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diff --git a/42959.txt b/42959.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c8f841f..0000000 --- a/42959.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25322 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Survey of London, by John Stow - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Survey of London - -Author: John Stow - -Contributor: Henry B. Wheatley - -Release Date: June 16, 2013 [EBook #42959] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SURVEY OF LONDON *** - - - - -Produced by Henry Flower and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - - - - - - - - - EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY - EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS - - TRAVEL AND - TOPOGRAPHY - - STOW'S SURVEY OF LONDON - WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY - HENRY B. WHEATLEY - - - - -THE PUBLISHERS OF _EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY_ WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY -TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES TO BE -COMPRISED UNDER THE FOLLOWING THIRTEEN HEADINGS: - - - TRAVEL SCIENCE FICTION - THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY - HISTORY CLASSICAL - FOR YOUNG PEOPLE - ESSAYS ORATORY - POETRY & DRAMA - BIOGRAPHY - REFERENCE - ROMANCE - -[Illustration] - -IN FOUR STYLES OF BINDING: CLOTH, FLAT BACK, COLOURED TOP; LEATHER, -ROUND CORNERS, GILT TOP; LIBRARY BINDING IN CLOTH, & QUARTER PIGSKIN - - -LONDON: J. M. DENT & SONS, LTD. NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO. - -[Illustration: TO THE WISE MAN ALL THE WORLD'S A SOIL - -BEN JONSON] - - - - - THE SURVEY - OF LONDON - BY JOHN - STOW _Citizen - of London_ - - [Illustration] - - LONDON PUBLISHED - by J M DENT & SONS L^{TD} - AND IN NEW YORK - BY E P DUTTON & CO - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -Stow's _Survey of London_, from its first publication in 1598, has taken -rank as the first authority on the history of London, but this very fame -has been the cause of some injury to the unity of the work, owing to the -additions of successive editors, whose words have often been quoted as -if they were written by the original author, although often referring to -occurrences long after Stow's death. - -What the reader of to-day wants, is the original work as it left -the hands of the veteran antiquary, or as nearly as the change of -spelling allows, because this gives him a vivid picture of Elizabethan -London--the city in which Shakespeare lived and worked among a multitude -of the men and women of those "spacious days," respecting whom we are -all eager to learn something more. The _Survey_ is a masterpiece of -topographical literature written by a Londoner of ripe experience, who -was interested in everything that occurred around him. - -Stow founded his work upon documents of great value collected by -himself, and also upon the splendid series of manuscripts belonging to -the city of London, to which he had access as "fee'd chronicler" of the -corporation. - -The great charm of the book to the general reader is to be found in -the personal touches by which we are informed of changes and incidents -which occurred in Stow's own experience. Of this special feature several -instances have been singled out, such as the boy fetching milk from -the farm attached to the abbey of the minoresses, for which he paid -one halfpenny for three pints; and the staking out by the tyrannical -Thomas Cromwell of part of the gardens of Stow's father and others -in Throgmorton Street to be added to his own garden, which after his -execution came into the possession of the Drapers' Company, and are now -covered by Throgmorton Avenue. Stow, in his description of the monuments -of St. Paul's, alluding to the burial places of Sir Philip Sidney, Sir -Francis Walsingham and Sir Christopher Hatton, says of the latter -"under a most sumptuous monument where merry poet writ thus-- - - "Philip and Francis have no tombe, - For great Christopher takes all the roome." - -Henry Holland, in his _Monumenta Sepulchralia Sancti Pauli_, 1614, tells -us that there is "no doubt but the merry poet was the merry old man Stow -himself." - -During the whole of his life Stow was indefatigable in his work, but -he kept the best wine for the last. The first edition of the _Survey -of London_ was published in 1598, when he was past seventy years of -age, but there can be no doubt that the whole of his previous life -was a preparation for his great work. He always lived in London, and -he was interested in every particular connected with his native city. -Nothing of value in its history ever escaped him, and what he did not -personally know, he often obtained information of from older men than -himself. Some of his informants could tell what their fathers saw, so -that their reminiscences often take us back to a long past time. It is -this mixture of the personal remembrances of old men with his own memory -of what he had seen, and his careful examination of places himself, in -corroboration of tradition, which give such special value to his book. - -Stow was always in search of information at first hand, and other -authors were glad to avail themselves of his wide experience. Sir George -Buck, when writing the _History of Richard III._, availed himself of -Stow's information that he had talked to old men who remembered that -maligned king as "a comely prince." Stow's arrangement of his materials -is admirable, and many modern topographers might imitate him with -advantage. He himself acknowledged that the model for his _Survey_ was -his friend William Lambarde's excellent _Perambulation of Kent_, 1576. -Some of his explanations of the names of places, being grounded on -historical evidence, are often of great value, but others are little -better than crude guesses. This is not to the discredit of an author -writing in the sixteenth century, but some modern writers, who ought to -have a better knowledge of the origin of place names, have been unwise -enough to quote these as possible etymologies. Mr. C. L. Kingsford, in -his excellent edition of the _Survey_, has corrected most of these from -trustworthy old documents. Stow improved his book in the second edition, -published in 1603, two years before his death, but he omitted some -passages in the first edition which are of interest to us, and which are -noted in this edition. - -Although it is chiefly the _Survey_ which keeps Stow's memory green in -popular esteem, his other literary productions were highly appreciated -by many distinguished contemporaries. He found a valuable patron in -Archbishop Parker, for whom he edited some old chronicles. Among his -many friends must be named Camden, Lambarde, Savile, Dr. Dee, Robert -Glover, Somerset Herald, and Fleetwood the Recorder, who hung in his -study a portrait of Stow inscribed, "Johannes Stowe, Antiquarius -Angliae." The "antiquary" was very proud of this honour, and he told -Massingham, who records the incident in his diary, that he thought -himself "worthy of that title for his pains." - -Stow was born about the year 1525, and came of a good London stock, his -grandfather and father were tallow chandlers, and supplied the church -of St. Michael, Cornhill, with lamp oil and candles. Thomas Stow, the -grandfather, died in 1527, and directed his body "to be buried in the -little green churchyard of St. Michael, Cornhill, nigh the wall as may -be by my father and mother." - -We have no particulars as to John Stow's schooling, and Mr. Kingsford -points out that his remarks in the "chapter of Schools and other houses -of Learning," respecting his seeing the scholars of divers grammar -schools repair to the churchyard of St. Bartholomew, Smithfield, to a -scholastic battle of disputation "hardly suggests that he took part in -their exercises." - -The general opinion seems to be that he was self-taught, but it is -strange that the son of a fairly well-to-do citizen should not have -been a scholar at one of these free grammar schools. He did not follow -his father's business as a tallow chandler, but set up for himself as -a tailor, in a house by the well within Aldgate, over which in later -times a structure was erected widely known as Aldgate pump. Tailors have -very generally had to put up with threadbare jokes on their trade, and -Stow was no exception to the rule. Aubrey reports that Sir Henry Spelman -said to Sir William Dugdale, "We are beholding to Mr. Speed and Stow -for _stitching_ up for us our English history," and Aubrey adds, "It -seems they were both tailors." Stow was admitted to the freedom of the -Merchant Taylors' Company, on 25th November 1547, but was never called -to the livery or any office in the company. At the same time he seems -to have been highly esteemed, and was helpful to the company. He became -a pensioner about 1578, and received four pounds a year until mid-summer -1600; this is sometimes called his "fee" and sometimes his "pension." -At the latter date, when he had fallen upon evil days, his pension was -increased to ten pounds a year. This information is given by Mr. C. M. -Clode, under the heading of "the loving brother of this mysterie, John -Stowe," in his _Memorials of the Fraternity_, 1875. - -Stow's first literary work is one that does him great credit, namely, -the 1561 edition of Chaucer's works, and subsequently he helped his -"loving friend" Speght with notes from "divers records and monuments," -which that friend used in his edition of Chaucer published in 1597. He -then turned to the publication of the results of his historical studies. -In 1565, he brought out _A Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles_, which was -frequently reprinted, also _The Summarie_ abridged, first in 1566, and -often reprinted. _The Chronicles of England_ were published in 1580 and -not reprinted. _The Annals of England_ appeared first in 1592, other -editions issued by Stow himself in 1601 and 1605. Editions continued by -Edmond Howes were published in 1615 and 1631. - -The _Annals_ are much of a compilation, but Stow has made them -interesting by the frequent insertion of his own opinions and remarks. -The bibliography of these works is somewhat complicated, but Mr. -Kingsford has set forth the dates and distinctive characters of the -different books with much clearness. - -Stow early fell into a discord with the chronicler Grafton, and the two -belaboured one another in print, sometimes having resort to bad puns. -Grafton sneered at the "Memories of superstitious foundations, fables -foolishly _stowed_ together," and Stow replied by alluding to "empty -_townes_ and unfruitfull _grafts_ of Momus' offspring." - -Stow's life was a stormy one, and he had much to endure, both publicly -and in his own family, but his friends helped him through many of his -difficulties. His younger brother Thomas was ungrateful, and a thorn in -his side for many years. - -In the early part of 1569 he was brought before the Lord Mayor for -having in his possession a copy of the manifesto of the Spanish -Ambassador on behalf of the Duke of Alva, but he seems to have been able -to clear himself. The same matter was brought before the master and -wardens of the Merchant Taylors' Company. Mr. Clode remarks respecting -this occurrence: "It is curious to note from the depositions of the -several examinants how very shy of knowing much about the matter they -appear to have been. The knowledge or memory of the nine taylors -examined was too frequently failing them to bring guilt home to any -brother of the craft." - -The trouble about the Alva manifesto drew the attention of the Queen's -Council to Stow's library, and the Bishop of London (Grindal) was -directed to have his house searched, and in reply the Bishop enclosed -to Cecil a catalogue of "Stowe the taylour his unlawfull bookes," -amongst these are "a great store of folishe fabulous bokes of old prynt -as of Sir Degory, Sir Tryamore," etc., "old fantastical popish books -printed in the old type." Thomas Stapleton's translation of Bede's -_Ecclesiastical History_ is among the objectionable books. Nothing, -however, came of all this pother. - -Stow appears to have been fairly well off for some years of his life, -when he spent a considerable amount of money on the extensive collection -of manuscripts which he gathered together. This library was well known -to and much appreciated by his fellow antiquaries. Many of the important -documents are now in the British Museum and other public libraries. - -He gave up his business in order to devote himself uninterruptedly to -his antiquarian labours. Although these labours were much appreciated -they were not profitable, and in consequence his means were very limited -in his later years. His poverty was brought under the notice of James -I., who acknowledged his claims, but instead of giving substantial aid -the king granted letters patent, dated 8th March 1604, authorising John -Stow and his deputies to collect money--the "voluntary contribution and -kind gratuities" of the king's subjects. This authority brought little -money to the chronicler's wasted coffers, and it was indeed a pitiful -reward for the well-directed labours of a life-time. - -Stow did not long survive this remarkable instance of royal favour. He -died on the 6th April 1605, and was buried in the Church of St. Andrew -Undershaft, Leadenhall Street, where his widow erected a terra cotta -monument to his memory, this, which shows the man as he lived, is one of -the most interesting monuments in the city of a past London worthy. - -Edmond Howes, his literary executor, and continuator of his _Annals_, -has left a vivid picture of the old chronicler, which completes this -short notice of one of the most distinguished "Lovers of London." - -"He was tall of stature, lean of body and face, his eyes small and -crystalline, of a pleasant and cheerful countenance; his sight and -memory very good; very sober, mild, and courteous to any that required -his instructions; and retained the true use of all his senses unto the -day of his death, being of an excellent memory. He always protested -never to have written anything either for malice, fear, or favour, nor -to seek his own particular gain or vain-glory; and that his only pains -and care was to write _truth_. He could never ride, but travelled on -foot unto divers cathedral churches, and other chief places of the land -to search records. He was very careless of scoffers, back-biters, and -detractors. He lived peacefully, and died of the stone colic, being -four-score years of age." - -Stow is greatly to be commended for printing as an appendix to his -_Survey_, William Fitzstephen's _Descriptio Londoniae_, which originally -formed an introduction to the same writer's _Life of Becket_. It is a -remarkable relic, and unique in its interest as a vivid description -of London in the twelfth century. The author is carried away by his -enthusiasm, and probably exaggerates the beauties of the city. But he -is not blind to evils, for he wisely says, "The city is delightful -indeed, if it has a good governor," and we know that it did not always -have that. The account of the sports of the citizens is particularly -valuable, especially the early notice of the use of skates on the -Moorfields during the winter time. We may be proud as Englishmen that -no other city in Europe possesses so early a description of a mediaeval -town. It should be noted incidentally that "King Henry the Third" -mentioned at the close of Fitzstephen's account is not the king usually -known by that name; but Henry the second son of Henry II. This prince -was crowned during his father's life-time; but died in 1182, seven years -before his father. Matthew Paris also speaks of him as Henry III. - -An enlarged edition of the _Survey_ was prepared by Anthony Munday after -Stow's death, and published in 1618. In 1633, four months after Munday's -death, another edition, in folio, appeared "completely finished by the -study of A. M., H. D., and others." John Strype took the matter in hand -in the next century and made a new book of the _Survey_ in two volumes, -folio, 1720. The sixth edition, enlarged by John Strype, "brought down -to the present time by careful hands," was published in the same form -in 1754-5. Strype died in 1737. This edition of Stow is an excellent -history of London, but most persons will agree with Thomas Hearne in -his criticism, "Stow should have been simply reprinted as a venerable -original, and the additions given in a different character." - -It was not until 1842 that Stow's edition of 1603 was reprinted, when -it was edited by Mr. W. J. Thoms, founder and first editor of _Notes -and Queries_. Mr. C. L. Kingsford produced a critical edition of Stow's -second edition (1603) which is of great value. It was published by the -Clarendon Press, Oxford, in 1908. The editor gives an account of Stow's -collections and MSS., tracing their present location. - - HENRY B. WHEATLEY. - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - -Ed. Woorkes of Geffrey Chaucer, 1561; Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles, -1565; other editions, 1566, 1570, 1574, 1575, 1590; The Summary -abridged, 1566, 1567, 1573, 1584, 1587, 1598, 1604, 1607, 1611, 1618; -ed. Matthew of Westminster's Flores Historiarum, 1567; ed. Matthew -Paris's Chronicle, 1571; ed. Thos. Walsingham's Chronicle, 1574; The -Chronicles of England, 1580; re-arranged as The Annales of England, -1592; other editions, 1601, 1605; re-edited by Edmund Howse, 1615, 1631; -The Successions of the History of England, 1638 (Lourdes); ed. second -edition of Holinshed's Chronicle, 1585-1587; A Survey of London, 1598, -1603; enlarged edition by Anthony Munday, 1618 and 1633; by J. Strype, -1720, 1754; modernised by Wm. J. Thoms, 1842, 1876; by Henry Morley, -1890, 1893 (with index), 1908; by C. L. Kingsford, 1908; Selections from -A Survey of London, ed. by A. Barter, 1910. - -BIOGRAPHIES.--By Edmund Howe (in Annales of England), 1615; by J. Strype -(in Survey of London), 1720; by Wm. J. Thoms (in Survey of London), -1876; by C. M. Clode (in The Early History of the Guild of Merchant -Taylors), 1888; by C. L. Kingsford (in Survey of London), 1908. - - - - - NORDEN'S - MAP OF LONDON - 1593 - -[Illustration: LONDON - -FOR LETTER AND FIGURE REFERENCES, SEE PAGE xviii.] - - - - -REFERENCES TO THE MAP - -ON PAGES xvi AND xvii - - - _a_ Bushops gate streete. - _b_ Papie. - _c_ Alhallowes in the wall. - _d_ S. Taphyns. - _e_ Syluer streete. - _f_ Aldermanburye. - _g_ Barbican. - _h_ Aldersgate streete. - _i_ Charterhowse. - _k_ Holborne conduct. - _l_ Chauncery lane - _m_ Temple barr. - _n_ Holbourn. - _o_ Grayes Inn lane. - _p_ S. Androwes. - _q_ Newgate. - _r_ S. Iones. - _s_ S. Nic shambels. - _t_ Cheap syde. - _u_ Bucklers burye. - _w_ Brode streete. - _x_ The Stockes. - _y_ The Exchannge. - _z_ Cornehill. - - 2. Colman streete. - 3. Bassings hall. - 4. Honnsditche. - 5. Leaden hall. - 6. Gratious streete. - 7. Heneage house. - 8. Fancshurche. - 9. Marke lane. - 10. Minchyn lane. - 11. Paules. - 12. Eastcheape. - 13. Fleetstreete. - 14. Fetter lane. - 15. S. Dunshous. - 16. Themes streete. - 17. Lodon Stone. - 18. Olde Baylye. - 19. Clerkenwell. - 20. Winchester house. - 21. Battle bridge. - 22. Bermodsoy streete. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - The Author to the Reader 1 - The Antiquity of London 3 - The Wall about the City of London 7 - Of the Ancient and Present Rivers, Brooks, Bourns, Pools, Wells, - and Conduits of Fresh Water serving the City 12 - The Town Ditch without the Wall of the City 19 - Bridges of this City 21 - Gates in the Wall of this City 27 - Of Towers and Castles 42 - Of Schools and other Houses of Learning 66 - Houses of Students of the Common Law 70 - Of Orders and Customs of the Citizens 73 - Of Charitable Alms in Old Times given 82 - Sports and Pastimes of Old Time used in this City 84 - Watches in London 91 - Honour of Citizens, and Worthiness of Men in the same 96 - The City of London divided into Parts 107 - Portsoken Ward 110 - Tower Street Ward 118 - Aldgate Ward 125 - Lime Street Ward 136 - Bishopgate Ward 148 - Broad Street Ward 157 - Cornehill Ward 168 - Langborne Ward and Fennie About 179 - Billingsgate Ward 185 - Bridge Ward Within 189 - Candlewike Street Ward 194 - Walbrook Ward 200 - Downegate Ward 206 - Vintry Ward 213 - Cordwainer Street Ward 224 - Cheap Ward 231 - Coleman Street Ward 248 - Bassings hall Ward 255 - Cripplegate Ward 260 - Aldersgate Ward 271 - Faringdon Ward Infra, or Within 277 - Bread Street Ward 307 - Queen hithe Ward 314 - Castle Baynard Ward 325 - The Ward of Faringdon Extra, or Without 331 - Bridge Ward Without (the 26th in number), consisting of the - Borough of Southwark, in the County of Surrey 358 - The Suburbs without the Walls of the City, briefly touched, as - also without the Liberties, more at large described 374 - Liberties of the Duchy of Lancaster 393 - The City of Westminster, with the Antiquities, Bounds, and - Liberties thereof 398 - Spiritual or Ecclesiastical Government 422 - Parish Churches 434 - Hospitals in this City and Suburbs 438 - Of Leprous People and Lazar Houses 440 - Temporal Government of this City 442 - Aldermen and Sheriffs of London 474 - Officers belonging to the Lord Mayor's House 474 - Sheriffs of London; their Officers 475 - Mayor and Sheriffs' Livery 475 - Companies of London placed at the Mayor's Feast 476 - Liveries worn by Citizens at Triumphs 479 - An Apology, or Defence, against the Opinion of some Men, which - think that the Greatness of that City standeth not with the - Profit and Security of this Realm 482 - The Singularities of the City of London 485 - An Appendix 498 - Fitzstephen's Description of London 501 - INDEX 511 - - - - - A - SVRVAY OF - LONDON. - - - Conteyning the Originall, Antiquity, - Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that - City, written in the yeare 1598, by Iohn Stow - Citizen of London. - - Since by the same Author increased, - with diuers rare notes of Antiquity, and - _published in the yeare_, - 1603. - - _Also an Apologie (or defence) against the_ - opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, - the greatnesse thereof. - - VVith an Appendix, contayning in Latine - _Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini_: Written by - William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of - Henry the second. - - - Imprinted by Iohn Windet, Printer to the honorable - Citie of London. - - 1603. - - - - -TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE - -ROBERT LEE - -LORD MAYOR OF THE CITY OF LONDON - -TO THE COMMONALTY AND CITIZENS OF THE SAME - -JOHN STOW, CITIZEN, WISHETH LONG HEALTH AND FELICITY - - -Since the first publishing of the perambulation of Kent by that learned -gentleman, William Lambert, Esq., I have heard of sundry other able -persons to have (according to the desire of that author) essayed to do -somewhat for the particular shires and counties where they were born or -dwelt; of which none that I know (saving John Norden, for the counties -of Middlesex and Hertford) have vouchsafed their labour to the common -good in that behalf. And, therefore, concurring with the first, in the -same desire to have drawn together such special descriptions of each -place, as might not only make up a whole body of the English chorography -amongst ourselves, but also might give occasion and courage to M. Camden -to increase and beautify his singular work of the whole, to the view of -the learned that be abroad, I have attempted the discovery of London, -my native soil and country, at the desire and persuasion of some of my -good friends, as well because I have seen sundry antiquities myself -touching that place, as also for that through search of records to other -purposes, divers written helps are come to my hands, which few others -have fortuned to meet withall; it is a service that most agreeth with -my professed travels; it is a duty that I willingly owe to my native -mother and country, and an office that of right I hold myself bound -in love to bestow upon the politic body and members of the same. What -London hath been of ancient time men may here see, as what it is now -every man doth behold. I know that the argument, being of the chief and -principal city of the land, required the pen of some excellent artisan, -but fearing that none would attempt and finish it, as few have essayed -any, I chose rather (amongst other my labours) to handle it after my -plain manner, than to leave it unperformed. Touching the dedication, I -am not doubtful where to seek my patron, since you be a politic estate -of the city, as the walls and buildings be the material parts of the -same. To you, therefore, do I address this my whole labour, as well that -by your authority I may be protected, as warranted by your own skill and -understanding of that which I have written. I confess that I lacked my -desire to the accomplishment of some special parts,[1] which some other -of better ability promised to perform; but as I then professed, have -since out of mine old store-house added to this work many rare notes of -antiquity, as may appear to the reader, which I do afford in all duty, -and recommend to your view, my labours to your consideration, and myself -to your service, during life, in this or any other. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[1] The Dedication of the first edition is precisely the same, except in -the concluding paragraph, which there stands as follows:-- - -"I confess that I lacked my desire to the accomplishment of some -speciall partes: but I trust hereafter that shal be supplied, and I -professe (if more touching this worke come unto me) to afforde it, in -all dutie. In the meantime I recommend this to your view, my laboures -to your consideration, and myself to your service (as I have professed -during life) in this or any other." - - - - -THE AUTHOR TO THE READER - - -Because amongst others mine authors, I have oftentimes alleged -Fitz-Stephens as one more choice than other, namely, for the ancient -estate of this city, more than four hundred years since: and also the -said author being rare, I have in this place thought good by impression -to impart the same to my loving friends, the learned antiquaries, as the -author wrote it in the Latin tongue; and first to note in effect what -Master Bale, in commendation of the said author, writeth: - -"William Stephanides, or Fitzstephen, a monk of Canterbury, born of -worshipful parents in the city of London, well brought up at the first -under good masters, did more and more increase in honest conditions and -learning; for ever in his young years there appeared in him a certain -light of a gentleman-like disposition, which promised many good things, -afterwards by him performed. Such time as other spent in brawls and idle -talk, he employed in wholesome exercises for the honour of his country, -following therein the example of Plato, and was very studious both in -humanity and divinity." - -The city of London, his birth-place, the most noble of all other cities -of this land, and the prince's seat, situated in the south part of this -island, he loved above all the other, so that at length he wrote most -elegantly in Latin of the site and rights of the same. Leland, in divers -of his books, commendeth him for an excellent writer. He lived in the -reign of King Stephen, wrote in the reign of Henry II., and deceased in -the year of Christ 1191, in the reign of Richard I. - - - - -THE SURVEY OF LONDON - -CONTAINING - -THE ORIGINAL, ANTIQUITY, INCREASE, MODERN ESTATE, AND DESCRIPTION OF -THAT CITY - - -As the Roman writers,[2] to glorify the city of Rome, derive the -original thereof from gods and demi-gods, by the Trojan progeny, so -Geoffrey of Monmouth, the Welsh historian, deduceth the foundation -of this famous city of London, for the greater glory thereof, and -emulation of Rome, from the very same original. For he reporteth that -Brute, lineally descended from the demi-god AEneas, the son of Venus, -daughter of Jupiter, about the year of the world 2855, and 1108 before -the nativity of Christ, built this city near unto the river now called -Thames, and named it Troynovant, or Trenovant. But herein, as Livy, -the most famous historiographer of the Romans, writeth, antiquity is -pardonable, and hath an especial privilege, by interlacing divine -matters with human, to make the first foundation of cities more -honourable, more sacred, and, as it were, of greater majesty. - -King Lud (as the aforesaid Geoffrey of Monmouth noteth) afterwards -not only repaired this city, but also increased the same with fair -buildings, towers, and walls, and after his own name called it -Caire-Lud,[3] as Lud's town; and the strong gate which he built in the -west part of the city he likewise, for his own honour, named Ludgate. - -This Lud had issue two sons, Androgeus and Theomantius, who being not -of age to govern at the death of their father, their uncle Cassibelan -took upon him the crown; about the eighth year of whose reign, Julius -Caesar arrived in this land with a great power of Romans to conquer it; -the manner of which conquest I will summarily set down out of his own -Commentaries, which are of far better credit than the relations of -Geoffrey Monmouth. - -The chief government of the Britons, and ordering of the wars, was then -by common advice committed to Cassibelan, whose seigniory was separated -from the cities towards the sea-coast by the river called Thames, about -fourscore miles from the sea. This Cassibelan, in times past, had made -continual war upon the cities adjoining; but the Britons being moved -with the Roman invasion, had resolved in that necessity to make him -their sovereign, and general of the wars (which continued hot between -the Romans and them); but in the meanwhile the Troynovants, which was -then the strongest city well near of all those countries (and out of -which city a young gentleman, called Mandubrace, upon confidence of -Caesar's help, came unto him into the mainland of Gallia, now called -France, and thereby escaped death, which he should have suffered at -Cassibelan's hand), sent their ambassadors to Caesar, promising to yield -unto him, and to do what he should command them instantly, desiring him -to protect Mandubrace from the furious tyranny of Cassibelan, and to -send him into their city with authority to take the government thereof -upon him. Caesar accepted the offer, and appointed them to give unto him -forty hostages, and withal to find him grain for his army; and so sent -he Mandubrace unto them. - -When others saw that Caesar had not only defended the Trinobants against -Cassibelan, but had also saved them harmless from the pillage of his own -soldiers, then did the Conimagues, Segontians, Ancalits, Bibrokes, and -Cassians, likewise submit themselves unto him; and by them he learned -that not far thence was Cassibelan's town, fortified with woods and -marsh ground, into the which he had gathered a great number both of men -and cattle. - -For the Britons call that a town (saith Caesar), when they have fortified -a cumbersome wood with a ditch and rampart, and thither they resort to -abide the approach of their enemies; to this place therefore marched -Caesar with his legions; he found it excellently fortified, both of -nature and by man's advice; nevertheless, he resolved to assault it in -two several places at once, whereupon the Britons, being not able to -endure the force of the Romans, fled out at another part, and left the -town unto him: a great number of cattle he found there, and many of the -Britons he slew, and others he took in the chase. - -Whilst these things were doing in these quarters, Cassibelan sent -messengers into Kent, which lieth upon the sea, in which there reigned -then four particular kings, named Cingetorex, Carvill, Taximagull, and -Segonax, whom he commanded to raise all their forces, and suddenly to -set upon and assault the Romans in their trenches by the sea-side; the -which, when the Romans perceived, they sallied out upon them, slew a -great sort of them, and taking Cingetorex their noble captain prisoner, -retired themselves to their camp in good safety. - -When Cassibelan heard of this, and had formerly taken many other losses, -and found his country sore wasted, and himself left almost alone by the -defection of the other cities, he sent ambassadors by Comius of Arras -to Caesar, to intreat with him concerning his own submission; the which -Caesar did accept, and taking hostages, assessed the realm of Britain to -a yearly tribute, to be paid to the people of Rome, giving strait charge -to Cassibelan that he should not seek any revenge upon Mandubrace or the -Trinobantes, and so withdrew his army to the sea again. - -Thus far out of Caesar's Commentaries concerning this history, which -happened in the year before Christ's nativity 54. In all which process -there is for this purpose to be noted, that Caesar nameth the city of -Trinobantes, which hath a resemblance with Troynova, or Trinobantum, -having no greater difference in the orthography than changing b into -v, and yet maketh an error whereof I will not argue; only this I will -note, that divers learned men do not think "_civitas Trinobantum_" to -be well and truly translated, "the city of the Trinobantes;" but it -should rather be the state, commonalty, or seigniory of the Trinobantes; -for that Caesar in his Commentaries useth the word _civitas_, only -for a people living under one and the selfsame prince and law; but -certain it is that the cities of the Britons were in those days neither -artificially built with houses, nor strongly walled with stone, but were -only thick and cumbersome woods, plashed within and trenched about. And -the like in effect do other the Roman and Greek authors directly affirm, -as Strabo, Pomponius Mela, and Dion a senator of Rome, which flourished -in the several reigns of the Roman emperors, Tiberius, Claudius, -Domitian, and Severus; to wit, that before the arrival of the Romans the -Britons had no towns, but called that a town which had a thick entangled -wood, defended, as I said, with a ditch and bank, the like whereof, -the Irishmen, our next neighbours, do at this day call Fastness.[4] -But after that these hither parts of Britain were reduced into the -form of a province by the Romans, who sowed the seeds of civility over -all Europe; this city, whatsoever it was before, began to be renowned, -and of fame. For Tacitus, who first of all authors nameth it Londinum, -saith, that in the 62nd year after Christ, it was, albeit no colony -of the Romans, yet most famous for the great multitude of merchants, -provision, and intercourse. At which time, in that notable revolt of the -Britons from Nero, in which 70,000 Romans and their confederates were -slain, this city, with Verulam, near St. Albans, and Maldon in Essex, -then all famous, were ransacked and spoiled. For Suetonius Paulinus, -then lieutenant for the Romans in this isle, abandoned it, as not then -fortified, and left it to the spoil. - -Shortly after, Julius Agricola, the Roman lieutenant, in the time -of Domitian, was the first that by adhorting the Britons publicly, -and helping them privately, won them to build houses for themselves, -temples for the gods, and courts for justice, to bring up the noblemen's -children in good letters and humanity, and to apparel themselves -Roman-like, whereas before (for the most part) they went naked, painting -their bodies, etc., as all the Roman writers have observed. - -True it is, I confess, that afterwards many cities and towns in -Britain, under the government of the Romans, were walled with stone -and baked bricks or tiles, as Richborrow or Ryptacester,[5] in -the Isle of Thanet, until the channel altered his course, beside -Sandwich in Kent; Verulamium,[6] beside St. Albans, in Hertfordshire; -Cilcester[7] in Hampshire; Wroxcester[8] in Shropshire; Kencester[9] -in Herefordshire, three miles from Hereford town; Ribcester,[10] seven -miles above Preston, on the water of Rible; Aldburgh,[11] a mile from -Boroughbridge, or Watling Street, on Ure river, and others; and no doubt -but this city of London was also walled with stone, in the time of the -Roman government here, but yet very lately, for it seemeth not to have -been walled in the year of our Lord 296, because in that year, when -Alectus the tyrant was slain in the field, the Franks easily entered -London and had sacked the same, had not God, of his great favour, at the -very instant, brought along the river of Thames, certain bands of Roman -soldiers, who slew those Franks in every street of the city. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2] "As Rome, the chiefe citie of the world, to glorifie it selfe, drew -her originall from the gods, goddesses, and demy gods, by the Trojan -progeny, so this famous citie of London for greater glorie, and in -emulation of Rome, deriveth itselfe from the very same originall. For, -as Jeffreye of Monmoth, the Welche historian, reporteth, Brute descended -from the demy god Eneas, the sonne of Venus, daughter of Jupiter, aboute -the yeare of the world 2855, the yeare before Christe's nativitie, 1108, -builded a citie neare unto a river now called Thames, and named it -Troynovant, or Trenovant."--_1st edition_, 1598. - -[3] _Cair Lundein_, in the list of ancient British cities, preserved in -Nennius. - -[4] "The like whereof the Irishmen, our next neighbours, doe at this day -call _paces_."--_1st edition_, p. 4. - -[5] Richborough, about one mile and a half from Sandwich, the _Rutupium_ -of the Romans, was a place of great importance until destroyed by the -Danes in 1010. - -[6] On the banks of the river Verlam, opposite to St. Alban's, which is -supposed to have arisen out of its ruin. - -[7] Silchester, in Hampshire, seven miles from Basingstoke; the _Caer -Segont_ of the Britons, and _Segontium_ of the Romans, and _Silcester_ -of the Saxons. Leland states its walls to have been two miles in compass. - -[8] Wroxeter, five miles from Shrewsbury. Its walls are stated to have -been three yards in thickness, and to have extended for a circumference -of three miles. - -[9] Kenchester, three miles from Hereford, supposed to be the -_Ariconium_ of the Romans. - -[10] Ribchester, six miles from Blackburn, in Lancashire, supposed to be -the _Rego-dunum_ of the Romans. - -[11] Aldborough, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the _Isurium -Brigantium_ of the Romans. - - - - -WALL ABOUT THE CITY OF LONDON - - -In a few years after, as Simeon of Durham, an ancient writer, reporteth, -Helen, the mother of Constantine the Great, was the first that inwalled -this city, about the year of Christ 306; but however those walls of -stone might have been built by Helen, yet the Britons, I know, had no -skill of building with stone, as it may appear by that which followeth, -about the year of Christ 399, when Arcadius and Honorius, the sons of -Theodosius Magnus, governed the empire, the one in the east, the other -in the west; for Honorius having received Britain, the city of Rome was -invaded and destroyed by the Goths, after which time the Romans left -to rule in Britain, as being employed in defence of their territories -nearer home, whereupon the Britons not able to defend themselves against -the invasions of their enemies, were many years together under the -oppression of two most cruel nations, the Scots and Picts, and at the -length were forced to send their ambassadors with letters and lamentable -supplications to Rome, requiring aid and succour from thence, upon -promise of their continual fealty, so that the Romans would rescue -them out of the hands of their enemies. Hereupon the Romans sent unto -them a legion of armed soldiers, which coming into this island, and -encountering with the enemies, overthrew a great number of them, and -drove the rest out of the frontiers of the country; and so setting -the Britons at liberty, counselled them to make a wall, extending all -along between the two seas, which might be of force to keep out their -evil neighbours, and then returned home with great triumph. The Britons -wanting masons built that wall, not of stone as they were advised, but -made it of turf, and that so slender, that it served little or nothing -at all for their defence, and the enemy perceiving that the Roman -legion was returned home, forthwith arrived out of their boats, invaded -the borders, overcame the country, and, as it were, bore down all that -was before them. - -Whereupon ambassadors were eftsoon dispatched to Rome, lamentably -beseeching that they would not suffer their miserable country to be -utterly destroyed: then again another legion was sent, which coming upon -a sudden, made a great slaughter of the enemy, and chased him home, even -to his own country. These Romans at their departure, told the Britons -plainly, that it was not for their ease or leisure to take upon them any -more such long and laborious journeys for their defence, and therefore -bade them practice the use of armour and weapons, and learn to withstand -their enemies, whom nothing else did make so strong as their faint heart -and cowardice; and for so much as they thought that it would be no small -help and encouragement unto their tributary friends whom they were now -forced to forsake,[12] they built for them a wall of hard stone from the -west sea to the east sea, right between those two cities, which were -there made to keep out the enemy, in the selfsame place where Severus -before had cast his trench. The Britons also putting to their helping -hands as labourers. - -This wall they built eight feet thick in breadth, and twelve feet in -height, right, as it were by a line, from east to west, as the ruins -thereof remaining in many places until this day do make to appear. Which -work, thus perfected, they give the people strait charge to look well to -themselves, they teach them to handle their weapons, and they instruct -them in warlike feats. And lest by the sea-side southwards, where their -ships lay at harbour, the enemy should come on land, they made up -sundry bulwarks, each somewhat distant from the other, and so bid them -farewell, as minding no more to return. This happened in the days of the -Emperor Theodosius the younger, almost 500 years after the first arrival -of the Romans here, about the year after Christ's incarnation 434. - -The Britons after this, continuing a lingering and doubtful war with -the Scots and Picts, made choice of Vortigern to be their king and -leader, which man (as saith Malmesbury[13]) was neither valorous of -courage, nor wise of counsel, but wholly given over to the unlawful -lusts of his flesh; the people likewise, in short time, being grown -to some quietness, gave themselves to gluttony and drunkenness, pride, -contention, envy, and such other vices, casting from them the yoke of -Christ. In the mean season, a bitter plague fell among them, consuming -in short time such a multitude that the quick were not sufficient to -bury the dead; and yet the remnant remained so hardened in sin, that -neither death of their friends, nor fear of their own danger, could cure -the mortality of their souls, whereupon a greater stroke of vengeance -ensued upon the whole sinful nation. For being now again infested with -their old neighbours the Scots and Picts, they consult with their king -Vortigern,[14] and send for the Saxons, who shortly after arrived here -in Britain, where, saith Bede, they were received as friends; but as it -proved, they minded to destroy the country as enemies; for after that -they had driven out the Scots and Picts, they also drove the Britons, -some over the seas, some into the waste mountains of Wales and Cornwall, -and divided the country into divers kingdoms amongst themselves. - -These Saxons were likewise ignorant of building with stone until the -year 680; for then it is affirmed that Benet, abbot of Wirrall,[15] -master to the reverend Bede, first brought artificers of stone houses -and glass windows into this island amongst the Saxons, arts before that -time unto them unknown, and therefore used they but wooden buildings. -And to this accordeth Policronicon, who says, "that then had ye wooden -churches, nay wooden chalices and golden priests, but since golden -chalices and wooden priests." And to knit up this argument, King Edgar -in his charter to the abbey of Malmesbury, dated the year of Christ 974, -hath words to this effect: "All the monasteries in my realm, to the -outward sight, are nothing but worm-eaten and rotten timber and boards, -and that worse is, within they are almost empty, and void of Divine -service." - -Thus much be said for walling, not only in respect of this city, but -generally also of the first within the realm. Now to return to our -Trinobant (as Caesar hath it), the same is since by Tacitus, Ptolemaeus, -and Antoninus, called Londinium, Longidinum; of Ammiamus, Lundinum, -and Augusta, who calleth it an ancient city; of our Britons, Lundayne; -of the old Saxons, Lundenceaster, Lundenbrig, Londennir; of strangers -Londra and Londres; of the inhabitants, London; whereof you may read a -more large and learned discourse, and how it took the name, in that -work of my loving friend, Master Camden, now Clarencieux, which is -called _Britannia_. - -This city of London having been destroyed and burnt by the Danes and -other Pagan enemies, about the year of Christ 839, was by Alfred, king -of the West Saxons, in the year 886, repaired, honourably restored, and -made again habitable. Who also committed the custody thereof unto his -son-in-law, Ethelred, Earl of Mercia, unto whom before he had given his -daughter Ethelfled. - -And that this city was then strongly walled may appear by divers -accidents, whereof William of Malmsbury hath, that about the year of -Christ 994, the Londoners shut up their gates, and defended their king -Ethelred within their walls against the Danes. - -In the year 1016,[16] Edmund Ironsides reigning over the West Saxons, -Canute the Dane bringing his navy into the west part of the bridge, cast -a trench about the city of London, and then attempted to have won it by -assault, but the citizens repulsed him, and drove them from their walls. - -Also, in the year 1052, Earl Goodwin, with his navy, sailed up by the -south end of the bridge, and so assailed the walls of this city. - -William Fitzstephen, in the reign of King Henry II., writing of the -walls of this city, hath these words: "The wall is high and great, well -towered on the north side, with due distances between the towers. On the -south side also the city was walled and towered, but the fishful river -of Thames, with his ebbing and flowing, hath long since subverted them." - -By the north side, he meaneth from the river of Thames in the east to -the river of Thames in the west, for so stretched the wall in his time, -and the city being far more in length from east to west than in breadth -from south to north, and also narrower at both ends than in the midst, -is therefore compassed with the wall on the land side, in form of a bow, -except denting in betwixt Cripplegate and Aldersgate; but the wall on -the south side, along by the river of Thames, was straight as the string -of a bow, and all furnished with towers or bulwarks (as we now term -them) in due distance every one from other, as witnesseth our author, -and ourselves may behold from the land side. This may suffice for proof -of a wall, and form thereof, about this city, and the same to have been -of great antiquity as any other within this realm. - -And now touching the maintenance and reparing the said wall. I read, -that in the year 1215, the 16th of King John,[17] the barons, entering -the city by Aldgate, first took assurance of the citizens, then brake -into the Jews' houses, searched their coffers to fill their own purses, -and after with great diligence repaired the walls and gates of the -city with stone taken from the Jews' broken houses. In the year 1257, -Henry III. caused the walls of this city, which were sore decayed and -destitute of towers, to be repaired in more seemly wise than before, at -the common charges of the city. Also in the year 1282,[18] King Edward -I. having granted to Robert Kilwarby, archbishop of Canterbury, license -for the enlarging of the Blackfriars' church, to break and take down -a part of the wall of the city, from Ludgate to the river of Thames; -he also granted to Henry Wales, mayor, and the citizens of London, the -favour to take, toward the making of the wall and enclosure of the city, -certain customs or toll, as appeareth by his grant. This wall was then -to be made from Ludgate west to Fleet bridge along behind the houses, -and along by the water of the Fleet unto the river of Thames. Moreover, -in the year 1310, Edward II. commanded the citizens to make up the -wall already begun, and the tower at the end of the same wall, within -the water of Thames near unto the Blackfriars, etc. 1328, the 2nd of -Edward III., the walls of this city were repaired. It was also granted -by King Richard II. in the tenth year of his reign, that a toll should -be taken of the wares sold by land or by water for ten years, towards -the repairing of the walls, and cleansing of the ditch about London. -In the 17th of Edward IV. Ralph Joceline, mayor, caused part of the -wall about the city of London to be repaired; to wit, betwixt Aldgate -and Aldersgate. He also caused Moorfield to be searched for clay, and -brick thereof to be made and burnt; he likewise caused chalk to be -brought out of Kent, and to be burnt into lime in the same Moorfield, -for more furtherance of the work. Then the Skinners to begin in the east -made that part of the wall betwixt Aldgate and Bevis Marks, towards -Bishopsgate, as may appear by their arms in three places fixed there: -the mayor, with his company of the Drapers, made all that part betwixt -Bishopsgate and Allhallows church, and from Allhallows towards the -postern called Moorgate. A great part of the same wall was repaired by -the executors of Sir John Crosby, late alderman, as may appear by his -arms in two places there fixed: and other companies repaired the rest -of the wall to the postern of Cripplegate. The Goldsmiths repaired from -Cripplegate towards Aldersgate, and there the work ceased. The circuit -of the wall of London on the land side, to wit, from the Tower of London -in the east unto Aldgate, in 82 perches; from Aldgate to Bishopsgate, 86 -perches; from Bishopsgate in the north to the postern of Cripplegate, -162 perches; from Cripplegate to Aldersgate, 75 perches; from Aldersgate -to Newgate, 66 perches; from Newgate in the west to Ludgate, 42 perches; -in all, 513 perches of assize. From Ludgate to the Fleet-dike west, -about 60 perches; from Fleetbridge south to the river Thames, about 70 -perches; and so the total of these perches amounteth to 643, every perch -consisting of five yards and a half, which do yield 3536 yards and a -half, containing 10,608 feet, which make up two English miles and more -by 608 feet. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[12] Whitchendus. Whittichind, a monk of Corvay, who died about the year -1000, wrote a History of the Saxons down to 973, which was published at -Basle by Hervagius in 1532. - -[13] Malmesbury, Bede. - -[14] Whitchendus, Bede. - -[15] Benedict, abbot of Wearmouth. - -[16] Asser, Marianus, Florentius. - -[17] Roger of Wendover, Matthew Paris, Ranul. Coggeshall. - -[18] Matthew Paris. - - - - -OF ANCIENT AND PRESENT RIVERS, BROOKS, BOURNS, POOLS, WELLS, AND -CONDUITS OF FRESH WATER, SERVING THE CITY, AS ALSO OF THE DITCH -COMPASSING THE WALL OF THE SAME FOR DEFENCE THEREOF. - - -Anciently, until the Conqueror's time, and two hundred years after, the -city of London was watered, besides the famous river of Thames on the -south part, with the river of Wells, as it was then called, on the west; -with the water called Walbrooke running through the midst of the city in -the river of Thames, serving the heart thereof; and with a fourth water -or bourn, which ran within the city through Langborne ward, watering -that part in the east. In the west suburbs was also another great water, -called Oldborne, which had its fall into the river of Wells; then were -there three principal fountains, or wells, in the other suburbs; to wit, -Holy well, Clement's well, and Clarkes' well. Near unto this last-named -fountain were divers other wells, to wit, Skinners' well, Fags' well, -Tode well, Loder's well, and Radwell. All which said wells, having the -fall of their overflowing in the aforesaid river, much increased the -stream, and in that place gave it the name of Well. In West Smithfield -there was a pool, in records called Horsepoole, and one other pool near -unto the parish church of St. Giles without Cripplegate. Besides all -which, they had in every street and lane of the city divers fair wells -and fresh springs; and after this manner was this city then served with -sweet and fresh waters, which being since decayed, other means have -been sought to supply the want, as shall be shown. But first of the -aforenamed rivers and other waters is to be said, as following: - -Thames, the most famous river of this island, beginneth a little above -a village called Winchcombe, in Oxfordshire; and still increasing, -passeth first by the University of Oxford, and so with a marvellous -quiet course to London, and thence breaketh into the French ocean by -main tides, which twice in twenty-four hours' space doth ebb and flow -more than sixty miles in length, to the great commodity of travellers, -by which all kind of merchandise be easily conveyed to London, the -principal storehouse and staple of all commodities within this realm; -so that, omitting to speak of great ships and other vessels of burthen, -there pertaineth to the cities of London, Westminster, and borough of -Southwark, above the number, as is supposed, of 2000 wherries and other -small boats, whereby 3000 poor men, at the least, be set on work and -maintained. - -That the river of Wells, in the west part of the city, was of old so -called of the wells, it may be proved thus:--William the Conqueror in -his charter to the college of St. Marten le Grand, in London, hath -these words: "I do give and grant to the same church all the land and -the moor without the postern, which is called Cripplegate, on either -part of the postern; that is to say, from the north corner of the wall, -as the river of the Wells, there near running, departeth the same moor -from the wall, unto the running water which entereth the city."[19] This -water hath long since been called the river of the Wels, which name of -river continued; and it was so called in the reign of Edward I., as -shall be shown, with also the decay of the said river. In a fair book of -parliament records, now lately restored to the Tower, it appeareth[20] -that a parliament being holden at Carlile in the year 1307, the 35th -of Edward I., "Henry Lacy, earl of Lincoln, complained, that whereas -in times past the course of water, running at London under Oldborne -bridge and Fleete bridge into the Thames, had been of such breadth and -depth, that ten or twelve ships navies at once, with merchandise, were -wont to come to the foresaid bridge of Fleete, and some of them to -Oldborne bridge: now the same course, by filth of the tanners and such -others, was sore decayed; also by raising of wharfs; but especially, -by a diversion of the water made by them of the new Temple, for their -mills standing without Baynardes Castle, in the first year of King -John,[21] and divers other impediments, so as the said ships could not -enter as they were wont, and as they ought: wherefore he desired that -the mayor of London with the sheriffs and other discreet aldermen, might -be appointed to view the course of the said water; and that by the oaths -of good men, all the aforesaid hindrances might be removed, and it to be -made as it was wont of old. Whereupon Roger le Brabason, the constable -of the Tower, with the mayor and sheriffs, were assigned to take with -them honest and discreet men, and to make diligent search and enquiry -how the said river was in old time, and that they leave nothing that -may hurt or stop it, but keep it in the same state that it was wont to -be." So far the record. Whereupon it followed that the said river was -at that time cleansed, these mills removed, and other things done for -the preservation of the course thereof, notwithstanding never brought to -the old depth and breadth; whereupon the name of river ceased, and it -was since called a brook, namely, Turnmill or Tremill brook, for that -divers mills were erected upon it, as appeareth by a fair register-book, -containing the foundation of the priory at Clarkenwell, and donation of -the lands thereunto belonging, as also divers other records. - -This brook hath been divers times since cleansed, namely, and last of -all to any effect, in the year 1502, the 17th of Henry VII., the whole -course of Fleete dike, then so called, was scowered, I say, down to the -Thames, so that boats with fish and fuel were rowed to Fleete bridge, -and to Oldborne bridge, as they of old time had been accustomed, which -was a great commodity to all the inhabitants in that part of the city. - -In the year 1589 was granted a fifteenth, by a common council of the -city, for the cleansing of this brook or dike; the money amounting to a -thousand marks, was collected, and it was undertaken, that by drawing -divers springs about Hampstead heath into one head and course, both -the city should be served of fresh water in all places of want; and -also, that by such a follower, as men call it, the channel of this -brook should be scowered into the river of Thames; but much money -being therein spent, the effect failed, so that the brook, by means -of continual encroachments upon the banks getting over the water, and -casting of soilage into the stream, is now become worse cloyed and -choken than ever it was before. - -The running water, so called by William the Conqueror in his said -charter, which entereth the city, etc. (before there was any ditch) -between Bishopsgate and the late made postern called Moorgate, entered -the wall, and was truly of the wall called Walbrooke, not of Gualo, as -some have far fetched: it ran through the city with divers windings from -the north towards the south into the river of Thames, and had over the -same divers bridges along the streets and lanes through which it passed. -I have read in a book[22] entitled the Customs of London,[23] that the -prior of the Holy Trinity within Aldgate ought to make over Walbrooke -in the ward of Brod street, against the stone wall of the city, viz., -the same bridge that is next the Church of All Saints, at the wall. -Also that the prior of the new hospital, St. Mary Spittle without -Bishopsgate, ought to make the middle part of one other bridge next to -the said bridge towards the north: and that in the twenty-eight year of -Edward I. it was by inquisition found before the mayor of London, that -the parish of St. Stephen upon Walbrooke ought of right to scour the -course of the said brook, and therefore the sheriffs were commanded to -distrain the said parishioners so to do, in the year 1300. The keepers -of those bridges at that time were William Jordan and John de Bever. -This water-course, having divers bridges, was afterwards vaulted over -with brick, and paved level with the streets and lanes where through it -passed; and since that, also houses have been built thereon, so that the -course of Walbrooke is now hidden underground, and thereby hardly known. - -Langborne water, so called of the length thereof, was a great stream -breaking out of the ground in Fenchurch street, which ran down with -a swift course, west, through that street, athwart Gra street, and -down Lumbard street, to the west end of St. Mary Wolnothes church, and -then turning the course down Shareborne lane, so termed of sharing or -dividing, it brake into divers rills or rillets to the river of Thames: -of this bourn that ward took the name, and is till this day called -Langborne ward. This bourn also is long since stopped up at the head, -and the rest of the course filled up and paved over, so that no sign -thereof remaineth more than the names aforesaid. - -Oldborne, or Hilborne, was the like water, breaking out about the place -where now the bars do stand, and it ran down the whole street till -Oldborne bridge, and into the river of the Wells, or Turnemill brook. -This bourn was likewise long since stopped up at the head, and in other -places where the same hath broken out, but yet till this day the said -street is there called High Oldborne hill, and both the sides thereof, -together with all the grounds adjoining, that lie betwixt it and the -river of Thames, remain full of springs, so that water is there found at -hand, and hard to be stopped in every house. - -There are (saith Fitzstephen) near London, on the north side, special -wells in the suburbs, sweet, wholesome, and clear; amongst which Holy -well, Clarkes' well, and Clement's well, are most famous, and frequented -by scholars and youths of the city in summer evenings, when they walk -forth to take the air. - -The first, to wit, Holy well, is much decayed and marred with filthiness -purposely hid there, for the heightening of the ground for garden-plots. - -The fountain called St. Clement's well, north from the parish church of -St. Clement's and near unto an inn of Chancerie called Clement's Inn, is -fair curbed square with hard stone, kept clean for common use, and is -always full. - -The third is called Clarkes' well, or Clarkenwell, and is curbed about -square with hard stone, not far from the west end of Clarkenwell church, -but close without the wall that incloseth it. The said church took the -name of the well, and the well took the name of the parish clerks in -London, who of old time were accustomed there yearly to assemble, and -to play some large history of Holy Scripture.[24] And for example, of -later time, to wit, in the year 1390, the 14th of Richard II., I read, -the parish clerks of London, on the 18th of July, played interludes at -Skinners' well, near unto Clarkes' well, which play continued three -days together; the king, queen, and nobles being present. Also in the -year 1409, the 10th of Henry IV., they played a play at the Skinners' -well, which lasted eight days, and was of matter from the creation of -the world. There were to see the same the most part of the nobles and -gentles in England, etc. - -Other smaller wells were many near unto Clarkes' well, namely Skinners' -well, so called for that the skinners of London held there certain plays -yearly, played of Holy Scripture, etc. In place whereof the wrestlings -have of later years been kept, and is in part continued at Bartholomew -tide. - -Then there was Fagges well, near unto Smithfield by the Charterhouse, -now lately damned up, Todwell, Loder's well, and Radwell, all decayed, -and so filled up, that their places are hardly now discerned. - -Somewhat north from Holywell is one other well curved square with stone, -and is called Dame Annis the clear, and not far from it, but somewhat -west, is also one other clear water called Perillous pond, because -divers youths, by swimming therein, have been drowned; and thus much be -said for fountains and wells. - -Horsepoole, in West Smithfield, was some time a great water; and because -the inhabitants in that part of the city did there water their horses, -the same was in old records called Horsepoole; it is now much decayed, -the springs being stopped up, and the land water falling into the small -bottom, remaining inclosed with brick, is called Smithfield pond.[25] - -By St. Giles' churchyard was a large water called a Pool. I read in the -year 1244 that Anne of Lodburie was drowned therein; this pool is now -for the most part stopped up, but the spring is preserved, and was coped -about with stone by the executors of Richard Whittington. - -The said river of the Wells, the running water of Walbrooke, the bourns -aforenamed, and other the fresh waters that were in and about this city, -being in process of time, by incroachment for buildings and heightenings -of grounds, utterly decayed, and the number of citizens mightily -increased, they were forced to seek sweet waters abroad; whereof some, -at the request of King Henry III., in the twenty-first year of his -reign,[26] were, for the profit of the city, and good of the whole -realm, thither repairing, to wit, for the poor to drink, and the rich to -dress their meat, granted to the citizens and their successors, by one -Gilbert Sanforde, with liberty to convey water from the town of Teyborne -by pipes of lead into their city. - -The first cistern of lead, castellated with stone in the city of London, -was called the great Conduit in West Cheape, which was begun to be built -in the year 1285, Henry Wales being then mayor. The water-course from -Paddington to James head hath 510 rods; from James head on the hill to -the Mewsgate, 102 rods; from the Mewsgate to the Cross in Cheape, 484 -rods. - -The tun upon Cornhill was cisterned in the year 1401; John Shadworth -then being mayor. - -Bosses of water at Belinsgate, by Powle's wharf, and by St. Giles' -church without Cripplegate, made about the year 1423. - -Water conveyed to the gaols of Newgate and Ludgate, 1432. - -Water was first procured to the Standard in West Cheape about the year -1285, which Standard was again new built by the executors of John -Welles, as shall be shown in another place. King Henry VI., in the year -1442, granted to John Hatherley, mayor, license to take up two hundred -fodders of lead for the building of conduits, of a common garnery, and -of a new cross in West Cheape, for the honour of the city. - -The Conduit in West Cheape, by Powle's gate, was built about the year -1442; one thousand marks were granted by common council for the building -thereof, and repairing of the other conduits. - -The Conduit in Aldermanbury, and the Standard in Fleet street, were made -and finished by the executors of Sir William Eastfield in the year 1471; -a cistern was added to the Standard in Fleete street, and a cistern was -made at Fleetbridge, and one other without Cripplegate, in the year 1478. - -Conduit in Gra street, in the year 1491. - -Conduit at Oldbourne cross about 1498; again new made by William Lambe -1577. - -Little conduit by the Stockes market, about 1500. - -Conduit at Bishopsgate, about 1513. - -Conduit at London wall, about 1528. - -Conduit at Aldgate without, about 1535. - -Conduit in Lothbury, and in Coleman street, 1546. - -Conduit of Thames water at Dowgate, 1568. - -Thames water, conveyed into men's houses by pipes of lead from a most -artificial forcier standing near unto London bridge, and made by Peter -Moris, Dutchman, in the year 1582, for service of the city, on the east -part thereof. - -Conduits of Thames water, by the parish churches of St. Mary Magdalen, -and St. Nicolas Colde Abbey near unto old Fish street, in the year 1583. - -One other new forcier was made near to Broken wharfe, to convey Thames -water into men's houses of West Cheape, about Powle's, Fleete street, -etc., by an English gentleman named Bevis Bulmer, in the year 1594. Thus -much for waters serving this city; first by rivers, brooks, bourns, -fountains, pools, etc.; and since by conduits, partly made by good and -charitable citizens, and otherwise by charges of the commonalty, as -shall be shown in description of wards wherein they be placed. And now -some benefactors to these conduits shall be remembered. - -In the year 1236 certain merchant strangers of cities beyond the seas, -to wit, Amiens, Corby, and Nele, for privileges which they enjoyed in -this city, gave one hundred pounds towards the charges of conveying -water from the town of Teyborne. Robert Large, mayor, 1439, gave to the -new water conduits then in hand forty marks, and towards the vaulting -over of Walbrooke near to the parish church of St. Margaret in Lothbery, -two hundred marks. - -Sir William Eastfield, mayor, 1438, conveyed water from Teyborne to -Fleete street, to Aldermanbury, and from Highbury to Cripplegate. - -William Combes, sheriff, 1441, gave to the work of the conduits ten -pounds. - -Richard Rawson, one of the sheriffs, 1476, gave twenty pounds. - -Robert Revell, one of the sheriffs, 1490, gave ten pounds. - -John Mathew, mayor, 1490, gave twenty pounds. - -William Bucke, tailor, in the year 1494, towards repairing of conduits, -gave one hundred marks. - -Dame Thomason, widow, late wife to John Percivall Taylor, mayor, in the -year 1498 gave toward the conduit in Oldbourne twenty marks. - -Richard Shore, one of the sheriffs, 1505, gave to the conduit in -Oldbourne ten pounds. - -The Lady Ascue, widow of Sir Christopher Ascue, 1543, gave towards the -conduits one hundred pounds. - -David Wodrooffe, sheriff, 1554, gave towards the conduit at Bishopsgate -twenty pounds. - -Edward Jackman, one of the sheriffs, 1564, gave towards the conduits one -hundred pounds. - -Barnard Randulph, common sergeant of the city, 1583, gave to the water -conduits nine hundred pounds.[27] - -Thus much for the conduits of fresh water to this city. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[19] "This water hath been since that time called Turne mill brooke; yet -then called the river of the Wells, which name of river," etc.,--_1st -edition_, p. 11. - -[20] Parliament record. - -[21] Patent record. - -[22] "In an old writing book."--_1st edition_, p. 14. - -[23] Liber Custom. - -[24] This precise definition of the nature of the performances of the -parish clerks, "some large hystorie of Holy Scripture," does not occur -in the first edition of the _Survey_. - -[25] "Is but fowle, and is called Smithfield Pond."--_1st edition_, p. -15. - -[26] Patent, 123. - -[27] In the first edition, Barnard Randulph's gift is stated to be L700 -only. - - - - -THE TOWN DITCH WITHOUT THE WALL OF THE CITY - - -The ditch, which partly now remaineth, and compassed the wall of the -city, was begun to be made by the Londoners in the year 1211,[28] and -was finished in the year 1213, the 15th of King John. This ditch being -then made of 200 feet broad, caused no small hindrance to the canons of -the Holy Trinity, whose church stood near unto Aldgate; for that the -said ditch passed through their ground from the Tower of London unto -Bishopsgate. This ditch, being originally made for the defence of the -city, was also long together carefully cleansed and maintained, as need -required; but now of late neglected and forced either to a very narrow, -and the same a filthy channel, or altogether stopped up for gardens -planted, and houses built thereon; even to the very wall, and in many -places upon both ditch and wall houses to be built; to what danger -of the city, I leave to wiser consideration, and can but wish that -reformation might be had. - -In the year of Christ 1354, the 28th of Edward III., the ditch of this -city flowing over the bank into the Tower ditch, the king commanded -the said ditch of the city to be cleansed, and so ordered, that the -overflowing thereof should not force any filth into the Tower ditch. - -Anno 1379, John Philpot, mayor of London, caused this ditch to be -cleansed, and every householder to pay five pence, which was for a day's -work towards the charges thereof. Richard II., in the 10th of his reign, -granted a toll to be taken of wares sold by water or by land, for ten -years, towards repairing of the wall and cleansing of the ditch. - -Thomas Falconer, mayor, 1414, caused the ditch to be cleansed. - -Ralph Joceline, mayor, 1477, caused the whole ditch to be cast and -cleansed, and so from time to time it was cleansed, and otherwise -reformed, namely, in 1519, the 10th of Henry VIII., for cleansing and -scowering the common ditch between Aldgate and the postern next the -Tower ditch. The chief ditcher had by the day seven pence, the second -ditcher six pence, the other ditchers five pence. And every vagabond -(for so were they termed) one penny the day, meat and drink, at charges -of the city. L95 3_s._ 4_d._ - -In my remembrance also the same was cleansed, namely the Moore ditch, -when Sir William Hollies was mayor, in the year 1540, and not long -before, from the Tower of London to Aldgate. - -It was again cleansed in the year 1549, Henry Amcotes being mayor, -at the charges of the companies. And again, 1569, the 11th of Queen -Elizabeth, for cleansing the same ditch between Aldgate and the postern, -and making a new sewer, and wharf of timber, from the head of the -postern into the town ditch, L814 15_s._ 8_d._ Before the which time the -said ditch lay open, without wall or pale, having therein great store of -very good fish, of divers sorts, as many men yet living, who have taken -and tasted them, can well witness; but now no such matter: the charge -of cleansing is spared, and great profit made by letting out the banks, -with the spoil of the whole ditch. - -I am not ignorant of two fifteenths granted by a common council in the -year 1595, for the reformation of this ditch, and that a small portion -thereof, to wit, betwixt Bishopsgate and the postern called Mooregate, -was cleansed, and made somewhat broader; but filling again very fast, -by reason of overraising the ground near adjoining, therefore never the -better: and I will so leave it, for I cannot help it. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[28] Liber Dunstable. Liber Trinitat. - - - - -BRIDGES OF THIS CITY - - -The original foundation of London bridge, by report of Bartholomew -Linsted, alias Fowle, last prior of St. Mary Overies church in -Southwark, was this: A ferry being kept in place where now the bridge -is built, at length the ferryman and his wife deceasing, left the same -ferry to their only daughter, a maiden named Mary, which with the goods -left by her parents, and also with the profits arising of the said -ferry, built a house of Sisters, in place where now standeth the east -part of St. Mary Overies church, above the choir, where she was buried, -unto which house she gave the oversight and profits of the ferry; but -afterwards the said house of Sisters being converted into a college of -priests, the priests built the bridge (of timber) as all the other great -bridges of this land were, and from time to time kept the same in good -reparations, till at length, considering the great charges of repairing -the same, there was, by aid of the citizens of London, and others, a -bridge built with arches of stone, as shall be shown. - -But first of the timber bridge, the antiquity thereof being great, but -uncertain; I remember to have read,[29] that in the year of Christ 994, -Sweyn, king of Denmark, besieging the city of London, both by water -and by land, the citizens manfully defended themselves, and their king -Ethelred, so as part of their enemies were slain in battle, and part of -them were drowned in the river of Thames, because in their hasty rage -they took no heed of the bridge. - -Moreover, in the year 1016, Canute the Dane, with a great navy, came up -to London, and on the south of the Thames caused a trench to be cast, -through the which his ships were towed into the west side of the bridge, -and then with a deep trench, and straight siege, he compassed the city -round about. - -Also, in the year 1052, Earl Goodwin, with the like navy, taking -his course up the river of Thames, and finding none that offered to -resist on the bridge, he sailed up the south side of the said river. -Furthermore, about the year 1067, William the Conqueror, in his charter -to the church of St. Peter at Westminster, confirmed to the monks -serving God there, a gate in London, then called Buttolph's gate, with a -wharf which was at the head of London bridge. - -We read likewise, that in the year 1114, the 14th of Henry I., the river -of Thames was so dried up, and such want of water there, that between -the Tower of London and the bridge, and under the bridge, not only with -horse, but also a great number of men, women, and children, did wade -over on foot.[30] - -In the year 1122, the 22nd of Henry I., Thomas Arden gave the monks of -Bermondsey the church of St. George, in Southward, and five shillings -rent by the year, out of the land pertaining to London bridge. - -I also have seen a charter under seal to the effect following:--"Henry -king of England, to Ralfe B. of Chichester, and all the ministers -of Sussex, sendeth greeting, know ye, etc. I command by my kingly -authority, that the manor called Alcestone, which my father gave, with -other lands, to the abbey of Battle, be free and quiet from shires and -hundreds, and all other customs of earthly servitude, as my father held -the same, most freely and quietly, and namely, from the work of London -bridge, and the work of the castle at Pevensey: and this I command upon -my forfeiture. Witness, William de Pontlearche, at Byrry." The which -charter, with the seal very fair, remaineth in the custody of Joseph -Holland, gentleman. - -In the year 1136, the 1st of king Stephen,[31] a fire began in the -house of one Ailewarde, near unto London stone, which consumed east to -Aldgate, and west to St. Erkenwald's shrine, in Powle's church; the -bridge of timber over the river of Thames was also burnt, etc., but -afterwards again repaired. For Fitzstephen writes, that in the reign of -King Stephen and of Henry II., when pastimes were showed on the river of -Thames, men stood in great number on the bridge, wharfs, and houses, to -behold. - -Now in the year 1163, the same bridge was not only repaired, but newly -made of timber as before, by Peter of Cole church, priest and chaplain. - -Thus much for the old timber bridge, maintained partly by the proper -lands thereof, partly by the liberality of divers persons, and partly -by taxations in divers shires, have I proved for the space of 215 years -before the bridge of stone was built. - -Now touching the foundation of the stone bridge, it followeth:--About -the year 1176, the stone bridge over the river of Thames, at London, -was begun to be founded by the aforesaid Peter of Cole church, near -unto the bridge of timber, but somewhat more towards the west, for I -read, that Buttolfe wharf was, in the Conqueror's time, at the head of -London bridge.[32] The king assisted this work: a cardinal then being -legate here; and Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, gave one thousand -marks towards the foundation; the course of the river, for the time, -was turned another way about, by a trench cast for that purpose, -beginning, as is supposed, east about Radriffe, and ending in the west -about Patricksey, now termed Batersey. This work; to wit, the arches, -chapel and stone bridge, over the river of Thames at London, having been -thirty-three years in building, was in the year 1209 finished by the -worthy merchants of London, Serle Mercer, William Almaine, and Benedict -Botewrite, principal masters of that work, for Peter of Cole church -deceased four years before, and was buried in the chapel on the bridge, -in the year 1205.[33] - -King John gave certain void places in London to build upon the profits -thereof to remain towards the charges of building and repairing the -same bridge: a mason being master workman of the bridge, builded from -the foundation the large chapel on that bridge of his own charges, -which chapel was then endowed for two priests, four clerks, etc., -besides chantries since founded for John Hatfield and other.[34] After -the finishing of this chapel, which was the first building upon those -arches, sundry houses at times were erected, and many charitable men -gave lands, tenements, or sums of money, towards maintenance thereof, -all which was sometimes noted and in a table fair written for posterity -remaining in the chapel, until the same chapel was turned into a -dwelling-house, and then removed to the bridge house, the effect of -which table I was willing to have published in this book, if I could -have obtained the sight thereof. But making the shorter work, I find by -the account of William Mariner and Christopher Eliot, wardens of London -bridge from Michaelmas, in the 22nd of Henry VII., unto Michaelmas -next ensuing, by one whole year, that all the payments and allowances -came to L815 17_s._ 2-1/4_d._, as there is shown by particulars, by -which account then made, may be partly guessed the great charges and -discharges of that bridge at this day, when things be stretched to so -great a price. And now to actions on this bridge. - -The first action to be noted was lamentable; for within four[35] years -after the finishing thereof, to wit, in the year 1212, on the l0th of -July, at night,[36] the borough of Southwark, upon the south side the -river of Thames, as also the church of our Lady of the Canons there, -being on fire, and an exceeding great multitude of people passing the -bridge, either to extinguish and quench it, or else to gaze at and -behold it, suddenly the north part, by blowing of the south wind was -also set on fire, and the people which were even now passing the bridge, -perceiving the same, would have returned, but were stopped by fire; and -it came to pass, that as they stayed or protracted time, the other end -of the bridge also, namely, the south end, was fired, so that the people -thronging themselves between the two fires, did nothing else but expect -present death; then came there to aid them many ships and vessels, into -the which the multitude so unadvisedly rushed, that the ships being -drowned, they all perished.[37] It was said, that through the fire and -shipwreck there were destroyed about three thousand persons, whose -bodies were found in part, or half burnt, besides those that were wholly -burnt to ashes, and could not be found. - -About the year 1282, through a great frost and deep snow, five arches of -London bridge were borne down and carried away. - -In the year 1289, the bridge was so sore decayed for want of reparations -that men were afraid to pass thereon, and a subsidy was granted towards -the amendment thereof,[38] Sir John Britain being custos of London. -1381, a great collection or gathering was made of all archbishops, -bishops, and other ecclesiastical persons, for the reparations of London -bridge. 1381, Wat Tyler, and other rebels of Kent, by this bridge -entered the city, as ye may read in my _Summary_ and _Annals_. - -In the year 1395, on St. George's day, was a great justing on London -bridge, betwixt David Earl of Crawford of Scotland, and the Lord Wells -of England; in the which the Lord Wells was at the third course borne -out of the saddle: which history proveth, that at that time the bridge -being coped on either side, was not replenished with houses built -thereupon, as it hath since been, and now is. The next year, on the -13th of November, the young Queen Isabell, commonly called the little, -for she was but eight years old, was conveyed from Kenington besides -Lamhith, through Southwarke to the Tower of London, and such a multitude -of people went out to see her, that on London bridge nine persons were -crowded to death, of whom the prior of Tiptre, a place in Essex, was -one, and a matron on Cornhill was another. - -The Tower on London bridge at the north end of the draw-bridge (for that -bridge was then readily to be drawn up, as well to give passage for -ships to Queenhithe, as for the resistance of any foreign force), was -begun to be built in the year 1426, John Rainwell being mayor. - -Another tower there is on the said bridge over the gate at the south end -towards Southwarke, whereof in another place shall be spoken. - -In the year 1450, Jack Cade, and other rebels of Kent, by this bridge -entered the city: he struck his sword on London Stone, and said himself -then to be lord of the city, but were by the citizens overcome on the -same bridge, and put to flight, as in my _Annals_. - -In the year 1471, Thomas, the bastard Fawconbridge, besieged this -bridge, burnt the gate, and all the houses to the draw-bridge, that time -thirteen in number. - -In the year 1481, a house called the common siege on London bridge fell -down into the Thames; through the fall whereof five men were drowned. - -In the year 1553, the 3rd of February, Sir Thomas Wyat, and the Kentish -men, marched from Depeford towards London; after knowledge whereof, -forthwith the draw-bridge was cut down, and the bridge gates shut. -Wyat and his people entered Southwarke, where they lay till the 6th of -February, but could get no entry of the city by the bridge, the same -was then so well defended by the citizens, the Lord William Howard -assisting, wherefore he removed towards Kingstone, etc., as in my -_Annals_. - -To conclude of this bridge over the said river of Thames, I affirm, as -in other my descriptions, that it is a work very rare, having with the -draw-bridge twenty arches made of squared stone, of height sixty feet, -and in breadth thirty feet, distant one from another twenty feet, -compact and joined together with vaults and cellars; upon both sides -be houses built, so that it seemeth rather a continual street than a -bridge; for the fortifying whereof against the incessant assaults of the -river, it hath overseers and officers, viz., wardens, as aforesaid, and -others. - -Fleete bridge in the west without Ludgate, a bridge of stone, fair coped -on either side with iron pikes; on the which, towards the south, be -also certain lanthorns of stone, for lights to be placed in the winter -evenings, for commodity of travellers. Under the bridge runneth a water, -sometimes called, as I have said, the river of the Wels, since Turnemill -brooke, now Fleete dike, because it runneth by the Fleete, and sometimes -about the Fleete, so under Fleete bridge into the river of Thames. This -bridge hath been far greater in times past, but lessened, as the water -course hath been narrowed. It seemeth this last bridge to be made or -repaired at the charges of John Wels, mayor, in the year 1431, for on -the coping is engraven Wels embraced by angels, like as on the standard -in Cheape, which he also built. Thus much of the bridge: for of the -water course, and decay thereof, I have spoken in another place. - -Oldbourne bridge, over the said river of the Wels more towards the -north, was so called, of a bourn that sometimes ran down Oldbourne hill -into the said river. This bridge of stone, like as Fleet bridge from -Ludgate west, serveth for passengers with carriage or otherwise, from -Newgate toward the west and by north. - -Cowbridge, more north, over the same water by Cowbridge street or -Cowlane: this bridge being lately decayed, another of timber is made -somewhat more north, by Chick lane, etc. - -Bridges over the town ditch there are divers; to wit, without Aldgate, -without Bishopsgate, the postern called Moorgate, the postern of -Criplegate without Aldersgate, the postern of Christ's hospital, -Newgate, and Ludgate; all these be over paved likewise, with stone level -with the streets. But one other there is of timber over the river of -Wels, or Fleet dike, between the precinct of the Black Friers, and the -house of Bridewell. - -There have been of old time also, divers bridges in sundry places -over the course of Walbrooke, as before I have partly noted, besides -Horseshew bridge, by the church of St. John Baptist, now called St. -John's upon Walbrooke. I read, that of old time every person having -lands on either side of the said brook, should cleanse[39] the same, and -repair the bridges so far as their lands extended. More, in the 11th of -Edward III. the inhabitants upon the course of this brook were forced to -pile and wall the sides thereof. Also, that in the 3rd of Henry V. this -water-course had many bridges, since vaulted over with bricks, and the -streets where through it passed so paved, that the same water-course is -now hardly discerned. For order was taken in the 2nd of Edward IV., that -such as had ground on either side of Walbrooke, should vault and pave it -over, so far as his ground extended. And thus much for bridges in this -city may suffice. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[29] Will. Malmsbury. - -[30] Liber Bermon. - -[31] Liber Trinitat - -[32] Liber Waverley. - -[33] "For Peter of Colechurch deceased foure years before this worke was -finished, and was buried in the chappell builded on the same bridge, in -the year 1205."--_1st edition_, p. 21. - -[34] "So that in the yeare 23 of Henrie the 6 there was 4 chaplens in -the said chappell."--_1st edition_, p. 21. - -[35] "Within 3 yeres."--_1st edition._ - -[36] "A marvellous terrible chance happened for the citie of London, -upon the south side of the river of Thames."--_Ibid._ - -[37] Liber Dunmow. Walter Covent. W. Packenton. - -[38] Patent of Edward II. - -[39] "Should vaulte, or bridge, and clense the same."--_1st edition_, p. -24. - - - - -GATES IN THE WALL OF THIS CITY - - -Gates in the wall of this city of old time were four; to wit, Aeldgate -for the east, Aldersgate for the north, Ludgate for the west, and the -Bridgegate over the river of Thames for the south; but of later times, -for the ease of citizens and passengers, divers other gates and posterns -have been made, as shall be shown. - -In the reign of Henry II. (saith Fitzstephen) there were seven double -gates in the wall of this city, but he nameth them not. It may therefore -be supposed, he meant for the first, the gate next the Tower of -London,[40] now commonly called the Postern, the next be Aeldgate, the -third Bishopsgate, the fourth Ealdersgate, the fifth Newgate, the sixth -Ludgate, the seventh Bridgegate. Since the which time hath been builded -the postern called Moorgate, a postern from Christ's hospital towards -St. Bartholomew's hospital in Smithfield, etc. Now of every of these -gates and posterns in the wall, and also of certain water-gates on the -river of Thames, severally somewhat may, and shall be noted, as I find -authority, or reasonable conjecture to warrant me. - -For the first, now called the postern by the Tower of London, it showeth -by that part which yet remaineth, to have been a fair and strong arched -gate, partly built of hard stone of Kent, and partly of stone brought -from Caen in Normandy, since the Conquest, and foundation of the high -tower, and served for passengers on foot out of the east, from thence -through the city to Ludgate in the west. The ruin and overthrow of this -gate and postern began in the year 1190, the 2nd of Richard I., when -William Longshampe, bishop of Ely, chancellor of England, caused a part -of the city wall, to wit, from the said gate towards the river of Thames -to the white tower, to be broken down, for the enlarging of the said -tower, which he then compassed far wide about with a wall embattled, -and is now the outer wall. He also caused a broad and deep ditch to -be made without the same wall, intending to have derived the river of -Thames with her tides to have flowed about it, which would not be. But -the southside of this gate, being then by undermining at the foundation -loosened, and greatly weakened; at length, to wit, after two hundred -years and odd, the same fell down in the year 1440, the 18th of Henry -VI., and was never since by the citizens re-edified.[41] Such was their -negligence then, and hath bred some trouble to their successors, since -they suffered a weak and wooden building to be there made, inhabited by -persons of lewd life, oft times by inquest of Portsoken ward presented, -but not reformed; whereas of former times the said postern was accounted -of as other gates of the city, and was appointed to men of good credit. -Amongst other, I have read, that in the 49th of Edward III., John Cobbe -was admitted custos of the said postern, and all the habitation thereof, -for term of his life, by William Walworth, then mayor of London, etc. -More, that John Credy, Esq., in the 21st of Richard II., was admitted -custos of the said postern and appurtenances by Richard Whittington, -mayor, the aldermen, and commonalty, etc. - - -AELDGATE - -The next gate in the east is called Aeldgate, of the antiquity or age -thereof. This is one and the first of the four principal gates, and also -one of the seven double gates, mentioned by Fitzstephen. It hath had two -pair of gates, though now but one; the hooks remaineth yet. Also there -hath been two portcloses; the one of them remaineth, the other wanteth, -but the place of letting down is manifest. For antiquity of the gate: it -appeareth by a charter of King Edgar to the knights of Knighten Guild, -that in his days the said port was called Aeldgate, as ye may read in -the ward of Portsoken. Also Matilda the queen, wife to Henry I., having -founded the priory of the Holy Trinity within Aeldgate, gave unto the -same church, to Norman the first prior, and the canons that devoutly -serve God therein,[42] the port of Aeldgate, and the soke or franchises -thereunto belonging, with all customs as free as she held the same; in -the which charter she nameth the house Christ's church, and reporteth -Aeldgate to be of his domain. - -More, I read[43] in the year 1215, that in the civil wars between King -John and his barons, the Londoners assisting the barons' faction, who -then besieged Northampton, and after came to Bedford castle, where they -were well received by William Beauchampe, and captain of the same; -having then also secret intelligence that they might enter the city of -London if they would, they removed their camp to Ware, from thence in -the night coming to London, they entered Aeldgate, and placing guardians -or keepers of the gates, they disposed of all things in the city at -their pleasure. They spoiled the friars' houses, and searched their -coffers;[44] which being done, Robert Fitzwalter, Geffry Magnavile -Earl of Essex, and the Earl of Glocester, chief leaders of the army, -applied all diligence to repair the gates and walls of this city with -the stones taken from the Jews' broken houses, namely, Aeldgate being -then most ruinous (which had given them an easy entry), they repaired, -or rather newly built, after the manner of the Normans, strongly arched -with bulwarks of stone from Caen in Normandy, and small brick, called -Flanders tile, was brought from thence, such as hath been here used -since the Conquest, and not before. - -In the year 1471,[45] the 11th of Edward IV., Thomas, the bastard -Fawconbridge, having assembled a riotous company of shipmen and other in -Essex and Kent, came to London with a great navy of ships, near to the -Tower; whereupon the mayor and aldermen, by consent of a common council, -fortified all along the Thames side, from Baynard's castle to the Tower, -with armed men, guns, and other instruments of war, to resist the -invasion of the mariners, whereby the Thames side was safely preserved -and kept by the aldermen and other citizens that assembled thither in -great numbers. Whereupon the rebels, being denied passage through the -city that way, set upon Aeldgate, Bishopsgate, Cripplegate, Aeldersgate, -London bridge, and along the river of Thames, shooting arrows and guns -into the city, fired the suburbs, and burnt more than threescore -houses. And further, on Sunday the eleventh of May, five thousand of -them assaulting Aeldgate, won the bulwarks, and entered the city; but -the portclose being let down, such as had entered were slain, and Robert -Basset, alderman of Aeldgate ward, with the recorder, commanded in the -name of God to draw up the portclose; which being done, they issued out, -and with sharp shot, and fierce fight, put their enemies back so far as -St. Bottolph's church, by which time the Earl Rivers, and lieutenant -of the Tower, was come with a fresh company, which joining together, -discomfited the rebels, and put them to flight, whom the said Robert -Basset, with the other citizens, chased to the Mile's End, and from -thence, some to Popular, some to Stratford, slew many, and took many of -them prisoners. In which space the Bastard having assayed other places -upon the water side, and little prevailed, fled toward his ships. Thus -much for Aeldgate. - - -BISHOPSGATE - -The third, and next toward the north, is called Bishopsgate, for that, -as it may be supposed, the same was first built by some Bishop of -London, though now unknown when, or by whom; but true it is, that the -first gate was first built for ease of passengers toward the east, and -by north, as into Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, etc.; the travellers -into which parts, before the building of this gate, were forced, passing -out at Aeldgate, to go east till they came to the Mile's end, and then -turning on the left hand to Blethenhall green[46] to Cambridge heath, -and so north, or east, and by north, as their journey lay. If they took -not this way, by the east out at Aeldgate, they must take their way by -the north out at Aeldersgate, through Aeldersgate street and Goswel -street towards Iseldon, and by a cross of stone on their right hand, set -up for a mark by the north end of Golding lane, to turn eastward through -a long street, until this day called Alder street, to another cross -standing, where now a smith's forge is placed by Sewer's-ditch church, -and then to turn again north towards Totenham, Endfield, Waltham, Ware, -etc. The eldest note that I read of this Bishopsgate, is that William -Blund, one of the sheriffs of London,[47] in the year 1210, sold to -Serle Mercer, and William Almaine, procurators or wardens of London -bridge, all his land, with the garden, in the parish of St. Buttolph -without Bishopsgate, between the land of Richard Casiarin, towards the -north, and the land of Robert Crispie towards the south, and the highway -called Berewards lane on the east, etc. - -Next I read in a charter, dated the year 1235, that Walter Brune, -citizen of London, and Rosia his wife, having founded the priory or new -hospital of our blessed Lady, since called St. Mary Spittle without -Bishopsgate, confirmed the same to the honour of God and our blessed -Lady, for canons regular. - -Also in the year 1247, Simon Fitzmarie, one of the sheriffs of London, -the 29th of Henry III., founded the hospital of St. Mary, called Bethlem -without Bishopsgate. Thus much for the antiquity of this gate.[48] - -And now for repairing the same, I find that Henry III. confirmed to -the merchants of the Haunce, that had a house in the city called -Guildhalla Theutonicorum, certain liberties and privileges. Edward I. -also confirmed the same; in the tenth year of whose reign it was found -that the said merchants ought of right to repair the said gate called -Bishopsgate; whereupon Gerard Marbod, alderman of the Haunce and other, -then remaining in the city of London, for themselves, and all other -merchants of the said Haunce, granted two hundred and ten marks sterling -to the mayor and citizens; and covenanted that they and their successors -should from time to time repair the same gate. This gate was again -beautifully built in the year 1479, in the reign of Edward IV., by the -said Haunce merchants. - -Moreover, about the year 1551, these Haunce merchants, having prepared -stone for that purpose, caused a new gate to be framed, there to have -been set up, but then their liberties, through suit of our English -merchants, were seized into the king's hand; and so that work was -stayed, and the old gate yet remaineth. - - -POSTERN OF MOREGATE - -Touching the next postern, called Moregate, I find that Thomas Falconer, -mayor, about the year 1415, the third of Henry V., caused the wall -of the city to be broken near unto Coleman street, and there built a -postern, now called Moregate, upon the moor side where was never gate -before. This gate he made for ease of the citizens, that way to pass -upon causeys into the field for their recreation: for the same field -was at that time a parish. This postern was re-edified by William -Hampton, fishmonger, mayor, in the year 1472. In the year also, 1511, -the third of Henry VIII., Roger Acheley, mayor, caused dikes and bridges -to be made, and the ground to be levelled, and made more commodious for -passage, since which time the same hath been heightened. So much that -the ditches and bridges are covered, and seemeth to me that if it be -made level with the battlements of the city wall, yet will it be little -the drier, such is the moorish nature of that ground. - - -POSTERN OF CRIPPLEGATE - -The next is the postern of Cripplegate, so called long before the -Conquest. For I read in the history of Edmond,[49] king of the East -Angles, written by Abbo Floriacensis, and by Burchard, sometime -secretary to Offa, king of Marcia, but since by John Lidgate, monk -of Bury, that in the year 1010, the Danes spoiling the kingdom of -the East Angles, Alwyne, bishop of Helmeham, caused the body of King -Edmond the Martyr to be brought from Bedrisworth (now called Bury St. -Edmondes), through the kingdom of the East Saxons, and so to London -in at Cripplegate; a place, saith mine author, so called of cripples -begging there: at which gate, it was said, the body entering, miracles -were wrought, as some of the lame to go upright, praising God. The body -of King Edmond rested for the space of three years in the parish church -of St. Gregorie, near unto the cathedral church of St. Paul. Moreover, -the charter of William the Conqueror, confirming the foundation of the -college in London, called St. Martin the Great, hath these words:[50] "I -do give and grant to the same church and canons, serving God therein, -all the land and the moore without the postern, which is called -Cripplegate, on either side the postern." More I read, that Alfune built -the parish church of St. Giles, nigh a gate of the city, called Porta -Contractorum, or Cripplesgate, about the year 1099. - -This postern was sometime a prison, whereunto such citizens and others, -as were arrested for debt or common trespasses, were committed, as they -be now, to the compters, which thing appeareth by a writ of Edward I. -in these words: "_Rex vic. London. salutem: ex graui querela B. capt. & -detent. in prisona nostra de Criples gate pro x. l. quas coram Radulpho -de Sandwico tunc custod. ciuitatis nostrae London. & I. de Blackwell -ciuis recognit. debit. etc._" This gate was new built by the brewers -of London in the year 1244, as saith Fabian's manuscript. Edmond Shaw, -goldsmith, mayor in the year 1483, at his decease appointed by his -testament his executors, with the cost of four hundred marks, and the -stuff of the old gate, called Cripplesgate, to build the same gate of -new, which was performed and done in the year 1491. - - -ALDERSGATE - -The next is AEldresgate, or Aldersgate,[51] so called not of Aldrich or -of Elders, that is to say, ancient men, builders thereof; not of Eldarne -trees, growing there more abundantly than in other places, as some have -fabled,[51] but for the very antiquity of the gate itself, as being one -of the first four gates of the city, and serving for the northern parts, -as Aldegate for the east; which two gates, being both old gates, are for -difference sake called, the one Ealdegate, and the other Aldersgate. -This is the fourth principal gate, and hath at sundry times been -increased with buildings, namely, on the south, or inner side, a great -frame of timber hath been added and set up, containing divers large -rooms and lodgings; also on the east side is the addition of one great -building of timber, with one large floor, paved with stone or tile, and -a well therein curbed with stone, of a great depth, and rising into the -said room, two stories high from the ground; which well is the only -peculiar note belonging to that gate, for I have not seen the like in -all this city to be raised so high. John Day, stationer, a late famous -printer of many good books, in our time dwelt in this gate, and built -much upon the wall of the city towards the parish church of St. Anne. - - -POSTERN OUT OF CHRIST'S HOSPITAL - -Then is there also a postern gate, made out of the wall on the north -side of the late dissolved cloister of Friers minors, commonly of their -habit called Grey friars, now Christ's church and hospital. This postern -was made in the first year of Edward VI. to pass from the said hospital -of Christ's church unto the hospital of St. Bartlemew in Smithfield. - - -NEWGATE - -The next gate on the west, and by north, is termed Newgate, as latelier -built than the rest, and is the fifth principal gate. This gate was -first erected about the reign of Henry I. or of King Stephen, upon this -occasion.