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diff --git a/43032-h/43032-h.htm b/43032-h/43032-h.htm index 5a64afe..6d60fc7 100644 --- a/43032-h/43032-h.htm +++ b/43032-h/43032-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ <html> <head> -<meta content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1" http-equiv="Content-Type"> +<meta content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> <title> THE CATHOLIC WORLD.—VOL. IV.—OCTOBER, 1866, TO MARCH, 1867. </title> @@ -36,43 +36,7 @@ pre { font-family: Serif; } </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Catholic World; Vol. IV.; October, -1866, to March, 1867., by E. Rameur - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Catholic World; Vol. IV.; October, 1866, to March, 1867. - A Monthly Magazine of General Literature and Science - -Author: E. Rameur - -Release Date: June 25, 2013 [EBook #43032] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATHOLIC WORLD, OCT 1866-MARCH 1867 *** - - - - -Produced by Don Kostuch - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43032 ***</div> <p class="cite"> [Transcriber's notes] @@ -112,7 +76,7 @@ LAWRENCE KEHOE, PUBLISHER. <h2>CONTENTS</h2> <br> <pre> - Aërolites, <a href="#536">536</a>. + Aërolites, <a href="#536">536</a>. Andorra, The Republic of, <a href="#561">561</a>. Books, Rise and Progress of, <a href="#104">104</a>. @@ -165,7 +129,7 @@ LAWRENCE KEHOE, PUBLISHER. Origen at Caesarea, <a href="#772">772</a>. Problems of the Age, <a href="#1">1</a>, <a href="#145">145</a>, <a href="#289">289</a>, <a href="#519">519</a>, <a href="#652">652</a>. - Paris, The Musée Retrospectif in, <a href="#275">275</a>. + Paris, The Musée Retrospectif in, <a href="#275">275</a>. Painting, Missal, <a href="#303">303</a>. Proselytism, Protestant, in Eastern Lands, <a href="#342">342</a>. Pope and the Revolution, The, <a href="#577">577</a>. @@ -280,7 +244,7 @@ LAWRENCE KEHOE, PUBLISHER. Harkness' Latin Book, <a href="#143">143</a>. International Law, Wheaton's Elements of, <a href="#282">282</a>. - King René's Daughter, <a href="#859">859</a>. + King René's Daughter, <a href="#859">859</a>. Jesus, Sufferings of, <a href="#576">576</a>. Jesus Crucified. The School of, <a href="#858">858</a>. @@ -826,7 +790,7 @@ intelligible essence of this ultimate entity? <p class="footnote"> [Footnote 4: The philosophical works of Leibnitz may be consulted for a thorough exposition of this doctrine. Also the Philosophical - Manuals of F. Rothenflue, S.J., and the Abbé Branchereau of the + Manuals of F. Rothenflue, S.J., and the Abbé Branchereau of the Society of St. Sulpice. The philosophical articles of Dr. Brownson in his Review contain some incidental arguments of great value on the same topic. P. Dalgairns of the London Oratory, also treats, @@ -842,7 +806,7 @@ intelligible essence of this ultimate entity? Another proof that material substance is something intelligible and not something sensible, is, that it has a relation to spiritual substance, and therefore something cognate to spirit in its essence. -The Abbé Branchereau defines relation: "Proprietatem qua duo aut plura +The Abbé Branchereau defines relation: "Proprietatem qua duo aut plura entia ita se habeat ad invicem, ut unius conceptus conceptum alterius includat aut supponat." "A property by which two or more entities are so constituted in reference to one another, that the conception of one @@ -1243,7 +1207,7 @@ American mines, the Spanish exchequer had not been in a satisfactory condition for a long time. War had scourged the kingdom since the conquest by the Moors. Ferdinand and Isabella had indeed dislodged them and their unlucky King Boabdil from their little paradise in -Granada and Andaluçia, about a century before the poor Don made his +Granada and Andaluçia, about a century before the poor Don made his first sally; but it was at a dread sacrifice of money and men's lives. Charles V. was engaged in ruinous wars during the greater part of his reign, and Philip II., his successor (unwillingly indeed), was put to @@ -1272,7 +1236,7 @@ some time between 1598 and 1603: </p> <p class="footnote"> [Footnote 9: Michel de Cervantes, sa Vie, son Temps, son OEuvre - Politique et Littéraire. Par Émile Chasles. Paris: Didier et Cie.] + Politique et Littéraire. Par Émile Chasles. Paris: Didier et Cie.] </p> <p class="cite"> "He distinctly perceived, through the splendor and apparent unity of @@ -1446,7 +1410,7 @@ abundance. YOUTH OF CERVANTES. </p> <p> -Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra was born in 1547 at Alcala de Hénarès. +Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra was born in 1547 at Alcala de Hénarès. His parents, both of gentle birth, were Rodrigo de Cervantes and Leonor de Cortinas. Their other children born before Michael were Rodrigo, Andrea, and Luisa. His family belonged to the class of @@ -1468,7 +1432,7 @@ eggs and bacon; others, a dish of lentils; others, brains fried in oil; others, the giblets of fowl. </p> <p> -Alcala de Hénarès [Footnote 13] was worthy to be the birthplace of +Alcala de Hénarès [Footnote 13] was worthy to be the birthplace of Spain's best writer. The archbishops of Toledo owned a palace there, and there the great Cardinal Ximenes, an ex-student of its <a name="17">{17}</a> college, returned when somewhat under a cloud, and prepared his @@ -1487,7 +1451,7 @@ works of art in profusion. Whether debarred by poverty or negligence, the last an unlikely supposition, Cervantes did not graduate in the University of Alcala or in any other, a circumstance that occasioned him much fortification in -his manhood and advanced age. Émile Chasles thus expresses himself on +his manhood and advanced age. Émile Chasles thus expresses himself on this subject: </p> <p class="cite"> @@ -1565,13 +1529,13 @@ silk. She is called, and a fierce scolding match ensues, he demanding his supper and vaunting the severity of his labor, she vilifying the fagot he has brought home. By-and-by the discourse falls on a little plantation of olive trees which he has just put down, and the Signora -Aguéda de Toruegano forgets her anger in the anticipation of the large +Aguéda de Toruegano forgets her anger in the anticipation of the large profits to accrue from her seedlings: </p> <p class="cite"> "<i>Wife</i>.—Do you know, my dear, what I've been just thinking? In six or seven years our little plantation will produce four or five - fanèques (about fifteen barrels) of olives, and putting down a plant + fanèques (about fifteen barrels) of olives, and putting down a plant now and again, we shall have a noble field all in full bearing in twenty-five or thirty years. <br><br> @@ -1640,7 +1604,7 @@ profits to accrue from her seedlings: <br><br> "<i>Neighbor</i>.—Will you please, ma'am, to go inside? I undertake to make all right (<i>She enters the house</i>.) Now, my friend, explain - this matter. Let us see your olives. If you have twenty fanèques, I + this matter. Let us see your olives. If you have twenty fanèques, I will purchase all. <br><br> "<i>Father</i>.—You don't exactly comprehend. The fact is—do you @@ -1671,7 +1635,7 @@ profits to accrue from her seedlings: <br><br> "<i>Husband</i>.—Ah, don't ask to talk about it farther. I have to-day put down a small plot of olives. My wife says that within seven or - eight years we'll be able to gather four or five fanèques of fruit + eight years we'll be able to gather four or five fanèques of fruit from them. She is to collect them, I to take them on the ass to market, and our daughter to sell them, and she must not take less than two reals. She says yes, I say no, and that's the whole of it. @@ -1704,7 +1668,7 @@ Molina, the easily pleased folk of country or town were thoroughly satisfied with Rueda's repertory. When the talented stroller died in 1567, he was honored with a costly funeral, and solemnly interred in the cathedral of Cordova. Strange contrast between his posthumous -fortune and that of Molière! +fortune and that of Molière! </p> <p> The impression made on Cervantes by the performances on Rueda's @@ -1832,7 +1796,7 @@ frequently ended with the scourge, not in his case, however. Many poor wretches, to save themselves from the horrible treatment they endured, or expected to endure, became Mohammedans, on which they immediately obtained their liberty, were set on horseback, with fifty Janissaries -on foot, serving as cortège, the king defraying the expense of the +on foot, serving as cortège, the king defraying the expense of the ceremony, bestowing wives on the hopeful converts, and offering them places among his Janissaries. </p> @@ -1970,7 +1934,7 @@ heartbreak his was one. Still his mother, his brother Rodrigo and his sister Andrea exerted themselves, and dispatched to Algiers 300 crowns. A strong representations at the court insured in addition the amount of a cargo then consigned to Algiers, which produced only 60 -ducats, say £30. These sums were not sufficient, and the heart sick +ducats, say £30. These sums were not sufficient, and the heart sick captive would have been carried by Hassan to Constantinople, his viceroyalty having expired, only for the deficiency being made up by the Brothers of Mercy, Christian merchants, etc., who were "tightly @@ -2147,7 +2111,7 @@ fortune in the Jealous Estremaduran: <p> Our poet not being born with an instinct for regular accounts and being charged to collect arrears of tax in Granada to the amount of -two millions of maravedis, say £1,500, found his task difficult among +two millions of maravedis, say £1,500, found his task difficult among people who were slow in committing to memory the rights of the crown. His greatest mistake was the intrusting of a considerable sum to a merchant named Simon Freire de Luna in order to be deposited in the @@ -2168,7 +2132,7 @@ moving about, poor Cervantes appears at last to have given way. From 1594, when sent to collect arrears in Granada, to 1598, little can be gathered concerning him, but from this last date till 1603 nothing whatever is known of his fortunes. The probability is that he spent -part of the time in a prison of Andaluçia or La Mancha, and there +part of the time in a prison of Andaluçia or La Mancha, and there meditated on the vanity of human expectations, and wrote the first part of Don Quixote. </p> @@ -2198,7 +2162,7 @@ that city, is taken from the work of M. Chasles: <p class="cite"> "There is at Valladolid a poor looking house, narrow and low, hemmed in among the taverns of a suburb, and near the deep and empty bed of - a torrent called Esguéva. There Cervantes came to live in 1603, in + a torrent called Esguéva. There Cervantes came to live in 1603, in the fifty-seventh year of his age. With an emotion which I cannot express I hare visited this dwelling, which stands outside the city, and which remains unmarked by stone or inscription. A well-used @@ -2363,7 +2327,7 @@ thus speaks in the prologue to his dramatic works, published 1613: Good-hearted, generous Cervantes, who could so dwell on that success in a rival which condemned himself to the wretched life of an inland revenue officer, to the hatred of non-payers of tax, to prosecutions, -and to the discomforts of an Andaluçian or Manchegan dungeon, and +and to the discomforts of an Andaluçian or Manchegan dungeon, and separation from his niece, sister, daughter, and wife, whom, in absence of data to the contrary, we take to be amiable and affectionate women. @@ -2981,7 +2945,7 @@ Euphrasie; that will rid you of all these foolish notions." "I will study what you please, madam," replied Euphrasie. </p> <p> -But Mrs. Godfrey's endeavors to make her young <i>protégé</i> comprehend +But Mrs. Godfrey's endeavors to make her young <i>protégé</i> comprehend results as <i>inevitable</i> signally failed, to her own great astonishment. The girl pursued easily and willingly the course of study marked out for her; was somewhat amused by chemical and other @@ -3409,7 +3373,7 @@ Euphrasie looked dreamily in Annie's face, and said doubtingly: "Heaven? This is no picture of heaven." </p> <p> -"No; it is an earthly paradise, <i>ma chère amie</i>. One need not die in +"No; it is an earthly paradise, <i>ma chère amie</i>. One need not die in order to enjoy it," laughingly rejoined Annie. </p> <p> @@ -3449,7 +3413,7 @@ both in a breath. "Because your principles are so different." </p> <p> -"Nay, then, explain the principles, <i>ma chère</i>. You have excited our +"Nay, then, explain the principles, <i>ma chère</i>. You have excited our curiosity; you must gratify it now." </p> <p> @@ -4664,7 +4628,7 @@ influence, though indirect and reflected. But from the moment of the separation their progress begins to slacken, their spiritual life becomes sickly and attenuated, and gradually they lose all that they had received from the church, and lapse into helpless and unassisted -nature. This, which is demonstrable <i>à priori</i>, is proved by the +nature. This, which is demonstrable <i>à priori</i>, is proved by the experience of those nations that separated from the church in the sixteenth century. These nations at first retained a large portion of their old Catholic culture, and many of the habits acquired under the @@ -4719,7 +4683,7 @@ church, and is practically, when not theoretically, rejected. It was perhaps asserted by the reformers at first for the purpose of presenting some authority not precisely human, which no Catholic would deny, as offset against that of the church, rather than from any deep -reverence for it, or profound conviction of it« reality. But, be this +reverence for it, or profound conviction of it« reality. But, be this as it may, it counts for little now. The authors of Essays and Reviews, and the Anglican bishop of Natal, take hardly less liberty with the <a name="57">{57}</a> Scriptures than Luther and Calvin did with the church. @@ -5889,7 +5853,7 @@ honest and unconscious imitation there never was, and just as the impression of the archetype rarely rose to a fact of consciousness, so the consequent resemblance seldom amounts to a traceable parallelism. There is no reproduction of passages, but of characteristics. A shade, -a turn of phrase, a suggestion, a <i>soupçon</i>, as we read, recalls at +a turn of phrase, a suggestion, a <i>soupçon</i>, as we read, recalls at once some great writer. The sonnets are full of subtle odors and flavors of Shakespeare, evanescent, intangible, and charming. There are also what the French would call "coincidences of style" with @@ -7124,7 +7088,7 @@ verdict." <p> He then proceeded to review the evidence, pulling it to pieces, and cutting right and left into every deposition, showing up the flaws, -attacking <i>sans ménagement</i> the character and veracity of the +attacking <i>sans ménagement</i> the character and veracity of the witnesses, dealing blows with no gentle hand on every side, and evidently lashing "his learned friend the Solicitor-General" into a state of suppressed fury; the whole drift and gist of his argument @@ -7436,7 +7400,7 @@ silence, the other will, bequeathing a mere nominal sum to the prisoner, and cutting off with a shilling the rightful heir, namely, Mr. Thorneley's son, was lodged with the deceased's family lawyers, produced, read, and acted upon by them and the sole residuary legatee, -Mr. Wilmot. This was to be considered vis-à-vis with the motive by +Mr. Wilmot. This was to be considered vis-à -vis with the motive by which the prisoner at the bar was implied to have been influenced to the commission of the crime charged against him." The Chief-Justice concluded, after many more comments, by saying that, although every @@ -8663,7 +8627,7 @@ astronomy and astrology, noted the signs of the seasons, and regulated their field occupations by the direction of their almanac makers, who were their wise men; they would neither sow nor reap, nor trim their beards and nails, without consulting their almanacs; they introduced -their rules of practice into Europe. A German named Müller constructed +their rules of practice into Europe. A German named Müller constructed an almanac in its present form, suited to general writers. An English writer who called himself Poor Robin, published long ago an almanac remarkable for coarseness and eccentricity. The following are @@ -9008,7 +8972,7 @@ it is true, were small, but their pilferings were great. One day the master and mistress resolved to examine the servants' boxes. In the first one opened they found a canvas bag filled with lump-sugar, parcels him and of tea and coffee, needles, pins, buttons, hooks and -eyes, tape, laces, soap, candles, children's toy», sealing-wax, pens, +eyes, tape, laces, soap, candles, children's toy», sealing-wax, pens, note paper, and a keep of small articles, all of which had been stolen. Every box had been opened in turn, and not one contained less than the first, and many of them contained more. @@ -9587,7 +9551,7 @@ the peasants, our party joined the main body of the band. barrel, the case was reversed, and, a lot of slugs being added, was rammed down with the tow on top. These must be very destructive at close quarters, but they generally blaze at the soldiers, and <i>vice - versâ</i>, at such a distance, that little harm is done from the + versâ</i>, at such a distance, that little harm is done from the uncertain aim taken. Most of them have revolvers, kept either in the belts or the left-hand pocket of their jackets; they were secured by a silk cord round their necks, and fastened to a ring in the butt of @@ -9743,7 +9707,7 @@ actors in the bloody spectacle, and come at once to the moment when the bull is let into the ring: </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 26: Cosas de España: Illustrative of Spain and the + [Footnote 26: Cosas de España: Illustrative of Spain and the Spaniards as they are. By Mrs. Wm. Pitt Byrne, Author of Flemish Interiors, etc. 2 vols. 8vo. pp. 279, 322. London and New York: Alexander Strahan.] @@ -10008,7 +9972,7 @@ stung, coursed once more desperately round the ring. ever. The air was rent with shouts of men, screams of women, cries of approbation and roars of applause, which were still at their height, when one of the barriers suddenly opened, and the mules, - with their harness glittering, and their <i>grélots</i> tinkling, trotted + with their harness glittering, and their <i>grélots</i> tinkling, trotted gaily in; a rope was fastened with great dexterity around the neck of the still palpitating carcase, which was then dragged off with incredible rapidity, leaving a purple furrow in the sand: the dead @@ -10051,7 +10015,7 @@ being that the odds were too great <i>against the bull!</i> If the beast had only been allowed a fair chance, he would have liked it a great deal better. He attended another bull-fight at Seville, and did not like it at all. The great attraction on this occasion was a female -bill-fighter, who was advertised as the "intrepid señorita" She +bill-fighter, who was advertised as the "intrepid señorita" She entered the arena in a kind of Bloomer costume, with a cap and a red spangled tunic, made her bow to the president, and then lo! to the English gentlemen's unspeakable disappointment, a great tub was @@ -10064,7 +10028,7 @@ performance promising." The bull evidently considered the whole thing a humbug, for at first he would have nothing to do with the tub, and kept walking round and round the ring. At last indignation got the better of him, and turning suddenly upon the ignominious utensil, he -sent it rolling half way across the arena, with the intrepid señorita +sent it rolling half way across the arena, with the intrepid señorita curled up inside. This seemed very much like baiting a hedgehog; but when the bull caught up the tub on his horns and ran bellowing with it round the ring, the sport began to look serious. There was a general @@ -10097,7 +10061,7 @@ might indeed make angels weep." <p> The Spaniard does not always figure in Mr. Blackburn's book as the high-bred gentleman we are wont to imagine him. Take, for example, -this picture of a señor travelling: "For some mysterious reason, no +this picture of a señor travelling: "For some mysterious reason, no sooner does a Spaniard find himself in a railway carriage than his native courtesy and high breeding seem to desert him; he is not the man you meet on the Prado, or who is ready to divide his dinner with @@ -10111,14 +10075,14 @@ head upon your shoulder and his lighted cigar hanging from his mouth. He insists upon keeping the windows tightly closed, and unless your party is a large one you have to give way to the majority and submit to be half suffocated." Nor is it much better at the hotels: "A lady -cannot, in the year 1866, sit down to a <i>table d'hôte</i> in Madrid +cannot, in the year 1866, sit down to a <i>table d'hôte</i> in Madrid without the chance of having smoke puffed across the table in her face all dinner-time; her next neighbor (if a Spaniard) will think nothing of reaching in front of her for what he requires, and greedily securing the best of everything for himself. That is an educated gentleman opposite, but he has peculiar views about the uses of knives and forks; next to him are two ladies (of some position, we may -assume; they have come to Madrid to be presented at the levée +assume; they have come to Madrid to be presented at the levée to-morrow), but their manners at table are simply atrocious. In his own house, it must be admitted, the Spaniard behaves better; but it is only among the few that one encounters the same degree of refinement @@ -10132,7 +10096,7 @@ are made by a dirty, good-natured little man, who sits upon them and smokes at intervals during the process. Our fellow-travellers, who have been much in Spain and have been staying here some time, say that he is one of the best and most obliging servants they have met with. -He attends to all the families on our <i>étage</i>, and earns 18s. or 20s. +He attends to all the families on our <i>étage</i>, and earns 18s. or 20s. a day! Every one has to fee him, or he will not work. We found him active enough until the end of the week, when our 'tip' of 60 or 70 reals, equal to about 2s. a day, was indignantly returned, as @@ -10151,7 +10115,7 @@ from morning till night, doing noting, rarely speaking, and scarcely seeming to have energy enough to light a cigarette. Sometimes they scratch their fusees on the coat of a passer-by, in a contemplative, patronizing fashion, that takes a stranger rather aback. A young -Madrileño is content to lounge his life away in this manner; and if he +Madrileño is content to lounge his life away in this manner; and if he has an income sufficient to provide him with the bare means of subsistence, with his indispensable <i>cigarito</i> and his ticket for the bull-fight, he will do no work. In the morning he lounges on the @@ -10980,7 +10944,7 @@ gathered from the first eight centuries of Christianity. In this way they file a bill of exceptions against the supremacy of the Holy See. These disconnected, accidental shreds are patched together into a theory, that the supremacy of the Holy See has been established by a -gradual usurpation. Starting on this <i>à priori</i> assumption, the +gradual usurpation. Starting on this <i>à priori</i> assumption, the advocates of the claims of Rome are required to prove categorically from the monuments of the first, second, third, and other early centuries the full and complete doctrine of the supremacy, with all @@ -10992,10 +10956,10 @@ bewilder, and confute the minds of their readers amid a maze of documents, so that they may give up the hope of a clear and plain solution, and stay where they are, because they are there. A book of this kind has just been translated and republished in this country, -from the French of M. Guettée, a priest who had left the Catholic +from the French of M. Guettée, a priest who had left the Catholic Church for the Russian schism, under the auspices of the American Mark of Ephesus, Bishop Coxe. From a cursory examination of the French -original, we judge it to be as specious and plausible a resumé of the +original, we judge it to be as specious and plausible a resumé of the materials furnished by Jansenists and Orientals—whose skirts the Anglicans are making violent efforts to seize hold of just now—as any that has appeared. Wherefore we trust that it may be soon and @@ -12139,7 +12103,7 @@ of attaining its proper perfection and felicity, without being elevated above its own order, by the mere explication of its rationality, and aspires no higher, but even prefers to remain where it is. The fact that it is in a state which in comparison with the -state of elevation is merely inchoate existence, and is <i>in potentiâ</i> +state of elevation is merely inchoate existence, and is <i>in potentiâ</i> to a state not realised <i>in actu</i>, does not show that its felicity or the good order of the universe requires it to be elevated any higher, unless it is elected as a subject of elevating grace. [Footnote 34] @@ -12297,7 +12261,7 @@ in order. Said April, "I?" "Yes, 'tis I." - What aërial artist limns + What aërial artist limns Rock and cloud, with brush that dims Titian's oils and Hogarth's whims In shape and dye? @@ -12829,7 +12793,7 @@ Sir Thomas More, a Christian philosopher, said to the executioner, committed no offence against the king." </p> <p> -The following instance, recorded by the Abbé Vertot, in his history of +The following instance, recorded by the Abbé Vertot, in his history of the revolutions of Portugal, may claim comparison, for intrepidity and greatness of soul, with anything that we read of in Greek or Roman lore. When Don Sebastian, King of Portugal, invaded the territories of @@ -15152,17 +15116,17 @@ TO BE CONTINUED. BY THE COUNT DE CHAMPAGNY.