession of the entire territory which had so long been in the hands of the people of -Israel. The Idumæans loudly exclaimed, "Both the +Israel. The Idumæans loudly exclaimed, "Both the nations and both the kingdoms will belong to us" (Ezekiel xxxv. 10). The Philistines also, and all the neighbouring nations displayed hatred and malice, and but few of the Israelitish fugitives found refuge in the Phœnician cities. Phœnicia was too far from -Judæa, and before the fugitives could reach it they -were overtaken and made prisoners by the Chaldæans.</p> +Judæa, and before the fugitives could reach it they +were overtaken and made prisoners by the Chaldæans.</p> <p>The greater number of the chiefs and soldiers who had fled from Jerusalem with Zedekiah preferred @@ -13364,12 +13326,12 @@ to remain in their own country. They clung to the ground on which they had been born as though they could not separate themselves from it. At their head was Johanan, son of Kareah. But they had to seek -hiding-places in order to escape from the Chaldæans. +hiding-places in order to escape from the Chaldæans. They hid in the clefts, grottoes and caves of the mountains, or among the ruins of the fallen cities, and doubtless made raids from their hiding-places in order -to obtain provisions, or to attack straggling Chaldæans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">319</a></span> -and their adherents. These Judæans were often +to obtain provisions, or to attack straggling Chaldæans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">319</a></span> +and their adherents. These Judæans were often obliged to seek the means for sustaining their miserable existence at the peril of their lives. If they were caught they were condemned to an ignominious @@ -13451,7 +13413,7 @@ from Moab and the neighbouring countries who did not feel at ease in the places where they had settled, joined Gedaliah, and made peace with him; that is to say, they bound themselves to be faithful subjects -of the Chaldæan king.</p> +of the Chaldæan king.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">321</a></span> They cultivated the land, and not only grew corn, @@ -13466,13 +13428,13 @@ haunts for jackals.</p> <p>Mizpah thus became a centre of importance and a holy place. The half-Israelitish, half-heathen colony -of the Cuthæans of Shechem, Shiloh and Samaria, +of the Cuthæans of Shechem, Shiloh and Samaria, recognised this sanctuary, and made pilgrimages thither, offering sacrifices and incense.</p> <p>"The remnant of Judah" over whom Gedaliah had been placed was reminded of its dependence on -a Chaldæan ruler by the presence of the Chaldæan +a Chaldæan ruler by the presence of the Chaldæan garrison. The latter not only kept watch over the nation, but also over the governor, in order that they might not engage in conspiracies. But considering @@ -13483,7 +13445,7 @@ could have expected; they were, at any rate, in their own country. The military chiefs, who were weary of their adventurous lives in the mountains and deserts, and of their contests with the wild animals -that infested the land and the yet wilder Chaldæans, +that infested the land and the yet wilder Chaldæans, and who had relied on their swords and on delusive hopes, now determined to submit to Gedaliah. Johanan, son of Koreah, and his associates, laid down @@ -13497,11 +13459,11 @@ unprincipled man, and an evil spirit seems to have accompanied him to Mizpah, to disturb the comparatively favourable condition of the remnant of Judah.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">322</a></span> It is true that he made peace with Gedaliah and the -Chaldæans, and promised submission; but in his +Chaldæans, and promised submission; but in his heart he cherished anger and rage against both. Baalis, the king of Ammon, who had been opposed -to the growth and development of a Judæan colony -under Chaldæan protection, now instigated Ishmael +to the growth and development of a Judæan colony +under Chaldæan protection, now instigated Ishmael to a crime which was to put an end to it. The remaining captains, and especially Johanan, the son of Koreah, received private intelligence of Ishmael's @@ -13516,13 +13478,13 @@ community.</p> <p>It was about four years after the destruction of Jerusalem and the gathering of the scattered -Judæans around their governor, that Ishmael, with +Judæans around their governor, that Ishmael, with ten followers, displaying great friendliness to Gedaliah, arrived in Mizpah to celebrate a festival. Gedaliah invited them to a banquet, and whilst the assembly, perhaps under the influence of wine, anticipated no evil, Ishmael and his followers drew their swords -and killed the governor, the Chaldæans and all men +and killed the governor, the Chaldæans and all men present who were capable of bearing arms. The remaining people in Mizpah, old men, women, children, and eunuchs, he placed under the guard of his @@ -13556,7 +13518,7 @@ broken up.</p> <p>The survivors were at a loss how to act. They feared to remain in their country, as it was easy to foresee that Nebuchadnezzar would not leave the -death of the Chaldæans unavenged, even if he overlooked +death of the Chaldæans unavenged, even if he overlooked the murder of Gedaliah, and would punish them as accessories. Even had this fear been groundless, how could they remain in the country @@ -13608,7 +13570,7 @@ Taphnai (Tachpanches). They were kindly received by King Hophra, who was sufficiently grateful to show hospitality towards those whom his persuasions had brought to their present misery. There -they met with older Judæan emigrants. Thus, +they met with older Judæan emigrants. Thus, more than a thousand years after the Exodus, the sons of Jacob returned to Egypt, but under what changed circumstances! At that time they had @@ -13626,21 +13588,21 @@ movement which might bring them an opportunity to return to their country, there to live in their former independence.</p> -<p>Meanwhile, Judæa was almost completely depopulated. +<p>Meanwhile, Judæa was almost completely depopulated. Nebuchadnezzar was not inclined to treat the occurrences at Mizpah, the murder of Gedaliah -and the Chaldæans with him, with indifference. He +and the Chaldæans with him, with indifference. He probably saw that it had been an error to permit a -weak Judæan community to exist, dependent solely +weak Judæan community to exist, dependent solely on one man. He, therefore, once more sent out the leader of his guards, in order to take revenge on the -remaining Judæans. Nebuzaradan, as a matter of +remaining Judæans. Nebuzaradan, as a matter of course, found none of the leaders, nor any man of importance; none but the remaining agriculturists, gardeners, and vine-dressers. These, with their wives and children, being seven hundred and forty-five persons in all, the last remnant of the population -of Judæa, were led to Babylonia (582) into captivity. +of Judæa, were led to Babylonia (582) into captivity. This was the third banishment since Jehoiachin. The innocent, on this occasion also, had to suffer for the guilty. There is no historical record as to what @@ -13649,8 +13611,8 @@ name, on the other hand, remained in the memory of the survivors, on account of his violent death. The anniversary of his murder was observed in Babylonia as a fast day. Nebuchadnezzar, after Gedaliah's -death, determined to leave no Judæan in the country, -and Judæa remained depopulated and deserted. A +death, determined to leave no Judæan in the country, +and Judæa remained depopulated and deserted. A later prophet laments over its utter desertion: "The holy cities have become a waste, Zion a wilderness, Jerusalem a desolation" (Isaiah lxiv. 9).</p> @@ -13658,13 +13620,13 @@ Jerusalem a desolation" (Isaiah lxiv. 9).</p> <p>Thus the punishment which the prophets had predicted was fulfilled. The soil of Judah could now rest, and celebrate the Sabbatical years which had -been neglected so long. In the south the Idumæans -had appropriated some stretches of Judæan territory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">326</a></span> +been neglected so long. In the south the Idumæans +had appropriated some stretches of Judæan territory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">326</a></span> on their borders (with or without permission from the Babylonian king), and had extended their possessions as far as the slope (Shephela) of the Mediterranean Sea. The exiles therefore felt a bitter -hatred against the Idumæans, who, in addition to +hatred against the Idumæans, who, in addition to plundering Jerusalem, and giving up the fugitives, had now seized on the land of their heritage. Two prophets, who had escaped from the massacre and the @@ -13674,7 +13636,7 @@ anonymous prophet. Both prophesied evil against Edom, as a retribution for its conduct towards the kindred nation, the Jews, and towards Jerusalem.</p> -<p>Although the Judæans were everywhere coldly +<p>Although the Judæans were everywhere coldly received, and their own country had become, to a certain extent, the property of their enemies, the refugees in Egypt still nursed the hope that they @@ -13682,7 +13644,7 @@ would soon return to their fatherland, and again inhabit it. Warlike happenings strengthened this hope, but the venerable prophet Jeremiah endeavoured to dispel their illusions. His heart prompted -him to speak severely to the Egyptian Judæans, +him to speak severely to the Egyptian Judæans, because, unchastened by misfortunes, they had once more devoted themselves to the worship of the goddess Neith. Despite their infatuation with strange @@ -13692,7 +13654,7 @@ Him. Jeremiah, for the last time before descending to his grave, desired to tell them that, owing to their unconquerable folly, they would never return to their fatherland. He therefore summoned the -Judæans of Migdol, Taphnai, Memphis, and Sais (?) +Judæans of Migdol, Taphnai, Memphis, and Sais (?) to a general meeting at Taphnai. He still possessed sufficient influence to ensure their obeying his summons. He put the case before them in plain @@ -13703,7 +13665,7 @@ them. The women were particularly aggressive:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page "The oath which we have taken, to offer up incense and wine to the queen of heaven, shall be kept, as we and our fathers were formerly accustomed -to do in the cities of Judæa and in the +to do in the cities of Judæa and in the streets of Jerusalem. At that time we had bread in plenty, we were happy, and saw no evil. Since we have left off making sacrifices to the queen of @@ -13728,7 +13690,7 @@ Hophra, dethroned him, and caused him to be strangled (571–70). This new Pharaoh, who was very careful to attract to himself the Egyptians and also to win the Greeks over to his side, took no -interest in those Judæans who had settled in Egypt. +interest in those Judæans who had settled in Egypt. They were neglected, and their dream of returning to their fatherland through the help of Egypt was dispelled. Jeremiah seems to have lived to see this @@ -13736,7 +13698,7 @@ change.</p> <p>His tender heart must have become still sadder in his old age, as he had not succeeded in "bringing -forth the precious from the vile." The few Judæans +forth the precious from the vile." The few Judæans who were around him in Egypt remained firm in their folly and hardness of heart. But Jeremiah had not toiled in vain. The seed which he had sown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">328</a></span> @@ -13760,7 +13722,7 @@ prophet of Anathoth.</p> <p class="hang">Nebuchadnezzar's treatment of the Exiles​—​The Exiles obtain grants of land​—​Evil-Merodach favours Jehoiachin​—​Number of the -Judæan Exiles​—​Ezekiel's captivity in the first period of the Exile​—​Moral +Judæan Exiles​—​Ezekiel's captivity in the first period of the Exile​—​Moral change of the People​—​Baruch collects Jeremiah's Prophecies and compiles the Histories​—​The Mourners of Zion​—​Proselytes​—​The Pious and the Worldly​—​The Poetry of the @@ -13771,7 +13733,7 @@ captures Babylon​—​The Return under Zerubbabel.</p></blockquot <p class="center bpad">572–537 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></p> <p>Was it chance, or was it a special design, that -the Judæans, who were banished to Babylonia, were +the Judæans, who were banished to Babylonia, were humanely and kindly treated by the conqueror Nebuchadnezzar? Is there, in fact, in the history of nations, and in the chain of events, such a thing as @@ -13791,7 +13753,7 @@ ruthless conquerors of earlier and later days, who took pleasure in wanton destruction. The desire to build up and to create was as dear to his heart as conquest. He wished to make the newly -established Chaldæan kingdom great, populous +established Chaldæan kingdom great, populous and rich. His capital, Babylon, was to surpass the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">330</a></span> now ruined Nineveh. He built a wall round his city, which was nine miles in circumference, and he @@ -13799,11 +13761,11 @@ added a new town to the old one, on the eastern side of the river Euphrates. The conquered people, taken forcibly from their own homes, were transplanted into this new city, whilst domiciles were given to -many Judæan captives in the capital itself, those in +many Judæan captives in the capital itself, those in particular being favoured who had freely accepted Nebuchadnezzar's rule. In fact, so generous was his treatment that entire families and communities from -the cities of Judæa and Benjamin, with their kindred +the cities of Judæa and Benjamin, with their kindred and their slaves, had the privilege of remaining together. They were free, and their rights and customs were respected. The families transplanted @@ -13831,13 +13793,13 @@ national memories the more closely, as, like most exiles, they fondly cherished the hope that their return to their own country would surely be brought about by some unforeseen event. One other circumstance -greatly helped them. In the Chaldæan +greatly helped them. In the Chaldæan kingdom the Aramaic language predominated, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">331</a></span> as it was cognate with Hebrew, the exiles learnt it easily, and soon made themselves understood by the -inhabitants. Even in those days the Judæans possessed +inhabitants. Even in those days the Judæans possessed peculiar facility for acquiring foreign languages. -The position of the Judæans in Babylonia +The position of the Judæans in Babylonia after the death of Nebuchadnezzar (561) was still more favourable.</p> @@ -13845,12 +13807,12 @@ more favourable.</p> (Illorodamos) was utterly unlike his father. He was not courageous, nor did he love warfare, and he paid little attention to the business of the -state. Judæan youths, from the royal house of +state. Judæan youths, from the royal house of David, were to be found at his court as eunuchs. How often have these guardians of the harem, these servants of their master's whims, become in turn masters of their master. The king Evil-Merodach -appears to have been under the influence of a Judæan +appears to have been under the influence of a Judæan favourite, who induced him to release the captive king Jehoiachin, who had been imprisoned for thirty-seven years. The Babylonian monarch clothed him in royal @@ -13860,7 +13822,7 @@ held his court with unusual pomp, and assembled all the great men of the kingdom about him, he raised a throne for Jehoiachin higher than the thrones of the other conquered kings. He wished all the -world to know that the former king of Judæa was his +world to know that the former king of Judæa was his particular favourite.</p> <p>This generosity of Evil-Merodach must have extended @@ -13871,11 +13833,11 @@ captivity on account of their enmity to Nebuchadnezzar, were released. In fact, it is possible that Evil-Merodach might have been persuaded to allow the exiles to return home, with Jehoiachin as king -of Judæa, had not his own death intervened. After +of Judæa, had not his own death intervened. After a short reign of two years, he was murdered by his brother-in-law, Neriglissar (560). The dream of returning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">332</a></span> to their own country, in which some Babylonian -Judæans had indulged, was thus dispelled. +Judæans had indulged, was thus dispelled. They were soon to learn the hardships of captivity.</p> <p>One of the many prophecies of the Hebrew seers—namely, @@ -13888,7 +13850,7 @@ remained. Millions had fallen victims to the sword, famine, and pestilence, or had disappeared and been lost in foreign lands. But there was another side to the prophecies, which had not yet been realised. -The greater number of the Judæan exiles, particularly +The greater number of the Judæan exiles, particularly those belonging to the most distinguished families, unchastened by the crushing blow which had befallen their nation and their country, persisted in their obstinacy @@ -13911,7 +13873,7 @@ his prophetic ardour against the folly and obstinacy of the exiles. Gifted with simple, yet fiery and impressive eloquence, with a sweet and impassioned voice, and fully conscious of the highest ideal of -religion and morality that the Judæans were capable +religion and morality that the Judæans were capable of attaining, he spoke with courage and energy to his fellow-exiles. At first they treated him roughly (actually fettering him upon one occasion), but at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">333</a></span> @@ -13933,7 +13895,7 @@ they were ill-treating their unfortunate brethren. he had to combat a false idea prevailing amongst the exiles. Like the rest of the prophets, Ezekiel had foretold with absolute certainty the ultimate -return of the Judæans to Palestine, but also their +return of the Judæans to Palestine, but also their return to a purer state of morality. Many of the captives, however, in consequence of their repeated misfortunes, began to despair of the new birth of the @@ -13948,7 +13910,7 @@ to life—he placed before them a picture of their new birth.</p> <p>But there was another group of exiles who despaired -of the restoration of the Judæan people. +of the restoration of the Judæan people. They felt themselves utterly crushed by their sins. For centuries the nation had tempted the anger of its God by idolatry and other misdeeds. These sins @@ -14156,9 +14118,9 @@ enthusiasm of the exiles could have effected this wonderful phenomenon. Zeal of a self-sacrificing, self-forgetting nature is a magic power which kindles enthusiasm. It was comparatively easy, by contrasting -the Judæan doctrine of one sublime, spiritual God -with the childish image-worship of the Chaldæans, to -make the latter appear ridiculous. The Judæan, fully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">339</a></span> +the Judæan doctrine of one sublime, spiritual God +with the childish image-worship of the Chaldæans, to +make the latter appear ridiculous. The Judæan, fully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">339</a></span> conscious of the majesty of his God, could ill restrain his derision, or withhold a smile of contempt at the sight of a Babylonian workman carving an image out @@ -14173,7 +14135,7 @@ religion. These newly-won proselytes, after their conversion, kept the Sabbath, obeyed the statutes, and even submitted to the rite of circumcision. This, the first achievement of the exiles during the Captivity, -exercised a reflex influence upon the Judæans. +exercised a reflex influence upon the Judæans. They began to love their God and their Law with far greater fervour, as soon as they discovered that heathens had been won to their side. This regeneration @@ -14188,12 +14150,12 @@ be tried and tested, and the hour of probation was at hand.</p> <p>Some of the most distinguished families amongst the -Judæans adhered to their old abominations, and in +Judæans adhered to their old abominations, and in addition adopted many of the errors of their heathen neighbours. The giant capital Babylon and the vast -Chaldæan empire exercised a magical charm over +Chaldæan empire exercised a magical charm over those "who stood highest" among the exiles, tempting -them into imitating the Chaldæan customs, opening +them into imitating the Chaldæan customs, opening a wide horizon before them, and giving them the opportunity of developing their talents. The products of the soil and the artistic fabrics of Babylonia, which @@ -14204,7 +14166,7 @@ continue their calling, but to follow it more actively. They undertook frequent journeys for the purpose of buying and selling, and began to accumulate great riches. In a luxurious country wealth produces luxury. -The rich Judæans imitated the effeminate life of the +The rich Judæans imitated the effeminate life of the Babylonians, and even began to profess their idolatrous beliefs. To ensure the success of their commercial undertakings, they prepared a table with food for @@ -14220,7 +14182,7 @@ their own land. The two rival parties, which hated each other, were represented, on the one hand, by men of zeal and piety, and on the other, by men of worldliness and self-indulgence. The earnest-minded -Judæans, who were full of fervour for their cause, +Judæans, who were full of fervour for their cause, attempted to influence their brethren, whose religious views and conduct were so widely opposed to their own. To this effort we are indebted for a new @@ -14270,7 +14232,7 @@ discord in the moral order of the world demanded a satisfactory explanation. Doubts arose as to the justice of God, and as to the truth of the teachings of the fathers, and these misgivings were bitterly felt -by the Babylonian Judæan community.</p> +by the Babylonian Judæan community.</p> <p>A poet undertook the solution of these distressing questions, and he created a work of art which is @@ -14308,20 +14270,20 @@ with its capital, Ecbatana, and subdued the provinces belonging to it.</p> <p>The pious and the enthusiasts among the Babylonian -Judæans did not fail to recognise in these events +Judæans did not fail to recognise in these events favourable signs for themselves. They appear to have entreated Nabonad to free them from captivity, -and permit them to return to Judæa. They must +and permit them to return to Judæa. They must have been encouraged to hope for the realisation of their wishes by the fact that Merbal, a noble Phœnician exile of the royal house, had been permitted by Nabonad to return to and rule over his own country, and after his death, his brother Hiram was allowed to succeed him. It was not improbable, therefore, that Nabonad -would confer the same favour upon his Judæan subjects. +would confer the same favour upon his Judæan subjects. Shealtiel, the son of King Jehoiachin, probably urged this request upon the usurper, and doubtless<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">343</a></span> -the Judæan favourites at the Babylonian court +the Judæan favourites at the Babylonian court warmly espoused his cause. But Nabonad was as loth to let the exiles leave his country as Pharaoh had been of old to dismiss the Israelites from Egypt. @@ -14333,7 +14295,7 @@ as Edom had been in former ages. Such violent hatred was probably not controlled, but found expression in speech and action. The speedy downfall of this sinful country, teeming with idolatry and immorality, -seemed certain to the Judæans. They followed +seemed certain to the Judæans. They followed with intense interest the warlike progress of the hero Cyrus, because they foresaw that a conflict was imminent between the Medo-Persian empire @@ -14345,10 +14307,10 @@ Well aware that they, in turn, would be attacked, these monarchs tried to gain strength by alliance. But this served only to incite the Persian conqueror to destroy the sooner the independence of Babylonia. -Did any of the Judæan favourites at the Babylonian +Did any of the Judæan favourites at the Babylonian court, or any of the converted heathens open secret negotiations with Cyrus? The kindness shown later -on to the Judæans by the Persian warrior, and their +on to the Judæans by the Persian warrior, and their persecution by Nabonad, lead to the supposition that such was the case.</p> @@ -14379,7 +14341,7 @@ to the slaughter; and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth. Through prison and through judicial punishment was he taken away." (<span class="smcap">Isaiah</span> liii. 3, 7.)</p></blockquote> -<p>The suffering of the Judæans in Babylonia, at +<p>The suffering of the Judæans in Babylonia, at that time, closely resembled the persecution of their ancestors in Egypt. But there was this difference: in Egypt all Israelites alike were subjected to slavery @@ -14389,7 +14351,7 @@ those exiles only who refused to abjure their nationality and their religion. Psalm cii., composed at this time, pictures the sombre mood of one of these victims of persecution, relieved, however, by the -hope of future deliverance. The Judæans who +hope of future deliverance. The Judæans who were threatened with imprisonment and torture followed the victories of Cyrus with anxious interest. Several prophets now appeared, who announced, to @@ -14421,7 +14383,7 @@ only in which they were composed, they will be understood and appreciated in all time.</p> <p>The Babylonian Isaiah wished to comfort his suffering -Judæan brethren, and, at the same time, to give +Judæan brethren, and, at the same time, to give them a high aim. The suffering Jewish tribe as well as all those who have minds to comprehend and hearts to feel, whatever their race and language @@ -14439,7 +14401,7 @@ words resembled those of Isaiah, added them to the prophecies of the older seer, and included them in the same scroll.</p> -<p>No one could console the sorrowing Judæan community +<p>No one could console the sorrowing Judæan community with such sympathy, or encourage it with such ardour as the Prophet of the Captivity. His words are like balm upon a burning wound, or like a @@ -14541,7 +14503,7 @@ peoples." (<span class="smcap">Isaiah</span> lvi. 7.)</p></blockquote> <p>The fall of the Babylonian empire, with its absurd and immoral idolatry, and the deliverance of the -Judæan community were to be the first steps in this +Judæan community were to be the first steps in this great work of universal salvation. The fall of Babylon seemed indeed inevitable to the prophet, so that he spoke of it as of an accomplished fact, and not as a @@ -14551,11 +14513,11 @@ subject of prophetic vision.</p> masterly perfection (Is. xlvii.); he derided the astrological<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">348</a></span> science by which the Babylonian sages boasted that they could raise the veil from the future; he -treated the coarse idolatry of the Chaldæans with more +treated the coarse idolatry of the Chaldæans with more bitter irony than any of his predecessors had done. He foretold the siege of the city by Cyrus, and declared that the Persian conqueror would give freedom to the -Judæan and Israelitish exiles; that they would return +Judæan and Israelitish exiles; that they would return to their country and rebuild Jerusalem and the Temple. The prophet laid great stress upon these predictions, declaring that in their realisation Divine Providence @@ -14602,7 +14564,7 @@ himself.</p> <p>The ideal and the real being thus at variance with each other, the prophet felt that his mission was to preach, to exhort, to denounce and to arouse. The -Judæan community in the Captivity was now more +Judæan community in the Captivity was now more than ever divided into two camps: on the one side were the pious and patriotic; on the other, the worldly and the callous. The former, who had become timid @@ -14626,8 +14588,8 @@ assemble on the holy mount of Jerusalem.</p> <p>The king Nabonad and the Babylonian people probably felt less anxiety about the result of the -war between Persia and Babylon than did the Judæan -exiles. For the Judæans were alternating between +war between Persia and Babylon than did the Judæan +exiles. For the Judæans were alternating between the highest hopes and the most desponding fears; the preservation or the downfall of the Jewish race hung upon the issue of this war. The Babylonians, @@ -14650,13 +14612,13 @@ only two or three gods, and abhorred the image-worship of the Babylonians, and perhaps destroyed their idols.</p> -<p>The fall of Babylon cured the Judæan community +<p>The fall of Babylon cured the Judæan community radically and for all time of idolatry. For the exiles saw that those highly honoured images were now lying in the dust, that Bel was on his knees, that Nebo was humbled, and that Merodach had fallen. The destruction of Babylon completed the regeneration -of the Judæan people, and their hard hearts became +of the Judæan people, and their hard hearts became softened. From that time all, even the worldly-minded and the sinners, clung to their God. For, had they not learned how His word, spoken by the mouth @@ -14675,41 +14637,41 @@ of her former monarchs, dating his reign from the fall of Babylon (<span class="smcap smaller">B. C.</span> 538). The servants of the palace, who had crouched and trembled before Nabonad, now became servants of Cyrus. Amongst them were also -eunuchs of the royal family of Judæa, who had remained +eunuchs of the royal family of Judæa, who had remained true to their faith. They as well as some converted -heathens, who had joined the Judæan community, +heathens, who had joined the Judæan community, tried to obtain from Cyrus the freedom of their fellow-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">351</a></span>believers. In this they were probably aided by Zerubbabel, the grandson of King Jehoiachin. Those -Judæans who had been imprisoned on account of the +Judæans who had been imprisoned on account of the devotion with which they clung to their faith were set free at once. But Cyrus went still further, for -he permitted the Judæans to return to their own +he permitted the Judæans to return to their own country, rebuild Jerusalem, and restore the Temple. Together with Babylon, all the provinces conquered by Nebuchadnezzar, westward from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean sea, and southward from Lebanon and Phœnicia to the confines of Egypt, fell -beneath Cyrus's sway. Judæa, therefore, belonged +beneath Cyrus's sway. Judæa, therefore, belonged to the Persian kingdom. But what reasons could have been given to the mighty conqueror for the bold -request that he should allow the Judæans to have an +request that he should allow the Judæans to have an independent government? And what could have induced Cyrus to grant this request so generously? Was it the gratification of a momentary caprice, or indifference to a strip of land, of which he probably knew not even the name, and of whose historical importance he was certainly ignorant? Or had one -of the Judæan eunuchs, as was afterwards related, -described to the Persian conqueror how a Judæan +of the Judæan eunuchs, as was afterwards related, +described to the Persian conqueror how a Judæan prophet had foretold his victories, and had prophesied that he would let a banished people return to their home? Or was he so deeply impressed by -the faith of the Judæans, for which they had borne so +the faith of the Judæans, for which they had borne so much suffering, that he was induced to favour its adherents? The true reason for his decision is unknown, but Cyrus not only granted permission to the -Judæans to return to their country, but he restored +Judæans to return to their country, but he restored to the exiles the sacred vessels belonging to the Temple, which Nebuchadnezzar had seized and placed as trophies of victory in the temple of Bel.</p> @@ -14728,7 +14690,7 @@ extent, the twelve tribes. Cyrus invested Zerubbabel with the office of governor or regent (Pechah) of the province which the exiles were to re-occupy, the appointment being in reality a stepping-stone to -royal honours. All the Judæans who were to return +royal honours. All the Judæans who were to return to their own country addressed themselves to these leaders.</p> @@ -14781,7 +14743,7 @@ himself the right to pronounce judgment?</p> <h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX">CHAPTER XIX.</a><br /> <span class="smaller">THE RETURN FROM BABYLON, THE NEW COMMUNITY IN -JUDÆA, EZRA AND NEHEMIAH.</span></h2> +JUDÆA, EZRA AND NEHEMIAH.</span></h2> <blockquote> @@ -14789,7 +14751,7 @@ JUDÆA, EZRA AND NEHEMIAH.</span></h2> Rebuilding of the Temple​—​Interruption of the Work​—​Darius​—​Haggai and Zechariah​—​Completion of the Temple​—​Contest between Zerubbabel and Joshua​—​Intermarriage with Heathens​—​The -Judæans in Babylonia​—​Ezra visits Jerusalem​—​Dissolution +Judæans in Babylonia​—​Ezra visits Jerusalem​—​Dissolution of the Heathen Marriages​—​The Book of Ruth​—​Attacks by Sanballat​—​Nehemiah​—​His Arrival in Jerusalem​—​Fortification of the Capital​—​Sanballat's Intrigues against Nehemiah​—​Enslavement @@ -14805,7 +14767,7 @@ to Jerusalem​—​His measures.</p></blockquote> <p>After forty-nine years of exile, in the same month (Nisan) in which their ancestors had departed from Egypt some eight or nine centuries before, the -Judæans now left the land of Babylonia. It was the +Judæans now left the land of Babylonia. It was the spring of the year (537) when they marched forth to take possession of their dearly-beloved home, of the much longed-for Jerusalem. It was a significant @@ -14823,16 +14785,16 @@ with the words:</p> <p>"Give thanks unto the Lord, for He is good, for His mercy endureth for ever."</p></blockquote> -<p>Those Judæans who remained in Babylonia—and +<p>Those Judæans who remained in Babylonia—and they were not a few—rich merchants and landed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">355</a></span> proprietors—evinced their sympathy for their brethren by escorting them part of the way, and by presenting them with rich gifts for the new buildings in their own country. Cyrus sent an escort of a -thousand mounted soldiers to defend the Judæans +thousand mounted soldiers to defend the Judæans from the attacks of predatory tribes upon the way, and also to ensure their being able to take possession -of Judæa. The prophecy but lately spoken was +of Judæa. The prophecy but lately spoken was now to be realised:</p> <blockquote> @@ -14841,7 +14803,7 @@ now to be realised:</p> (<span class="smcap">Isaiah</span> lv. 12.)</p></blockquote> <p>In peace and in safety the travellers completed -the six hundred miles from Babylonia to Judæa, protected +the six hundred miles from Babylonia to Judæa, protected by the Persian escort. The exodus from Babylonia, unlike the one from Egypt, has left no reminiscences; it seemed needless to record the various @@ -14862,11 +14824,11 @@ Meanwhile their happiness was not undimmed. The Holy City, the chief object of their longing, was desolate. A great part of the country was inhabited by strangers; in the north were the Samaritans, or -Cuthæans, in the south, the Idumæans. But these +Cuthæans, in the south, the Idumæans. But these races were soon obliged to give place to the descendants of Judah, who, with the tribe of Benjamin, returned to their ancient dwelling-places. The beginning -of the new Judæan commonwealth was indeed +of the new Judæan commonwealth was indeed humble and small. The people could not occupy the whole of the country which had once constituted the kingdom of Judah. A population of 40,000 was not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">356</a></span> @@ -14885,7 +14847,7 @@ arose to reinspire them with energy. From many countries to the east, west, south, and north, from Egypt, Phœnicia, and even from the Greek coasts and islands, whither they had gone of their own -free will or had been sold as slaves, Judæan exiles +free will or had been sold as slaves, Judæan exiles streamed back to crowd like children around their resurrected mother, Jerusalem. These new Jewish arrivals were accompanied by large numbers of @@ -14937,16 +14899,16 @@ to rise from her ruins. The joyful enthusiasm called forth by the re-building of the city was, however, soon to be damped; the honeymoon of the young commonwealth waned rapidly, and anxious cares began -to disturb its peace. Close to the boundaries of Judæa -lived the mixed tribe of Samaritans or Cuthaæns. +to disturb its peace. Close to the boundaries of Judæa +lived the mixed tribe of Samaritans or Cuthaæns. These people had in part accepted the doctrines taught them by an Israelitish priest at Bethel, but they had also retained many of their own idolatrous practices. Quite unexpectedly, some of the Samaritan chiefs came to Jerusalem, with the request that they might be allowed to help in re-building the Temple, and also -that they be received into the Judæan community. This -seemed so important a matter to the Judæans, that +that they be received into the Judæan community. This +seemed so important a matter to the Judæans, that a council was convoked to discuss the subject. The decision was against the Samaritans. Zerubbabel informed the Samaritan chiefs that their people @@ -14954,12 +14916,12 @@ neither would nor could be permitted to join in the<span class="pagenum"><a name re-building of the Temple. This decision was of great import for the entire future of the new commonwealth. From that day the Samaritans began -to develop a hostile spirit against the Judæans, which +to develop a hostile spirit against the Judæans, which seemed to show that they had been less anxious to take part in the temple-service than to injure the community and to obstruct the re-building of the Temple. On the one hand, they tried to make those -Judæans with whom they came in contact lukewarm +Judæans with whom they came in contact lukewarm towards the project of building the Temple, and, on the other, they persuaded Persian officials to interfere with its execution, so that the work ceased for fully @@ -14993,7 +14955,7 @@ spirits.</p> <p>The death of Cambyses (521) and the succession<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">359</a></span> of Darius, the third Persian king (521–485), led -to a change favourable to Judæa. Darius, differing +to a change favourable to Judæa. Darius, differing from his predecessor, was, like Cyrus, a mild and generous ruler. An apocryphal tradition tells us that Zerubbabel went to Persia and there found favour @@ -15044,7 +15006,7 @@ past, and a pledge for an equally brilliant future, as foretold by the prophets. The prophet Haggai had called him the chosen favourite of God, His precious Signet-ring. But this in itself was an obstacle. It -gave the enemies of the Judæans the opportunity to +gave the enemies of the Judæans the opportunity to charge the community with the purpose of proclaiming him as the successor of David to the throne. On the other hand, the prophet Zechariah had proclaimed @@ -15071,15 +15033,15 @@ specially praiseworthy towards uplifting and strengthening the community. The supreme command over the people does not seem to have been given to the high-priest, but to have been vested in a governor or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">361</a></span> -administrator (Pechah), appointed over Judæa either +administrator (Pechah), appointed over Judæa either by the Persian kings or by the satraps of Syria and Phœnicia. This official does not appear to have lived in Jerusalem, but to have visited the city from time to time, where, seated on a throne, he heard and decided disputes, but not infrequently rather caused dissensions and aggravated existing bad feelings, in -order to raise complaints against the Judæans. For, -as some Judæans nourished the hope, held out by the +order to raise complaints against the Judæans. For, +as some Judæans nourished the hope, held out by the prophets, that Judah might yet become a mighty power, to whom kings and nations would bow, the suspicion that the people were plotting a defection from @@ -15087,19 +15049,19 @@ Persia was not removed with the retirement of Zerubbabel. Accusations on that ground commenced directly after the death of Darius, in the reign of his successor, Xerxes (Ahasuerus, 485–464). The enemies of the -Judæans, particularly the Samaritans, did not fail to +Judæans, particularly the Samaritans, did not fail to draw the governor's attention to the disloyalty of the -Judæans, and thus caused unfavourable decrees to +Judæans, and thus caused unfavourable decrees to be issued against them at court. Added to this, the successive governors tried to oppress the landowners -by excessive demands. The position of the Judæans +by excessive demands. The position of the Judæans in their own country, which they had entered with such buoyant hope, grew worse and worse in the second and third generations.</p> <p>In order to free themselves, on the one side at least, from these constant troubles, the most distinguished -Judæan families took a step that led in +Judæan families took a step that led in the end to mischievous complications. They approached the neighbouring peoples, or received the advances of the latter, in a friendly spirit, and as a @@ -15115,12 +15077,12 @@ differed, inasmuch as the Canaanites, Hittites, and other original dwellers in the land practised abominable idolatry, and infected the Israelites with their vicious customs, while the new neighbours of the -Judæan commonwealth, particularly the Samaritans, +Judæan commonwealth, particularly the Samaritans, had given up idolatry, and were longing earnestly and sincerely to take part in the divine service at Jerusalem. They were, in fact, proselytes to the religion -of Judæa; and were they always to be sternly -repulsed? The principal Judæan families determined +of Judæa; and were they always to be sternly +repulsed? The principal Judæan families determined to admit the foreigners into the community, and the high-priest, of that time, either Jehoiakim or his son Eliashib, was ready to carry these wishes @@ -15141,9 +15103,9 @@ force or by cunning.</p> <p>But not only the Samaritans, also the Moabites and the Ammonites were among the people anxious -to maintain friendly relations with the Judæans. +to maintain friendly relations with the Judæans. Tobiah, the leader of the Ammonites, was doubly -allied to Judæan families. He had married a daughter +allied to Judæan families. He had married a daughter of the noble family of Arach, and a distinguished man, Meshullam, the son of Berechiah, had given his daughter in marriage to Tobiah's son. But mixed @@ -15151,14 +15113,14 @@ marriages with Ammonites and Moabites were specifically prohibited by the Law, until the tenth generation after conversion.