[52] The cathedral church of St. Paul, being burnt about the -year 1086, in the reign of William the Conqueror, Mauritius, then bishop -of London, repaired not the old church, as some have supposed, but -began the foundation of a new work, such as men then judged would never -have been performed; it was to them so wonderful for height, length, -and breadth, as also in respect it was raised upon arches or vaults, a -kind of workmanship brought in by the Normans, and never known to the -artificers of this land before that time, etc. After Mauritius, Richard -Beamore did wonderfully advance the work of the said church, purchasing -the large streets and lanes round about, wherein were wont to dwell many -lay people, which grounds he began to compass about with a strong wall -of stone and gates. By means of this increase of the church territory, -but more by inclosing of ground for so large a cemetery or churchyard, -the high and large street stretching from Aldegate in the east until -Ludgate in the west, was in this place so crossed and stopped up, that -the carriage through the city westward was forced to pass without the -said churchyard wall on the north side, through Pater noster row; and -then south, down Ave Mary lane, and again west, through Bowyer row to -Ludgate; or else out of Cheepe, or Watheling street, to turn south, -through the old Exchange; then west through Carter lane, again north -by Creede lane, and then west to Ludgate: which passage, by reason of -so often turning, was very cumbersome and dangerous both for horse and -man; for remedy whereof a new gate was made, and so called, by which men -and cattle, with all manner of carriages, might pass more directly (as -afore) from Aldegate, through West Cheape by Paules, on the north side; -through St. Nicholas shambles and Newgate market to Newgate, and from -thence to any part westward over Oldborne bridge, or turning without -the gate into Smithfielde, and through Iseldon to any part north and -by west. This gate hath of long time been a gaol, or prison for felons -and trespassers, as appeareth by records[53] in the reign of King John, -and of other kings; amongst the which I find one testifying, that in -the year 1218, the 3rd of King Henry III., the king writeth unto the -sheriffs of London, commanding them to repair the gaol of Newgate for -the safe keeping of his prisoners, promising that the charges laid out -should be allowed unto them upon their account in the Exchequer. - -Moreover, in the year 1241, the Jews of Norwich were hanged for -circumcising a Christian child; their house called the Thor was pulled -down and destroyed; Aron, the son of Abraham, a Jew, at London, and -the other Jews, were constrained to pay twenty thousand marks at two -terms in the year, or else to be kept perpetual prisoners in Newgate of -London, and in other prisons. In 1255, King Henry III. lodging in the -tower of London, upon displeasure conceived towards the city of London, -for the escape of John Offrem, a prisoner, being a clerk convict, out -of Newgate, which had killed a prior that was of alliance to the king, -as cousin to the queen: he sent for the mayor and sheriffs to come -before him to answer the matter; the mayor laid the fault from him to -the sheriffs, forasmuch as to them belonged the keeping of all prisoners -within the city; and so the mayor returned home, but the sheriffs -remained there prisoners by the space of a month and more; and yet they -excused themselves, in that the fault chiefly rested in the bishop's -officers; for whereas the prisoner was under custody, they at his -request had granted license to imprison the offender within the gaol of -Newgate, but so as the bishop's officers were charged to see him safely -kept. The king, notwithstanding all this, demanded of the city three -thousand marks for a fine. - -In the year 1326, Robert Baldoke, the king's chancellor, was put in -Newgate, the 3rd of Edward III. In the year 1337, Sir John Poultney -gave four marks by the year to the relief of prisoners in Newgate. In -the year 1385, William Walworth gave somewhat to relieve the prisoners -in Newgate, so have many others since. In the year 1414, the gaolers -of Newgate and Ludgate died, and prisoners in Newgate to the number -of sixty-four. In the year 1418, the parson of Wrotham, in Kent, was -imprisoned in Newgate. In the year 1422, the first of Henry VI., license -was granted to John Coventre, Jenken Carpenter, and William Grove, -executors to Richard Whittington, to re-edify the gaol of Newgate, which -they did with his goods. - -Thomas Knowles, grocer, sometime mayor of London, by license of Reynold, -prior of St. Bartholomew's in Smithfield, and also of John Wakering, -master of the hospital of St. Bartholomew, and his brethren, conveyed -the waste of water at the cistern near to the common fountain and chapel -of St. Nicholas (situate by the said hospital) to the gaols of Newgate, -and Ludgate, for the relief of the prisoners. Tuesday next after Palm -Sunday 1431, all the prisoners of Ludgate were removed into Newgate by -Walter Chartesey, and Robert Large, sheriffs of London; and on the -13th of April the same sheriffs (through the false suggestion of John -Kingesell, jailor of Newgate) set from thence eighteen persons free -men, and these were let to the compters, pinioned as if they had been -felons; but on the sixteenth of June, Ludgate was again appointed for -free men, prisoners for debt; and the same day the said free men entered -by ordinance of the mayor, aldermen, and commons, and by them Henry -Deane, tailor, was made keeper of Ludgate prison. In the year 1457, a -great fray was in the north country between Sir Thomas Percie, Lord -Egremond, and the Earl of Salisbury's sons, whereby many were maimed -and slain; but, in the end, the Lord Egremond being taken, was by the -king's counsel found in great default, and therefore condemned in great -sums of money, to be paid to the Earl of Salisbury, and in the meantime -committed to Newgate. Not long after, Sir Thomas Percie, Lord Egremond, -and Sir Richard Percie his brother, being in Newgate, broke out of -prison by night, and went to the king; the other prisoners took the -leads of the gate, and defended it a long while against the sheriffs and -all their officers, insomuch that they were forced to call more aid of -the citizens, whereby they lastly subdued them, and laid them in irons: -and this may suffice for Newgate. - - -LUDGATE - -In the west is the next, and sixth principal gate, and is called -Ludgate, as first built (saith Geoffrey Monmouth) by King Lud, a Briton, -about the year before Christ's nativity, 66. Of which building, and also -of the name, as Ludsgate, or Fludsgate, hath been of late some question -among the learned; wherefore I overpass it, as not to my purpose, only -referring the reader to that I have before written out of Caesar's -Commentaries, and other Roman writers, concerning a town or city amongst -the Britons. This gate I suppose to be one of the most ancient; and as -Aldgate was built for the east, so was this Ludsgate for the west. I -read,[54] as I told you, that in the year 1215, the 17th of King John, -the barons of the realm, being in arms against the king, entered this -city, and spoiled the Jews' houses; which being done, Robert Fitzwater -and Geffrey de Magnavilla, Earl of Essex, and the Earl of Gloucester, -chief leaders of the army, applied all diligence to repair the gates -and walls of this city, with the stones of the Jews' broken houses, -especially (as it seemeth) they then repaired, or rather new built -Ludgate. For in the year 1586, when the same gate was taken down to -be newly built, there was found couched within the wall thereof a -stone taken from one of the Jews' houses, wherein was graven in Hebrew -characters these words following: _Haec est statio Rabbi Mosis, filii -insignis Rabbi Isaac_: which is to say, this is the station or ward -of Rabbi Moyses, the son of the honourable Rabbi Isaac, and had been -fixed upon the front of one of the Jews' houses, as a note or sign that -such a one dwelt there. In the year 1260, this Ludgate was repaired, -and beautified with images of Lud, and other kings, as appeareth by -letters patent of license given to the citizens of London, to take up -stone for that purpose, dated the 25th of Henry III. These images of -kings in the reign of Edward VI. had their heads smitten off, and were -otherwise defaced by[55] such as judged every image to be an idol; and -in the reign of Queen Mary were repaired, as by setting new heads on -their old bodies, etc. All which so remained until the year 1586, the -28th of Queen Elizabeth, when the same gate being sore decayed, was -clean taken down; the prisoners in the meantime remaining in the large -south-east quadrant to the same gate adjoining; and the same year the -whole gate was newly and beautifully built, with the images of Lud and -others, as afore, on the east side, and the picture of her majesty Queen -Elizabeth on the west side: all which was done at the common charges of -the citizens, amounting to fifteen hundred pounds or more. - -This gate was made a free prison in the year 1378, the 1st of Richard -II., Nicholas Brembar being mayor.[56] The same was confirmed in the -year 1382, John Northampton being mayor, by a common council in the -Guildhall; by which it was ordained that all freemen of this city -should, for debt, trespasses, accounts, and contempts, be imprisoned -in Ludgate, and for treasons, felonies, and other criminal offences, -committed to Newgate, etc. In the year 1431, the 10th of King Henry VI., -John Wells being mayor, a court of common council established ordinances -(as William Standon and Robert Chicheley, late mayors, before had done), -touching the guard and government of Ludgate and other prisons. - -Also in the year 1463, the third of Edward IV., Mathew Philip, being -mayor, in a common council, at the request of the well-disposed, -blessed, and devout woman, Dame Agnes Forster, widow, late wife to -Stephen Forster, fishmonger, sometime mayor, for the comfort and relief -of all the poor prisoners, certain articles were established. Imprimis, -that the new works then late edified by the same Dame Agnes, for the -enlarging of the prison of Ludgate, from thenceforth should be had and -taken as a part and parcel of the said prison of Ludgate; so that both -the old and new work of Ludgate aforesaid be one prison, gaol keeping, -and charge for evermore. - -The said quadrant, strongly built of stone by the beforenamed Stephen -Forster, and Agnes his wife, containeth a large walking-place by ground -of thirty-eight feet and a half in length, besides the thickness of the -walls, which are at the least six foot, makes altogether forty-four -feet and a half; the breadth within the walls is twenty-nine feet and a -half, so that the thickness of the walls maketh it thirty five feet and -a half in breadth. The like room it hath over it for lodgings, and over -it again fair leads to walk upon, well embattled, all for fresh air and -ease of prisoners, to the end they should have lodging and water free -without charge, as by certain verses graven in copper, and fixed on the -said quadrant, I have read in form following:-- - - "Devout souls that pass this way, - For Stephen Forster, late mayor, heartily pray; - And Dame Agnes his spouse to God consecrate, - That of pity this house made for Londoners in Ludgate. - So that for lodging and water prisoners here nought pay, - As their keepers shall all answer at dreadful doomsday." - -This place and one other of his arms, three broad arrow-heads, taken -down with the old gate, I caused to be fixed over the entry of the said -quadrant; but the verses being unhappily turned inward to the wall, -procured the like in effect to be graven outward in prose, declaring him -to be a fishmonger, because some upon a light occasion (as a maiden's -head in a glass window) had fabled him to be a mercer, and to have -begged there at Ludgate, etc. Thus much for Ludgate. - -Next this is there a breach in the wall of the city, and a bridge of -timber over the Fleet dike, betwixt Fleetebridge and Thames, directly -over against the house of Bridewel. Thus much for gates in the wall. - -Water-gates on the banks of the river Thames have been many, which being -purchased by private men, are also put to private use, and the old names -of them forgotten; but of such as remain, from the west towards the -east, may be said as followeth:-- - -The Blacke-friers stairs, a free landing-place. - -Then a water-gate at Puddle wharf, of one Puddle that kept a wharf on -the west side thereof, and now of Puddle water, by means of many horses -watered there. - -Then Powle's wharf, also a free landing-place with stairs, etc. - -Then Broken wharf, and other such like. - -But, Ripa Regina, the Queene's bank, or Queene hithe may well be -accounted the very chief and principal water-gate of this city, being -a common strand or landing-place, yet equal with, and of old time far -exceeding, Belins gate, as shall be shown in the ward of Queene hithe. - -The next is Downe gate, so called of the sudden descending or down-going -of that way from St. John's church upon Walbrooke unto the river of -Thames, whereby the water in the channel there hath such a swift course, -that in the year 1574, on the fourth of September, after a strong shower -of rain, a lad, of the age of eighteen years, minding to have leapt over -the channel, was taken by the feet, and borne down with the violence of -that narrow stream, and carried toward the Thames with such a violent -swiftness, as no man could rescue or stay him, till he came against -a cart-wheel that stood in the water-gate, before which time he was -drowned and stark dead. - -This was sometimes a large water-gate, frequented of ships and other -vessels, like as the Queene hithe, and was a part thereof, as doth -appear by an inquisition made in the 28th year of Henry III., wherein -was found, that as well corn as fish, and all other things coming to the -port of Downegate, were to be ordered after the customs of the Queene's -hithe, for the king's use; as also that the corn arriving between the -gate of the Guild hall of the merchants of Cullen (the Styleyard), which -is east from Downegate, and the house then pertaining to the Archbishop -of Canterbury, west from Baynarde's Castle, was to be measured by the -measure, and measurer of the Queene's soke, or Queene hithe. I read -also, in the 19th of Edward III., that customs were then to be paid for -ships and other vessels resting at Downegate, as if they rode at Queene -hithe, and as they now do at Belingsgate. And thus much for Downegate -may suffice. - -The next was called Wolfes gate,[57] in the ropery in the parish of -Allhallowes the Lesse, of later time called Wolfes lane, but now out of -use; for the lower part was built on by the Earle of Shrewsburie, and -the other part was stopped up and built on by the chamberlain of London. - -The next is Ebgate,[58] a water-gate, so called of old time, as -appeareth by divers records of tenements near unto the same adjoining. -It standeth near unto the church of St. Laurence Pountney, but is within -the parish of St. Marten Ordegare. In place of this gate is now a narrow -passage to the Thames, and is called Ebgate lane, but more commonly the -Old Swan. - -Then is there a water-gate at the bridge foot, called Oyster gate, of -oysters that were there of old time, commonly to be sold, and was the -chiefest market for them and for other shell-fishes. There standeth now -an engine or forcier, for the winding up of water to serve the city, -whereof I have already spoken. - - -BRIDGE GATE - -The next is the Bridge gate, so called of London Bridge, whereon it -standeth. This was one of the four first and principal gates of the -city, long before the Conquest, when there stood a bridge of timber, -and is the seventh and last principal gate mentioned by W. Fitzstephen; -which gate being new[59] made, when the bridge was built was built -of stone, hath been oftentimes since repaired. This gate, with the -tower upon it, in the year 1436 fell down, and two of the farthest -arches southwards also fell therewith, and no man perished or was hurt -therewith. To the repairing whereof, divers wealthy citizens gave large -sums of money; namely, Robert Large, sometime mayor, one hundred marks; -Stephen Forster, twenty pounds; Sir John Crosbye, alderman, one hundred -pounds, etc. But in the year 1471,[60] the Kentish mariners, under the -conduct of bastard Fauconbridge, burned the said gate and thirteen -houses on the bridge, besides the Beer houses at St. Katherine's, and -many others in the suburbs. - -The next is Buttolphe's gate, so called of the parish church of St. -Buttolph, near adjoining. This gate was sometimes given or confirmed -by William Conqueror to the monks of Westminster in these words: "W. -rex Angliae, etc., William, king of England, sendeth greeting to the -sheriffes, and all his ministers, as also to all his loving subjects, -French and English, of London: Know ye that I have granted to God and -St. Peter of Westminster, and to the abbot Vitalis, the gift which -Almundus of the port of S. Buttolph gave them, when he was there made -monke: that is to say, his Lords court with the houses, and one wharf, -which is at the head of London bridge, and all other his lands which he -had in the same city, in such sort as King Edward more beneficially and -amply granted the same; and I will and command that they shall enjoy -the same well and quietly and honourably, with sake and soke, etc." - -The next is Bellinsgate, used as an especial port, or harbour, for small -ships and boats coming thereto, and is now[61] most frequented, the -Queen's hithe being almost forsaken. How this gate took that name, or of -what antiquity the same is, I must leave uncertain, as not having any -ancient record thereof, more than that Geoffrey Monmouth writeth, that -Belin, a king of the Britons, about four hundred years before Christ's -nativity, built this gate, and named it Belin's gate, after his own -calling; and that when he was dead, his body being burnt, the ashes, in -a vessel of brass, were set upon a high pinnacle of stone over the same -gate. But Caesar and other Roman writers affirm, of cities, walls, and -gates, as ye have before heard; and therefore it seemeth to me not to be -so ancient, but rather to have taken that name of some later owner of -the place, happily named Beling, or Biling, as Somar's key, Smart's key, -Frosh wharf, and others, thereby took their names of their owners. Of -this gate more shall be said when we come to Belin's gate ward. - -Then have you a water-gate, on the west side of Wool wharf, or -Customers' key,[62] which is commonly called the water-gate, at the -south end of Water lane. - -One other water-gate there is by the bulwark of the Tower, and this is -the last and farthest water-gate eastward, on the river of Thames, so -far as the city of London extendeth within the walls; both which last -named water-gates be within the Tower ward. - -Besides these common water-gates, were divers private wharfs and -keys, all along from the east to the west of this city, on the bank -of the river of Thames; merchants of all nations had landing-places, -warehouses, cellars, and stowage of their goods and merchandises, as -partly shall be touched in the wards adjoining to the said river. Now, -for the ordering and keeping these gates of this city in the night time, -it was appointed in the year of Christ 1258, by Henry III., the 42nd of -his reign,[63] that the ports of England should be strongly kept, and -that the gates of London should be new repaired, and diligently kept in -the night, for fear of French deceits, whereof one writeth these verses: - - "Per noctem portae clauduntur Londoniarum, - Moenia ne forte fraus frangat Francigenarum." - -FOOTNOTES: - -[40] "Which then served as a posterne for passengers out of the east, -from thence through Tower street, East cheape, and Candlewecke street -to London Stone, the middle point of that highway, then through Budge -row, Watheling street, and leaving Paul's church on the right hand, -to Ludgate in the west; the next be Aldgate, Bishopsgate, Criplegate, -Aldersgate, Ludgate, and the Bridgegate over the Thames. Since the which -time hath been builded Newgate," etc.--_1st edition_, p. 25. - -[41] "Was never re-edified againe of stone, but an homely cottage, with -a narrow passage made of timber, lath and loame, hath beene in place -thereof set up, and so remaineth."--_1st edition_, p. 25. - -[42] Liber Trinitat. - -[43] Matthew Paris. - -[44] Radul. Coggeshall. - -[45] W. Donthorn. - -[46] "Now called Bednal Green."--_1st edition_, p. 26. - -[47] Liber Trinitat. - -[48] Liber Custom. London. - -[49] Abbo Floriacens, Burchardus. - -[50] Liber S. Bartilmew. - -[51] In a book, called _Beware of the Cat_.--_Stow._ - -[52] "About the raigne of Henry II. or Richard I."--_1st edition_, p. 30. - -[53] Close roll. - -[54] Roger Wendover, Matthew Paris. - -[55] "By unadvised folkes"--_1st edition._ - -[56] Record, Guildhall. - -[57] Liber Horne. Liber S. Alban. - -[58] Liber Trinitat. Liber S. Alban. Record, E. 3. - -[59] "Weakly made."--_1st edition_, p. 36. - -[60] W. Duntherne. - -[61] "The largest water-gate on the river of Thames, and therefore most -frequented."--_1st edition_, p. 36. - -[62] "Which is now of late most beautifully enlarged and built."--_1st -edition_, p. 37. - -[63] Matthew Paris. - - - - -OF TOWERS AND CASTLES - - -"The city of London (saith Fitzstephen) hath in the east a very great -and a most strong palatine Tower, whose turrets and walls do rise from -a deep foundation, the mortar thereof being tempered with the blood of -beasts. In the west part are two most strong castles, etc." To begin -therefore with the most famous Tower of London, situate in the east, -near unto the river of Thames: it hath been the common opinion, and -some have written (but of none assured ground), that Julius Caesar, the -first conqueror of the Britons, was the original author and founder, as -well thereof as also of many other towers, castles, and great buildings -within this realm; but (as I have already before noted) Caesar remained -not here so long, nor had he in his head any such matter, but only to -dispatch a conquest of this barbarous country, and to proceed to greater -matters. Neither do the Roman writers make mention of any such buildings -created by him here; and therefore leaving this, and proceeding to -more grounded authority, I find in a fair register-book, containing -the acts of the Bishops of Rochester, set down by Edmond de Hadenham, -that William I., surnamed Conqueror, built the Tower of London; to wit, -the great white and square tower there, about the year of Christ 1078, -appointing Gundulph, then Bishop of Rochester, to be principal surveyor -and overseer of that work, who was for that time lodged in the house of -Edmere, a burgess of London; the very words of which mine author are -these: "_Gundulphus Episcopus mandato Willielmi Regis magni praefuit -operi magnae Turris London. quo tempore hospitatus est apud quendam -Edmerum Burgensem London. qui dedit unum_ were _Ecclesiae Rofen._" - -Ye have before heard that the wall of this city was all round about -furnished with towers and bulwarks, in due distance every one from -other; and also that the river Thames, with his ebbing and flowing, on -the south side, had subverted the said wall and towers there. Wherefore -King William, for defence of this city, in place most dangerous, and -open to the enemy, having taken down the second bulwark in the east -part of the wall from the Thames, built this tower, which was the great -square tower, now called the White Tower, and hath been since at divers -times enlarged with other buildings adjoining, as shall be shown. This -tower was by tempest of wind[64] sore shaken in the year 1090, the 4th -of William Rufus, and was again by the said Rufus and Henry I. repaired. -They also caused a castle to be built under the said tower, namely, on -the south side towards the Thames, and also incastellated the same round -about. - -Henry Huntingdon, libro sexto, hath these words: "William Rufus -challenged the investure of prelates; he pilled and shaved the people -with tribute, especially to spend about the Tower of London, and the -great hall at Westminster." - -Othowerus, Acolinillus, Otto, and Geffrey Magnaville, Earl of Essex, -were four the first constables of this Tower of London, by succession; -all which held by force a portion of land (that pertained to the priory -of the Holy Trinitie within Aldgate); that is to say, East Smithfield, -near unto the Tower, making thereof a vineyard,[65] and would not depart -from it till the 2nd year of King Stephen, when the same was abridged -and restored to the church. This said Geffrey Magnaville was Earl of -Essex, constable of the Tower, sheriff of London, Middlesex, Essex, and -Hertfordshire, as appeareth by a charter of Maud the empress, dated -1141. He also fortified the Tower of London against King Stephen; but -the king took him in his court at St. Albones, and would not deliver him -till he had rendered the Tower of London, with the castles of Walden and -Plashey in Essex. In the year 1153 the Tower of London and the castle -of Windsor were by the king delivered to Richard de Lucie, to be safely -kept. In the year 1155, Thomas Becket being chancellor to Henry II., -caused the Flemings to be banished out of England,[66] their castles -lately built to be pulled down, and the Tower of London to be repaired. - -About the year 1190, the 2nd of Richard I., William Longshampe, Bishop -of Elie, Chancellor of England, for cause of dissension betwixt him and -Earl John, the king's brother that was rebel, inclosed the tower and -castle of London, with an outward wall of stone embattled, and also -caused a deep ditch to be cast about the same, thinking (as I have -said before) to have environed it with the river of Thames. By the -making of this inclosure and ditch in East Smithfield, the church of -the Holy Trinitie in London lost half a mark rent by the year, and the -mill was removed that belonged to the poor brethren of the hospital of -St. Katherine,[67] and to the church of the Holy Trinitie aforesaid, -which was no small loss and discommodity to either part; and the garden -which the king had hired of the brethren for six marks the year, for -the most part was wasted and marred by the ditch. Recompense was often -promised, but never performed, until King Edward coming after, gave to -the brethren five marks and a half for that part which the ditch had -devoured, and the other part thereof without he yielded to them again, -which they hold: and of the said rent of five marks and a half, they -have a deed, by virtue whereof they are well paid to this day. - -It is also to be noted, and cannot be denied, but that the said -inclosure and ditch took the like or greater quantity of ground from the -city within the wall; namely, one of that part called the Tower Hill, -besides breaking down of the city wall, from the White Tower to the -first gate of the city, called the Postern; yet have I not read of any -quarrel made by the citizens, or recompense demanded by them for that -matter, because all was done for good of the city's defence thereof, -and to their good likings. But Matthew Paris writeth, that in the year -1239, King Henry III. fortified the Tower of London to another end; -wherefore the citizens, fearing lest that were done to their detriment, -complained, and the king answered, that he had not done it to their -hurt, but (saith he) I will from henceforth do as my brother doth, in -building and fortifying castles, who beareth the name to be wiser than -I am. It followed in the next year, saith mine author, the said noble -buildings of the stone gate and bulwark, which the king had caused to -be made by the Tower of London, on the west side thereof, were shaken -as it had been with an earthquake, and fell down, which the king again -commanded to be built in better sort than before, which was done; and -yet again, in the year 1247, the said wall and bulwarks that were newly -built, wherein the king had bestowed more than twelve thousand marks, -were irrecoverably thrown down, as afore; for the which chance the -citizens of London were nothing sorry, for they were threatened that -the said wall and bulwarks were built, to the end that if any of them -would contend for the liberties of the city, they might be imprisoned; -and that many might be laid in divers prisons, many lodgings were made -that no one should speak with another: thus much Matthew Paris for -this building. More of Henry III., his dealings against the citizens -of London, we may read in the said author, in 1245, 1248, 1249, 1253, -1255, 1256, etc. But, concerning the said wall and bulwark, the same -was finished, though not in his time; for I read that Edward I., in -the second of his reign, commanded the treasurer and chamberlain of -the Exchequer to deliver out of his treasury unto Miles of Andwarp two -hundred marks, of the fines taken out of divers merchants or usurers -of London, for so be the words of the record, towards the work of the -ditch then new made, about the said bulwark, now called the Lion Tower. -I find also recorded, that Henry III., in the 46th of his reign, wrote -to Edward of Westminster, commanding him that he should buy certain -perie plants, and set the same in the place without his Tower of London, -within the wall of the said city, which of late he had caused to be -inclosed with a mud wall, as may appear by this that followeth: the -mayor and commonalty of London were fined for throwing down the said -earthen wall against the Tower of London, the 9th of Edward II. Edward -IV. in place thereof built a wall of brick. But now for the Lion Tower -and lions in England, the original, as I have read, was thus. - -Henry I. built his manor of Wodstock, with a park, which he walled about -with stone, seven miles in compass, destroying for the same divers -villages, churches, and chapels; and this was the first park in England. -He placed therein, besides great store of deer, divers strange beasts to -be kept and nourished, such as were brought to him from far countries, -as lions, leopards, linces, porpentines,[68] and such other. More I -read, that in the year 1235, Frederick the emperor sent to Henry III. -three leopards, in token of his regal shield of arms, wherein three -leopards were pictured; since the which time those lions and others have -been kept in a part of this bulwark, now called the Lion Tower, and -their keepers there lodged. King Edward II., in the 12th of his reign, -commanded the sheriffs of London to pay to the keepers of the king's -leopard in the Tower of London sixpence the day for the sustenance of -the leopard, and three-halfpence a day for diet for the said keeper, out -of the fee farm of the said city. More, in the 16th of Edward III., one -lion, one lioness, one leopard, and two cat lions, in the said Tower, -were committed to the custody of Robert, the son of John Bowre. - -Edward IV. fortified the Tower of London, and inclosed with brick, as -is aforesaid, a certain piece of ground, taken out of the Tower Hill, -west from the Lion Tower, now called the bulwark. His officers also, in -the 5th of his reign, set upon the said hill both scaffold and gallows, -for the execution of offenders; whereupon the mayor and his brethren -complained to the king, and were answered that the same was not done in -derogation of the city's liberties, and thereof caused proclamation to -be made, etc., as shall be shown in Tower street. - -Richard III., repaired and built in this tower somewhat. Henry VIII., -in 1532, repaired the White Tower, and other parts thereof. In the year -1548, the 2nd of Edward VI., on the 22nd of November, in the night, a -Frenchman lodged in the round bulwark, betwixt the west gate and the -postern, or drawbridge, called the warders' gate, by setting fire on a -barrel of gunpowder, blew up the said bulwark, burnt himself, and no -more persons. This bulwark, was forthwith again new built. - -And here, because I have by occasion spoken of the west gate of this -tower the same, as the most principal, is used for the receipt and -delivery of all kinds of carriages, without the which gate divers -bulwarks and gates, towards the north, etc. Then near within this west -gate, opening to the south, is a strong postern for passengers by the -ward-house, over a drawbridge let down for that purpose. Next on the -same south side, toward the east, is a large water-gate, for receipt -of boats and small vessels, partly under a stone bridge from the river -of Thames. Beyond it is a small postern, with a drawbridge, seldom let -down but for the receipt of some great persons, prisoners. Then towards -the east is a great and strong gate, commonly called the Iron gate, but -not usually opened. And thus much for the foundation, building, and -repairing of this tower, with the gates and posterns, may suffice. And -now somewhat of accidents in the same shall be shown. - -In the year 1196, William Fitzosbert, a citizen of London, seditiously -moving the common people to seek liberty, and not to be subject to -the rich and more mighty, at length was taken and brought before the -Archbishop of Canterbury in the Tower, where he was by the judges -condemned, and by the heels drawn thence to the Elms in Smithfield, and -there hanged. - -In 1214, King John[69] wrote to Geffrey Magnaville to deliver the Tower -of London, with the prisoners, armour, and all other things found -therein belonging to the king, to William, archdeacon of Huntingdon. In -the year 1216, the 1st of Henry III., the said Tower was delivered to -Lewis of France and the barons of England.[70] - -In the year 1206 pleas of the crown were pleaded in the Tower; likewise -in the year 1220, and likewise in the year 1224, and again in the year -1243, before William of Yorke, Richard Passelew, Henry Brahe, Jerome of -Saxton, justices. - -In the year 1222, the citizens of London having made a tumult against -the abbot of Westminster, Hubert of Burge, chief justice of England, -came to the Tower of London, called before him the mayor and aldermen, -of whom he inquired for the principal authors of that sedition; amongst -whom one, named Constantine Fitz Aelulfe, avowed that he was the man, -and had done much less than he ought to have done: whereupon the justice -sent him with two other to Falks de Brent, who with armed men brought -them to the gallows, where they were hanged. - -In the year 1244, Griffith, the eldest son of Leoline, Prince of Wales, -being kept prisoner in the Tower, devised means of escape, and having -in the night made of the hangings, sheets, etc., a long line, he put -himself down from the top of the Tower, but in the sliding, the weight -of his body, being a very big and a fat man, brake the rope, and he fell -and brake his neck withall. - -In the year 1253, King Henry III. imprisoned the sheriffs of London -in the Tower more than a month, for the escape of a prisoner out of -Newgate, as you may read in the chapter of Gates. - -In the year 1260, King Henry, with his queen (for fear of the barons), -were lodged in the Tower. The next year he sent for his lords, and held -his parliament there. - -In the year 1263, when the queen would have removed from the Tower by -water towards Windsor, sundry Londoners got them together to the bridge, -under the which she was to pass, and not only cried out upon her with -reproachful words, but also threw mire and stones at her, by which she -was constrained to return for the time; but in the year 1265, the said -citizens were fain to submit themselves to the king for it, and the -mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs were sent to divers prisons, and a custos -also was set over the city; to wit, Othon, constable of the Tower, etc. - -In the year 1282, Leoline, prince of Wales, being taken at Bewlth -castle, Roger Lestrange cut off his head, which Sir Roger Mortimer -caused to be crowned with ivy, and set it upon the Tower of London. - -In the year 1290, divers justices, as well of the bench as of the -assizes, were sent prisoners to the Tower, which with great sums of -money redeemed their liberty. Edward II., the 14th of his reign, -appointed for prisoners in the Tower, a knight twopence the day, an -esquire one penny the day, to serve for their diet. - -In the year 1320, the king's justices sat in the Tower, for trial of -matters; whereupon John Gifors, late mayor of London, and many others, -fled the city, for fear to be charged of things they had presumptuously -done. - -In the year 1321, the Mortimers yielding themselves to the king, he sent -them prisoners to the Tower, where they remained long, and were adjudged -to be drawn and hanged. But at length Roger Mortimer, of Wigmore, by -giving to his keepers a sleepy drink, escaped out of the Tower, and his -uncle Roger, being still kept there, died about five years after. - -In the year 1326, the citizens of London won the Tower, wresting the -keys out of the constable's hands, delivered all the prisoners, and kept -both city and Tower to the use of Isabel the queen, and Edward her son. - -In the year 1330, Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, was taken and brought -to the Tower, from whence he was brought to the Elms, and there hanged. - -In the year 1344, King Edward III., in the 18th of his reign, commanded -florences of gold to be made and coined in the Tower; that is to say, -a penny piece of the value of five shillings and eight pence, the -halfpenny piece of the value of three shillings and four pence, and a -farthing piece worth twenty pence; Percevall de Port of Lake being then -master of the coin. And this is the first coining of gold in the Tower, -whereof I have read, and also the first coinage of gold in England. -I find also recorded, that the said king in the same year ordained -his exchange of money to be kept in Serne's Tower, a part of the -king's house in Bucklesbury. And here to digress a little (by occasion -offered), I find that, in times before passed, all great sums were paid -by weight of gold or silver, as so many pounds or marks of silver, or -so many pounds or marks of gold, cut into blanks, and not stamped, as I -could prove by many good authorities which I overpass. The smaller sums -also were paid in starlings, which were pence so called, for other coins -they had none. The antiquity of this starling penny usual in this realm -is from the reign of Henry II., notwithstanding the Saxon coins before -the Conquest were pence of fine silver the full weight, and somewhat -better than the latter starlings, as I have tried by conference of the -pence of Burghrede, king of Mercia, Aelfred, Edward, and Edelred, kings -of the West Saxons, Plegmond, Archbishop of Canterbury, and others. -William the Conqueror's penny also was fine silver of the weight of -the easterling, and had on the one side stamped an armed head, with a -beardless face,--for the Normans wore no beards,--with a sceptre in his -hand. The inscription in the circumference was this: "Le Rei Wilam;"[71] -on the other side, a cross double to the ring, between four rowals of -six points. - -King Henry I. his penny was of the like weight, fineness, form of face, -cross, etc. - -This Henry, in the 8th year of his reign, ordained the penny, which was -round, so to be quartered by the cross, that they might easily be broken -into halfpence and farthings.