</h2> <br> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 38: Historical Studies. By the Count L. de Carné.] + [Footnote 38: Historical Studies. By the Count L. de Carné.] </p> <p> Our readers are certainly not ignorant of the name or the book of M. -de Carné. The work which he published in 1848, on the eve of the +de Carné. The work which he published in 1848, on the eve of the revolution of February, attracted the interest as well as the suffrages of all serious times, and the mass of those who read may know and appreciate it. </p> <p> -The idea of this book is well known. M. de Carné has been struck with +The idea of this book is well known. M. de Carné has been struck with what constitutes the peculiar genius of the French nation, its unity. He has wished to ascertain and trace the origin of that unity; and has found it summed up in a few proper names, and has condensed in the @@ -15201,15 +15165,15 @@ but so monarchical in the etymological sense of the word, should be summed up in the proper names of a few men. </p> <p> -The Abbé Suger, St. Louis, Du Guesclin, Joan of Arc, Louis XI., Henry -IV., Richelieu, Mazarin: such are the personages whom M. de Carné has +The Abbé Suger, St. Louis, Du Guesclin, Joan of Arc, Louis XI., Henry +IV., Richelieu, Mazarin: such are the personages whom M. de Carné has selected, and who he shows have gradually effected the development of French unity. It is in the succession of these names that we can follow with him that development. </p> <a name="198">{198}</a> <p> -However, it is not necessary to believe, and M. de Carné does not +However, it is not necessary to believe, and M. de Carné does not pretend it, that these men made French unity. It has been made by itself. France was really one in fact before being made so by the government and laws. From the tenth century, when all Gaul was @@ -15236,7 +15200,7 @@ Thus it seems to me that one of the most important facts in our history, though little remarked, is the first armed manifestation of France under Louis the Fat. At the time the Emperor Henry V. penetrated into Champagne with a German army, the king, who, according -to his own expression, had grown old at the siege of Montlhéry, in a +to his own expression, had grown old at the siege of Montlhéry, in a few weeks found himself at the head of three hundred thousand men, united as a thick cloud of grasshoppers, who cover the banks of the rivers, the mountains, and plains. A few weeks more, and the great @@ -15354,12 +15318,12 @@ France—there has been only an obedient or an insubordinate feudal nobility. </p> <p> -Thus may be given in brief the sum of the first part of M. de Carné s +Thus may be given in brief the sum of the first part of M. de Carné s book; and this first part foretells what is to follow. The position of royalty, the nobles, and the commons respectively, was during four centuries developed only on bases furnished by the middle ages. The development effected in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries M. de -Carné has personified in Suger, abbot of St. Denis, and St. Louis—an +Carné has personified in Suger, abbot of St. Denis, and St. Louis—an able and intelligent choice. Suger and St. Louis were two rare statesmen in an epoch when statesmanship hardly existed. Suger, formed by the rigid and wise discipline of the church, a full-grown man in @@ -15373,18 +15337,18 @@ than by his statesmanship he pertains to our own times. No king ever labored harder to evolve from its feudal envelope the civil and political life of France; no king ever studied more diligently to place royalty on the footing of modern sovereignties, and to fashion -it, as M. de Carné well observes, after the Biblical royalty, rather +it, as M. de Carné well observes, after the Biblical royalty, rather than after feudal suzerainty. </p> <p> -M. de Carné is very right, then, in seeking in these two rare men a +M. de Carné is very right, then, in seeking in these two rare men a serious and matured political plan; but he would have found it difficult to discover traces of such a plan in others, and perhaps even the habits of his own mind render him less fitted to judge other heroes of the middle ages. In the very pages he has written, I see, indeed, Suger; I see, indeed St. Louis; but I do not see enough of the middle age itself, of that age of youth with its contradictions and -it's inconsistencies; and M. de Carné it seems to me to be too wise, +it's inconsistencies; and M. de Carné it seems to me to be too wise, too sensible, too logical, and too much of a modern statesman, to paint it in its true light. </p> @@ -15394,7 +15358,7 @@ perhaps a profounder study of the monuments of the middle ages would give me a different impression. But I own that when I seek the the middle ages in modern writings, I receive an impression quite different from that which I receive when I attempt to study them in -their own monuments. With the moderns, not only with M. de Carné, but +their own monuments. With the moderns, not only with M. de Carné, but with writers who are antiquaries rather than statesman, I find presented as characteristic of the middle ages profound political use, or at least a certain power of foresight and calculation in those who @@ -15617,7 +15581,7 @@ the world in ripening has lost the faith, and retained the vices. </p> <p> Here is what, as it seems to me, may be said of the middle ages, after -what M. de Carné has said, and by the side of what he has said. It may +what M. de Carné has said, and by the side of what he has said. It may not be without some advantage to place this very different view by the side of the political view, which he has so well developed. I repeat it, that considering only the two types of Suger and St. Louis, he @@ -15627,7 +15591,7 @@ partially forgets it. </p> <p> We must now follow France and Europe in that more manly, or senile, -epoch of their life, which M. de Carné after having given us sketches +epoch of their life, which M. de Carné after having given us sketches of Du Guesclin and Joan of Arc, personifies in Louis XI., Henry IV., Cardinal Richelieu, and Mazarin. These are already times which touch very closely our own. The work of Henry IV., of Richelieu, Mazarin, @@ -15635,7 +15599,7 @@ and Louis XIV., has crumbled almost under our own eyes, and in many respects their spirit is still living in our midst. The proof is in the fact that it is still the object of attack, Richelieu especially. Louis XIV. is discussed with all the vehemence of a contemporary -controversy. This indeed is not the case with M. de Carné. There is +controversy. This indeed is not the case with M. de Carné. There is not, perhaps, in his book an appreciation more calm, more dignified, more grave than that of the policy of the great cardinal. </p> @@ -15701,7 +15665,7 @@ in the modern sense of the word. He had little else than privileges to suppress, and absolute monarchy conferred more privileges then it destroyed. We had only insubordinations to quell, and misdeeds to punish. That, in this struggle, his untempered severity amounted even -to cruelty, sometimes odius, and almost always useless, M. de Carné +to cruelty, sometimes odius, and almost always useless, M. de Carné does not deny, and I concede it even to a greater extent, perhaps, than he would approve; but what had been the triumph of the party, or rather of the contradictory parties? What monarchy—national, @@ -15719,7 +15683,7 @@ would have drawn up for Louis XIII. to sign! Richelieu did the only thing which in his time was possible, and that is the justification of the political order which he founded. But his work was not complete, and was not completed, I dare add, solely -because it was sanguinary. The blood shed, as M. de Carné well says, +because it was sanguinary. The blood shed, as M. de Carné well says, was not so abundant as is commonly believed; twenty-six men in all perished on the scaffold. How many politicians have the reputation of great benignity, who have put to death a much larger number! But on @@ -15739,7 +15703,7 @@ extinguished on the scaffold of Cinq-Mars. </p> <a name="206">{206}</a> <p> -M. de Carné, who overrates Richelieu, greatly underrates Mazarin. +M. de Carné, who overrates Richelieu, greatly underrates Mazarin. Certainly, the man had less grandeur, and was more sullied; there were defects in his genius, and undeniably dark shades in his character; his morality was certainly of a low order, but his intellectual power @@ -15774,7 +15738,7 @@ said in passing, without recurring to the necessity and legitimacy of this work, it has produced, in spite of its many imperfections and excesses, the most normal epoch in our history since that of St. Louis. This epoch had only brief duration, and it is sometimes, said, -that what is called the ancient <i>régime</i>, was only a period of +that what is called the ancient <i>régime</i>, was only a period of transition. I grant it. In this passing world, what century is there that is not a century of transition? When is it that the nations can stop, pitch their tents, and say, "It is good to be here?" I remember @@ -15800,7 +15764,7 @@ greatest must miserably fail, if so judged. All judgments of human things our relative. When we place a life, in age, a rule, any institution whatever, by the side of the ideal type which are imagination forms to itself, nothing is to be said; that life is -stained, that period is wretched, that <i>régime</i> is odious, that +stained, that period is wretched, that <i>régime</i> is odious, that institution is detestable; but if we compare it with that which has been before, after, or contemporary with it, or even that which would have been humanly possible to put in its place <a name="207">{207}</a> Our judgment is @@ -15814,7 +15778,7 @@ Homer a street-singer, Raphael a dauber by the side of the king, the orator, the poet, the painter, of which we dream in our imagination. </p> <p> -That <i>régime</i>, inaugurated by Richelieu, confirmed by Mazarin, and +That <i>régime</i>, inaugurated by Richelieu, confirmed by Mazarin, and glorified by Louis XIV., had, doubtless, its baseness as every other, but not more than others. It had its cruelties, and they were often inexcusable; it had a greater and more fundamental wrong still, that @@ -15892,7 +15856,7 @@ However, they seem to me to count for too little the abuses so flagrant and so prolonged, which were made of it. </p> <p> -Neither am I among those who accuse the France of the old <i>régime</i> of +Neither am I among those who accuse the France of the old <i>régime</i> of servility. Its love for royalty may have been excessive, but it was, at least, sincere; and if sincere it was not servile. We may be guilty of idolatry towards those we love, but we can be guilty of servility @@ -15972,16 +15936,16 @@ their children to replace them"? We, citizens and freemen, do we even for much money, what those servile beings did for a little honor? </p> <p> -I have passed here a little beyond the work of M. de Carné, who stops +I have passed here a little beyond the work of M. de Carné, who stops with Mazarin. He will pardon me, even thank me, for not permitting myself to go farther still, and to broach the hackneyed subject of 1789. I have elsewhere had occasion to set forth my views on that -subject, by the side of M. de Carné's, happy to agree with him in many +subject, by the side of M. de Carné's, happy to agree with him in many respects, though more severe, perhaps, in my judgment of that revolutionary movement than he is. The tendency of minds toward reforms might have been legitimate, but the way taken to effect them was false, and in my eyes infected with evil from the first. In fact, -the groundwork of French unity, which M. de Carné represents for us +the groundwork of French unity, which M. de Carné represents for us with so much love, what has been its use, if, after the labor of so many centuries, it could be attained only by a national convulsion, the most violent, perhaps, which has figured in history? Civil @@ -15995,19 +15959,19 @@ they might, on the contrary, have found a firmer support for the reforms needed? </p> <p> -Be that as it may, I cannot but thank M. de Carné, in the name of all +Be that as it may, I cannot but thank M. de Carné, in the name of all those who still read, for the work which he achieved in 1848, and for the return which he has just made to his former studies. Whoever we may be, and whatever may be the present, it is not necessary that it should absorb us. As the spectacle of the present age serves to explain past ages, so should a return to the past cool and calm in our minds <a name="210">{210}</a> the agitation of the present. Of this freedom from -contemporaneous reflection, M. de Carné has given us a noble example. +contemporaneous reflection, M. de Carné has given us a noble example. On two or three points, at most, the statesman of our times is a little too perceptible. I much doubt, for instance, if in the -sixteenth century, the Balafré could have founded in France a dynasty +sixteenth century, the Balafré could have founded in France a dynasty and a citizen royalty like that of Louis Philippe. Still it might have -been had the Balafré been a cadet of the Capetian family, and if the +been had the Balafré been a cadet of the Capetian family, and if the dynasty of the Valois had been for forty years shaken by two revolutions. What strikes me, on the contrary, in the history of the League, and what appears to me one of the greatest proofs of the @@ -16021,7 +15985,7 @@ it wished, so to speak, an impossibility, but it willed it with decision and perseverance, and that impossibility it obtained. </p> <p> -But, save these slight traces of the man of the present, M. de Carné +But, save these slight traces of the man of the present, M. de Carné has been able, with rare facility, to identify himself with past ages; he has known how to take from erudition what was necessary to enlighten his political point of view, without suffering it absorb @@ -16038,7 +16002,7 @@ subjects in brief time, but with a sagacity worth more than time, and with a quick perception of the dominant idea which often escapes the simple erudite. He has not me what is called a philosophical history, a task become facile and commonplace, and he has not made what is -still more easy, purely contemporary politics <i>à propos</i> of the past; +still more easy, purely contemporary politics <i>à propos</i> of the past; he has not made a history, if by history we understand the detailed recital of events; but he has known how to keep constantly at his disposition the philosophical view which illuminates history, the @@ -16594,7 +16558,7 @@ sanctifies the means. But regarded from the political point of view, as facts accomplished and irrevocable, perhaps they are not indefensible, nay, not unlikely under divine Providence to prove of lasting benefit to European -society. I cannot defend the <i>coup d'état</i> of Napoleon, December 2, +society. I cannot defend the <i>coup d'état</i> of Napoleon, December 2, 1851, but I believe that the elevation of Louis Napoleon to the French throne has turned out for the benefit of France and of Europe. I condemned the means adopted to effect both Italian and German unity, @@ -16807,7 +16771,7 @@ able, enlightened, and even advantageous to France, was not national; and while submitting to it, the new France that had grown up since 1789 could not feel herself an independent nation. It is probable that there is less freedom for Frenchmen in thought and speech under the -present régime than there was under the Restoration or even the King +present régime than there was under the Restoration or even the King of the Barricades and his parliament; but it is national, accepted by the free will of the nation, and, moreover, obliterates all traces of the old feudal distinctions and privileges of caste or class, and @@ -19371,8 +19335,8 @@ peculiar taste, and a pricking feeling, in the same person at the same time. [Footnote 44] </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 44: Sommerville's Connexion, etc., § xxix. p. 339. - Carpenter's Manual of Physiology, § 932.] + [Footnote 44: Sommerville's Connexion, etc., § xxix. p. 339. + Carpenter's Manual of Physiology, § 932.] </p> <p> Again, (2.) sensations arising from those impressions are so @@ -19446,9 +19410,9 @@ before even an approximately true result can be arrived at. </p> <p class="footnote"> [Footnote 45: Herschel's Discourse on the Study of Natural - Philosophy, § 72.] + Philosophy, § 72.] <br><br> - [Footnote 46: Carpenter's Manual of Physiology, § 945.] + [Footnote 46: Carpenter's Manual of Physiology, § 945.] </p> <p> Further (3.) there is much in nature of which the senses totally fail @@ -19480,9 +19444,9 @@ matters of quantity; they are absolutely vague and inadequate to form a foundation for any exact conclusion." [Footnote 48] </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 47: Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy,§ 117.] + [Footnote 47: Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy,§ 117.] <br><br> - [Footnote 48: Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy,§ 117.] + [Footnote 48: Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy,§ 117.] </p> <br> <a name="260">{260}</a> @@ -19554,7 +19518,7 @@ grain, and yet pretend to no extraordinary degree of merit. </p> <p class="footnote"> [Footnote 51: Herschel's Discourse on the Study of Natural - Philosophy, § 338.] + Philosophy, § 338.] </p> <p> <a name="261">{261}</a> @@ -19585,11 +19549,11 @@ could never have even dreamed. </p> <p class="footnote"> [Footnote 52: Herschel's Discourse on the Study of Natural - Philosophy, § 338.] + Philosophy, § 338.] <br><br> - [Footnote 53 Somerville's Connexion, etc., § xvi. p. 147.] + [Footnote 53 Somerville's Connexion, etc., § xvi. p. 147.] <br><br> - [Footnote 54: Ib., § xxviii. p. 325.] + [Footnote 54: Ib., § xxviii. p. 325.] </p> <p> Once more, (5.) the senses are not only restricted in their sphere of @@ -19656,15 +19620,15 @@ considerable effort of imagination necessary to pass from the sensible to the real form." </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 55: Carpenter's Manual of Physiology, § 93.] + [Footnote 55: Carpenter's Manual of Physiology, § 93.] <br><br> - [Footnote 56: Herschel's Discourse, § 72.] + [Footnote 56: Herschel's Discourse, § 72.] <br><br> - [Footnote 57: Collection of Physical Sciences, § xxv. p. 264.] + [Footnote 57: Collection of Physical Sciences, § xxv. p. 264.] <br><br> - [Footnote 58: Ib., § iv. p. 37.] + [Footnote 58: Ib., § iv. p. 37.] <br><br> - [Footnote 59: Chap. i. §78.] + [Footnote 59: Chap. i. §78.] </p> <p> There is one form of illusion to which the senses are liable, so @@ -19701,7 +19665,7 @@ greatest triumph ever achieved my philosophy over the empire of the senses. </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 60: Outline of Astronomy, § 15, 16.] + [Footnote 60: Outline of Astronomy, § 15, 16.] </p> <a name="263">{263}</a> <p> @@ -19769,7 +19733,7 @@ to it. <br> <h3>Translated from the<br> -Etudes Religieuses, Historiques et Littéraires. +Etudes Religieuses, Historiques et Littéraires. <br><br> THE OLD OWL.</h3> <br> @@ -20570,21 +20534,21 @@ by one drop too much. <br> <h3>From The Month.</h3> <br><br> -<h2>THE MUSÉE RETROSPECTIF IN PARIS.</h2> +<h2>THE MUSÉE RETROSPECTIF IN PARIS.</h2> <br> <p> It is probable that there has never been an Exhibition so singular in its contrasted contents, so rich in market value, prepared so abruptly for submission to public inspection, as that which, during the latter half of the year 1865, was to be seen in the Palais de l'Industrie in -Paris, under the name of "<i>Musée Retrospectif</i>" In a general way, its +Paris, under the name of "<i>Musée Retrospectif</i>" In a general way, its character may be comprehended in England by a reference to the Kensington Museum Exhibition of 1862, from which its conception was drawn, and which it outstripped. Like that Exhibition, it came into existence in especial connection with an institute the primary object of which is to promote the cultivation of art in connection with manufactures. This was formed in Paris three years ago, under the -title of "<i>L'Union Centrale des Beaux Arts appliqués à l'Industrie</i>;" +title of "<i>L'Union Centrale des Beaux Arts appliqués à l'Industrie</i>;" and under circumstances not a little curious, and not a little gratifying to those who have led on the great movement of improvement in art for the last quarter of a century in England. They will find @@ -20592,10 +20556,10 @@ that it has come to pass that the best leading spirits among our great rivals have felt and admitted, with no little alarm, the success of that movement, and the formidable competition with which it has threatened their previous preeminence. The simplest and most sincere -evidence of this appears in the published Report of M. Prosper Merimée +evidence of this appears in the published Report of M. Prosper Merimée in reference to the London Exhibition of 1862, and the adoption of its sentiments by the conductors of that admirable periodical, <i>La Gazette -des Beaux Arts</i>. In that Report M. Merimée, who was official reporter +des Beaux Arts</i>. In that Report M. Merimée, who was official reporter for the French section of the International Jury, thus expresses himself: </p> @@ -20644,7 +20608,7 @@ aim and object of which is an incessant application of the most effective means for fertilizing the wide domain of native art and manufacture, so as to sustain it in its present rich power of productiveness. They have assumed the name of <i>L' Union Centrale des -Beaux Arts appliqués â l'Industrie</i>. They have instituted a museum for +Beaux Arts appliqués â l'Industrie</i>. They have instituted a museum for the collection and exhibition of all manner of objects akin to their undertaking, where lectures are to be systematically delivered to the same end. @@ -20712,9 +20676,9 @@ receptacle, would have been sufficient to constitute a most valuable Museum of statuettes, vases, and other objects—some of perfect beauty. We cannot in a brief sketch like this attempt any detailed description, which could but be tantalizingly imperfect. We may make a -statuette of Minerva, thus noted as No. 98 of the catalogue: "<i>Athène -Toromachos; reproduction du Xoanon, conservé dans le Temple -d'Erechthée. Bronze fondu en plein, du travail le plus archaïque. Un +statuette of Minerva, thus noted as No. 98 of the catalogue: "<i>Athène +Toromachos; reproduction du Xoanon, conservé dans le Temple +d'Erechthée. Bronze fondu en plein, du travail le plus archaïque. Un des plus vieux bronzes grecs connus</i>." With what pardonable veneration might not the lover of the Greek marvels of art bend over this, "one of the oldest Greek bronzes known"! @@ -20768,7 +20732,7 @@ The works of the renaissance and subsequent period, in this collection, <a name="278">{278}</a> were most numerous in what may be termed miniature objects—light branches and lovely blossoms springing from the great main trunks of painting and sculpture. For them chiefly, so full of -winning instructiveness, this <i>Musée Retrospectif</i> would seem to have +winning instructiveness, this <i>Musée Retrospectif</i> would seem to have been especially got up. They appeared in forms of gold, silver, and much more cherished bronze, in ivory, and again the happier vehicle wood, in crystal and in glass, in steel, in gems and miniatures, in @@ -20848,11 +20812,11 @@ special contribution of the emperor, presenting art and ingenuity as handmaidens to war—not as ministering to the amenities or luxuries of peace. In other words, it gave, in review, a complete array of the heaviest heavy armor of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries—some -thirty suits, standing cap-à-pie—illustrating the period when almost +thirty suits, standing cap-à -pie—illustrating the period when almost the entire frame of the man militant was encased in metal plates; when, consequently, to fall in battle was but too much after the fashion of Lucifer—never to rise again, unless as a prisoner, or -unless assisted from mid mêlée by the smart hands of some sturdy +unless assisted from mid mêlée by the smart hands of some sturdy squire, and thus once more restored to the perpendicular on the back of that singular hippogriff, a horse in armor. In this collection of panoplies the variety of helmets was most striking—some singularly @@ -20889,7 +20853,7 @@ splendid model-suit made, in order to use influence of the most potent kind against the new martial heterodoxy. The progress of time has proved how vainly the recalcitrant effort was made. The great explosive agent has prevailed—until at length, in our own time, the -management of the <i>bouches à feu</i> is the beginning and end of all +management of the <i>bouches à feu</i> is the beginning and end of all scientific strategy; and even the cuirassier—the last of the steel-clads—is surmised to be on his last legs. </p> @@ -21008,7 +20972,7 @@ Poland. These veteran sword-blades vainly remind us of the noble race of warriors by whom the reckless Turk was swept back from the walls of Vienna, and the possible conquest of Europe arrested. They all, however, tell the old and ever-to-be-repeated tale. Like other -valuables of Royal Association, with which this <i>Musée Retrospectif</i> +valuables of Royal Association, with which this <i>Musée Retrospectif</i> was in every quarter redundant—forgetting that pretty, ivory-piped <i>cornemuse</i> or bagpipe, knotted with its still unfaded green ribbons, which once made music to the touch of Marie Antoinette—they express @@ -21275,7 +21239,7 @@ different one from what is generally supposed. Our own supreme court has decided that it is no breach of neutrality, in the absence of any treaty stipulation, or local statute, to build, arm, and equip a vessel of war, and send her, under American colors, to the port of a -belligerent, with the <i>bonâ fide</i> purpose of there offering her for +belligerent, with the <i>bonâ fide</i> purpose of there offering her for sale as a commercial enterprise; though she may be subject to capture by the other belligerent, as contraband of war. Mr. Dana, after a thorough examination of the authorities and of the diplomatic @@ -21399,7 +21363,7 @@ landmark in the literature of the nineteenth century. <a name="286">{286}</a> <p> LIFE OF SAINT CECILIA, VIRGIN AND MARTYR. By the Reverend Prosper -Guéranger, Abbé de Solesmes. Translated from the French. 12mo, pp. +Guéranger, Abbé de Solesmes. Translated from the French. 12mo, pp. 404. Philadelphia: P. F. Cunningham. 1866. </p> <p> @@ -21448,9 +21412,9 @@ considering the formal unsympathetic style of the original; but we wish that in certain descriptive passages the historical present had been preserved throughout, or altogether avoided. We are surprised to see the authors styled upon the title page as the <i>Reverend</i> Prosper -per Guéranger, <i>abbé de Solesmes</i>. It is not common to attach the +per Guéranger, <i>abbé de Solesmes</i>. It is not common to attach the title of Rev. to the name of authors and prelates of such note as Dom -Guéranger, and abbé de' for 'abbot of' is not in good taste. +Guéranger, and abbé de' for 'abbot of' is not in good taste. </p> <p> A fancy portrait accompanies the volume, representing Saint Cecilia @@ -21972,7 +21936,7 @@ existing. Therefore, God may bestow it on whom he pleases, and upon any conditions he pleases to establish. As probation implies imperfection, and the creature is created for his proper perfection, when he attains it probation must cease. The period of probation must -therefore be limited. It must be also a real, <i>bonâ fide</i> probation; +therefore be limited. It must be also a real, <i>bonâ fide</i> probation; that is, the attainment of beatitude must really depend on the right use of the term of probation. Consequently, when the term of probation has expired, those who have failed in it must be left to the eternal @@ -22133,7 +22097,7 @@ in the act of God <i>ad intra</i>, or his infinite love of himself. Yet God loves the creature, delights in the love of the creature, wills the beatitude of the creature. That he may do this, the existence of the creature as the terminus of his volition is necessary as the <i>conditio -sine quâ non</i>. It might be said, then, that the existence of the +sine quâ non</i>. It might be said, then, that the existence of the creature, and his act in loving God, is perfective of God. It is not. For it is altogether distinct from that which is the terminus of the divine act of love, in which the perfection of the being of God is @@ -22236,7 +22200,7 @@ their nature, having received the gift of supernatural grace, and having the prospect of a still greater glory before them, were very likely, speaking after a human mode of thought, to make the requisite act of concurrence with the divine will and thus secure their -confirmation in grace. In other words, there appears to be an <i>à +confirmation in grace. In other words, there appears to be an <i>à priori</i> probability that at least a great number of them would do so. We know that, in point of fact, a great number of them did, and, according to the common opinion, much the largest portion of the whole @@ -22632,7 +22596,7 @@ future number. [Footnote 64: <i>Authorities</i>: Plinii Nat. Hist.; Cornel. Nepos; Giraldus Cambrensis; Anglia Sacra; Brompton's Chron.; Humphreys' Art of Illumination and illuminated Books of the Middle Ages; Sylvestre - Paléographic Universelle (Sir F. Madden's edition); Muratori Antiq. + Paléographic Universelle (Sir F. Madden's edition); Muratori Antiq. Ital. Mediaevi; Lanzi Hist. of Painting; Baldinucci Notizie; Froissart's Chronicles; Mrs. Jamieson's Life of Our Lord; Cotton. MSS.—Claud. B iv.—Faustina, B vi.—Galba, A xviii.-Nero, C @@ -23310,7 +23274,7 @@ of Arezzo, and in a missal given to Sixtus IV. Two great French illuminators come next up on the scene, one of whom, <i>Andrieu de Beauneveu</i>, is mentioned in the Chronicles of Froissart. [Footnote 80] One of his works, called Le Petit Psautier, was valued at eighty -livres, about £120 of modern English money. Another of his works was +livres, about £120 of modern English money. Another of his works was The Great Hours of the Duke de Berri, fac-similes of which will be found in the works of Sylvestre and Noel Humphreys. [Footnote 81] He died in the year 1416, leaving a volume of Hours behind him @@ -23318,7 +23282,7 @@ unfinished, which was bought by the French government for 13,000 francs. The other French artist was <i>Jean Foucquet</i>, a native of Tours, who is spoken of as one of the glories of the fifteenth century. His principal works were the illumination of a book called -L'Anciennrté des Juifs, and the Hours of Anne of Bretagne, two +L'Anciennrté des Juifs, and the Hours of Anne of Bretagne, two specimens of which may be found in Mr. Noel Humphrey's excellent work before alluded to. [Footnote 82] The greatest artist in the Italian miniature was <i>Don Giulio Clovio</i>, whose advent closes the history of @@ -23337,13 +23301,13 @@ Dante's Vision, now in the Vatican. <p class="footnote"> [Footnote 80: Chroniques de Floissart, vol. iv., p. 71, Lyons.] <br><br> - [Footnote 81: Paléog. Univ., plate 195: Madden, ii. 544-7. + [Footnote 81: Paléog. Univ., plate 195: Madden, ii. 544-7. Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages, plate xxi.] <br><br> [Footnote 82: Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages, plates xxxi. and xxxii.] <br><br> - [Footnote 83: Sylvester—Paléog. Univ.. plate 162.] + [Footnote 83: Sylvester—Paléog. Univ.. plate 162.] </p> <br> <a name="313">{313}</a> @@ -23351,7 +23315,7 @@ Dante's Vision, now in the Vatican. Another splendid relique of this artist consists of a large miniature of the crucifixion, executed for Gregory XIII.; it was brought from the Vatican during the campaigns in Italy, in the time of the French -Revolution, by the Abbé Celotti. He was called the Michael Angelo of +Revolution, by the Abbé Celotti. He was called the Michael Angelo of painters, and died in 1578, at the advanced age of eighty. His last days were spent in peace, as Vasari tells us "he does not study or do anything, but seek the salvation of his soul by good works, and a life @@ -23585,12 +23549,12 @@ Abraham, then David, and next the Virgin, above all is Christ; but at page 20, we have the death of the Virgin, and the Virgin enthroned in heaven. In the thirteenth century MSS., we find the Virgin taking the most prominent position, and Christ represented as a child; saints, -too, creep into the illuminations, more especially Thomas à Becket, +too, creep into the illuminations, more especially Thomas à Becket, whose murder appears to have been always diligently inserted by the monks in their MSS., as we shall see. In a Psalter [Footnote 93] of the year 1200, among many other pictures, is a burial of a saint in his episcopal mitre; and the anointing of David is followed a few -pages after by the murder of Thomas à Becket. +pages after by the murder of Thomas à Becket. </p> <p class="footnote"> [Footnote 93: Harleian MSS., 5102] @@ -23652,7 +23616,7 @@ On page 11, the Virgin and child seated on a bench with St. Anna; on page 13 St. Catherine, page 15 St. Margaret, and page 21 the annunciation. In another office of the Virgin, [Footnote 98] we find the evangelists, the annunciation and visitation of the Virgin, the -murder of Thomas à Becket, St. Catherine, St. Margaret, the scourging +murder of Thomas à Becket, St. Catherine, St. Margaret, the scourging of Christ, adoration of kings, and in the most prominent picture the coronation of the Virgin, in which she is represented as being supported by an angel while the Almighty is pointing with his right @@ -23677,7 +23641,7 @@ which bears date from 1490 to 1500. [Footnote 100] <p> On pages 20 and 21 are autographs of Henry VII. and Henry VIII., which will justify the supposition that it belonged to both. Its -illustrations include, among other things, the murder of Thomas à +illustrations include, among other things, the murder of Thomas à Becket, St. George and the Dragon, St. Christopher, the Virgin and child, with St. Anna, St. Catherine, St. Barbara, and St. Margaret. There is a religious poem, illustrated with miniatures, and bearing @@ -25272,7 +25236,7 @@ occasion. </p> <p> Time passed on. Annie had been married a year or more. Truth to say, -she was somewhat <i>ennuyée</i> at present. Her husband resided chiefly on +she was somewhat <i>ennuyée</i> at present. Her husband resided chiefly on his estate, and this was at some distance from Estcourt Hall. There was little society in the neighborhood, and Sir Philip's tastes corresponded very little with her own. @@ -25854,7 +25818,7 @@ the society is supported by the very cream of "evangelical" Protestantism, having Lord Shaftesbury for its President, Lord Ebury as Vice-President, and Mr. Kinnaird as Treasurer. The subscriptions are very large indeed, and from the "statement" furnished by the -report for 1864-65, we find that no less a sum than £24,672 5<i>s</i>, has +report for 1864-65, we find that no less a sum than £24,672 5<i>s</i>, has been sent out to the East for "native agencies" alone, since the commencement of the society, now about eleven years ago; this, of course, being all in addition to the very heavy sums and comfortable @@ -25974,7 +25938,7 @@ the 2,642 "church members" are earnest, consistent Protestants. If so, and taking into calculation only the funds furnished by the Turkish Missions-Aid Society, as quoted above, these converts I'm not very valuable, for they have only cost something less than ten pounds each. -But if to the £24,672 5<i>s</i>., we add all that the American Board of +But if to the £24,672 5<i>s</i>., we add all that the American Board of Missions has paid in the same period as salaries for missionaries, for "native assistants," for schoolmasters, rents, building of churches, printing, books, and the passage-money of missionaries and their @@ -26026,7 +25990,7 @@ that he must mean the American missionary establishments in the East generally—the five "fields," of which a "statement" has been copied above, and the total of whose "church members" amounts to 2,642. And even with this calculation it will be seen that every Protestant -communicant costs the pretty little <i>annual</i> sum of about £9 10<i>s</i>. +communicant costs the pretty little <i>annual</i> sum of about £9 10<i>s</i>. for his conversion, and subsequent religious instruction. We are given to finding fault, and not unnaturally so, with the cost of the Established Church in Ireland; but what is this when compared with the @@ -26039,15 +26003,15 @@ well-paid private Anglican rector of their own. No wonder that we are told the Syrian Protestant converts think highly of their new creed, "the Gospel of Christ," as it is modestly called. In a country where everything is more or less measured by a monetary standard, a convert -for whose spiritual well-being £9 10<i>s</i>. per annum is paid must +for whose spiritual well-being £9 10<i>s</i>. per annum is paid must believe himself to be in a state of exaltation, considering that had he remained in his own church, his Maronite, Greek, Greek Catholic, or Armenian priest—having to say mass every day, to attend to some one or two thousand parishioners probably scattered over a large district—would consider himself very fortunate indeed if he had a -stipend of two thousand piastres a year, or about £20, of which more +stipend of two thousand piastres a year, or about £20, of which more than half would be paid in corn, oil, or fruits. <a name="346">{346}</a> The fathers of -the Jesuit mission in Syria are allowed a thousand francs, £40, for +the Jesuit mission in Syria are allowed a thousand francs, £40, for the travelling expenses, clothing, table, etc., of each priest when engaged on missionary work away from the house of his community; how, then, is it that the American missionaries cost so very much more? We @@ -26270,7 +26234,7 @@ not, as is supposed in Europe, against unbelievers, but between Christians;" [Footnote 105] and surely here is proselytism of the kind forced upon a people against their will, by the inhabitants of another far-off country, who would do very much better if they spent -their yearly £25,000 among themselves, in "converting" the thousands +their yearly £25,000 among themselves, in "converting" the thousands of worse than pagans to be seen daily in the streets of every great town of England and America, and whose "faith" is from time to time shown in their "works." @@ -26283,12 +26247,12 @@ We have no desire to hold up to the ridicule they deserve the absurd canting sentences and so-called scriptural ejaculations with which the of the Turkish Missions-Aid Society is interlarded. All who have perused similar documents must be well acquainted with the way in -which <a name="349">{349}</a> verses from Holy Writ are made to serve <i>£. s. d.</i> by the +which <a name="349">{349}</a> verses from Holy Writ are made to serve <i>£. s. d.</i> by the writer. Nor do we wish to make our readers laugh I reproduce some of the "pious" anecdotes which are to be met with in these pages. Thus it may, or may not, be true that at Nicomedia "a few years ago all was darkness and bigotry;" but it can hardly be taken what the French -would call "<i>au sérieux</i>" that two Armenian priests in this locality +would call "<i>au sérieux</i>" that two Armenian priests in this locality were "awakened" by reading an Armeno-Turkish translation of The Dairyman's Daughter, and that, since the conversion of these gentlemen, a flourishing church, with a large congregation, has been @@ -26697,14 +26661,14 @@ the most outrageous piece of pious impudence that has ever been published, even in the name of sectarian so-called religion, will appear upon a further examination of this document. We will do the American missionaries the justice of saying that no Englishman would, -or could, ever have had the <i>toupé</i> to ask for money for such a +or could, ever have had the <i>toupé</i> to ask for money for such a purpose; the whole document bears the unmistakable impress of "smart" New-England. As we have shown before, from the "summary" of American Missions Statement given elsewhere, copied from the report of the Turkish Missions-Aid Society, the number of Protestant "church members" on the Syrian field is two hundred; this, too, after nearly thirty years of missionary "labor" in the country. And now these same -missionaries come forward and modestly tell us that "more than £20,000 +missionaries come forward and modestly tell us that "more than £20,000 have already been secured and invested in the United States" for the building of this proposed "institution," and that "it is proposed to raise an equal amount in England, the income annually going to the @@ -26906,7 +26870,7 @@ One word more ere we have done with the "Syrian Protestant college." </p> <p> At the head of the list of subscribers to this proposed institution is -£1,000 from "The late Syrian asylums' committee." If we are rightly +£1,000 from "The late Syrian asylums' committee." If we are rightly informed, that money was subscribed from the residue of a fund which was instituted in 1860 to afford assistance to the sufferers from the Syrian massacres. To this fund Catholics, Protestants, Greeks, and @@ -26917,9 +26881,9 @@ were American missionaries, and subscribers to it were afraid that the money would be used for proselytizing purposes. After a time the great misery of the Syrian Christians came to an end, and no further relief was required: but there still remained an unused balance of about -£1,200 of this fund in the banker's hands. If what is reported in +£1,200 of this fund in the banker's hands. If what is reported in London be correct—and we have very good reason for believing it to be -so—who was it that gave authority for this £1,000 to be given as a +so—who was it that gave authority for this £1,000 to be given as a donation to the Syrian Protestant college? To question regards not only the Catholics, Greeks, and Jews of London, Manchester, Liverpool, and other towns in England that subscribed to this fund, but also @@ -26927,7 +26891,7 @@ those belonging to a large—and we are thankful to say a very large—class of our Protestant fellow-countrymen, who, however much they may differ from us in matters of faith, are enemies to religion being made a cloak for fraud, and are honest and honorable in their -dealings between man and man. If this £1,000 which heads the list of +dealings between man and man. If this £1,000 which heads the list of subscriptions in the Syrian Protestant college was really given from the money which in 1860-61 was gathered together as "the Syrian relief fund," a gross and most infamous breach of trust has been committed, @@ -27124,7 +27088,7 @@ her view La Grande Mademoiselle, the contemplated bride of half the sovereigns in Europe. </p> <p> -Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans was born in the palace of the Louvre, May +Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans was born in the palace of the Louvre, May 29th, 1627. Fairies met her on the threshold of the world and endowed her with all earthly goods—boundless wealth, a cheerful temper, keen wit, excellent health, and a fair share of beauty. Was it a kindly or @@ -27147,7 +27111,7 @@ in my establishment, added to her tenderness, it seems impossible sufficiently to regret her death." </p> <p> -This passage from her "Mémoires" exhibits several of Mademoiselle's +This passage from her "Mémoires" exhibits several of Mademoiselle's peculiarities: a certain blunt, abrupt mode of expressing her exact meaning, an egotism that makes her lose or gain a test of the importance of events, and a right-minded honesty which saved her from @@ -27171,7 +27135,7 @@ Monsieur, whose career was a series of petty intrigues, from which he invariably emerged unscathed, leaving his accomplices to bear the consequences of their folly. Very different was the spirit of his daughter. At six years old she was taken to see the degradation of Duc -d'Elbôeuf and Marquis de <a name="361">{361}</a> la Vienville from the order. On being +d'Elbôeuf and Marquis de <a name="361">{361}</a> la Vienville from the order. On being told that their disgrace was owing to devotion to her father, she wept bitterly, and wished to retire, saying that she could not with propriety witness the ceremony. Ten years later Monsieur supped with @@ -27221,12 +27185,12 @@ with a selection of lords of corresponding stature. The magnificent dresses and appointments satisfied even Mademoiselle's ambition. In one figure birds were introduced in cages, and set free in the dancing room. One unlucky songster became entangled in the dress trimmings of -Mademoiselle de Brézé, Cardinal Richelieu's niece, who began to cry +Mademoiselle de Brézé, Cardinal Richelieu's niece, who began to cry and scream so vehemently as to introduce a new element of amusement among the assembly. The accident recalls a similar one which occurred at the time of this lady's marriage with the Duc d'Enghien, afterward -the great Condé. There was a ball afterward, where Mademoiselle de -Brézé, who was very small, fell down while dancing a <i>courante</i>, +the great Condé. There was a ball afterward, where Mademoiselle de +Brézé, who was very small, fell down while dancing a <i>courante</i>, because, in order to make her look tall, they had put such high-heeled shoes upon her feet that she could not walk. Clearly her sphere of success was not destined to be the ball-room. Poor little soul! she @@ -27282,7 +27246,7 @@ not displeased by joining in the conversation." </p> <p> His eminence was destined to fall more deeply than ever into disgrace -with Mademoiselle in 1638. The dauphin was born at the château of +with Mademoiselle in 1638. The dauphin was born at the château of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, September 5th of that year; and his cousin, who, like any other little girl, enjoyed being in the royal nursery, used to call him "her little husband." This amused the king @@ -27298,7 +27262,7 @@ words." </p> <p> If this rebuke had made a deeper impression upon Louise de Bourbon, -her biographer's task would be a more grateful one. The naïveté with +her biographer's task would be a more grateful one. The naïveté with which she reveals all her matrimonial castles in the air would be incomprehensible if these schemes had not been purely ambitious; as free <a name="363">{363}</a> from sentiment as a military stratagem or a commercial @@ -27335,9 +27299,9 @@ room when the agony began, and she died in fifteen minutes." Mademoiselle retired to the Carmelite convent of Saint Denis, until Monsieur should select another governess. She requested that the place might be given either to Mademoiselle de Fieique or Mademoiselle de -Tillières (both "persons of quality, merit, and virtue, and relations +Tillières (both "persons of quality, merit, and virtue, and relations of her own"), hoping earnestly that the choice might fall upon -Mademoiselle de Tillières. Her wishes were thwarted, and the Countess +Mademoiselle de Tillières. Her wishes were thwarted, and the Countess de Fiesque entered upon the task with Spartan firmness. An illness of six months' duration vanished miraculously when the news of her appointment was announced, we are told with sarcastic emphasis. @@ -27377,7 +27341,7 @@ the history of his courtship. The court was at Fontainebleau when his royal highness arrived in France; and their majesties went to meet him in the forest. His mother presented him first to the king and then to the queen, who kissed him, -after which he bowed to the Princess of Condé, and to his cousin. "He +after which he bowed to the Princess of Condé, and to his cousin. "He was only sixteen or seventeen years old; quite tall for his age, with a fine head, black hair, brown complexion, and quite a good figure." One unpardonable sin he had in Mademoiselle's eyes; that, not speaking @@ -27399,7 +27363,7 @@ more of the establishment than of the person." In vain did Charles Stuart follow her about bareheaded, ministering mutely to her love of importance. In vain did he hold the flambeau this side and that, while the Queen of England dressed her for Mademoiselle de Choisy's ball. -His <i>petite oré</i>, as they called the dainty appointments of a +His <i>petite oré</i>, as they called the dainty appointments of a gentleman's dress in those days, were red, black, and white, because Mademoiselle's plume and the ribbons fastening her jewels were red, black, and white. He made himself torchbearer again while she arranged @@ -27427,7 +27391,7 @@ produced all the effect of beauty. </p> <p> The dancing took place in a large theatre, illuminated with flambeaux, -and at one end stood a thrown upon a daïs, which was the scene of +and at one end stood a thrown upon a daïs, which was the scene of Mademoiselle's triumphs. "The king and the Prince of Wales did care to occupy the throne; I remained there alone; and saw at my feet these two princes and all the princesses of the court circle. I was not in @@ -27445,26 +27409,26 @@ The conclusion of this romance belongs really to the interval between the first and second Fronde, but we insert it here for the sake of convenience, pleading guilty of the anachronism. In 1649 we find Mademoiselle again persecuted to marry her cousin, then Charles II. -"L'Abbé de la Rivière said that I was right, but that it must be +"L'Abbé de la Rivière said that I was right, but that it must be remembered that there was no other match for me in Europe; that the emperor and King of Spain were married; the King of Hungary was betrothed to the Infanta of Spain; the archduke would never be sovereign of the Low Countries; that I would not hear of any German or Italian sovereign; that In France the king and Monsieur (d'Anjou) were -too young to marry; and that M. la Prince (Condé) had been married ten +too young to marry; and that M. la Prince (Condé) had been married ten years and <i>his wife was in good health</i>." </p> <p> A courier was sent to their majesties to announce the King of -England's arrival at Péronne, and the count went forward to meet him -at Compiègne. Mademoiselle had her hair curled for the occasion, and +England's arrival at Péronne, and the count went forward to meet him +at Compiègne. Mademoiselle had her hair curled for the occasion, and was bantered by the regent gently upon the pains she had taken to please her suitor. "Those who have had admirers themselves understand such things," replied her royal highness tartly, referring to the foibles of her majesty's youth. </p> <p> -The royal personages met within a league of Compiègne and alighted +The royal personages met within a league of Compiègne and alighted from the carriages. Charles saluted their majesties, and then Mademoiselle. "I thought him much improved in appearance since he left France. If his wit had seemed to correspond to his person, he might @@ -27494,7 +27458,7 @@ language. from absence of passion. I confess frankly that in this interview I wished he would show less (respect). Feeling rather bored, I called M. de Comminges to be third party and make him speak; in which he - fortunately succeeded. M. de la Rivière said to me: 'He looked at + fortunately succeeded. M. de la Rivière said to me: 'He looked at you all dinner time, and is still looking at you incessantly.' I answered, 'He will look a long time without attracting me if he does not speak.' He replied, 'Ah! you are concealing the charming things @@ -27558,7 +27522,7 @@ them in the beleaguered city. In the second Fronde, which broke out about two years later (1650-1652), the position of affairs is altered. M. de Retz appears in the character of mediator, and Mademoiselle casts her lot with the -rebels. The princes of the house of Condé seize the opportunity to +rebels. The princes of the house of Condé seize the opportunity to avenge insults offered to them by Mazarin, and Gaston d'Orleans joins the Frondeurs—perhaps in order to avoid the trouble of leaving Paris. </p> @@ -27567,7 +27531,7 @@ Skilful writers have left accounts so voluminous of those troubled times, that they rise before us rather in a series of living pictures than as historical records. That midnight conference in the oratory, between fair, queenly Anne of Austria and the little dark, misshapen -coadjutor; Mazarin threatening Condé; and he, with curled lip and +coadjutor; Mazarin threatening Condé; and he, with curled lip and reverential mockery, leaving the ministerial presence with the words, "Farewell, Mars!"—the quelled populace, streaming hour after hour through the king's bedchamber, while his mother's beautiful hand holds @@ -27579,7 +27543,7 @@ French nation is today as it was then—ready to be won over by any clever bit of scenic effects. </p> <p> -Mademoiselle and Condé, who had hitherto been sworn foes, came to a +Mademoiselle and Condé, who had hitherto been sworn foes, came to a formal reconciliation in 1651, and being bound together by their detestation of Mazarin, welcomed the outbreak of the second Fronde. Anne of Austria declined the company of her niece on leaving Paris, @@ -27588,7 +27552,7 @@ right use of her folly and her strength. </p> <p> The golden moment of her career arrived. Orleans must be secured to -the Frondeurs, or Condé, coming from Guyenne, would find the line of +the Frondeurs, or Condé, coming from Guyenne, would find the line of the Loire cut and the enemy master of the position. Monsieur was firm upon two points: that he would not leave Paris himself, and that his private troops should occupy the position best fitted to protect him @@ -27599,10 +27563,10 @@ Paris amid the benedictions of the people. A contemporary MS. journal says: "About noon Mademoiselle's carriages assembled in the court of the Orleans palace, ready for the campaign; she wore a gray habit covered with gold, to go to Orleans. She left at three o'clock, -accompanied by the Duke de Rohan, Madame de Bréanté, Countess de +accompanied by the Duke de Rohan, Madame de Bréanté, Countess de Fiesque, and Madame de Frontenac." Monsieur sneered at the project, and said her chivalry would not be worth much without the common sense -of Mesdames de Fiesque and Frontenac—her <i>maréchales de camp</i>, as +of Mesdames de Fiesque and Frontenac—her <i>maréchales de camp</i>, as they were called between jest and earnest. </p> <p> @@ -27643,13 +27607,13 @@ will succeed; and you shall even at that time accomplish extraordinary things." This prediction was in her pocket, and anxiously as she disclaims all faith in it, we may believe that it encouraged her to make efforts which gave no apparent promise of success. When, toward -evening, she stood outside the <a name="368">{368}</a> Porte Brulée, did not M. de +evening, she stood outside the <a name="368">{368}</a> Porte Brulée, did not M. de Vilaine's horoscope rise in her estimation? The river was crossed and the bank ascended by the aid of some chivalrous boatmen, an improvised bridge of boats, and a little more scrambling than would seem consistent with royal dignity. "I climbed like a cat, grasping at brambles and thorns, and springing over hedges without hurting myself -in the least. * * Madame de Bréanté, who is the most cowardly creature +in the least. * * Madame de Bréanté, who is the most cowardly creature in the world, began to cry out at me, and at every one who followed my steps; making great sport for me." Outside the gate, a group of bargemen worked under Mademoiselle's inspiriting direction; inside @@ -27673,7 +27637,7 @@ undeceived her. </p> <p> The heroine was received with rapture on her return to Paris. She was -assured by Condé that the wish of his heart was to see her queen of +assured by Condé that the wish of his heart was to see her queen of France, and that no treaty should be concluded without especial consideration for her. No one can be more uninteresting than her royal highness when elated by success, we must confess; but an hour of trial @@ -27684,7 +27648,7 @@ exhibiting those foibles which are popularly supposed to be especially characteristic of women. But on that day, as she hurried through the streets of Paris, carrying hope to every one she met—consoling poor Guitant, shot through the lungs, pausing to speak a word of comfort to -the wretched Rochefoucauld, and putting new heart into the great Condé +the wretched Rochefoucauld, and putting new heart into the great Condé himself, we recognize sympathies worthy of a better development than they ever received. During a pause in the battle M. le Prince came to her in a pitiable condition, covered with dust and blood, his hair @@ -27696,7 +27660,7 @@ Clinchamp are mortally wounded." </p> <p> Mademoiselle was able to assure him that these reports were greatly -exaggerated, and Condé, restored to himself, sprang upon a fresh horse +exaggerated, and Condé, restored to himself, sprang upon a fresh horse and galloped off to his post. The battle was at its height. Paris had simultaneously attacked at the Porte Saint-Denis and the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Inquiring the whereabouts of Turenne, M. le Prince @@ -27709,11 +27673,11 @@ terrible 2d of July. </p> <a name="369">{369}</a> <p> -The next meeting between Mademoiselle and Condé was full of triumph. +The next meeting between Mademoiselle and Condé was full of triumph. They parted, she to betake herself to the towers of the Bastile, he to the belfry of Saint-Antoine. Toward Bagnolet in the valley the princess saw the king's troops gathering for a fresh attack. Having -communicated with Condé through a page, she left the Bastile, giving +communicated with Condé through a page, she left the Bastile, giving stringent orders that, in case of necessity, its cannon should be turned upon the royal army; and returned to her post near the gate to invigorate the soldiers with wine and brave words. @@ -27732,7 +27696,7 @@ the Fronde, there was no principle of stability in the party. Weak policy, quarrels, treachery on their side—opposed to them, Mazarin, whose keen perception told him that temporary withdrawal from the ministry would insured unlimited power in the future; and Turenne, -with double the forces of Condé,—nothing was fairly matched except +with double the forces of Condé,—nothing was fairly matched except the courage of the two parties. </p> <p> @@ -27743,15 +27707,15 @@ notice to leave Tuileries, and the refusal on her cowardly father's part to protect one whom the king had condemned. There appear to have been about eight years and a half enforced banishment from court, which she spent on her numerous estates, amusing herself with writing -romances, portraits (then in vogue) and her Mémoires, which she +romances, portraits (then in vogue) and her Mémoires, which she continued until within a few years of her death. M. Sainte-Beuve tells us that the style of her imagination belongs rather to the close of -Louis XIII.'s reign, and to the Hôtel Rambouillet, than to the poorer +Louis XIII.'s reign, and to the Hôtel Rambouillet, than to the poorer literary period of Louis XIV. </p> <p> And now, having given a faint delineation of Mademoiselle during her -prosperous and fêted youth, and during the days of the Fronde, which +prosperous and fêted youth, and