</p> -<p>The leaders of the Judæan community, the high-priest +<p>The leaders of the Judæan community, the high-priest and others, who were not quite prepared to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">363</a></span> violate the law, doubtless eased their consciences by some mild interpretation of the text. But not all were so pliable. A small number of the noblest families had kept themselves pure from mixed marriages, which they deplored as an infraction of the law and -as a cause of deterioration of the Judæan race. +as a cause of deterioration of the Judæan race. More especially the singers, who were the cultivators and preservers of the Hebrew language and of its ancient, venerated literature, kept themselves @@ -15182,9 +15144,9 @@ an important historical crisis are not aware of the changes occurring in themselves, in their opinions, their customs, and even in their language. Such a change, imperceptible at first, but complete and -effectual, took place in the Judæans during the first +effectual, took place in the Judæans during the first half of the fifth century. This transformation did not -proceed from the community of Judæa, but from those +proceed from the community of Judæa, but from those who remained in the land of exile; it soon, however, penetrated to the mother-country, and impressed its stamp upon her.</p> @@ -15195,7 +15157,7 @@ of the exiles, either from material considerations, or for other reasons. But they had been touched by the unbounded enthusiasm of their co-religionists,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">364</a></span> and they had shown their sympathy by rich gifts and -fervent wishes. The Babylonian Judæans laid great +fervent wishes. The Babylonian Judæans laid great stress upon maintaining their own peculiarities and their own nationality. They kept themselves apart from all their neighbours, married only members of @@ -15272,12 +15234,12 @@ prophet and law-giver was the greatest of all. Convinced of the Divine inspiration of the Law of Moses, and glowing with zeal to make its authority paramount, he found no difficulty in infusing his own -belief and his own zeal into the Judæans of Babylonia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">366</a></span> +belief and his own zeal into the Judæans of Babylonia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">366</a></span> and Persia. He soon acquired an honoured position amongst them, his word gained authority, and he was more eagerly listened to than the prophets had been. Ezra may have known that the Law was but negligently -followed in Judæa, and he thought that, by +followed in Judæa, and he thought that, by visiting that country, he might awaken in his fellow-believers a perception of its true worth. Or he may have been impelled by a strong impulse to settle in @@ -15315,7 +15277,7 @@ must have caused much surprise in Jerusalem the king, laden with gifts, and imbued with enthusiastic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">367</a></span> feelings. Without doubt, Ezra's name as an instructor and expounder of the Law had already -penetrated as far as Judæa, and he was received +penetrated as far as Judæa, and he was received with every mark of consideration. No sooner had he assumed the ecclesiastical function, than the men of strong convictions who condemned intermarriages @@ -15324,7 +15286,7 @@ before him. Ezra was dismayed when he heard of these occurrences. The representatives of the people and of the Temple had, in contempt of the Law, connected themselves with the heathen. Ezra held -this to be a terrible sin. For the Judæan or Israelitish +this to be a terrible sin. For the Judæan or Israelitish race was in his eyes a holy one, and suffered desecration by mingling with foreign tribes, even though they had abjured idolatry. According to Ezra's reading @@ -15348,7 +15310,7 @@ tried and proved in the furnace of suffering, as the seed of Abraham had been—would give undue preponderance to the foreign element, and would destroy all the moral and religious advantages which -the Judæans had acquired. This fear seized upon +the Judæans had acquired. This fear seized upon his whole soul; he rent his clothes, plucked the hair from his head and beard, and refusing all nourishment, sat until the afternoon, sorrowing and desolate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">368</a></span> @@ -15373,9 +15335,9 @@ the heads of the families, who were present on that occasion, swear before the Sanctuary, and by their God, that they would repudiate their foreign wives and their children. That moment was to decide the -fate of the Judæan people. Ezra, and those who +fate of the Judæan people. Ezra, and those who thought as he did, raised a wall of separation between -the Judæans and the rest of the world. But +the Judæans and the rest of the world. But this exclusiveness was not strictly in agreement with the letter of the Law, for Ezra himself, with all his knowledge, was not able to point out any passage @@ -15398,10 +15360,10 @@ to appear within three days in Jerusalem, on pain of excommunication. A special court of enquiry was instituted for this one question. Ezra himself selected the members who were to make the needful researches -to discover whether the Judæans had really +to discover whether the Judæans had really repudiated their wives. So thoroughly was the work of this court of enquiry carried on, that all -those who were living in the towns of Judæa separated +those who were living in the towns of Judæa separated themselves from their wives and children, as the inhabitants of Jerusalem had done. Still there were some who, influenced by family feelings, made @@ -15417,24 +15379,24 @@ to be separated for ever from the Deity they had chosen, and excluded from the Sanctuary in Jerusalem to which they had belonged. The decree of separation sent to them changed their friendly relations -towards the Judæans to enmity. Hatred which +towards the Judæans to enmity. Hatred which arises from despised affection is always most bitter. The grief of the wives deserted by their husbands, and the sight of children disowned by their fathers could not fail to awaken and to increase the animosity of those who were closely related to them. Unfortunately -for the Judæans, Sanballat and Tobiah, +for the Judæans, Sanballat and Tobiah, two forceful and able men, were at the head of the party excluded from the community. Tobiah, the -Ammonite, was related to several Judæan families. -They had both accepted the Judæan teaching, and +Ammonite, was related to several Judæan families. +They had both accepted the Judæan teaching, and now they were both repulsed. Henceforth they assumed -a hostile position towards Judæa; they were +a hostile position towards Judæa; they were determined, by force or by intrigues, to maintain their right of worshipping in the Temple and sharing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">370</a></span> in the faith of Israel. At first they probably took steps to restore their peaceful intercourse with the -Judæans, and urged them to revoke their cruel decision. +Judæans, and urged them to revoke their cruel decision. In Jerusalem, as well as in the provinces, there was a party which strongly disapproved of Ezra's stern action. The well-informed among these @@ -15481,11 +15443,11 @@ too pointed to be passed over unnoticed. Among those unfortunate wives who had been, or who were to be repudiated by their husbands, might there not be some who resembled Ruth? And the children born -of foreign women, but having Judæan fathers,—were +of foreign women, but having Judæan fathers,—were they to be looked down upon as heathens? If so, then not even the house of David, the royal family, whose ancestor had married a Moabitess, belonged to the -Judæan nation!</p> +Judæan nation!</p> <p>But none of these representations were of avail. Ezra and the reigning senate in Jerusalem insisted @@ -15496,7 +15458,7 @@ of all conciliatory measures resulted in hostilities, which lasted for several years (457–444). Ezra was, unfortunately, not a man of action; he could only pray and arouse the feelings of others, but he could -not prevent many Judæan families from secretly +not prevent many Judæan families from secretly abetting his opponents. On the other hand, Sanballat and his followers were men of decided character, full of virulent hatred towards their adversaries, @@ -15505,11 +15467,11 @@ enemies. At last they even attacked Jerusalem.</p> <p>What could have inspired them with such boldness, knowing as they did that Ezra was favoured by the -Persian court, and that Judæan favourites possessed +Persian court, and that Judæan favourites possessed great influence over Artaxerxes? Did they, perhaps, count upon the fickleness of the Persian king? Or were they emboldened by the revolt of Megabyzus, -satrap of Syria, to whom both Judæa and Samaria +satrap of Syria, to whom both Judæa and Samaria were subordinate? And while the Syrians vanquished one Persian army after another, were they encouraged to commence hostilities on their own account<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">372</a></span> @@ -15532,7 +15494,7 @@ in other places, wherever they could find shelter.</p> <p>The Aaronides and Levites, deprived of their income from gifts and tithes, left the Temple and sought other means of subsistence. The commonwealth -of Judæa, after barely a century's existence, +of Judæa, after barely a century's existence, was passing through sad times. Many noble families made peace with their neighbours, took back their repudiated wives, and contracted new connections @@ -15545,13 +15507,13 @@ effect a complete dissolution!</p> <p>The religious zeal kindled by Ezra was, however, too ardent to be so easily extinguished. Some of -the Judæans, maddened by grief at the destruction +the Judæans, maddened by grief at the destruction and desolation of Jerusalem, hurried to the Persian court to seek aid. They counted upon the aid of -Nehemiah, the Judæan cup-bearer of Artaxerxes. +Nehemiah, the Judæan cup-bearer of Artaxerxes. Hananiah, a kinsman of Nehemiah, and an eye-witness of the sad occurrences, gave him a harrowing description -of the sad state of the Judæans and of the fall of +of the sad state of the Judæans and of the fall of the Holy City. Nehemiah was struck with dismay at these tidings. He belonged to the zealous party in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">373</a></span> Persia, and was, if possible, more exacting than Ezra. @@ -15593,7 +15555,7 @@ the various royal officials, directing them to lay no obstacles in his way, and to deliver to him timber for building purposes. He even appointed an escort of soldiers to accompany Nehemiah, and named him -governor of Judæa. The king made but one condition,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">374</a></span> +governor of Judæa. The king made but one condition,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">374</a></span> namely, that his stay in Jerusalem was not to be permanent, but that he must return to the Persian court at the expiration of a given time.</p> @@ -15608,7 +15570,7 @@ he presented his credentials to the various officials, and thus Sanballat and Tobiah were apprised of the object of his journey, and naturally felt that they were on the eve of a war. It was disappointing to them -to see that a Judæan, the favourite of Artaxerxes, one +to see that a Judæan, the favourite of Artaxerxes, one who would devote himself to the protection of his persecuted brethren, had been appointed governor of the land.</p> @@ -15631,7 +15593,7 @@ King Artaxerxes had given him complete power, not only to rebuild the walls, but to govern the country, and that it was his intention to wipe out the disgrace and misery that had fallen upon them. -He found the assembled Judæans ready, heart and +He found the assembled Judæans ready, heart and soul, to help him. Even those who had intermarried with the strangers, and were on a friendly footing with them, evinced their approbation. But Nehemiah had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">375</a></span> @@ -15645,14 +15607,14 @@ the fortifications, and made it less arduous by a careful division of labour. But the task of rebuilding was necessarily a tedious one. The repudiated proselytes, headed by Sanballat and Tobiah, whose every -hope of alliance with the Judæans had been cut off +hope of alliance with the Judæans had been cut off by Nehemiah's words, "Ye shall have no portion, no right, no memorial in Jerusalem," manifested as much zeal in disturbing the work, as he did in accomplishing it. They artfully tried to make the Persians suspect Nehemiah of treason, and of having conceived the ambitious scheme of making himself -king of Judæa. Then they endeavoured to discourage +king of Judæa. Then they endeavoured to discourage the workmen by deriding them, and by declaring that the walls were weak enough for a jackal to break through them. When the walls had @@ -15675,7 +15637,7 @@ to assemble around him.</p> Sanballat busied himself with devising intrigues against Nehemiah. He gave out that as soon as Jerusalem was fortified, Nehemiah would cause<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">376</a></span> -himself to be proclaimed king of the Judæans, and +himself to be proclaimed king of the Judæans, and would revolt against Persia. The more credulous began to feel alarmed, and to think of withdrawing from the work, so as not to be regarded by the Persians @@ -15710,9 +15672,9 @@ assembly, and spoke severely against this form of heartlessness, which was specially condemned by the Law.</p> -<p>"We, the Judæans of Persia," he exclaimed, "have, +<p>"We, the Judæans of Persia," he exclaimed, "have, according to the best of our ability, redeemed our -brethren, the Judæans that were sold unto the +brethren, the Judæans that were sold unto the heathen. And will ye even sell your brethren so that they will be sold again unto us?" he added ironically. So deep was the respect enjoyed by Nehemiah, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">377</a></span> @@ -15761,7 +15723,7 @@ upon to migrate to the capital, and that they be<span class="pagenum"><a name="P selected by lot. Nehemiah, however, did not think every one worthy of becoming a citizen of the Holy City, least of all those born of mixed marriages. -He carefully went through the register of Judæans +He carefully went through the register of Judæans who had returned from Babylonia, examining the pedigree of each separate family. He conducted the matter with great rigour. Three families, consisting @@ -15868,7 +15830,7 @@ errors and shortcomings. From that day forward the whole community was to live according to the Law of Moses. Men, women, and children, the Temple servants, and even the proselytes, who clung faithfully to -the Judæans, took the oath that was required of them. +the Judæans, took the oath that was required of them. They swore not to give their daughters in marriage to foreigners, and not to marry daughters of foreign tribes. This matter was looked upon by Ezra and @@ -15890,7 +15852,7 @@ of the families, and sealed. Nehemiah's name stood first upon the list, followed by the signatures of about eighty-five prominent men. According to one account, one hundred and twenty names were subscribed. -This important gathering of Judæans was +This important gathering of Judæans was called the Great Assembly (Keneseth ha-gedolah). Nehemiah had indeed accomplished much in a short time. He had not only restored the decayed commonwealth, @@ -16003,7 +15965,7 @@ Temple and the city. The contributions for the sacrificial services ceased, and to prevent the altar from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">384</a></span> being entirely neglected, the priests in charge offered up diseased, lame, blind or unsightly animals. Many -Judæans were so utterly disgusted at the behaviour +Judæans were so utterly disgusted at the behaviour of the priests that they turned their backs upon the Sanctuary and the affairs of the community, pursuing their own interests, and this not rarely at the expense @@ -16017,7 +15979,7 @@ one that doeth evil is good in the sight of the Lord, and He delighteth in them."</p> <p>But worse than all else was the discord which prevailed -in the Judæan community, and which even +in the Judæan community, and which even divided families. What could be pronounced right and lawful? The father did not agree with the son; the one accepted the stern practice, the other the lax, @@ -16090,7 +16052,7 @@ enough to induce the landed proprietors to perform their neglected duties, and to cause the Levites to return to their service in the Temple. The charge of the collected tithes and their just distribution he -placed under the care of four conscientious Judæans,—some +placed under the care of four conscientious Judæans,—some of his devoted followers. He restored the divine service to its former solemnity, and dismissed the unworthy priests. A most important work in the @@ -16101,19 +16063,19 @@ Manasseh, a son or relation of the high-priest Joiada, refused to separate himself from his Samaritan wife, Nicaso, Sanballat's daughter, and Nehemiah possessed sufficient firmness to banish him from the country. -Many other Aaronides and Judæans who would +Many other Aaronides and Judæans who would not obey Nehemiah's commands were also sent into exile. After peace and order had been restored in the capital, Nehemiah tried to abolish the abuses which had found their way into the provinces. -Wherever Judæans lived in close proximity to foreign +Wherever Judæans lived in close proximity to foreign tribes, such as the Ashdodites, Ammonites, Moabites, or Samaritans, mixed marriages had led to almost entire ignorance of the Hebrew tongue, for the children of these marriages generally spoke the language of their mothers. This aroused Nehemiah's anger, and stimulated his energy. He remonstrated with -the Judæan fathers, he even cursed them, and finally +the Judæan fathers, he even cursed them, and finally caused the refractory to be punished. By such persistent activity he was able to accomplish the dissolution of the mixed marriages, and the preservation @@ -16123,7 +16085,7 @@ of the Hebrew tongue.</p> the Sabbath, which had been but negligently observed hitherto. The Law had certainly forbidden all labour on that day, but it had not defined what really was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">387</a></span> -to be considered as labour. At all events, the Judæans +to be considered as labour. At all events, the Judæans who lived in the provinces were ignorant on that point, for on the Sabbath they pressed the wine, loaded their beasts of burden with corn, grapes, figs, and @@ -16145,11 +16107,11 @@ rigorously observed.</p> <p>The strict observance of the Law, enjoined by Ezra, was insisted upon by Nehemiah; he built the -wall of separation between Judæans and Gentiles +wall of separation between Judæans and Gentiles so securely, that it was impossible to break through -it. The Judæans who were discontented with this +it. The Judæans who were discontented with this separation and the severity of the Law were obliged -to leave the Judæan community, and form a sect of +to leave the Judæan community, and form a sect of their own. Nehemiah himself probably lived to see the formation of the first sect among Jews, and as he himself might virtually be held responsible for it, @@ -16179,20 +16141,20 @@ whose origin is unknown.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hang">Enmity of the Samaritans against the Judæans​—​The Temple on Mount +<p class="hang">Enmity of the Samaritans against the Judæans​—​The Temple on Mount Gerizim​—​The High-Priest Manasseh​—​The mixed language of the Samaritans​—​Their veneration for the Law of Moses​—​Judaism loses its national meaning​—​The Jubilee and Sabbatical Year​—​Almsgiving​—​The Council of Seventy​—​The Assyrian Characters​—​The Schools and the Sopherim​—​Observance of the -Ceremonies​—​The Prayers​—​The Future Life​—​The Judæans +Ceremonies​—​The Prayers​—​The Future Life​—​The Judæans under Artaxerxes II. and III.​—​Their Banishment to the Caspian Sea​—​Johanan and Joshua contend for the office of High-Priest​—​Bagoas​—​The Writings of the Period​—​The Greeks and -Macedonians​—​Alexander the Great and the Judæans​—​Judæa +Macedonians​—​Alexander the Great and the Judæans​—​Judæa accounted a Province of Cœlesyria​—​Struggles between Alexander's -Successors​—​Capture of Jerusalem by Ptolemy​—​Judæa -added to the Lagidean-Egyptian Kingdom​—​The Judæan Colonies +Successors​—​Capture of Jerusalem by Ptolemy​—​Judæa +added to the Lagidean-Egyptian Kingdom​—​The Judæan Colonies in Egypt and Syria and the Greek Colonies in Palestine.</p></blockquote> <p class="center bpad">420–300 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></p> @@ -16202,12 +16164,12 @@ and more vehement than enmity resulting from inexplicable antipathy, jealousy, or disagreement. Sanballat, as well as his Samaritan followers and companions, out of preference for the God of Israel, -had struggled to be received into the Judæan community. +had struggled to be received into the Judæan community. The virulence of their enmity against Nehemiah, who had raised the commonwealth from its declining state, was in reality an impetuous offer of love, by which they hoped to secure an intimate -connection with Judæa. But as they were repulsed +connection with Judæa. But as they were repulsed again and again, this yearning love changed into burning hatred. When Sanballat, who thought he had attained his aim by his connection with the @@ -16215,7 +16177,7 @@ high-priest's family, learned of the insult shown him in the banishment of his son-in-law Manasseh, because of that priest's marriage with his daughter, the measure of his wrath was full. He cunningly conceived -the plan of disorganising the Judæan community,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">390</a></span> +the plan of disorganising the Judæan community,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">390</a></span> by the help of its own members. What if he were to raise a temple to the God of Israel, to contest the supremacy of the one at Jerusalem? @@ -16256,7 +16218,7 @@ Ten Tribes, or of the tribes of Joseph and Ephraim. There may indeed have been amongst them some descendants of the families who, after the destruction of the kingdom of the Ten Tribes, clung to -Samaria; but that the numerous Cuthæans who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">391</a></span> +Samaria; but that the numerous Cuthæans who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">391</a></span> gathered round Sanballat, together with the Ammonites and the Arabians, were descendants of Joseph and Ephraim and Israelites, was one of those @@ -16277,13 +16239,13 @@ interpreted the Book of the Law to suit themselves, making it appear that God had designed Mount Gerizim as a site for a sanctuary, and they proudly called themselves Israelites. Sanballat and his followers, -intent upon attracting a great many Judæans +intent upon attracting a great many Judæans to their community, tempted them with the offer of houses and land, and in every way helped to support -them. Those who had been guilty of crime in Judæa +them. Those who had been guilty of crime in Judæa or Jerusalem, and feared punishment were received with open arms by the Samaritans. Out of such -elements a new semi-Judæan community or sect was +elements a new semi-Judæan community or sect was formed. Their home was in the somewhat limited district of Samaria, the centre of which was either the city that gave its name to the province, or the town of @@ -16293,17 +16255,17 @@ Sanballat, the founder, had infused his spirit into them. In spite of its diminutive size, this sect has continued until the present day. The existence of the Samaritans, as a community, may really be considered -a signal victory of the Judæan faith, for it +a signal victory of the Judæan faith, for it was their religion alone that kept so mixed a people together; it became the loadstar of their lives, and to it they remained faithful, in spite of adversity and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">392</a></span> disaster. The Samaritans treated the Torah, brought to them by exiled priests, with as much reverence as -the Judæans did, and regulated their religious and +the Judæans did, and regulated their religious and social life according to its requirements. But, in spite of this community of essential principles, the -Judæans were not delighted with this accession to -the ranks of their faith. This first Judæan sect +Judæans were not delighted with this accession to +the ranks of their faith. This first Judæan sect caused them as much sorrow as those which, at a later period, grew up among them. The Samaritans were not only their most bitter foes, but actually @@ -16311,13 +16273,13 @@ denied to them the right of existence as a community. They declared that they alone were the descendants of Israel, disputing the sanctity of Jerusalem and its Temple, and affirming that everything -established by the Judæan people was a mere counterfeit +established by the Judæan people was a mere counterfeit of the old Israelitish customs. The Samaritans were ever on the alert to introduce into their own country such improvements as were carried -into effect in Judæa, though, had it been in their +into effect in Judæa, though, had it been in their power, they would have destroyed the nation which -was their model. On the part of the Judæans, +was their model. On the part of the Judæans, the hatred against their Samaritan neighbours was equally great. They spoke of them as "the foolish people who lived in Shechem." The enmity between @@ -16327,7 +16289,7 @@ a political, but a religious character, and was therefore the more violent and intense.</p> <p>The existence of the Samaritan sect had, however, -a stimulating effect upon the Judæans: as the +a stimulating effect upon the Judæans: as the latter continually came into collision with their opponents, and were obliged to listen to doctrines in the highest degree distasteful to them, they were forced @@ -16341,7 +16303,7 @@ It was the thought that they possessed a peculiar creed, and the conception of "Judaism" gained clearness in their minds. Judaism no longer meant a <i>nationality</i>, but a religious <i>conviction</i>. The name -"Judæan" lost its racial meaning, and was applied to +"Judæan" lost its racial meaning, and was applied to any adherent of the Jewish faith, be he a descendant of Judah or Benjamin, an Aaronide or a Levite. The two fundamental principles of this faith were the acknowledgment @@ -16360,16 +16322,16 @@ all wisdom, and was honoured as such. Hebrew poetry, still full of life, glorified it with enthusiastic praise. It followed naturally that the Torah became the fundamental law of the little state or commonwealth -of Judah. Before a Judæan undertook or +of Judah. Before a Judæan undertook or desisted from any action, he would ask whether his course was in conformity with the Law. Slavery -ceased to exist; even if a Judæan wished to sell +ceased to exist; even if a Judæan wished to sell himself as a slave he could not find a buyer. Therefore the year of Jubilee, intended as a year of release of slaves, became a superfluous institution. On the other hand, the Sabbatical year was strictly kept. The debts of the poor were then cancelled, and the -fields lay fallow. Probably the Judæan favourites at +fields lay fallow. Probably the Judæan favourites at the Persian court had already demanded that, in the Sabbatical year, the taxes upon the produce of the fields be remitted. The poor were looked after with @@ -16377,13 +16339,13 @@ great solicitude, for the Pentateuch demanded that there should be no needy in the land. Alms giving was looked upon in this new order of things as the exercise of the highest virtue. In every town,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">394</a></span> -members of the Judæan community were appointed +members of the Judæan community were appointed to devote themselves to the care of the poor. The constant denunciations by the prophets and psalmists of the hard-heartedness displayed towards the poor and the helpless were no longer justified. Justice was admirably administered, and so conscientiously -was the law executed that the Judæan law-officers +was the law executed that the Judæan law-officers might have been held up as models to the rest of the world. Twice a week, on Mondays and Thursdays, the market days, public courts of justice were @@ -16405,7 +16367,7 @@ seventy chief families of the children of Israel. It was therefore decided that the supreme tribunal and high court of justice should number seventy elders. This peculiar institution, which lasted until -the destruction of the Judæan commonwealth, which +the destruction of the Judæan commonwealth, which became the strict guardian of the Law, and at times rose to great political importance, was doubtless called into life at this period. At no other time @@ -16426,7 +16388,7 @@ of the people. This supreme council brought about a complete revolution.</p> <p>All the changes which we notice two hundred -years later in the Judæan commonwealth were its +years later in the Judæan commonwealth were its work; the new regulations which tradition assigns to Ezra, and which were known under the name of Sopheric regulations (Dibre Sopherim) were the creations @@ -16449,13 +16411,13 @@ obstacle in the way of overcoming illiteracy. The text of the Torah was written in an antique script with Phœnician or old Babylonian characters, which could be deciphered only by practised scribes. For -the Judæans in Persia, even more than for the -Judæans in Palestine, the Torah was a book with +the Judæans in Persia, even more than for the +Judæans in Palestine, the Torah was a book with seven seals. It was therefore necessary to transform the old-fashioned characters of the Hebrew Scriptures (Khetab Ibrith) into others, which were familiar to the inhabitants of the land between the Euphrates and -the Tigris, and which the Judæans of Palestine and +the Tigris, and which the Judæans of Palestine and of the Persian provinces used also for the ordinary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">396</a></span> purposes of every-day life. In order to distinguish it from the old writing, the new style was called @@ -16470,7 +16432,7 @@ exists in these old-fashioned characters, and it is a closed book even to most of their priests.</p> <p>Owing to the regular reading of the Law and to -its accessibility, there arose among the Judæans an +its accessibility, there arose among the Judæans an intellectual activity which gradually gave a peculiar character to the whole nation. The Torah became their spiritual and intellectual property, and their own @@ -16509,7 +16471,7 @@ laws, and to their application to daily life, but it also drew up its own code of laws, which were to regulate, to stimulate and to strengthen the religious and social life of the people. There was an old maxim -of great repute in Judæa: "Make a fence about the +of great repute in Judæa: "Make a fence about the Law." By this maxim the teacher of the Law was directed to forbid certain things in themselves permissible, which, however, touched too closely upon the @@ -16620,7 +16582,7 @@ mention was made of the sanctity of the day, and a longer portion from the Torah was read at its close. In time a portion from the prophets, especially a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">400</a></span> chapter bearing upon the character of the day, was -read. The opposition in which the Judæans stood +read. The opposition in which the Judæans stood to the Samaritans prompted this reading from the prophets. For the Samaritans who denied the sanctity of the Temple and of Jerusalem, rejected the @@ -16631,7 +16593,7 @@ to the upholders of Judaism to publish these writings. In consequence of this regulation, the words of the prophets who had but rarely been listened to while they lived, were now read in every -Judæan house of prayer, and though they were +Judæan house of prayer, and though they were but partially understood by the greater number of the congregation, nevertheless they became mighty levers to arouse the enthusiasm of the nation. As @@ -16704,13 +16666,13 @@ act of purification always consisted in bathing in fresh running water. These laws would never have attained such far-reaching importance, involving every station in life, had it not been for the sojourn of the -Judæans, during so many centuries, among the Persians, +Judæans, during so many centuries, among the Persians, whose much more stringent purification laws were rigorously observed. The statutes concerning uncleanness, according to the Iranian Avesta of the Persians, whose priests were the Magi, were extremely strict, and the means adopted for purification revolting. -Dwelling among the Magi, the Judæans absorbed +Dwelling among the Magi, the Judæans absorbed much from them. The striking resemblance of many of their laws and customs to their own could not escape their observation, and they yielded to Magian @@ -16718,7 +16680,7 @@ influences.</p> <p>The fundamental conception of the Deity, as of one incorporeal perfect God, was so firmly implanted in -the heart of every Judæan, that no one would allow +the heart of every Judæan, that no one would allow himself to be influenced by the conception of the Persian god of light, Ahura-Mazda (Ormuzd), however spiritual that conception might be. Their seers, @@ -16732,10 +16694,10 @@ good and evil. They denied that the world and mankind are being perpetually drawn in divergent directions by two rival powers, but are destined to live in peace and unity. The spiritual leaders of -the Judæans in the Sopheric age expressed this belief +the Judæans in the Sopheric age expressed this belief in one of the morning prayers: "God is the Creator of light and of darkness, He has created peace and -has made everything." But although the Judæans resisted +has made everything." But although the Judæans resisted any alteration in their conception of the Deity, still they could not prevent many of the ideas and customs of the Persians from gaining ground among the @@ -16751,7 +16713,7 @@ throne, surrounded by a countless throng of heavenly beings, or angels, awaiting a sign to do the bidding of God. "Thousand times thousands served Him, and myriad times myriads stood before Him." Like -the Persians, the Judæans called the angels "the holy +the Persians, the Judæans called the angels "the holy watchers" (Irin-Kadishin). The angels received special names: Michael, Gabriel, the strong, Raphael, the healer, Uriel or Suriel, Matatoron, and others.</p> @@ -16759,10 +16721,10 @@ the healer, Uriel or Suriel, Matatoron, and others.</p> <p>As fancy had changed the Yazatas into angels, and given them a Hebrew character and Hebrew names, so also were the bad spirits, or Daevas, introduced among -the Judæans. Satan was a copy of Angro-Mainyus, +the Judæans. Satan was a copy of Angro-Mainyus, but he was not placed in juxtaposition to the God of Israel, for this would have been a denial of the fundamental -doctrine of the Judæans. He, the Holy One, +doctrine of the Judæans. He, the Holy One, high and mighty and all-powerful, could not be limited, or in any way interfered with by one of His own creatures. Still the first step had been taken, @@ -16797,7 +16759,7 @@ during three days near the body it had tenanted; then, according to its life upon earth, it was taken by the Yazatas to Paradise, or was drawn down by the Daevas into Hell. This idea of retribution -after death was adopted by the Judæans. The Garden +after death was adopted by the Judæans. The Garden of Eden (Gan-Eden), where the story of the Creation placed the first human beings whilst they lived in a state of innocence, was transformed into @@ -16805,7 +16767,7 @@ Paradise, and the Valley of Hinnom (Ge-Hinnom), in which, since the days of Ahaz, sacrifices of children had been offered up, gave the name to the newly-created Hell. In what way could such new beliefs -have crept into the Judæan faith? That is as little +have crept into the Judæan faith? That is as little capable of demonstration as is the way in which the pores of the skin become impregnated with a disease that has poisoned the atmosphere. However, these @@ -16817,7 +16779,7 @@ and in all future time, their adoption or repudiation was left to the discretion of the individual. Only one belief emanating from the Iranian religion, that of the resurrection of the dead, became part of the -spiritual life of the Judæans, until it grew at last +spiritual life of the Judæans, until it grew at last to be a binding dogma. The Magi had taught and insisted upon this doctrine. They believed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">405</a></span> that the re-awakening of the dead would take place @@ -16834,7 +16796,7 @@ was meant, made it an article of faith amongst their people, and in the daily prayer, praise was rendered to God for awakening the dead to life.</p> -<p>At a later day, when the Judæan nation was +<p>At a later day, when the Judæan nation was struggling with death, a seer, comforting the sufferers, <span class="locked">said:—</span></p> @@ -16870,12 +16832,12 @@ without, yet the power of enriching it, and of endowing it with the faculty of working immeasurable good came from within. The foreign origin of this belief becoming finally obliterated, it was considered as an -original Judæan doctrine. Only the Samaritans objected, +original Judæan doctrine. Only the Samaritans objected, for a considerable time, to the belief in the resurrection and to the idea of a future life.</p> <p>During this long period of nearly two hundred -years, while the Judæan community established +years, while the Judæan community established itself, and Judaism developed by the enlargement of its own doctrines and the adoption of foreign elements—from the death of Nehemiah to the destruction @@ -16900,7 +16862,7 @@ of time but few details have become known to us. Either no annals were kept of the events of those years, or they have been lost. It is true there were no very remarkable events to describe, the activity -of the Judæan community being entirely restricted +of the Judæan community being entirely restricted to its inward life; there was nothing which might have appeared of sufficient importance to be chronicled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">407</a></span> for posterity. There was indeed but little for @@ -16911,7 +16873,7 @@ lived and worked in the community, what was there of a peculiar or extraordinary nature which might deserve to be perpetuated in history?</p> -<p>The Judæan people occupied themselves almost +<p>The Judæan people occupied themselves almost entirely with peaceful avocations; they understood but little of the use of arms; perhaps not even enough to preserve their own territories against the @@ -16927,7 +16889,7 @@ mountains of Israel." (<span class="smcap">Ezek.</span> xxxviii. 8.)</p></blockq <p>A peaceful, quiet existence naturally withdraws itself from curious observation. In the wars which -were often raging on their borders, the Judæan +were often raging on their borders, the Judæan people certainly took no part. Under Artaxerxes II., surnamed Mnemon (404–362), and under Artaxerxes III., surnamed Ochus (361–338), leaders of the discontented @@ -16938,17 +16900,17 @@ In order to be enabled to offer effectual resistance to the armies collected for the purpose of putting down these insurrections, the ephemeral kings of Egypt joined the Persian satraps of Phœnicia, -to whom Judæa had also been allotted. Persian -troops often passed along the Judæan coasts of the +to whom Judæa had also been allotted. Persian +troops often passed along the Judæan coasts of the Mediterranean towards Egypt, or Egyptians towards Phœnicia, and Greek mercenaries, hired by either power, marched to and fro, and all this warlike -array could be constantly observed by the Judæans +array could be constantly observed by the Judæans from their mountain-tops. They did not always remain mere passive spectators; for, though they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">408</a></span> were not compelled to join the armies, they were certainly not exempt from various charges and tributes. -The relations between the Judæans and +The relations between the Judæans and the Persians was at the same time somewhat disturbed. The latter, influenced by foreign example, began to practise idolatry. The goddess of love, @@ -16972,19 +16934,19 @@ was admitted, and image-worship introduced. Thus the spiritual link which had bound the Persians to the followers of Judaism—their common abhorrence of idolatry—was broken. No longer was "pure incense" -offered to the incorporeal God of the Judæans. Having +offered to the incorporeal God of the Judæans. Having compelled his own people to bow down to this newly adopted goddess of love, Artaxerxes tried, as it -appears, to force her worship upon the Judæans; +appears, to force her worship upon the Judæans; the latter were cruelly treated, in order to make them renounce their religion, but they chose the severest punishments, and even death itself, rather than abjure the faith of their fathers. It is related that after his war with the Egyptians and their king -Tachos (361–360), Artaxerxes banished many Judæans +Tachos (361–360), Artaxerxes banished many Judæans from their country, and sent them to Hyrkania, on the shores of the Caspian Sea. If this account may -be considered historical, the banishment of the Judæans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">409</a></span> +be considered historical, the banishment of the Judæans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">409</a></span> must surely have been a mode of persecution inflicted upon them on account of their fidelity to their laws and their God; for it is hardly to be supposed @@ -17016,7 +16978,7 @@ came forward to seize the high-priest's diadem. The elder brother was enraged at this presumption, and a struggle, which ended in bloodshed, took place between the two in the Temple itself. Johanan slew -Bagoas's protégé in the Sanctuary. A sad omen for +Bagoas's protégé in the Sanctuary. A sad omen for the future! Upon hearing what had occurred at Jerusalem, the eunuch instantly proceeded thither, not to avenge the death of Joshua, but, under the @@ -17035,17 +16997,17 @@ there?