[72] In the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th of -King Richard I. his reign, and afterwards, I find commonly easterling -money mentioned, and yet ofttimes the same is called argent, as afore, -and not otherwise. - -The first great sum that I read of to be paid in easterlings was in the -reign of Richard I., when Robert, Earl of Leicester, being prisoner -in France, proffered for his ransom a thousand marks easterlings, -notwithstanding the easterling pence were long before. The weight of the -easterling penny may appear by divers statutes, namely, of weights and -measures, made in the 51st of Henry III. in these words: "Thirty-two -graines of wheat, drie and round, taken in the middest of the eare, -shoulde be the weight of a starling penie, 20 of those pence should -waye one ounce, 12 ounces a pound Troy." It followeth in the statute -eight pound to make a gallon of wine, and eight gallons a bushel of -London measure, etc. Notwithstanding which statute, I find, in the 8th -of Edward I., Gregorie Rokesley, mayor of London, being chief master -or minister of the Kinge's Exchange, or mintes, a new coin being then -appointed, the pound of easterling money should contain as afore twelve -ounces; to wit, fine silver, such as was then made into foil, and -was commonly called silver of Guthurons lane,[73] eleven ounces, two -easterlings, and one ferling or farthing, and the other seventeen pence -ob. q.[74] to be alloy. Also, the pound of money ought to weigh twenty -shillings and three pence by account; so that no pound ought to be -over twenty shillings and three pence, nor less than twenty shillings -and two pence by account; the ounce to weigh twenty pence, the penny -weight twenty-four grains (which twenty-four by weight then appointed -were as much as the former thirty-two grains of wheat), a penny force -twenty-five grains and a half, the penny deble or feeble twenty-two -grains and a half, etc.[75] - -Now for the penny easterling, how it took that name I think good briefly -to touch. It hath been said, that Numa Pompilius, the second king of the -Romans, commanded money first to be made, of whose name they were called -_nummi_; and when copper pence, silver pence, and gold pence, were made, -because every silver penny was worth ten copper pence, and every gold -penny worth ten silver pence, the pence therefore were called in Latin, -denarii, and oftentimes the pence are named of the matter and stuff of -gold or silver. But the money of England was called of the workers and -makers thereof; as the florin of gold is called of the Florentines, that -were the workers thereof, and so the easterling pence took their name of -the Easterlings which did first make this money in England, in the reign -of Henry II. - -Thus have I set down according to my reading in antiquity of money -matters, omitting the imaginations of late writers, of whom some have -said easterling money to take that name of a star, stamped in the border -or ring of the penny; other some of a bird called a star or starling -stamped in the circumference; and other (more unlikely) of being coined -at Strivelin or Starling, a town in Scotland, etc. - -Now concerning halfpence and farthings, the account of which is more -subtle than the pence, I need not speak of them more than that they were -only made in the Exchange at London, and nowhere else: first appointed -to be made by Edward I. in the 8th of his reign; and also at the same -time the said king coined some few groats of silver, but they were not -usual. The king's Exchange as London was near unto the cathedral church -of St. Paul, and is to this day commonly called the Old Change, but in -evidences the Old Exchange. - -The king's exchanger in this place was to deliver out to every other -exchanger throughout England, or other the king's dominions, their -coining irons, that is to say, one standard or staple, and two trussels -or puncheons; and when the same was spent and worn, to receive them -with an account what sum had been coined, and also their pix or bore -of assay, and deliver other irons new graven, etc. I find that in the -9th of King John, there was besides the mint at London, other mints -at Winchester, Excester, Chichester, Canterburie, Rochester, Ipswich, -Norwich, Linne, Lincolne, York, Carleil, Northampton, Oxford, St. -Edmondsbury, and Durham. The exchanger, examiner, and trier, buyeth the -silver for coinage, answering for every hundred pounds of silver bought -in bullion or otherwise, ninety-eight pounds fifteen shillings, for he -taketh twenty-five shillings for coinage. - -King Edward I., in the 27th of his reign, held a parliament at -Stebenheth, in the house of Henry Waleis, mayor of London, wherein -amongst other things there handled, the transporting of sterling money -was forbidden. - -In the year 1351, William Edington, bishop of Winchester, and treasurer -of England, a wise man, but loving the king's commodity more than the -wealth of the whole realm, and common people (saith mine author[76]) -caused a new coin, called a groat, and a half-groat, to be coined and -stamped, the groat to be taken for four pence, and the half-groat for -two pence, not containing in weight according to the pence called -easterlings, but much less, to wit, by five shillings in the pound; by -reason whereof, victuals and merchandises became the dearer through the -whole realm. About the same time also, the old coin of gold was changed -into a new; but the old florin or noble, then so called, was worth much -above the taxed rate of the new, and therefore the merchants engrossed -up the old, and conveyed them out of the realm, to the great loss of the -kingdom. Wherefore a remedy was provided by changing of the stamp. - -In the year 1411, King Henry IV. caused a new coin of nobles to be made, -of less value than the old by four pence in the noble, so that fifty -nobles should be a pound troy weight. - -In the year 1421 was granted to Henry V. a fifteenth, to be paid at -Candlemas and at Martinmas, of such money as was then current, gold or -silver, not overmuch clipped or washed; to wit, that if the noble were -worth five shillings and eight pence, then the king should take it for -a full noble of six shillings and eight pence, and if it were less of -value than five shillings and eight pence, then the person paying that -gold to make it good to the value of five shillings and eight pence, -the king always receiving it for a whole noble of six shillings and -eight pence. And if the noble so paid be better than five shillings and -eight pence, the king to pay again the surplusage that it was better -than five shillings and eight pence. Also this year was such scarcity of -white money, that though a noble were so good of gold and weight as six -shillings and eight pence, men might get no white money for them. - -In the year 1465, King Edward IV. caused a new coin both of gold and -silver to be made, whereby he gained much; for he made of an old noble -a royal, which he commanded to go for ten shillings. Nevertheless, -to the same royal was put eight pence of alloy, and so weighed the -more, being smitten with a new stamp, to wit, a rose. He likewise made -half-angels of five shillings, and farthings of two shillings and six -pence, angelets of six shillings and eight pence, and half-angels of -three shillings and four pence. He made silver money of three pence, a -groat, and so of other coins after that rate, to the great harm of the -commons. W. Lord Hastings, the king's chamberlain, being master of the -king's mints, undertook to make the monies under form following, to -wit,--of gold, a piece of eight shillings and four pence sterling, which -should be called a noble of gold, of the which there should be fifty -such pieces in the pound weight of the Tower; another piece of gold of -four shillings and two pence sterling, and to be of them an hundred such -pieces in the pound; and a third piece of gold, of two shillings and one -penny sterling, two hundred such pieces in the pound; every pound weight -of the Tower to be worth twenty pounds, sixteen shillings, and eight -pence, the which should be twenty-three carats, three grains and a half -fine, etc., and for silver thirty-seven shillings and six pence; the -piece of four pence to be one hundred and twelve groats and two pence in -the pound weight. - -In the year 1504, King Henry VII. appointed a new coin, to wit, a groat, -and half-groat, which bare but half faces; the same time also was coined -a groat, which was in value twelve pence, but of those but a few, after -the rate of forty pence the ounce. - -In the year 1526, the 18th of Henry VIII., the angel noble being -then the sixth part of an ounce troy, so that six angels were just -an ounce, which was forty shillings sterling, and the angel was also -worth two ounces of silver, so that six angels were worth twelve ounces -of silver, which was forty shillings. A proclamation was made on the -sixth of September, that the angel should go for seven shillings and -four pence, the royal for eleven shillings, and the crown for four -shillings and four-pence. And on the fifth of November following, again -by proclamation, the angel was enhanced to seven shillings and sixpence, -and so every ounce of gold to be forty-five shillings, and the ounce of -silver at three shillings and nine pence in value. - -In the year 1544, the 35th of Henry VIII., on the 16th of May, -proclamation was made for the enhancing of gold to forty-eight -shillings, and silver to four shillings the ounce. Also the king caused -to be coined base moneys, to wit, pieces of twelve pence, six pence, -four pence, two pence, and a penny, in weight as the late sterling, in -show good silver, but inwardly copper. These pieces had whole, or broad -faces, and continued current after that rate till the 5th of Edward -VI., when they were on the 9th of July called down, the shilling to -nine pence, the groat to three pence, etc., and on the 17th of August -from nine pence to six pence, etc. And on the 30th of October was -published new coins of silver and gold to be made, a piece of silver -five shillings sterling, a piece of two shillings and five pence, of -twelve pence, of six pence, a penny with a double rose, half-penny a -single rose, and a farthing with a portclose. Coins of fine gold: a -whole sovereign of thirty shillings, an angel of ten shillings, an -angelet of five shillings. Of crown gold: a sovereign twenty shillings, -half-sovereign ten shillings, five shillings, two shillings and six -pence, and base moneys to pass as before, which continued till the 2nd -of Queen Elizabeth, then called to a lower rate, taken to the mint, -and refined, the silver whereof being coined with a new stamp of her -majesty, the dross was carried to foul highways, to heighten them. This -base money, for the time, caused the old sterling moneys to be hoarded -up, so that I have seen twenty-one shillings current given for one old -angel to gild withal. Also rents of lands and tenements, with prices of -victuals, were raised far beyond the former rates, hardly since to be -brought down. Thus much for base moneys coined and current in England -have I known. But for leather moneys, as many people have fondly talked, -I find no such matter. I read,[77] that King John of France, being taken -prisoner by Edward the Black Prince at the battle of Poictiers, paid -a ransom of three millions of florences, whereby he brought the realm -into such poverty, that many years after they used leather money, with a -little stud or nail of silver in the middle thereof. Thus much for mint -and coinage, by occasion of this Tower (under correction of others more -skilful) may suffice. And now to other accidents there. - -In the year 1360, the peace between England and France being confirmed, -King Edward came over into England, and straight to the Tower, to see -the French king then prisoner there, whose ransom he assessed at three -millions of florences, and so delivered him from prison, and brought him -with honour to the sea. - -In the year 1381, the rebels of Kent drew out of the Tower (where the -king was then lodged) Simon Sudberie, archbishop of Canterbury, lord -chancellor, Robert Hales, prior of St. John's, and treasurer of England, -William Appleton, friar, the king's confessor, and John Legg, a sergeant -of the king's, and beheaded them on the Tower hill, etc. - -In the year 1387, King Richard held his feast of Christmas in the Tower. -And in the year 1399, the same king was sent prisoner to the Tower. - -In the year 1414, Sir John Oldcastell brake out of the Tower. And the -same year, a parliament being holden at Leycester, a porter of the Tower -was drawn, hanged, and headed, whose head was sent up, and set over the -Tower gate, for consenting to one Whitlooke, that brake out of the Tower. - -In the year 1419, Friar Randulph was sent to the Tower, and was there -slain by the parson of St. Peter's in the Tower. - -In the year 1428, there came to London, a lewd fellow, feigning himself -to be sent from the Emperor to the young King Henry VI., calling himself -Baron of Blakamoore, and that he should be the principal physician -in this kingdom; but his subtlety being known, he was apprehended, -condemned, drawn, hanged, headed, and quartered, his head set on the -Tower of London, and his quarters on four gates of the city. - -In the year 1458, in Whitsun week, the Duke of Somerset, with Anthonie -Rivers, and other four, kept jousts before the queen in the Tower of -London, against three esquires of the queen's, and others. - -In the year 1465, King Henry VI. was brought prisoner to the Tower, -where he remained long. - -In the year 1470, the Tower was yielded to Sir Richard Lee, mayor of -London, and his brethren the aldermen, who forthwith entered the same, -delivered King Henry of his imprisonment, and lodged him in the king's -lodging there; but the next year he was again sent thither prisoner, and -there murdered. - -In the year 1478, George Duke of Clarence was drowned with malmsey in -the Tower; and within five years after King Edward V., with his brother, -were said to be murdered there. - -In the year 1485, John Earl of Oxford was made constable of the Tower, -and had custody of the lions granted him.[78] - -In the year 1501, in the month of May, was a royal tourney of lords and -knights in the Tower of London before the king. - -In the year 1502, Queen Elizabeth, wife to Henry VII., died of -childbirth in the Tower. - -In the year 1512, the chapel in the high White Tower was burnt. In the -year 1536 Queen Anne Bullein was beheaded in the Tower. 1541, Lady -Katherine Howard, wife to King Henry VIII., was also beheaded there. - -In the year 1546, the 27th of April, being Tuesday in Easter week, -William Foxley, potmaker for the Mint in the Tower of London, fell -asleep, and so continued sleeping, and could not be wakened with -pricking, cramping, or otherwise, burning whatsoever, until the first -day of the term, which was full fourteen days and fifteen nights, or -more, for that Easter term beginneth not before seventeen days after -Easter. The cause of his thus sleeping could not be known, though the -same was diligently searched after by the king's physicians, and other -learned men; yea, the king himself examining the said William Foxley, -who was in all points found at his awakening to be as if he had slept -but one night. And he lived more than forty years after in the said -Tower, to wit, until the year of Christ 1587, and then deceased on -Wednesday in Easter week. - -Thus much for these accidents: and now to conclude thereof in summary. -This Tower is a citadel to defend or command the city; a royal palace -for assemblies or treaties; a prison of state for the most dangerous -offenders; the only place of coinage for all England at this time; the -armoury for warlike provision; the treasury of the ornaments and jewels -of the crown; and general conserver of the most records of the king's -courts of justice at Westminster. - - -TOWER ON LONDON BRIDGE - -The next tower on the river of Thames is on London bridge, at the north -end of the drawbridge. This tower was newly begun to be built in the -year 1426. John Reynwell, mayor of London, laid one of the first corner -stones in the foundation of this work, the other three were laid by -the sheriffs and bridge masters; upon every of these four stones was -engraven in fair roman letters the name of "Ihesus." And these stones I -have seen laid in the bridge storehouse since they were taken up, when -that tower was of late newly made of timber. This gate and tower was at -the first strongly built up of stone, and so continued until the year -1577, in the month of April, when the same stone arched gate and tower -being decayed, was begun to be taken down, and then were the heads of -the traitors removed thence, and set on the tower over the gate at the -bridge-foot towards Southwark. This said tower being taken down, a new -foundation was drawn, and Sir John Langley, lord mayor, laid the first -stone in the presence of the sheriffs and bridge masters, on the 28th of -August; and in the month of September, in the year 1579, the same tower -was finished--a beautiful and chargeable piece of work, all above the -bridge being of timber. - - -TOWER ON THE SOUTH OF LONDON BRIDGE - -Another tower there is on London bridge, to wit, over the gate at the -south end of the same bridge towards Southwark. This gate, with the -tower thereupon, and two arches of the bridge, fell down, and no man -perished by the fall thereof, in the year 1436;[79] towards the new -building whereof divers charitable citizens gave large sums of money; -which gate, being then again newly built, was, with seventeen houses -more on the bridge, in the year 1471, burnt by the mariners and sailors -of Kent, Bastard Fauconbridge being their captain. - - -BAYNARD'S CASTLE - -In the west of this city (saith Fitzstephen) are two most strong -castles, etc. Also Gervasius Tilbury,[80] in the reign of Henry II., -writing of these castles, hath to this effect:--"Two castels," saith -he, "are built with walles and rampires, whereof one is, in right of -possession, Baynardes; the other the Barons of Mountfichet." The first -of these castles, banking on the river Thames, was called Baynard's -Castle, of Baynard a nobleman, that came in with the Conqueror, and -then built it, and deceased in the reign of William Rufus; after whose -decease Geffrey Baynard succeeded, and then William Baynard, in the -year 1111, who by forfeiture for felony, lost his barony of Little -Dunmow, and King Henry gave it wholly to Robert, the son of Richard, -the son of Gilbard of Clare, and to his heirs, together with the honour -of Baynard's Castle. This Robert married Maude de Sent Licio, lady -of Bradham, and deceased 1134; was buried at St. Needes by Gilbert of -Clare, his father. Walter his son succeeded him; he took to wife Matilde -de Bocham, and after her decease, Matilde, the daughter and co-heir -of Richard de Lucy, on whom he begat Robert and other: he deceased in -the year 1198, and was buried at Dunmow; after whom succeeded Robert -Fitzwater, a valiant knight. - -About the year 1213 there arose a great discord between King John -and his barons, because Matilda, surnamed the Fair, daughter to the -said Robert Fitzwater, whom the king unlawfully loved, but could not -obtain her, nor her father would consent thereunto, whereupon, and for -other like causes, ensued war through the whole realm. The barons were -received into London, where they greatly endamaged the king; but in the -end the king did not only therefore banish the said Fitzwater, amongst -other, out of the realm, but also caused his castle called Baynard, and -other his houses, to be spoiled; which thing being done, a messenger -being sent unto Matilda the Fair about the king's suit, whereunto she -would not consent, she was poisoned;[81] Robert Fitzwater, and other, -being then passed into France, and some into Scotland, etc.[82] - -It happened in the year 1214, King John being then in France with a -great army, that a truce was taken betwixt the two kings of England -and France for the term of five years; and a river, or arm of the sea, -being then between either host, there was a knight in the English host, -that cried to them of the other side, willing some one of their knights -to come and joust a course or twain with him; whereupon, without stay, -Robert Fitzwater, being on the French part, made himself ready, ferried -over, and got on horseback, without any man to help him, and showed -himself ready to the face of his challenger, whom at the first course -he struck so hard with his great spear, that horse and man fell to -the ground; and when his spear was broken he went back to the King of -France; which when the king had seen, "By God's tooth," quoth he (after -his usual oath), "he were a king indeed that had such a knight." The -friends of Robert, hearing these words, kneeled down, and said:--"O -king, he is your knight; it is Robert Fitzwater." And thereupon, the -next day he was sent for, and restored to the king's favour; by which -means peace was concluded, and he received his livings, and had license -to repair his castle of Baynard, and other castles. - -The year 1216, the 1st of Henry III., the castle of Hartford being -delivered to Lewis the French prince, and the barons of England, Robert -Fitzwater requiring to have the same, because the keeping thereof did -by ancient right and title pertain to him, was answered by Lewis, "that -Englishmen were not worthy to have such holds in keeping, because they -did betray their own lord," etc. This Robert deceased in the year 1234, -and was buried at Dunmow, and Walter his son that succeeded him. 1258, -his barony of Baynard, was in the ward of King Henry, in the nonage -of Robert Fitzwater. This Robert took to his second wife, AElianor, -daughter and heir to the Earl of Ferrars, in the year 1289; and in -the year 1303, on the 12th of March, before John Blondon, mayor of -London, he acknowledged his service to the same city, and sware upon -the Evangelists, that he would be true to the liberties thereof, and -maintain the same to his power, and the counsel of the same to keep, etc. - - -THE RIGHTS THAT BELONGED TO ROBERT FITZWALTER CHASTALIAN OF LONDON, LORD -OF WODEHAM, WERE THESE:-- - -The said Robert, and his heirs, ought to be, and are chief bannerers -of London, in fee of the chastilarie, which he and his ancestors had -by Castle Baynard, in the said city. In time of war the said Robert, -and his heirs, ought to serve the city in manner as followeth: that is, -The said Robert ought to come, he being the twentieth man of arms on -horseback, covered with cloth, or armour, unto the great west door of -St. Paul, with his banner displayed before him of his arms; and when he -is come to the said door, mounted and apparelled, as before is said, the -mayor with his aldermen and sheriffs armed in their arms, shall come out -of the said church of St. Paul, unto the said door, with a banner in his -hand, all on foot, which banner shall be gules, with the image of St. -Paul, gold, the face, hands, feet, and sword, of silver; and as soon as -the said Robert shall see the mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs, come on -foot out of the church, armed with such a banner, he shall alight from -his horse, and salute the mayor, and say to him,--"Sir mayor, I am come -to do my service, which I owe to the city." And the mayor and aldermen -shall answer,--"We give to you, as our bannerer of fee in this city, -this banner of this city to bear, and govern to the honour and profit -of the city to our power." And the said Robert and his heirs shall -receive the banner in his hands, and shall go on foot out of the gate -with the banner in his hands; and the mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs, -shall follow to the door, and shall bring a horse to the said Robert -worth twenty pounds, which horse shall be saddled with a saddle of the -arms of the said Robert, and shall be covered with sandals of the said -arms. Also they shall present to him twenty pounds sterling money, and -deliver it to the chamberlain of the said Robert for his expenses that -day. Then the said Robert shall mount upon the horse which the mayor -presented to him, with the banner in his hand, and as soon as he is up, -he shall say to the mayor, that he cause a marshal to be chosen for the -host, one of the city; which marshal being chosen, the said Robert shall -command the mayor and burgesses of the city to warn the commoners to -assemble together, and they shall all go under the banner of St. Paul, -and the said Robert shall bear it himself unto Aldgate, and there the -said Robert and mayor shall deliver the said banner of St. Paul from -thence, to whom they shall assent or think good. And if they must make -any issue forth of the city, then the said Robert ought to choose two -forth of every ward, the most sage personages, to foresee to the safe -keeping of the city after they be gone forth. And this counsel shall be -taken in the priory of the Trinity near unto Aldgate. And before every -town or castle which the host of London besiege, if the siege continue a -whole year, the said Robert shall have for every siege of the commonalty -of London an hundred shillings for his travail, and no more. These -be the rights that the said Robert hath in the time of war.--Rights -belonging to Robert Fitzwalter, and to his heirs in the city of London, -in the time of peace, are these: that is to say, the said Robert hath -a soken or ward in the city, that is, a wall of the canonry of St. -Paul, as a man goeth down the street before the brewhouse of St. Paul -unto the Thames, and so to the side of the mill, which is in the water -that cometh down from the Fleet bridge, and goeth so by London walls, -betwixt the Friers preachers and Ludgate, and so returneth back by the -house of the said Friars unto the said wall of the said canonry of St. -Paul, that is, all the parish of St. Andrew, which is in the gift of his -ancestors by the said seigniority. And so the said Robert hath appendant -unto the said soken all these things under-written,--that he ought to -have a soke man, and to place what sokeman he will, so he be of the -sokemanry, or the same ward; and if any of the sokemanry be impleaded in -the Guildhall, of any thing that toucheth not the body of the mayor that -for the time is, or that toucheth the body of no sheriff, it is not -lawful for the sokeman of the sokemanry of the said Robert Fitzwalter -to demand a court of the said Robert, and the mayor, and his citizens -of London, ought to grant him to have a court, and in his court he -ought to bring his judgments, as it is assented and agreed upon in this -Guildhall, that shall be given them. If any, therefore, be taken in his -sokenly, he ought to have his stocks and imprisonment in his soken; and -he shall be brought from thence to the Guildhall before the mayor, and -there they shall provide him his judgment that ought to be given of him; -but his judgment shall not be published till he come into the court of -the said Robert, and in his liberty. And the judgment shall be such, -that if he have deserved death by treason, he to be tied to a post in -the Thames at a good wharf where boats are fastened, two ebbings and -two flowings of the water. And if he be condemned for a common thief, -he ought to be led to the Elms, and there suffer his judgment as other -thieves. And so the said Robert and his heirs hath honour that he -holdeth a great franchise within the city, that the mayor of the city -and citizens are bound to do him of right, that is to say, that when the -mayor will hold a great council, he ought to call the said Robert, and -his heirs, to be with him in council of the city, and the said Robert -ought to be sworn to be of council with the city against all people, -saving the king and his heirs. And when the said Robert cometh to the -hustings in the Guildhall of the city, the mayor, or his lieutenant, -ought to rise against him, and set him down near unto him; and so long -as he is in the Guildhall, all the judgment ought to be given by his -mouth, according to the record of the recorders of the said Guildhall; -and so many waifes as come so long as he is there, he ought to give -them to the bailiffs of the town, or to whom he will, by the counsel of -the mayor of the city. These be the franchises that belonged to Robert -Fitzwalter in London, in time of peace; which for the antiquity thereof -I have noted out of an old record. - -This Robert deceased in the year 1305, leaving issue Walter Fitzrobert, -who had issue Robert Fitzwalter, unto whom, in the year 1320, the -citizens of London acknowledged the right which they ought to him and -his heirs for the Castle Baynard; he deceased 1325; unto whom succeeded -Robert Fitzrobert, Fitzwalter, etc. More of the Lord Fitzwalter may -ye read in my Annals in 51st of Edward III. But how this honour of -Baynard's castle, with the appurtenances, fell from the possession of -the Fitzwalters, I have not read; only I find, that in the year 1428, -the 7th of Henry VI., a great fire was at Baynard's castle, and that -same Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, built it of new. By his death and -attainder, in the year 1446, it came to the hands of Henry VI., and -from him to Richard, Duke of York, of whom we read, that in the year -1457 he lodged there, as in his own house. In the year 1460, the 28th -of February, the Earls of March and of Warwick, with a great power of -men, but few of name, entered the city of London, where they were of the -citizens joyously received; and upon the 3rd of March, being Sunday, -the said earl caused to be mustered his people in St. John's field; -whereunto that host was showed and proclaimed certain articles and -points wherein King Henry, as they said, had offended; and thereupon, -it was demanded of the said people, whether the said Henry was worthy -to reign as king any longer or not: whereunto the people cried Nay. -Then it was asked of them, whether they would have the Earl of March -for their king; and they cried, Yea, Yea. Whereupon, certain captains -were appointed to bear report thereof unto the said Earl of March, then -being lodged at his castle of Baynard. Whereof when the earl was by them -advertised, he thanked God, and them for their election; notwithstanding -he showed some countenance of insufficiency in him to occupy so great a -charge, till by exhortation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop -of Excester, and certain noblemen, he granted to their petition; and -on the next morrow at Paul's he went on procession, offered, and had -_Te Deum_ sung. Then was he with great royalty conveyed to Westminster, -and there, in the great hall, set in the king's seat, with St. Edward's -sceptre in his hand. - -Edward IV. being dead, leaving his eldest son Edward, and his second son -Richard, both infants, Richard, Duke of Glocester,[83] being elected by -the nobles and commons in the Guildhall of London, took on him the title -of the realm and kingdom, as imposed upon him in this Baynard's castle, -as ye may read penned by Sir Thomas More, and set down in my Annals. - -Henry VII., about the year 1501, the 16th of his reign, repaired, or -rather new built this house, not embattled, or so strongly fortified -castle like, but far more beautiful and commodious for the entertainment -of any prince or great estate. In the 17th of his reign, he, with his -queen were lodged there, and came from thence to Powles church, where -they made their offering, dined in the bishop's palace, and so returned. -The 18th of his reign he was lodged there, and the ambassadors from the -king of the Romans, where thither brought to his presence, and from -thence the king came to Powles, and was there sworn to the king of the -Romans, as the said king had sworn to him. - -The 20th of the said king, he with his knights of the order, all in -their habits of the Garter, rode from the Tower of London, through the -city, unto the cathedral church of St. Paul's, and there heard evensong, -and from thence they rode to Baynard's castle, where the king lodged; -and on the next morrow, in the same habit they rode from thence again -to the said church of St. Paul's, went on procession, heard the divine -service, offered, and returned. The same year the king of Castile was -lodged there. - -In the year 1553, the 19th of July, the council, partly moved with the -right of the Lady Mary's cause, partly considering that the most of -the realm were wholly bent on her side, changing their mind from Lady -Jane, lately proclaimed queen, assembled themselves at this Baynard's -castle, where they communed with the Earl of Pembroke, and the Earl of -Shrewsbury, and Sir John Mason, clerk of the council, sent for the lord -mayor, and then riding into Cheap to the cross, where Garter King at -Arms, trumpet being sounded, proclaimed the Lady Mary, daughter of King -Henry VIII., and Queen Katherine, queen of England, etc. - -This castle now belongeth to the Earl of Pembroke.