during the days of the Fronde, which we are inclined to regard as the period at which she gave most evidence of kinship with her grandfather, the great Henry; we pass on to a time when fortune ceased to favor her, and the world began to @@ -27863,7 +27827,7 @@ him whom I love best in the world." <p> Mademoiselle's suffering in this scene was heightened by the fact that a suppressed cough outside the door revealed to her the presence of an -unseen witness. She rightly suspected it to be the Prince de Condé, +unseen witness. She rightly suspected it to be the Prince de Condé, and reproached the king with just indignation for subjecting her to such a humiliation. </p> @@ -27891,7 +27855,7 @@ disgust. </p> <p> The spirit of a courtier alone remained to recall the Lauzun of former -days. When the princess announced to him the death of Marie Thérèse, +days. When the princess announced to him the death of Marie Thérèse, he cried: "'People deserve to be imprisoned who spread such falsehoods; how dare they say such things of the queen?' . . . At last they showed him the letters, and he had to agree that queens are @@ -27900,7 +27864,7 @@ mortal like other people." <p> In 1684 Mademoiselle and Lauzun parted in mutual displeasure. She rejected his efforts at conciliation, and the last entry in her -Mémoires is the following: "M. de Lauzun was living as usual in +Mémoires is the following: "M. de Lauzun was living as usual in obscurity, but exciting notice, and often concerning matters which annoyed me. When I returned from Eu in 1688, my people were dressed in new liveries. One day, when I was walking in the park of——" @@ -27936,7 +27900,7 @@ without some ludicrous circumstance. This princess began life with advantages such as fall to the lot of few human beings. What did she leave behind her in the world? A hospital and seminary under the charge of Sisters of Charity; a very -fair literary reputation, founded chiefly upon her Mémoires, which, +fair literary reputation, founded chiefly upon her Mémoires, which, though not elegant in style, are truthful, graphic, and clear; and a character without spot or blemish, in an age when such characters were rare. Her written confessions afford ample material for cutting @@ -28048,14 +28012,14 @@ half its weight; if to the surface of Jupiter, it would weigh nearly three times heavier. </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 115: Discourse, etc. §71.] + [Footnote 115: Discourse, etc. §71.] <br><br> [Footnote 116: Somerville's Physical Geography, I., chap. xvi. p. 318.] <br><br> [Footnote 117: Hind's Comets, p. 22.] <br><br> - [Footnote 118: Herschel's Outlines of Astronomy, chap. xi. §559, note.] + [Footnote 118: Herschel's Outlines of Astronomy, chap. xi. §559, note.] </p> <a name="374">{374}</a> <p> @@ -28091,7 +28055,7 @@ must, at least, have cooperated essentially in the formation and filling of mineral veins." [Footnote 120] </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 119: Connection of Phys. Sciences, § 14, p. 125.] + [Footnote 119: Connection of Phys. Sciences, § 14, p. 125.] <br><br> [Footnote 120: Phys. Geog. I, ch. xv. pp. 288, 289.] </p> @@ -28157,7 +28121,7 @@ internal substance of matter. <p class="footnote"> [Footnote 121: Brande's Lectures on Organic Chemistry, p. 153.]was it <br><br> - [Footnote 122: Connexion of Physical Sciences, § xxii, p. 214.] + [Footnote 122: Connexion of Physical Sciences, § xxii, p. 214.] </p> <p> It is, however, in the mysterious facts to which chemists have given @@ -28303,7 +28267,7 @@ most cherished theories and long received convictions." [Footnote </p> <p> Those persons who have resisted the evidence of Catholic revelation on -the <i>primâ facie</i> ground that sound philosophy and a knowledge of the +the <i>primâ facie</i> ground that sound philosophy and a knowledge of the physical phenomena of nature are directly opposed to some of its doctrines, must begin, we should think, to feel their position a little less impregnable than it seemed before such sentiments as these @@ -28512,7 +28476,7 @@ seconds in a given level, say of London, at a given level, say of the sea, other conditions, as of the thermometer, etc., being the same. This instrument, beating seconds, is an invariable measure of length; in the latitude of London, for example, at the level of the sea, with -thermometer at 62° Fahr., it is invariably 39.1393 inches long. And, +thermometer at 62° Fahr., it is invariably 39.1393 inches long. And, conversely, provide such an instrument of the length just mentioned, and set it a-going; its oscillations will exactly measure out one second of time. Further, as a measure of length, it enables us to @@ -28592,7 +28556,7 @@ perihelion, at the rate of 366 miles, or nearly the distance from Edinburgh to London, in one second. [Footnote 132] </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 132: Outline of Astronomy, §590, 593.] + [Footnote 132: Outline of Astronomy, §590, 593.] </p> <p> Velocities of impulse exceed those of bodily translation; that is, @@ -28796,7 +28760,7 @@ limits of that great system; of which all of them, the earth included, must henceforth be regarded as members." [Footnote 137 ] </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 137: Outlines of Astronomy, chap. ix §489.] + [Footnote 137: Outlines of Astronomy, chap. ix §489.] </p> <p> The remarks of the same great philosopher on the systems of double @@ -28822,7 +28786,7 @@ novel field for speculative excursions, and one which it is not easy to avoid luxuriating in." [Footnote 138] </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 138: Outlines of Astronomy, chap. xvi. § 847.] + [Footnote 138: Outlines of Astronomy, chap. xvi. § 847.] </p> <br> <p class="center"> @@ -28876,7 +28840,7 @@ its direction is <i>from</i> many points on all sides <i>toward</i> the sun's centre." [Footnote 139] </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 139: Outlines of Astronomy, chap. ix. §490.] + [Footnote 139: Outlines of Astronomy, chap. ix. §490.] </p> <p> Whence is this uncertainty about the probable nature of this force? @@ -29221,7 +29185,7 @@ of his Haunted Palace: "And travellers in that happy valley, Through two luminous windows, saw Spirits moving musically - To a lute's well-tunéd law;" + To a lute's well-tunéd law;" </pre> <p> Or, again, valleys and palaces of lunatic ghastliness and @@ -29367,7 +29331,7 @@ principal places fabled to be inhabited by fairy kings: </pre> <p> Which was the route of procession on the night of the last of October, -when aërial spirits were supposed to be peculiarly active. The +when aërial spirits were supposed to be peculiarly active. The following legend of Whistling Hill we extract from a collection of these legends in the original Irish made by Rev. William Neilson, D.D., and printed by Hogan, No. 15 Lower Ormond Quay, Dublin, in 1808: @@ -29508,10 +29472,10 @@ resemblance. </p> <p> The collation of McPherson, valuable in many respects, is amenable to -almost fatal criticism, in that the sublimity of the Gaëlic +almost fatal criticism, in that the sublimity of the Gaëlic composition is marred by being twisted from the parallelism (which, in the original, is analogous to the Hebraic) into the form of prose: the -parallelism being in English—as in Gaëlic, Celtic, and Hebrew—the +parallelism being in English—as in Gaëlic, Celtic, and Hebrew—the most effective form into which sublimity can be wrought. And to demonstrate the truth of this proposition we need only to put portions of McPherson's prose version into the parallelistic form, and shall @@ -29559,7 +29523,7 @@ was never written or conceived. Subjoined is McPherson's version: <p> Now, let us put this in the form of the parallelism—a form into which the sententious sublimity of the composition naturally falls, and in -which nearly all these ancient Gaëlic and Celtic epics occur in the +which nearly all these ancient Gaëlic and Celtic epics occur in the original: </p> <pre> @@ -29664,7 +29628,7 @@ shooting of a sun athwart the heavens at midnight—be adduced. <p> But—the seasons here specified being deemed insufficient—if further reasons be necessary for the adoption of of the parallelistic form in -treating the ancient Gaëlic and Celtic compositions, these necessary +treating the ancient Gaëlic and Celtic compositions, these necessary reasons are fluent from the original form of those compositions, and from the fact that the parallelism is the only poetic form adapted to their style; which may be demonstrated by comparing the rhythmical @@ -30036,7 +30000,7 @@ reveal. In this work we have a general description of the structure of these dwellings; notices of the various settlements which have been discovered, with an account of others on the Italian side of the Alps, and of the Crannoges in Ireland and Scotland; chapters on the remains -of plants, by Dr. Heer, and of animals, by Professor Rütimeter; and +of plants, by Dr. Heer, and of animals, by Professor Rütimeter; and ninety-nine plates and several woodcuts give graphic, but sometimes rough drawings of the dwellings, and of the various objects found in them. As a storehouse of facts, illustrating the character and @@ -30194,7 +30158,7 @@ remarks, "May we not venture to assume that the colonists, by their intercourse with strangers who were acquainted with the nature of metals, were incited to search their country for copper ore, and try to melt and cast it? Copper ore is found on the south side of -Mürtschenstock, on the Lake of Wallenstadt." The age which was dawning +Mürtschenstock, on the Lake of Wallenstadt." The age which was dawning blends itself with the age which was setting; for we find that the new instruments of bronze were copies of the old forms in stone. Even the bronze ornaments were but improved copies of analogous objects in own, @@ -30450,7 +30414,7 @@ cares, a wife and children, I determined to show my obedience to his commands, and at the same time to ratify my long-cherished plan of visiting the old world. Be reassured, readers, I have no intention of harrowing your gentle spirits by a description of sea-sickness, nor of -wearying you with my experiences at custom-house or railroad dépôt, +wearying you with my experiences at custom-house or railroad dépôt, but desire to transport you at once to the good little watering place of V——, which had been recommended to me as the very place for the exorcising of that tyrant devil, dyspepsia. @@ -30685,13 +30649,13 @@ vain for a fresh, blooming girl, there seemed to be no age between twelve and fifty; even the children looked withered, and the old people were fairly bent double; yet they lived on, contented enough, because dreaming of no other possible life, and enjoying the bustle of -an occasional fête with a zest which our more phlegmatic people would +an occasional fête with a zest which our more phlegmatic people would disdain. While making these <a name="409">{409}</a> reflections, I again found myself in one of those charming lanes which had so pleased me the night before. These, at least, were unspoiled by the misery around; what a blessing that man cannot degrade nature, however he may degrade himself! By my side murmured and gurgled the prettiest little brook, dignified here -by the name of "petite rivière," which I ever saw; clear as crystal, +by the name of "petite rivière," which I ever saw; clear as crystal, swift and cold, it lends beauty and freshness to the whole country around. An American farmer would laugh at the tiny stream scarcely more than a mile in length, but an artist would revel in its beauty. @@ -30724,7 +30688,7 @@ man, and I noticed, with pain, that after every such discussion she would seem uneasy and depressed. Then her opponent would lazily settle himself in his chair, and allow his rival, the young artist, whom I have strangely slighted heretofore, to bring his gallantries into -play. This young man was a sort of <i>protégé</i> of Madame d'Agri's, and +play. This young man was a sort of <i>protégé</i> of Madame d'Agri's, and an entirely different type of man from Madame's nephew; all the arts and graces, compliments and "petits soins" which the latter despised, M. Dubois employed with true French art. He had from the first been @@ -30765,7 +30729,7 @@ to show my duty?" <p> "Mon Dieu! and have I not told you? what a giddy thing I am; indeed my poor husband" (whom I am sure she talked to death) "always said I was -giddy! We are going to C——, where there is to be a fête, and on the +giddy! We are going to C——, where there is to be a fête, and on the way we can see see a chateau or two, not much, you know, but pretty well for these degenerate times. Yes, we are all going—that is, no, not all, for poor Madame Hayne has the migraine: dear! dear! how that @@ -30856,9 +30820,9 @@ was a gay and picturesque scene, but I was content to view it at a respectful distance. Not so Madame d'Agri; she patronized the peasants, who looked at her eccentric costume in bewildered admiration; chucked the children under the chin, scolded the parents, -and in short acted out the "grande dame" of the fête to her heart's +and in short acted out the "grande dame" of the fête to her heart's content. As night approached, a large building in the centre of the -place, used, I believe, as a sort of flour dépôt on market days, was +place, used, I believe, as a sort of flour dépôt on market days, was lighted by Chinese lanterns and flaring tallow candles; here the youth of both sexes enjoyed a rollicking, laugh-abounding dance, to the sound of a cracked fiddle. Madame was just insisting on forming a @@ -30937,7 +30901,7 @@ playthings bored me; later, school and college proved almost intolerable bores; my rank bores me; Paris bores me, the country still more so; society is an insufferable bore, but above all, French girls bore me. Now, this <i>Mees Fannee</i> is original or seems to me so; she -stirs me a little with her quickness, her coquetry, and her <i>outré</i> +stirs me a little with her quickness, her coquetry, and her <i>outré</i> ideas. But remember that has not yet lasted long; a few weeks more, and she too probably, will bore me—and then for a whole lifetime . . . good aunt, that is a consideration to make a man tremble!" @@ -30965,7 +30929,7 @@ chivalric devotion. deny yourself all sorts of luxuries because they are expensive; that Rembrandt you covet so, will remain unpurchased; you want to travel, but you will stay at home, because travelling costs money; and finally -you will marry some girl as poor as yourself, or with a dôt, which she +you will marry some girl as poor as yourself, or with a dôt, which she will spend, together with more than half your pittance, in buying silks and satins to outshine Madame this or Madame that—" </p> @@ -31409,7 +31373,7 @@ their successors; the intellectual activity that characterized the communities while the outer world was sunk in barbarism; the books they spent their lives in copying, and the works they themselves composed. Then he gives an account of the active orders, or, perhaps, -rather associations, as of the Béguines— +rather associations, as of the Béguines— </p> <p class="cite"> "who, without renouncing the society of men or the business of life, @@ -31418,7 +31382,7 @@ rather associations, as of the Béguines— prayer, meditation, and labor. Matthew Paris mentions it as one of the wonders of the age for the year 1250, that 'in Germany there rose up an innumerable multitude of those continent women who wish - to be called Béguines, to that extent that Cologne was inhabited by + to be called Béguines, to that extent that Cologne was inhabited by more than 1,000 of them.' Indeed, by the latter half of this century, there seems to have been scarcely a town of any importance without them in France, Belgium, Northern Germany, and Switzerland." @@ -31429,7 +31393,7 @@ rather associations, as of the Béguines— had to be restricted, lest they should deprive the weavrers' guilds of their bread. Wholly self-maintained at first, they rendered moreover essential service in the performance of works of charity. - As soon as a Béguinage became at all firmly established, there were + As soon as a Béguinage became at all firmly established, there were almost invariably added to it hospitals or asylums for the reception, maintenance, or relief of the aged, the poor, the sick. To this purpose were devoted the greater part of the revenues of the @@ -31439,7 +31403,7 @@ rather associations, as of the Béguines— attend death-beds, to wash and lay out the dead; were called in to pacify family disputes." (P. 118.). <br><br> - "The Béguines had no community of goods, no common purse for + "The Béguines had no community of goods, no common purse for ordinary needs. Nevertheless, those among them who were wholly destitute, or broken down with infirmities, were maintained at the public expense, or out of the poor fund; mendicancy was never @@ -31485,7 +31449,7 @@ to the truth, rather than to the vilifying it. We give but <i>one</i> instance of the manner he has adopted in order to prove himself no Romanist; it will suffice to show the want of candor which reigns throughout the book when the <i>Romish</i> Church is touched upon. Having -described, <i>con amore</i>, the institution of the Béguines as "being +described, <i>con amore</i>, the institution of the Béguines as "being exempt from almost all the inconveniences of a <i>convent life</i>" (to which he appears to entertain an insuperable objection), he attributes at first their fall to the jealousy of the regular congregations. Yet @@ -31495,12 +31459,12 @@ from the <i>spirit</i> of their foundation. "In place of the self-supporting industry and active charity which at first characterized them, there crept in the opposites of these—reliance upon others' alms and indifference to good works! So complete was the -change that the very term Béghard, <i>prayer</i>, surviving in our +change that the very term Béghard, <i>prayer</i>, surviving in our 'beggar,' has come to designate clamorous pauperism" (pp. 136, 137) He continues on another page: </p> <p class="cite"> - "But the Béguine sisterhoods of the north were too numerous, too + "But the Béguine sisterhoods of the north were too numerous, too useful, too much in harmony with the spirit of their age and country, too deeply rooted in the affections of the people, to perish before the canons of the council or a papal bull. Nor, @@ -31513,9 +31477,9 @@ continues on another page: allow. Sisterhoods, on the other hand, although equally unbound by vow or rule, might safely be tolerated; since, through the priestly director or confessor, generally an essential part of the - organization of any Béguinage, they could be kept in dependence, + organization of any Béguinage, they could be kept in dependence, tempted on into monachism. And thus, parallel with the current of - censure against Béghardism and Béguinism as a system, there begins + censure against Béghardism and Béguinism as a system, there begins to flow another current of toleration, and even, as the danger diminishes, approval, for those 'faithful women who, having vowed continence, or even without having vowed it, choose honestly to do @@ -31523,16 +31487,16 @@ continues on another page: of humility.'" </p> <p> -The Béguines were finally absolved from censure by the Council of +The Béguines were finally absolved from censure by the Council of Constance, 1414 (pp. 139, 140). The mind which does not see in this -account that one set of Béguines were suppressed on account of +account that one set of Béguines were suppressed on account of disorder and that the others were retained from the desire of promoting virtue, is singularly blinded by prejudice, notwithstanding that he walks, as he says himself (p. 139), "in the brightness of Luther's most blessed name." </p> <p> -The Béguines, according to our author, were eventually merged into +The Béguines, according to our author, were eventually merged into <a name="421">{421}</a> Tertiaries, or more regularly organized religious bodies, of whom he gives so interesting an account that we can but wonder and admire the more that the account comes, from such a source. There is, @@ -31583,7 +31547,7 @@ During the Crusades and European wars, the communities of the Tertiarian hospitaller nuns, under various names, excite his admiration, though he thinks "the worship of these nuns may not be the highest and best, but it is surely genuine" (p. 142). Thanks even for -that admission, Mr. Ludlow. The Béguines, of whom we have already +that admission, Mr. Ludlow. The Béguines, of whom we have already spoken, and the educational nuns spring up at the hour of need, and for the present day "the institute of 'Rosines' of Turin presents an interesting feature." These latter have no vows, no seclusion. They @@ -31603,7 +31567,7 @@ are divided into classes and groups, each under a monitress. The rules of admission and the interior regulations are strict; any inmate may leave at once, but cannot be readmitted. Finally, they are entirely self-supporting, and have a yearly income of between 70,000f. to -80,000f., that is, about from £2,800 to £3,200. No female organization +80,000f., that is, about from £2,800 to £3,200. No female organization is more pregnant with hope than this" (p. 181). With this we conclude our notice of Mr. Ludlow's book, although he has also accounts of some few Protestant associations, imitated and modified from the foregoing. @@ -32073,7 +32037,7 @@ serviceable fabric. </p> <p> The author follows the school of Plato, St. Augustine, Gerdil, -Leibnitz, Gioberti, and the modern ontologists, taking the Abbé +Leibnitz, Gioberti, and the modern ontologists, taking the Abbé Branchereau as his more immediate guide. The general principles and drift of the system of philosophy contained in the prelections of the last-named author we regard as sounds, and we are therefore well @@ -32828,7 +32792,7 @@ evil, becomes a great evil in a community where wealth is regarded as the supreme good, and the poor have wants, habits, and tastes which only wealth an satisfy. The poorer classes of today in civilized nations would suffer intensely if thrown back into the condition they -were in under the feudal régime, but it may be doubted if they do not +were in under the feudal régime, but it may be doubted if they do not really suffer as much now as they did then. Perhaps such wants as they then had were more readily met and supplied than are those which they now have. In point of fact, Christian charity did infinitely more for @@ -32983,7 +32947,7 @@ humanity ever gains anything from violent or sentimental revolutions. </p> <p> The impotence of philanthropy without charity, or pure humanism, is -demonstrable <i>à priori</i>, and should have been foreseen. It is opposed +demonstrable <i>à priori</i>, and should have been foreseen. It is opposed to the nature of things, and implies the absurdity that nothing is something, and that what is not can act. It is an attempt to found religion, morals, society, and the state without God; when without God @@ -34527,7 +34491,7 @@ with that internal change itself. </p> <p> They also are in error. External union with the church is the best -possible <i>primâ facie</i> evidence of conversion, but it alone is not +possible <i>primâ facie</i> evidence of conversion, but it alone is not conversion. That men have came into the body of the Catholic Church from motives of business, or of politics, or of family sympathy there can be no doubt. But in these cases there was no real conversion. The @@ -36281,7 +36245,7 @@ the necessary instruction in this most prejudiced country is a real enigma." </p> <p> -"The Abbé Martigni, who was the duke's private chaplain, and who is +"The Abbé Martigni, who was the duke's private chaplain, and who is cognizant of all the facts connected with his position, would, I doubt not, take charge of his education, if you were willing," replied Eugene; "but how would you be able to bear the separation necessary in @@ -36302,7 +36266,7 @@ was taken care of by this good Samaritan and tended with the affection of a daughter. The duke's legacy to her was now employed entirely in acts of mercy and of charity, offered up for the repose of his soul. Not one penny was appropriated to her own use, for she still lived on -the product of her pencil. On the return of the bishop the Abbé +the product of her pencil. On the return of the bishop the Abbé Martigni was appointed to a mission, and Henry Daubrey resided with him as his pupil, preparatory to his being sent to the seminary, aiding his tutor in that semi-concealed fulfilment of his high duties @@ -36328,7 +36292,7 @@ FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE AND LIBERTY OF ACTION.</h3> <br> <p> When Eugene had fulfilled the commission of the late duke, and had -made the arrangement for Henry Daubrey with the Abbé Martigni, spoken +made the arrangement for Henry Daubrey with the Abbé Martigni, spoken of in the last chapter, he bethought him of his own position. Whither should he bend his own steps? As long as he had been busied in Ellen's affairs, the excitement had in some measure kept him up, and prevented @@ -36707,7 +36671,7 @@ persecution like this." <p> "Young man," said Sir Philip, who now entered the room, "I am master in my own house; I have heard your conversation with Lady Conway in -regard to your <i>protégé</i>. I will have no papists here, nor any +regard to your <i>protégé</i>. I will have no papists here, nor any encouragement given to them; and the day that Lady Conway holds communication again with papists, or with suspected papists, without my sanction, that day she ceases to abide under one roof with me." @@ -37649,7 +37613,7 @@ very interesting narration he has left; he went in the year 1102, was a monk of Malmesbury Monastery, and is mentioned by the renowned William of that abbey in his Gesta Pontificum. There are accounts also in the twelfth century by Benjamin of Tudela; in the fourteenth by Sir -John Mandeville; in the fifteenth by Bertrandon de la Brocquière; and +John Mandeville; in the fifteenth by Bertrandon de la Brocquière; and in the sixteenth by Henry Maundrell. [Footnote 152] </p> <p class="footnote"> @@ -37677,7 +37641,7 @@ higher light more particularly that we wish to examine Mr. Hepworth Dixon's two volumes on the Holy Land. From the very earliest times down to the present, Jaffa or Joppa seems to be the portal of Palestine to western travellers, who are, it appears, compelled to -make their <i>début</i> in Palestine in no very dignified manner. The +make their <i>début</i> in Palestine in no very dignified manner. The water-gate of Jaffa, Mr. Dixon tells us, faces the sea, and is "no more than a slit or window in the wall about six feet square." Through this narrow opening all importations from the west must be hoisted @@ -39121,7 +39085,7 @@ history of the race from the ethics of the creation of the first man, which has been commonly supposed to be established by the authority of Scripture. If this last supposition may be classed among theological opinions not pertaining to essential Catholic doctrine, and we may be -permitted, <i>salvâ fide et auctoritate Ecclesiae</i>, to admit a +permitted, <i>salvâ fide et auctoritate Ecclesiae</i>, to admit a chronology long enough to satisfy these claims of a higher antiquity for man, all difficulty vanishes. One thing is certain, that if the inspired books of Moses did originally contain an exact chronology of @@ -39237,7 +39201,7 @@ integrity is proved by the same decree, which declares that by the fall he was "changed <i>as to his body and soul into something worse</i>:" "secundum corpus et animam in deterius commutatum fuisse." That he possessed science is proved by the declaration of the book of -Ecclesiasticus: "Disciplinâ intellectus replevit illos. Creavit illis +Ecclesiasticus: "Disciplinâ intellectus replevit illos. Creavit illis scientiam spiritus:" "He filled them with the knowledge of understanding. He created in them the science of the spirit." [Footnote 162] This is explained and corroborated by the traditional @@ -39262,7 +39226,7 @@ humanae naturae exaltatio, sed <a name="525">{525}</a> naturalis ejus conditio; non potuisset ab initio talem creare hominem qualis nunc nascitur; 78. Immortalitas primi hominis non erat gratiae beneficium, sed naturalis conditio; 79. Falsa est doctorum sententia primum hominem potuisse a -Deo creari et institui sine justitiâ natarali." Clement XI., in the +Deo creari et institui sine justitiâ natarali." Clement XI., in the Bull <i>Unigenitus</i>, also condemned the following proposition, the 33rd of Quesnel: "Gratia Adami est sequela creationis et erat debita naturae sanae et integrae." @@ -39772,11 +39736,11 @@ humble and painful, but safer and more advantageous for gaining the highest merit. </p> <p> -St. Francis de Sales says: "L'état de la redemption vaut cent fois -plus que l'état de la justice originalle." "The state of redemption is +St. Francis de Sales says: "L'état de la redemption vaut cent fois +plus que l'état de la justice originalle." "The state of redemption is a hundred times preferable to the state of original justice." [Footnote 167] The church herself, in her sublime hymn <i>Exultet</i>, -breaks out into the exclamation: "O certé necessarium Adae peccatum; O +breaks out into the exclamation: "O certé necessarium Adae peccatum; O felix culpa! quae tantum et talem habere meruit Redemptorem!" "O certainly necessary sin of Adam; O happy fault! which merited to know such and so great a redeemer!" We reason to lament our lost paradise, @@ -40004,12 +39968,12 @@ to the poor. <h3>From the Popular Science Review.