</p> <p>The people paid the expiatory money for seven years, when, for some reason, they were freed from -their burden. The disfavour into which the Judæan +their burden. The disfavour into which the Judæan nation had fallen with the last Persian king was turned to account by their malevolent neighbours, the Samaritans, in order to injure them to their utmost power. They appear to have regained by force or cunning the border districts of Ramathaim, Apherema and Lydda, which they had formerly been -obliged to quit. The Judæans were now reduced to +obliged to quit. The Judæans were now reduced to a struggle for mere existence. Few and brief had been the glimpses of light which had brightened the -annals of the Judæan community during the last two +annals of the Judæan community during the last two hundred years! This light had illumined the first enthusiastic days of the return from captivity during the reign of Darius, who showered favours upon them, and @@ -17081,7 +17043,7 @@ own time.</p> <p>But during the life of the author of the annals, or shortly after he had finished his history, a new period dawned, which gave rise to fresh mental exertions -among the Judæans, and brought forth proofs of their +among the Judæans, and brought forth proofs of their capacity and worth. This new period was ushered in by the Greeks. They wrought a thorough change in the manners, customs and thoughts of other nations, @@ -17119,11 +17081,11 @@ Persia was cut short by the hand of an assassin. Then appeared his son, the great Alexander, who was destined to remodel entirely the relations of the various countries, and to draw the peaceful inhabitants -of Judæa into the vortex of the great world +of Judæa into the vortex of the great world conflicts. New troubles and new trials were brought -upon the Judæan people by the convulsions felt +upon the Judæan people by the convulsions felt from one end of the known world to the other. A -Judæan seer compared Alexander to a leopard +Judæan seer compared Alexander to a leopard endowed with the wings of an eagle. In two battles he gave to the rotten Persian monarchy its deathblow; Asia Minor, Syria, and Phœnicia lay at his @@ -17133,13 +17095,13 @@ one after a seven months', the other after a two months' siege, were both taken (August and November, 332), and met with a cruel fate.</p> -<p>How did the insignificant dominion of Judæa fare +<p>How did the insignificant dominion of Judæa fare with the invincible hero before whom Egypt, the proud land of the Pharaohs, had fallen humbly prostrate? The historical records of those times have come down to us only in the form of legends, and consequently give us no authentic account of the -passing events. It is scarcely credible that the Judæans +passing events. It is scarcely credible that the Judæans were prevented from doing homage to Alexander through fear of incurring any guilt by breaking their oath to their Persian rulers. They had never @@ -17148,7 +17110,7 @@ after their treatment by the last Persian kings, they would not have felt much remorse in breaking it. There is no doubt that the story of Alexander's approach to Jerusalem, and the favours which he heaped -upon the Judæans in consequence of a peculiar +upon the Judæans in consequence of a peculiar vision, rests upon a legend. The High Priest, so it is related, dressed in his holy garments, followed by a troop of priests and Levites, went forth to meet the @@ -17162,7 +17124,7 @@ promised him victory. According to one legend, it was the High Priest Jaddua, according to another, his grandson Simon, who produced this effect upon the Macedonian hero. In reality, the meeting between -Alexander and the envoys of the Judæan community +Alexander and the envoys of the Judæan community no doubt passed simply and naturally enough. The High Priest, perhaps Onias I., Jaddua's son and Simon's father, went forward, like the kings and @@ -17174,16 +17136,16 @@ way interfered with the peculiar development, the customs, or religious rites of any nation under his sway. He did not force the Grecian faith on any nation, and the favour which he granted to other -nations he certainly did not deny to the Judæans. +nations he certainly did not deny to the Judæans. They were only obliged to pay the Macedonian governor the same tax on their lands as the Persian satrap had received.</p> -<p>The first meeting of Greece and Judæa, both of +<p>The first meeting of Greece and Judæa, both of which were, in different ways, to offer civilisation to the world, was of a friendly character, although the one appeared in all her glory and might, the other in her -weakness and humility.—Judæa became part of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">414</a></span> +weakness and humility.—Judæa became part of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">414</a></span> province, which was bounded on the north by Mount Taurus and Mount Lebanon, and on the south by Egypt, and was called Hollow Syria (Cœlesyria), to @@ -17201,7 +17163,7 @@ were the Samaritans displeased with this apparent distinction? Did they feel themselves hampered in their movements by the presence of the Governor, or was their anger roused by jealousy at the favour shown by -Alexander to the Judæans, whom they hated so bitterly? +Alexander to the Judæans, whom they hated so bitterly? The violent resentment of the Samaritans, or at least of their leaders, went so far that, heedless of the consequences, they rose up against Andromachos, @@ -17221,16 +17183,16 @@ Memnon was placed over Samaria, and the town was filled with Macedonians. In various other ways, Alexander appears to have mortified and humiliated the Samaritans, and knowing that they were enemies -of the Judæans, he favoured the latter in order to +of the Judæans, he favoured the latter in order to mark his displeasure towards the former. Several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">415</a></span> -border lands lying between Samaria and Judæa, which +border lands lying between Samaria and Judæa, which had often occasioned strife between the two peoples, -he awarded to the Judæans, and likewise freed the +he awarded to the Judæans, and likewise freed the latter from the burden of taxation during the Sabbatical year. This favour, of small importance to him who gave it, was a great boon to those who received it, and inflamed the hatred of the Samaritans against -the Judæans; every gust of wind seemed to add new +the Judæans; every gust of wind seemed to add new fuel to their enmity, which, however, as long as Alexander lived, they were obliged to conceal. His wonderfully rapid and victorious campaigns—as far as the @@ -17244,12 +17206,12 @@ peculiar customs of any conquered nation to be maintained; he insisted that respect should be shown to their various religious forms of worship. In Egypt he honoured Apis and Ammon, and in Babylonia the -gods of Chaldæa. Thus he determined upon rebuilding +gods of Chaldæa. Thus he determined upon rebuilding the temple of the Babylonian idol Bel, which had been destroyed by Artaxerxes. To accomplish this, he ordered his soldiers to clear away the ruins which had accumulated over the foundations of the -building. All obeyed with the exception of the Judæans +building. All obeyed with the exception of the Judæans who, either voluntarily or by compulsion, were serving in his army. They refused their help towards the reconstruction of the idolatrous temple. Naturally @@ -17259,7 +17221,7 @@ their punishment bravely, rather than comply with an order which demanded the transgression of one of the principal injunctions of their faith. When Alexander heard of this case of conscience and of the religious -fortitude displayed by the Judæan soldiers, he was +fortitude displayed by the Judæan soldiers, he was generous enough to grant them his pardon. But in that incident we may read an omen of the conflicts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">416</a></span> which were to take place between Judaism and @@ -17292,15 +17254,15 @@ dissolution of the Macedonian kingdom and its division among the contending leaders. Ptolemy I. Soter, son of Lagos, reigned in Egypt. By means of a successful war he acquired Cœlesyria, together with -Judæa. In 320, he demanded the surrender of Jerusalem, +Judæa. In 320, he demanded the surrender of Jerusalem, but its inhabitants refused to open their gates. On a Sabbath, however, he contrived to surprise the -city, and, as the Judæans would not use weapons of +city, and, as the Judæans would not use weapons of defence on that day, he was able to seize the city and to make numerous prisoners, whom he carried away to Egypt. Many Samaritans shared their fate, probably because they had likewise attempted resistance. Both -Judæans and Samaritans could have enjoyed happiness—at +Judæans and Samaritans could have enjoyed happiness—at least, as much happiness as was possible in those hard, cruel times—had they remained subjects<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">417</a></span> of the Lagidian Ptolemy, who was the gentlest of the @@ -17326,9 +17288,9 @@ ended disastrously for the former. The battle of Gaza, fought in the spring of 312, was a memorable one, for from that event Seleucus, who had come as a fugitive to Ptolemy, dated the beginning of his -power by introducing the new era called Seleucidæan, +power by introducing the new era called Seleucidæan, or Greek, which also came into use among -the Judæans, and was longest retained by them. +the Judæans, and was longest retained by them. In consequence of the defeat at Gaza, Demetrius was obliged to withdraw to the north, leaving the whole country to the conqueror. Only a short @@ -17337,7 +17299,7 @@ having joined their forces, compelled Ptolemy to retreat to Egypt. He caused the fortified sea-coast and inland cities, Acco, Joppa, Gaza, and Jerusalem to be demolished, so that they might not become -places of defence to his enemies, and Judæa, with the +places of defence to his enemies, and Judæa, with the countries that belonged to Cœlesyria, remained in this unguarded condition until, in the battle at Ipsus, in Asia Minor (301), fought against the united armies @@ -17346,10 +17308,10 @@ Antigonus lost at one blow both his glory and his life. The four generals divided the kingdom among themselves. Ptolemy received Egypt and the adjoining lands, and the greater part of Asia fell to Seleucus. -Thus Judæa became a portion of the Ptolemæan +Thus Judæa became a portion of the Ptolemæan or Lagidian kingdom, and its fate for a time was linked to that of the latter. The condition of the -Judæans, however, underwent no material change. +Judæans, however, underwent no material change. The tribute they had been obliged formerly to pay to the Persian monarch was now demanded by the Egypto-Macedonian court. The freedom and independence @@ -17358,46 +17320,46 @@ more restricted than they had hitherto been; on the contrary, their situation might be considered rather improved than otherwise.</p> -<p>In Judæa, the high-priest, who was answerable for +<p>In Judæa, the high-priest, who was answerable for the payment of taxes, was considered as the political chief, and was looked upon as a sacerdotal prince. Ptolemy I. was endowed with a gentle nature, and inclined to benefit his subjects. He had neither -desire nor motive to oppress the Judæans. Alexandria, +desire nor motive to oppress the Judæans. Alexandria, the seaport city founded by Alexander, and considered as the capital of his kingdom by the first Egypto-Macedonian monarch, acquired a large population, and it could only be a source of satisfaction -to him to see Judæans from the neighbouring +to him to see Judæans from the neighbouring country establishing themselves there. Under Alexander, -many Judæans had settled in that city, and, as +many Judæans had settled in that city, and, as this far-seeing hero had given equal rights of Macedonian -citizenship to all comers, the first Judæan colony +citizenship to all comers, the first Judæan colony in Alexandria enjoyed perfect equality with the other inhabitants, and led a peaceful existence in the new -land. A great number of Judæans took up their +land. A great number of Judæans took up their abode there during the disturbed state of their country, caused by the wars of Antigonus; they also received from Ptolemy protection and the enjoyment -of equal laws and rights. And thus arose an Egypto-Judæan +of equal laws and rights. And thus arose an Egypto-Judæan community, which was destined to fulfil -a peculiar mission. In other places also Judæan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">419</a></span> +a peculiar mission. In other places also Judæan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">419</a></span> colonies were formed. Assured of the good will of -the Judæans, Ptolemy distributed them in various +the Judæans, Ptolemy distributed them in various Egyptian cities and in Cyrene.</p> -<p>Seleucus, the founder of the Seleucidæan kingdom, +<p>Seleucus, the founder of the Seleucidæan kingdom, the centre of which was situated in Persia, had in addition become possessed of the northern part of Syria, where he founded a new city, Antioch, which became his capital. In order to people this city, as well as other newly-built towns, he was obliged to bring inhabitants into them, and among these partly -forced and partly willing settlers were many Judæans, +forced and partly willing settlers were many Judæans, to whom Seleucus gave the full rights of Macedonian -citizenship. And, as Judæan colonies arose -in the Græco-Macedonian countries, so also Greek -colonies were formed upon Judæan ground. Along +citizenship. And, as Judæan colonies arose +in the Græco-Macedonian countries, so also Greek +colonies were formed upon Judæan ground. Along the Mediterranean coast new seaports were built, or old ones enlarged and embellished, and to these Grecian names were given.</p> @@ -17412,23 +17374,23 @@ Grecian names were given.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hang">Condition of the Judæans under the Ptolemies​—​Simon effects Improvements​—​His +<p class="hang">Condition of the Judæans under the Ptolemies​—​Simon effects Improvements​—​His Praises are sung by Sirach​—​His Doctrines​—​The Chasidim and the Nazarites​—​Simon's Children​—​Onias II. and the Revolt against Egypt​—​Joseph, son of Tobias​—​His Embassy to Alexandria​—​He is appointed Tax-collector​—​War between Antiochus the Great and Egypt​—​Defeat of Antiochus​—​Spread -of Greek Manners in Judæa​—​Hyrcanus​—​The Song of +of Greek Manners in Judæa​—​Hyrcanus​—​The Song of Songs​—​Simon II.​—​Scopas despoils Jerusalem​—​The Contest between Antiochus and Rome​—​Continued Hellenisation of the -Judæans​—​The Chasidim and the Hellenists​—​Jose ben Joezer +Judæans​—​The Chasidim and the Hellenists​—​Jose ben Joezer and Jose ben Johanan​—​Onias III. and Simon​—​Heliodorus​—​Sirach's Book of Proverbs against the Errors of his Time.</p></blockquote> <p class="center bpad">300–175 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></p> <p>For more than a century after the death of Nehemiah, -the inner life of the Judæan nation might have +the inner life of the Judæan nation might have been likened to that of a caterpillar weaving the threads which enshroud it from the juices of its own body, while the world knew it as a martyr, bearing @@ -17442,20 +17404,20 @@ for development and improvement had always come from without, from the principal men of Persia or Babylonia. But now the people, in consequence of new political circumstances, were separated from -their co-religionists of those lands. The Judæans of +their co-religionists of those lands. The Judæans of the Euphrates and the Tigris could no longer carry on active intercourse with their brethren in the mother-country. -For the reigning dynasties, the Seleucidæ +For the reigning dynasties, the Seleucidæ and the Ptolemies, looked upon each other with suspicion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">421</a></span> -and frequent visits of the Judæans from the -provinces of the Seleucidæ to the Judæans of Jerusalem, +and frequent visits of the Judæans from the +provinces of the Seleucidæ to the Judæans of Jerusalem, would have been regarded with disfavour in Alexandria. Had the nation not been able to rally in its own country without extraneous help, it would have been lost; a people which cannot exist or improve of itself must sooner or later fall into insignificance. But the right man arose at the right time. -He saved the Judæan community from its fall. This +He saved the Judæan community from its fall. This man was Simon the Just (about 300–270). In an age deficient in great men, he appears like a lofty and luxuriant tree in the midst of a barren country. @@ -17508,7 +17470,7 @@ office of high-priest as head of the community and of the Supreme Council, but he was also the chief teacher in the house of learning. He inculcated this maxim upon his disciples: "The world (<i xml:lang="la" lang="la">i.e.</i>, the -Judæan community) rests on three things, on the Law, +Judæan community) rests on three things, on the Law, on Divine Service (in the Temple), and on Charity" (Aboth i. 2). One may also ascribe to this remarkable man some share in the following saying of one @@ -17531,7 +17493,7 @@ their Jewish followers, their numerous feasts and orgies induced them to impose upon themselves this Nazaritic abstention with its attendant rites. It is certain that as the number of pleasure-seeking imitators -of Greek habits increased in Judæa, so did also +of Greek habits increased in Judæa, so did also that of the Chasidim. But Simon the Just was not pleased with this exaggerated zeal, and took no part in the sacrifices of the Nazarites.</p> @@ -17541,7 +17503,7 @@ Posterity has formed so exalted an opinion of Simon's character, that it designated his death as the end of an historical period of divine grace. In fact, sad and terrible events, brought about by his own -descendants, and causing fresh trials to the Judæans, +descendants, and causing fresh trials to the Judæans, followed upon his death. Simon the Just left two children, a young son named Onias and a daughter. The latter was married to Tobiah, a somewhat @@ -17549,14 +17511,14 @@ distinguished man of priestly descent. Onias being too young to officiate as High Priest, a relative, named Manasseh, represented him during his minority. The rule of Onias II. became a turning-point -in the history of the Judæans. The constant warfare +in the history of the Judæans. The constant warfare carried on for years between the rival houses of -the Seleucidæ and the Ptolemies affected the fate of -Judæa.</p> +the Seleucidæ and the Ptolemies affected the fate of +Judæa.</p> <p>When at last a treaty of peace was concluded (in -240), Cœlesyria and Judæa remained with Egypt, -but the fourth king of the Seleucidæ, Antiochus +240), Cœlesyria and Judæa remained with Egypt, +but the fourth king of the Seleucidæ, Antiochus Callinicos, instigated these provinces to revolt, and seems to have won over Onias II. to side with him. Onias refused to pay the annual tax of twenty @@ -17567,7 +17529,7 @@ at the Egyptian court. Ptolemy II., after vainly demanding the tribute money, threatened to divide the province amongst various foreign colonists. He despatched one of his own favourites, Athenion, as -special envoy to Jerusalem. The Judæans in alarm +special envoy to Jerusalem. The Judæans in alarm and despair entreated Onias to submit, but he resisted their prayers. When matters had come to this crisis, there suddenly appeared upon the scene @@ -17612,7 +17574,7 @@ In order to appear with dignity at the Egyptian court, he required splendid apparel, brilliant equipages, and money to defray the cost of his entertainments. Joseph had no means of his own, and in all -Judæa there was no one who could advance him +Judæa there was no one who could advance him large sums of money. The people, at that time, supporting themselves by agriculture, and not being engaged in commerce, had had no opportunity of @@ -17657,16 +17619,16 @@ presence of Philopator:—"Joseph is stripping the flesh from Syria, and is leaving only the bones."</p> <p>At one time, his lucky star seemed to wane; -for the Seleucidæan king, Antiochus, called by his +for the Seleucidæan king, Antiochus, called by his flatterers The Great (223–187), attempted to wrest the province of Cœlesyria from Egypt (218). The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">426</a></span> commencement of the attack augured success. The Egyptian commanders were treacherous, they went over to the enemy, and betrayed the garrisons into -their hands. Judæa and Jerusalem, under the control +their hands. Judæa and Jerusalem, under the control of Joseph, remained true to Egypt. But how long would they be able to resist an attack of the -Seleucidæan army? And, if such an attack was +Seleucidæan army? And, if such an attack was made, which side should Joseph take? He must have lived through that time in the most painful anxiety. At last the decisive hour struck. In the @@ -17686,7 +17648,7 @@ in his position of trust, and continued to be the favourite of the Egyptian king. Through him, and through his connection with the court life of Philopator, a complete change had taken place in -the Judæan nation, hardly visible indeed in the provinces, +the Judæan nation, hardly visible indeed in the provinces, but most striking in the capital.</p> <p>By means of the immense riches that Joseph had @@ -17703,21 +17665,21 @@ court, his quickly-gained wealth, and the troop of<span class="pagenum"><a name= soldiers always at his command, by whose help he held in check the people of various nationalities in Palestine, the remnant of the Philistines, the Phœnicians, -Idumæans, and even the Greco-Macedonian +Idumæans, and even the Greco-Macedonian colonists—all this had the effect not only of lending him and his surroundings a certain air of self-importance, but also of raising the people in general from the abject, submissive position they had occupied towards the neighbouring nations. The horizon of -the Judæans, particularly of those who lived in Jerusalem, +the Judæans, particularly of those who lived in Jerusalem, widened as they came into contact with the Greeks. Their taste became more refined, their dwellings more beautiful, and they began to introduce the -art of painting. The Judæans of Alexandria, who +art of painting. The Judæans of Alexandria, who had been for a century under Greek influence, and had, to a certain extent, become Hellenised, now brought their influence to bear upon their fellow-countrymen, -but the simplicity of the Judæan habits +but the simplicity of the Judæan habits and customs suffered in consequence.</p> <p>A shower of gold not only fails to have a fructifying @@ -17732,7 +17694,7 @@ customs they soon acquired, to the deterioration of their own national virtues. The Greeks loved conviviality, gave public banquets, and indulged in most unruly merrymaking at their repasts. The -Judæans imported the custom of dining in company, +Judæans imported the custom of dining in company, reclining on couches whilst they ate and drank, and indulging in wine, music, and song at their entertainments. All this was innocent enough; but unfortunately @@ -17765,7 +17727,7 @@ occasions.</p> <p>Jerusalem did not long remain untainted by this social impurity. Joseph, from friendship, let us suppose, for his royal patron, introduced Dionysian -festivals into Judæa. At the turning-point of the +festivals into Judæa. At the turning-point of the year, when winter makes way for spring, when the vine bursts into blossom, and the wine in the barrels ferments a second time, then the Greeks held @@ -17775,11 +17737,11 @@ devoted to intoxicating orgies, when friends interchanged pitchers of wine as presents. He who drank most was most honoured. This festival of the "barrel-opening" was now to be celebrated in much -the same way in Judæa. But, in order to clothe -this festival in a Judæan garb, the rich made it an +the same way in Judæa. But, in order to clothe +this festival in a Judæan garb, the rich made it an occasion for dispensing alms to the poor. Revelry is always the attendant of excessive indulgence in -wine. The rich Judæans soon copied the Greek +wine. The rich Judæans soon copied the Greek customs, and, callous to the promptings of shame and honour, they introduced singers, dancers, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">429</a></span> dissolute women at these festivals. A poetical writer @@ -17794,7 +17756,7 @@ attempts.... Give not thy soul unto harlots, that thou lose not thine inheritance." (<span class="smcap">Ecclus.</span> ix. 3, seq.)</p></blockquote> <p>The love of art and beauty which Joseph introduced -into Judæa did not compensate for this loss of +into Judæa did not compensate for this loss of chastity and morality. Even earnest men, under Greek influence, began to cast doubts upon their old traditional belief. They questioned whether the @@ -17807,9 +17769,9 @@ and the small world of mankind.</p> <p>The teachings of Epicurus, inculcating the impotence of the gods, and recommending self-indulgence to man, were well received by the degenerate -Græco-Macedonians, and particularly by the upper +Græco-Macedonians, and particularly by the upper circles of the Alexandrians. It was from that city that -the poison spread to Judæa. In Jerusalem also +the poison spread to Judæa. In Jerusalem also doubters arose, who disregarded the teachings of Judaism. These doubts might have led to increased mental activity, had not discord been added to the @@ -17859,9 +17821,9 @@ would end by bringing misery upon the whole nation. The present seemed bright and sunny; prosperity was widespread in the land, and offered the means for beautifying life. The neighbouring -peoples acknowledged the supremacy of the Judæan +peoples acknowledged the supremacy of the Judæan governor, and none ventured to attack the nation, -or to treat it with contempt. Judæa had not known +or to treat it with contempt. Judæa had not known so peaceful a state of things since the age of Nehemiah.</p> <p>It was, therefore, not unnatural that a poem in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">431</a></span> @@ -17929,7 +17891,7 @@ the Great, of Syria, and Philip of Macedon.</p> <p>Joseph's elder sons, or, as they were generally called, the Tobiades, out of hatred to their younger brother, Hyrcanus, determined to side with Antiochus -against Egypt. They raised a Seleucidæan +against Egypt. They raised a Seleucidæan party. They are described as scoffers and reprobates, and, as matters went on, they showed themselves to be unprincipled men, who sacrificed their country's @@ -17939,8 +17901,8 @@ the Syrian king, and did homage to him. The adherents of the Ptolemies and of Hyrcanus yielded or were crushed.</p> -<p>Thus Judæa came under the rule of the Seleucidæan -kings (203–202). But an Ætolian commander +<p>Thus Judæa came under the rule of the Seleucidæan +kings (203–202). But an Ætolian commander of hired troops, Scopas, undertook to oppose the Syrian conqueror. He soon overran the Jordanic and trans-Jordanic territories, causing terror amongst @@ -17954,14 +17916,14 @@ in flight.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">433</a></span> In order to secure the allegiance of the conquered people, Scopas left a contingent in the fortress of -Baris or Acra. But the re-conquest of Judæa and +Baris or Acra. But the re-conquest of Judæa and Cœlesyria for the son of Ptolemy, the child Epiphanes, was not to be lasting. The Syrians now re-appeared on the scene. In the beautiful valley at the foot of Mount Hermon, near the mountain city of Panion, at the source of the Jordan, a terrible battle was fought, in which Scopas and his troops were entirely routed. -Judæa once again became a prey to the horrors of +Judæa once again became a prey to the horrors of war and internal dissensions; she resembled a storm-tossed ship, flung violently from side to side. Both parties inflicted unsparing blows on her.</p> @@ -17970,21 +17932,21 @@ parties inflicted unsparing blows on her.</p> part of the land, and then marched upon Jerusalem. The people, headed by the Synhedrin and the priests, came out to meet him, bringing provisions -for his troops and elephants. But the Ætolian contingent +for his troops and elephants. But the Ætolian contingent still held the fortress of Acra. Antiochus or -one of his commanders, with the help of the Judæans, -undertook the siege of the fortress. The Seleucidæan +one of his commanders, with the help of the Judæans, +undertook the siege of the fortress. The Seleucidæan king, it appears, greatly valued the friendship -of the Judæans, for he gave orders to rebuild +of the Judæans, for he gave orders to rebuild their ruined city and repair their Temple. They were treated with much consideration, and were allowed to govern themselves according to their own -laws. None but Judæans had the right of entering +laws. None but Judæans had the right of entering the Temple; no impurities were suffered to pollute it, and no unclean animals were to be bred in Jerusalem.</p> <p>Antiochus remained in undisputed possession of -Cœlesyria, and therefore also of Judæa. But he cast +Cœlesyria, and therefore also of Judæa. But he cast a greedy eye upon Egypt and her neighbouring provinces, of whose conquest, since they were under the rule of a boy-king, he felt assured. But the Romans, @@ -18002,9 +17964,9 @@ surrender the whole of his fleet, and pay 15,000 talents annually, for twelve years, to the victor. He was constrained to send to Rome as hostage his son, Antiochus Epiphanes, who was destined to leave -a bloody mark upon the annals of Judæan history. +a bloody mark upon the annals of Judæan history. Severe was the penalty that Antiochus paid for having -over-estimated the strength of the Seleucidæans. +over-estimated the strength of the Seleucidæans. In order to be able to pay the heavy indemnity, the Syrian kings robbed temples; this sacrilege made them odious, and stirred up the hatred of the most @@ -18013,45 +17975,45 @@ met his death through one of these acts of rapine (187).</p> <p>The sacrileges continued by his son became the -cause of the rise to new strength of the Judæan nation, +cause of the rise to new strength of the Judæan nation, as well as of the humiliation and decadence of -the Seleucidæan kingdom.</p> +the Seleucidæan kingdom.</p> -<p>The disintegration of the Judæan community, +<p>The disintegration of the Judæan community, which began under Joseph's administration, increased rapidly during the constant struggle between the -Seleucidæans and the Ptolemies for the possession +Seleucidæans and the Ptolemies for the possession of Cœlesyria. The leaders of the two parties were not particular as to the means they employed to forward their own cause, or to injure that of their -antagonists. The friends of the Seleucidæans were +antagonists. The friends of the Seleucidæans were above all things determined to find allies amongst the -foreign nationalities in and around Judæa. The +foreign nationalities in and around Judæa. The Greeks living in Palestinean places, as well as the -native Gentiles, hated the Judæans, on account of +native Gentiles, hated the Judæans, on account of the humiliations they had suffered at the hands of the tax-collector Joseph. There were other antagonistic races besides; the old names of the enemies -of the Judæans still existed, recalling the warlike<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">435</a></span> +of the Judæans still existed, recalling the warlike<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">435</a></span> days of the Judges and of David's reign. The -Idumæans and the Philistines were in possession of -Judæan territory, and the former occupied even the -ancient city of Hebron. Both hated the Judæans, +Idumæans and the Philistines were in possession of +Judæan territory, and the former occupied even the +ancient city of Hebron. Both hated the Judæans, and made them feel this hatred upon every occasion, whilst in the north the Samaritans did the same.</p> -<p>The Judæan settlers in the provinces of the Seleucidæan -kingdom looked up to the Græco-Macedonian +<p>The Judæan settlers in the provinces of the Seleucidæan +kingdom looked up to the Græco-Macedonian rulers, commanders and officers for protection from their numerous foes. But in order to curry favour with the Greeks, it was necessary to endeavour to become like them in manners, customs and observances. As to Jerusalem, those who had Hellenised themselves in outward appearance, determined upon -educating the Judæan youth according to the Greek +educating the Judæan youth according to the Greek model. Thus they established races and contests in wrestling. The richest and most distinguished among -the Judæans belonged to this Greek faction, amongst +the Judæans belonged to this Greek faction, amongst others, Jesus (Joshua), the son of the high-priest, who called himself Jason, and who was followed by many Aaronides. The party was led by the Tobiades, or @@ -18071,7 +18033,7 @@ forest too.</p> <p>As has repeatedly occurred in the history of thinking nations, lack of moderation on the one side -brought forth exaggeration on the other. Those Judæans +brought forth exaggeration on the other. Those Judæans who saw with pain and rage the attempts of the Hellenists grouped themselves into a party which clung desperately to the Law and the customs of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">436</a></span> @@ -18090,22 +18052,22 @@ of the Covenant." Again, what was dear and sacred to the Chasidim, the Hellenists looked upon as folly, and denounced as a hindrance to the welfare and stability of the community. Amongst the Chasidim -there were two noted teachers of the Law, Josê, -the son of Joëzer, of the town of Zereda, and Josê, +there were two noted teachers of the Law, Josê, +the son of Joëzer, of the town of Zereda, and Josê, the son of Johanan of Jerusalem, each of them the founder of a school. The one laid more stress upon the theoretical study of the Law, the other, upon the -execution of its commands. Josê of Zereda taught +execution of its commands. Josê of Zereda taught his disciples: "Let your house be a place of assembly for the wise men; allow yourself to be covered with the dust of their feet; drink in their words -greedily." Josê of Jerusalem, on the other hand, +greedily." Josê of Jerusalem, on the other hand, taught, "Let the door of your house be opened wide; let the poor be your guests, and do not converse with women."</p> <p>Between the two widely opposed parties, the Hellenists -and the Chasidim or Assidæans, the people +and the Chasidim or Assidæans, the people took a middle course. They certainly took delight in the luxuries and refinements of life introduced by the Greeks, and did not care to have their pleasures @@ -18139,10 +18101,10 @@ the persecutions of his brothers and their followers.</p> and Ptolemy V. had given him the control over some trans-Jordanic territory. Armed troops were probably at his disposal to help him in the discharge of -his duties. The Judæans who colonised the province +his duties. The Judæans who colonised the province were probably loyal to him, or were employed by him. By their aid he was able to levy contributions -from the Arabs, or Nabatæans, of the provinces of +from the Arabs, or Nabatæans, of the provinces of Hesbon and Medaba, as ruthlessly as his father Joseph had once done in Cœlesyria. In this way he accumulated vast wealth. He erected a wonderful @@ -18217,7 +18179,7 @@ by name, the son of Eleazar (200–176). He was prompted by the wrongdoing he witnessed in Jerusalem to write a book of pithy sayings, applicable to the evils of the age, which might prove salutary -to its Judæan readers. He was a successor of the +to its Judæan readers. He was a successor of the proverb-writers. He was familiar with the Law, the prophets, and other instructive and spiritual works, and he was a close reader of the older Book @@ -18240,7 +18202,7 @@ judgment, and shew not forth wisdom out of time. As a signet of an emerald set in a work of gold, so is the melody of music with pleasant wine." (<span class="smcap">Ecclus.</span> xxxii. 3, 4, 6.)</p></blockquote> -<p>There were some over-pious Judæans who condemned +<p>There were some over-pious Judæans who condemned the use of all medical skill and aid; they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">440</a></span> insisted that as all maladies were sent from God, He alone could cure them. Sirach explained in his proverbs @@ -18261,7 +18223,7 @@ painted women, and he painted in no flattering colours the portraits of the daughters of Israel.</p> <p>Sirach declared that the root of all this evil was -the indifference of the Judæans to their sacred Law. +the indifference of the Judæans to their sacred Law. His aim was to reinstate it in the hearts of the people. He touched upon another subject, a burning question of the day. Many in Jerusalem, particularly @@ -18275,7 +18237,7 @@ directed against the possibility of a revolution in the sacred order.</p> <p>By various examples, taken from the history of the -Judæan people, he endeavoured to show that obedience +Judæan people, he endeavoured to show that obedience to the Law and to established rule would entail happy consequences, but that disobedience must lead to fatal results. He gave a short account of illustrious @@ -18305,7 +18267,7 @@ of the Tobiades might instruct and warn the ambitious desecrators of the priestly diadem. But instead of the unity for which he prayed, at the end of his book, the dissensions increased, and the plots and -wickedness of the Hellenists brought the Judæan +wickedness of the Hellenists brought the Judæan nation to the brink of destruction.</p> <hr /> @@ -18325,19 +18287,19 @@ Greek Games​—​Jason sends Envoys to Tyre to take part in the Olympian Games​—​Affairs in Jerusalem​—​Antiochus invades Egypt​—​Report of his Death in Jerusalem​—​Antiochus attacks the City and defiles the Temple​—​His Designs against Judaism​—​His -Second Invasion of Egypt​—​The Persecution of the Judæans​—​The +Second Invasion of Egypt​—​The Persecution of the Judæans​—​The Martyrs​—​Mattathias and his five Sons​—​Apelles appears in Modin​—​The Chasidim​—​Death of Mattathias and -Appointment of Judas Maccabæus as Leader​—​His Virtues​—​Battles +Appointment of Judas Maccabæus as Leader​—​His Virtues​—​Battles against Apollonius and Heron​—​Antiochus determines -to exterminate the Judæan People​—​Composition and Object of +to exterminate the Judæan People​—​Composition and Object of the Book of Daniel​—​Victory of Judas over Lysias.</p></blockquote> <p class="center bpad">175–166 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></p> <p>There now appeared on the scene a royal personage who seemed destined to increase the hopeless disorders -in Judæa, and to bring greater misery upon +in Judæa, and to bring greater misery upon the House of Israel than it had ever known before. This man was Antiochus Epiphanes, whom history has justly branded. He belonged to a class of men @@ -18388,7 +18350,7 @@ increasing the dissensions among the royal families, to bring about the fall of those kingdoms which still resisted their power. Antiochus, however, was determined to foil this stratagem of the Romans. A -Judæan seer thus graphically describes his accession +Judæan seer thus graphically describes his accession to the <span class="locked">throne:—</span></p> <blockquote> @@ -18411,18 +18373,18 @@ one succumbed or was killed. Antiochus had entirely banished from his soul the fear of any deity; "he neither reverenced the gods of his ancestors, nor any god whatever, for above all he magnified himself." -The Judæans were now in the hands of this +The Judæans were now in the hands of this monster, who had a heart of stone, and scorned alike man and law, morality and religion. If -peace had reigned in Judæa, the country might +peace had reigned in Judæa, the country might have escaped his notice, but the discord which the Hellenists had excited there directed his attention -towards the Judæan people and their land. The +towards the Judæan people and their land. The Hellenist party themselves requested his interference -in the internal affairs of Judæa, directing his notice to +in the internal affairs of Judæa, directing his notice to Hyrcanus, whom they hated, and who, residing in his castle near Hesbon, collected the taxes from the -Arabian or Nabatæan inhabitants of the land in the +Arabian or Nabatæan inhabitants of the land in the name of the king of Egypt. Hyrcanus, dreading an ignominious death, committed suicide, and Antiochus seized all his property.</p> @@ -18438,7 +18400,7 @@ to bring charges against his enemies, was denounced as a partisan of the Ptolemies, and the accuser thus became the accused. The Hellenists, or rather the high-priest, next petitioned Antiochus -that those Judæans who were trained for the Greek<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">445</a></span> +that those Judæans who were trained for the Greek<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">445</a></span> combats should be registered as Antiochians or Macedonians, and as such be entitled to the privileges of full citizenship, and admitted to all public @@ -18455,37 +18417,37 @@ Greek nobility.