[84] - -Next adjoining to this castle was sometime a tower, the name whereof I -have not read; but that the same was built by Edward II. is manifest by -this that followeth. King Edward III., in the second year of his reign, -gave unto William de Ros, of Hamolake, in Yorkshire, a tower upon the -water of Thames, by the castle of Baynard in the city of London, which -tower his father had built; he gave the said tower and appurtenances to -the said William Hamolake, and his heirs, for a rose yearly, to be paid -for all service due, etc. This tower, as seemeth to me, was since called -Legat's inn, the 7th of Edward IV. - - -TOWER OF MOUNTFIQUIT - -The next tower or castle, banking also on the river of Thames, was, as -is afore showed, called Mountfiquit's castle, of a nobleman, Baron of -Mountfiquit, the first builder thereof, who came in with William the -Conqueror, and was since named Le Sir Mountfiquit. This castle he built -in a place not far distant from Baynard's, towards the west. The same -William Mountfiquit lived in the reign of Henry I., and was witness to -a charter then granted to the city for the sheriffs of London. Richard -Mountfiquit lived in King John's time; and in the year 1213, was by the -same king banished the realm into France, when peradventure King John -caused his castle of Mountfiquit, amongst other castles of the barons, -to be overthrown; the which after his return, might be by him again -re-edified; for the total destruction thereof was about the year 1276, -when Robert Kilwarby, archbishop of Canterbury, began the foundation of -the Fryers Preachers church there, commonly called the Blacke Fryers, as -appeareth by a charter the 4th of Edward I., wherein is declared that -Gregorie de Rocksley, mayor of London, and the barons of the same city, -granted and gave unto the said Archbishop Robert, two lanes or ways next -the street of Baynard's castle, and the tower of Mountfiquit, to be -applied for the enlargement of the said church and place. - -One other tower there was also situate on the river of Thames near unto -the said Blacke Fryers church, on the west part thereof built at the -citizens' charges, but by license and commandment of Edward I. and of -Edward II., as appeareth by their grants; which tower was then finished, -and so stood for the space of three hundred years, and was at the last -taken down by the commandment of John Shaw, mayor of London, in the year -1502. - -Another tower, or castle, also was there in the west part of the city -pertaining to the king. For I read, that in the year 1087, the 20th -of William I., the city of London, with the church of St. Paul, being -burned, Mauritius, then bishop of London, afterward began the foundation -of a new church, whereunto King William, saith mine author, gave the -choice stones of this castle standing near to the bank of the river of -Thames, at the west end of the city. After this Mauritius, Richard his -successor purchased the streets about Paul's church,[85] compassing the -same with a wall of stone and gates. King Henry I. gave to this Richard -so much of the moat or wall of the castle, on the Thames side to the -south, as should be needful to make the said wall of the churchyard, and -so much more as should suffice to make a way without the wall on the -north side, etc. - -This tower or castle thus destroyed, stood, as it may seem, where now -standeth the house called Bridewell. For notwithstanding the destruction -of the said castle or tower, the house remained large, so that the kings -of this realm long after were lodged there, and kept their courts; for -until the 9th year of Henry III. the courts of law and justice were -kept in the king's house, wheresoever he was lodged, and not elsewhere. -And that the kings have been lodged, and kept their law courts in this -place, I could show you many authors of record, but for plain proof -this one may suffice. "_Haec est finalis concordia, facta in Curia -Domini regis apud Sanct. Bridgid. London. a die Sancti Michaelis in -15 dies, Anno regni regis Johannis 7. coram G. Fil. Petri. Eustachio -de Fauconberg, Johanne de Gestlinge, Osbart filio Hervey, Walter De -Crisping Justiciar. et aliis baronibus Domini regis._"[86] More, as -Matthew Paris hath, about the year 1210, King John, in the 12th of his -reign, summoned a parliament at St. Bride's in London, where he exacted -of the clergy and religious persons the sum of one hundred thousand -pounds; and besides all this, the white monks were compelled to cancel -their privileges, and to pay forty thousand pounds to the king, etc. -This house of St. Bride's of latter time being left, and not used by the -kings, fell to ruin, insomuch that the very platform thereof remained -for great part waste, and, as it were, but a laystall of filth and -rubbish; only a fair well remained there. A great part of this house, -namely, on the west, as hath been said, was given to the Bishop of -Salisbury; the other part towards the east remaining waste until King -Henry VIII. built a stately and beautiful house thereupon, giving it to -name Bridewell, of the parish and well there. This house he purposely -built for the entertainment of the Emperor Charles V., who in the year -1522 came into this city, as I have showed in my Summary, Annals, and -large Chronicles. - -On the north-west side of the city, near unto Redcross street, there -was a tower, commonly called Barbican, or Burhkenning; for that the -same being placed on a high ground, and also built of some good height, -was in old time as a watch-tower for the city, from whence a man might -behold and view the whole city towards the south, and also into Kent, -Sussex, and Surrey, and likewise every other way, east, north, or west. - -Some other Burhkennings, or watch-towers, there were of old time in and -about the city, all which were repaired, yea, and others new built, by -Gilbart de Clare, Earl of Glocester, in the reign of King Henry III., -when the barons were in arms, and held the city against the king; but -the barons being reconciled to his favour in the year 1267, he caused -all their burhkennings, watch-towers, and bulwarks, made and repaired -by the said earl, to be plucked down, and the ditches to be filled -up, so that nought of them might be seen to remain; and then was this -burhkenning, amongst the rest, overthrown and destroyed; and although -the ditch near thereunto, called Hound's ditch, was stopped up, yet the -street of long time after was called Hound's ditch; and of late time -more commonly called Barbican. The plot or seat of this burhkenning, or -watch-tower, King Edward III., in the year 1336, and the 10th of his -reign, gave unto Robert Ufford, Earl of Suffolk, by the name of his -manor of Base court, in the parish of St. Giles without Cripplegate, of -London, commonly called the Barbican. - -Tower Royal was of old time the king's house. King Stephen was there -lodged; but sithence called the Queen's Wardrobe. The princess, mother -to King Richard II. in the 4th of his reign was lodged there; being -forced to fly from the Tower of London when the rebels possessed it. But -on the 15th of June (saith Froissart), Wat Tyler being slain, the king -went to this lady princess his mother, then lodged in the Tower Royal, -called the Queen's Wardrobe, where she had tarried two days and two -nights; which tower (saith the record of Edward III., the 36th year[87]) -was in the parish of St. Michel de Paternoster, etc. In the year 1386, -King Richard, with Queen Anne his wife, kept their Christmas at Eltham, -whither came to him Lion, king of Ermony,[88] under pretence to reform -peace betwixt the kings of England and France; but what his coming -profited he only understood; for besides innumerable gifts that he -received of the king and his nobles, the king lying then in this Tower -Royal, at the Queen's Wardrobe in London, granted to him a charter of a -thousand pounds by year during his life. He was, as he affirmed, chased -out of his kingdom by the Tartarians. More concerning this tower shall -you read when you come to Vintry Ward, in which it standeth. - -Sernes tower in Bucklesberie, was sometime the king's house. Edward -III., in the 18th of his reign, appointed his exchange of moneys therein -to be kept; and in the 32d, he gave the same tower to his free chapel of -St. Stephen at Westminster. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[64] W. Malmesbury, Matthew Paris, John London. - -[65] Ex charta. - -[66] Roger Wendover, John Bever. - -[67] "St. Katherine's mill stood where now is the Iron Gate of the -Tower."--_Stow._ - -[68] Lynxes, porcupines. - -[69] Patent, the 15th of King John. - -[70] Matthew Paris. - -[71] W. Malmsbury. - -[72] Roger Hoveden. - -[73] Guthuron's lane, now Gutter lane, leading out of Cheapside, was a -small lane, formerly tenanted by goldsmiths; the person who gave his -name to the lane, was evidently of Saxon or Danish origin. - -[74] That is, seventeen pence halfpenny farthing to be alloy. - -[75] By the terms _force_ and _deble_, it is presumed the maximum and -minimum weights are intended. - -[76] Thomas Walsingham. - -[77] Philip Comines. - -[78] Patent, 1st of Henry VII. - -[79] W. Dunthorne. - -[80] Fitzstephen, Gerv. Tilbury. - -[81] "Virginitie defended with the losse of worldly goods, and life of -the bodie, for life of the soule."--_Stow._ - -[82] Liber Dunmow. - -[83] Stow in his first edition says, "there practised for the crown ...;" -and the admirable scene in _Richard the Third_ (act III., sc. 7), in -which Gloucester is by Buckingham, the mayor, and citizens of London, -"enforced to a world of cares," is laid by Shakspeare with great -historic truth in "the court of Baynard's castle." - -[84] It was destroyed in the Great Fire, before which time it had become -the residences of the Earls of Shrewsbury. - -[85] Vita Arkenwald. - -[86] Liber Burton, super Trent. - -[87] Liber Sanct. Mariae Eborum. - -[88] Armenia. Ermony, from the Old French "Ermenie." See Roquefort's -_Glossaire_, s. v. - -Chaucer, too, in his _Monke's Tale_, line 14,343, etc., says:-- - - "Ne dorste never be so corageous - Ne non _Ermin_, ne non Egiptien, - Ne Surrien, ne non Arabien." - - - - -OF SCHOOLS AND OTHER HOUSES OF LEARNING - - -"In the reign of King Stephen and of Henry II.," saith Fitzstephen, -"there were in London three principal churches, which had famous -schools, either by privilege and ancient dignity, or by favour of some -particular persons, as of doctors which were accounted notable and -renowned for knowledge in philosophy. And there were other inferior -schools also. Upon festival days the masters made solemn meetings in the -churches, where their scholars disputed logically and demonstratively; -some bringing enthimems, other perfect syllogisms; some disputed for -shew, other to trace out the truth; cunning sophisters were thought -brave scholars when they flowed with words; others used fallacies; -rhetoricians spake aptly to persuade, observing the precepts of art, -and omitting nothing that might serve their purpose: the boys of -diverse schools did cap or pot verses, and contended of the principles -of grammar; there were some which on the other side with epigrams and -rymes, nipping and quipping their fellowes, and the faults of others, -though suppressing their names, moved thereby much laughter among their -auditors." Hitherto Fitzstephen, for schools and scholars, and for their -exercises in the city in his days; sithence the which time, as to me it -seemeth, by the increase of colleges and students in the universities -of Oxford and Cambridge, the frequenting of schools, and exercises of -scholars in the city, as had been accustomed, hath much decreased. - -The three principal churches which had these famous schools by -privileges, must needs be the cathedral church of St. Paul for one; -seeing that by a general council, holden in the year of Christ 1176, -at Rome, in the patriarchy of Laterane, it was decreed, that every -cathedral church should have his schoolmaster to teach poor scholars, -and others as had been accustomed, and that no man should take any -reward for license to teach. The second, as most ancient, may seem -to have been the monastery of St. Peter's at Westminster, whereof -Ingulphus, Abbot of Crowland, in the reign of William the Conqueror, -writeth thus:--"I, Ingulphus, an humble servant of God, born of -English parents, in the most beautiful city of London, for to attain -to learning, was first put to Westminster, and after to study of -Oxford," etc. And writing in praise of Queen Edgitha, wife to Edward -the Confessor: "I have seen her," saith he, "often when being a boy, I -came to see my father dwelling in the king's court, and often coming -from school, when I met her, she would oppose me, touching my learning -and lesson; and falling from grammar to logic, wherein she had some -knowledge, she would subtilly conclude an argument with me, and by her -handmaiden give me three or four pieces of money, and send me unto the -palace where I should receive some victuals, and then be dismissed." - -The third school seemeth to have been in the monastery of St. Saviour, -at Bermondsey in Southwark; for other priories, as of St. John by -Smithfield, St. Bartholomew in Smithfield, St. Mary Overie in Southwark, -and that of the Holy Trinity by Aldgate, were all of later foundation, -and the friaries, colleges, and hospitals, in this city, were raised -since them in the reigns of Henry III., Edward I., II., and III., etc. -All which houses had their schools, though not so famous as these first -named. - -But touching schools more lately advanced in this city, I read, that -King Henry V., having suppressed the priories aliens, whereof some were -about London; namely, one hospital, called Our Lady of Rouncivall, -by Charing Cross; one other hospital in Oldborne; one other without -Cripplegate; and the fourth without Aldersgate; besides other that are -now worn out of memory, and whereof there is no monument remaining more -than Rouncivall, converted to a brotherhood, which continued till the -reign of Henry VIII. or Edward VI. This, I say, and other their schools -being broken up and ceased, King Henry VI., in the 24th of his reign, -by patent, appointed, that there should be in London grammar schools, -besides St. Paul's, at St. Martin's le Grand, St. Mary le Bow in Cheap, -St. Dunstan's in the west, and St. Anthony's. And in the next year, to -wit, 1447, the said king ordained by parliament that four other grammar -schools should be erected, to wit, in the parishes of St. Andrew in -Oldborne, Allhallowes the Great in Thames street, St. Peter's upon -Cornhill, and in the hospital of St. Thomas of Acons in West Cheap; -since the which time as divers schools, by suppressing of religious -houses, whereof they were members, in the reign of Henry VIII., have -been decayed, so again have some others been newly erected, and founded -for them; as namely Paul's school, in place of an old ruined house, was -built in most ample manner, and largely endowed, in the year 1512, by -John Collet, Doctor of Divinity, Dean of Paul's, for one hundred and -fifty-three poor men's children, for which there was ordained a master, -surmaster, or usher, and a chaplain. Again, in the year 1553, after -the erection of Christ's hospital, in the late dissolved house of the -Gray Friars, a great number of poor children being taken in, a school -was also ordained there at the citizen's charges. Also, in the year -1561, the Merchant Taylors of London founded one notable free grammar -school, in the parish of St. Laurence Poultney by Candleweeke street, -Richard Hils, late master of that company, having given five hundred -pounds towards the purchase of a house, called the Mannor of the Rose, -sometime the Duke of Buckingham's, wherein the school is kept. As for -the meeting of the schoolmasters on festival days, at festival churches, -and the disputing of their scholars logically, etc., whereof I have -before spoken, the same was long since discontinued; but the arguing of -the schoolboys about the principles of grammar hath been continued even -till our time; for I myself, in my youth, have yearly seen, on the eve -of St. Bartholomew the Apostle, the scholars of divers grammar schools -repair unto the churchyard of St. Bartholomew, the priory in Smithfield, -where upon a bank boarded about under a tree, some one scholar hath -stepped up, and there hath opposed and answered, till he were by some -better scholar overcome and put down; and then the overcomer taking -the place, did like as the first; and in the end the best opposers -and answerers had rewards, which I observed not but it made both good -schoolmasters, and also good scholars, diligently against such times to -prepare themselves for the obtaining of this garland. I remember there -repaired to these exercises, amongst others, the masters and scholars of -the free schools of St. Paul's in London, of St. Peter's at Westminster, -of St. Thomas Acon's hospital, and of St. Anthonie's hospital; whereof -the last-named commonly presented the best scholars, and had the prize -in those days. - -This priory of St. Bartholomew being surrendered to Henry VIII., those -disputations of scholars in that place surceased; and was again, only -for a year or twain, in the reign of Edward VI., revived in the cloister -of Christ's hospital, where the best scholars, then still of St. -Anthonie's school,[89] were rewarded with bows and arrows of silver, -given to them by Sir Martin Bowes, goldsmith. Nevertheless, however the -encouragement failed, the scholars of Paul's, meeting with them of St. -Anthonie's, would call them Anthonie pigs, and they again would call the -other pigeons of Paul's, because many pigeons were bred in St. Paul's -church, and St. Anthonie was always figured with a pig following him; -and mindful of the former usage, did for a long season disorderly in -the open street provoke one another with, _Salve tu quoque, placet tibi -mecum disputare? Placet._ And so proceeding from this to questions in -grammar, they usually fell from words to blows with their satchels full -of books, many times in great heaps, that they troubled the streets and -passengers; so that finally they were restrained with the decay of St. -Anthonie's school. Out of this school have sprung divers famous persons, -whereof although time hath buried the names of many, yet in mine own -remembrance may be numbered these following:--Sir Thomas More, knight, -lord chancellor of England, Dr. Nicholas Heath, sometime Bishop of -Rochester, after of Worcester, and lastly Archbishop of York and Lord -Chancellor of England; Doctor John Whitgift, Bishop of Worcester, and -after Archbishop of Canterbury, etc. - -Of later time, in the year of Christ 1582, there was founded a public -lecture in chirurgerie, to be read in the College of Physicians in -Knight riders street, to begin in the year 1584, on the sixth of May, -and so to be continued for ever, twice every week, on Wednesday and -Friday, by the honourable Baron, John Lord Lombley, and the learned -Richard Caldwell, doctor in physic, the reader whereof to be Richard -Forster, doctor of physic, during his life. - -Furthermore, about the same time there was also begun a mathematical -lecture, to be read in a fair old chapel, built by Simon Eayre, within -the Leaden hall; whereof a learned citizen born, named Thomas Hood, was -the first reader. But this chapel, and other parts of that hall, being -employed for stowage of goods taken out of a great Spanish caracke, the -said lecture ceased any more to be read, and was then in the year 1588 -read in the house of master Thomas Smith in Grasse street, etc. - -Last of all, Sir Thomas Gresham, knight, agent to the queen's highness, -by his last will and testament made in the year 1579, gave the Royal -Exchange, and all the buildings thereunto appertaining; that is to -say, the one moiety to the mayor and commonalty of London and their -successors, upon trust that they perform as shall be declared; and the -other moiety to the mercers in like confidence. The mayor and commonalty -are to find four to read lectures of divinity, astronomy, music, and -geometry, within his dwelling-house in Bishopsgate street, and to bestow -the sum of two hundred pounds; to wit, fifty pounds the piece, etc. -The mercers likewise are to find three readers, that is, in civil law, -physic, and rhetoric, within the same dwelling-house, the sum of one -hundred and fifty pounds; to every reader, fifty pounds, etc.: which -gift hath been since that time confirmed by parliament, to take effect -and begin after the decease of the Lady Anne Gresham, which happened -in the year 1596, and so to continue for ever. Whereupon the lecturers -were accordingly chosen and appointed to have begun their readings -in the month of June, 1597; whose names were, Anthony Wootton, for -divinity; Doctor Mathew Guin, for physic; Doctor Henry Mountlow, for -the civil law; Doctor John Bull, for music; Beerewood, for astronomy; -Henry Brigges, for geometry; and Caleb Willis, for rhetoric. These -lectures are read daily, Sundays excepted, in the term times, by every -one upon his day, in the morning betwixt nine and ten, in Latin; in -the afternoon, betwixt two and three, in English; save that Dr. Bull -is dispensed with to read the music lecture in English only upon two -several days, Thursday and Saturday, in the afternoons, betwixt three -and four of the clock. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[89] "Howsoever the same be now fallen, both in number and -estimation."--_1st edition_, p. 56. - - - - -HOUSES OF STUDENTS IN THE COMMON LAW - - -But besides all this, there is in and about this city a whole -university, as it were, of students, practicers or pleaders, and judges -of the laws of this realm, not living of common stipends, as in other -universities it is for the most part done, but of their own private -maintenance, as being altogether fed either by their places or practice, -or otherwise by their proper revenue, or exhibition of parents and -friends; for that the younger sort are either gentlemen or the sons of -gentlemen, or of other most wealthy persons. Of these houses there be at -this day fourteen in all; whereof nine do stand within the liberties of -this city, and five in the suburbs thereof; to wit: - - -_Within the liberties_ - -Serjeants' inn in Fleet Street, Serjeants' inn in Chancery lane; for -judges and sergeants only. - -The Inner temple, the Middle temple, in Fleet street; houses of court. - -Clifford's inn in Fleet street, Thavies inn in Oldborne, Furnival's inn -in Oldborne, Barnard's inn in Oldborne, Staple inn in Oldborne; houses -of Chancery. - - -_Without the liberties_ - -Gray's inn in Oldborne, Lincoln's inn in Chancery lane by the old -Temple;[90] houses of court. - -Clement's inn, New inn, Lion's inn; houses of Chancery, without Temple -bar, in the liberty of Westminster. - -There was sometime an inn of sergeants in Oldborne, as you may read of -Scrop's inn over against St. Andrew's church. - -There was also one other inn of Chancery, called Chester's inn, for the -nearness of the Bishop of Chester's house, but more commonly termed -Strand inn, for that it stood in Strand street, and near unto Strand -bridge without Temple bar, in the liberty of the duchy of Lancaster. -This inn of Chancery, with other houses near adjoining, were pulled -down in the reign of Edward VI. by Edward Duke of Sommerset, who in -place thereof raised that large and beautiful house, but yet unfinished, -called Sommerset house. - -There was moreover, in the reign of King Henry I., a tenth house of -Chancery, mentioned by Justice Fortescue in his book of the laws of -England, but where it stood, or when it was abandoned, I cannot find, -and therefore I will leave it, and return to the rest. - -The houses of court be replenished partly with young students, and -partly with graduates and practisers of the law; but the inns of -Chancery, being, as it were, provinces, severally subjected to the inns -of court, be chiefly furnished with officers, attorneys, solicitors, and -clerks, that follow the courts of the King's Bench or Common Pleas; and -yet there want not some other being young students, that come thither -sometimes from one of the Universities, and sometimes immediately from -grammar schools; and these having spent some time in studying upon -the first elements and grounds of the law, and having performed the -exercise of their own houses (called Boltas Mootes,[91] and putting of -cases), they proceed to be admitted, and become students in some of -these four houses or inns of court, where continuing by the space of -seven years or thereabouts, they frequent readings, meetings, boltings, -and other learned exercises, whereby growing ripe in the knowledge of -the laws, and approved withal to be of honest conversation, they are -either, by the general consent of the benchers or readers, being of -the most ancient, grave, and judicial men of every inn of the court, -or by the special privilege of the present reader there, selected and -called to the degree of utter barristers, and so enabled to be common -counsellors, and to practice the law, both in their chambers and at the -bars. - -Of these, after that they be called to a further step of preferment, -called the Bench, there are twain every year chosen among the benchers -of every inn of court to be readers there, who do make their readings at -two times in the year also; that is, one in Lent, and the other at the -beginning of August. - -And for the help of young students in every of the inns of Chancery, -they do likewise choose out of every one inn of court a reader, being -no bencher, but an utter barrister there, of ten or twelve years' -continuance, and of good profit in study. Now, from these of the said -degree of counsellors, or utter barristers, having continued therein the -space of fourteen or fifteen years at the least, the chiefest and best -learned are by the benchers elected to increase the number, as I said, -of the bench amongst them; and so in their time do become first single, -and then double, readers to the students of those houses of court; -after which last reading they be named apprentices at the law, and, in -default of a sufficient number of sergeants at law, these are, at the -pleasure of the prince, to be advanced to the places of sergeants; out -of which number of sergeants also the void places of judges are likewise -ordinarily filled; albeit, now and then some be advanced, by the special -favour of the prince, to the estate, dignity, and place, both of -sergeant and judge, as it were in one instant. But from thenceforth they -hold not any room in those inns of court, being translated to one of the -said two inns, called Sergeante's inns, where none but the sergeants and -judges do converse. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[90] "In Oldborne."--_1st edition._ - -[91] Cowell, in his _Law Dictionary_, says, "Bolting is a term of art -used in Gray's Inn, and applied to the bolting or arguing of _moot_ -cases." He endeavours to show that the bolting of cases is analogous -to the _boulting_ or sifting of meal through a bag. All readers of -Shakspeare must be familiar with the use of the word in the latter sense. - - - - -OF ORDERS AND CUSTOMS - - -Of orders and customs in this city of old time, Fitzstephen saith as -followeth: "Men of all trades, sellers of all sorts of wares, labourers -in every work, every morning are in their distinct and several places: -furthermore, in London, upon the river side, between the wine in ships -and the wine to be sold in taverns, is a common cookery, or cooks' row; -there daily, for the season of the year, men might have meat, roast, -sod, or fried; fish, flesh, fowls, fit for rich and poor. If any come -suddenly to any citizen from afar, weary, and not willing to tarry till -the meat be bought and dressed, while the servant bringeth water for his -master's hands, and fetcheth bread, he shall have immediately from the -river's side all viands whatsoever he desireth: what multitude soever, -either of soldiers or strangers, do come to the city, whatsoever hour, -day or night, according to their pleasures may refresh themselves; and -they which delight in delicateness may be satisfied with as delicate -dishes there as may be found elsewhere. And this Cooke's row is very -necessary to the city; and, according to Plato in Gorgius, next to -physic, is the office of cooks, as part of a city. - -"Without one of the gates is a plain field, both in name and deed, -where every Friday, unless it be a solemn bidden holy day, is a notable -show of horses to be sold; earls, barons, knights, and citizens repair -thither to see or to buy; there may you of pleasure see amblers pacing -it delicately; there may you see trotters fit for men of arms, sitting -more hardly; there may you have notable young horses, not yet broken; -there may you have strong steeds, well limbed geldings, whom the buyers -do specially regard for pace and swiftness; the boys which ride these -horses, sometimes two, sometimes three, do run races for wagers, with -a desire of praise, or hope of victory. In another part of that field -are to be sold all implements of husbandry, as also fat swine, milch -kine, sheep, and oxen; there stand also mares and horses fit for ploughs -and teams, with their young colts by them. At this city, merchant -strangers of all nations had their keys and wharfs; the Arabians sent -gold; the Sabians spice and frankincense; the Scythian armour, Babylon -oil, Indian purple garments, Egypt precious stones, Norway and Russia -ambergreece and sables, and the Frenchmen wine. According to the truth -of Chronicles, this city is ancienter than Rome, built of the ancient -Troyans and of Brute, before that was built by Romulus and Rhemus; and -therefore useth the ancient customs of Rome. This city, even as Rome, -is divided into wards; it hath yearly sheriffs instead of consuls; it -hath the dignity of senators in aldermen. It hath under officers, common -sewers, and conduits in streets; according to the quality of causes, -it hath general courts and assembles upon appointed days. I do not -think that there is any city wherein are better customs, in frequenting -the churches, in serving God, in keeping holy days, in giving alms, -in entertaining strangers, in solemnising marriages, in furnishing -banquets, celebrating funerals, and burying dead bodies. - -"The only plagues of London are immoderate quaffing among the foolish -sort, and often casualties by fire. Most part of the bishops, abbots, -and great lords of the land have houses there, whereunto they resort, -and bestow much when they are called to parliament by the king, or to -council by their metropolitan, or otherwise by their private business." - -Thus far Fitzstephen, of the estate of things in his time, whereunto may -be added the present, by conference whereof the alteration will easily -appear. - -Men of trades and sellers of wares in this city have oftentimes since -changed their places, as they have found their best advantage. For -whereas mercers and haberdashers used to keep their shops in West -Cheape,[92] of later time they held them on London Bridge, where partly -they yet remain. The goldsmiths of Gutheron's lane and Old Exchange -are now for the most part removed into the south side of West Cheape, -the peperers and grocers of Soper's lane are now in Bucklesberrie, and -other places dispersed. The drapers of Lombard street and of Cornehill -are seated in Candlewick street and Watheling street; the skinners from -St. Marie Pellipers, or at the Axe, into Budge row and Walbrooke; the -stock fishmongers in Thames street; wet fishmongers in Knightriders -street and Bridge street; the ironmongers, of Ironmongers' lane and Old -Jurie, into Thames street; the vintners from the Vinetree into divers -places. But the brewers for the more part remain near to the friendly -water of Thames; the butchers in Eastcheape, St. Nicholas shambles, -and the Stockes market; the hosiers of old time in Hosier lane, near -unto Smithfield, are since removed into Cordwayner street, the upper -part thereof by Bow church, and last of all into Birchoveris lane by -Cornehill; the shoe-makers and curriers of Cordwayner street removed -the one to St. Martin's le Grand, the other to London wall near unto -Mooregate; the founders remain by themselves in Lothberie; cooks,[93] -or pastelars, for the more part in Thames street, the other dispersed -into divers parts; poulters of late removed out of the Poultrie, betwixt -the Stockes and the great Conduit in Cheape, into Grasse street and St. -Nicholas shambles; bowyers, from Bowyers' row by Ludgate into divers -places, and almost worn out with the fletchers; pater noster makers of -old time, or bead-makers, and text-writers, are gone out of Pater noster -row, and are called stationers of Paule's churchyard;[94] patten-makers, -of St. Margaret, Pattens' lane, clean worn out; labourers every work-day -are to be found in Cheape, about Soper's land end; horse-coursers and -sellers of oxen, sheep, swine, and such like, remain in their old market -of Smithfield, etc. - -That merchants of all nations had their keys and wharfs at this city, -whereunto they brought their merchandises before and in the reign of -Henry II., mine author wrote of his own knowledge to be true, though for -the antiquity of the city he took the common opinion. Also that this -city was in his time and afore divided into wards, had yearly sheriffs, -aldermen, general courts, and assemblies, and such like notes by him set -down, in commendation of the citizens; whereof there is no question, -he wrote likewise of his own experience, as being born and brought up -amongst them. - -And to confirm his opinion, concerning merchandises then hither -transported, whereof happily may be some argument, Thomas Clifford[95] -(before Fitzstephen's time), writing of Edward the Confessor, saith -to this effect: "King Edward, intending to make his sepulchre at -Westminster; for that it was near to the famous city of London, and -the river of Thames, that brought in all kind of merchandises from all -parts of the world, etc." And William of Malmesbury, that lived in -the reign of William I. and II., Henry I., and King Stephen, calleth -this a noble city, full of wealthy citizens, frequented with the trade -of merchandises from all parts of the world. Also I read, in divers -records, that of old time no woad was stowed or harboured in this city, -but all was presently sold in the ships, except by license purchased -of the sheriffs, till of more later time; to wit, in the year 1236, -Andrew Bokerell, being mayor, by assent of the principal citizens, the -merchants of Amiens, Nele, and Corby, purchased letters insealed with -the common seal of the city, that they when they come might harbour -their woads, and therefore should give the mayor every year fifty -marks sterling; and the same year they gave one hundred pounds towards -the conveying of water from Tyborn to this city. Also the merchants -of Normandie made fine for license to harbour their woads till it was -otherwise provided, in the year 1263, Thomas Fitz Thomas being mayor, -etc., which proveth that then as afore, they were here amongst other -nations privileged. - -It followeth in Fitzstephen, that the plagues of London in that time -were immoderate quaffing among fools, and often casualties by fire. For -the first--to wit, of quaffing--it continueth as afore, or rather is -mightily increased, though greatly qualified among the poorer sort, not -of any holy abstinence, but of mere necessity, ale and beer being small, -and wines in price above their reach. As for prevention of casualties -by fire, the houses in this city being then built all of timber, and -covered with thatch of straw or reed, it was long since thought good -policy in our forefathers wisely to provide, namely, in the year of -Christ 1189, the first of Richard I., Henry Fitzalwine[96] being then -mayor, that all men in this city should build their houses of stone up -to a certain height, and to cover them with slate or baked tile; since -which time, thanks be given to God, there hath not happened the like -often consuming fires in this city as afore. - -But now in our time, instead of these enormities, others are come -in place no less meet to be reformed; namely, purprestures, or -encroachments on the highways, lanes, and common grounds, in and -about this city; whereof a learned gentleman and grave citizen[97] -hath not many years since written and exhibited a book to the mayor -and commonalty; which book, whether the same have been by them read -and diligently considered upon, I know not, but sure I am nothing is -reformed since concerning this matter. - -Then the number of cars, drays, carts, and coaches, more than hath -been accustomed, the streets and lanes being straitened, must needs be -dangerous, as daily experience proveth. - -The coachman rides behind the horse tails, lasheth them, and looketh not -behind him; the drayman sitteth and sleepeth on his dray, and letteth -his horse lead him home. I know that, by the good laws and customs of -this city,[98] shodde carts[99] are forbidden to enter the same, except -upon reasonable cause, as service of the prince, or such like, they be -tolerated. Also that the fore horse of every carriage should be lead by -hand; but these good orders are not observed. Of old time coaches were -not known in this island, but chariots or whirlicotes, then so called, -and they only used of princes or great estates, such as had their -footmen about them; and for example to note, I read that Richard II., -being threatened by the rebels of Kent, rode from the Tower of London to -the Myles end, and with