</h3> <br> -<h2>AËROLITES.</h2> +<h2>AËROLITES.</h2> <br> <h3>BY TOWNSHEND M. HALL, F.G.S.</h3> <br> <p> -Meteoric stones, or aërolites, as they are generally called (from two +Meteoric stones, or aërolites, as they are generally called (from two Greek words, <i>aer</i> and <i>lithos</i>, signifying "air-stones"), may be defined as solid masses consisting principally of pure iron, nickel, and several other metals, sometimes containing also an admixture of @@ -40026,7 +39990,7 @@ suddenness of their descent. <p> Shooting stars also, although they are not accompanied by the fall of any solid matter upon the earth, are generally placed in the same -category, since they are supposed to be aërolites which pass +category, since they are supposed to be aërolites which pass (comparatively speaking) very near our earth, and are visible from it by night; at the same time their distance from us, varying as it does from four to two hundred and forty miles and upward, is in most @@ -40040,10 +40004,10 @@ national calamity, the precise date of each descent was carefully recorded. In China, for example, such reports reach back to the year 644 before our era; and M. Biot has found in the astronomical section of some of the most ancient annals of that empire sixteen falls of -aërolites recorded as having taken place between the years 644 B.C. +aërolites recorded as having taken place between the years 644 B.C. and 333 after Christ, whilst the Greek and Roman authors mention only four such occurrences during the same period. Even now, in this age of -science and universal knowledge, aërolites can scarcely be regarded +science and universal knowledge, aërolites can scarcely be regarded without a certain degree of dread. Indeed, four or five cases have occurred in which persons have been killed by them; in another instance, several villages in India were set on fire by the fall of a @@ -40076,7 +40040,7 @@ European travellers. </p> <p> The next descent of any particular importance took place at Ensisheim -in Alsace, where an aërolite fell on November 7th, 1492, just at the +in Alsace, where an aërolite fell on November 7th, 1492, just at the time when the Emperor Maximilian, then king of the Romans, happened to be on the point of engaging with the French army. It was preserved as a relic in the cathedral at Ensisheim, until the beginning of the @@ -40084,10 +40048,10 @@ French revolution, when it was conveyed to the Public Library of Colmar, and it is still preserved there among the treasures. </p> <p> -In later years the shower of aërolites which fell in April, 1803, at +In later years the shower of aërolites which fell in April, 1803, at L'Aigle, in Normandy, may well rank as the most extraordinary descent upon record. A large fire-ball had been observed a few moments -previously, in the neighborhood of Caen and Alençon, where the sky was +previously, in the neighborhood of Caen and Alençon, where the sky was perfectly clear and cloudless. At L'Aigle no appearance of light was visible, and the fire-ball assumed instead the form of a small black cloud, consisting of vapor, which suddenly broke up with a violent @@ -40130,7 +40094,7 @@ Devonshire historians: <p> The "richer wit" here alluded to was in all probability the author of a pamphlet published at the time, which further describes this -aërolite as having fallen on January 10th, 1623, in an orchard, near +aërolite as having fallen on January 10th, 1623, in an orchard, near some men who were planting trees. It was buried in the ground three feet deep, and its dimensions were three and a half feet long, two and a half wide, and one and a half thick. The pamphlet also states that @@ -40144,7 +40108,7 @@ at Hatford, in Berkshire; and in the month of May, 1680, several are said to have fallen in the neighborhood of London. </p> <p> -The total number of aërolitic descents which up to this present time +The total number of aërolitic descents which up to this present time have been observed to take place in Great Britain and Ireland is twenty, of which four occurred in Scotland, and four in Ireland. The largest and most noticeable of all these fell on December 13th, 1795, @@ -40155,11 +40119,11 @@ inches of soil and hard chalk. It originally weighed about fifty-six pounds, but that portion of it preserved in the British Museum is stated in the official catalogue to weigh forty-seven pounds nine ounces and fifty-three grains—just double the weight of the -Devonshire aërolite. +Devonshire aërolite. </p> <p> When we come to inquire into the various opinions which have been held -in different ages respecting the origin of aërolites, and the power +in different ages respecting the origin of aërolites, and the power which causes their descent, we must go back to the times of the ancient Greeks, and we find that those of their philosophers who had directed their attention to the subject had four theories to account @@ -40176,7 +40140,7 @@ the limits of the earth's attraction, so becoming inflamed and converted, for a time, into starlike bodies. Thirdly, a solar origin; this, however, was freely derided by Pliny and several others, among whom we may mention Diogenes of Apollonia, already alluded to as one -of the chroniclers of the aërolite of AEgos Potamos. He thus argues: +of the chroniclers of the aërolite of AEgos Potamos. He thus argues: "Stars that are invisible, and consequently have no name, move in space together with those that are visible. . . . These invisible stars frequently fall to the earth and are extinguished, as the stony @@ -40194,14 +40158,14 @@ Paolo Maria Terzago, whose attention was specially directed to this subject on the occasion of a meteoric stone falling at Milan in 1660, and killing a Franciscan monk. Olbers, however, was the first to treat this theory in a scientific manner, and soon after about fall of -an aërolite at Siena, in the year 1794, he began to examine the +an aërolite at Siena, in the year 1794, he began to examine the question by the aid of the most abstruse mathematics, and after several years' labor he succeeded in showing that, in order to reach our earth, a stone would require to start from the moon at an initial velocity 8,292 feet per second; then proceeding downward with increasing speed, it would arrive on the earth with a <a name="539">{539}</a> of 35,000 feet per second. But frequent measurements have shown that the -<i>actual</i> rate of aërolites averages 114,000 feet, or about twenty-one +<i>actual</i> rate of aërolites averages 114,000 feet, or about twenty-one miles and a half per second, they were approved by these curious and most elaborate calculations to have come from a fire greater distance than that of our satellite. It is but fair to add that the question of @@ -40217,7 +40181,7 @@ We have already observed, at the beginning of this paper, that meteoric stones may fall at any moment, but observations, extending over many years, have sometimes been brought forward to show that, as far as locality is concerned, all countries are not equally liable to -these visitations. In other words, the large number of aërolites which +these visitations. In other words, the large number of aërolites which have been known to fall within a certain limited area has been contrasted with the apparent rarity of such occurrences beyond these limits. If it could be proved that the earth possessed more attractive @@ -40226,9 +40190,9 @@ satisfactorily explained, but in default of any such evidence, the advocates of this theory must rely solely upon statistics, which from their very nature require to be taken with a certain amount of reserve. Professor Shepard, in Silliman's American Journal, has -remarked that "fall of aërolites is confined principally to two zones; -the one belonging to America is bounded by 33° and 44° north latitude, -and is about 25° in length. Its direction is more or less from +remarked that "fall of aërolites is confined principally to two zones; +the one belonging to America is bounded by 33° and 44° north latitude, +and is about 25° in length. Its direction is more or less from north-east to south-west, following the general line of the Atlantic Coast. Of all known occurrences of this phenomenon during the last fifty years, 92.8 per cent, have taken place within these limits, and @@ -40236,7 +40200,7 @@ mostly in the neighborhood of the sea. The zone of the eastern continent—with the exception that it extends ten degrees more to the north—lies between the same degrees of latitude, and follows a similar north-east direction, but is more than twice the length of the -American zone. Of all the observed falls of aërolites, 90.9 per cent, +American zone. Of all the observed falls of aërolites, 90.9 per cent, have taken place within this area, and were also concentrated in that half of the zone which extends along the Atlantic." </p> @@ -40251,10 +40215,10 @@ it embraces all the well-peopled districts of central Europe, most of which, like England, are able to count between three and four hundred persons to every mile of their territory. In fact, Professor Shepard's statement may almost be resolved into a plain question of population, -for were an aërolite to fall in the midst of a desert, or in a thinly +for were an aërolite to fall in the midst of a desert, or in a thinly peopled district, it is needless to point out how few the chances are of its descent being ever noticed or recorded. That innumerable -aërolites do fall without attracting any attention, is clearly proved +aërolites do fall without attracting any attention, is clearly proved by the number of discoveries continually taking place of metallic masses which, from their locality and peculiar chemical composition, could only be derived from some extra-terrestrial source. The great @@ -40282,10 +40246,10 @@ collection a smaller mass which had been sent in 1862 to the International Exhibition. It weighed about 3,000 lb., and had been found near Melbourne, in the immediate vicinity of the great meteorite. The latter was then forwarded entire to London. In the -British Museum may also be seen a small fragment of an aërolite, +British Museum may also be seen a small fragment of an aërolite, originally weighing 191 lb., which from time immemorial had been lying at Elbogen, near Carlsbad, in Bohemia, and had always borne the -legendary appellation of "<i>der verwünschte Burggraf</i>," or the +legendary appellation of "<i>der verwünschte Burggraf</i>," or the enchanted Burgrave. The remainder of this mass is preserved in the Imperial collection at Vienna. In Great Britain only two meteoric masses (not seen to fall) have hitherto been discovered; one was found @@ -40294,13 +40258,13 @@ at Newstead, in Roxburghshire. </p> <p> Several instances have at different times occurred in which stones -like aërolites have been found, and prized accordingly, until their +like aërolites have been found, and prized accordingly, until their real nature was demonstrated by the aid of chemical analysis. One valuable specimen, found a few years ago, was shown to have derived its origin amongst the <i>scoriae</i> of an iron foundry; another, picked up in the Isle of Wight, turned out to be a nodule of iron pyrites, similar in every respect to those which abound in the neighboring -chalk cliffs; and lastly, some aërolites of a peculiarly glassy +chalk cliffs; and lastly, some aërolites of a peculiarly glassy appearance were found shortly after, of which it may, perhaps, suffice to say that the scene of this discovery was—Birmingham. </p> @@ -40317,7 +40281,7 @@ two percent, and the deficiency thus caused has been made up by a larger admixture of some earthy mineral, such as augite, hornblende, or olivine. Other ingredients, like carbon, sulphur, alumina, etc., are also found to enter, in different proportions, into the -composition of aërolites; the total number all chemical elements +composition of aërolites; the total number all chemical elements observed in them up to this present date the nineteen or twenty. It has been well remarked by an able writer, that no <i>new</i> substance has hitherto come to us from without; and thus we find that all these @@ -40328,7 +40292,7 @@ and terrestrial—being seen most clearly in the respective methods in which the component parts are admixed. </p> <p> -In the outward appearance aërolites there is one characteristic so +In the outward appearance aërolites there is one characteristic so constant that, out of the many hundred examples that have been recorded, one only (as far as we can ascertain) has <a name="541">{541}</a> been wanting in it. We refer to the black fused crust or rind with which the @@ -40345,7 +40309,7 @@ name of "widmannsted figures." These are tracings of imperfect crystals, while the broad intermediate spaces, preserving their polish, point out those portions of the stone which contain a larger proportion of nickel than the rest of the mass. We may here add that -the noise said at times to accompany the fall of aërolites, does not +the noise said at times to accompany the fall of aërolites, does not appear to be a constant characteristic, nor does the cause or exact nature of it seem able to be definitely specified. </p> @@ -41080,13 +41044,13 @@ The current literature of the day, which is mostly framed to suit the taste of the market, and reacts again in developing that taste further in the same direction, is pre-eminently, not blasphemous, or anti-Catholic, or polemical, but sceptical. The following description -of the periodical press by the Abbé Louis Baunard, in his recent +of the periodical press by the Abbé Louis Baunard, in his recent publication, [Footnote 168] might seem to have been written for London instead of Paris: </p> <p class="footnote"> - [Footnote 168: Le Doute ses Victimes dans le Siècle présent, par M. - l'Abbé Louis Baunard. Paris.] + [Footnote 168: Le Doute ses Victimes dans le Siècle présent, par M. + l'Abbé Louis Baunard. Paris.] </p> <p> "With some rare exceptions, you will not find any rude scoffing, @@ -41144,7 +41108,7 @@ the steam up and no engine-driver, or in a boat that is drifting out of harbor into a stormy sea. </p> <p> -The Abbé Baunard has collected the experiences of some of these +The Abbé Baunard has collected the experiences of some of these reckless and storm-tossed wanderers into a painfully interesting volume. He has selected from the chief sceptical philosophers and poets of the present century those who, in private journals or @@ -41223,15 +41187,15 @@ others will suggest themselves to his readers. </p> <p> The victims whose wanderings and sufferings are portrayed in this -volume are Théodore Jouffroy, Maine de Biran, Santa Rosa, Georges, -Farcy, and Edmund Schérer from among the philosophers of the century; +volume are Théodore Jouffroy, Maine de Biran, Santa Rosa, Georges, +Farcy, and Edmund Schérer from among the philosophers of the century; and Lord Byron, Friedrich Schiller, Heinrich von Kleist, and Leopardi from among the poets; followed by a less detailed account of a group of French sceptical poets, Alfred de Musset, Henri Heine, Murger, -Gérard de Nerval, and Hégésippe Moreau, whose writings are mostly too +Gérard de Nerval, and Hégésippe Moreau, whose writings are mostly too gross for quotation, although enough is given to show that their experience of the effects of doubt resembled that of the rest. All, -with the exception of M. Schérer, who is the editor of the French +with the exception of M. Schérer, who is the editor of the French paper Le Temps, have passed into a world where doubt is no longer possible—two of them by their own hand, and two more by violent deaths which they had gone to meet rather from weariness of life than @@ -41279,10 +41243,10 @@ with God, by the Mediator whom he has taken as his guide for this life and the next." The Ami de la Religion of July 24th, 1824, contained the notice: "Maine de Biran fulfilled his Christian duties in an edifying manner, and received the sacraments at the hands of his -pastor, the curé of St. Thomas d'Aqnin." +pastor, the curé of St. Thomas d'Aqnin." </p> <p> -Théodore de Jouffroy, if his life had not been suddenly cut short, +Théodore de Jouffroy, if his life had not been suddenly cut short, would probably have had the same happiness. After having devoted his immense powers of mind to the study and dissemination of sceptical philosophy from 1814 to 1839, when bad health forced him to resign the @@ -41291,15 +41255,15 @@ respectfully of revealed religion, and to look wistfully and hopefully to it for the solution of the great problems which it had been the business and the torture of his life to investigate by the unaided light of his own intellect. He had conversed with Monseigneur Cart, -the bishop of Nîmes, and had said to him, "I am not now one of those +the bishop of Nîmes, and had said to him, "I am not now one of those who think that modern societies can do without Christianity; I would not write in this sense to-day. You have a grand mission to fulfil, monseigneur. Ah! continue to teach the gospel well." He took pleasure in seeing his daughter preparing herself for her first communion; and speaking about a work of Lamennais to the clergyman who was -instructing her, he said with a deep sigh, "Alas! M. le Curé, all +instructing her, he said with a deep sigh, "Alas! M. le Curé, all these systems lead to nothing; better—a thousand times better—one -good act of Christian faith." The curé left his room with good hopes +good act of Christian faith." The curé left his room with good hopes of his conversion, and in the belief that the faith of his childhood had come to life again in his part. But before he could see him again, and put these hopes to the test, Jouffroy expired suddenly and without @@ -41481,7 +41445,7 @@ that is most sacred to him. <i>My noble, my only aim has vanished, and I have none</i>. Since this conviction entered my mind, I have not touched my books. I have traversed my chamber, I have placed myself by an open window, I have run along the street. My interior disturbance has let -me to visit smoking-rooms and cafés to get relief. I have been to the +me to visit smoking-rooms and cafés to get relief. I have been to the theatre and the concert to dissipate my mind. I have even played the fool. But in spite of all, in the midst of all this agitation, the one thought that occupied my whole soul and filled it with anguish was @@ -41553,12 +41517,12 @@ sign of its not leaving unanswered any of the questions which interest humanity." </p> <p> -Edmond Schérer and Friedrich Schiller, as well as Lord Byron, differ +Edmond Schérer and Friedrich Schiller, as well as Lord Byron, differ from the other instances in never having known the true faith; but they show that the loss of a firm hold of those fragments of Christianity that are retained outside of the fold leads to something of the same result as the loss of the faith. The sketch of M. -Schérer's life is very interesting, for it shows the inevitable result +Schérer's life is very interesting, for it shows the inevitable result of Protestantism in a highly logical and reflective mind which refuses the alternative of submission to the Catholic Church. His installation in the chair of theology in the Evangelical Seminary of Geneva in 1844 @@ -41750,7 +41714,7 @@ of their kind and gracious lord in the castle yonder. <p> The Val d'Andorra lies on the southern side of the central Pyrenees, between two of the highest mountains, the Maladetta and the Moncal. It -is bounded on the north by the department of Ariège; on the south by +is bounded on the north by the department of Ariège; on the south by the district of Barrida, the territory of Urgel, and part of the viscounty of Castelbo; on the east by the valley of Carol and part of the Cerdana; on the west at by the viscounty of Castelbo, the valleys @@ -41762,7 +41726,7 @@ of these are only passable during part of the year. The greatest length of the territory is about forty miles; the greatest breadth about twenty-four miles. The country is mountainous, but includes some excellent pasturage. The highest summits visible are Las Mineras, -Casamanya, Saturria, Montclar, San Julian, and Juglár. The principle +Casamanya, Saturria, Montclar, San Julian, and Juglár. The principle rivers are the Valira, the Ordino, and the Os, none of which are navigable. At the greatest elevation the snow remains upward of six months. In summer the rains are very frequent. The purity of both air @@ -41822,23 +41786,23 @@ only compelled to yield to the demands of the count, but also, within a certain time, to procurers of papal ratification of the investiture of the house of Foix in the joint sovereignty of the republic. The convention having been again violated by the see of Urgel, it was -finally settled, in 1278, that the right of suzerainté should be +finally settled, in 1278, that the right of suzerainté should be possessed jointly by the Bishop of Urgel and the Counts of Foix. This tree is the act of independence Of the republic, and is known to the people of Andorra by the name of "Parialge." It stipulated that the republic should pay annually a tribute of 960 francs to the Counts of Foix, and half that amount to the see of Urgel, and that each should have the privilege of nominating one of the two officers called -viguiers. The house of Foix being united, first with that of Béarn, +viguiers. The house of Foix being united, first with that of Béarn, and then to that of Moncada and Castellvel Rosanes, was finally absorbed in the house of Bourbon, and the joint protectorate became at the end of the sixteenth century, merged in the government of France, and the see of Urgel. On 25th March following a treaty was concluded by which the republic should pay the annual tribute to the -receiver-general of the department of Ariège, in return for which it +receiver-general of the department of Ariège, in return for which it was to receive some commercial privileges as to the free export of certain goods. It was further stipulated that one of the viguiers of -the republic should be chosen from the department of Ariège, and that +the republic should be chosen from the department of Ariège, and that three deputies of the Valley should nearly take an oath to the prefect of the same department. Napoleon is said to have affixed his name to the original charter of Charlemagne. <a name="563">{563}</a> The privileges of the @@ -41864,7 +41828,7 @@ communes, and the twelve consuls who held office during the preceding year. These latter are called councillors. One of the viguiers is appointed by the French government, the other Bishop of Urgel. The former is chosen for life, and is generally a magistrate of the -department of Ariège; the latter holds office for three years only, +department of Ariège; the latter holds office for three years only, and is chosen from among the subjects of the republic. He is not required to be an educated man. The viguiers alone exercise the criminal authority. Civil justice is rendered by two other judges, one @@ -41925,21 +41889,21 @@ Spain are generally Spaniards. There are no land conveyances, and the transport of goods and merchandise is carried on with horses and mules. There are no restrictions on commerce, and no stamps; and no passports are required. The republic contains six parishes or -communes, namely, Andorra la Vieja, San Juliá de Loria, Canillo, +communes, namely, Andorra la Vieja, San Juliá de Loria, Canillo, Ordino, En Camp, and La Massana. There are also thirty-four villages and hamlets, the chief of which are Escaldas, Santa Caloma, and Soldeu. There are but few ancient remains in the republic. The capital, Andorra la Vieja, or "The Old" is so called to distinguish it from Andorra in Spain, Province Teruel. There is a good weekly market, and considerable business is transacted in imported corn. It is a -miserable place, with houses built of the <i>débris</i> of schist and +miserable place, with houses built of the <i>débris</i> of schist and granite, and generally without stucco. During the civil wars it suffered greatly from hostile attacks, and the suspension of commerce. The palace, called Casa del Valle, is an ancient building, constructed -of rough pieces of granite. The <i>façade</i> is heavy and massive, and has +of rough pieces of granite. The <i>façade</i> is heavy and massive, and has only three windows, of unequal dimensions, with some louvers; in its left angle is a turret pierced with loopholes, and surmounted with a -cross. Above the portal, which resembles a <i>porte cochère</i>, is the +cross. Above the portal, which resembles a <i>porte cochère</i>, is the inscription <i>Domus</i> consilii, <i>sedes justitiae</i>, under which is and escutcheon of white marble, with the arms of the republic. The interior of the palace is in a state of complete ruin. On the ground @@ -42431,7 +42395,7 @@ like manner, be laced up to receive and support the whole. <p> <i>A New Magnesium Lamp</i>.—An ingenious form of magnesium lamp, the invention of Mr. H. Larkin, and which was first exhibited at the Royal -Institution a couple of months since, was shown at the <i>soirées</i> of +Institution a couple of months since, was shown at the <i>soirées</i> of the British Association at Nottingham. Instead of the ordinary ribbon or wire of the commoner forms of magnesium lamps, magnesium powder is employed. Hence all machinery is dispensed with, the magnesium being @@ -42497,10 +42461,10 @@ used to explain why a burning brand, when twirled rapidly round, gives the appearance of a ring of light. But till quite recently it had not been shown whether the different colors of light had the same degree of persistence upon the retina. The subject has quite lately been -taken up by the Abbé Laborde, who shows that, just as the prism +taken up by the Abbé Laborde, who shows that, just as the prism separates the colors at different angles, so the retina absorbs the callers, or the impressions produced thereby, in different times. In -conducting his experiment to prove this, the abbé receives the +conducting his experiment to prove this, the abbé receives the sunlight through an aperture in a shutter into a darkened chamber. The aperture is about three millimetres wide by six high. In the course of the beam and in the middle the chamber there is placed a disk of @@ -42714,11 +42678,11 @@ in rhythm. <br> <p> FREDERICK THE GREAT AND HIS COURT. An historical novel. By L. -Mühlbach. Translated from the German by Mrs. Chapman Coleman and +Mühlbach. Translated from the German by Mrs. Chapman Coleman and daughters. 