</p> <p>By introducing gymnasia into Jerusalem, Jason and the Hellenists hoped to obtain the right of Greek -citizenship for the Judæans, and thus to diminish the +citizenship for the Judæans, and thus to diminish the hatred and contempt from which they suffered. As soon as Antiochus had conceded the privilege for which the Hellenists had petitioned, Jason took great interest in superintending the exercises which were -to be practised before the Judæans could take part +to be practised before the Judæans could take part in the Olympian games. The high-priest selected (174) a site for the games in the Birah or Acra (Acropolis), north-west of the Temple. It comprised a gymnasium for youths and an ephebeion for boys. Greek masters were most probably hired to -teach the Judæan men and youths their games, +teach the Judæan men and youths their games, which consisted in racing, jumping, wrestling, in throwing discs, and boxing. It soon became evident, however, that these games, which owed their origin to quite a different mode of life, were incompatible with Judaism. According to Greek custom, the men who took part in these contests were naked. -The Judæan youths who consented to compete were +The Judæan youths who consented to compete were therefore compelled to overcome their feeling of shame and appear naked in sight of the Temple. Besides, in uncovering their bodies they could immediately -be recognised as Judæans. But were they to +be recognised as Judæans. But were they to take part in the Olympian games, and expose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">446</a></span> themselves to the mockery of the Greek scoffers? Even this difficulty they evaded by undergoing a painful operation, so as to disguise the fact that they were -Judæans. Youths soon crowded to the gymnasium, +Judæans. Youths soon crowded to the gymnasium, and the young priests neglected their duties at the Temple to take part in the exercises of -the palæstra and the stadium. The pious saw with +the palæstra and the stadium. The pious saw with terror this adoption of foreign customs, but they held their peace. Meanwhile even Jason's confederates were dissatisfied with his leaning to Greek @@ -18541,7 +18503,7 @@ Jerusalem, and proclaimed the dismissal of Jason according to the king's order. The latter was either banished or he escaped from Jerusalem, whence he crossed over the Jordan into the land of the Ammonites. -This district was governed by a Nabatæan +This district was governed by a Nabatæan prince, named Aretas, by whom he was cordially received. This change only increased the disorders in Jerusalem; the greater part of the people were indignant @@ -18643,7 +18605,7 @@ forbade the Jews to take part in the repasts of other nations, or to show any kindness to strangers. As Antiochus was then concentrating all his thoughts on the conquest of Egypt, he believed Menelaus's -calumnies, and regarded the Judæans with distrust. +calumnies, and regarded the Judæans with distrust. If he undertook the hazardous expedition against Egypt, it would be dangerous to leave an enemy in his rear who might become formidable.</p> @@ -18654,7 +18616,7 @@ and Antiochus soon discovered one. His sister Cleopatra, married to Ptolemy V., had died, and left two infant sons, Philometor and Physcon, the former of whom was the nominal king, but his two guardians, -Eulæus and Lenæus, ruled the country. Antiochus +Eulæus and Lenæus, ruled the country. Antiochus pretended that he was only anticipating the war which would shortly be directed against himself, and assembled his troops to make a descent upon Egypt. He @@ -18676,11 +18638,11 @@ He therefore entered into negotiations with the elder brother, sent for him, signed a treaty with him, and pretended to continue the war for his benefit. The two kings "at one table spake lies to each other." In -Judæa the consequences of the war were watched with +Judæa the consequences of the war were watched with eager suspense. If the Egyptians were victorious, the probability was that the sad misfortunes brought about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">451</a></span> by the hated high-priest would come to an end. The -Egyptian court favoured the national Judæan party, +Egyptian court favoured the national Judæan party, and received all the patriots who fled from the tyranny of Antiochus and Menelaus. The report was suddenly spread that Antiochus had fallen, and @@ -18700,7 +18662,7 @@ Menelaus took refuge within the walls of the Acra.</p> <p>Meanwhile Antiochus left Egypt with rich spoils (169), perhaps with the intention of raising new troops. Having heard of the occurrences in Jerusalem, his -anger was roused against the Judæans, and the +anger was roused against the Judæans, and the Covenant of Judaism; his wicked, inhuman nature broke forth against the people. He suddenly attacked Jerusalem, and massacred the inhabitants @@ -18723,23 +18685,23 @@ that he had seen in the Holy of Holies the statue of a man with a long beard, mounted on an ass, and holding a book in its hand. He believed it to be the statue of the law-giver Moses, who had -given the Judæans inhuman, horrible laws to separate +given the Judæans inhuman, horrible laws to separate them from all other peoples. Amongst the Greeks and Romans the rumour was spread that Antiochus had found the head of an ass made of gold -in the Temple, which the Judæans venerated, and +in the Temple, which the Judæans venerated, and that consequently they worshipped asses. Antiochus was probably the author of another horrible lie invented -to blacken the Judæans: it was said that +to blacken the Judæans: it was said that he had discovered, lying in bed in the Temple, a -Greek, who entreated to be released, as the Judæans +Greek, who entreated to be released, as the Judæans were in the habit of killing a Greek every year, and feeding on his intestines, meanwhile swearing hatred against all Greeks, whom they were determined to destroy. Whether this vile calumny proceeded directly from Antiochus, or whether these fables were only attributed to him, there is no doubt that he -blackened the reputation of the Judæans by spreading +blackened the reputation of the Judæans by spreading the report that Judaism inculcated hatred towards all other nations. This was the first fruit of the long-cherished wish to be associated with the Greeks.</p> @@ -18755,8 +18717,8 @@ lifted up his voice in sorrow instead of joyous song, and the bride wept in her bridal chamber." (1 <span class="smcap">Macc.</span> i. 26–28.)</p></blockquote> <p>But this was by no means the end; more sorrowful -days were in store for Judæa. Antiochus undertook -a second campaign against Egypt, and the Judæans +days were in store for Judæa. Antiochus undertook +a second campaign against Egypt, and the Judæans were destined a second time to suffer from his anger at the unsuccessful termination of the war. The two royal brothers Philometor and Physcon were reconciled @@ -18780,7 +18742,7 @@ Macedonian army, and the flight of King Perseus the camp of Antiochus, and brought him the command of the senate to leave Egypt. When the Syrian king asked for time to consider, Popillius -Lænas, drawing a circle with his stick, sternly declared +Lænas, drawing a circle with his stick, sternly declared that, before stepping out of this circle, Antiochus was to state whether he wished for peace or war with Rome. Antiochus knew how inexorable @@ -18791,13 +18753,13 @@ depart immediately (end of June, 168).</p> The knowledge of his humiliation tormented him the more, as he had to feign friendship and satisfaction before the Romans. He vented his secret anger -in unparalleled cruelties upon the Judæans. They +in unparalleled cruelties upon the Judæans. They had, he said, shown pleasure at his degradation; they had proclaimed aloud that the God they worshipped humbled the haughty, and had therefore prepared this mortification for him. Apollonius, one of his princely subjects, and former governor of -Mysia, entered the Judæan capital, accompanied by +Mysia, entered the Judæan capital, accompanied by fierce troops, apparently with peaceful intentions. Suddenly, however, on a Sabbath, when resistance was impossible, the Greek or Macedonian mercenaries @@ -18838,20 +18800,20 @@ resorted to new infamy. Judaism, with its laws and customs, was to be abolished, and its followers were to be compelled to adopt the Greek faith. Antiochus, full of hatred and anger against both the -Judæans and their religion, acceded to Menelaus's +Judæans and their religion, acceded to Menelaus's plan, and had it carried out with his usual inflexibility. -The Judæans were to become Hellenised, and thereby +The Judæans were to become Hellenised, and thereby reduced to obedience, or, if they opposed his will, to be put to death. He not only wished to become<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">455</a></span> -master of the Judæan people, but to prove to +master of the Judæan people, but to prove to them the impotence of the God they served so faithfully. He, who disdained the gods of his ancestors, -considered it mockery that the Judæans should +considered it mockery that the Judæans should still hope that their God would destroy him, the proud blasphemer, and he determined to challenge and defeat the God of Israel. Thereupon Antiochus issued a decree, which was sent forth to all the towns -of Judæa, commanding the people to renounce the +of Judæa, commanding the people to renounce the laws of their God, and to offer sacrifice only to the Greek gods. Altars and idols were to be erected everywhere for that purpose, and, in order to strike @@ -18859,7 +18821,7 @@ an effectual blow at Judaism, Antiochus ordained that unclean animals, particularly swine, should be used at the sacrifices. He forbade, under severe penalty, three religious rites which outwardly distinguished -the Judæans from the heathen, namely, circumcision, the +the Judæans from the heathen, namely, circumcision, the keeping of the Sabbath and the festivals, and the abstinence from unclean food. Officials were appointed to see that his orders were carefully carried @@ -18873,7 +18835,7 @@ sprinkled in the Holy of Holies, on the stone which Antiochus had imagined to be the statue of Moses; the flesh was cooked, and its juice spilt over the leaves of the Holy Scriptures. The so-called high-priest -Menelaus and the other Judæan Hellenists +Menelaus and the other Judæan Hellenists were to partake of the swine's flesh. The roll of the Law, which was found in the Temple, was not only bespattered, but burnt, because this teacher of purity @@ -18895,11 +18857,11 @@ themselves to be deprived of their nationality and their God? It was a severe and momentous ordeal. Death threatened all those who openly confessed Judaism, and they dared not even call themselves -Judæans. But the persecuted people came out of +Judæans. But the persecuted people came out of their trial victoriously, and the blood of martyrs sealed their union with God and His Law.</p> -<p>The Judæans who were dispersed in Syrian and +<p>The Judæans who were dispersed in Syrian and Phœnician towns, in closest proximity to the Greeks, and were included in this forced conversion, affected submission to the order, sacrificed to the Greek gods, @@ -18909,10 +18871,10 @@ their lives in testimony of the truth of the Law. In Antioch an aged man named Eleazar suffered a martyr's death rather than partake of the idolatrous sacrifices. It was related in Jewish circles outside -of Judæa, that a mother and seven sons, defying +of Judæa, that a mother and seven sons, defying threats and persuasion, cheerfully went into death for the Law. These heroic martyrs, both young -and old, set a noble example to the Judæans, and +and old, set a noble example to the Judæans, and the number of those who suffered for their faith increased from day to day. The overseers whom Antiochus had appointed to carry out his decrees @@ -18933,7 +18895,7 @@ one of the officials came into a country town, and called the people together to give proofs of their secession from Judaism, he found but few to meet him. Many had fled and sought shelter in the -caves and ravines of the Judæan mountains, or in the +caves and ravines of the Judæan mountains, or in the waste land near the Dead Sea. Antiochus was greatly irritated by this resistance, and he issued command upon command, recommending the utmost @@ -18986,7 +18948,7 @@ Philip. Some were killed by the firebrands thrown into the caves, whilst others were suffocated by the smoke, which had penetrated into the interior.</p> -<p>Great was the grief of the faithful Judæans when +<p>Great was the grief of the faithful Judæans when they learned the horrible death of the men who had been to them a light and an example. The most courageous lost heart. What was to be the outcome @@ -18996,7 +18958,7 @@ no visible sign of hope in this, their unparalleled trial; no prophet rose up to foretell when this fearful ordeal was to end.</p> -<p>When the bloody persecution of the Judæan people +<p>When the bloody persecution of the Judæan people had reached such a height that either the destruction of the whole nation, or their submission from exhaustion and despair seemed imminent, an open @@ -19004,7 +18966,7 @@ rebellion took the place of passive resistance.</p> <p>It was brought about by a family whose members combined the purest piety with courage, wisdom and -prudence; this was the family of the Hasmonæans or +prudence; this was the family of the Hasmonæans or Maccabees. An aged father and five heroic sons brought about a revolution, and kindled a spirit of enthusiasm which secured the existence of Judaism<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">459</a></span> @@ -19018,11 +18980,11 @@ the people from its deep degradation, and found their death in defending their country, bore Aramaic names: Johanan Gadi, Simon Tharsi, Judas Maccabi, Eleazar Hawran, and Jonathan Haphus. This family -of Hasmonæans, who had many followers, on account +of Hasmonæans, who had many followers, on account of the consideration in which they were held, felt the miserable condition of their country with poignant sorrow. "What is life to us, now that the Sanctuary -is desecrated and Judæa has become a slave?" +is desecrated and Judæa has become a slave?" Thus spoke Mattathias to his sons, and he determined not to remain quiet and sorrowing in his hiding-place, but either to help the good cause or to die @@ -19036,7 +18998,7 @@ an example of submission, the former answered: "If all the people in the kingdom obey the order of the monarch, to depart from the faith of their fathers, I and my sons will abide by the Covenant of our forefathers." -When one of the Judæans approached the +When one of the Judæans approached the altar to sacrifice to Jupiter, Mattathias could no longer restrain his wrath, but rushed upon the apostate, killing him at the altar. His sons, armed with @@ -19062,7 +19024,7 @@ exhorted them to be ready to face death. Warned by the exaggerated piety of the Chasidim, who had scrupled to move a stone on the Sabbath in their own defence, the assembly which surrounded the aged -Hasmonæan decided to repulse with arms any attack +Hasmonæan decided to repulse with arms any attack made upon them even on the day of rest. The Chasidim accepted this decision, and the men of peace, hitherto entirely absorbed in the Holy Scriptures, @@ -19088,7 +19050,7 @@ left uncircumcised. From time to time he routed small troops of Syrian soldiers whom he happened to encounter, but whenever the commander of the garrison of Jerusalem sent a larger detachment to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">461</a></span> -pursue the rebellious Judæans, the latter disappeared +pursue the rebellious Judæans, the latter disappeared as suddenly as they had come. In short, Mattathias waged a kind of petty warfare against the enemy, such as can be carried on only in mountainous @@ -19102,7 +19064,7 @@ father designated Simon as a wise counsellor, and Judas as the commander, and exhorted them all to sacrifice their lives for the Covenant of their forefathers, and to fight God's battle. As soon as -Judas Maccabæus was in command, matters took a +Judas Maccabæus was in command, matters took a favourable turn. He was a warrior such as the house of Israel had not known since the time of David and Joab, than whom he was nobler and purer. @@ -19118,7 +19080,7 @@ in gentleness and simplicity. He was as resigned to the will of God as the holiest men of old in Israel, and relied not on his sword, but on God's help, praying to Him before each decisive action. Judas -Maccabæus was a true hero of Israel, who only +Maccabæus was a true hero of Israel, who only resorted to bloodshed when compelled by necessity in order to recover lost freedom, and to raise a humbled people. He gave his name to the whole @@ -19143,7 +19105,7 @@ rewarded his valour. Apollonius was killed, and his soldiers were either slain on the battle-field, or sought safety in flight. Though the number of the defeated Syrians was small, still this victory encouraged -the Judæans. They had met the cruel foe face +the Judæans. They had met the cruel foe face to face, and their daring had triumphed; they considered it a proof that God had not abandoned His people, but still watched over and protected them. @@ -19154,7 +19116,7 @@ hand of Apollonius, and fought with it until his death.</p> some treacherous Hellenists, pursued Judas and his followers into the mountains, and hoped to crush them with his overwhelming numbers. When the -Judæan soldiers first saw the great numbers of men +Judæan soldiers first saw the great numbers of men assembled near Bethhoron, they cried out, "How can we wage war against such an enemy?" But Judas knew how to calm their fears, and reminded @@ -19166,7 +19128,7 @@ Heron's army remained dead on the battle-field, and the others fled westward into the land of the Philistines. This first decisive victory of Judas, at Bethhoron, over a much larger army than his own (166), -inspired the Judæans with confidence, and filled their +inspired the Judæans with confidence, and filled their enemies with terror; they were amazed both at the bravery and the strategical skill of the Maccabee, and at the endurance of the people.</p> @@ -19174,7 +19136,7 @@ and at the endurance of the people.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">463</a></span> What was Antiochus, the author of all these calamities, doing meanwhile? At first he troubled himself -little about the Judæans, foolishly believing that his +little about the Judæans, foolishly believing that his decrees would suffice to subdue and convert them. But when he learned of the losses of his army, and when the fame of Judas reached his ear, he at last @@ -19188,7 +19150,7 @@ obtain mercenaries. For this purpose he needed money, and his treasury was but scantily supplied; for his extravagant expenditures were greatly in excess of his revenues, and owing to the war -with Judas, the taxes were not collected in Judæa. +with Judas, the taxes were not collected in Judæa. Other embarrassments were added to these, for alarming news reached him from the east and the north. Arsaces, his satrap of Parthia, had revolted @@ -19211,53 +19173,53 @@ a man of royal parentage, whom he appointed his lieutenant for the country between the Euphrates and the Egyptian border. To Lysias also he entrusted the education of his son. Antiochus's intentions regarding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">464</a></span> -Judæa were now quite altered. Hellenisation +Judæa were now quite altered. Hellenisation was no longer thought of. His plan of changing the Jews into Greek citizens had been frustrated. They had shown themselves incorrigible, and quite unworthy of the benefit he wished to confer upon them. He therefore determined that they should be exterminated. He commissioned Lysias to march -against Judæa with the troops left in his charge, -and, after conquering the Judæans, to destroy and +against Judæa with the troops left in his charge, +and, after conquering the Judæans, to destroy and uproot every remnant of Israel and every trace of Jerusalem; and the land was to be colonised by -foreign tribes, and divided among them. The Judæan +foreign tribes, and divided among them. The Judæan Hellenists were likewise comprised in this plan of destruction. Antiochus gave them up to their fate. He did not care for the small number who slavishly adhered to his commands. As soon as -this plan became known, all the Judæans were +this plan became known, all the Judæans were seized with terror and despair, especially those -who lived among other nations, outside of Judæa. +who lived among other nations, outside of Judæa. Would the small but heroic army, under the guidance of the Maccabees, be able to resist the onslaught of a numerous horde, provided with elephants? "In every town, and in every country, where the king's commands became known, great terror filled the -hearts of the Judæans, and they fasted and wept. +hearts of the Judæans, and they fasted and wept. The Elders dressed themselves in their penitential garb, and lay in ashes." But this unprecedentedly cruel plan of destroying a whole people, men, women and children, roused new champions for the defence of their country. Even the more worldly-minded men -among the Judæans, and those who, though anxious +among the Judæans, and those who, though anxious for innovation, had not entirely fallen away from Judaism, now joined the Maccabees, for they had no other alternative.</p> <p>However, the actual state of affairs was dismal enough. A large Syrian army was expected at -every moment to crush the Judæan soldiers. It was +every moment to crush the Judæan soldiers. It was absolutely necessary, therefore, that the whole nation should be animated with enthusiasm to fight and to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">465</a></span> endure. A peculiar book was compiled to further this object, and circulated amongst the more educated -of the Judæans; this was the Book of Daniel. It +of the Judæans; this was the Book of Daniel. It was undoubtedly written by one of the Chasidim, and intended for his party. The object of this apocalyptic and artistically compiled work, written -partly in Hebrew and partly in Chaldæan, was to +partly in Hebrew and partly in Chaldæan, was to give examples of firmness in adhering to religious convictions, to encourage the reader to endurance, and to make him feel that this bloody persecution @@ -19316,7 +19278,7 @@ when the Sanctuary shall be justified." (verse 14.)</p></blockquote> <p>The Book of Daniel, with its mystical revelations, was undoubtedly read with great interest by the -Assidæans. The apocalyptic form, which gave each +Assidæans. The apocalyptic form, which gave each line a peculiar meaning, and reflected the present conditions, lent it a great attraction. Moreover, it solved the problem of the present calamities, and @@ -19334,7 +19296,7 @@ eternal life. Thus, though no prophet arose, still there existed a prophecy for the present time.</p> <p>Meanwhile the danger became daily more threatening -for the Judæans. Whilst Antiochus had been +for the Judæans. Whilst Antiochus had been marching eastward (166) with a part of his army, his lieutenant Lysias had chosen a general called Ptolemy, son of Dorymenes (the one who had favoured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">467</a></span> @@ -19342,18 +19304,18 @@ Menelaus, and who was commander in Cœlesyria and Phœnicia), and had appointed two able and experienced generals under him, Nicanor son of Patroclus, and Gorgias. The latter, having received orders to -begin the campaign against the Judæans, led his +begin the campaign against the Judæans, led his division, which, it is said, consisted of 40,000, including -cavalry, along the coast into the very heart of Judæa. +cavalry, along the coast into the very heart of Judæa. Samaritans and Philistines, both arch-enemies of the -Judæans, placed themselves at his disposal. He was +Judæans, placed themselves at his disposal. He was so certain of victory that he invited slave-traders to come into his camp, and to bring with them money and chains. The Syrian commander thought that it would be more prudent to sell the captives as slaves than to kill them; but whilst he was thus prematurely -disposing of them, the Judæan warriors, numbering -6,000, assembled round Judas Maccabæus. +disposing of them, the Judæan warriors, numbering +6,000, assembled round Judas Maccabæus. Before leading them into action, the commander, in order to animate them with the spirit of heroic self-sacrifice, organised a solemn assembly in the mountain @@ -19363,14 +19325,14 @@ had, on a similar occasion, assembled the people in the same place, in order to select a leader against the enemy who was then planning the destruction of Israel. Judas chose Mizpah, because it had been a -central meeting-place for those Judæans who had +central meeting-place for those Judæans who had survived the destruction of the Temple under Gedaliah, when there had been a small temple there. The assembly was deeply moved; all its members observed a strict fast during the day, wore mourning garments, and prayed with all the fervour of their sorrowing hearts for help and compassion. A scroll -of the Law, which the Judæan army carried with +of the Law, which the Judæan army carried with them, was unfolded, and excited great lamentations, for it reminded them that Antiochus wished to force them to abandon the Law and to become heathens.</p> @@ -19389,14 +19351,14 @@ an eight or nine hours' journey from Mizpah, to meet the enemy. Gorgias had encamped, with about 5,000 foot-soldiers and 1,000 cavalry, in the plain near Emmaus, because he thought it easier -to penetrate from there into the mountains of Judæa -to attack the Maccabæan army. The Syrian leader -wished to surprise the Judæans in the night, but -was outwitted by Maccabæus. As soon as night set +to penetrate from there into the mountains of Judæa +to attack the Maccabæan army. The Syrian leader +wished to surprise the Judæans in the night, but +was outwitted by Maccabæus. As soon as night set in, Judas left the camp with his followers, marched by well-known roads to the west, and came upon the enemy's rear. When Gorgias found the camp of -the Judæans deserted, he imagined that fear had +the Judæans deserted, he imagined that fear had driven them into the mountains, and he pursued them thither. This was the object of Judas's stratagem. He followed the Syrians, reached their @@ -19404,21 +19366,21 @@ camp, set it on fire, and pursued the troops. Gorgias noticed only at dawn that the enemy he was seeking in the mountains was following him from the plain; he had no time to order more than a part of his army -to halt, and to confront the Judæans.</p> +to halt, and to confront the Judæans.</p> -<p>Meanwhile Maccabæus had arranged his division +<p>Meanwhile Maccabæus had arranged his division in perfect order, and encouraged them to fight for their country, their Law, and their Sanctuary. His younger brother hurriedly read to them a few encouraging verses out of the Law, and gave the warriors -the watchword "God's help!" The Judæan +the watchword "God's help!" The Judæan army was greater in number than the single division of Syrian troops, and fought with great enthusiasm. Thus the enemy was beaten, and put to flight. Judas forbade his soldiers to seize any booty, as they still had to fight the other division of the enemy's army, which was returning from the mountains. These<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">469</a></span> -troops shortly made their appearance, and the Judæans +troops shortly made their appearance, and the Judæans stood ready to resume the battle; but it did not take place, for as soon as the Syrians saw the smoke rising from their camp, they turned and fled @@ -19426,7 +19388,7 @@ southwards into the land of the Philistines. "There was a great rescue on that day." The victory of Emmaus (166), gained by clever strategy and resolute valour, was of vast importance. It crippled the enemy, and -inspired the Judæans with confidence in their own +inspired the Judæans with confidence in their own power. Neither the cavalry nor the foot-soldiers, with their helmets and shields, alarmed them any longer, and the arms which they needed fell into @@ -19443,24 +19405,24 @@ endureth forever."</p> <p>But not yet could they lay down their arms; they knew that Lysias, who had received orders to destroy -the Judæans, would not let this first defeat pass +the Judæans, would not let this first defeat pass quietly, but that he would strain every effort to repair the disaster. They therefore remained armed, and had the happiness of seeing their numbers increase to 10,000. If ever a war deserved the name of "holy," -the one conducted by the Maccabæans certainly +the one conducted by the Maccabæans certainly proved worthy of that appellation. In the following -year (165), when Lysias attacked Judæa with a powerful, +year (165), when Lysias attacked Judæa with a powerful, picked army of cavalry and foot-soldiers, he -found the Judæans more courageous and determined +found the Judæans more courageous and determined than ever. He had not ventured to enter their land on the same road as before, but had taken a circuitous -route, intending to invade Judæa from the -territory occupied by the Idumæans. He encamped +route, intending to invade Judæa from the +territory occupied by the Idumæans. He encamped near Bethzur, a five hours' march to the south of Jerusalem.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">470</a></span> -Maccabæus marched with his 10,000 men to +Maccabæus marched with his 10,000 men to meet him; a regular battle ensued, in which the impetuous -attacks of the Judæans again secured a victory +attacks of the Judæans again secured a victory over the strategy of the Syrian hirelings. Lysias departed, furious at his defeat; but he flattered himself that by increasing the number of his army he @@ -19475,21 +19437,21 @@ sway.</p> <h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII">CHAPTER XXIII.</a><br /> -<span class="smaller">VICTORIES AND DEATH OF JUDAS MACCABÆUS; JONATHAN -THE HASMONÆAN.</span></h2> +<span class="smaller">VICTORIES AND DEATH OF JUDAS MACCABÆUS; JONATHAN +THE HASMONÆAN.</span></h2> <blockquote> <p class="hang">Return of Judas to Jerusalem​—​Reconsecration of the Temple​—​The -Feast of Lights​—​Fortification of the Capital​—​The Idumæans +Feast of Lights​—​Fortification of the Capital​—​The Idumæans and Ammonites defeated by Judas​—​Ill-treatment of the Galilean -Judæans​—​Measures against Timotheus​—​Death of Antiochus​—​Embassy +Judæans​—​Measures against Timotheus​—​Death of Antiochus​—​Embassy of the Hellenists to Antiochus V.​—​Battle at Bethzur​—​Retreat of Judas​—​Affairs in Jerusalem​—​Alcimus​—​Intervention of the Romans​—​Nicanor's Interview with Judas​—​Battle of Adarsa​—​Death of Judas​—​Results of his Career​—​Condition of the People after the Death of Judas​—​The Chasidim, the Hellenists, -and the Hasmonæans​—​Jonathan​—​His Guerilla Warfare +and the Hasmonæans​—​Jonathan​—​His Guerilla Warfare against Bacchides​—​Death of the High-Priest Alcimus​—​Truce between Jonathan and Bacchides​—​Jonathan as High-Priest​—​His far-sighted Policy​—​His Captivity and his Death.</p></blockquote> @@ -19497,13 +19459,13 @@ far-sighted Policy​—​His Captivity and his Death.</p></blockqu <p class="center bpad">165–143 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></p> <p>The two decisive battles of Emmaus and Bethhoron -had entirely altered the position of Judæa. The +had entirely altered the position of Judæa. The imminent danger was averted. Three years and a half had passed since the beginning of the religious persecution and the desecration of the Temple (Tammuz, 168—Marheshvan, 165), and, just as the Book of Daniel had prophesied, peace had followed -the disastrous excitement of this period. Maccabæus +the disastrous excitement of this period. Maccabæus and his followers took advantage of this favourable moment to march into Jerusalem, and put an end to the desecration which had hitherto held @@ -19515,7 +19477,7 @@ Sanctuary was deserted, its gates were burnt, its halls were destroyed; idolatrous altars stood everywhere; the image of Zeus, the desolating abomination, towered on the altar, and statues of Antiochus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">472</a></span> -insulted the Judæans. But the holy warriors +insulted the Judæans. But the holy warriors had not time to give vent to their sorrow at the general desecration, for they were forced to act quickly for fear of being disturbed in their @@ -19545,11 +19507,11 @@ to feelings of joy and hope.</p> the victory of the weak over the strong, the faithful over the sinner, but also, and especially, the victory of Judaism over Hellenic paganism, of the God of -Israel over idols. People from every town of Judæa +Israel over idols. People from every town of Judæa took part in the festival, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem lit bright lamps in front of their houses as a symbol of the Law, called "Light" by the poets. -The Hasmonæan brothers and the other members of +The Hasmonæan brothers and the other members of the Great Council decided that in future the week beginning on the 25th of Kislev should be held as a joyous festival, to commemorate the consecration of the @@ -19567,12 +19529,12 @@ and Levites were reinstated in their offices; only those Aaronides who had taken part in idolatrous worship were excluded from the Sanctuary. This severity, just as it was, produced bad results, and -increased the difficulty of the position of the Judæans. +increased the difficulty of the position of the Judæans. The priests among the Hellenists and followers of Menelaus, despairing of reconciliation with the representatives of the people, became more and more embittered in their hatred against the patriotic, -pious party. Maccabæus had placed his soldiers +pious party. Maccabæus had placed his soldiers on guard whilst the Temple was being restored, to prevent the Hellenists from hindering the people in their work, and now that the consecration was over, @@ -19584,12 +19546,12 @@ people would have to fight more battles before they could secure their freedom, he took the precaution of protecting the country in different ways, among which was the fortification of Bethzur, the town from which -Lysias had sought to penetrate into Judæa with his +Lysias had sought to penetrate into Judæa with his army. It was to be in particular a stronghold against -the Idumæans. The victory of the heroes of Israel +the Idumæans. The victory of the heroes of Israel over the well-armed Syrian troops increased the burning hatred of the neighbouring nations against -the Judæans, and goaded them on to cruel enmity +the Judæans, and goaded them on to cruel enmity against the members of the people who dwelt amongst them, or who had fled to them for refuge. They either grudged them their victory or feared @@ -19597,14 +19559,14 @@ their superiority. The Philistines, in the south-west;<span class="pagenum"><a n the Phœnicians, in the north-west; the Ammonites, on the other side of the Jordan; the Syrians and Macedonians everywhere in the neighbourhood, and -the Idumæans in the south, were imbued with hatred -of the Judæans.</p> +the Idumæans in the south, were imbued with hatred +of the Judæans.</p> <p>When driven away from their homes by the -Nabatæans, the Idumæans had settled in the old -Judæan territory, and had even taken possession of +Nabatæans, the Idumæans had settled in the old +Judæan territory, and had even taken possession of Hebron. They showed themselves the bitter enemies -of the Judæans in Antiochus's time, just as they had +of the Judæans in Antiochus's time, just as they had done under Nebuchadnezzar's despotism; they were ever on the watch for the fugitives, whom they ill-treated, and sometimes even killed. It was therefore @@ -19614,35 +19576,35 @@ Esau in Akrabattine, defeated them, and drove them from their dwelling-places. He then crossed the Jordan with his army, fought the Ammonites, who were led by a Syrian warrior, Timotheus, an implacable -and indefatigable enemy of the Judæans. When +and indefatigable enemy of the Judæans. When Judas had defeated him and the Ammonites, and had taken possession of their capital Rabbath-Ammon (Philadelphia), Timotheus sought shelter in the neighbouring fortress Jaazer, commanded by his -brother Chaireas. Twenty Judæan youths are reported +brother Chaireas. Twenty Judæan youths are reported to have shown wonderful valour, climbing the walls of this difficult fortress, and making a breach for the troops to enter. Judas accomplished his object by taking Jaazer and its "daughter towns"; he -obtained peace for the Judæans residing in this part +obtained peace for the Judæans residing in this part of the country, and inspired the peoples with respect for the name of Israel.</p> -<p>The Judæan troops had hardly returned to Jerusalem +<p>The Judæan troops had hardly returned to Jerusalem before they received intelligence of other cases -of ill-treatment of their Judæan brethren at the hands -of their heathen neighbours. The Judæans turned -in their distress to Maccabæus, as the Israelites had +of ill-treatment of their Judæan brethren at the hands +of their heathen neighbours. The Judæans turned +in their distress to Maccabæus, as the Israelites had done of old to Saul. The inhabitants of Gilead and Bashan informed him by letter that the heathen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">475</a></span> tribes had collected, with Timotheus at their head, with the intention of utterly destroying them; that -1,000 Judæans had been slaughtered in the province +1,000 Judæans had been slaughtered in the province of Tobiene; that women and children had been dragged into captivity, and that their property had been plundered by the enemy. Messengers, with rent garments, followed upon this missive, bringing -letters from the Galilean Judæans, that they also +letters from the Galilean Judæans, that they also were threatened with death by the inhabitants of Acco, Tyre and Sidon. They implored Judas to come to their aid before it was too late. He had no need, @@ -19650,17 +19612,17 @@ like Saul, to send messengers with threatening words, in order to call together an army to the assistance of the threatened Jabesh-Gileadites, for his devoted followers constituted the whole fighting power of the -land. Maccabæus gave the command of one part +land. Maccabæus gave the command of one part of his army to his brother Simon, with orders to -march to the assistance of the Judæans of Galilee, +march to the assistance of the Judæans of Galilee, whilst he and his brother Jonathan, with another division, prepared to rescue his oppressed brethren -beyond the Jordan. The rest of the Judæan forces, +beyond the Jordan. The rest of the Judæan forces, under the command of two leaders, were to guard -the western boundary of Judæa from the inroads of +the western boundary of Judæa from the inroads of the Philistines. Simon accomplished his task with rapidity and good-fortune. He began by hastening -to Acco, whose Judæan inhabitants were the worst +to Acco, whose Judæan inhabitants were the worst sufferers at the hands of the Greeks or Macedonians. His well-trained soldiers, meeting with some hostile forces, defeated them easily, put them to rout, and @@ -19668,10 +19630,10 @@ pursued them to the very walls of their seaport town. This successful feat of arms relieved him from the necessity of further engagements, for the Macedonians of the neighbouring towns did not venture -to encounter the Maccabæan troops. Simon was +to encounter the Maccabæan troops. Simon was therefore able to progress unmolested through Galilee, -and to persuade the Judæans of that province to -migrate to Judæa.</p> +and to persuade the Judæans of that province to +migrate to Judæa.</p> <p>A more laborious contest awaited Judas in the Transjordanic provinces, for on his march he again<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">476</a></span> @@ -19680,13 +19642,13 @@ in former ages, the heights were still crowned with fortresses. However, Judas succeeded in reducing several of them; he razed their walls to the ground, disarmed their defenders, and delivered his imprisoned -countrymen. He then assembled the Judæan +countrymen. He then assembled the Judæan population, led them across the Jordan, through the friendly city of Bethshean (Scythopolis), and shortly before the celebration of the feast of Pentecost (May, 164) he returned to Jerusalem with a number of -emigrant Judæans from Gilead. From all cities of -Judæa the enthusiastic people streamed to receive +emigrant Judæans from Gilead. From all cities of +Judæa the enthusiastic people streamed to receive the victors and to celebrate the festival with feelings of joy and gratitude. New songs of praise resounded in the Temple.</p> @@ -19698,7 +19660,7 @@ Zachariah, and Azariah, whom he had left behind to guard the land in the west, had, contrary to his orders, attacked Gorgias, who was occupying Jamnia with a force; but they had suffered a defeat, and had -been driven back to the Judæan mountains. Judas +been driven back to the Judæan mountains. Judas therefore embarked on a new campaign. His arms were again crowned with success, he destroyed several cities on the sea-coast, together with their temples @@ -19714,9 +19676,9 @@ indifference. What could have induced Lysias, who held the reins of government, to remain passive in the face of this daring defiance? Had he not the means of hiring mercenaries; or did he think the -Judæans invincible? It is said that a distinguished +Judæans invincible? It is said that a distinguished man at the Syrian court, named Ptolemy Macron,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">477</a></span> -had advocated the cause of the Judæans, and had +had advocated the cause of the Judæans, and had declared that the religious restraint imposed upon them was unjust.</p> @@ -19728,7 +19690,7 @@ his treasury. Driven by want of money, he undertook an expedition to the city of Susa, in Elymais, to plunder the temple of the goddess Anaitis; but the inhabitants resisted the invader and forced him to -retreat. He fell sick in the Persian city of Tabæ, +retreat. He fell sick in the Persian city of Tabæ, and while in a state of delirium, expired (164). He who had derided the idea of a Divine Being and Divine justice, who had deliberately assaulted all that @@ -19745,14 +19707,14 @@ previous to his departure for Persia he had invested Lysias with absolute power. This, his dying act, of pitting two rival governors against each other, thus dividing his country into factions, proved fatal to the -Syrio-Macedonian kingdom, and to the Seleucidæan +Syrio-Macedonian kingdom, and to the Seleucidæan house.