him his mother, because she was sick and weak, -in a whirlicote, the Earls of Buckingham, Kent, Warwicke, and Oxford, -Sir Thomas Percie, Sir Robert Knowles, the Mayor of London, Sir Aubery -de Vere, that bare the king's sword, with other knights and esquires -attending on horseback. But in the next year, the said King Richard took -to wife Anne, daughter to the King of Bohemia, that first brought hither -the riding upon side-saddles; and so was the riding in wherlicoates and -chariots forsaken, except at coronations and such like spectacles; but -now of late years the use of coaches, brought out of Germany, is taken -up, and made so common, as there is neither distinction of time nor -difference of persons observed; for the world runs on wheels with many -whose parents were glad to go on foot. - -Last of all, mine author in this chapter hath these words:[100] "Most -part of the bishops, abbots, and great lords of the land, as if they -were citizens and freemen of London, had many fair houses to resort -unto, and many rich and wealthy gentlemen spent their money there." And -in another place he hath these words: "Every Sunday in Lent a fresh -company of young men comes into the fields on horseback, and the best -horsemen conducteth the rest; then march forth the citizens' sons, -and other young men, with disarmed lances and shields, and practise -feats of war; many courtiers likewise and attendants of noblemen repair -to this exercise, and whilst the hope of victory doth inflame their -minds, they do show good proof how serviceable they would be in martial -affairs, etc." Again he saith: "This city, in the troublesome time -of King Stephen, showed at a muster twenty thousand armed horsemen -and forty thousand footmen, serviceable for the wars, etc." All which -sayings of the said author, well considered, do plainly prove that in -those days the inhabitants and repairers to this city, of what estate -soever, spiritual or temporal, having houses here, lived together in -good amity with the citizens, every man observing the customs and orders -of the city, and those to be contributary to charges here, rather than -in any part of the land wheresoever. This city, being the heart of the -realm, the king's chamber and prince's seat, whereunto they made repair, -and showed their forces, both of horses and of men, which caused in -troublesome time, as of King Stephen, the musters of this city to be so -great in number. - -And here, to touch somewhat of greater families and households kept in -former times by noblemen, and great estates of this realm, according -to their honours or dignities,[101] I have seen an account made by H. -Leicester, cofferer to Thomas Earl of Lancaster, for one whole year's -expenses in the Earl's house, from the day next after Michaelmas, in -the seventh year of Edward II., until Michaelmass in the eight year -of the same king, amounting to the sum of L7957 13_s._ 4-1/2_d._ as -followeth:[102] - -To wit, in the pantry, buttery, and kitchen, L3405, etc.: for one -hundred and eighty-four tons, one pipe of red or claret wine, and one -ton of white wine bought for the house, L104 17_s._ 6_d._ - -For grocery ware, L180 17_s._ - -For six barrels of sturgeon, L19. - -For six thousand eight hundred stock-fishes, so called for dried fishes -of all sorts, as lings, habardines, and other, L41 6_s._ 7_d._ - -For one thousand seven hundred and fourteen pounds of waxe, with -vermelion and turpentine to make red waxe, L314 7_s._ 4-1/4_d._ - -For two thousand three hundred and nineteen pounds of tallow candles for -the household, and one thousand eight hundred and seventy of lights for -Paris candles, called perchers, L31 14_s._ 3_d._ - -Expenses on the earl's great horses, and the keeper's wages, L486 4_s._ -3-1/4_d._ - -Linen cloth for the earl and his chaplains, and for the pantry, L43 -17_s._ - -For one hundred and twenty-nine dozen of parchment, with ink, L4 8_s._ -3-1/4_d._ - -Sum, L5230 17_s._ 7-1/4_d._ - -Item, for two cloths of scarlet for the earl against Christmass, one -cloth of russet for the Bishop of Angew, seventy cloths of blue for the -knights (as they were then termed), fifteen cloths of medley for the -lords' clerks, twenty-eight cloths for the esquires, fifteen cloths for -officers, nineteen cloths for grooms, five cloths for archers, four -cloths for minstrels and carpenters, with the sharing and carriage for -the earl's liveries at Christmasse, L460 15_s._ - -Item, for seven furs of variable miniver (or powdered ermine), seven -hoods of purple, three hundred and ninety-five furs of budge for the -liveries of barons, knights, and clerks, one hundred and twenty-three -furs of lamb for esquires, bought at Christmas, L147 17_s._ 8_d._ - -Item, sixty-five cloths, saffron colour, for the barons and knights in -summer, twelve red cloths, mixed, for clerks, twenty-six cloths, ray, -for esquires, one cloth, ray, for officers' coats in summer, and four -cloths, ray, for carpets in the hall, for L345 13_s._ 8_d._ - -Item, one hundred pieces of green silk for the knights, fourteen budge -furs for surcoats, thirteen hoods of budge for clerks, and seventy-five -furs of lambs for the lord's liveries in summer, with canvas and cords -to truss them, L72 19_s._ - -Item, saddles for the lord's liveries in summer, L51 6_s._ 8_d._ - -Item, one saddle for the earl of the prince's arms, 40_s._ - -Sum, L1079 18_s._ 3_d._ - -Item, for things bought, whereof cannot be read in my note, L241 14_s._ -1-1/4_d._ - -For horses lost in service of the earl, L8 6_s._ 8_d._ - -Fees paid to earls, barons, knights, and esquires, L623 15_s._ 5_d._ - -In gifts to knights of France, the Queen of England's nurses, to the -Countess of Warren, esquires, minstrels, messengers, and riders, L92 -14_s._ - -Item, one hundred and sixty-eight yards of russet cloth,[103] and -twenty-four coats for poor men, with money given to the poor on Maundy -Thursday, L8 16_s._ 7_d._ - -Item, twenty-four silver dishes, so many saucers and so many cups for -the buttery, one pair of pater nosters, and one silver coffin, bought -this year, L103 5_s._ 6_d._ - -To divers messengers about the earl's business, L34 19_s._ 8_d._ - -In the earl's chamber, L5. - -To divers men for the earl's old debts, L88 16_s._ 0-3/4_d._ - -Sum, L1207 7_s._ 11-3/4_d._ - -The expences of the countess at Pickering for the time of this account, -as in the pantry, buttery, kitchen, and other places, concerning these -offices, L285 13_s._ 0-1/2_d._ - -In wine, wax, spices, cloths, furs, and other things for the countess' -wardrobe, L154 7_s._ 4-1/2_d._ - -Sum, L439 8_s._ 6-1/4_d._ - -Sum total of the whole expenses, L7957 13_s._ 4-1/2_d._ - -Thus much for this Earl of Lancaster. - -More I read, that in the 14th of the same Edward II., Hugh Spencer the -elder (condemned by the commonalty) was banished the realm; at which -time it was found by inquisition that the said Spencer had in sundry -shires, fifty-nine manors: he had twenty-eight thousand sheep, one -thousand oxen and steers, one thousand two hundred kine, with their -calves, forty mares with their colts, one hundred and sixty drawing -horses, two thousand hogs, three hundred bullocks, forty tuns of wine, -six hundred bacons, eighty carcases of Martilmasse beef, six hundred -muttons in larder, ten tuns of cider; his armour, plate, jewels, and -ready money, better than L10,000, thirty-six sacks of wool, and a -library of books. Thus much the record, which provision for household -showeth a great family there to be kept. - -Nearer to our time, I read,[104] in the 36th of Henry VI., that the -greater estates of the realm being called up to London, - -The Earl of Salisbury came with five hundred men on horseback, and was -lodged in the Herber. - -Richard, Duke of York, with four hundred men, lodged at Baynard's -castle. - -The Dukes of Excester and Sommerset, with eight hundred men. - -The Earl of Northumberland, the Lord Egremont, and the Lord Clifford, -with fifteen hundred men. - -Richard Nevill, Earl of Warwick, with six hundred men, all in red -jackets, embroidered with ragged staves before and behind, and was -lodged in Warwicke lane; in whose house there was oftentimes six oxen -eaten at a breakfast, and every tavern was full of his meat; for he that -had any acquaintance in that house, might have there so much of sodden -and roast meat as he could prick and carry upon a long dagger. - -Richard Redman, Bishop of Ely, 1500, the 17th of Henry VII.,[105] -besides his great family, housekeeping, alms dish, and relief to the -poor, wheresoever he was lodged. In his travelling, when at his coming -or going to or from any town, the bells being rung, all the poor would -come together, to whom he gave every one six pence at the least. - -And now to note of our own time somewhat. Omitting in this place Thomas -Wolsey, Archbishop of Yorke, and cardinal, I refer the reader to my -_Annals_, where I have set down the order of his house and household, -passing all other subjects of his time. His servants, daily attending -in his house, were near about four hundred, omitting his servants' -servants, which were many. - -Nicholas West, Bishop of Ely, in the year 1532, kept continually in his -house an hundred servants, giving to the one half of them 53_s._ 4_d._ -the piece yearly; to the other half each 40_s._ the piece; to every one -for his winter gown four yards of broad cloth, and for his summer coat -three yards and a half: he daily gave at his gates, besides bread and -drink, warm meat to two hundred poor people. - -The housekeeping of Edward, late Earl of Derby, is not to be forgotten, -who had two hundred and twenty men in check roll: his feeding aged -persons twice every day, sixty and odd, besides all comers, thrice a -week, appointed for his dealing days, and every Good Friday two thousand -seven hundred, with meat, drink, and money. - -Thomas Audley, lord chancellor, his family of gentlemen before him, in -coats garded with velvet, and chains of gold; his yeomen after him in -the same livery, not garded. - -William Powlet, lord great master, Marquis of Winchester, kept the like -number of gentlemen and yeomen in a livery[106] of Reading tawny, and -great relief at his gate. - -Thomas Lord Cromwell, Earl of Essex, kept the like or greater number in -a livery of grey marble; the gentlemen garded with velvet, the yeomen -with the same cloth, yet their skirts large enough for their friends to -sit upon them. - -Edward, Duke of Sommerset, was not inferior in keeping a number of tall -and comely gentlemen and yeomen, though his house was then in building, -and most of his men were lodged abroad. - -The late Earl of Oxford, father to him that now liveth, hath been noted -within these forty years to have ridden into this city, and so to his -house by London stone, with eighty gentlemen in a livery of Reading -tawny, and chains of gold about their necks, before him, and one hundred -tall yeomen, in the like livery, to follow him without chains, but -all having his cognisance of the blue boar embroidered on their left -shoulder. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[92] Thus Lydgate, in his ballad of _London Lackpenny_: - - "Then to the Chepe I began me drawne, - Where much people I saw for to stande: - One offered me velvet, sylke and lawne, - An other he taketh me by the hande, - 'Here is Pary's thred the fynest in the lande,'" etc. - -[93] The cooks in Lydgate's time, as we learn from the same ballad, -resided chiefly in Eastcheap: - - "Then I hyed me into East Chepe; - One cryes ribbs of befe, and many a pye: - Pewter pottes they clattered on a heape; - There was harpe, pype and mynstrelsye," etc. - -[94] "Pater noster beade-makers and text-writers are gone out of -Paternoster rowe into stationers of Paule's churchyard."--_1st edition_, -p. 63. - -[95] Thomas Clifford. - -[96] Liber Constitutionis. Liber Horne. Liber Clerkenwell. - -[97] W. Patten. - -[98] Liber S. Mariae Eborum. - -[99] Carts shod or bound with iron. _Carrectae ferro ligatae_ are -mentioned in the Liber Garderobae, Edw. I. - -[100] W. Fitzstephen. - -[101] There are few documents calculated to throw greater light upon the -social and domestic life of our ancestors than their Household Books. -Stow has here set an example, which has of late years been followed to -a great extent. The Liber Garderobae, Edw. I., published by the Society -of Antiquaries in 1787--_The Northumberland Household Book_--_The -Privy Purse Expences of Henry VIII._--_The Privy Purse Expences of the -Princess Mary_, etc.; and lastly, the handsome volume, printed for the -Roxburgh Club by Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., containing the _Household -Book of the Countess of Leicester, wife of Simon de Montford_, and -that of Sir John Howard, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, in the reign of -Richard III., afford views of ancient manners and illustrations of -olden customs, which would be sought for in vain in works of a graver -character. - -[102] Record of Pontefract, as I could obtain of M. Cudnor.--_Stow._ - -[103] Northern russet, half a yard and half a quarter broad, I have -seen sold for four pence the yard, and was good cloth of a mingled -colour.--_Stow._ - -[104] Rob. Fabian, manuscript. - -[105] Liber Ely. - - - - -OF CHARITABLE ALMS IN OLD TIMES GIVEN - - -These, as all other of their times, gave great relief to the poor. I -myself, in that declining time of charity, have oft seen at the Lord -Cromwell's gate in London more than two hundred persons served twice -every day with bread, meat, and drink sufficient; for he observed that -ancient and charitable custom, as all prelates, noblemen, or men of -honour and worship, his predecessors, had done before him; whereof -somewhat to note for example, Venerable Bede writeth, that prelates of -his time having peradventure but wooden churches, had notwithstanding on -their board at their meals one alms dish, into the which was carved some -good portion of meat out of every other dish brought to their table; all -which was given to the poor, besides the fragments left, in so much as -in a hard time, a poor prelate wanting victuals, hath caused his alms -dish, being silver, to be divided among the poor, therewith to shift as -they could, till God should send them better store. - -Such a prelate was Ethelwald, Bishop of Winchester, in the reign of King -Edgar, about the year of Christ 963: he in a great famine sold away -all the sacred vessels of his church for to relieve the almost starved -people, saying that there was no reason that the senseless temples of -God should abound in riches, and lively temples of the Holy Ghost to -lack it. - -Walter de Suffilde, Bishop of Norwich, was of the like mind; about -the year 1245, in a time of great dearth, he sold all his plate, and -distributed it to the poor every pennyworth. - -Robert Winchelsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, about the year 1293, -besides the daily fragments of his house, gave every Friday and Sunday, -unto every beggar that came to his gate, a loaf of bread sufficient -for that day, and there more usually, every such alms day, in time of -dearth, to the number of five thousand, and otherwise four thousand, at -the least; more, he used every great festival day to give one hundred -and fifty pence to so many poor people, to send daily meat, bread, and -drink, to such as by age or sickness were not able to fetch his alms, -and to send meat, money, and apparel to such as he thought needed it. - -I read,[107] in 1171, that Henry II., after his return into England, -did penance for the slaughter of Thomas Becket, of whom (a sore dearth -increasing) ten thousand persons, from the first of April, till new corn -was inned, were daily fed and sustained. - -More, I find recorded,[108] that in the year 1236, the 20th of Henry -III., William de Haverhull, the king's treasurer, was commanded, that -upon the day of the Circumcision of our Lord, six thousand poor people -should be fed at Westminster, for the state of the king, queen, and -their children. The like commandment the said King Henry gave to Hugh -Gifford and William Browne, that upon Friday next after the Epiphany, -they should cause to be fed in the great hall at Windsore, at a good -fire, all the poor and needy children that could be found, and the -king's children being weighed and measured, their weight and measure to -be distributed for their good estates. These few examples for charity of -kings may suffice. - -I read, in the reign of Edward III., that Richard de Berie, Bishop of -Durham, did weekly bestow for the relief of the poor eight quarters of -wheat made into bread, besides his alms dish, fragments of his house, -and great sums of money given to the poor when he journeyed. And that -these alms dishes were as well used at the tables of noblemen as of the -prelates, one note may suffice in this place. - -I read, in the year 1452, that Richard, Duke of York, then claiming -the crown, the Lord Rivers should have passed the sea about the king's -business, but staying at Plimmoth till his money was spent, and then -sending for more, the Duke of Sommerset sent him the image of St. George -in silver and gold, to be sold, with the alms dish of the Duke of -Glocester, which was also of great price, for coin had they none. - -To end of orders and customs in this city, also of great families kept -by honourable persons thither repairing, and of charitable alms of -old times given, I say, for conclusion, that all noble persons, and -other of honour and worship, in former times lodging in this city, or -liberties thereof, did without grudging bear their parts in charges with -the citizens, according to their estimated estates, as I have before -said, and could prove by examples; but let men call to mind Sir Thomas -Cromwel, then lord privy seal and vicar-general, lying in the city of -London; he bare his charges to the great muster there in A.D. 1539; he -sent his men in great number to the Miles end, and after them their -armour in cars, with their coats of white cloth, the arms of this city; -to wit, a red cross, and a sword, on the breast and back; which armour -and coats they ware amongst the citizens, without any difference, and -marched through the city to Westminster. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[106] Every livery coat had three yards of broad cloth.--_Stow._ - -[107] Pater de Ioham. - -[108] Record of the Tower. - - - - -SPORTS AND PASTIMES OF OLD TIME USED IN THIS CITY - - -"Let us now," saith Fitzstephen, "come to the sports and pastimes, -seeing it is fit that a city should not only be commodious and serious, -but also merry and sportful; whereupon in the seals of the popes, until -the time of Pope Leo, on the one side was St. Peter fishing, with a key -over him, reached as it were by the hand of God out of heaven, and about -it this verse: - - 'Tu pro me navem liquisti, suscipe clavem.' - -And on the other side was a city, and this inscription on it: '_Aurea -Roma_.' Likewise to the praise of Augustus Caesar and the city, in -respect of the shows and sports, was written: - - 'Nocte pluit tota, redeunt spectacula mane,' etc. - - 'All night it raines, and shews at morrow tide returne again, - And Caesar with almighty Jove hath matcht an equal raign.' - -"But London, for the shows upon theatres, and comical pastimes, hath -holy plays, representations of miracles, which holy confessors have -wrought, or representations of torments wherein the constancy of martyrs -appeared. Every year also at Shrove Tuesday, that we may begin with -children's sports, seeing we all have been children, the school-boys -do bring cocks of the game to their master, and all the forenoon they -delight themselves in cock-fighting: after dinner, all the youths go -into the fields to play at the ball. - -"The scholars of every school have their ball, or baston, in their -hands; the ancient and wealthy men of the city come forth on horseback -to see the sport of the young men, and to take part of the pleasure in -beholding their agility. Every Friday in Lent a fresh company of young -men comes into the field on horseback, and the best horseman conducteth -the rest. Then march forth the citizens' sons, and other young men, -with disarmed lances and shields, and there they practice feats of war. -Many courtiers likewise, when the king lieth near, and attendants of -noblemen, do repair to these exercises; and while the hope of victory -doth inflame their minds, do show good proof how serviceable they would -be in martial affairs. - -"In Easter holidays they fight battles on the water; a shield is hung -upon a pole, fixed in the midst of the stream, a boat is prepared -without oars, to be carried by violence of the water, and in the fore -part thereof standeth a young man, ready to give charge upon the shield -with his lance; if so be he breaketh his lance against the shield, and -doth not fall, he is thought to have performed a worthy deed; if so be, -without breaking his lance, he runneth strongly against the shield, -down he falleth into the water, for the boat is violently forced with -the tide; but on each side of the shield ride two boats, furnished with -young men, which recover him that falleth as soon as they may. Upon the -bridge, wharfs, and houses, by the river's side, stand great numbers to -see and laugh thereat. - -"In the holidays all the summer the youths are exercised in leaping, -dancing, shooting, wrestling, casting the stone, and practising their -shields; the maidens trip in their timbrels, and dance as long as they -can well see. In winter, every holiday before dinner, the boars prepared -for brawn are set to fight, or else bulls and bears are baited. - -"When the great fen, or moor, which watereth the walls of the city on -the north side, is frozen, many young men play upon the ice; some, -striding as wide as they may, do slide swiftly; others make themselves -seats of ice, as great as millstones; one sits down, many hand in hand -do draw him, and one slipping on a sudden, all fall together; some tie -bones to their feet and under their heels; and shoving themselves by a -little picked staff, do slide as swiftly as a bird flieth in the air, -or an arrow out of a cross-bow. Sometime two run together with poles, -and hitting one the other, either one or both do fall, not without -hurt; some break their arms, some their legs, but youth desirous of -glory in this sort exerciseth itself against the time of war. Many of -the citizens do delight themselves in hawks and hounds; for they have -liberty of hunting in Middlesex, Hartfordshire, all Chiltron, and in -Kent to the water of Cray." Thus far Fitzstephen of sports. - -These, or the like exercises, have been continued till our time, -namely, in stage plays, whereof ye may read in anno 1391, a play by -the parish clerks of London at the Skinner's well besides Smithfield, -which continued three days together, the king, queen, and nobles of the -realm being present. And of another, in the year 1409, which lasted -eight days, and was of matter from the creation of the world, whereat -was present most part of the nobility and gentry of England. Of late -time, in place of those stage plays, hath been used comedies, tragedies, -interludes, and histories, both true and feigned; for the acting whereof -certain public places[109] have been erected. Also cocks of the game are -yet cherished by divers men for their pleasures, much money being laid -on their heads, when they fight in pits, whereof some be costly made -for that purpose. The ball is used by noblemen and gentlemen in tennis -courts, and by people of meaner sort in the open fields and streets. - -The marching forth of citizens' sons, and other young men on horseback, -with disarmed lances and shields, there to practise feats of war, man -against man, hath long since been left off, but in their stead they -have used on horseback to run at a dead mark, called a quinten; for -note whereof I read,[110] that in the year of Christ 1253, the 38th of -Henry III., the youthful citizens, for an exercise of their activity, -set forth a game to run at the quinten; and whoever did best should -have a peacock, which they had prepared as a prize. Certain of the -king's servants, because the court lay then at Westminster came, as it -were, in spite of the citizens, to that game, and giving reproachful -names to the Londoners, which for the dignity of the city, and ancient -privilege which they ought to have enjoyed, were called barons, the -said Londoners, not able to bear so to be misused, fell upon the king's -servants, and beat them shrewdly, so that upon complaint to the king he -fined the citizens to pay a thousand marks. This exercise of running at -the quinten was practised by the youthful citizens as well in summer as -in winter, namely, in the feast of Christmas, I have seen a quinten set -upon Cornehill, by the Leaden hall, where the attendants on the lords of -merry disports have run, and made great pastime; for he that hit not -the broad end of the quinten was of all men laughed to scorn, and he -that hit it full, if he rid not the faster, had a sound blow in his neck -with a bag full of sand hung on the other end. I have also in the summer -season seen some upon the river of Thames rowed in wherries, with staves -in their hands, flat at the fore end, running one against another, and -for the most part, one or both overthrown, and well ducked. - -On the holy days in summer the youths of this city have in the field -exercised themselves in leaping, dancing, shooting, wrestling, casting -of the stone or ball, etc. - -And for defence and use of the weapon, there is a special profession of -men that teach it. Ye may read in mine _Annals_ how that in the year -1222 the citizens kept games of defence, and wrestlings, near unto the -hospital of St. Giles in the field, where they challenged, and had the -mastery of the men in the suburbs, and other commoners, etc. Also, in -the year 1453, of a tumult made against the mayor at the wrestling -besides Clearke's well, etc. Which is sufficient to prove that of old -time the exercising of wrestling, and such like, hath been much more -used than of later years. The youths of this city also have used on holy -days after evening prayer, at their masters' doors, to exercise their -wasters and bucklers; and the maidens, one of them playing on a timbrel, -in sight of their masters and dames, to dance for garlands hung athwart -the streets; which open pastimes in my youth being now suppressed, -worse practices within doors are to be feared. As for the baiting of -bulls and bears, they are to this day much frequented, namely, in Bear -gardens,[111] on the Bank's side, wherein be prepared scaffolds for -beholders to stand upon. Sliding upon the ice is now but children's -play; but in hawking and hunting many grave citizens at this present -have great delight, and do rather want leisure than goodwill to follow -it. - -Of triumphant shows made by the citizens of London, ye may read,[112] in -the year 1236, the 20th of Henry III., Andrew Bockwell then being mayor, -how Helianor, daughter to Reymond, Earl of Provance, riding through the -city towards Westminster, there to be crowned queen of England, the city -was adorned with silks, and in the night with lamps, cressets, and other -lights without number, besides many pageants and strange devices there -presented; the citizens also rode to meet the king and queen, clothed in -long garments embroidered about with gold, and silks of divers colours, -their horses gallantly trapped to the number of three hundred and sixty, -every man bearing a cup of gold or silver in his hand, and the king's -trumpeters sounding before them. These citizens did minister wine, as -bottelers, which is their service, at their coronation. More, in the -year 1293, for victory obtained by Edward I. against the Scots, every -citizen, according to their several trade, made their several show, but -especially the fishmongers, which in a solemn procession passed through -the city, having, amongst other pageants and shows, four sturgeons gilt, -carried on four horses; then four salmons of silver on four horses; and -after them six and forty armed knights riding on horses, made like luces -of the sea; and then one representing St. Magnus, because it was upon -St. Magnus' day, with a thousand horsemen, etc. - -One other show, in the year 1377, made by the citizens for disport of -the young prince, Richard, son to the Black Prince, in the feast of -Christmas, in this manner:--On the Sunday before Candlemas, in the -night, one hundred and thirty citizens, disguised, and well horsed, -in a mummery, with sound of trumpets, sackbuts, cornets, shalmes, -and other minstrels, and innumerable torch lights of wax, rode from -Newgate, through Cheape, over the bridge, through Southwarke, and so to -Kennington beside Lambhith, where the young prince remained with his -mother and the Duke of Lancaster his uncle, the Earls of Cambridge, -Hertford, Warwicke, and Suffolke, with divers other lords. In the first -rank did ride forty-eight in the likeness and habit of esquires, two -and two together, clothed in red coats and gowns of say or sandal, with -comely visors on their faces; after them came riding forty-eight knights -in the same livery of colour and stuff; then followed one richly arrayed -like an emperor; and after him some distance, one stately attired like -a pope, whom followed twenty-four cardinals, and after them eight or -ten with black visors, not amiable, as if they had been legates from -some foreign princes. These maskers, after they had entered Kennington, -alighted from their horses, and entered the hall on foot; which done, -the prince, his mother, and the lords, came out of the chamber into the -hall, whom the said mummers did salute, showing by a pair of dice upon -the table their desire to play with the prince, which they so handled -that the prince did always win when he cast them. Then the mummers set -to the prince three jewels, one after another, which were a bowl of -gold, a cup of gold, and a ring of gold, which the prince won at three -casts. Then they set to the prince's mother, the duke, the earls, and -other lords, to every one a ring of gold, which they did also win. After -which they were feasted, and the music sounded, the prince and lords -danced on the one part with the mummers, which did also dance; which -jollity being ended, they were again made to drink, and then departed in -order as they came. - -The like was in Henry IV., in the 2nd of his reign, he then keeping his -Christmas at Eltham, twelve aldermen of London and their sons rode in a -mumming, and had great thanks. - -Thus much for sportful shows in triumphs may suffice. Now for sports and -pastimes yearly used. - -First, in the feast of Christmas, there was in the king's house, -wheresoever he was lodged, a lord of misrule, or master of merry -disports,[113] and the like had ye in the house of every nobleman of -honour or good worship, were he spiritual or temporal. Amongst the which -the mayor of London, and either of the sheriffs, had their several lords -of misrule, ever contending, without quarrel or offence, who should make -the rarest pastimes to delight the beholders. These lords beginning -their rule on Alhollon eve, continued the same till the morrow after the -Feast of the Purification, commonly called Candlemas day. In all which -space there were fine and subtle disguisings, masks, and mummeries, with -playing at cards for counters, nails, and points, in every house, more -for pastime than for gain. - -Against the feast of Christmas every man's house, as also the parish -churches, were decked with holm, ivy, bays, and whatsoever the season -of the year afforded to be green. The conduits and standards in the -streets were likewise garnished; amongst the which I read, in the year -1444, that by tempest of thunder and lightning, on the 1st of February, -at night, Powle's steeple was fired, but with great labour quenched; and -towards the morning of Candlemas day, at the Leaden hall in Cornhill, -a standard of tree being set up in midst of the pavement, fast in the -ground, nailed full of holm and ivy, for disport of Christmas to the -people, was torn up, and cast down by the malignant spirit (as was -thought), and the stones of the pavement all about were cast in the -streets, and into divers houses, so that the people were sore aghast of -the great tempests. - -In the week before Easter had ye great shows made for the fetching in -of a twisted tree, or with, as they termed it, out of the woods into the -king's house; and the like into every man's house of honour or worship. - -In the month of May, namely, on May-day in the morning, every man, -except impediment, would walk into the sweet meadows and green woods, -there to rejoice their spirits with the beauty and savour of sweet -flowers, and with the harmony of birds, praising God in their kind; and -for example hereof, Edward Hall hath noted, that King Henry VIII., as -in the 3rd of his reign, and divers other years, so namely, in the 7th -of his reign, on May-day in the morning, with Queen Katherine his wife, -accompanied with many lords and ladies, rode a-maying from Greenwitch -to the high ground of Shooter's hill, where, as they passed by the way, -they espied a company of tall yeomen, clothed all in green, with green -hoods, and bows and arrows, to the number of two hundred; one being -their chieftain, was called Robin Hoode, who required the king and his -company to stay and see his men shoot; whereunto the king granting, -Robin Hoode whistled, and all the two hundred archers shot off, loosing -all at once; and when he whistled again they likewise shot again; their -arrows whistled by craft of the head, so that the noise was strange -and loud, which greatly delighted the king, queen, and their company. -Moreover, this Robin Hoode desired the king and queen, with their -retinue, to enter the green wood, where, in harbours made of boughs, and -decked with flowers, they were set and served plentifully with venison -and wine by Robin Hoode and his men, to their great contentment, and had -other pageants and pastimes, as ye may read in my said author. - -I find also, that in the month of May, the citizens of London of all -estates, lightly in every parish, or sometimes two or three parishes -joining together, had their several mayings, and did fetch in May-poles, -with divers warlike shows, with good archers, morris dancers, and other -devices, for pastime all the day long; and toward the evening they had -stage plays, and bonfires in the streets. Of these mayings we read, -in the reign of Henry VI., that the aldermen and sheriffs of London, -being on May-day at the Bishop of London's wood, in the parish of -Stebunheath,[114] and having there a worshipful dinner for themselves -and other commoners, Lydgate the poet, that was a monk of Bury, sent to -them, by a pursuivant, a joyful commendation of that season, containing -sixteen staves of metre royal, beginning thus:-- - - "Mightie Flora! goddess of fresh flowers,-- - Which clothed hath the soyle in lustie greene, - Made buds spring, with her sweete showers, - By the influence of the sunne shine. - To doe pleasance of intent full cleane, - Unto the States which now sit here, - Hath Vere downe sent her owne daughter deare. - - Making the vertue, that dared in the roote, - Called of clarkes the vertue vegitable, - For to transcend, most holsome and most soote, - Into the crop, this season so agreeable, - The bawmy liquor is so commendable, - That it rejoyceth with his fresh moysture, - Man, beast, and fowle, and every creature," etc. - -These great Mayings and May-games, made by the governors and masters -of this city, with the triumphant setting up of the great shaft (a -principal May-pole in Cornehill, before the parish church of St. -Andrew), therefore called Undershaft, by means of an insurrection of -youths against aliens on May-day, 1517, the 9th of Henry VIII., have -not been so freely used as afore, and therefore I leave them, and will -somewhat touch of watches, as also of shows in the night.