12mo. New-York: D. Appleton & Co. 1866. </p> <p> -The rapidity with which the novels of Miss Mühlbach have risen into +The rapidity with which the novels of Miss Mühlbach have risen into popularity in this country is a pretty good indication of their merit. They are free from the false sensationalism which furnishes the spice of the lower school of modern fiction; and they treat of historical @@ -42731,7 +42695,7 @@ literary skill; but the dialogues are not always well managed, the diction being sometimes too trivial and sometimes too stilted. Despite this minor defect, the book is full enough of interest: and our wonder is, considering the great and long-established popularity of Miss -Mühlbach in Germany, that her writings were not translated into our +Mühlbach in Germany, that her writings were not translated into our language long ago. It is a singular fact that the present work, and some other historical novels from the same pen which D. Appleton & Co. have now in press, were translated and first printed in the @@ -42760,7 +42724,7 @@ deserves our serious consideration. <p> A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH,<br> from the commencement of the Christian Era until the present time. By -M. l'abbé J. E. Darras. Vol. IV. New-York: P. O'Shea. 1866. +M. l'abbé J. E. Darras. Vol. IV. New-York: P. O'Shea. 1866. </p> <p> The fourth volume of this highly esteemed work completes the @@ -43246,7 +43210,7 @@ More than a thousand years ago, nay, near upon fifteen hundred, began that great struggle, which I spoke of <a name="582">{582}</a> just now, between the old and the new inhabitants of this part of the world. Whole populations of barbarians overrun the whole face of the country, that is, of -England, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and the re«t of Europe. They +England, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and the re«t of Europe. They were heathens, and they got the better of the Christians; and religion seemed likely to fail together with that old Christian stock. But, as I have said, the Pope and the bishops of the church took heart, and @@ -43445,11 +43409,11 @@ while their performances are scanty indeed." [Footnote 171] "Ab obitu Caelestini hoc anno invalescere coepit istiusmodi rebellio Romanorum adversus Pontficem, eodemque haeresis dicta Politicorum, sive Arnaldistarum. Ea erant tempora infelicissime, - cùm Romani ipsi, quorum fides in universo orbe jam à tempore - Apostolorum annunciata semper fuit, resilientes modo à Pontifice, + cùm Romani ipsi, quorum fides in universo orbe jam à tempore + Apostolorum annunciata semper fuit, resilientes modo à Pontifice, dominandi cupidine, ex filiis Petri et discipulis Christi, fiunt - soboles et alumni pestilentissimi Arnaldi de Brixiâ. Verùm, cùm tu - Romanos audis, ne putes omnes eâdem insaniâ percitos, nam + soboles et alumni pestilentissimi Arnaldi de Brixiâ. Verùm, cùm tu + Romanos audis, ne putes omnes eâdem insaniâ percitos, nam complures ex nobilium Romanorum familiis, iis relictis, pro Pontifice rem ageoant, etc." Baron. Annal. in ann. 1144. 4.—<i>De Consid</i>. iv. 2.] @@ -44624,7 +44588,7 @@ besieged by a concourse of visitors, eager to understand the new <p> Hester's arrangements were on a magnificent scale. She started on the principle of mutual co-operation united to division of labor. Instead -of separate dwellings for her employés, she had large boarding-houses +of separate dwellings for her employés, she had large boarding-houses built. These were provided with halls, refectories, baths, lecture-rooms, reading-rooms, libraries, and, lastly, schools, which in those days were rare for the laboring population. For since the @@ -45123,7 +45087,7 @@ person should be persecuted for his religion. When Mr. Godfrey told his children to think for themselves, did he mean that they were to think as he did, on pain of expulsion? Was not Eugene good, dutiful, noble, and generous? Why was he treated like a criminal? Had he been a -<i>roué</i>, like so many young men of his standing, it would have been +<i>roué</i>, like so many young men of his standing, it would have been called 'sowing his wild oats,' and every allowance would have been made for him. Why could they not treat this vagary as intellectual wild oats, and give him time to recover?" Mr. Godfrey tried to pacify @@ -46180,7 +46144,7 @@ means, and preserve them intact from man's defilement." <a name="620">{620}</a> <p> "Yes," interposed Mrs. Godfrey, "it is wonderful that men who believe -in revelation should not see, <i>primâ facie</i>, that the same miraculous +in revelation should not see, <i>primâ facie</i>, that the same miraculous interposition which produced the revelation would, as if of necessity, watch over and protect that revelation." Then suddenly becoming very earnest, she said: "Eugene, I am drawing near my end, I feel it every @@ -47289,9 +47253,9 @@ without the support of the church and the people. Richelieu and Mazarin saw the same, and destroyed what remained of the feudal nobility as a political power. They, no doubt, did it in the interest and for the time to the advantage of monarchy. Louis XIV. concentrated -in himself all the powers of the state, and could say "<i>L'état, c'est +in himself all the powers of the state, and could say "<i>L'état, c'est moi</i>—I am the state," and tried hard to grasp the pontifical power, -and to be able to say, "<i>L'église, c'est moi</i>—I am the church;" but +and to be able to say, "<i>L'église, c'est moi</i>—I am the church;" but failed. Always did and do kings and emperors, whether Catholic or non-Catholic, seek to enlarge their power and to gain to themselves the supreme control not only of civil but also of ecclesiastical @@ -47365,12 +47329,12 @@ Bossuet was unquestionably a monarchist and something of a courtier, though he appears to have had always the best interests of religion at heart; and we can hardly say that he did not take the best means possible in his time of promoting them. As one of the preceptors of -the Dauphin, father of the Duke of Burgundy, of whom Fénelon was the +the Dauphin, father of the Duke of Burgundy, of whom Fénelon was the principal preceptor, he taught the political system acceptable to the king; but he impressed on his pupil as much as possible under that system a sense of his responsibility, his duty to regard his power as a high trust from God to be exercised without fear or favor for the -good of the people committed to his charge. Fénelon went further, and +good of the people committed to his charge. Fénelon went further, and hinted that the nation had not abdicated its original rights, and still retained the right to be consulted in the management of its affairs; and he was dismissed from his preceptorship, forbidden to @@ -47763,7 +47727,7 @@ Finally, when all curiosity had subsided and given place to the most complete indifference, they learned in some way that she called herself Madame Dormeuil, and her little boy Robert. There was one person, however, who had received the intimate confidence of Madame -Dormeuil, and that was the curé of the village, and from time to time +Dormeuil, and that was the curé of the village, and from time to time he was seen directing his steps toward the solitary abode, where more than one indiscreet eye had wished to penetrate. At the time this story opens it is <a name="642">{642}</a> night, one of those glorious nights of the @@ -47887,7 +47851,7 @@ him happy to know that she had conceived a plan which was precisely the same he had thought of, and that she was solicitous for him to go. The rest of the night passed slowly enough to the young orphan. At daybreak he came down from the mountain and knocked at the door of the -rectory. The virtuous and worthy curé, who preached to the inhabitants +rectory. The virtuous and worthy curé, who preached to the inhabitants of the village of Bains, received him with the utmost kindness, for he had known him long and well, and had already initiated him into the <a name="644">{644}</a> mysteries of our divine religion, and from his pure and touching @@ -47904,7 +47868,7 @@ have confidence in me, tell me your ideas, speak to me openly, and all that I can possibly do for you I will with pleasure I have no occupation but to do good to others, to console them in their sorrows, and take them by the hand with a need assistance." "Thank you, good -curé," replied Robert, with sweetness and respect. "I desire to obey +curé," replied Robert, with sweetness and respect. "I desire to obey the wishes of my mother, who tells me to go to Paris. See what she says to me—this dear, good mother—before she dies," holding to him with the trembling hand the precious paper containing the @@ -47916,7 +47880,7 @@ said I must go, and no matter how I get there I must do it." "Your resolution is praiseworthy my child, yet it seems to me that you should reflect a little, before undertaking what seems so much for you. But if you really must attempt it, I will give you a letter to a -friend of mine, who is now curé of the Church of Saint-Germain +friend of mine, who is now curé of the Church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois. This recommendation, I hope, will be of great assistance to you, for my friend is a man of rare virtues and inexhaustible charity Place your cell under his protection, and I do not doubt but @@ -47932,7 +47896,7 @@ will strengthen your body, which cannot but be feeble under the sufferings of your soul. Do you hear, my child? I want you to take some nourishment, if it is only a little you will feel better after it. I will return directly," and, looking kindly at him, the venerable -curé went out, to see which of his parishioners would purchase the +curé went out, to see which of his parishioners would purchase the furniture belonging to the orphan. </p> <br> @@ -47948,7 +47912,7 @@ furniture belonging to the orphan. <h3>THE FAREWELL.</h3> <br> <p> -The curé was a all time absent, and when he return had no good news +The curé was a all time absent, and when he return had no good news for Robert; his errand had been ineffectual. "My child," said he, "my wishes for disposing of your furniture have been in vain, but do not be discouraged. Let us go and pay the last mark of respect to your @@ -47969,8 +47933,8 @@ you here, and I know you are too good a son to forget it. I am sure, then, of seeing you sometimes if God wills it, for it is the Supreme Arbiter who decides the length of our days." They had come by this time to the house, the door of which was opened by a woman who had -been sent there by the curé to "lay" out the mother of the poor -orphan. Her body was then enclosed in the coffin, and the <i>cortége</i> +been sent there by the curé to "lay" out the mother of the poor +orphan. Her body was then enclosed in the coffin, and the <i>cortége</i> took the way which led to the churchyard, where rest at last the king and his subjects, the rich and the poor. Oh! what courage it requires to bear up under the sorrows of this last sad walk, above all when the @@ -47986,7 +47950,7 @@ forever the only being he ever loved, and which was watered with filial tears. "Oh!" he exclaimed, "if I can only put a stone over my good mother, it will be a consolation to know, when I visit the spot where I leave my heart, that it is marked by the love of a son." Full -of this idea he revealed it afterward to the good curé, who took an +of this idea he revealed it afterward to the good curé, who took an interest in it, and listened, with tears in his eyes, while the child cultures the cost of a simple so. "But, my child," he said sadly, "all simple as it may be, it will still be too dear for your feeble @@ -48000,7 +47964,7 @@ considerations need not stop him in the accomplishment of what he felt was a filial duty. Then after having thanked the pastor, and told him how grateful he was to him for his paternal care and loving advice, he asked his permission to pass another night in the house where he first -remembered the light of day. "Go, my child," said the curé, moved by +remembered the light of day. "Go, my child," said the curé, moved by his touching resolution, "go if you feel strong enough: solitude raises the soul and purifies its approach to the Creator. Sometimes remember the consoling words of our divine Saviour, 'Blessed are they @@ -48066,12 +48030,12 @@ penetrated his chamber and the stars shed their soft light, he felt revived, and waited for the vision of the preceding night, but it came not, and his lips quivered, and at last sleep came to close his eyelids and repair the strength of his body and mind. The next day the -curé found him somewhat consoled, at least more calm than before he +curé found him somewhat consoled, at least more calm than before he slept. Together they made an inventory of his modest furniture, which was worth about fifty pounds. In one of the drawers they found a small medallion containing the portrait of a gentleman. The face was handsome and expressive, though a little hard. It was easy to see that -it was a person of high rank; and if the good curé had been less +it was a person of high rank; and if the good curé had been less preoccupied and had examined closely the face, he would, perhaps, have been struck by the resemblance which existed between the features of the child and those of the miniature. He would have concluded beyond @@ -48085,7 +48049,7 @@ you; by thus doing I will have time to look about, and can, perhaps, dispose of it two more advantage." The poor child knew not how to reply to this kindness, but he said, "All that you have done is right, my dear father, you are too good to take so much trouble for me, and I -thank you with all my heart." Again the curé closed the door and took +thank you with all my heart." Again the curé closed the door and took Robert's hand. He burst into sobs at the idea of being separated from all which reminded him of his mother, but he baked him to have courage. "Courage, my child. I know you suffer in leaving a spot @@ -48101,9 +48065,9 @@ kneeling before him. Robert past several days with the kind father, where he gained strength and courage; and one morning at sunrise, with a small bundle of his shoulder and a stick in his hand, set out, accompanied by the -good curé, who had wished to render less painful by his presence the +good curé, who had wished to render less painful by his presence the first steps of this sad journey. He had sent a letter to his friend -the curé in Paris, in which he enclosed the fifty pounds, not thinking +the curé in Paris, in which he enclosed the fifty pounds, not thinking it prudent that Robert should carry it with him. A half league from the village, on the route to Claremont, the excellent man embraced the child, pointed to heaven, and bade him farewell! @@ -48208,7 +48172,7 @@ masterpiece of nature, and a scene of enchantment." We cannot say that Robert shared in their opinion, but it is certain that he passed it with regret, although he was drawn by so strange of feeling toward Paris, the object of his hope and his ambition. He walked to St. -Pourçain, Moulins, and all the small places, and rested a day when +Pourçain, Moulins, and all the small places, and rested a day when overfatigued. Great was his delight when he reached Fontainebleau, which royal residence had witnessed the first abdication of the emperor. All was still in motion at this place, and more than one old @@ -48639,7 +48603,7 @@ exhibited at the present time in all nations and societies outside of the Catholic Church. Partial and temporary developments only can be made of that integral, universal, perpetual life, whose seat is in the bosom of the church, and which is sufficient to vivify the whole human -race, if the impediments were removed. The proof, <i>à posteriori</i>, or +race, if the impediments were removed. The proof, <i>à posteriori</i>, or by induction, of the Catholic Church, must be sought for in those works which treat professedly of the subject. Our object is merely to show the conformity of the idea of the Catholic Church with the idea @@ -48766,7 +48730,7 @@ under the phenomena of bread and wine; which presents usually much the greatest difficulty to the understanding, is really capable of a much more easy and certain explanation. It is present not by its extension, but by its pure substance, or <i>vis activa</i>, that is, as Perrone says, -<i>per modum spiritâs</i>, after the manner of spirit. Spirit, as all +<i>per modum spiritâs</i>, after the manner of spirit. Spirit, as all Catholic philosophers teach, is related to objects in space, by the application of its intrinsic force to them. The presence of the body of Christ in the eucharist is, therefore, the application of its <i>vis @@ -49015,7 +48979,7 @@ who possess created goods in this life. Lyra says, that according to the opinion of all doctors they will enjoy a happier life than would be naturally possible in this present world. Almost in the same way speak Origen, Marsilius, St. Buonaventure, Cajetan, and others <a name="661">{661}</a> -cited by Cornelius à Lapide, who all teach that children dying without +cited by Cornelius à Lapide, who all teach that children dying without baptism lead a happier life than those who are living on the earth. Lessius writes, that although they may be said to be damned because eternally deprived of the celestial glory for which they were created, @@ -49223,7 +49187,7 @@ harmony with these principles. We, therefore, dismiss this first supposition without further discussion. Another supposition may be made, that the complete evolution of the idea of God which the soul possesses in the present state in an obvolute manner bring it to that -relation <i>vis-à-vis</i> two God as its intelligible object, which +relation <i>vis-à -vis</i> two God as its intelligible object, which corresponds to the relation of the visual faculty to the visible, material object. We cannot accept this supposition any more than the other. It contradicts the principles we have previously laid down, and @@ -49803,8 +49767,8 @@ scapular, his shaven head bared to the sun, his eyes cast down, and his hands employed in rolling the beads of the Rosary of St. Dominic. He traversed the square of the Pantheon, and was going to cross the bridge of St. Angelo, when, in passing the prison of the Tor di Nona, -he saw coming out of it a funeral cortége; a condemned person, led to -death in the usual place of execution, the piazza della Bocca Verità. +he saw coming out of it a funeral cortége; a condemned person, led to +death in the usual place of execution, the piazza della Bocca Verità . A man nearly forty years of age, of noble and proud figure, but seemingly worn out by vice or grief; his costume curious, and wholly oriental; clothed in red silk, with a turban ornamented with gold and @@ -49824,7 +49788,7 @@ from Italy, since the taking of Constantinople. His name is Argyropoulos. He has murdered a Roman woman; is doomed to die, and will not reconcile himself with God. He is not merely schismatical, but pagan. Try if you can be more successful than I." At a sign from -the chief of the guard the <i>cortége</i> stopped—for in Rome, since the +the chief of the guard the <i>cortége</i> stopped—for in Rome, since the earliest age, pontifical justice does not wish to kill the soul, and makes every effort to save it while sacrificing the guilty body. Fra Giovanni tried to speak to the Greek, but was met with repulse and @@ -49955,7 +49919,7 @@ that the dinner of his holiness was ready. "My son," said the Pope, table." "Holy Father," replied the humble monk, "without the permission of the prior I dare not do so. I must dine with my community." "But, my son, I can dispense with this obligation. Come, -come!" The Dominican dined, therefore, <i>tete-à-tete</i> with the Pope, +come!" The Dominican dined, therefore, <i>tete-à -tete</i> with the Pope, but in silence, and with eyes cast down, as if he had been in his own refectory. It was not a day of abstinence, and meat was served on the Pope's table, but the monk refused to partake of it, "Fra Giovanni," @@ -50494,12 +50458,12 @@ eight hundred years backward in the world's history, and will fly on fancy's wings from the age of steam-cars and telegraphs to that of chivalry and the crusades. You will find yourself now in the south-east of France, now in Savoy, gazing in succession at the Rhone, -the Isère, the Alps, Pilate's Peak, and the Grande Chartreuse, and, in +the Isère, the Alps, Pilate's Peak, and the Grande Chartreuse, and, in short, wandering over that romantic land so dear to all true lovers of poetry, and so renowned of old for </p> <p class="cite"> - "Dance, Provençal song, and sun-burnt mirth." + "Dance, Provençal song, and sun-burnt mirth." </p> <p> The story is founded on one of those old devotional legends of the @@ -50630,7 +50594,7 @@ richness around her whole bearing and manner of thinking: The gray charger which plays so conspicuous a part in the action was born under the palm-trees of Palestine, and his name, Caliph, would seem to indicate an Arabian descent. By this subtle link the -connection between Provençal and Arabic poesy seems delicately to be +connection between Provençal and Arabic poesy seems delicately to be hinted at. The fact that the main poem concludes in sonnet-form, if accidental, is curious; if brought about by design, is a happy thought, inasmuch as the sonnet derived its birth in Provence, and @@ -50731,7 +50695,7 @@ almost at random from the third song: Fresh plucked from her dark-brown hair. Hand in hand tripping to meet her Bird-like they carol their joy, - Wedding soft Provençal numbers + Wedding soft Provençal numbers To a dulcet old strain of Savoy." </pre> <p> @@ -50745,7 +50709,7 @@ adown the salient page. The glad creatures are as yet ignorant of the fact that Christine's noble lover is lying in a death-like a swoon, and that Christine herself has just had an interview with the fearful demon who wishes to bear her off in triumph. Each one of them seems to -be a kind of Provençal Minnehaha, and may be compared to one of those +be a kind of Provençal Minnehaha, and may be compared to one of those merry waterfalls which come tumbling down the mountain-side, leaping in joy from rock to rock, and quite heedless of the black precipices which surround them. @@ -50773,11 +50737,11 @@ our heartiest cheers. <p class="footnote"> [Footnote 197: In a private letter received from a member of the - Guérin family—one whose name is held in gentle reverence by all - the readers of Eugénie's Journal—we are asked if it would be + Guérin family—one whose name is held in gentle reverence by all + the readers of Eugénie's Journal—we are asked if it would be possible to interest devout souls in America in the reconstruction of the little church of Andillac. We would gladly answer this - question in the affirmative, for the restoration of Eugénie's + question in the affirmative, for the restoration of Eugénie's parish church would be a monument that even her humility could not reject. <br><br> @@ -50787,7 +50751,7 @@ our heartiest cheers. </p> <p> In a former article [Footnote 198] we traced the course of Maurice -de Guérin's career at La Chênaie; and left him in Paris, bewildered by +de Guérin's career at La Chênaie; and left him in Paris, bewildered by the rush and whirl of such a city, one day to become so familiar to him. We will now let his journal and letters exhibit the curious change through which he passed in turning from the fair Utopian dreams @@ -50800,15 +50764,15 @@ of Lamennais to the work-day experiences of an unsuccessful author. <p> To do this fully we must retrace our steps to Le Val, the asylum thrown open to him by Hippolyte de la Morvonnais when he left -Ploërmel. Guérin's record of that peaceful sojourn in Brittany is as -distinct from our popular ideas of French life as Eugénie's sketches +Ploërmel. Guérin's record of that peaceful sojourn in Brittany is as +distinct from our popular ideas of French life as Eugénie's sketches of Rayssac and Le Cayla. The brother and sister have successfully proved that all Frenchmen are not deceitful and unbelieving, nor all Frenchwomen vain and perfidious. Surely no young man in any country ever met with influences more sound and elevating than Maurice found -in the society of Eugénie and Mimin; of Louise de Bayne, Madame de la +in the society of Eugénie and Mimin; of Louise de Bayne, Madame de la Morvonnais, and Caroline de Gervain; or with friends more enduring -than Hippolyte, Paul Quemper, Marzan, Trébutien, and D'Aurevilly. +than Hippolyte, Paul Quemper, Marzan, Trébutien, and D'Aurevilly. </p> <p> There is in France an undercurrent of domestic life as pure and fresh @@ -50818,7 +50782,7 @@ manners, the more one appreciates the truth of the <i>mot</i> of a certain cardinal: "There is no purgatory for Frenchmen; they go straight to heaven or hell." But we will no longer detain the reader, by moral reflections, from the perusal of the selections we have made from -Guérin's writings. +Guérin's writings. </p> <p> LE VAL, Dec. 7th, 1833. @@ -51015,7 +50979,7 @@ back my tears. </p> <br> <pre> - MAURICE DE GUÉRIN TO + MAURICE DE GUÉRIN TO M. H. DE LA MORVONNAIS. PARIS, Feb. 1st, 1834 @@ -51085,7 +51049,7 @@ railed at and disdained; it is hard for such men to muffle themselves in the livery of the day, to follow instead of leading, to copy instead of designing; but necessity with her iron nail stands before us. Finally, the committee of the European Review refused an article -of Cazalès himself because it was in Germanic form. +of Cazalès himself because it was in Germanic form. </p> <p> As to the Review, we must share the editing of it thus: Each number @@ -51150,14 +51114,14 @@ My cousin's little girl is nine months old; she is charming, can stand alone already, without walking of course, has an enchanting smile; in short, would be a companion angel for Marie. When her tongue is loosed, I will teach her all the little words that her baby sister in -Le Val can say, "<i>Bon jour, ma, à tantôt, le v'la lia</i>" and I will +Le Val can say, "<i>Bon jour, ma, à tantôt, le v'la lia</i>" and I will swing her in a napkin; in short, I will do everything I can to make her another Marie, her faithful and bewitching likeness. </p> <p> I have not yet written to my sister. I shall do so this evening with exhortations and entreaties. How happy it would make me to see a firm -friendship grow up between Madame de La Morvonnais and Eugénie! those +friendship grow up between Madame de La Morvonnais and Eugénie! those two souls so formed for mutual understanding, and to draw forth the wealth of sweetness from each other's souls. </p> @@ -51165,7 +51129,7 @@ wealth of sweetness from each other's souls. Offer my homage to her who will, I hope, soon call my sister friend, and win the same title from her; as it is between you and me, my dear friend. Countless kisses to Marie. Don't forget me, I beg, when you -write to Mordreux and St. Malo. Love to Duquesnel and François. +write to Mordreux and St. Malo. Love to Duquesnel and François. </p> <p> At the time the following idyl was written, the pernicious style of @@ -51176,7 +51140,7 @@ have aroused thirty years ago. </p> <br> <pre> - MAURICE DE GUÉRIN TO + MAURICE DE GUÉRIN TO M. H. DE LA MORVONNAIS. PARIS, February, 1834. @@ -51221,7 +51185,7 @@ wall, used to beguile us from our study, tempting us forth to pleasant rambles? </p> <p> -Such was your Thebaïd, as you call it, the day before I left you, full +Such was your Thebaïd, as you call it, the day before I left you, full of warmth and animation, vivid with rising sap and the labor of vegetation. To-day I will wager that the eruption of leaves and flowers is far advanced, that the birds are hopping about in search of @@ -51242,7 +51206,7 @@ shores, you should see triangles of long-necked geese and swans pouring down from the north, and files of those ducks that we used to hear cutting the clouds with whistling wings on December evenings; if the exterminator, winter, were to kill in one night all these -first-born of the year; in short, if your Thebaïd were to turn into a +first-born of the year; in short, if your Thebaïd were to turn into a Siberia, what would become of your dreams of plenty, fruits, and flowers, soft siestas under the shade of a tree, songs on the sea-shore, and of that whole existence, nourished upon sunlight, @@ -51275,7 +51239,7 @@ their own nests. The brood would not prosper; the poor mothers would shiver on their eggs, and the bitter cold, stealing under their wings, would kill the chicks in the shell, despite the warmth of the maternal bosom. Oh! if you had, power over nature, what a discourse I would -send you for your Thebaïd, to save it from the seductions of this +send you for your Thebaïd, to save it from the seductions of this perfidious spring whose perils I know so well. </p> <p> @@ -51293,7 +51257,7 @@ contain yourself long enough to hear, my reasons. Horace said: "At Rome I prate of Tiber, and at Tiber I prate of Rome." Don't imagine