</p> <p>The death of Antiochus produced no change in -the position of the Judæans. Lysias, who was +the position of the Judæans. Lysias, who was guardian of the young king, Antiochus V. (Eupator, from 164 to 162), undertook no expedition against -the Judæans. Judas Maccabæus took advantage of +the Judæans. Judas Maccabæus took advantage of this inactivity to improve the unsatisfactory internal condition of his country. At that time there existed in Jerusalem two neighbouring fortified places that @@ -19760,8 +19722,8 @@ were in daily feud with each other, namely the Sanctuary,<span class="pagenum">< and the fortress of the Acra, occupied by the Hellenists, who, with their pretended high-priest Menelaus, continued their hostilities against the -patriotic and loyal Judæans by making attacks upon -the fortifications of the Temple. Judas Maccabæus +patriotic and loyal Judæans by making attacks upon +the fortifications of the Temple. Judas Maccabæus took measures to bring this intolerable state of affairs to an end. He undertook the formal siege of the Acra, and raised earthworks on which he placed @@ -19772,21 +19734,21 @@ to have recourse to the young king, Antiochus V. (Eupator), and, eluding the besiegers, travelled for that purpose to Antioch. Upon their arrival, they declared that they had been cruelly treated by the -Judæan party, on account of their devotion to the +Judæan party, on account of their devotion to the royal cause; that they had been robbed of their property, and threatened with death. They also represented to the king and his guardian that if the -Acra were allowed to fall into the hands of the Hasmonæans, -the rebellious Judæans would be utterly +Acra were allowed to fall into the hands of the Hasmonæans, +the rebellious Judæans would be utterly invincible. A council was thereupon held at the Syrian court, and it was agreed to commence hostile -proceedings against the Hasmonæans. Ptolemy +proceedings against the Hasmonæans. Ptolemy Macron, who alone spoke in favour of peaceful measures, could gain no hearing.</p> <p>The flame of war again blazed up in the spring of 163 <span class="smcap">B. C.</span> It was an unfortunate time for the -Judæans, as this happened to be a Sabbatical year, +Judæans, as this happened to be a Sabbatical year, which was strictly kept by those ready to forfeit their lives for the Law. There was neither sowing nor reaping, and the people had to content themselves @@ -19798,7 +19760,7 @@ with food.</p> <p>Lysias, accompanied by the royal child Eupator, and at the head of a large army with elephants, -marched towards the south side of Judæa. Judas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">479</a></span> +marched towards the south side of Judæa. Judas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">479</a></span> could only send a small army into the field, as he required the greater number of his forces for the defence of the Temple and of the fortress of Bethzur. @@ -19815,16 +19777,16 @@ length famine and treachery compelled the garrison of Bethzur to surrender; but they were allowed free egress from the fortress. Relieved on this side, the Syrian army was now able to march upon Jerusalem. -Nothing was left to Maccabæus but to meet them in +Nothing was left to Maccabæus but to meet them in the field. He advanced at the head of his troops to Beth-Zachariah, not far from Bethsur, where he -awaited the enemy. The Judæans again performed -prodigies of valour. Eleazar, one of the Hasmonæan +awaited the enemy. The Judæans again performed +prodigies of valour. Eleazar, one of the Hasmonæan brothers, thinking that the magnificently-attired rider of an elephant was the king himself, crept boldly under the animal, stabbed it to death, and fell crushed by its enormous weight. But in spite of the courage -and daring of the Judæans, they were obliged to +and daring of the Judæans, they were obliged to retreat before the superior numbers of the Syrians. Judas retreated to Jerusalem, and entrenched himself with his army in the Temple fortress. Lysias soon @@ -19835,7 +19797,7 @@ the supplies, which were not plentiful on account of the Sabbatical year, were soon consumed by the garrison. Tortured by hunger, the troops began to desert the fortress by subterranean passages. Only -Judas Maccabæus, his three brothers, and a small +Judas Maccabæus, his three brothers, and a small band of devoted followers remained steadfastly at their post of danger, defying the pangs of hunger.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">480</a></span> Jerusalem, or, more properly speaking, its last place @@ -19851,20 +19813,20 @@ soon as Lysias heard of the advance of his rival, he was forced to withdraw his troops from Jerusalem to lead them against this new enemy. He therefore persuaded the young king to make peace with the -Judæans, and thus a treaty was concluded, the chief -condition being that the Judæans should enjoy complete +Judæans, and thus a treaty was concluded, the chief +condition being that the Judæans should enjoy complete religious freedom, and that the fortress of the Temple should remain inviolate. Lysias agreed by oath to these conditions, but as soon as the gates of the fortress were opened, he ordered his soldiers to raze the walls and the towers to the ground. In no other way, however, did he seek to molest the -Judæans, for he neither destroyed nor desecrated +Judæans, for he neither destroyed nor desecrated the Sanctuary, and he soon commenced his march to Syria, where Philip had taken possession of the -capital. Thus the numerous battles of the Hasmonæans +capital. Thus the numerous battles of the Hasmonæans were crowned after all with success, and -the Judæans were once more permitted to enjoy +the Judæans were once more permitted to enjoy religious liberty, and were no longer compelled to sacrifice to Jupiter.</p> @@ -19881,16 +19843,16 @@ been so great a criminal as Menelaus, but who had done his best to disturb the peace of his country,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">481</a></span> had expired somewhat earlier in a foreign land. Persecuted by Antiochus Epiphanes, and driven by -the Nabatæan prince, Aretas, out of his country, he +the Nabatæan prince, Aretas, out of his country, he had fled to Egypt, but finding no safety there, had wandered from town to town, until at last he had found a grave in Sparta.</p> -<p>The truce between the Syrian court and the Judæan +<p>The truce between the Syrian court and the Judæan people making a return to the old order of things possible, it was necessary to elect a new high-priest as political chief, and who could be found worthier of -that office than Judas Maccabæus? The great Hasmonæan +that office than Judas Maccabæus? The great Hasmonæan hero was most probably raised to that dignity by Antiochus Eupator, or by his guardian, Lysias.</p> @@ -19905,7 +19867,7 @@ But peace was not to be of long duration.</p> <p>The excitement, resulting from years of civil warfare, was not so easily allayed that a veil could be thrown over the past. There were still avowed and -clandestine Hellenists, who hated Judas Maccabæus +clandestine Hellenists, who hated Judas Maccabæus and his devoted adherents, especially the Chasidim, on account of the restraint imposed upon them and the frustration of their efforts. They took advantage @@ -19932,19 +19894,19 @@ overlooked the escape of Demetrius. When this prince appeared as an invader in Syria, he gained over the people and the army to his cause, and put the king and the regent to death (162). The discontented -Judæan party made use of this change of -rulers to lodge their complaints against the Hasmonæans. +Judæan party made use of this change of +rulers to lodge their complaints against the Hasmonæans. They were led by a priest of the name of Jakim, or in Greek Alcimus, the nephew of one of -the teachers of the Law, Josê, son of Joëzer, but +the teachers of the Law, Josê, son of Joëzer, but himself an adherent of the innovators. Alcimus and his adherents, embittered at having been excluded from the Temple and the altar, repaired to the king of Syria—it is said, with a golden introduction—to whom they gave a gloomy picture of the state of -Judæa, ascribing the misfortunes of the country to +Judæa, ascribing the misfortunes of the country to Judas and his followers. The accusation was levelled -chiefly against Maccabæus. So long as he lived, they +chiefly against Maccabæus. So long as he lived, they said, the land would not obtain the blessings of peace. This accusation was pleasing to Demetrius, as it gave him an opportunity of asserting his power @@ -19952,7 +19914,7 @@ over a small, semi-independent province. Though he did not mean to walk in the footsteps of his kinsman, Antiochus Epiphanes, in the matter of religious persecutions, still, the fact of his being able to name -Alcimus high-priest and political head of the Judæan +Alcimus high-priest and political head of the Judæan commonwealth, would be a sign that he was master of the people. In order to prevent any opposition to his wishes, he sent Bacchides, a rude, inexorable @@ -19975,23 +19937,23 @@ restoring the quiet of their country. Alcimus, the new high-priest, solemnly swore that this was his intention; but as soon as he had taken possession of the city, he ordered sixty of the Chasidim to be slain, -his uncle Josê being probably one of the victims. +his uncle Josê being probably one of the victims. This outrage, coupled with his perjury, spread terror and mourning through the whole country. Again all hearts turned towards the Maccabees, and many of those who had joined the faction of Alcimus left -him, and sought the Hasmonæan brothers at Modin.</p> +him, and sought the Hasmonæan brothers at Modin.</p> <p>It hardly required a new outrage, perpetrated by Bacchides, to light the torch of civil war. The Syrian army had intercepted the march of a number of -Judæans who were leaving Alcimus in a body, had +Judæans who were leaving Alcimus in a body, had surrounded them near Jerusalem, at Beth Zachariah, and after slaying them, had thrown their dead bodies into a cistern. All who loved their freedom and -their country now gathered round the Hasmonæans. +their country now gathered round the Hasmonæans. But Alcimus succeeded in attracting the ambitious, -luxurious and law-breaking Judæans. The nation +luxurious and law-breaking Judæans. The nation was once more divided into two rival factions. At first the Hellenists were the stronger, as they were under the protection of foreign troops. Alcimus lost @@ -20010,22 +19972,22 @@ Alcimus founded his hopes of ultimate success on the devotion he showed to the Syrian court, more than on his popularity among the people. Therefore he hurried to Antiochia with fresh accusations against the -Hasmonæans. Demetrius thought he could easily -cope with the rebellion of his Judæan subjects. He +Hasmonæans. Demetrius thought he could easily +cope with the rebellion of his Judæan subjects. He sent Nicanor, one of the warriors who had escaped -with him from Rome, to Judæa, commanding him to +with him from Rome, to Judæa, commanding him to treat the insurgents with the utmost harshness. This leader, too, considered it necessary to proceed gently at first, if only to gain time until the troops placed at his disposal arrived. It is said that having heard of -the valour and heroism of the great Judæan commander, +the valour and heroism of the great Judæan commander, he desired to effect a reconciliation between Judas and the king, and to this end offered to send -three confidential envoys to confer with Maccabæus. +three confidential envoys to confer with Maccabæus. The proposals of Posidonius, Theodotus, and Mattathias being acceptable to Judas and his adherents, an interview took place between him and Nicanor. The -latter was so enchanted with the Judæan hero, that +latter was so enchanted with the Judæan hero, that he advised him after the conclusion of peace to take a wife, and bring an heroic race into the world. Alcimus, however, put an end to this good understanding @@ -20055,17 +20017,17 @@ sacrifices; he treated them all with rough contempt, and swore that he would burn the Temple down, if Judas were not delivered into his hands.</p> -<p>In order to induce the Judæans to surrender him, +<p>In order to induce the Judæans to surrender him, Nicanor ordered that the most respected man in Jerusalem, Ragesh, or Razis, called by general consent -"Father of the Judæans," should be seized and +"Father of the Judæans," should be seized and kept as a hostage, but Ragesh, it is said, committed suicide upon the approach of his intended gaoler. Nicanor was now determined to vanquish the Maccabees. He marched out from Jerusalem at the head of an immense army, pitching his camp at Bethhoron, whilst Judas, surrounded by 3,000 of his -bravest followers, took up his post at Adarsa. Judæan +bravest followers, took up his post at Adarsa. Judæan valour was once more triumphant over the superior numbers of the Syrians. Nicanor fell on the battle-field, and his army fled in utter confusion. @@ -20078,7 +20040,7 @@ was afterwards celebrated under the name of the day of Nicanor. The head and one of the arms of the Syrian commander were severed from the body, and hung as trophies on the walls of Jerusalem. -Judas and the Hasmonæans were once more masters +Judas and the Hasmonæans were once more masters of Jerusalem, since Alcimus had withdrawn even before the battle.</p> @@ -20096,21 +20058,21 @@ draw his sword.</p> <p>Demetrius, upon hearing of Nicanor's defeat, had sent an immense army, commanded by the merciless -Bacchides, to Judæa. This general marched through -Galilee, killed all the Judæans whom he met on his +Bacchides, to Judæa. This general marched through +Galilee, killed all the Judæans whom he met on his way, and in the spring-time of the year encamped before Jerusalem. Judas had again been obliged to leave the capital, because, stripped as she was of her walls, she afforded no shelter. He issued a proclamation -to the men and youths of Judæa to come +to the men and youths of Judæa to come forward and fight for their fatherland, their Law, and their freedom, but only 3,000 responded to the call. Led by Judas, these troops marched southward, encamping near Eleasa, because the mountains in the north were no longer safe. Bacchides followed the -Judæan army with 20,000 foot and 2,000 mounted +Judæan army with 20,000 foot and 2,000 mounted soldiers, taking up his position at Birath, near Bethlehem. -Confronted with this vast host, the Judæan +Confronted with this vast host, the Judæan warriors lost heart. They declined to give battle for the moment, but insisted upon dispersing to await reinforcements. In vain did Judas employ all his @@ -20119,7 +20081,7 @@ greater number deserted, leaving only eight hundred men to support Judas. Selecting the most valiant of this little band, he successfully attacked the right wing of Bacchides, and drove the enemy to the confines -of Ashdod. But the small troop of Judæan +of Ashdod. But the small troop of Judæan soldiers left behind, unable to withstand the desperate onslaught of the left wing of the Syrian army, was routed, and when Judas returned from the pursuit @@ -20127,33 +20089,33 @@ he was obliged to resume battle with the latter. He and his band of picked men performed wonders of bravery. On both sides fell the dead and wounded, and the battle lasted from morning till -evening. But the Judæan army became smaller and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">487</a></span> +evening. But the Judæan army became smaller and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">487</a></span> smaller, and its survivors were entirely surrounded -by the enemy. At last even Judas Maccabæus fell, +by the enemy. At last even Judas Maccabæus fell, sword in hand. The few remaining soldiers fled -from the battle-field, the Maccabæan brothers being +from the battle-field, the Maccabæan brothers being fortunate enough to save the body of their heroic commander from disgrace.</p> <p>The defeat at Eleasa or Birath (160) seemed to have rendered ineffectual all the previous Jewish victories. -The lion-hearted troop of Hasmonæans were +The lion-hearted troop of Hasmonæans were dispersed. Alcimus once more took possession of the Temple and the Holy City, and could gloat over his antagonists.</p> -<p>But the long years of Maccabæan warfare had not +<p>But the long years of Maccabæan warfare had not been in vain. They had roused the nation from its torpor, and had rejuvenated it. The blood of martyrs, it is said, heals wounds. In truth, all old wounds were healed by this free-will sacrifice of so many lives. So far as the world at large was concerned, -the stigma that had been fastened upon the Judæan +the stigma that had been fastened upon the Judæan name had vanished. The contemptuous Greeks, who had felt the force of Judas's arm, no longer derided -the Judæan soldiers, and the Judæans were no longer +the Judæan soldiers, and the Judæans were no longer required to prove their equality with the Greeks by -joining in the Olympian games. The Judæans themselves +joining in the Olympian games. The Judæans themselves had learnt to know their own prowess and their mission; they had proved themselves to be God's people, destined to guard His law and His @@ -20161,10 +20123,10 @@ teaching, and capable of defending those precious gifts. Self-devotion, taught by the prophet Elijah to a few disciples, and inculcated by the second Isaiah with fiery eloquence, had become, through the action -of the Maccabæan warriors and martyrs, the recognised +of the Maccabæan warriors and martyrs, the recognised duty of the whole nation.</p> -<p>Judas Maccabæus had breathed out his heroic soul +<p>Judas Maccabæus had breathed out his heroic soul on the battle-field of Eleasa. The whole nation mourned for him, and justly, for it had become orphaned by his loss.</p> @@ -20180,10 +20142,10 @@ the principal cause which had prompted a warlike rising had ceased to exist. It was no longer demanded of them to deny the God of Israel, or to sacrifice to Jupiter. One of the terms of the -truce that Judas Maccabæus had concluded with the +truce that Judas Maccabæus had concluded with the young king Antiochus Eupator, or with his general-guardian Lysias, was the religious freedom of the -Judæans. Demetrius I. did not interfere with this +Judæans. Demetrius I. did not interfere with this concession; in the Temple at Jerusalem, the sacrifices were offered up according to law, and although the high-priest, Jakim or Alcimus, was not a favourite of @@ -20197,7 +20159,7 @@ violation of their Temple. The conqueror, Bacchides, after the death of Judas, had made them masters of the land, and they were resolved to use their authority in order to bring about the downfall of the pious -Judæans. But such proceedings, well as they may +Judæans. But such proceedings, well as they may be adapted to rouse noble natures to active measures, do not seem important enough to warrant a short-sighted, and, above all things, peace-loving people to @@ -20205,10 +20167,10 @@ take any decided steps against their enemy, and to hazard their own safety and that of their families, unless a voice of authority calls upon them to act.</p> -<p>But after the death of Judas Maccabæus there was +<p>But after the death of Judas Maccabæus there was no one left to claim such authority.</p> -<p>Although the Hasmonæan brothers were beloved +<p>Although the Hasmonæan brothers were beloved by the people, they had not the power to summon the whole nation to their standard, and they were looked upon only as leaders of a faction.</p> @@ -20216,24 +20178,24 @@ looked upon only as leaders of a faction.</p> <p>In fact, after the death of Judas one could discern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">489</a></span> the beginnings of three distinct parties amongst the people; party spirit, always a symptom of national -vitality, had, as far as Judæa was concerned, its -origin in the Maccabæan wars. First, there were -the pious Chasidim, or Assidæans, as they are more +vitality, had, as far as Judæa was concerned, its +origin in the Maccabæan wars. First, there were +the pious Chasidim, or Assidæans, as they are more generally called. These obeyed not only the Law, but the additional enactments promulgated by Ezra and the Supreme Council. Then came their persistent antagonists, the Hellenists, who, in violent -contrast to the former, scorned the earnest Judæan +contrast to the former, scorned the earnest Judæan life, and sought to introduce Greek customs. These were despised of the people, who called them "Traitors to the Covenant." In spite of this they numbered among their adherents Temple officials, priests, and the old and distinguished family of Odura, and -the sons of Phasiron. Lastly, there were the Hasmonæans, +the sons of Phasiron. Lastly, there were the Hasmonæans, who had raised themselves to great power in a short time, and whose leaders were the three remaining sons of Mattathias, Jonathan, Simeon and -Johanan. The Hasmonæans resembled the Assidæans +Johanan. The Hasmonæans resembled the Assidæans in their love for Judaism and the Sanctuary, but they differed from them in their wider view, in their practical judgment, and in their manly energy, @@ -20246,19 +20208,19 @@ causes which had brought misfortune on their country. A Psalmist describes them most accurately in these words: "The praise of God is in their mouth, and a two-edged sword in their hands." They could not -bear to have the Judæans remain under the hateful +bear to have the Judæans remain under the hateful yoke of the Greeks, or to know that Judaism depended for its very existence upon the whim of a Syrian despot, or the intrigues of a treacherous party. They were not content with mere religious freedom; they wished to establish political independence. But -the Hasmonæans feared that they lacked the strength<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">490</a></span> +the Hasmonæans feared that they lacked the strength<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">490</a></span> to effect this purpose. They therefore determined to rely upon extraneous aid, and for this purpose they desired to connect themselves with the Roman government and, it appears, also with the Parthians, who had freed themselves from Syrian rule. But it was -this worldly policy that incensed the Assidæans. +this worldly policy that incensed the Assidæans. They put their trust in God alone, and could imagine warfare possible only if conducted according to Biblical precedent; they believed that God would confound @@ -20268,22 +20230,22 @@ omnipotence of God. "It is better to trust in the Lord than to confide in man," they quoted, "it is better to trust in the Lord than to confide in princes." This discontent, it may be surmised, was the cause of -the separation of the Assidæans from the Hasmonæans, -thereby reducing the number of the Maccabæan +the separation of the Assidæans from the Hasmonæans, +thereby reducing the number of the Maccabæan warriors. This circumstance may have brought about the death of Judas.</p> -<p>Of these three parties, the Hasmonæans alone had +<p>Of these three parties, the Hasmonæans alone had a chance of being ultimately the leaders of the nation. The Hellenists had destroyed their prospects by disregarding entirely the observances or prejudices of -the people; whilst the Assidæans entertained views +the people; whilst the Assidæans entertained views of an intensely narrow character, and were too fond of repose to disturb it by seeking to remedy the state -of anarchy in which Judæa was plunged.</p> +of anarchy in which Judæa was plunged.</p> <p>Confusion was indeed rampant at that time. Wherever -Hellenists and Hasmonæans met, a disgraceful +Hellenists and Hasmonæans met, a disgraceful conflict was the result; no voice of authority forbade such practices; there was not even a court of justice. Famine did but aggravate this miserable state of @@ -20298,24 +20260,24 @@ Jonathan did not possess the warlike energy of his<span class="pagenum"><a name= brother Judas, nor was he supported by the whole nation. He was more of a politician than a general. Too weak to attack the army that Bacchides had -quartered in Judæa, he was merely able to take +quartered in Judæa, he was merely able to take measures of defence. Threatened by the Syrian -host, the Hasmonæans entrenched themselves in the +host, the Hasmonæans entrenched themselves in the woodland country on the shores of the Jordan; but, conscious of their weakness, they sent their wives -and children to join the friendly Nabatæans. On the +and children to join the friendly Nabatæans. On the way, however, this peaceful troop was suddenly attacked by a warlike tribe, that of Bene Amri, from -the city of Madaba, and with their leader, the Hasmonæan +the city of Madaba, and with their leader, the Hasmonæan Johanan, was put to the sword—a deed of infamy that was subsequently avenged by Jonathan.</p> <p>But even in their hiding-places, in the valley of the -Jordan, the Hasmonæans found no rest. Bacchides +Jordan, the Hasmonæans found no rest. Bacchides sought them out, attacked them on the Sabbath-day, when indeed they were not forbidden to defend themselves, but when they were too much hampered by -legal minutiæ to join battle with full force, and compelled +legal minutiæ to join battle with full force, and compelled them to swim the river, and find safety on the opposite side. The whole country was now at the mercy of the enemy. Bacchides restored the fortresses, @@ -20329,25 +20291,25 @@ putting down all armed opposition to the Syrian rule, a feat which the previous Syrian commanders had not been able to accomplish in six years.</p> -<p>The strong arm of the Maccabæan hero was sorely +<p>The strong arm of the Maccabæan hero was sorely missed. Had King Demetrius wished to make any important changes in the religious condition of the -Judæans, he could not have chosen a more opportune +Judæans, he could not have chosen a more opportune moment; the strength of the people was broken, and their leaders were banished from the scene of action. But the successor of Antiochus Epiphanes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">492</a></span> sunk in a life of debauchery, was content with having -assured himself of the sovereignty over Judæa, and +assured himself of the sovereignty over Judæa, and of the annual payment of the tribute-money. The Syrian court, even after the death of Alcimus, troubled itself but little, if at all, about the religion of the -Judæans. Although disliked by the people, the high-priest +Judæans. Although disliked by the people, the high-priest Alcimus had not belonged to the extreme Hellenists. He was merely an ambitious man who always worshipped the rising power. An offence with which he was reproached appears, on careful examination, hardly to have been a sin against the -religion of the Judæans. It appears that between the +religion of the Judæans. It appears that between the inner and outer courts of the Temple there was a sort of wooden screen, of lattice-work, called "Soreg." This screen, the work of the prophets, as it was @@ -20356,7 +20318,7 @@ nor any one who had become unclean by contact with a corpse might pass. But Alcimus gave orders for the destruction of this partition, probably with the intention of admitting the heathen within the -sacred precincts. The pious Judæans were so highly +sacred precincts. The pious Judæans were so highly incensed at this, that when Alcimus was seized, directly after this command, with paralysis of speech and of limbs, from which he never recovered, they @@ -20364,16 +20326,16 @@ attributed his fatal illness to the wrath of Heaven.</p> <p>After the death of Alcimus, the Syrian court left the office of high-priest unfilled, evidently with the -intention of removing even this semblance of Judæan +intention of removing even this semblance of Judæan independence. For seven years the Temple had no high-priest, and the country, no political head. Probably the priestly functions were carried on by a substitute for the high-priest, under the name of Sagan. We hear nothing of further Syrian interference. -Bacchides left the country, and Judæa was at +Bacchides left the country, and Judæa was at peace for two years (159–157).</p> -<p>Jonathan and Simon, the leaders of the Hasmonæans, +<p>Jonathan and Simon, the leaders of the Hasmonæans, made use of this pause to strengthen themselves, and to arm their followers. They fortified the oasis of Bethhagla, in the desert of Jericho, within the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">493</a></span> @@ -20396,12 +20358,12 @@ whilst the Hellenists proposed to fall treacherously upon Jonathan and Simon, and to deliver them as prisoners to the Syrians. An ambush was laid for the two commanders, but the conspiracy was revealed, -and the Maccabæans were able to take measures +and the Maccabæans were able to take measures of defence upon this occasion. Fifty Hellenists were seized and executed. Bacchides, who had counted upon the rapid success of the conspiracy, felt himself involved in a new war, and proceeded -to besiege the Hasmonæans in their fortress of Bethhagla. +to besiege the Hasmonæans in their fortress of Bethhagla. But the latter had attracted a number of followers, large enough to enable them to divide their forces. Jonathan and his followers defended the @@ -20416,7 +20378,7 @@ Hellenists in his army. This was an appropriate moment for Jonathan to demand a truce, which was granted. The condition agreed upon was that Jonathan, after giving hostages as pledges of peace, might -return to Judæa unmolested, but should not be permitted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">494</a></span> +return to Judæa unmolested, but should not be permitted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">494</a></span> to dwell in Jerusalem. Prisoners were exchanged, and Bacchides marched out of the land, leaving his allies, the Hellenists, unprotected.</p> @@ -20424,16 +20386,16 @@ leaving his allies, the Hellenists, unprotected.</p> <p>Jonathan took up his position in the fortress of Michmash, where Saul had once fixed his headquarters. He was tacitly acknowledged as the head -of the Judæan people, and treated its enemies with +of the Judæan people, and treated its enemies with relentless severity. For nearly four years "the sword rested in Israel." How this undecided state of things would finally have ended it is difficult to say, but it is certain that, without the aid of an unexpected piece -of good fortune, the dream of the Hasmonæans could +of good fortune, the dream of the Hasmonæans could never have been realised.</p> <p>A revolution in the Syrian kingdom effected a -happy change in the fate of Judæa, and increased the +happy change in the fate of Judæa, and increased the power of Jonathan and the nation.</p> <p>An obscure youth of Smyrna, Alexander Balas, @@ -20448,9 +20410,9 @@ heir to the kingdom of Syria. Demetrius, roused from his indolence, began to look about him for allies. Above all he was anxious to win Jonathan over to his side. This led him to write a flattering epistle -to the Hasmonæan commander, in which he called +to the Hasmonæan commander, in which he called him his ally, and authorised him to raise troops and -procure weapons. The Judæan hostages were at +procure weapons. The Judæan hostages were at once to be set free.</p> <p>Jonathan did not neglect so favourable an opportunity. @@ -20466,9 +20428,9 @@ the Syrian kingdom and friend of its monarch.</p> <p>Jonathan donned his priestly garment, and officiated for the first time as high-priest in the Temple upon the Feast of Tabernacles (152); he was the first of -the Hasmonæans to gain so great a distinction.</p> +the Hasmonæans to gain so great a distinction.</p> -<p>Thus Judæa, thanks to the valour and self-sacrifice +<p>Thus Judæa, thanks to the valour and self-sacrifice of a handful of warriors, was raised, after a war of nearly twenty years, from the brink of destruction to an influential position. The sufferer's part which she @@ -20482,7 +20444,7 @@ for the Syrian crown. He allied himself to Alexander, although Demetrius, like all who have nothing left to lose, was profuse in the most liberal offers. Ignoring the high-priest, Demetrius wrote "to the -Judæan people," promising to relieve them from +Judæan people," promising to relieve them from most of their taxes and imposts, to restore to their jurisdiction three districts that had been added to Samaria, to recognise Jerusalem as an asylum, and @@ -20490,18 +20452,18 @@ even to give up the important Acra. He declared that he would defray the expenses for conducting divine service in the Temple out of the royal treasury, reserving for that purpose the revenues of the town -of Ptolemais. The Judæan army was to be levied at +of Ptolemais. The Judæan army was to be levied at Syrian cost, promotions and rewards were to be given according to Syrian custom, and the forces consisting of 30,000 men were naturally to serve as his allies. -Even the Judæans settled in the Syrian provinces +Even the Judæans settled in the Syrian provinces were, in consideration of this alliance, to be protected from the oppression of their neighbours, and were to be exempt, on all Sabbaths and festivals, and for three days before and after the festivals, from duties in any court of justice.</p> -<p>But nothing could bribe the Judæan people to +<p>But nothing could bribe the Judæan people to desert Jonathan; they were not blinded by these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">496</a></span> brilliant prospects, and their leader was too well acquainted with the character of Demetrius to give heed @@ -20509,15 +20471,15 @@ to his promises. He allied himself with Alexander, aided him in crushing his rival, and never had cause to regret the step that he had taken. The usurper loaded Jonathan with marks of favour, and plainly -showed his gratitude to the Maccabæan leader. When +showed his gratitude to the Maccabæan leader. When he entered the city of Ptolemais, to receive the daughter of the Egyptian monarch, Ptolemy VI. Philopator, as his bride, he invited Jonathan to meet him, and the -two kings entertained the Judæan warrior as their +two kings entertained the Judæan warrior as their equal.</p> <p>During the reign of Alexander Balas (152–146) -Judæa recovered from the cruel blows which despotism +Judæa recovered from the cruel blows which despotism and treachery had dealt her, and was soon able to call 10,000 men into the field. Jonathan, on his side, repaid Alexander with unalterable loyalty. For @@ -20527,7 +20489,7 @@ of Syria, Jonathan upheld Alexander's cause most strenuously, although that monarch was deserted by Egypt and Rome.</p> -<p>The Maccabæan chieftain began by opposing the +<p>The Maccabæan chieftain began by opposing the advance of Demetrius's general Apollonius on the shores of the Mediterranean. He besieged and took the fortress of the seaport town of Joppa, destroyed @@ -20536,7 +20498,7 @@ for Apollonius, and burnt the Temple of the god Dagon. As a reward for his services, Jonathan received from Alexander the city of Ekron, with the surrounding country, which from that time was incorporated -with Judæa (147).</p> +with Judæa (147).</p> <p>The Syrian people were now divided in their allegiance, some of them acknowledging the rightful @@ -20549,7 +20511,7 @@ the Hellenists.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">497</a></span> The besieged turned for help to the Syrian king, and Demetrius II., eager to overthrow the powerful -Maccabæan, listened to their appeal, marched to their +Maccabæan, listened to their appeal, marched to their rescue, and commanded Jonathan to meet him at Ptolemais. But when Jonathan obeyed and came with rich presents, Demetrius thought that his alliance @@ -20560,14 +20522,14 @@ in his priestly office.</p> <p>Jonathan, well aware that the king was in sore need of money, offered him 300 talents in exchange for a few districts of land, and for the promise of -exempting the Judæans from all taxation. The +exempting the Judæans from all taxation. The compact was made, written, and placed for security in the Temple; but Demetrius, in spite of his solemn -protestation, soon regretted having freed the Judæans +protestation, soon regretted having freed the Judæans from their imposts. No Syrian monarch was ever known to be loyal to his word, or to refrain from recalling favours granted in some pressing moment of -danger. The Judæan army meanwhile was soon to +danger. The Judæan army meanwhile was soon to enjoy the unexpected triumph of inflicting the same degradation upon the Syrian capital which the Syrians had so often inflicted upon Jerusalem. Demetrius @@ -20576,7 +20538,7 @@ degree that they actually besieged him in his own palace at Antioch, and his troops, who were clamouring for pay, refused to aid in his deliverance. Thus he felt himself in the unpleasant position of being -compelled to seek the help of Jonathan's Judæan +compelled to seek the help of Jonathan's Judæan troops. The 3000 men sent by the high-priest destroyed a portion of the Syrian capital by fire, and forced the inhabitants and the rebellious soldiers to @@ -20598,10 +20560,10 @@ Simon, his brother, was made commander of the Syrian forces on the shores of the Mediterranean, from the ladder of Tyre to the Egyptian confines.</p> -<p>Bravely did the Hasmonæan brothers fight for +<p>Bravely did the Hasmonæan brothers fight for Antiochus, upon the triumph of whose cause the freedom -of the Judæans depended. Victory and defeat -succeeded each other; but at last the Hasmonæans +of the Judæans depended. Victory and defeat +succeeded each other; but at last the Hasmonæans remained victorious; they besieged and took several towns on the coast, and finally entered Damascus. They drove the Hellenists out of Bethzur, and garrisoned @@ -20621,11 +20583,11 @@ partly because he might have given umbrage to his Syrian allies, and partly because he did not dare concentrate all his forces at one point so long as the generals of the fallen Demetrius maintained a threatening -attitude. At that time Judæa could boast of +attitude. At that time Judæa could boast of an army 40,000 strong (144–143).</p> <p>Subsequent events showed only too plainly that -the prudence evinced by the Hasmonæans in fortifying +the prudence evinced by the Hasmonæans in fortifying the country, and maintaining a powerful army at the outset of this campaign had not been superfluous. As soon as the rebellious general, Diodotus Tryphon,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">499</a></span> @@ -20643,7 +20605,7 @@ determined to rid himself of the high-priest, and thus weaken the followers of the young king. But a course of open violence being impossible, he resorted to craft, and actually succeeded in outwitting the -wariest of all the Hasmonæans, and getting him into +wariest of all the Hasmonæans, and getting him into his power. Upon the news of Tryphon's entry into Scythopolis, at the head of a powerful army, Jonathan hurried to oppose him with 40,000 picked warriors. @@ -20661,9 +20623,9 @@ Jonathan was seized, and made prisoner by the treacherous Tryphon, whilst the Syrian garrison fell upon his men, and massacred them. After the accomplishment of this infamous deed, the troops rushed -out in pursuit of the Judæan soldiers, who were stationed +out in pursuit of the Judæan soldiers, who were stationed in the plain of Jezreel and in Galilee. But the -Judæans had already heard of the fate that had befallen +Judæans had already heard of the fate that had befallen their brethren, and they turned, and gave battle to the Syrians, putting them to flight. With the report of Jonathan's death they entered Jerusalem, and @@ -20677,8 +20639,8 @@ these disastrous events, and, in fact, there was a secret understanding between Tryphon and the remnant of the Hellenists; the Syrian commander appears to have promised them aid from without, while they were -to assist him from within, should the Judæan capital -be besieged. But Simon Tharsi, the last of the Hasmonæans, +to assist him from within, should the Judæan capital +be besieged. But Simon Tharsi, the last of the Hasmonæans, successfully averted this twofold danger. In spite of his advanced age, he was a man of lofty enthusiasm and singular heroism, so that he @@ -20686,29 +20648,29 @@ was able to rouse the people from despair to hope. When he exclaimed to the multitude assembled in the outer court of the Temple, "I am no better than my brothers who died for the Sanctuary and liberty," -the Judæans replied with one voice: "Be our leader, +the Judæans replied with one voice: "Be our leader, like Judas and Jonathan, your brothers." Placed at the head of the nation by the people themselves, Simon was determined to secure Jerusalem from a sudden attack on the part of the Hellenists, and at the -same time to block Tryphon's entry into Judæa. He -sent a Judæan contingent, under the leadership of +same time to block Tryphon's entry into Judæa. He +sent a Judæan contingent, under the leadership of Jonathan ben Absalom, to Joppa, in order to prevent the landing of the Syrian army, whilst he assembled his forces at Adida.</p> <p>Tryphon, accompanied by his prisoner Jonathan, had already passed out of Acco with the intention of -falling upon Judæa, which, he thought, would be paralysed +falling upon Judæa, which, he thought, would be paralysed by his act of treachery. He was determined, -moreover, to frighten the Judæans into subjection +moreover, to frighten the Judæans into subjection by threatening to assassinate their high-priest. But -upon hearing, to his amazement, that all Judæa was +upon hearing, to his amazement, that all Judæa was in arms, and that Simon was the leader of the people, he began artfully to enter into negotiations with the enemy. He pretended to have made Jonathan prisoner only for the purpose of securing one hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">501</a></span> -talents of tribute-money which the Judæans had formerly +talents of tribute-money which the Judæans had formerly paid to Syria, and promised that if this indemnity were forthcoming, and Jonathan's two sons were delivered up as hostages, he would release his prisoner. @@ -20717,39 +20679,39 @@ of Tryphon, but trembling to incur the reproach of having caused his brother's death, he paid the tribute-money, and delivered up the hostages. Tryphon, however, had no intention of making peace with the -Judæans; on the contrary, he was at that very moment +Judæans; on the contrary, he was at that very moment taking a circuitous road to Jerusalem, not daring to -run the risk of meeting the Judæan forces in the open +run the risk of meeting the Judæan forces in the open field. He might have reached the capital in safety, had not a heavy snowfall, most unusual in that hot -climate, made the mountain roads of Judæa impassable, +climate, made the mountain roads of Judæa impassable, and forced him into the trans-Jordanic country.</p> <p>Enraged at this defeat of his plans, he caused Jonathan to be executed at Bascama (143). The -remains of the great Maccabæan high-priest and +remains of the great Maccabæan high-priest and commander were ultimately recovered, and buried by Simon and the whole people at Modin, in the tomb -of the Hasmonæans. Thus ended the fourth of the -Hasmonæan brothers. He achieved more than his +of the Hasmonæans. Thus ended the fourth of the +Hasmonæan brothers. He achieved more than his predecessors had done, and more than his successors -could do; for he raised the Judæan republic from the +could do; for he raised the Judæan republic from the very lowest depths to an eminence whence, if not entirely abandoned by fortune, it could easily rise -higher. It is true that Judas Maccabæus had performed +higher. It is true that Judas Maccabæus had performed more numerous deeds of valour, and had gained a more brilliant military renown than Jonathan, but the younger brother had given his people power and importance, and by virtue of his priestly office had conferred lasting distinction upon his family.</p> -<p>After the death of Judas, the Judæan nation was +<p>After the death of Judas, the Judæan nation was as near dissolution as it had been in the days of the sanguinary reign of Antiochus; but after Jonathan's death, there existed the fundamental conditions upon which a State can be based.</p> -<p>If we may compare Judas Maccabæus to the Judges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">502</a></span> +<p>If we may compare Judas Maccabæus to the Judges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">502</a></span> of the Biblical age, then we may liken Jonathan to King Saul, who was able to avert ruin and attain safety. As Saul, through the kingly crown, united @@ -20760,7 +20722,7 @@ nation. And although both were deeply mourned by the people, neither King Saul's death nor that of the high-priest Jonathan put an end to the nation's unity, because in neither of these parallel -cases did the unity of Judæa rest upon one individual, +cases did the unity of Judæa rest upon one individual, but upon the whole nation, conscious of its resources. As Saul found a worthy successor in his son-in-law David, so did Jonathan in his brother Simon.</p> @@ -20770,12 +20732,12 @@ mentioned. She was married to Mattathias ben Simon Psellus, and became the ancestress of the historian Flavius Josephus.</p> -<p>During the period in which the Judæan State was +<p>During the period in which the Judæan State was developing through political trials, the Jewish religion was attaining, on another theatre, the sovereign position whence it influenced the civilisation of the whole world. Politically, Judaism was being matured in -Judæa, intellectually, in Egypt.</p> +Judæa, intellectually, in Egypt.</p> <hr /> @@ -20783,19 +20745,19 @@ Judæa, intellectually, in Egypt.</p> <h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV">CHAPTER XXIV.</a><br /> -<span class="smaller">THE JUDÆANS IN ALEXANDRIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF +<span class="smaller">THE JUDÆANS IN ALEXANDRIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SIMON.</span></h2> <blockquote> -<p class="hang">The Judæan Colonies in Egypt and Cyrene​—​Internal Affairs of the -Alexandrian Community​—​King Philometor favours the Judæans​—​Onias +<p class="hang">The Judæan Colonies in Egypt and Cyrene​—​Internal Affairs of the +Alexandrian Community​—​King Philometor favours the Judæans​—​Onias and Dositheus​—​The Temple of Onias​—​Translation of -the Pentateuch into Greek​—​Struggle between the Judæans and -Samaritans in Alexandria​—​Affairs in Judæa​—​Independence of -Judæa​—​Simon's League with the Romans​—​Overthrow of the +the Pentateuch into Greek​—​Struggle between the Judæans and +Samaritans in Alexandria​—​Affairs in Judæa​—​Independence of +Judæa​—​Simon's League with the Romans​—​Overthrow of the Acra and of the Hellenists​—​Simon's Coinage​—​Quarrel between -Simon and the Syrian King​—​Invasion by Cendebæus​—​Assassination +Simon and the Syrian King​—​Invasion by Cendebæus​—​Assassination of Simon.</p></blockquote> <p class="center bpad">160–135 <span class="smcap smaller">B. C. E.</span></p> @@ -20803,9 +20765,9 @@ of Simon.</p></blockquote> <p>The magic land of the Nile, once the school of suffering of the children of Israel and the cradle of Israel's religion, became at this period the school of wisdom -for the Judæan nation.</p> +for the Judæan nation.</p> -<p>The settlement of the Judæans in Egypt was as +<p>The settlement of the Judæans in Egypt was as much encouraged by the Greek rulers of that country as it had been in former ages by the Pharaohs. They spread over the entire district between the Lybian @@ -20815,63 +20777,63 @@ done in the days of their forefathers, and they numbered one million of souls at the expiration of a century from their first arrival in their adopted country.</p> -<p>In Egypt and Cyrene the Judæans enjoyed rights +<p>In Egypt and Cyrene the Judæans enjoyed rights similar to those of the Greek colonists. They were so proud of this equality that they watched over their privileges with a jealous eye. It is impossible to say from whom they originally held them, whether -from Alexander or his successors. The Judæan +from Alexander or his successors. The Judæan colony in Egypt began to play an active part at the time when the Egyptian and Syrian courts were hostile to each other, when both were eager for the -possession of Judæa, and each was, therefore, anxious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">504</a></span> -to secure the alliance of the Judæans. But the -Egyptian Judæans had always been faithful adherents +possession of Judæa, and each was, therefore, anxious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">504</a></span> +to secure the alliance of the Judæans. But the +Egyptian Judæans had always been faithful adherents of the Ptolemaic royal house, and Philometor, the sixth prince of that dynasty, had cordially received -the numerous fugitives who had fled from Judæa +the numerous fugitives who had fled from Judæa during the persecutions of Antiochus.</p> <p>Conspicuous amongst those emigrants were several -Judæans of distinguished families, as well as the +Judæans of distinguished families, as well as the son of the high-priest Onias. They were treated with respect by the Egyptian rulers, and were able, at a later date, to give proof of their intelligence and their learning. Political prudence demanded the -friendliest reception of the Judæan malcontents, in +friendliest reception of the Judæan malcontents, in order to make sure of their undivided support in the -re-conquest of Judæa from Syria. Neither Egypt +re-conquest of Judæa from Syria. Neither Egypt nor Syria, however, could possibly have divined -that the opposition of the Judæan patriots to the +that the opposition of the Judæan patriots to the Syrian armies would lead to the independence of -Judæa.</p> +Judæa.</p> -<p>The Judæans were principally concentrated in +<p>The Judæans were principally concentrated in Alexandria, second only to Rome in political importance and commerce, and to Athens in love of art and knowledge. Of the five divisions or districts of Alexandria, which were designated by the first letters of -the Greek alphabet, the Judæans occupied nearly the +the Greek alphabet, the Judæans occupied nearly the whole of two; the district of the Delta, lying upon the sea-coast, had indeed become an exclusively -Judæan colony, and its commanding position determined +Judæan colony, and its commanding position determined the occupation of its inhabitants. The cargoes of grain that Rome imported for her legions from the rich plains of Egypt were undoubtedly laden -upon Judæan ships, and taken into the market by -Judæan merchants. They carried the wealth of +upon Judæan ships, and taken into the market by +Judæan merchants. They carried the wealth of Egyptian harvests to less fertile countries, as Joseph, their ancestor, had done before them. Prosperity and refinement were the fruits of their enterprise. But -commerce was not monopolised by the Judæans, nor +commerce was not monopolised by the Judæans, nor was it their only pursuit. Their eagerness to learn and their aptitude enabled them to acquire the skill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">505</a></span> of the Greeks, and to succeed in the manufacture of -delicate fabrics. Judæan artisans and skilled workmen +delicate fabrics. Judæan artisans and skilled workmen were leagued in a kind of guild, and when labour -was required in the Temple of Jerusalem, the Alexandrian-Judæan +was required in the Temple of Jerusalem, the Alexandrian-Judæan community supplied the master-hands. -Moreover, the Alexandrian Judæans applied themselves +Moreover, the Alexandrian Judæans applied themselves to the Grecian arts of war and of statecraft. They acquired the melodious Greek tongue, and made a profound study of Greek learning, many of them @@ -20880,13 +20842,13 @@ as the books of Moses and the writings of King Solomon.</p> <p>Prosperity, worthy pursuits, and culture inspired -the Alexandrian Judæans with dignity and self-respect, +the Alexandrian Judæans with dignity and self-respect, and in this they may be compared with their descendants in Spain of a much later date.</p> <p>The Alexandrian community was looked upon as -the centre of the Judæan colony in Egypt, and other -Judæan colonies, and even Judæa herself, were glad +the centre of the Judæan colony in Egypt, and other +Judæan colonies, and even Judæa herself, were glad to lean at times upon this firm pillar of Judaism. Houses of prayer, bearing the name Proseuche, were established in all parts of the city. Amongst them @@ -20898,7 +20860,7 @@ the Law would stand up on Sabbaths and festival days to expound that portion of the Pentateuch that had just been read to the congregation.</p> -<p>But the most brilliant ornaments of the Alexandrian-Judæan +<p>But the most brilliant ornaments of the Alexandrian-Judæan world were the distinguished fugitives who arrived in Alexandria during the Syrian persecutions. The most illustrious of these was Onias IV., the @@ -20913,7 +20875,7 @@ received by the gentle King Philometor, because he represented a party which looked upon him as the rightful successor to the priestly dignity, and the sixth Ptolemy, hoping ultimately to wrest Cœlesyria -and Judæa from Syrian rule, believed that he might +and Judæa from Syrian rule, believed that he might eventually rely upon the support of this party.</p> <p>As soon as Onias, who had now reached man's @@ -20921,12 +20883,12 @@ estate, heard that the wicked high-priest, Menelaus, had been slain by order of the Syrian court, and that Prince Demetrius had escaped from Rome, and had conquered Syria, he flattered himself that he would -be allowed to return as high-priest to Judæa. His +be allowed to return as high-priest to Judæa. His protector, the king Philometor, had meanwhile become an ally of Demetrius, and had probably put in a good word for his favourite. But when Alcimus was chosen high-priest, and was supported by an -armed force, even against the Hasmonæans, Onias +armed force, even against the Hasmonæans, Onias gave up all hope of receiving the priestly inheritance of his father, and took up his permanent abode in Egypt.</p> @@ -20963,16 +20925,16 @@ soldiers were unreliable; for the Alexandrian-Greek population, besides having the usual faults of the Greeks, were remarkable for faithlessness and caprice. Still more did Philometor lack commanders. In this -hour of emergency he entrusted the Judæan emigrants, +hour of emergency he entrusted the Judæan emigrants, Onias and Dositheus, with the command of the campaign against his brother. The entire Jewish-Egyptian population stood by Philometor. The ability -of the two Judæan leaders enabled him to weaken +of the two Judæan leaders enabled him to weaken Physcon effectually. From that day Onias and Dositheus were held in great favour by Philometor, and they remained commanders of the entire army.</p> -<p>Onias was recognised by the Judæans as head, or +<p>Onias was recognised by the Judæans as head, or prince of the race (Ethnarch). He may have been unanimously elected to that office by his countrymen, and confirmed in it out of gratitude by the king, or @@ -20985,7 +20947,7 @@ affairs of the community, to exercise the duties of a judge, and to protect the integrity of contracts. He represented his people at court. The office of ethnarch, which Onias was the first to hold, offered -too many privileges to the Egyptian Judæans for them +too many privileges to the Egyptian Judæans for them to have objected to it.</p> <p>As a result, they were now in the fortunate position @@ -20995,7 +20957,7 @@ was to be enhanced by a new creation amongst them.<span class="pagenum"><a name= In spite of the distinction which Onias enjoyed at the court of Philometor, and amongst his own race, he could not forget that, on account of the events that -had taken place in Judæa, he had lost his rightful +had taken place in Judæa, he had lost his rightful office of high-priest.</p> <p>During the uncertain state of things in his own @@ -21009,7 +20971,7 @@ which he would be the rightful high-priest.</p> <p>Was he prompted to such an undertaking by piety or ambition? The innermost workings of the heart are not revealed in history. To secure the approval -of the Judæans, Onias referred to a prophecy of +of the Judæans, Onias referred to a prophecy of Isaiah xix. 19, "On that day there will be an altar to the Lord in Egypt." Philometor, to whom he expressed his wish, out of gratitude for his military @@ -21020,7 +20982,7 @@ the descendants of Jacob had once lived until the exodus from Egypt. In the small town of Leontopolis, on the ruins of a heathen temple, where animals had formerly been worshipped, Onias built -the Judæan sanctuary (154–152). Outwardly, it did +the Judæan sanctuary (154–152). Outwardly, it did not exactly resemble the Temple of Jerusalem, for it was made of brick, and it rose in the shape of a tower. But all the necessary appliances in the interior were @@ -21028,7 +20990,7 @@ on the exact model of those in Jerusalem, except that the seven-armed candlestick was replaced by a golden lamp hanging from a golden chain. Priests and Levites who had fled from the persecutions in -Judæa, officiated in this Temple of Onias. The king +Judæa, officiated in this Temple of Onias. The king generously decreed that the revenues of the whole district of Heliopolis should be devoted to the needs of the Temple and the priests. This small province @@ -21052,11 +21014,11 @@ applying to it this verse from the prophets, God of Israel, and one of them will be called the City of Heres," but they read Ir-ha-Zedek.</p> -<p>Had Judæa been enjoying a state of peace and +<p>Had Judæa been enjoying a state of peace and prosperity, she would have resented this innovation, and laid an interdict upon the Temple of Onias, as she had done upon that of Gerizim, and the -Egyptian-Judæan congregation would have been +Egyptian-Judæan congregation would have been excluded from the community, as had been the case with the Samaritans. But the desolation of the Temple in Jerusalem was so great, the dismemberment @@ -21070,8 +21032,8 @@ Solomon. His forefathers had been instrumental in rebuilding the Temple after the Babylonian exile; he could claim Simon the Just as his ancestor, and his father was the pious Onias III. Later, when -the Hasmonæan high-priest had restored the divine -service in Jerusalem, in all its purity, the Judæans of +the Hasmonæan high-priest had restored the divine +service in Jerusalem, in all its purity, the Judæans of the mother-country looked with regret upon the Temple that existed in a foreign land, and the uncompromisingly pious party never could forget that its @@ -21099,26 +21061,26 @@ raw materials and manufactured goods made Egypt the richest country during the rule of the Ptolemies, and later, under that of the Romans. Onias was entrusted with the custody of the ports, and the -Alexandrian Judæans living upon the sea-coast had, +Alexandrian Judæans living upon the sea-coast had, no doubt, the privilege of selecting the officials for the custom-houses.</p> <p>At this period, Egypt was the scene of an event of the utmost importance in the history of the world, though giving rise at the time to views diametrically -opposed to each other. The devotion of the Judæan +opposed to each other. The devotion of the Judæan fugitives to the Law, for whose sake they had fled from their homes in Palestine, may have awakened in the cultivated King Philometor the desire to become acquainted with the time-honored Torah of Moses; -or perhaps those Judæans, who were allowed access +or perhaps those Judæans, who were allowed access to the person of the king, so stimulated his interest in their laws, so shamefully reviled by Antiochus Epiphanes, that Philometor was at last eager to read them for himself in a translation.</p> <p>It is also possible that the insulting libel on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">511</a></span> -Judæans and their origin, written in the Greek +Judæans and their origin, written in the Greek tongue, apparently by an Egyptian priest, Manetho, (who describes the Israelites as being a noted shepherd race in Egypt (Hyksos), expelled as leprous @@ -21141,7 +21103,7 @@ uniformity that it could not have issued from one pen.</p> <p>The Greek translation of the Torah was, so to say, another sanctuary erected to the glory of God in a foreign land. The accomplishment of this task filled -the Alexandrian and Egyptian Judæans with intense +the Alexandrian and Egyptian Judæans with intense delight; and they thought, with no little pride, that now the vainglorious Greeks would at last be obliged to concede that the wisdom taught by Judaism was @@ -21153,10 +21115,10 @@ sympathy of the friendly king, and that a path was thus opened for a true appreciation of Judaism among the Greeks. It was natural, therefore, that great rejoicings should take place among the Egyptian -Judæans on the day of presentation of the version +Judæans on the day of presentation of the version to the king, and that its anniversary should be observed as a holiday. On that day it was customary -for the Judæans to repair to the Island of Pharos, +for the Judæans to repair to the Island of Pharos, where they offered up prayers of joyful thanksgiving. After the religious ceremony they partook of a festive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">512</a></span> repast, either in tents or under the free vault of @@ -21166,7 +21128,7 @@ the heathen Alexandrians took part.</p> <p>But far different was the effect produced by the translation of the Torah into Greek upon the pious -inhabitants of Judæa. Not only was Greece the +inhabitants of Judæa. Not only was Greece the object of their hatred, on account of the sufferings they had endured at her hands, and the indignities she had offered to their religion; but they feared, not @@ -21176,10 +21138,10 @@ misapprehension. The Hebrew language, in which God had revealed Himself upon Mount Sinai, alone appeared to them a worthy medium of the Divine thought. Presented in a new garb, Judaism itself -appeared to the pious Judæans estranged and profaned. +appeared to the pious Judæans estranged and profaned. Consequently the day that was celebrated -as a festival by the Judæans in Egypt was considered -by their brethren in Judæa as a day of national +as a festival by the Judæans in Egypt was considered +by their brethren in Judæa as a day of national calamity, similar to that upon which the golden calf had been worshipped in the desert, and it is even said that this day was numbered amongst their fasts.</p> @@ -21188,7 +21150,7 @@ that this day was numbered amongst their fasts.</p> the work was regarded, judged by the results produced by the Greek translation, there was reason both for the joy of the Alexandrian and the sorrow -of the Palestinean Judæans. Thanks to its Grecian +of the Palestinean Judæans. Thanks to its Grecian garb, Judaism became known to the Greeks, who were the civilisers of the world; and before five centuries had elapsed, the principal nations had become @@ -21196,19 +21158,19 @@ acquainted with its teachings. The Greek translation was the first apostle Judaism sent forth to the heathen world to heal it of its perversity and godlessness. Through its means the two opposing -systems—the Judæan and the Greek—were drawn +systems—the Judæan and the Greek—were drawn nearer together. Owing to their subsequent circulation through the world by means of the second apostle, Christianity, the tenets of Judaism were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">513</a></span> fused into the thought and language of the various nations, and at present there is no civilised language which has not, by means of this Greek translation, -taken words and ideas from Judæan literature. Thus +taken words and ideas from Judæan literature. Thus Judaism was introduced into the literature of the world, and its doctrines were popularised.</p> <p>On the other hand, however, it innocently led to a -mistaken view of the Judæan Law, becoming in a +mistaken view of the Judæan Law, becoming in a measure a false prophet, promulgating errors in the name of God. The difficulty of translating from Hebrew into Greek, a radically different language, @@ -21229,7 +21191,7 @@ in the time of the conflicts between Judaism and Christianity, became still more numerous, so that the original form of the translation cannot always be recognised in its present altered state. Nevertheless -the Alexandrian Judæans of later generations believed +the Alexandrian Judæans of later generations believed so firmly in the perfection of this translation, that by degrees they deemed that the original could be dispensed with, and depended entirely upon the @@ -21245,7 +21207,7 @@ as well as all the misconstructions which it suffered, were the effects of this translation.</p> <p>The great estimation in which this work was held -by the Greek-speaking Judæans, and in time also +by the Greek-speaking Judæans, and in time also by the heathens, gave rise to legendary glorifications, which were finally, about a century later, crystallised in a story which relates that the origin of the translation @@ -21265,7 +21227,7 @@ where they were received with great pomp by the king. The seventy-two delegates finished the translation of the Torah in seventy-two days, and read it aloud before the king and all the assembled -Judæans. It was from this legend, looked upon till +Judæans. It was from this legend, looked upon till recently as an historical fact, that the translation received the name of the Seventy-two, or more briefly, of the <i>Seventy</i>, Septuagint.</p> @@ -21279,16 +21241,16 @@ they offered, the poetical and prophetical books were the last ones to find their way to the Greek world. These translations gave birth to a new art in the Egyptian community—that of pulpit oratory. -Was it, perhaps, customary in Judæa, when the Law +Was it, perhaps, customary in Judæa, when the Law was read, not only to translate the portion into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">515</a></span> -language then in use among the people (the Chaldæan -or Aramæan), but also to explain it for the benefit of +language then in use among the people (the Chaldæan +or Aramæan), but also to explain it for the benefit of the ignorant, and was this practice also introduced into -the houses of prayer of the Egyptian Judæans? Or +the houses of prayer of the Egyptian Judæans? Or was it adopted by the latter because the Hebrew language had become foreign to them? However, whether it was an imitation or whether it originated -with the Egyptian Judæans, this custom of translating +with the Egyptian Judæans, this custom of translating and explaining obscure verses and portions not easily understood created a new art. The interpreters, with the fluency of speech derived from their work, @@ -21300,16 +21262,16 @@ the explanation of Scripture arose the sermon, which, in the Greek spirit of giving to all things an attractive and beautiful form, came by degrees artistically to be developed. Pulpit oratory is the child of -the Alexandrian-Judæan community. It was born in +the Alexandrian-Judæan community. It was born in its midst, it grew up and was perfected, becoming later a model for other nations.</p> -<p>The charm which the Hellenistic Judæans found in +<p>The charm which the Hellenistic Judæans found in the Biblical writings, now made accessible to them, awoke among the learned the desire to treat of those writings themselves, to bring to light the doctrines contained in them, or to clear up their apparent -crudities and contradictions. Thus arose a Judæo-Greek +crudities and contradictions. Thus arose a Judæo-Greek literature, which spread and bore fruit, influencing an ever-widening circle. But little is known of the infancy of this peculiar literature which held, @@ -21320,14 +21282,14 @@ more pleasing than simple prose. There are still some fragments of these writings extant which relate, in Greek verse, the old Hebrew history. This literary activity re-awakened in Egypt the old anger of the -Samaritans against the Judæans. These two peoples<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">516</a></span> +Samaritans against the Judæans. These two peoples<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">516</a></span> agreeing in their adherence to the Law, in their recognition of one God, and in their condemnation of idolatry, still retained their old hatred against each other. Although the Samaritans, like the Jews, were forced by the officers of Antiochus to renounce the worship of the God of Israel, yet they did not assist -the Judæans to fight their common enemy, but rather +the Judæans to fight their common enemy, but rather sided with the latter against their own co-religionists.</p> <p>During the religious persecutions many Samaritans @@ -21335,7 +21297,7 @@ appear to have emigrated into Egypt, and to have joined the descendants of their own tribe who had been established there since the time of Alexander. These Egyptian Samaritans had, like the -Judæans, adopted the customs and the language of +Judæans, adopted the customs and the language of the Greeks which prevailed in Egypt, and now the enmity which had existed between the adherents of Jerusalem and of Gerizim was transferred to a foreign @@ -21356,11 +21318,11 @@ and as some of their number were in favour at court, they induced the mild Philometor to appoint a conference between the two religious sects, at which the question of the superior sanctity of the Samaritan or -of the Judæan Temple should be decided. This was +of the Judæan Temple should be decided. This was the first religious dispute held before a temporal ruler. The two parties chose the most learned men among them as their advocates. On the side of the -Judæans appeared a certain Andronicus, the son of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">517</a></span> +Judæans appeared a certain Andronicus, the son of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">517</a></span> Messalam, whilst the Samaritans had two champions, Sabbai and Theodosius. In what manner the religious conference was carried on, and what its consequences @@ -21369,7 +21331,7 @@ accounts that have come down to us having assumed a legendary form; each party claimed the victory, and both exaggerated its effects. Religious disputations have never yet achieved any real results. -The Judæan historians pretend that an arrangement +The Judæan historians pretend that an arrangement had been made to the effect that it should be the right and the duty of the king to put to death those who were defeated in argument—a statement for @@ -21396,9 +21358,9 @@ rested there; also the ill-usage which his daughter Dinah received from the young nobles of Shechem, and the revenge taken upon them by her brothers, Simeon and Levi. In opposition to Theodotus, -a Judæan poet, Philo the Elder, exalted the +a Judæan poet, Philo the Elder, exalted the greatness of Jerusalem in a poem. He extolled -the fertility of the Judæan capital, and spoke of its +the fertility of the Judæan capital, and spoke of its ever-flowing subterranean waters, which were conducted through channels from the spring of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">518</a></span> High Priest. The poet endeavoured to enhance the @@ -21408,15 +21370,15 @@ had been about to offer up his son Isaac—an act which shed everlasting glory upon all his descendants.</p> <p>Meanwhile, the sky which, during the reign of -Philometor, had shone so brightly over the Judæans +Philometor, had shone so brightly over the Judæans in Alexandria, became dark and threatening. It seemed as if the parent state and its offshoot were linked together for good or evil. Prosperous and adverse days appeared to visit the two communities almost in the same alternation. Through the misfortune -of Jonathan, Judæa had fallen into adversity, +of Jonathan, Judæa had fallen into adversity, and a new reign in Egypt had brought trouble -and sorrow to the Judæans in Alexandria. That +and sorrow to the Judæans in Alexandria. That same Ptolemy VII. (Physcon), who had reigned many years with Philometor and had conspired to destroy him, sought, after his death, to obtain the @@ -21428,7 +21390,7 @@ queen, Cleopatra, who had governed during her son's minority, had likewise many adherents, and in particular Onias was devoted to her cause. When war broke out between Cleopatra and her hostile -brother, Onias with his Judæan army received as their +brother, Onias with his Judæan army received as their share of the spoil one district or province. At last a compromise was effected, in virtue of which Physcon was to marry his sister, and both were to reign together. @@ -21443,10 +21405,10 @@ cruel deed. The sensual and barbarous monster violated<span class="pagenum"><a n his wife's daughter, and filled Alexandria with terror and bloodshed, causing the greater part of the inhabitants to flee from the city. Was it likely that he -would spare the Judæans who, as he well knew, were +would spare the Judæans who, as he well knew, were the supporters of his hated sister and wife? Having heard that Onias was bringing an army to her assistance, -he ordered his soldiers to seize all the Judæans +he ordered his soldiers to seize all the Judæans in Alexandria, with their wives and their children, and to cast them bound and naked upon a public place, to be trampled to death by elephants. The @@ -21454,25 +21416,25 @@ animals were intoxicated with wine in order to irritate and excite them against their helpless victims. But the latter were rescued from impending death in a manner which seemed miraculous to the trembling, -unhappy Judæans. The enraged beasts rushed to +unhappy Judæans. The enraged beasts rushed to the side where the king's people were seated awaiting the cruel spectacle, and many of them were killed, -while the Judæans were unhurt. The Alexandrian -Judæans kept the day of their heaven-sent deliverance +while the Judæans were unhurt. The Alexandrian +Judæans kept the day of their heaven-sent deliverance as a perpetual memorial. From this time, -indeed, Physcon appears to have left the Judæans unmolested. +indeed, Physcon appears to have left the Judæans unmolested. Indeed, during the remainder of his reign their literary ardour and their zeal for the acquisition of knowledge increased greatly, and their writers appear to have applied themselves undisturbed to their works. Physcon himself was an author, and wrote memoirs and memorabilia, dealing with historical -events and facts in natural history. A Judæan +events and facts in natural history. A Judæan called Judah Aristobulus is said to have been his or his brother's master.</p> -<p>Whilst the Alexandrian-Judæan community was -occupying a high intellectual position, the Judæan +<p>Whilst the Alexandrian-Judæan community was +occupying a high intellectual position, the Judæan people in their own land attained a lofty political eminence, from which they could look proudly back on their former abject state. What progress they @@ -21493,7 +21455,7 @@ land, and but one enemy in his path, who had already been much weakened by his predecessor. Jonathan's death, therefore, was followed by no disastrous results to the nation, but served to inflame the whole people -to avenge the noble Hasmonæan high-priest upon +to avenge the noble Hasmonæan high-priest upon his crafty murderer. Simon had simply to step into the vacant leadership. Although approaching old age at the time when he became the leader of his people, @@ -21501,7 +21463,7 @@ he still possessed the freshness of youth and the fiery courage which marked him when his dying father directed him to be the wise counsellor in the then impending war against Syrian despotism. So vigorous -was the Hasmonæan race that few indeed of their +was the Hasmonæan race that few indeed of their members could be accused of cowardice or weakness, and the greater number of them evinced till their last breath the strength and courage of youth. By the @@ -21512,9 +21474,9 @@ fighting in which they had been engaged. Simon, following the policy of his brothers, took advantage of the weakness of the enemy to increase the defences and strength of his country, and to extend the dominion -of Judæa; but he achieved even more, for he +of Judæa; but he achieved even more, for he delivered his people completely from Syrian rule and -raised Judæa to the rank of an independent nation. +raised Judæa to the rank of an independent nation. Simon's government, which lasted almost nine years, was therefore rightly described as glorious. The aged were allowed to enjoy their closing days in @@ -21528,21 +21490,21 @@ the confirmation of the Syrian princes, he accepted at once the office of high-priest offered him by the people. To provide against the war which this step of his might bring on, he hastened to provision and -place in a state of defence the fortresses of Judæa. +place in a state of defence the fortresses of Judæa. He also opened negotiations with the dethroned king Demetrius II., although the latter had repaid Jonathan's assistance with base ingratitude. Simon sent him, through a solemn embassy, a golden crown as an acknowledgment of his regal power, and promised him aid against Tryphon on condition that the -independence of Judæa should be fully recognised +independence of Judæa should be fully recognised by a complete release from payment of taxes and services. The result justified his calculations. Demetrius willingly accepted Simon's offer, hoping to assure himself of a faithful ally, who would assist him in a possible war against Tryphon. He wrote "to the high-priest and Friend of the King, to the elders and -the people of Judæa," as follows: "We have received +the people of Judæa," as follows: "We have received the golden crown which you have sent us, and we are ready to make a lasting treaty of peace with you, and to write to our administrators that we remit your @@ -21556,7 +21518,7 @@ the taxes that were laid on Jerusalem. If there be any among you anxious and fit to enter our army, they may be enlisted, and let there be peace between us." The day on which this immunity had been -granted was considered by the Judæans so important +granted was considered by the Judæans so important and valued an era, that its date, the 27th of Iyar (May), was recorded among the half-holidays commemorative of victory.</p> @@ -21582,22 +21544,22 @@ country, but dated his reign from a later year, when he obtained the right of coining money. The joy experienced by the inhabitants of Jerusalem at the recovery of their freedom, the loss of which they had -bitterly bewailed since the destruction of the Judæan +bitterly bewailed since the destruction of the Judæan kingdom under their last king Zedekiah, was so great that the elders or members of the Great Council felt impelled to communicate the all-important -event to the Judæans in Egypt. In doing so, +event to the Judæans in Egypt. In doing so, however, they had to overcome a serious difficulty: so to word their communication as not to offend Onias, the founder of the Onias Temple, the descendant of the family of high-priests which, by the -acts of the Hasmonæans in Judæa, had been completely +acts of the Hasmonæans in Judæa, had been completely and hopelessly supplanted. Even supposing that Onias or his sons had entirely relinquished the prospect of ever possessing the office of high-priest, it must have been painful to remind them, and their followers in Egypt, that their family had been thrust -aside by the people in Judæa.</p> +aside by the people in Judæa.</p> <p>The representatives of the nation managed to pass lightly over this difficult subject, and descanted upon @@ -21608,10 +21570,10 @@ the holy lights, and of placing the shew-bread in the Temple, which had been spoiled by the enemy and polluted by the shedding of innocent blood. This delicate statement, which carefully -avoided giving any offence to the Judæans in Egypt, +avoided giving any offence to the Judæans in Egypt, appears to have produced a very favourable impression upon them. They likewise rejoiced at the -recovered independence of Judæa, and ascribed great +recovered independence of Judæa, and ascribed great importance to the year in which it was obtained.</p> <p>The second noteworthy act of Simon consisted @@ -21653,10 +21615,10 @@ Of great importance, likewise, was the capture of Joppa (Jaffa), by the acquisition of which seaport the State received a large revenue; the export and import duties, which the Syrian kings had introduced, -now fell to the share of Judæa.</p> +now fell to the share of Judæa.</p> <p>The Acra underwent a peculiar change at the -hands of the last of the Hasmonæan brothers. The +hands of the last of the Hasmonæan brothers. The wrath of the people against this fortress was too intense to allow of its standing intact. Apart from political considerations, there was also a religious @@ -21683,7 +21645,7 @@ courts and halls, on the contrary, were left standing, but the hated name of Acra or Acrapolis was no longer used, but changed for that of Birah (Baris),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">525</a></span> which had first been introduced by Nehemiah. In -this transformed edifice the Judæan soldiers were +this transformed edifice the Judæan soldiers were quartered, and there they kept their weapons. Simon himself dwelt in the Birah in the midst of his soldiers, while his son Johanan (John), as governor of the sea-coast, @@ -21694,7 +21656,7 @@ found himself, Simon was obliged to remain armed and prepared for war. At present the two pretenders to the throne, whilst they weakened each other, left him in peace. Demetrius II. (Nicator), who -had granted independence to Judæa, was now engaged +had granted independence to Judæa, was now engaged in an adventurous expedition in the east against Persia. His brother, Antiochus Sidetes, governed in his place, and was at strife with Diodotus Tryphon, @@ -21704,7 +21666,7 @@ made himself ruler over Syria. Simon, urged by political motives to weaken this cunning, evil-minded enemy, assisted Antiochus Sidetes, and received from him the confirmation of the privileges granted to -Judæa by his brother in the hour of his need. In +Judæa by his brother in the hour of his need. In addition thereto, Antiochus gave Simon the right of coining money, which was the especial mark of independence.</p> @@ -21727,7 +21689,7 @@ suffocated. Simon despatched as delegates Numenius, the son of Antiochus, and Antipater, the son of Jason. They carried with them a heavy golden shield and a golden chain, which, in the hope of -gaining for the Judæans the favour of being received +gaining for the Judæans the favour of being received as allies of Rome, they were to present as a mark of homage.</p> @@ -21739,13 +21701,13 @@ it to vassalage. Rome resembles an unfaithful guardian, who takes infinite care of the property of his ward, only to gather riches for himself. The Roman Senate made known to their friends and vassals that -they had accepted Judæa as their ally, and the Syrian +they had accepted Judæa as their ally, and the Syrian rulers were forbidden to attack it (140). Scarcely two hundred years later, a shameless, bloodthirsty Roman Emperor will insist upon being worshipped in the Temple at Jerusalem, and after another thirty years will have passed, Rome will break the strength -of the Judæan nation, kill its heroes, and hunt its sons +of the Judæan nation, kill its heroes, and hunt its sons like wild beasts. But these dire results of the Roman alliance were unsuspected by Simon or his contemporaries, who rejoiced at being called friends, brothers @@ -21759,10 +21721,10 @@ sovereignty over themselves.</p> example of absolute power thus bestowed upon a prince, and of a quiet, peaceful transformation of a republic into a monarchy like that carried into effect -by the people of Judæa at that time. The deed +by the people of Judæa at that time. The deed which endorsed this gift of the monarchy to Simon is preserved in a record, which places strikingly before -us the gratitude felt towards the Hasmonæans by the +us the gratitude felt towards the Hasmonæans by the newly-constituted nation.