that my taste is light and changeable as the wind, and thus explain to yourself my long tirades on your solitude. When I was -in your Thebaïd, did I ever speak regretfully of the joys of Paris? +in your Thebaïd, did I ever speak regretfully of the joys of Paris? Did I not, on the contrary, say always that a city life is repugnant to my taste, and that I care not at all for any pleasures to be enjoyed here? Don't you remember how the little rough huts of your @@ -51328,7 +51292,7 @@ you are too solitary, and hold yourself too much aloof from such things for that idea to occur to you. But, if your eyes turn from the arena of politics, they will settle on the noble field of literary doctrines; and because lately the combat has grown hot, and the noise -of the mêlée is resounding far and wide, you will fancy that I am a +of the mêlée is resounding far and wide, you will fancy that I am a passionate spectator of the struggle, amusing myself with winding the opposing party in subtle mocking allegories. Let me tell you that this interpretation, or any similar one given to my idyl on the precocious @@ -51439,7 +51403,7 @@ of my imagination, turning, as it always does, toward you. </p> <br> <pre> - MAURICE DE GUÉRIN TO + MAURICE DE GUÉRIN TO M. H. DE LA MORVONNAIS, AU VAL SAINT POTAN. @@ -51515,7 +51479,7 @@ search of Paul that I might thank him, triumph with him, overwhelm him with joy for my joy; for I knew his kindness too well to doubt that he would share all my transports. I was not mistaken; his rejoicings over my success were sweeter to me than my own, and I had the inestimable -pleasure of seeing it communicated to my other friends, François, +pleasure of seeing it communicated to my other friends, François, Elic, etc. How delightful it is to receive such proofs of pure, heartfelt sympathy! In short, my dear Hippolyte, here I am launched upon the waves, provisioned with money and courage, and walking with @@ -51526,7 +51490,7 @@ whole of September at the College Stanislas, where I shall have a class during vacation: when the term begins, I shall establish myself in the college if there is a place for me; if not, I can have quite an advantageous situation at my cousin's, by helping him to keep his -little <i>pension d'elèves</i>. This is an abridged history of these last +little <i>pension d'elèves</i>. This is an abridged history of these last five months; it gives only a superficial view, but you are well enough acquainted with my inner life to understand the course of my thoughts during the time. Here I am at rest, dreaming of the future, giving @@ -51541,7 +51505,7 @@ them, and it is a very long time also since I heard from my sister. <p> Pray, present my respectful compliments to Madame Morvonnais, and my remembrances at Mordreux and Saint-Malo. I am going to write to -Amédée. Ask Marie, who can answer me now, if she remembers M. Guérin, +Amédée. Ask Marie, who can answer me now, if she remembers M. Guérin, who sends her a thousand kisses. </p> <br> @@ -51560,7 +51524,7 @@ friendship, of which you are the priest; he will bathe in the current of those easy, limpid days that murmur beneath your roof. What an interruption and vacuum in my life will be between his departure and the day of his return with the other brothers! What will become of me -in my <i>ennui</i>. Tomorrow evening we shall have our farewell <i>soirée</i>. +in my <i>ennui</i>. Tomorrow evening we shall have our farewell <i>soirée</i>. Do you know what evenings we have now and then? We meet at dinner-time and have a cosy dinner, intimate talks, long wandering walks under the chestnut-trees of the Tuileries, through the perfume of @@ -51594,7 +51558,7 @@ like the sea. </p> <br> <pre> - MAURICE DE GUÉRIN + MAURICE DE GUÉRIN TO M. H. DE LA MORVONNAIS. PARIS, Oct. 19th, 1834. @@ -51616,7 +51580,7 @@ action</i>. What! I a man of action! Some potent voice must have bade me take up my bed and walk! The day after Paul left me I was to go to Versailles, where I had reason to hope I could have a place as teacher in an institution. I went to Versailles, and this was what I found: -four hours of teaching <a name="697">{697}</a> every day, <i>des salles d'études</i>, +four hours of teaching <a name="697">{697}</a> every day, <i>des salles d'études</i>, recreations, walks with the pupils, and a salary of 400 francs. The position I had hoped for in the College Stanislas having failed me also, there remained only my last plan, that of going to my cousin's. @@ -51642,7 +51606,7 @@ for private lessons and have found several. Classes and recitations occupy my day from half-past seven in the morning until half-past nine in the evening; I sleep at my cousin's, the college dinner serves me for breakfast, and in the evening I get a dinner for twenty-four sous -like a <i>débutant</i>. Such has been my life for the last three weeks; a +like a <i>débutant</i>. Such has been my life for the last three weeks; a sudden revolution in my existence, an abrupt transition from careless revery to breathless action. An urgent pressure, a little reason, a few grains of irritating self-love, supply fresh strength to my soul, @@ -51651,7 +51615,7 @@ deepest and most hidden recesses of my being, in the sanctuary of the will, lives a resolution, that is, I believe, firm and steady, to sacrifice half my existence to external things, in order to insure repose to the inner man; and therefore I have decided to prepare -myself for the <i>agrégation</i> (corresponds to the expression, master of +myself for the <i>agrégation</i> (corresponds to the expression, master of arts). I have explained to you the facts, accidents, and external circumstances; let us go deeper. Latin, Greek, and all the bustle of laborious life, absorb a certain portion of my thoughts; but it is @@ -51665,7 +51629,7 @@ over it, nothing is lost from its waves, except by the continual evaporation of my intelligence drawn up by some unknown star. </p> <p> -It will soon be a year since from the heights of Créhen I hailed Le +It will soon be a year since from the heights of Créhen I hailed Le Val, lying all golden on the hillside beneath the beautiful autumn sun. Dear anniversary, full of gentle melancholy like the season that brings it. Every morning, on the way to college, I cross the Tuileries @@ -51677,13 +51641,13 @@ of a breeze among the boughs recalls to me the sound of the sea, and I pause to possess myself of the delusion, and isolate myself with it from the whole world: these are the waves, I am walking along the shore with you, wandering over headlands in the evening twilight; I am -sitting on La <a name="698">{698}</a> <i>Rôche-Alain</i>. Then when I feel the illusion is +sitting on La <a name="698">{698}</a> <i>Rôche-Alain</i>. Then when I feel the illusion is fading away, I resume my walk, all full of emotion, all full of you, and cry like the <i>Young Bard</i>: "Good God, give us back the sea!" </p> <br> <pre> - MAURICE DE GUÉRIN + MAURICE DE GUÉRIN TO M. H. DE LA MORVONNAIS. PARIS, Dec. 5th, 1835. @@ -51750,7 +51714,7 @@ that conceals a mocking laugh. That laugh I will not bear. <br> <pre> MAURICE - TO MLLE. EUGÉNIE DE GUÉRIN. + TO MLLE. EUGÉNIE DE GUÉRIN. PARIS, Feb. 9th, 1836. </pre> @@ -51791,13 +51755,13 @@ I am trying to find out at this moment what I may count upon in the future for the accomplishment of my dearest hopes. </p> <p> -The last sentences in this letter refer to Guérin's marriage with -Mlle. de Gervain, which is so fully described in Eugénie's letters +The last sentences in this letter refer to Guérin's marriage with +Mlle. de Gervain, which is so fully described in Eugénie's letters from Paris that it needs no comment here. Then followed a few months of tranquil success, a lingering illness at Le Cayla, a happy death-bed; and our story ends, as all true stories must end, in a graveyard. By the gateway of that old cemetery of Andillac, where -Eugénie sunned herself one day sitting on a tombstone, while waiting +Eugénie sunned herself one day sitting on a tombstone, while waiting for her turn to go to confession, is a white marble obelisk surmounted by a cross. Caroline placed it there as her last gift to her husband, and it bears these words: @@ -51807,15 +51771,15 @@ and it bears these words: Who was my husband Only eight months. Farewell. Pierre George Maurice - De Guérin du Cayla. + De Guérin du Cayla. Born August 4th, 1810, Died at Le Cayla July 19th, 1839. </pre> <p> Close by stands the little church whose chief ornament is a delicately -wrought statue of the Blessed Virgin, presented by Queen Marie Amélie -at Eugénie's petition. The belfry is crumbling to decay, and the +wrought statue of the Blessed Virgin, presented by Queen Marie Amélie +at Eugénie's petition. The belfry is crumbling to decay, and the tottering porch under which the dove of Le Cayla passed so often appeals pitifully to those who have a zeal for the preservation of God's house. @@ -51824,7 +51788,7 @@ God's house. ———— </p> <p> -A record has been made of Eugénie's daily life by one who had hourly +A record has been made of Eugénie's daily life by one who had hourly opportunities of watching her actions, and we cannot refrain from laying it before our readers. Nothing concerning the sister of Maurice can be inappropriate in an article devoted to him, and it will be well @@ -51889,7 +51853,7 @@ circular medallion that encloses a virginal crown with these few words: </p> <pre> - "Eugénie de Guérin, died May 31st, 1843." + "Eugénie de Guérin, died May 31st, 1843." </pre> <p> "Soft as the opals of the east at dawn, and sad as the gleams that die @@ -51901,7 +51865,7 @@ materialism of our times has thickened the earth, so hard to break at all times. We know there is a flower that pierces the snow, but one that can penetrate the mind of an age devoted to matter is harder to find." (Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly's unpublished notice of Mademoiselle -de Guérin.) +de Guérin.) </p> <br> <hr> @@ -52098,7 +52062,7 @@ Bernini. </p> <p> From this spot a narrow lane, traversing vineyards fenced by stone -walls, leads to the convent of Sta. Maria di Gesù, in front of which +walls, leads to the convent of Sta. Maria di Gesù, in front of which is a fine stone <a name="704">{704}</a> cross. Passing by an aqueduct in very tolerable preservation, and by a succession of old tombs cut in the cliff, our party arrived at the Capuchin convent—a fortified building, with @@ -52115,7 +52079,7 @@ and almost rank vegetation rise two tall insulated masses of rock, with an ancient flight of steps cut in the side of one of them, but now inaccessible. The cliffs are hollowed into vast halls or caverns, in one of which the prefect told our travellers that he had given a -<i>fête</i> to Prince Alfred on his first visit to Syracuse. The kind old +<i>fête</i> to Prince Alfred on his first visit to Syracuse. The kind old monk who had been their escort brought them fruit, bread, and wine in this deliciously cool retreat, and sat a long time talking of the Holy Land, where he had been, and which he was delighted to find was @@ -52147,7 +52111,7 @@ Nothing can be kinder or more hospitable than the residents of Syracuse. The visit of our travellers was necessarily too limited in point of time to enable them to profit by it; but every one offered their carriage and horses, and put their palaces, not figuratively, -but actually <i>à leur disposition</i>. There are still some beautiful +but actually <i>à leur disposition</i>. There are still some beautiful medieval palaces in the town, especially the Palazzo Montalto, with its pointed windows and dog-tooth mouldings. It bears also some curious Gothic inscriptions, like the houses at Avila, and with the @@ -52337,8 +52301,8 @@ The descent was intensely fatiguing, from the continual jerking and slipping of their beasts; and they arrived more dead than alive at the kind professor's house, after being more than eight hours in the saddle. A few hours later found them once more in the burning sunshine -of Catania, where the thermometer in the shade, was 86°, while it had -been 27° on the mountain, a difference in one day of 59° degrees of +of Catania, where the thermometer in the shade, was 86°, while it had +been 27° on the mountain, a difference in one day of 59° degrees of temperature. But no difficulties should discourage the traveller from attempting the ascent of AEtna, which is worth coming the whole way from England for itself alone. A few days later saw our party on the @@ -52812,7 +52776,7 @@ SARSFIELD'S CAREER. The first of the name known in Ireland was Thomas Sarsfield, standard-bearer to King Henry II. In the reign of Charles I., Patrick, the then representative of the family, married Anne, daughter of -Ruaighré (Roger) O'Moore, and their children were William and the +Ruaighré (Roger) O'Moore, and their children were William and the subject of our sketch Patrick, who succeeded to the estate on the death of his brother. "He had received his education in one of the French military colleges, and saw some early campaigns in the armies @@ -52821,7 +52785,7 @@ of Monmouth in France, after which he obtained a lieutenancy in the Royal Guards of England." He commanded for James in one of those skirmishes which took place with William's Dutch troops on their march from Torquay. At the commencement of the Irish campaigns his estates -produced £2,000 annual revenue, so that it did not inconvenience him +produced £2,000 annual revenue, so that it did not inconvenience him much to raise a. company of horse. We shall not here touch on his achievements during the war in Ireland, as these have found, or will naturally find their places in the course of our narrative. On @@ -53376,7 +53340,7 @@ predict and wish for it a wide circulation. <br> <p> HISTORY OF A MOUTHFUL OF BREAD.<br> -By Jean Macé. Translated from the French by Mr. Alfred Gatty. +By Jean Macé. Translated from the French by Mr. Alfred Gatty. New-York: American News Company, 121 Nassau-street. </p> <p> @@ -53504,7 +53468,7 @@ that worship needs an external and a public expression. Not only the people of God under the old and new dispensations have admitted this, but the Turk and the Pagan of every shade have admitted and acted on it. Many have erred egregiously, and have had recourse to disgusting -and execrable· means to put it in practice; but the feeling itself is +and execrable· means to put it in practice; but the feeling itself is universal, and, therefore, may be enumerated among the first promptings of reason. </p> @@ -54441,10 +54405,10 @@ the fame of her salon never penetrated beyond that circle which, though not public, is more than privacy; a woman of antique faith and of active piety, she neither founded nor presided over any orders; and yet, for more than forty years she swayed an empire, to which the -Count de Maistre submitted, before which Madame de Staël inclined, and +Count de Maistre submitted, before which Madame de Staël inclined, and which retained around her, even to her last days, admirers accustomed to act on public opinion, but still more accustomed to enlighten their -own by hers. To the Count de Maistre succeeded M. de Bonald. The Abbé +own by hers. To the Count de Maistre succeeded M. de Bonald. The Abbé Frayssinous, M. Cuvier, to these M. de Montalembert, the Count de Falloux, Prince Albert de Broglie, and many others, a younger generation, but not less submissive to the ascendency of a soul where @@ -54542,7 +54506,7 @@ schism or the abyss of unbelief, a man of God came to her. He was not a priest, but an ambassador of a king despoiled of the greater part of his possessions, shut up in an island of the Mediterranean, and who, in sending to St. Petersburg a <a name="738">{738}</a> representative of his -misfortunes, thought not that he sent there a <i>chargé d'affaires</i> of +misfortunes, thought not that he sent there a <i>chargé d'affaires</i> of divine grace, marked with the seal of the elect. Count Joseph de Maistre, tor he it was, detested with all his soul the two Colossuses of his day, the French revolution and the French empire, because in @@ -54631,7 +54595,7 @@ is no solitary eloquence, and every orator has a double genius, his own and that of the age that hears him. </p> <p> -Madame de Staël, who was the first conversationalist of her time, said +Madame de Staël, who was the first conversationalist of her time, said she was unhappy because of the universal mediocrity, and yet she conversed at Paris among the people the most prompt in the world to speak, and the most confiding: what would she have said at St. @@ -54665,7 +54629,7 @@ sigh of error? Doubtless God alone knows. God alone knows the stratagems which suspended for seven years the efficacy of an eloquence sustained by divine grace, and disputed with it, step by step, the victim and the victory. However, two immortal books of the -Count de Maistre: Soirées de Saint Petersbourg, and the book Du Pape, +Count de Maistre: Soirées de Saint Petersbourg, and the book Du Pape, may give us the secret of that controversy lost to the memory of man, but which we shall one day find in that of God. </p> @@ -54695,7 +54659,7 @@ slowness of her progress it is natural to believe, and the Count de Maistre's correspondence confirms it, that the neophyte took the longest route, and that she did not give herself up to any sudden illumination. It was then the book Du Pape which succeeded to the -Soirées de Saint Petersbourg. M. de Maistre had dictated it with one +Soirées de Saint Petersbourg. M. de Maistre had dictated it with one eye on Russia and the other on France. Not that there was any relation between the two countries in the point of view of religion. France, since God had made her the eldest daughter of the church, had not been @@ -54890,17 +54854,17 @@ never betrayed it; and in her silence even, she seized things on the side which remained accessible, and gave them clearness enough, to instruct without displeasing. An exquisite naturalness covered her speech, though tact and unexpectedness were its most usual -characteristics. When she met Madame de Staël for the first time, each +characteristics. When she met Madame de Staël for the first time, each knew the other without being told; and happening to be placed at opposite corners of a large hall, they observed each other with -curiosity. Madame de Staël, accustomed to homage, waited for Madame de +curiosity. Madame de Staël, accustomed to homage, waited for Madame de Swetchine to come to her. Seeing she did not, she all at once crossed the long space which separated them, stopped before her, and said in a lively and caressing tone: "Do you know, Madame, that I am much hurt by your coldness toward me?" "Madame," was the reply, "it is for the king to salute first." This remark can give some idea of the ingenuous and submissive style of Madame de Swetchine's conversation. Different -from Madame de Staël, who disserted rather than conversed, Madame de +from Madame de Staël, who disserted rather than conversed, Madame de Swetchine raised her voice but slightly, and had no accent of domination; she waited her time without impatience, without caring for success, always more happy to please than ambitious to dazzle. An @@ -55107,10 +55071,10 @@ Maistre sent her his portrait with these words, written by his own hand: </p> <pre> - "Docile à l'appel plein de grâce - De l'amitié qui vous attend, + "Docile à l'appel plein de grâce + De l'amitié qui vous attend, Volez, image, et prenez place - Où l'original se plait tant." + Où l'original se plait tant." </pre> <p> Happier than this great man who saw only the first dawning of Sophie @@ -57150,7 +57114,7 @@ faith." even at the price of confession." </p> <p> -"It is therefor I intend to see the abbé, to make reparation. I will +"It is therefor I intend to see the abbé, to make reparation. I will not voluntarily put an obstacle to the reception of God's gifts. If grace comes, it shall find me ready to receive it." </p> @@ -57666,12 +57630,12 @@ or order of the universe; whilst the divine nature of the immortals, serene on Olympus </p> <pre> - Semotá a nostris rebus, sejunctaque longè, + Semotá a nostris rebus, sejunctaque longè, Jam privata dolore omni, privata periclis, Ipsa suis pollens opibus, nil indiga nostri, - Nec benè pro meritis capitur nec tangitur irâ. + Nec benè pro meritis capitur nec tangitur irâ. - Lucretius, de Rerum Naturtâ, I. 50. + Lucretius, de Rerum Naturtâ, I. 50. </pre> <p> The Epicurian, therefore, laughed alike at the notion of benevolent @@ -58005,7 +57969,7 @@ this, as well he may. He says that Celsus "scolds like an old woman," that he shouts calumny like the lowest of a street-mob, and, as a sort of climax, that he reminds him of a couple of "women slanging each other in the street." But the scoffer and the reviler is after all not -our philosopher's favorite <i>rôle</i>. Perhaps he will show better as the +our philosopher's favorite <i>rôle</i>. Perhaps he will show better as the man of intellect. </p> <p class="footnote"> @@ -58460,7 +58424,7 @@ condemned by Pope or council, discussing especially the alleged condemnation by the fifth general council. Under shelter, then, of the authority of a work that comes to us with the approval of the Roman censorship, and which on two separate occasions has been warmly -praised in the Civiltà, we cannot be wrong in waiving, at least, all +praised in the Civiltà , we cannot be wrong in waiving, at least, all discussion, in articles like the present, on the alleged errors of Origen. What has been said, though it has left the greater <a name="792">{792}</a> part of his work unconsidered, may perhaps have served to draw attention to @@ -58495,7 +58459,7 @@ looked at in the polemical works of the great Alexandrian school. <br><br> [Footnote 210: "Dummodo tamen nonnulla exceperis, quae pariter apud Patres coaevos adhuc dubia manebant et incerta; quippe nondum ab - Ecclesiá definita."—<i>Vincenzi</i>, ii. 524.] + Ecclesiá definita."—<i>Vincenzi</i>, ii. 524.] </p> <br> <hr> @@ -58531,8 +58495,8 @@ as inexhaustible as the ore is rich. If a tourist merely, even such a one as does London in a fortnight, Paris in a week, and the Rhine on the fastest steamer upon that ancient river—that brilliant soul who takes his sleep o' moonlit nights, and on the days which follow, sits -yawning over dinner till the shadows fall, and the storied head· <a name="793">{793}</a> -lands have been passed unseen—even such as he, stupid or <i>blasé</i>, as +yawning over dinner till the shadows fall, and the storied head· <a name="793">{793}</a> +lands have been passed unseen—even such as he, stupid or <i>blasé</i>, as the case may be, may find in Ireland something to awake to momentary energy, at least, his sleeping thought and action. </p> @@ -58605,7 +58569,7 @@ shadowed, armed with a stout blackthorn, a book in either pocket, and a light breakfast in its appropriate department, I set out upon my journey; accomplished it most enjoyably, arriving with but a <a name="794">{794}</a> faint remembrance that I had eaten any breakfast whatever, and just in -time for the <i>table d'hôte</i> at Brady's. +time for the <i>table d'hôte</i> at Brady's. </p> <p> The hotel was full with the motley occupants peculiar, there as @@ -58845,7 +58809,7 @@ reserved, however, especial affection for the regular roadsters, man and beast; these I mean that drove daily to Blaney's from Newry, Rathfriland, or Dromore. The men, well acquainted with his ways, never spoke a hasty or unkind word to him, although he was occasionally -self·willed in the matter of the horse-feed and the watering. The +self·willed in the matter of the horse-feed and the watering. The horses naturally returned the affection of one whose attendance upon them was untiring. He talked to them incessantly in public or in private; their comfort occupied the first place in his thought. He @@ -59501,7 +59465,7 @@ says—[Footnote 215] that other that we formerly knew high in Heaven's kingdom, which my master bestowed on me, - Though we it for the All·powerful + Though we it for the All·powerful may not possess. We must cede our realm." </pre> @@ -59824,7 +59788,7 @@ unpolished; but the Normans, if not more simple in their habits, were more refined. Norman extravagance found vent, not in drunken orgies and riotous feasting, but in fine buildings, horses, trappings, and dress. [Footnote 221] The importation of provincial poetry in the -shape of Trouvère poems, romances, and fabliaux, had a refining effect +shape of Trouvère poems, romances, and fabliaux, had a refining effect upon the literature, and laid the foundation of English chivalry. But the most beneficial effect was the introduction of two or three master spirits into the country, whose friendship William had formerly @@ -60038,8 +60002,8 @@ MONASTIC WRITERS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Anonymous, Gesta Stephani. - William of Jumièges, History of - Normandy—Monk of Jumièges. + William of Jumièges, History of + Normandy—Monk of Jumièges. Florence of Worcester, Chronicon ex Chronicis to 1119—Monk of Worcestcr. @@ -60088,7 +60052,7 @@ MONASTIC WRITERS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Ralph de Diceto, Two Chron., one 589 to 1148, and the other to 1199, Hist. of - Controversy between Henry and à Becket, + Controversy between Henry and à Becket, Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury to 1200, in the Anglia Sacra—Archdeacon of London. @@ -60206,7 +60170,7 @@ but I have made a list of such as I thought most essential to the subject, and have put them down as <i>I have found them mentioned in any book I happened to read</i>." In another letter he admits: "My chief object is to adorn as far as I am capable of adorning the history of a -period which deserves· to be better known." Hume was no better than +period which deserves· to be better known." Hume was no better than Robertson, for it appears that the latter had consulted the great English historian about Mary, who sent him a version which Robertson at once used. But shortly after Hume received some MSS. from Dr. @@ -60270,7 +60234,7 @@ in Latin—without noticing the history of one book which has ever stood out prominently from the mass of mediaeval productions, not only from its intrinsic excellence, but from the unfathomable mystery connected with its authorship. We allude to the treatise De lmitatione -Christi, popularly attributed to Thomas à Kempis. His claim rests +Christi, popularly attributed to Thomas à Kempis. His claim rests chiefly upon the fact that the first printed copy was made from a manuscript written by him and signed "Finitus et completus Anno Domino, 1441, per manus patris Thomae Kempis in monte S. Agnetis prope @@ -60279,13 +60243,13 @@ it was the usual formula appended to copies. Kempis was an inveterate copyist, and it will be a sufficient proof of the untenable nature of this argument if we mention that a copy of the Bible made by him is subscribed in a similar manner—"Finitus et completus Anno Domini, -1439, in Vigilia S. Jacobi Apostoli per manus Fratris Thomae à Kempis +1439, in Vigilia S. Jacobi Apostoli per manus Fratris Thomae à Kempis ad laudem Dei in Monasterio S. Agnetis." There is no evidence, therefore, of authorship in the subscription of the MS. </p> <p> But doubts existed soon after the publication of the work about its -authorship, and another MS. was discovered at Arône bearing the +authorship, and another MS. was discovered at Arône bearing the inscription, "Incipiunt capitula primi libri Abbatis Johannis <i>Gesen</i> De Imitatione Christi et contemptu omnium vauitatum mundi," and at the end was written "explicit liber quartus et ultimus Abbatis Johannis @@ -60297,7 +60261,7 @@ managed to get possession of it, and immediately brought it out with the addition in the title after the name of Gersen of "Abbatis Ordinis Sti. Benedicti." Then commenced that celebrated controversy between the two monastic orders, the Augustines, who advocated the claims of -Thomas à Kempis, and the Benedictines, who fought for Gersen. A volume +Thomas à Kempis, and the Benedictines, who fought for Gersen. A volume might be written easily upon the bare history of that controversy, as some hundreds of volumes were during its progress. It began immediately after the publication of this Benedictine claim in the @@ -60307,16 +60271,16 @@ which arose from the discovery of a MS. at Paris, copied in 1550, and a document purporting that it was bequeathed to one of the De' Avogadri family in the year 1347. This further confirmation of the antiquity of the work gave rise to the last controversy which ended -like all the others in increasing the doubt as to Thomas à Kempis's +like all the others in increasing the doubt as to Thomas à Kempis's authorship and the uncertainty of the whole question. </p> <p> We think it can be shown that the De lmitatione was known before the -birth of Thomas à Kempis, and about the time of the existence of +birth of Thomas à Kempis, and about the time of the existence of Gersen; but the evidence of the claim of the Gersenites is so slender that the mere chronological coincidence is not sufficient to maintain it. Passages have been collected from works written long before the -time of à Kempis word for word the same as in the De Imitatione. In +time of à Kempis word for word the same as in the De Imitatione. In the conferences of Bonaventura to the people of Toulouse, written about 1260, there are many such passages; <a name="817">{817}</a> and in an office written by Thomas Aquinas for the Pope Urban IV., about the same time, @@ -60327,7 +60291,7 @@ Christ.'" Criticism has labored diligently to discover in its text evidences indicative of the nationality of the author, but they have ended in contradictions which seem to insinuate that it might be the joint production of pious minds in different countries, which would -leave to Thomas à Kempis the honor of having collected and arranged +leave to Thomas à Kempis the honor of having collected and arranged them into one form. However, instead of wasting time over a fruitless investigation, we prefer taking the book as it is with its wealth of spirituality, with its calm beauty, its power of soothing the @@ -60412,7 +60376,7 @@ song of the mother of its founder, and it has been going on ever since. As the voice of one age dies away, the strain is taken up by the next. It has sunk at times into a low plaintive melody, and at others mounted into a grand swelling psalm, heard above the noise of -the world, which ceases its strife to listen· to its music. Of this +the world, which ceases its strife to listen· to its music. Of this melody we shall now endeavor to give a brief history. We begin at the coming of our Lord; but the whole worship of the true God is marked by the psalmody of rejoicing hearts. The children of Israel by the Red @@ -60598,7 +60562,7 @@ but the hymn most known is a very beautiful, perhaps his most beautiful composition, a funeral hymn, beginning Jam maesta quiesce querela. After the reformation, this hymn was adopted by the German Protestants as their favorite funeral hymn, their version beginning -"Hört auf mil Trauern und Klagen." +"Hört auf mil Trauern und Klagen." </p> <p> The resurrection of the body is thus expressed— @@ -60736,7 +60700,7 @@ well known. [Footnote 235] [Footnote 235: Ibid., pp. 53. 