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">527</a></span> @@ -21772,7 +21734,7 @@ the priests, the elders and representatives of the nation, and all the people of Jerusalem were assembled, probably upon the Temple Mount, and there agreed, in recognition of the great services rendered -by Simon and the Hasmonæans to the people and +by Simon and the Hasmonæans to the people and the Sanctuary, to consider him and his descendants as their leader (Nassi) and High-Priest, "until such time as a prophet should arise." As the outward @@ -21790,7 +21752,7 @@ brass tablets, which were placed in a conspicuous position in the Temple court; and besides, memorial columns in its honor were erected on Mount Zion. In spite of their antipathy to the customs of the -neighbouring Greeks, the Judæans had learned from +neighbouring Greeks, the Judæans had learned from them the art of immortalising their deeds in stone and metal. Unlike the Greeks, however, they were not capricious in the honours and favours they granted. @@ -21804,7 +21766,7 @@ of Zedekiah. If the nation did not give Simon the title of king, but only that of prince, it was not done in order to lessen his power in any way, but that they might remain faithful to the house of David. According -to the views held at that time in Judæa, it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">528</a></span> +to the views held at that time in Judæa, it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">528</a></span> only a descendant of David who could be king, he being also the expected Messiah. The deed which gave the sovereign power to Simon contained the @@ -21815,7 +21777,7 @@ expected to be the precursor of the Messiah.</p> <p>It was not until Simon had been formally recognised as ruler, that he made use of the right to coin money granted him by Antiochus Sidetes. This was -the first time that Judæan coins were struck. On +the first time that Judæan coins were struck. On one side was stamped the value of the coin with the inscription "Shekel of Israel"; on the other, the words "Jerusalem the Holy" (Jerushalaim Hakke-dosha), @@ -21839,14 +21801,14 @@ coining money.</p> <p>Friendly as Antiochus Sidetes had shown himself towards Simon whilst he had but little hope of defeating the usurper Tryphon, his demeanour completely -changed as soon as, by the help of the Judæans, he had +changed as soon as, by the help of the Judæans, he had nearly attained his aim, and he became as cold as he had previously been gracious and well disposed. To avoid the appearance of ingratitude in his subsequent conduct, Antiochus sent back the two thousand troops, as well as the money with which Simon had supplied him for the siege of the town of Dora (139).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">529</a></span> -The Syrian king despatched his general Cendebæus +The Syrian king despatched his general Cendebæus to Simon to reproach him for having overstepped the limits of independence granted to him, and with having taken the Syrian possessions, Joppa, Gazara @@ -21862,22 +21824,22 @@ was left to the arbitrament of the sword.</p> <p>Whilst Antiochus himself pursued Tryphon, who had escaped from the fortress of Dora, he sent troops of infantry and cavalry under the general -Cendebæus, the Hyrcanian, to invade Judæa, and +Cendebæus, the Hyrcanian, to invade Judæa, and bring the whole country again under the Syrian rule. Simon prepared for a hard struggle. Fortunately he could assemble a considerable army, 20,000 men, and he was able to raise troops of cavalry, the want of which on former occasions had -been so disastrous to Judæa. Simon, being too old +been so disastrous to Judæa. Simon, being too old to take an active part in the war, named as his generals his two sons, Johanan (John) and Judah, who marched out of Gazara against the enemy. In -the meantime Cendebæus had penetrated into the +the meantime Cendebæus had penetrated into the country as far as Ekron, plundering the inhabitants and carrying away captive those who dwelt in the lowlands. On a plain situated between Ekron (which -Cendebæus fortified) and Modin, a battle was fought -and gained by the Judæans. Cendebæus and his +Cendebæus fortified) and Modin, a battle was fought +and gained by the Judæans. Cendebæus and his army were defeated and pursued to Azotus, which town, having offered resistance, was destroyed by fire. Johanan, to whom the success of the campaign was @@ -21886,11 +21848,11 @@ over the Hyrcanian, the name Hyrcanus. This was the last war which took place in Simon's time (137–136), and it inspired him with confidence in the capacity of his sons to uphold the aspiring power of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530">530</a></span> -Judæa. Antiochus was still more embittered against +Judæa. Antiochus was still more embittered against Simon by the defeat his arms had suffered, but, too weak to attempt a new attack, he now had recourse to stratagem, and hoped by a cunning plot to sweep -from his path the whole family of the Hasmonæans, +from his path the whole family of the Hasmonæans, the obstinate and successful foes of his house. To accomplish this aim he strove to awaken the ambition and avarice of one who, being Simon's son-in-law, @@ -21904,7 +21866,7 @@ hand Simon had given him riches, and had made him governor of Jericho and the surrounding district, but the ambitious spirit of his son-in-law remained unsatisfied, and he was eager to seize upon the inheritance -of Judæa, and with the help of the foreigner to +of Judæa, and with the help of the foreigner to rule in the kingdom. It was easy for Ptolemy to carry out the villainous design he had conceived, for the most vigilant and far-seeing mind could hardly @@ -21948,7 +21910,7 @@ as a hostage, and prepared to defend himself against the attacks which would probably be made upon him.</p> -<p>Thus perished Simon, the last of the Hasmonæan +<p>Thus perished Simon, the last of the Hasmonæan brothers, not one of whom had died a natural death, one and all having lost their lives in the service of their country and their faith. Judah and Eleazar were @@ -21988,7 +21950,7 @@ the abomination in which this lascivious cult was held.</p></div> peninsula, but near the land of Edom, on the confines of which was the desert of Paran. Neither Jebel Musa, with the adjacent peaks of Jebel Catherine and Ras-es-Sufsafeh, nor Mount Jerbal, was the true -Sinai. See "Monatsschrift," by Fränkel-Graetz, 1878, p. 337.</p></div> +Sinai. See "Monatsschrift," by Fränkel-Graetz, 1878, p. 337.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -22072,7 +22034,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Abimelech, son of Gideon, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</p> <p>Abir == Apis, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</p> <p>Abishai, brother of Joab, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">defeats the Aramæans and Idumæans, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">defeats the Aramæans and Idumæans, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span></p> <p>Abner, Saul's cousin and general, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>–<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeats the Philistines, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">founder of the kingdom of the ten tribes, <a href="#Page_108">108</a> f.</span><br /> @@ -22122,16 +22084,16 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p id="alcimus">Alcimus == Jakim, the high priest, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>–<a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">returns to Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</span></p> <p>Alexander Balas, king of Syria, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>–<a href="#Page_496">6</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">the Great, and the Judæans, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>–<a href="#Page_415">15</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">the Great, and the Judæans, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>–<a href="#Page_415">15</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">'s successors, struggles between, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</span></p> <p>Alexandria, importance of, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">and the Judæans, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</span></p> -<p>Alexandrian Judæans influence those in Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</p> +<span class="ixsub1">and the Judæans, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</span></p> +<p>Alexandrian Judæans influence those in Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</p> <p>Allegorical poems of Solomon, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">poetry long before Solomon, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span></p> <p>Allotment of land to the tribes, <a href="#Page_36">36</a> f.<br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534">534</a></span><br /></p> -<p>Almsgiving among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p> +<p>Almsgiving among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p> <p>Alphabet, Assyrian characters of the Hebrew, <a href="#Page_395">395</a> f.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Phœnician, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</span></p> <p>Amalekites defeated by Saul, by David, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</p> @@ -22174,12 +22136,12 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Antioch founded by Seleucus, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</p> <p>Antiochus the Great, and Egypt, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>–<a href="#Page_434">34</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeated by the Romans, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">reconquers Judæa, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">reconquers Judæa, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</span></p> <p>Antiochus Epiphanes, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>–<a href="#Page_477">77</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">at Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">attacks Egypt, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">death of, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">persecutes the Judæans, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">persecutes the Judæans, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span></p> <p>Antiochus V., Eupator, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>–<a href="#Page_482">82</a>.</p> <p>Antiochus VI., son of Alexander Balas, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</p> <p>Antiochus Sidetes, brother of Demetrius II., <a href="#Page_525">525</a>.<br /> @@ -22187,18 +22149,18 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Apelles, the Syrian, killed by Mattathias, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</p> <p>Aphek, battle near, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</p> <p>Apis, the black bull, called Abir, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p> -<p>Apollonius, killed by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.<br /> +<p>Apollonius, killed by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">opposed by Jonathan, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">persecutes the Judæans, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>–<a href="#Page_454">4</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">persecutes the Judæans, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>–<a href="#Page_454">4</a>.</span></p> <p>Apries (Hophra), king of Egypt, defeated by Nebuchadnezzar, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">killed by Amasis, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">receives the Judæan fugitives, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">receives the Judæan fugitives, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span></p> <p>Araboth == meadows, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</p> <p>Aradus, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</p> -<p>Aramæa. See <a href="#damascus">Damascus</a>.</p> -<p>Aramæans, defeated by Joab, <a href="#Page_126">126</a> f.</p> +<p>Aramæa. See <a href="#damascus">Damascus</a>.</p> +<p>Aramæans, defeated by Joab, <a href="#Page_126">126</a> f.</p> <p>Araunah (Ornah), the Jebusite, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</p> -<p>Aretas, the Nabatæan, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</p> +<p>Aretas, the Nabatæan, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</p> <p>Ark of the Covenant, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">at Shiloh, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">brought to Mount Zion by David, <a href="#Page_119">119</a> f.</span><br /> @@ -22208,7 +22170,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Army, organisation under David, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">standing, under the kings, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</span></p> <p>Artaxerxes (Longimanus), <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</p> -<p>Artaxerxes II., and III., Judæans under, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</p> +<p>Artaxerxes II., and III., Judæans under, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</p> <p>Asa, Abijam's brother, king of Judah, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeats Zerah, the Egyptian, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">stops the Astarte-worship, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span></p> @@ -22219,7 +22181,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Ashmodai, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535">535</a></span></p> <p>Ashmun, a Phœnician god, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</p> <p>Assembly, the Great, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</p> -<p>Assidæans (see <a href="#chasidim">Chasidim</a>), <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</p> +<p>Assidæans (see <a href="#chasidim">Chasidim</a>), <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</p> <p>Assyria, decadence and destruction of, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">encountering Egypt, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Hezekiah conspires against, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</span></p> @@ -22257,22 +22219,22 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Baasha, successor to Nadab, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</p> <p>Babylon, besieged and conquered by Cyrus, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>–<a href="#Page_350">50</a>.</p> <p>Babylon, fortified by Nebuchadnezzar, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">return of the Judæans from, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">return of the Judæans from, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">under Cyrus, <a href="#Page_350">350</a> ff.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">under Evil-Merodach, Neriglissar and Nabonad, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>–<a href="#Page_342">42</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">under Merodach-Baladan, Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>; <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</span></p> -<p>Babylonia, Judæans in, <a href="#Page_363">363</a> ff.</p> -<p>Babylonian exile of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>–<a href="#Page_353">53</a>.</p> -<p>Bacchides, the Syrian, defeats and kills Judas Maccabæus at Eleasa, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>–<a href="#Page_487">7</a>.<br /> +<p>Babylonia, Judæans in, <a href="#Page_363">363</a> ff.</p> +<p>Babylonian exile of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>–<a href="#Page_353">53</a>.</p> +<p>Bacchides, the Syrian, defeats and kills Judas Maccabæus at Eleasa, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>–<a href="#Page_487">7</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">leaves the country, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">outrages the Judæans, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>–<a href="#Page_484">4</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">pursues Jonathan and the Hasmonæans, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">outrages the Judæans, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>–<a href="#Page_484">4</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">pursues Jonathan and the Hasmonæans, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</span></p> <p>Bagoas (Bagoses) at Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</p> <p>Barak, the judge, defeats Sisera near Mount Tabor, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p> <p>Baruch collects Jeremiah's prophecies and compiles the histories, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">reads Jeremiah's scroll, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Also see pp. <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</span></p> -<p>Bashan, inhabitants of, aided by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_474">474</a> f.</p> +<p>Bashan, inhabitants of, aided by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_474">474</a> f.</p> <p>Bathsheba, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>–<a href="#Page_133">3</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</p> <p>Bel's temple rebuilt by Alexander, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</p> <p>Benaiah, David's leader of the Cherethites and Pelethites, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> @@ -22294,12 +22256,12 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536">536</a></span><span class="ixsub1">place of worship for the Ten Tribes, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</span></p> <p>Bethel, punished for its idolatrous worship, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">school of the prophets at, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span></p> -<p>Beth-horon, victories of Judas Maccabæus at, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</p> +<p>Beth-horon, victories of Judas Maccabæus at, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</p> <p>Bethshan, bodies of Saul and his sons hung up at the walls of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</p> -<p>Beth-Zachariah, Judæans slain at, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</p> -<p>Bethzur, conquered by the Hasmonæans, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.<br /> +<p>Beth-Zachariah, Judæans slain at, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</p> +<p>Bethzur, conquered by the Hasmonæans, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">conquered by Lysias the Syrian, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">fortified by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">fortified by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">place of refuge for the Hellenists, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</span></p> <p>Birah == <a href="#acra">Acra</a>, which see.</p> <p>Book of the Wars of God, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p> @@ -22320,13 +22282,13 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">workmen of Solomon, building the temple, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p> <p>Carmel, Elijah and the priests of Baal at, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">range of Mount, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span></p> -<p>Cendebæus, the Syrian general, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>–<a href="#Page_529">9</a>.</p> -<p>Ceremonies observed among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</p> +<p>Cendebæus, the Syrian general, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>–<a href="#Page_529">9</a>.</p> +<p>Ceremonies observed among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</p> <p>Character of Moses, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p> <p>Characteristics of the Prophets, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p> <p id="chasidim">Chasidim or Nazarites, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">deceived and outraged by Alcimus, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</span></p> -<p>Chasidim, one of the three parties in Judæa, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.<br /> +<p>Chasidim, one of the three parties in Judæa, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">persecuted by Antiochus Epiphanes, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">support Mattathias, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</span></p> <p>Chebel == band of associates of Samuel, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</p> @@ -22344,11 +22306,11 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">conquered by Ptolemy, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</span></p> <p>Coinage of Simon, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</p> <p>Colonies of the Greeks in Palestine, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">of the Judæans in Egypt and Syria, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">of the Judæans in Egypt and Syria, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</span></p> <p>Commencement of Hebrew poetry, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p> <p>Coniah == Jeconiah, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</p> <p>Conquest of Jericho and Ai, <a href="#Page_33">33</a> f.</p> -<p>Consecration, days of, instituted by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br /> +<p>Consecration, days of, instituted by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of the new walls of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">of the people to Jehovah, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">of Solomon's temple, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br /> @@ -22357,18 +22319,18 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">of the seventy, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</span></p> <p>Court of the king, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of Solomon, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</span></p> -<p>Covenant, between the Judæans and Jehovah, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.<br /> +<p>Covenant, between the Judæans and Jehovah, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of the people against proselytes and intermarriages, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</span></p> <p>Customs of the nations surrounding Israel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a> ff.</p> -<p>Cuthæans. See <a href="#samaritans">Samaritans</a>.</p> +<p>Cuthæans. See <a href="#samaritans">Samaritans</a>.</p> <p>Cyaxares, king of Media, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">conquers Nineveh, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</span></p> -<p>Cyrene, Judæans settle in, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</p> +<p>Cyrene, Judæans settle in, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</p> <p>Cyrus, conquers Babylon, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>–<a href="#Page_350">50</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeats the Babylonians, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">king of Babylonia, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">king of Medo-Persia, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">permits the Judæans to return home, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">permits the Judæans to return home, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span></p> <p class="p2" id="damascus">Damascus conquered by David, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537">537</a></span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">by Jeroboam II., <a href="#Page_231">231</a> f.</span><br /> @@ -22411,8 +22373,8 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Decalogue, giving of the, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">importance and effect of the, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>–<a href="#Page_23">3</a>.</span></p> <p>Dedication of the new walls of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">of the temple under Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</span></p> -<p>Deity, how conceived among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</p> +<span class="ixsub1">of the temple under Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</span></p> +<p>Deity, how conceived among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</p> <p>Deliverer, Moses the, of Israel, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p> <p>Deliverers, temporary, called Judges, <a href="#Page_59">59</a> ff.</p> <p>Demetrius, son of Antigonus, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</p> @@ -22420,11 +22382,11 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">appoints Alcimus as high priest, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</span></p> <p>Demetrius II. and Alexander Balas, <a href="#Page_494">494</a> ff.</p> <p>Demetrius II., and Simon, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">attempts bribing the Judæans, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">attempts bribing the Judæans, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>.</span></p> <p>Demetrius the librarian, and the Septuagint, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.</p> -<p>Depopulation of Judæa, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</p> +<p>Depopulation of Judæa, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</p> <p>Deportation of Israelites to Assyria, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>–<a href="#Page_265">5</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">of Judæans to Babylonia, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">of Judæans to Babylonia, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span></p> <p>Desert, wanderings in the, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</p> <p>Destruction of Jerusalem; its consequences, <a href="#Page_315">315</a> ff.</p> <p>Deuteronomy, book of, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br /> @@ -22435,16 +22397,16 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Disciples of Elijah, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of Isaiah, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">of Samuel, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span></p> -<p>Disintegration of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br /> +<p>Disintegration of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of the kingdom of Judah, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">of the tribes, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span></p> <p>Dispersion of the Jews, first, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</p> -<p>Disputation between Judæans and Samaritans in Alexandria, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.</p> +<p>Disputation between Judæans and Samaritans in Alexandria, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.</p> <p>Disputes between Samuel and Saul, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</p> <p>Divine service, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</p> <p>Doag, leader of Saul's guard, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</p> <p>Dositheus of Alexandria, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>.</p> -<p>Doubters among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</p> +<p>Doubters among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</p> <p class="p2">Earliest inhabitants of Canaan, <a href="#Page_1">1</a> ff.</p> <p>Earthquake in Uzziah's time, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> @@ -22455,7 +22417,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Ecclesiasticus, book of, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>–<a href="#Page_441">41</a>.</p> <p>Ecclus. ix. 3; xxxii. 3, 4 and 6; <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</p> <p>Edomites, subdued by Amaziah of Judah, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">See <a href="#idumaea">Idumæa</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">See <a href="#idumaea">Idumæa</a>.</span></p> <p>Eglon, king of Moab, killed by Ehud, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</p> <p>Egypt and Assyria at war, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">emigration of Jacob to, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</span><br /> @@ -22475,14 +22437,14 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">and Persians, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">bright and dark sides of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">early history of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</span></p> -<p>Egypto-Judæan community in Alexandria, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</p> +<p>Egypto-Judæan community in Alexandria, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</p> <p>Ehud, the judge, of Benjamin, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</p> <p>Elah, king of Israel, killed by Zimri, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</p> <p>Elath and Eziongeber, important seaports, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p> <p>Elders == Zekenim, in early time, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Moses, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span></p> -<p>Eleasa, defeat of the Judæans at, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</p> -<p>Eleazar, brother of Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</p> +<p>Eleasa, defeat of the Judæans at, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</p> +<p>Eleazar, brother of Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</p> <p>Eleazar, the high priest, and the Septuagint, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.</p> <p>Election of Saul at Mizpah, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</p> <p>Eli, the priest at Shiloh, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>–<a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p> @@ -22517,7 +22479,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">punished by Jephthah, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">ruined with the other nine tribes, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">side with Absalom against David, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span></p> -<p>Epicurus's doctrines influencing Judæans, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</p> +<p>Epicurus's doctrines influencing Judæans, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</p> <p>Esarhaddon of Assyria, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</p> <p>Ethbaal (Ithobel) of Tyre, ally of Omri, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</p> <p>Ethbaal II., vassal of Nebuchadnezzar, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</p> @@ -22525,15 +22487,15 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Evil-Merodach of Babylon, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p> <p id="exile">Exile, Babylonian, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>–<a href="#Page_353">53</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of the Israelites, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">prophets of the, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>–<a href="#Page_349">49</a>.</span></p> <p>Exiles, moral change of the, in Babylonia, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>–<a href="#Page_335">5</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">number of the Judæan, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">number of the Judæan, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">obtain grants of land, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">treated kindly by Nebuchadnezzar, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p> <p>Exiled priests settle in Samaria, <a href="#Page_390">390</a> ff.</p> <p>Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">of the Judæans from Babylonia, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">of the Judæans from Babylonia, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span></p> <p>Ezekiel, son of Buzi, the prophet, <a href="#Page_332">332</a> ff.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">xxiii. 7, 8, and xxxviii. 8; <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</span></p> <p>Ezra enforces the observance of the law, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>–<a href="#Page_388">8</a>.<br /> @@ -22562,7 +22524,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Gazara, a stronghold of the Hellenists, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.</p> <p>Gedaliah appointed governor of Judah, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">murdered by Ishmael, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">overseer of the Judæan prisoners, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">overseer of the Judæan prisoners, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</span></p> <p>Gehazi, Elisha's disciple and servant, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</p> <p>Gehenna, valley of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p> <p>Ge-Hinnon == Hell, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</p> @@ -22584,7 +22546,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">Saul, his sons and army slain on Mount, <a href="#Page_103">103</a> f.</span></p> <p>Gilead, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">faithful to Jehovah under Ahab, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</span></p> -<p>Gilead, inhabitants of, aided by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p> +<p>Gilead, inhabitants of, aided by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p> <p>Gileadites of Jabesh pressed by Nahash the Ammonite, <a href="#Page_89">89</a> f.</p> <p>Gilgal, annual meetings of the people under Samuel at, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">first centre of worship under Joshua, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</span><br /> @@ -22595,34 +22557,34 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">of hosts, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span></p> <p>Gods of Egypt, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p> <p>Goliath and David, <a href="#Page_95">95</a> ff.</p> -<p>Gorgias, the Syrian, defeated by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br /> +<p>Gorgias, the Syrian, defeated by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeats Joseph and Azariah, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</span></p> <p>Goshen, land of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p> <p>Government of Israel under David, <a href="#Page_121">121</a> f.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">under Saul, <a href="#Page_90">90</a> f.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">under Solomon, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span></p> <p>Governors of Cœlesyria, Andromachus, Memnon and Joseph, son of Tobias, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</p> -<p>Governors of Judæa after the exile, <a href="#Page_360">360</a> ff.<br /> +<p>Governors of Judæa after the exile, <a href="#Page_360">360</a> ff.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">See <a href="#zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a>, <a href="#joshua">Joshua</a>, <a href="#nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>, etc.</span></p> -<p>Greece and Judæa, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</p> +<p>Greece and Judæa, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</p> <p>Greek colonies in Palestine, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">customs spread in Judæa, <a href="#Page_427">427</a> f.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">faction among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">games among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">customs spread in Judæa, <a href="#Page_427">427</a> f.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">faction among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">games among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">translation of the Pentateuch, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</span></p> <p>Greeks and Macedonians, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</p> -<p class="p2">Hadad (Adad) of Idumæa, fights against Solomon, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p> +<p class="p2">Hadad (Adad) of Idumæa, fights against Solomon, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p> <p>Hadadezer of Zobah, helps Hanun against David, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</p> <p>Haggai, the prophet, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p> <p>Hanukkah == days of consecration, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</p> <p>Hanun, the Ammonite, defeated by David, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">insults David's messengers, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span></p> <p>Haphtarah, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</p> -<p>Hasmonæans. See <a href="#maccabees">Maccabees</a>.<br /> +<p>Hasmonæans. See <a href="#maccabees">Maccabees</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">connect themselves with the Romans and Parthians against Syrians, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">leaders of the nation, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">540</a></span><span class="ixsub1">one of the three parties in Judæa, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">540</a></span><span class="ixsub1">one of the three parties in Judæa, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</span></p> <p>Hathor, the Egyptian goddess, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p> <p>Havvoth Jair, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p> <p id="hazael">Hazael of Damascus, invades Israel and Judah, <a href="#Page_220">220</a> f.<br /> @@ -22630,20 +22592,20 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Hebrew alphabet, Assyrian characters of the, <a href="#Page_395">395</a> f.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">literature taken along into the captivity, <a href="#Page_334">334</a> f.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">poetry, commencement of, and two characteristics of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">tongue cultivated by the Judæans in Babylonia, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">tongue cultivated by the Judæans in Babylonia, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span></p> <p>Hebron, Absalom rebels against David at, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">inhabited by the Idumæans, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">inhabited by the Idumæans, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">residence of David, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span></p> -<p>Helam, defeat of the Aramæans at, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</p> +<p>Helam, defeat of the Aramæans at, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</p> <p>Hell == Ge-Hinnon, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</p> -<p>Hellenism in Judæa, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>–<a href="#Page_471">71</a>.</p> +<p>Hellenism in Judæa, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>–<a href="#Page_471">71</a>.</p> <p>Hellenists, Acra occupied by the, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">masters of the country, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">overthrow of, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">side with Alcimus, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</span></p> <p>Heman, chief psalmist and musician at Gibeon, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</p> <p>Hermon, Mount, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</p> -<p>Heron, a Syrian commander, defeated by Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</p> +<p>Heron, a Syrian commander, defeated by Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</p> <p>Hezekiah, king of Judah, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>–<a href="#Page_280">80</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Merodach-baladan, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">change of policy of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</span><br /> @@ -22668,7 +22630,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">Joiada, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Joshua, <a href="#Page_351">351</a> ff.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Onias, I., II., and III., <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Onias IV., <a href="#Page_505">505</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Onias Menelaus, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>–<a href="#Page_480">80</a>.</span><br /> @@ -22718,25 +22680,25 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">of the wealthy exiles, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">permitted by Solomon, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">to be spurned, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></p> -<p id="idumaea">Idumæans, assisted by Egypt, defeat Judah, <a href="#Page_226">226</a> f.<br /> +<p id="idumaea">Idumæans, assisted by Egypt, defeat Judah, <a href="#Page_226">226</a> f.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeated by Abishai, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeated by Uzziah (Azariah), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">fight the Israelites, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">intercourse of the Israelites with, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">kill fugitive Judæans, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">make settlements in Southern Judæa, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">remain enemies of Judæa, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">kill fugitive Judæans, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">make settlements in Southern Judæa, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">remain enemies of Judæa, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">subdued by Amaziah, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span></p> <p>Impurity, laws concerning purity and, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</p> <p>Indian trade of Solomon, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">renewed by Uzziah (Azariah), <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span></p> <p>Inhabitants of Canaan, original, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</p> <p id="intermarriages">Intermarriages between Israelites and their neighbours, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">between Judæans and their neighbours, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">between Judæans and their neighbours, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">dissolved and forbidden by Ezra, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>–<a href="#Page_369">9</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">practised again, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span></p> <p>Internal affairs of the Alexandrian community, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">conflicts in Judæa after the death of Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">conflicts in Judæa after the death of Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">government of Israel under David, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">government of Israel under Saul, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">government of Israel under Solomon, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span></p> @@ -22863,7 +22825,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">emigrates to Egypt, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">imprisoned by his enemies, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">imprisoned by Ishmael, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">imprisoned by Chaldæan soldiers, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">imprisoned by Chaldæan soldiers, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">warns Zedekiah against rebellion, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</span></p> <p>Jeremiah's counsel disregarded by Johanan, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">lamentations, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> @@ -22893,7 +22855,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">besieged by Lysias, the Syrian general, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">captured by Nebuchadnezzar, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">captured by Ptolemy I., <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">captured by Scopas, the Ætolian, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">captured by Scopas, the Ætolian, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</span><br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543">543</a></span><span class="ixsub1">captured by Shishak of Egypt, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</span></p> <p>Jerusalem, centre of religious life, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">David's final residence, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</span><br /> @@ -22904,8 +22866,8 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">new walls of, consecrated, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">ransacked by Jehoash of Israel, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">re-populated, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">return of Judæans to, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">return of Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">return of Judæans to, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">return of Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">visited by Ezra, <a href="#Page_366">366</a> ff.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">visited by Nehemiah, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span></p> <p>Jerusalem's walls rebuilt by Simon the Just, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</p> @@ -22927,7 +22889,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">commander of the Gibborim, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">David's general, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeats and kills Absalom, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">defeats the Aramæans and Ammonites, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">defeats the Aramæans and Ammonites, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeats Sheba and the northern tribes, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">favours Adonijah, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">killed by Solomon through Benaiah, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span><br /> @@ -22952,7 +22914,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">attacks Gibeah of Benjamin, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">killed by the Philistines, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">his remains brought to the family tomb at Zelah, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span></p> -<p>Jonathan, brother of Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.<br /> +<p>Jonathan, brother of Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">allies himself with Alexander Balas, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Tryphon, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">appointed high priest, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</span><br /> @@ -22960,8 +22922,8 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">leader of the nation, <a href="#Page_490">490</a> ff.</span></p> <p>Jordan, Israelites crossing the, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">only large river in Palestine, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span></p> -<p>Josê, son of Joezer, of Zereda, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</p> -<p>Josê, son of Johanan of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</p> +<p>Josê, son of Joezer, of Zereda, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</p> +<p>Josê, son of Johanan of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</p> <p>Joseph, son of Tobias, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>–<a href="#Page_431">31</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">ambassador to Alexandria, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span></p> <p>Joshua, son of Nun, successor of Moses, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> @@ -22985,22 +22947,22 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">king of Judah, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">regent of Judah, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</span></p> <p>Jubilee year, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p> -<p>Judæa accounted a province of Cœlesyria, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>–<a href="#Page_414">4</a>.<br /> +<p>Judæa accounted a province of Cœlesyria, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>–<a href="#Page_414">4</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">added to the Lagido-Egyptian kingdom, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Greece, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">depopulated, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">independent under Simon, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">invaded by the Syrians under Cendebæus, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">invaded by the Syrians under Cendebæus, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">part of the province of Greece, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">under Jonathan, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">under the rule of the Seleucidæ, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</span></p> -<p>Judæa, new community in, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<span class="ixsub1">under the rule of the Seleucidæ, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</span></p> +<p>Judæa, new community in, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">spread of Greek customs in, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">three parties in, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</span></p> -<p>Judæan colonies in Egypt, Syria and Cyrene, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.<br /> +<p>Judæan colonies in Egypt, Syria and Cyrene, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">exiles, number of the, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">sect of Samaritans, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> -<p>Judæans adapt Hellenism, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br /> +<p>Judæans adapt Hellenism, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Alexander the Great, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>–<a href="#Page_415">15</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Samaritans, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Samaritans in Alexandria, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</span><br /> @@ -23058,10 +23020,10 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsubd">" <span class="in1">Rehoboam,</span> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>–<a href="#Page_189">89</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsubd">" <span class="in1">Zedekiah-Mattaniah,</span> <a href="#Page_308">308</a>–<a href="#Page_315">15</a>.</span></p> <p>Judaism loses its national meaning, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</p> -<p id="judasmaccabaeus">Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>–<a href="#Page_487">87</a>.<br /> +<p id="judasmaccabaeus">Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>–<a href="#Page_487">87</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">accused by Alcimus before Demetrius II., <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">appointed his father's successor, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">at war with the Idumæans, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">at war with the Idumæans, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">at war with the Syrians under Lysias, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeats Apollonius and Heron, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeats Gorgias the Syrian, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> @@ -23077,7 +23039,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub2">vi. 13, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> <span class="ixsub2">xi. 7, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">importance of the, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</span></p> -<p>Justice administered among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<p>Justice administered among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">supreme court of, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> <p class="p2">Kanna == religious zeal, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</p> @@ -23100,14 +23062,14 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Lake of the Harp, or lake of Galilee, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p> <p>Lamentations of Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</p> <p id="law">Law of Moses and its influence, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">authority of, among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">authority of, among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">interpreted by Jesus Sirach, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">maligned by Menelaus, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">regularly read at Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">strict observance of, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">translated into Greek, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">See <a href="#pentateuch">Pentateuch</a> and <a href="#septuagint">Septuagint</a>.</span></p> -<p id="lawbook">Law books among the Judæans of Babylonia, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br /> +<p id="lawbook">Law books among the Judæans of Babylonia, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of Judah, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">strictly adhered to by the Samaritans, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">taught and enforced by Ezra-Nehemiah, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</span></p> @@ -23125,7 +23087,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">live in Shiloh, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">rebuke the people for idolatry, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">receive no lands in Canaan, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">re-instated by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">re-instated by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">return to Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">scatter over the country after</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Shiloh's destruction, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</span><br /> @@ -23136,16 +23098,16 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Lysias the Syrian, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>–<a href="#Page_482">82</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">besieges Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">censured by the Romans, <a href="#Page_481">481</a> f.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">defeated by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">defeated by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">general of Antiochus Epiphanes, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">guardian of Antiochus V., <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">invades Judæa victoriously, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">makes a truce with the Judæans, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">invades Judæa victoriously, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">makes a truce with the Judæans, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">put to death by Demetrius II., <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</span></p> <p>Lysimachus, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>–<a href="#Page_449">9</a>.</p> <p class="p2">Maachah, Rehoboam's mother, worships Astarte, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p> -<p>Maccabæus. See <a href="#judasmaccabaeus">Judas Maccabæus</a>.</p> +<p>Maccabæus. See <a href="#judasmaccabaeus">Judas Maccabæus</a>.</p> <p id="maccabees">Maccabees, the, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>–<a href="#Page_531">531</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">First book of, i. 26–28, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</span></p> <p>Macedonia, Alexander of, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br /> @@ -23162,7 +23124,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Manasseh appointed high priest of the temple at Gerizim, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">banished from Judah by Nehemiah, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span><br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546">546</a></span><span class="ixsub1">marries Sanballat's daughter, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span></p> -<p>Manetho's libels on the Judæans, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</p> +<p>Manetho's libels on the Judæans, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</p> <p>Marriage, mixed. See <a href="#intermarriages">Intermarriages</a>.</p> <p>Martyrs executed by Antiochus Epiphanes, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</p> <p>Mashal or allegorical poems, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</p> @@ -23201,7 +23163,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Mizpah, annual meetings of the people under Samuel at, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p> <p>Mizpah, centre of importance and a holy place, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Gedaliah's capital, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">Judas Maccabæus assembles the army at, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">Judas Maccabæus assembles the army at, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Saul elected at, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</span></p> <p>Mnevis, the white bull, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p> <p>Moabites, after the exile, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br /> @@ -23234,10 +23196,10 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Mythology of the nations surrounding Israel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</p> <p class="p2">Naaman, the Syrian, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</p> -<p>Nabatæans receive Jonathan and his followers, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</p> +<p>Nabatæans receive Jonathan and his followers, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</p> <p>Nabonad, King of Babylonia, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">at war with Cyrus, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">persecutes the Judæans, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">persecutes the Judæans, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</span></p> <p>Nabopolassar of Babylon, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</p> <p>Naboth's vineyard, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</p> <p>Nadab succeeds Jeroboam, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</p> @@ -23281,11 +23243,11 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">second visit to Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span></p> <p>Neighbouring nations and the Israelites, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>–<a href="#Page_59">9</a>.</p> <p>Neriglissar, King of Babylon, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>–<a href="#Page_342">42</a>.</p> -<p>Nicanor, general of Demetrius II., defeated by Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</p> +<p>Nicanor, general of Demetrius II., defeated by Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</p> <p>Nob, place of worship during Samuel's time, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</p> <p>Nob, priests of, murdered by Saul, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</p> -<p>Number of the Judæans in the exile, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p> -<p>Number of the returning Judæans, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p> +<p>Number of the Judæans in the exile, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p> +<p>Number of the returning Judæans, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p> <p>Numbers, Book of, xi. 29, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</p> <p class="p2">Obadiah, Ahab's palace-superintendent, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br /> @@ -23293,7 +23255,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Officers appointed by Nehemiah, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</p> <p>Olam-ha-ba == the next world, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</p> <p>Olives, Mount of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</p> -<p>Olympian games in Judæa, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</p> +<p>Olympian games in Judæa, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</p> <p>Omri, King of Israel, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">allied with Ethbaal of Tyre, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">built Samaria, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</span></p> @@ -23307,7 +23269,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p id="onias">Onias Menelaus, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">appointed high priest, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">combats Jason, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">hellenises the Judæans, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">hellenises the Judæans, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">maligns the law of Moses, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">sacrificed by Lysias, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</span></p> <p>Onion in Egypt, Province of, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</p> @@ -23324,10 +23286,10 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Palestine, Origin of the name of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p> <p>Paradise == Eden, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</p> <p>Parallelism in Hebrew poetry, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p> -<p>Parties, the three, in Judæa at the death of Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</p> +<p>Parties, the three, in Judæa at the death of Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</p> <p>Passage of the Israelites through the Red Sea, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">through the Jordan, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</span></p> -<p>Passover festival among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br /> +<p>Passover festival among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of Josiah, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span></p> <p>Patriarchs, the, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p> <p>Pecht, Egyptian goddess, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p> @@ -23342,14 +23304,14 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p id="pentateuch">Pentateuch. See <a href="#lawbook">Law-Book</a>.</p> <p>Perizzites, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</p> <p>Perpetual fire, an emblem of God's presence, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p> -<p>Persecution of the Judæans by Artaxerxes, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</p> +<p>Persecution of the Judæans by Artaxerxes, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</p> <p>Persecution of the prophets under Manasseh, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</p> <p>Persian doctrines influence Hebrew religion, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">religion and Hebrew monotheism, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</span></p> -<p>Persians and Judæans, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br /> +<p>Persians and Judæans, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">conquered by Alexander the Great, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span></p> <p>Pestilence in Israel under David, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</p> -<p>Petra, capital of the Idumæans, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</p> +<p>Petra, capital of the Idumæans, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</p> <p>Pharaoh, opposition of Moses against, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p> <p>Philip of Macedon, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of Macedonia, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</span><br /> @@ -23366,7 +23328,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">defeated by David at Mount Baal Perazim, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeated by Saul at Michmash, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>–<a href="#Page_89">9</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">oppress Israel greatly, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">remain enemies of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">remain enemies of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span></p> <p>Philo, the elder, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>.</p> <p>Philometor of Egypt, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.</p> <p>Philopator of Egypt, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>–<a href="#Page_432">32</a>.</p> @@ -23388,9 +23350,9 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Polygamy indulged in by David, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Saul, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Solomon, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</span></p> -<p>Popillius Lænas, Roman deputy, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</p> +<p>Popillius Lænas, Roman deputy, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</p> <p>Praise-songs in divine worship, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p> -<p>Prayers prescribed among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</p> +<p>Prayers prescribed among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</p> <p id="priests">Priests == Aaronides.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">expelled from Jerusalem take charge of the temple on Mount Gerizim, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">faithless to their promises, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>–<a href="#Page_384">4</a>.</span><br /> @@ -23400,7 +23362,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">neglected by Samuel, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">of Baal and Astarte in Israel, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">provided for by Nehemiah, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">re-instated by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">re-instated by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">under Ahab, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">under Josiah, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span></p> <p>Priesthood reorganized by Solomon, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</p> @@ -23437,9 +23399,9 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">cxxii. 3–5, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">cxxvi., <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span></p> <p>Ptolemies defeat Antiochus the Great, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">Judæans under the, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">Judæans under the, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</span></p> <p id="ptolemy">Ptolemy I., Soter, King of Egypt, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">II. and the rebellious Judæans, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">II. and the rebellious Judæans, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">V., Philometor, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">VI., Philopator, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>–<a href="#Page_432">32</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">VII., Physcon, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.</span></p> @@ -23451,7 +23413,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Pydna, battle of, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</p> <p class="p2">Rabbath-Ammon conquered by David-Joab, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">conquered by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">conquered by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</span></p> <p>Rab-shakeh, Sennacherib's official sent to Hezekiah, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</p> <p>Ramah, conquered and fortified by Baasha, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Samuel in, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span></p> @@ -23466,9 +23428,9 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Relapse into idolatry shortly after giving the decalogue, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</p> <p>Religion in the kingdom of Judah, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">in the kingdom of the ten tribes, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</span></p> -<p>Religious reformation of the Judæans in Babylonia, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br /> +<p>Religious reformation of the Judæans in Babylonia, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">revival in Jerusalem under Joash, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">schools among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">schools among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> <p>Repetition, a characteristic of Hebrew poetry, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p> <p>Rephaim, aborigines of Canaan, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p> <p>Repopulation of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</p> @@ -23488,12 +23450,12 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">coveted by Abner, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Saul's concubine, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</span></p> <p>Romans and Antiochus Epiphanes, <a href="#Page_443">443</a> ff.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">and Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">and Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Perseus at Pydna, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">and the Judæans, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">and the Judæans, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">defeat Antiochus the Great, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">support Simon, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">support the Hasmonæans, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">support the Hasmonæans, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</span></p> <p>Ruth, book of, written against Ezra's decision on the illegality of intermarriages, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</p> <p class="p2">Sabbath, strict observance of, under Nehemiah, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br /> @@ -23501,7 +23463,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Sabbatical year, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550">550</a></span>Sabia (Sheba), Queen of, visits Solomon, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</p> <p>Sacrifices among the Israelites, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">human, in Judah under Ahab, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</span></p> <p id="sacrilege">Sacrilege by Antiochus Epiphanes, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Antiochus the Great and his son, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</span><br /> @@ -23517,9 +23479,9 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">colonised by Esarhaddon, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">invaded by Pul of Assyria, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</span></p> <p id="samaritans">Samaritans, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">enemies of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">in Alexandria oppose the Judæans, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">intermarry with the Judæans, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">enemies of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">in Alexandria oppose the Judæans, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">intermarry with the Judæans, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">interrupt the rebuilding of the temple, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">kill Andromachus, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">retain the Old Hebrew characters of the alphabet, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> @@ -23536,7 +23498,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">xv. 12–33, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">xvii. 47, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span></p> <p>Sanballat attacks Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">hostile towards Judæa, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">hostile towards Judæa, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">intrigues against Nehemiah, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">leader of the Samaritans, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">marries his daughter to Manasseh, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> @@ -23568,8 +23530,8 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">takes Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</span></p> <p>Scythians, the, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</p> <p>Secession of the ten tribes from the house of David, <a href="#Page_181">181</a> ff.</p> -<p id="seleucidae">Seleucidæ, era of the, <a href="#Page_417">417</a> ff.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">ruling Judæa, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</span></p> +<p id="seleucidae">Seleucidæ, era of the, <a href="#Page_417">417</a> ff.<br /> +<span class="ixsub1">ruling Judæa, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</span></p> <p>Seleucus, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">II. and Hyrcanus, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</span></p> <p>Sennacherib's army destroyed, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br /> @@ -23579,7 +23541,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p id="septuagint">Septuagint, the, <a href="#Page_512">512</a> ff.</p> <p>Seraiah, the high priest, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</p> <p>Service, divine. See <a href="#worship">Worship</a>.</p> -<p>Settlement of the Judæans in Egypt, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.<br /> +<p>Settlement of the Judæans in Egypt, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of the tribes in Canaan, <a href="#Page_35">35</a> ff.</span></p> <p>Seventy, Council of the, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">elders of Moses, <a href="#Page_25">25</a> f.</span></p> @@ -23601,7 +23563,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">capital of Jeroboam, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</span></p> <p>Shechemites' feud with Abimelech, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</p> <p>Shefelah == low country, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</p> -<p>Shemaiah, the prophet, prevents a civil war between Judæans and Benjamites, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p> +<p>Shemaiah, the prophet, prevents a civil war between Judæans and Benjamites, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p> <p>Shiloh (Salem), ark of the covenant at, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">at the time of the Judges, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">destroyed by the Philistines, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span></p> @@ -23623,7 +23585,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">'s children, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span></p> <p>Simon II., the high priest, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</p> <p>Simon, the Benjamite, <a href="#Page_437">437</a> f.</p> -<p>Simon, brother of Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.<br /> +<p>Simon, brother of Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Demetrius II., <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">at the head of the nation, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>–<a href="#Page_531">31</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">becomes high priest, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</span><br /> @@ -23633,7 +23595,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">quarrels with the Syrian king, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</span></p> <p>Simon's coinage, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">league with the Romans, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">sons defeat Cendebæus, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</span></p> +<span class="ixsub1">sons defeat Cendebæus, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</span></p> <p>Sinai, Mount, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</p> <p>Sirach, Jesus, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</p> <p>Sisera defeated by Barak and slain by Jael, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p> @@ -23667,10 +23629,10 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Sopherim and schools, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</p> <p>Spirit, prophetic, and its meaning, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p> <p>Successors of Alexander the Great, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</p> -<p>Supreme Council of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</p> +<p>Supreme Council of the Judæans, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</p> <p>Symmetry in Hebrew poetry, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p> <p>Synagogues, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</p> -<p>Syrians. See <a href="#seleucidae">Seleucidæ</a>.</p> +<p>Syrians. See <a href="#seleucidae">Seleucidæ</a>.</p> <p class="p2">Tabernacles, Feast of, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</p> <p>Tabor, Mount, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</p> @@ -23685,13 +23647,13 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <span class="ixsub1">consecrated (1007 B. C.), <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552">552</a></span><span class="ixsub1">defiled by Antiochus Epiphanes 451, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>. See also <a href="#sacrilege">Sacrilege</a>.</span></p> <p>Temple rebuilt after the exile, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>–<a href="#Page_359">9</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">re-consecrated by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">re-consecrated by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">repaired by Joash, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">thrown into the background after the exile, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</span></p> <p>Temple of Baal in Samaria, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</p> <p>Temple of Onias in Egypt, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</p> <p>Temple of the Samaritans on Gerizim, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</p> -<p>Temple-mount fortified by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</p> +<p>Temple-mount fortified by Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</p> <p>Temple-worship restored, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</p> <p>Ten tribes, beginning of the kingdom of the, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">end of the kingdom of the, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</span><br /> @@ -23707,7 +23669,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Tithes for the Priests and Levites, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</p> <p>Tobiades, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p> <p>Tobiah expelled by Nehemiah, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">hostile towards Judæa, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">hostile towards Judæa, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">leader of the Ammonites, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">returns to Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span></p> <p>Tobias, son-in-law of Simon the Just, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</p> @@ -23741,7 +23703,7 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Worldly among the exiles, <a href="#Page_339">339</a> f., <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</p> <p id="worship">Worship among the early Israelites, <a href="#Page_5">5</a> f.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">among the Egyptians, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">among the Judæans, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">at the temple, restored by Nehemiah, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">centre of, at Shiloh, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">centre of, later at Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br /> @@ -23764,13 +23726,13 @@ of <i class="place">Aram</i> (ארם).</p></div> <p>Zechariah, son of Berechia, contemporary of Isaiah, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</p> <p>Zechariah, son of Jeroboam II., King of Israel, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553">553</a></span>Zedekiah-Mattaniah, King of Judah, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</p> -<p>Zedekiah-Mattaniah, captured by Chaldæan soldiers, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br /> +<p>Zedekiah-Mattaniah, captured by Chaldæan soldiers, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">deprived of his eyesight and led to Babylon, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</span></p> <p>Zekenim == elders, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p> <p>Zephaniah the prophet, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</p> <p id="zerubbabel">Zerubbabel, grandson of Jehoiachim, returns to Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">governor of the province of Judæa, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">governor of the province of Judæa, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">resigns the leadership in favor of Joshua, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</span></p> <p>Ziklag assigned to David by Achish, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">burned by the Amalekites, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span></p> @@ -23801,7 +23763,7 @@ preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.</p> <p>Text uses both 'Bethzur' and 'Bethsur'.</p> -<p>Text uses both 'Kedeshôth' and 'Kedeshoth'.</p> +<p>Text uses both 'Kedeshôth' and 'Kedeshoth'.</p> <p>Main text uses 'mashal' but Index uses 'maschal'. Index has been changed to match the main text.</p> @@ -23819,383 +23781,6 @@ to accommodate small-screen display devices.</p> to footnote <a href="#Footnote_6">6</a>, which has been moved to the end of this eText.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Jews, Vol. I (of 6), by -Heinrich Graetz - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE JEWS, VOL. 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