111, 160, 202, 212, 227.] </p> <p> -Peter the Venerable and Thomas à Kempis have also left hymns behind +Peter the Venerable and Thomas à Kempis have also left hymns behind them. But it was reserved for Archbishop Trench to dig out of the mouldering relics of the past a hymn written by a monk of Clugny, one Bernard de Morlaix, the translation of which, by Dr. Neale, has @@ -60825,7 +60789,7 @@ Then the episode— Thine ageless walls are bonded With amethyst unpriced; The saints build up its fabric, - And the corner·stone is Christ. + And the corner·stone is Christ. * * * * * Thou hast no shore, fair ocean! Thou hast no time, bright day! @@ -61012,8 +60976,8 @@ whispers sardonically into her ear— </p> <pre> "Grimm fasst dich! - Die Posaune tönt! - Die Gräber beben! + Die Posaune tönt! + Die Gräber beben! Und dein Herz, Aus Aschenruh Zu Flammenquallen @@ -61175,14 +61139,14 @@ thoughts he had found a place for the little orphan, whom chance had thrown in his way, and for whom he evinced the strongest attachment, which grew day by day, for Cyprien did nothing by halves; and when he could for a moment forget his emperor, it was to bestow almost -paternal care upon his young <i>protégé</i>. One day, when they had been +paternal care upon his young <i>protégé</i>. One day, when they had been having a long talk, and he had said things which charmed the sensible and loving boy, he asked him to take him to the Church of St. Germain -l'Auxerrois, for it was there that he was to find the curé to whom his +l'Auxerrois, for it was there that he was to find the curé to whom his letter was addressed. "Willingly," replied Cyprien, "I will take you there; but I cannot go in, it has been so long since I have made a visit of that kind, that I don't care to go, but I will wait for you." -Robert presented himself alone at the door of the curé's house, and +Robert presented himself alone at the door of the curé's house, and was received by him with grace and a touching cordiality. He was a man of fine address, with eyes that seemed to penetrate the depths of one's soul, but his scrutiny was accomplished by a smile so @@ -61192,7 +61156,7 @@ full of purity and goodness, and he appeared ever ready to pardon and bless. Such, in general terms, was the man to whom Robert was recommended. When he had read his friend's letter, he made the child sit down and tell him all about his journey and the manner in which he -acquitted himself charmed the good curé, and his lively and +acquitted himself charmed the good curé, and his lively and intelligent face set him to reflecting. The purity of his eyes showed a generous and noble soul, and the good man knew that he was one of those natures that always remain pure, in the midst of corruption. @@ -61203,7 +61167,7 @@ of access. </p> <a name="826">{826}</a> <p> -The good curé, after making these observations mentally, recalled the +The good curé, after making these observations mentally, recalled the illustrious men who have illumined the earth from time to time with the rays of their genius, and the traces of whose lives are still visible; but the road to fame has, alas! been sown for centuries with @@ -61248,25 +61212,25 @@ which he had given them so noble an example. Robert found in him a tender and devoted protector, who was interested for him, and in whose future friendship he might trust. The day when this action was registered in heaven, the good man felt a happiness he had never known -before in adopting before God the orphan that his friend, the curé of +before in adopting before God the orphan that his friend, the curé of the village of Bains, had recommended to him in such warm terms. The vow which he made himself to protect him, was not like those men usually make, and forget as soon as made. </p> <p> -During the interview between the child and the curé, the old soldier +During the interview between the child and the curé, the old soldier was walking up and down outside, absorbed in reflections of quite an opposite nature. Sometimes hope colored his thoughts; oftener they were sombre and cold, like the clouds of the region to which memory transported him, to the fatal soil of Russia, where victory had abandoned the French flag. An hour was passed by him in recalling these days of sorrow, but at last he grew tired of waiting, and jerked -at the bell string, which hung so modestly at the curé's door, most +at the bell string, which hung so modestly at the curé's door, most violently. In an instant a servant appeared with harsh words on the end of her tongue, but the severe face and long moustache of Cyprien induced her to withhold from speaking them. Scarcely was the door opened, when a voice, almost of thunder, <a name="827">{827}</a> inquired for Robert. -Hearing it, the curé opened the parlor door, and advancing toward the +Hearing it, the curé opened the parlor door, and advancing toward the soldier, with an affable air, invited him in, saying, "I will be very glad to talk with you. You were, I suppose, uneasy about your little friend, whom I have detained a long time, I know, but it is not time @@ -61276,18 +61240,18 @@ have a noble heart, and the Lord will bless you, my friend, you may be sure of that, for in the midst of your own sufferings you have had compassion on those of others, and above all you have protected an orphan!" The soldier was stunned by this benevolent speech; he, raised -his hand mechanically to his forehead, following the curé and +his hand mechanically to his forehead, following the curé and muttering the words "Pardon—excuse—do not pay any attention to me." Robert had not dared to move, but when Cyprien came near him, he threw himself into his arms. "There—that will do," said he to him—"pay -attention, the curé speaks." "Why did you not come in with Robert? You +attention, the curé speaks." "Why did you not come in with Robert? You have denied me the pleasure I should have had in talking with I a -brave soldier. Our <i>protégé</i> has spoken of you in most affectionate +brave soldier. Our <i>protégé</i> has spoken of you in most affectionate terms, but he did not tell me you were waiting for him, or I should not have suffered you to remain outside the door." "Thank you, M. -Curé, but I cannot talk to you, I have so few words, and have not been +Curé, but I cannot talk to you, I have so few words, and have not been accustomed to much, and all I know is how to use 'Arms.'" "Each of us -has his profession, my friend," replied the curé, "and you have made +has his profession, my friend," replied the curé, "and you have made yours glorious. Nevertheless you must allow me to think you know a great deal besides." "If that is your idea, kind father, I will not oppose it, but, with respect to you, I must tell you I have not seen a @@ -61329,7 +61293,7 @@ duty of a conscript." </p> <p> "I will try to find the mean s of aiding him to fill a high position -some day," said the curé. "I have acquaintances and friends who will +some day," said the curé. "I have acquaintances and friends who will give me of their wealth, for," said he, in a tone of regret, "I am far from being rich. But no matter, God will help us; I have this sweet certainty, so you may take courage, my little friend, and whatever @@ -61345,7 +61309,7 @@ vicious nature, and although young in years, he had every defect of character, without a single good quality. He made his poor mother despair, and she often reproached herself bitterly for her weakness toward him, but she knew no means that would reform his bad habits, -which assumed the form of fatal and violent passion. When the curé +which assumed the form of fatal and violent passion. When the curé spoke of Robert, she said: "O God! since he is possessed of so many amiable and virtuous qualities, entrust him to me. He will be treated as my own child, will share the studies of Gustave, and have the same @@ -61392,7 +61356,7 @@ education this lady gave her son, Robert replied: "If' it is your wish, I am ready to go." </p> <p> -'The curé was surprised and touched at this eagerness to fulfil his +'The curé was surprised and touched at this eagerness to fulfil his wishes, this entire self-abnegation in one who could not but prize the sweet liberty of acting for himself, which he had so long enjoyed on his native mountain; and a still further proof of his remarkable @@ -61446,7 +61410,7 @@ insolent air. The acquaintances of this period of life are easily made. Robert gave himself up with perfect abandon to the new pleasure of playing and talking with a child of his own age. He was not distrustful, for he had no experience; and as his own thoughts were so -good and pure, he never suspected others. The mother and the curé, +good and pure, he never suspected others. The mother and the curé, though seemingly occupied in conversation, followed with observing and restless eyes the movements of the children. The latter feared, and not without reason, to see some awkward blunder made by a child raised @@ -61480,7 +61444,7 @@ bear all the ills of such a child?" <p> Assured by the way in which Robert had taken the first and most difficult steps in his new abode, the good priest prepared to leave. -It was in warm and pressing terms that he recommended his <i>protégé</i>; +It was in warm and pressing terms that he recommended his <i>protégé</i>; and embracing him, gave him his paternal benediction. "I will see you soon," he said to him, and this promise consoled him, for he felt sure he would always be a generous defender, a tender and devoted. friend. @@ -61531,7 +61495,7 @@ Study opened to his eyes the treasures that are concealed from the vulgar, and he was already opening for himself a career sown with the seeds of art and science, the flowers of which he longed to gather; and in spite of all the cruelty and sarcasm of Gustave, he was very -happy, for he felt the love of his benefactress and the good curé, and +happy, for he felt the love of his benefactress and the good curé, and the remembrance of his cherished mother, and under these affections he rejoiced, as one rejoices in the sunlight of heaven. From the night she appeared to him in a dream, he was filled with the desire to be @@ -61542,10 +61506,10 @@ had often written to him, and from time to time sent him small sums of money to be employed in charities. </p> <p> -Among Robert's happiest hours now were those he passed with the curé +Among Robert's happiest hours now were those he passed with the curé here; but even these he could not long enjoy alone, for the wicked Gustave discovered that his sadness vanished <a name="831">{831}</a> whenever he reached -the curé's door, and he took a cruel pleasure in always going with him +the curé's door, and he took a cruel pleasure in always going with him under various pretexts, and thus snatching these few moments of happiness from his victim. But a smile, a kind word from his benefactor, paid Robert doubly for this painful sacrifice, and Madame @@ -61564,7 +61528,7 @@ We have lost the old soldier for a time, but have not forgotten him. At the time of their separation, both he and Robert shed bitter tears, and the latter tried to make him promise that he would come sometimes to see him in his new abode: "Not there," said the grenadier, "but I -will come sometimes and have a talk with you at the house of the curé, +will come sometimes and have a talk with you at the house of the curé, for I love him, by the faith of Cyprien Hardy." And he kept his promise, and many were the talks they had there together. On the 20th of March of that year the exile of Elba made an appeal to all faithful @@ -61582,8 +61546,8 @@ saw with revolting indifference the sufferings of his mother at the thought of a separation; but all her friends thought it was best, hoping some change in his character might take place from the strict and severe discipline of college life. This new arrangement was -submitted to the curé, who in all things pertaining to him, was guided -by the interest of his <i>protégé</i>, and it met with his approbation. +submitted to the curé, who in all things pertaining to him, was guided +by the interest of his <i>protégé</i>, and it met with his approbation. Madame de Vernanges' was to be absent six months or a year, and Robert felt that he should indeed be isolated from her protective affection, and left alone to the wicked designs of Gustave; who, when they were @@ -61624,7 +61588,7 @@ leaving Robert at college. This strange conduct affected him very much, and he wondered what it could mean. Could it be that his benefactress had returned and withdrawn her affection, or was she more ill? He was lost in sad conjectures for several days, which appeared -ages to him, as he waited in patience to hear. A visit from the curé, +ages to him, as he waited in patience to hear. A visit from the curé, with a sad countenance, revealed to Robert the misfortune which was to oppress him. "Madame de Vernanges suffers no more," said he, with a visible effort, drawing to his bosom the weeping child, whose sorrow @@ -61649,13 +61613,13 @@ abbot of Verneuil, to receive from his hands the crown he so justly deserved. Oh! how his heart beat with joy when he heard his name spoken in the sanctuary of science; it seemed then that the sweet voice of his mother spoke to him. Each time he was named, his eyes -turned towards the curé, as if asking him: "Are you satisfied?" How +turned towards the curé, as if asking him: "Are you satisfied?" How light and easy to wear are the laurels won by the victors in every good work! Is it not a bright day in your lives, my dear children, when you are proclaimed conquerors? What a sweet remembrance it leaves in your hearts, that no after thoughts can ever crush out! Our young laureate passed his vacation—that time of repose so dear to -students—with the curé. To Robert work was so much more a pleasure +students—with the curé. To Robert work was so much more a pleasure than a fatigue, that he was obliged to allow him to study a great deal; but he did not wish him to spend all his time at his books, but to take some hours of respite each day. This excellent man, of such @@ -61666,17 +61630,17 @@ and wished he could send him into the country, where he would be free from all restraints. "Poor child!" he would say to himself, "how he must long for his native mountain." So, before he left, to return to his studies, he thought he would give him an agreeable surprise. The -weather was lovely, and all nature seemed to rejoice. The curé and his +weather was lovely, and all nature seemed to rejoice. The curé and his charge started in a <i>diligence</i> for Versailles, the <a name="833">{833}</a> wonderful and magnificent palace once used as a royal residence. Robert had never seen this place, once such a gay city, but whose gilded glory -has all departed. No more <i>fêtes</i>, no more balls, in Louis XIV.'s +has all departed. No more <i>fêtes</i>, no more balls, in Louis XIV.'s beautiful city. The grand palace is still there, but where are the kings and courtiers? Oh! where? </p> <p> The gardens charmed Robert, and he bounded about like a young fawn in -his native wood, to the great delight of the curé, who rejoiced in his +his native wood, to the great delight of the curé, who rejoiced in his liveliness and happiness, and allowed this little bird that he had freed to follow his capricious fancies, wherever they led him; for he believed that all who loved children favored their pleasures; and it @@ -61685,7 +61649,7 @@ to leave no regrets to this age of life. As night was drawing on, Robert left off his sports, and they made ready for their departure. Robert's mind was filled with beautiful pictures of this visit, of which the result was so sad. As they were entering Paris, the -benediction that the good curé gave the child each evening was +benediction that the good curé gave the child each evening was pronounced with much fervor, and it proved the last. They slept in the same room, and Robert had gone happy and trustful to bed, little dreaming of the new and terrible misfortune that awaited him, and in @@ -61718,11 +61682,11 @@ Stranger to all that was passing around him, shut up in his sorrows, made an orphan once more, Robert had still the happy consciousness of having fulfilled all his duties to his benefactor. He awakened from his lethargy at the sound of the first shovel of earth that fell on -the coffin of his, beloved curé. The awakening was frightful. The +the coffin of his, beloved curé. The awakening was frightful. The tears and sobs he heard around him from the crowd of poor children and unfortunate ones, of every degree, whom he had benefited during his too short career, recalled with violence to his heart the sad reality. -Another sincere mourner for the curé was his faithful old housekeeper, +Another sincere mourner for the curé was his faithful old housekeeper, who, when she went in to take her last look of the venerable man, saw Robert standing there in silence and sorrow, and she felt that she, like him, was alone in the world, and suffered the same sorrow he did. @@ -61737,7 +61701,7 @@ near fifty, and her age would be a barrier to her finding a home where the work would be light, so that she could live without spending her hard earned money. From her own personal thoughts she passed to another subject of solicitude—the future of Robert. If she had not -felt any very strong interest in the fate of her master's <i>protégé</i>, +felt any very strong interest in the fate of her master's <i>protégé</i>, <a name="834">{834}</a> she was too compassionate a woman not to pity this child, who had been the object of his tender care. She thought of how the saintly man had praised the intelligence and amiable qualities of Robert, and @@ -61761,7 +61725,7 @@ penmanship, which is so beautiful, you can make useful and by it earn money. I will go at once and find us a lodging, and will be entirely the gainer by the arrangement, for I shall have for company a good child, who will be like a son; won't he?" Madame Gaudin half smiled at -her project, half cried when she repeated the name of the curé, then +her project, half cried when she repeated the name of the curé, then said, "Yes! yes! I am sure he inspires me to do this, he inspires me with an interest for this child, whom he loved above everything else." Some days after they were fixed in a small lodging in the rue des @@ -61881,7 +61845,7 @@ had received. First impressions are never effaced, they take deep root in a child's heart, and if good, become the fruitful germs of many virtues; if they are bad, they are the source from which vice and passion flow. In his tender years Robert had loved God and his works; -later, when the good curé had revealed to him the sublimity of +later, when the good curé had revealed to him the sublimity of religion, the orphan was penetrated with a great love for that God who is goodness itself; and when reason and experience confirmed all which his mother and his protector had taught him, he believed more firmly @@ -61904,7 +61868,7 @@ considered it but a small sacrifice to have given his life for a man who was so liberal of his time and knowledge to him. This tribute which his warm heart gave so willingly, was not the only one Robert received. Madame Gaudin made a duty of continuing the charitable work -of the Abbé Verneuil, who had shown so sublime and disinterested an +of the Abbé Verneuil, who had shown so sublime and disinterested an affection for Robert. She spent without regret the sayings of twenty years, and, although an old woman, she worked like a young girl, inventing the most ingenious means for hiding the sacrifices she was @@ -61949,7 +61913,7 @@ spent sixteen hours out of the twenty-four often in copying miserable and ill-drawn pictures, and all for a salary. But he would exclaim, "I will be an artist." He returned sacrifice for sacrifice, and while Madame Gaudin was in danger, he had not a moment of repose, and only -found calmness and tranquillity when convalescence came. The <i>rôles</i> +found calmness and tranquillity when convalescence came. The <i>rôles</i> were changed. The protector became the protected; the kind guardian of the orphan became the object of his earnest solicitude. He became a man during her sickness; rendering her the attentions of a devoted @@ -62210,7 +62174,7 @@ material. Original, or even well <a name="841">{841}</a> defined thought seldom in the same hot-house with this super-smoothness. But without pursuing the process into results at large, we have only to take Matthew Arnold's distinction as to Miss Rossetti:—she tries hard for -<i>simplicité</i>, and achieves <i>simplesse</i>. But there is no such thing as +<i>simplicité</i>, and achieves <i>simplesse</i>. But there is no such thing as hard work without its fruits. This straining after effect crops painfully out in a peculiar baldness and childishness of phrase that is almost original. The woman who can claim The Lambs of Grasmere as @@ -62453,7 +62417,7 @@ printer, is meant for a "song:" <p> Where on earth is sound or sense in this? Not a suggestion of melody, not a fraction of a coherent idea. People must read such trash as they -eat <i>meringues à la crême</i>: we never could comprehend either process. +eat <i>meringues à la crême</i>: we never could comprehend either process. </p> <p> Truth to tell, we have in this book some of the very choicest @@ -63100,7 +63064,7 @@ Protestant cannot stand on that ground." scratching his head. "I don't know what we are coming to. A man don't want to be a papist, and yet he goes to his own Protestant church and must put up with all the bowings and scrapings and genuflections and -candies and flowers, and all the rest of the popish fiddle·de·dees." +candies and flowers, and all the rest of the popish fiddle·de·dees." </p> <p> "Now you mention candles and flowers," said the clerical gentleman, @@ -63598,7 +63562,7 @@ characters, we are obliged to differ with him in our opinion of them. The hero is brought before us as a hard student, yet we have quite another idea of him from his words and actions. He is in effect a wealthy gentleman, who moves easily in polite society, and has a fancy -for purchasing rare old books at ruinous prices: finds a Cabaña or +for purchasing rare old books at ruinous prices: finds a Cabaña or Partaga cigar equally at hand in Europe and in his elegantly furnished study at home (where it is true he consumes a great deal of brain and time over his books), but we do not find the student in him when he @@ -63613,7 +63577,7 @@ way, that when our hero does "tip" anybody he does it in true Monte Cristo style: it always is a ten-dollar gold piece, or a hundred-dollar bill. Of course he falls violently in love with the heroine at first sight, and loses his misanthropy with his heart. Sal -Tompkins, who is to be his <i>protégée</i>, turns out to have some +Tompkins, who is to be his <i>protégée</i>, turns out to have some unusually good points, and having come to warn the heroine of a premeditated attack upon her grandfather's house by a gang of burglars, of one of whom she is the mistress, the utmost cordiality @@ -63630,7 +63594,7 @@ hero's lawyer and factotum; a pretty good villain, as far as his language and intentions go; but he is represented as so violently villainous that we are led to believe the author is prejudiced against him. He makes use of a written confession of murder penned by the hero -while laboring under hallucination of mind (a real tit·bit of science, +while laboring under hallucination of mind (a real tit·bit of science, which the distinguished author could illustrate much better in another department of literature than he has done here), and on the strength of it arrests him in England, whither Severne arrives after a @@ -63705,7 +63669,7 @@ appreciated. We observe an error among the rules of pronunciation, however, that should not pass unnoticed. The Parisian would not take our sound of <i>wa</i> in <i>waft</i>, <i>wag</i>, and <i>wax</i>, to express the sound of <i>oi</i> in <i>fois, soif</i>, etc. We presume the author has been accustomed -to hear those words pronounced wóft, wóg, and wóx, as he dates his +to hear those words pronounced wóft, wóg, and wóx, as he dates his preface from Edinburgh. </p> <br> @@ -63761,7 +63725,7 @@ publishers. </p> <br> <p> -KING RENÉ'S DAUGHTER.<br> +KING RENÉ'S DAUGHTER.<br> A Danish lyrical drama. By Henrik Hertz. Translated by Theodore Martin. New York: Leypoldt & Holt. 1867. </p> @@ -63879,11 +63843,11 @@ BOOKS RECEIVED. </p> <p> From D. APPLETON, & Co., New-York. Joseph II. and his Court. By Mrs. -L. Mühlbach. With Illustrations. 1 vol. 8vo. Cloth, $2 00. +L. Mühlbach. With Illustrations. 1 vol. 8vo. Cloth, $2 00. </p> <br> <p> -From LEYPOLDT & HOLT, New-York. King René's Daughter, a Danish Lyrical +From LEYPOLDT & HOLT, New-York. King René's Daughter, a Danish Lyrical Drama. By Henrik Hertz. Translated by Theodore Martin. 1 vol. 12mo, pp. 100. Price $125. </p> @@ -63939,380 +63903,7 @@ Beautiful Rest. Little Beauty. Pink of Perfection. Mary's Waiting at the Window. </p> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Catholic World; Vol. IV.; October, -1866, to March, 1867., by E. Rameur - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATHOLIC WORLD, OCT 1866-MARCH 1867 *** - -***** This file should be named 43032-h.htm or 43032-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/0/3/43032/ - -Produced by Don Kostuch - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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