[115] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[109] "As the Theater, the Curtine," etc.--_1st edition._ - -[110] Matthew Paris. - -[111] The Bear garden on the Bankside is not mentioned in the first -edition. - -[112] Matthew Paris. - -[113] In the edition of Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, edited by Sir -Henry Ellis, vol. i. 272-278, will be found a very large and curious -collection of materials illustrative of this ancient custom. - -[114] Stepney. - - - - -OF WATCHES IN THIS CITY, AND OTHER MATTERS COMMANDED, AND THE CAUSE WHY - - -William Conqueror commanded that in every town and village, a bell -should be nightly rung at eight o'clock, and that all people should then -put out their fire and candle, and take their rest; which order was -observed through this realm during his reign, and the reign of William -Rufus. But Henry I., restoring to his subjects the use of fire and -lights, as afore; it followeth, by reason of wars within the realm, that -many men also gave themselves to robbery and murders in the night; for -example whereof in this city Roger Hoveden writeth thus:--"In the year -1175, council was kept at Nottingham; in time of which council a brother -of the Earl Ferrers being in the night privily slain at London, and -thrown out of his inn into the dirty street, when the king understood -thereof, he swore that he would be avenged on the citizens. For it was -then (saith mine author) a common practice in the city, that a hundred -or more in a company, young and old, would make nightly invasions upon -houses of the wealthy, to the intent to rob them; and if they found any -man stirring in the city within the night that were not of their crew, -they would presently murder him, insomuch that when night was come no -man durst adventure to walk in the streets. When this had continued -long, it fortuned that as a crew of young and wealthy citizens, -assembling together in the night, assaulted a stone house of a certain -rich man, and breaking through the wall, the good man of that house, -having prepared himself with others in a corner, when he perceived one -of the thieves named Andrew Bucquint to lead the way, with a burning -brand in the one hand, and a pot of coals in the other, which he essayed -to kindle with the brand, he flew upon him, and smote off his right -hand, and then with a loud voice cried 'Thieves!' at the hearing whereof -the thieves took their flight, all saving he that had lost his hand, -whom the good man in the next morning delivered to Richard de Lucie, -the king's justice. This thief, upon warrant of his life, appeached his -confederates, of whom many were taken, and many were fled. Among the -rest that were apprehended, a certain citizen of great countenance, -credit, and wealth, named John Senex,[116] who forasmuch as he could not -acquit himself by the water dome, as that law was then, he offered to -the king five hundred pounds of silver for his life; but forasmuch as -he was condemned by judgment of the water, the king would not take the -offer, but commanded him to be hanged on the gallows, which was done, -and then the city became more quiet for a long time after." But for a -full remedy of enormities in the night I read, that in the year 1253, -Henry III. commanded watches in the cities and borough towns to be kept, -for the better observing of peace and quietness amongst his people. - -And further, by the advice of them of Savoy, he ordained, that if any -man chanced to be robbed, or by any means damnified by any thief or -robber, he to whom the charge of keeping that country, city, or borough, -chiefly appertained, where the robbery was done, should competently -restore the loss. And this was after the use of Savoy, but yet thought -more hard to be observed here than in those parts; and, therefore, -leaving those laborious watches, I will speak of our pleasures and -pastimes in watching by night. - -In the months of June and July, on the vigils of festival days, and on -the same festival days in the evenings after the sun setting, there were -usually made bonfires in the streets, every man bestowing wood or labour -towards them; the wealthier sort also, before their doors near to the -said bonfires, would set out tables on the vigils, furnished with sweet -bread and good drink, and on the festival days with meats and drinks -plentifully, whereunto they would invite their neighbours and passengers -also to sit and be merry with them in great familiarity, praising God -for his benefits bestowed on them. These were called bonfires as well -of good amity amongst neighbours that being before at controversy, were -there, by the labour of others, reconciled, and made of bitter enemies -loving friends; and also for the virtue that a great fire hath to purge -the infection of the air. On the vigil of St. John the Baptist, and on -St. Peter and Paul the apostles, every man's door being shadowed with -green birch, long fennel, St. John's wort, orpin, white lilies, and -such like, garnished upon with garlands of beautiful flowers, had also -lamps of glass, with oil burning in them all the night; some hung out -branches of iron curiously wrought, containing hundreds of lamps alight -at once, which made a goodly show, namely in New Fish street, Thames -street, etc. Then had ye besides the standing watches all in bright -harness, in every ward and street of this city and suburbs, a marching -watch, that passed through the principal streets thereof, to wit, from -the little conduit by Paule's gate to West Cheape, by the stocks through -Cornhill, by Leaden hall to Aldgate, then back down Fenchurch street, by -Grasse church, about Grasse church conduit, and up Grasse church street -into Cornhill, and through it into West Cheape again. The whole way for -this marching watch extendeth to three thousand two hundred tailor's -yards of assize; for the furniture whereof with lights, there were -appointed seven hundred cressets, five hundred of them being found by -the companies, the other two hundred by the chamber of London. Besides -the which lights every constable in London, in number more than two -hundred and forty,[117] had his cresset: the charge of every cresset -was in light two shillings and four pence, and every cresset had two -men, one to bear or hold it, another to bear a bag with light, and to -serve it, so that the poor men pertaining to the cressets, taking wages, -besides that every one had a straw hat, with a badge painted, and his -breakfast in the mornings amounted in number to almost two thousand. -The marching watch contained in number about two thousand men, part of -them being old soldiers of skill, to be captains, lieutenants, -serjeants, corporals, etc., wiflers, drummers, and fifes, standard and -ensign bearers, sword players, trumpeters on horseback, demilances on -great horses, gunners with hand guns, or half hakes, archers in coats -of white fustian, signed on the breast and back with the arms of the -city, their bows bent in their hands, with sheaves of arrows by their -sides, pike-men in bright corslets, burganets, etc., halberds, the like -bill-men in almaine rivets, and apernes of mail in great number; there -were also divers pageants, morris dancers, constables, the one-half, -which was one hundred and twenty, on St. John's eve, the other half -on St. Peter's eve, in bright harness, some overgilt, and every one a -jornet[118] of scarlet thereupon, and a chain of gold, his henchman -following him, his minstrels before him, and his cresset light passing -by him, the waits of the city, the mayor's officers for his guard before -him, all in a livery of worsted, or say jackets party-coloured, the -mayor himself well mounted on horseback, the swordbearer before him in -fair armour well mounted also, the mayor's footmen, and the like torch -bearers about him, henchmen twain upon great stirring horses, following -him. The sheriffs' watches came one after the other in like order, but -not so large in number as the mayor's; for where the mayor had besides -his giant three pageants, each of the sheriffs had besides their giants -but two pageants, each their morris dance, and one henchman, their -officers in jackets of worsted or say, party-coloured, differing from -the mayor's, and each from other, but having harnessed men a great many, -etc. - -This midsummer watch was thus accustomed yearly, time out of mind, until -the year 1539, the 31st of Henry VIII., in which year, on the 8th of -May, a great muster was made by the citizens at the Mile's end, all -in bright harness, with coats of white silk, or cloth and chains of -gold, in three great battles, to the number of fifteen thousand, which -passed through London to Westminster, and so through the Sanctuary, and -round about the park of St. James, and returned home through Oldborne. -King Henry, then considering the great charges of the citizens for the -furniture of this unusual muster, forbad the marching watch provided for -at Midsummer for that year, which being once laid down, was not raised -again till the year 1548, the 2nd of Edward VI., Sir John Gresham then -being mayor, who caused the marching watch, both on the eve of St. -John the Baptist and of St. Peter the Apostle, to be revived and set -forth in as comely order as it hath been accustomed, which watch was -also beautified by the number of more than three hundred demilances and -light horsemen, prepared by the citizens to be sent into Scotland for -the rescue of the town of Hadington, and others kept by the Englishmen. -Since this mayor's time, the like marching watch in this city hath not -been used, though some attempts have been made thereunto; as in the year -1585, a book was drawn by a grave citizen,[119] and by him dedicated to -Sir Thomas Pullison, then lord mayor, and his brethren the aldermen, -containing the manner and order of a marching watch in the city upon the -evens accustomed; in commendation whereof, namely, in times of peace -to be used, he hath words to this effect: "The artificers of sundry -sorts were thereby well set a-work, none but rich men charged, poor men -helped, old soldiers, trumpeters, drummers, fifes, and ensign-bearers, -with such like men, meet for princes' service, kept in ure, wherein the -safety and defence of every common weal consisteth. Armour and weapon -being yearly occupied in this wise, the citizens had of their own -readily prepared for any need; whereas by intermission hereof, armourers -are out of work, soldiers out of pay, weapons overgrown with foulness, -few or none good being provided," etc. - -In the month of August, about the feast of St. Bartholomew the Apostle, -before the Lord Mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs of London, placed in a -large tent near unto Clarkenwell, of old time, were divers days spent -in the pastime of wrestling, where the officers of the city, namely, -the sheriffs, sergeants, and yeomen, the porters of the king's beam or -weigh-house, now no such men, and other of the city, were challengers -of all men in the suburbs, to wrestle for games appointed, and on other -days, before the said mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs, in Fensburie -field, to shoot the standard, broad arrow, and flight, for games; but -now of late years the wrestling is only practised on Bartholomew's day -in the afternoon, and the shooting some three or four days after, in -one afternoon, and no more. What should I speak of the ancient daily -exercises in the long bow by citizens of this city, now almost clean -left off and forsaken?--I overpass it; for by the mean of closing in the -common grounds, our archers, for want of room to shoot abroad, creep -into bowling alleys, and ordinary dicing houses, nearer home, where -they have room enough to hazard their money at unlawful games; and there -I leave them to take their pleasures. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[115] A paper by Mr. Saunders, in Knight's _London_, i. 169, entitled, -"The Old Spring Time in London," forms a very agreeable commentary on -this section of our author's work. - -[116] Rich thieves most worthy to be hanged. The judgment of fire and -water, called _ordalii_, was condemned by Pope Innocent III. 1203. -Decretal. lib. 5.--_Stow._ - -[117] More than two hundred and forty constables in London, the one half -of them each night went in the marching watch, the other half kept their -standing watch in every street and lane.--_Stow._ - -[118] A large coat or cloak, from the French "journade."--See -Roquefort's _Glossaire_, s. v. - -[119] John Mountgomery. - - - - -HONOUR OF CITIZENS, AND WORTHINESS OF MEN IN THE SAME - - -"This city," saith Fitzstephen, "is glorious in manhood: furnished with -munitions, populous with inhabitants; insomuch, that in the troublesome -time of King Stephen, it hath showed at a muster twenty thousand armed -horsemen, and threescore thousand footmen, serviceable for the wars. -Moreover (saith he), the citizens of London, wheresoever they become, -are notable before all other citizens in civility of manners, attire, -table, and talk. The matrons of this city are the very modest Sabine -ladies of Italy. The Londoners, sometime called Trinobantes, repelled -Caesar, which always made his passage by shedding blood; whereupon Lucan -sung: - - 'Territa quaesitis ostendit terga Britannis.' - -"The city of London hath bred some which have subdued many kingdoms, -and also the Roman empire. It hath also brought forth many others, whom -virtue and valour hath highly advanced; according to Apollo, in his -Oracle to Brute, '_Sub occasu solis_,' etc. In the time of Christianity, -it brought forth that noble emperor, Constantine, which gave the city of -Rome and all the imperial ensigns to God, St. Peter, and Pope Silvester; -choosing rather to be called a defender of the church than an emperor; -and, lest peace might be violated, and their eyes troubled by his -presence, he retired from Rome, and built the city of Constantinople. -London also in late time hath brought forth famous kings: Maude the -empress, King Henry, son to Henry II., and Thomas the Archbishop," etc. - -This Thomas, surnamed Becket, born in London, brought up in the priory -of Marton, student at Paris, became the sheriff's clerk of London for -a time, then parson of St. Mary hill, had a prebend at London, another -at Lincoln, studied the law at Bononie, etc., was made Chancellor of -England, and Archbishop of Canterbury, etc. Unto this might be added -innumerable persons of honour, wisdom, and virtue, born in London; but -of actions done by worthy citizens I will only note a few, and so to -other matters. - -The citizens of London, time out of mind, founded an hospital of St. -James in the fields for leprous women of their city. - -In the year 1197, Walter Brune, a citizen of London, and Rosia, his -wife, founded the hospital of our Lady, called Domus Dei, or St. Marie -Spittle, without Bishopsgate of London; a house of such relief to the -needy, that there was found standing at the surrender thereof nine score -beds, well furnished for receipt of poor people. - -In the year 1216, the Londoners sending out a navy, took ninety-five -ships of pirates and sea-robbers; besides innumerable others that they -drowned, which had robbed on the river of Thames. - -In the year 1247, Simon Fitzmary, one of the sheriffs of London, founded -the hospital of St. Mary called Bethlem, and without Bishopsgate. - -In the year 1283, Henry Wallice, then mayor, built the Tun upon -Cornhill, to be a prison for night-walkers, and a market-house called -the Stocks, both for fish and flesh, standing in the midst of the city. -He also built divers houses on the west and north side of Paule's -churchyard; the profits of all which buildings are to the maintenance of -London Bridge. - -In the year 1332, William Elsing, mercer of London, founded Elsing -Spittle within Cripplegate, for sustentation of an hundred poor blind -men, and became himself the first prior of that hospital. - -Sir John Poultney, draper, four times mayor, in 1337 built a fair chapel -in Paule's church, wherein he was buried. He founded a college in the -parish church of St. Laurence, called Poultney: he built the parish -church called Little Alhallowes, in Thames street; the Carmelite friars -church in Coventry: he gave relief to prisoners in Newgate and in the -Fleet, and ten shillings a-year to St. Giles' hospital by Oldborne for -ever, and other legacies long to rehearse. - -John Stodie, vintner, mayor 1358, gave to the vintners all the quadrant -wherein the Vintners' hall now standeth, with all the tenements round -about, from Stadies lane, wherein is founded thirteen alms houses for so -many poor people, etc. - -Henry Picard, vintner, mayor 1357, in the year 1363, did in one day -sumptuously feast Edward III., king of England, John, king of France, -David, king of Scots, the king of Cyprus, then all in England, Edward, -prince of Wales, with many other noblemen, and after kept his hall -for all comers that were willing to play at dice and hazard. The Lady -Margaret, his wife, kept her chamber to the same effect, etc. - -John Lofken, fishmonger, four times mayor, 1367, built an hospital -called Magdalen's, in Kingstone upon Thames; gave thereunto nine -tenements, ten shops, one mill, one hundred and twenty-five acres of -land, ten acres of meadow, one hundred and twenty acres of pasture, -etc.; more, in London, he built the fair parish church of St. Michael in -Crooked lane, and was there buried. - -John Barnes, mayor 1371, gave a chest with three locks, and one thousand -marks therein, to be lent to young men upon sufficient pawn, and for -the use thereof, to say _De profundis_, or _Pater noster_, and no more: -he also was a great builder of St. Thomas Apostle's parish church, as -appeareth by his arms there, both in stone and glass. - -In the year 1378, John Filpot, sometime mayor, hired with his own -money one thousand soldiers, and defended the realm from incursions -of the enemy, so that in small time his hired men took John Mercer, -a sea-rover, with all his ships, which he before had taken from -Scarborrow, and fifteen Spanish ships, laden with great riches. - -In the year 1380, Thomas of Woodstocke, Thomas Percie, Hugh Calverley, -Robert Knoles, and others, being sent with a great power to aid the -duke of Brytaine, the said John Filpot hired ships for them of his -own charges, and released the armour, which the soldiers had pawned -for their battles, more than a thousand in number. "This most noble -citizen," saith Thomas Walsingham, "that had travailed for the commodity -of the whole realm, more than all other of his time, had often relieved -the king by lending him great sums of money and otherwise, deceased in -A.D. 1384, after that he had assured lands to the city for the relief of -thirteen poor people for ever." - -In the year 1381, William Walworth, then mayor, a most provident, -valiant, and learned citizen, did by his arrest of Wat Tyler (a -presumptuous rebel, upon whom no man durst lay hands), deliver the king -and kingdom from the danger of most wicked traitors, and was for his -service knighted in the field. - -Nicholas Brembar, John Filpot, Robert Laund, Nicholas Twiford, and Adam -Francis, aldermen, were then for their service likewise knighted; and -Sir Robert Knoles, for assisting of the mayor, was made free of this -city. - -This Sir Robert Knoles, thus worthily infranchised a citizen, founded a -college with an hospital at Pontefract: he also built the great stone -bridge at Rochester, over the river of Medway, etc. - -John Churchman, grocer, one of the sheriffs, 1386, for the quiet -of merchants, built a certain house upon Wool wharf, in Tower ward, -to serve for tronage or weighing of wools, and for the customer, -comptroller, clerks, and other officers to sit, etc. - -Adam Bamme, goldsmith, mayor 1391, in a great dearth, procured corn -from parts beyond the seas, to be brought hither in such abundance as -sufficed to serve the city, and the countries near adjoining; to the -furtherance of which good work he took out of the orphans' chest in the -Guildhall two thousand marks to buy the said corn, and each alderman -laid out twenty pounds to the like purpose. - -Thomas Knoles, grocer, mayor 1400, with his brethren the aldermen, began -to new build the Guildhall in London, and instead of an old little -cottage in Aldermanberie street, made a fair and goodly house, more -near unto St. Laurence church in the Jurie: he re-edified St. Anthony's -church, and gave to the grocers his house near unto the same, for relief -of the poor for ever. More, he caused sweet water to be conveyed to the -gates of Newgate and Ludgate, for relief of the prisoners there. - -John Hinde, draper, mayor 1405, newly built his parish church of St. -Swithen by London stone: his monument is defaced, save only his arms in -the glass windows. - -Thomas Falconar, mercer, mayor 1414, lent to King Henry VI., towards -maintenance of his wars in France, ten thousand marks upon jewels. More, -he made the postern called Mooregate, caused the ditches of the city to -be cleansed, and did many other things for good of the same city. - -William Sevenoke, grocer, mayor 1419, founded in the town of Sevenoke, -in Kent, a free school for poor men's children, and thirteen alms -houses: his testament saith, twenty poor men and women. - -Richard Whittington, mercer, three times mayor, in the year 1421 began -the library of the grey friars in London, to the charge of four hundred -pounds: his executors with his goods founded and built Whittington -college, with alms houses for thirteen poor men, and divinity lectures -to be read there for ever. They repaired St. Bartholomew's hospital in -Smithfield; they bare some charges to the glazing and paving of the -Guildhall; they bare half the charges of building the library there, and -they built the west gate of London, of old time called Newgate, etc. - -John Carpenter, town-clerk of London, in the reign of Henry V., caused -with great expense to be curiously painted upon board, about the north -cloister of Paule's, a monument of Death leading all estates, with -the speeches of Death, and answer of every state. This cloister was -pulled down 1549. He also gave tenements to the city, for the finding -and bringing up of four poor men's children with meat, drink, apparel, -learning at the schools in the universities, etc., until they be -preferred, and then other in their places for ever. - -Robert Chichley, grocer, mayor 1422, appointed by his testament, that on -his minde day, a competent dinner should be ordained for two thousand -four hundred poor men, householders of this city, and every man to have -two pence in money. More, he gave one large plot of ground, thereupon to -build the new parish church of St. Stephen, near unto Walbrooke, etc. - -John Rainwell, fishmonger, mayor 1427, gave tenements to discharge -certain wards of London of fifteenths and other payments. - -John Wells, grocer, mayor, 1433, a great builder of the chapel or -college of the Guildhall, and was there buried. He caused fresh water to -be conveyed from Tyborne to the standard in West Cheape for service of -the city. - -William Eastfield, mercer, 1438, appointed his executors of his goods -to convey sweet water from Tyborne, and to build a fair conduit by -Aldermanberie church, which they performed, as also made a standard in -Fleet street by Shew lane end; they also conveyed water to Cripples -gate, etc. - -Stephen Browne, grocer, mayor 1439, sent into Prussia, causing corn to -be brought from thence;[120] whereby he brought down the price of wheat -from three shillings the bushel to less than half that money. - -Philip Malpas, one of the sheriffs 1440, gave by his testament one -hundred and twenty-five pounds, to relieve poor prisoners, and every -year for five years, four hundred shirts and smocks, forty pairs of -sheets, and one hundred and fifty gowns of frieze, to the poor; to -five hundred poor people in London six shillings and eight pence; -to poor maids' marriages one hundred marks; to highways one hundred -marks; twenty marks the year to a graduate to preach; twenty pounds to -preachers at the Spittle the three Easter holidays, etc. - -Robert Large, mercer, mayor 1440, gave to his parish-church of St. Olave -in Surry two hundred pounds; to St. Margaret's in Lothberie twenty-five -pounds; to the poor twenty pounds; to London bridge one hundred marks; -towards the vaulting over the water-course of Walbrooke two hundred -marks; to poor maids' marriages one hundred marks; to poor householders -one hundred pounds, etc. - -Richard Rich, mercer, one of the sheriffs 1442, founded alms houses at -Hodsdon in Hertfordshire. - -Simon Eyre, draper, mayor 1346, built the Leaden hall for a common -garner of corn for the use of this city, and left five thousand marks to -charitable uses. - -Godfrey Bollein, mayor of London, 1458, by his testament, gave liberally -to the prisons, hospitals, and lazar houses, besides a thousand -pounds to poor householders in London, and two hundred pounds to poor -householders in Norfolke.[121] - -Richard Rawson, one of the sheriffs 1477, gave by testament large -legacies to the prisoners, hospitals, lazar houses, to other poor, to -highways, to the water-conduits, besides to poor maids' marriages three -hundred and forty pounds, and his executors to build a large house in -the churchyard of St. Marie Spittle, wherein the mayor and his brethren -do use to sit and hear the sermons in the Easter holidays. - -Thomas Ilam, one of the sheriffs 1480, newly built the great conduit in -Cheape, of his own charges. - -Edward Shaw, goldsmith, mayor 1483, caused the Cripplegate of London to -be newly built of his goods, etc. - -Thomas Hill, grocer, mayor 1485, caused of his goods the conduit of -Grasse street to be built. - -Hugh Clopton, mercer, during his life a bachelor, mayor 1492, built the -great stone-arched bridge at Stratford upon Avon in Warwickshire, and -did many other things of great charity, as in my _Summary_. - -Robert Fabian, alderman, and one of the sheriffs, 1494, gathered out -of divers good authors, as well Latin as French, a large Chronicle of -England and of France, which he published in English, to his great -charges, for the honour of this city, and common utility of the whole -realm. - -Sir John Percivall, merchant-taylor, mayor 1498, founded a -grammar-school at Macklefield in Cheshire, where he was born; he endowed -the same school with sufficient lands for the finding of a priest master -there, to teach freely all children thither sent, without exception. - -The Lady Thomasine his wife founded the like free school, together with -fair lodgings for the schoolmasters, scholars, and other, and added -twenty pounds of yearly revenue for supporting the charges, at St. Mary -Wike in Devonshire, where she was born. - -Stephen Gennings, merchant-taylor, mayor 1509, founded a fair -grammar-school at Ulfrimhampton[122] in Staffordshire, left good lands, -and also built a great part of his parish church, called St. Andrew's -Undershaft, in London. - -Henry Keble, grocer, mayor 1511, in his life a great benefactor to the -new building of old Mary church, and by his testament gave a thousand -pounds towards the finishing thereof; he gave to highways two hundred -pounds; to poor maids' marriages one hundred marks; to poor husbandmen -in Oxford and Warwick shires one hundred and forty ploughshares, and one -hundred and forty coulters of iron; and in London, to seven almsmen six -pence the week for ever. - -John Collet, a citizen of London by birth and dignity, dean of -Paule's, doctor of divinity, erected and built one free school in -Paule's churchyard, 1512, for three hundred and fifty-three poor men's -children to be taught free in the same school, appointing a master, a -surmaster, and a chaplain, with sufficient stipends to endure for ever, -and committed the oversight thereof to the mercers in London, because -himself was son to Henry Collet, mercer, mayor of London, and endowed -the mercers with lands to the yearly value of one hundred and twenty -pounds or better. - -John Tate, brewer, then a mercer, mayor 1514, caused his brewhouse, -called the Swan, near adjoining to the hospital of St. Anthonie in -London, to be taken down for the enlarging of the said church, then -newly built, a great part of his charge. This was a goodly foundation, -with alms houses, free school, etc. - -George Monox, draper, mayor 1515, re-edified the decayed parish church -of Waltonstow, or Walthamstow, in Essex; he founded there a free school, -and alms houses for thirteen alms people, made a causeway of timber over -the marshes from Walthamstow to Lock bridge, etc. - -Sir John Milborne, draper, mayor 1522, built alms houses, fourteen in -number, by the Crossed Friers church in London, there to be placed -fourteen poor people; and left to the Drapers certain messuages, -tenements, and garden plots, in the parish of St. Olave in Hart street, -for the performance of stipends to the said alms people, and other uses. -Look more in Ealdgate ward. - -Robert Thorne, merchant-taylor, deceased a bachelor in the year 1532, -gave by his testament to charitable actions more than four thousand four -hundred and forty pounds, and legacies to his poor kindred more five -thousand one hundred and forty-two pounds, besides his debts forgiven, -etc. - -Sir John Allen, mercer, mayor of London, and of council to King Henry -VIII., deceased 1544, buried in St. Thomas of Acres in a fair chapel -by him built. He gave to the city of London a rich collar of gold to -be worn by the mayor, which was first worn by Sir W. Laxton. He gave -five hundred marks to be a stock for sea-coal; his lands purchased of -the king, the rent thereof to be distributed to the poor in the wards -of London for ever. He gave besides to the prisons, hospitals, lazar -houses, and all other poor in the city, or two miles without, very -liberally, and long to be recited. - -Sir William Laxton, grocer, mayor 1545, founded a fair free school at -Owndale in Northamptonshire, with six alms houses for the poor. - -Sir John Gresham, mercer, mayor 1548, founded a free school at Holt, a -market-town in Norfolk. - -Sir Rowland Hill, mercer, mayor 1550, caused to be made divers causeways -both for horse and man; he made four bridges, two of stone, containing -eighteen arches in them both; he built one notable free school at -Drayton in Shropshire; he gave to Christ's hospital in London five -hundred pounds, etc. - -Sir Andrew Jud, skinner, mayor 1551, erected one notable free school at -Tunbridge in Kent, and alms houses nigh St. Helen's church in London, -and left to the Skinners lands to the value of sixty pounds three -shillings and eight pence the year; for the which they be bound to pay -twenty pounds to the schoolmaster, eight pounds to the usher, yearly, -for ever, and four-shillings the week to the six alms people, and -twenty-five shillings and four pence the year in coals for ever. - -Sir Thomas White, merchant-taylor, mayor 1554, founded St. John's -college, Oxford, and gave great sums of money to divers towns in England -for relief of the poor, as in my _Summary_. - -Edward Hall, gentleman, of Gray's inn, a citizen by birth and office, as -common sergeant of London, and one of the judges in the Sheriffs' court; -he wrote and published a famous and eloquent chronicle, entitled, "The -Uniting of the Two noble Families, Lancaster and Yorke." - -Richard Hils, merchant-taylor, 1560, gave five hundred pounds towards -the purchase of a house called the manor of the Rose, wherein the -merchant-taylors founded their free school in London; he also gave -to the said merchant-taylors one plot of ground, with certain small -cottages on the Tower hill, where he built fair alms houses for fourteen -sole women. - -About the same time William Lambert, Esq., born in London, a justice -of the peace in Kent, founded a college for the poor which he named of -Queen Elizabeth, in East Greenwich. - -William Harper, merchant-taylor, mayor 1562, founded a free school in -the town of Bedford, where he was born, and also buried. - -Sir Thomas Gresham, mercer, 1566, built the Royal Exchange in London, -and by his testament left his dwelling house in Bishopsgate street to -be a place for readings, allowing large stipends to the readers, and -certain alms houses for the poor. - -William Patten, gentleman, a citizen by birth, a customer of London -outward, justice of peace in Middlesex, the parish church of -Stokenewenton being ruinous, he repaired, or rather new built. - -Sir Thomas Roo, merchant-taylor, mayor 1568, gave to the -merchant-taylors lands or tenements, out of them to be given to ten poor -men, cloth-workers, carpenters, tilers, plasterers, and armourers, forty -pounds yearly, namely, four pounds to each, also one hundred pounds to -be lent to eight poor men; besides he enclosed with a wall of brick -nigh one acre of ground, pertaining to the hospital of Bethlem, to be a -burial for the dead. - -Ambrose Nicholas, salter, mayor 1576, founded twelve alms houses in -Monke's well street, near unto Creple's gate, wherein he placed twelve -poor people, having each of them seven pence the week, and once every -year five sacks of coals, and one quarter of a hundred faggots, all of -his gift for ever. - -William Lambe, gentleman and clothworker, in the year 1577, built a -water-conduit at Oldborne cross to his charges of fifteen hundred -pounds, and did many other charitable acts, as in my _Summary_. - -Sir T. Offley, merchant-taylor, mayor, deceased 1580, appointed by his -testament the one half of all his goods, and two hundred pounds deducted -out of the other half given to his son Henry, to be given and bestowed -in deeds of charity by his executors, according to his confidence and -trust in them. - -John Haydon, sheriff 1583, gave large legacies, more than three thousand -pounds, for the relief of the poor, as in my _Summary_. - -Barnard Randolph, common sergeant of London 1583, gave and delivered -with his own hand, nine hundred pounds towards the building of -water-conduits, which was performed. More, by testament he gave one -thousand pounds to be employed in charitable actions; but that money -being in hold fast hands, I have not heard how it was bestowed, more -than of other good men's testaments--to be performed. - -Sir Wolston Dixie, skinner, mayor 1586, founded a free school at -Bosworth, and endowed it with twenty pounds land by year. - -Richard May, merchant-taylor, gave three hundred pounds toward the new -building of Blackwell hall in London, a market-place for woollen cloths. - -John Fuller, Esq., one of the judges in the sheriffs' court of London, -by his testament, dated 1592, appointed his wife, her heirs and -assigns, after his decease, to erect one alms house in the parish of -Stikoneth,[123] for twelve poor single men, aged fifty years or upwards, -and one other alms house in Shoreditch, for twelve poor aged widow women -of like age, she to endow them with one hundred pounds the year, to -wit, fifty pounds to each for ever, out of his lands in Lincolne shire, -assured ever unto certain fiefs in trust, by a deed of feoffment. Item: -more, he gave his messuages, lands, and tenements, lying in the parishes -of St. Benet and St. Peter, by Powle's wharf in London, to feoffees -in trust, yearly for ever, to disburse all the issues and profits of -the said lands and tenements, to the relieving and discharge of poor -prisoners in the Hole, or two penny wards in the two compters in London, -in equal portions to each compter, so that the prisoners exceed not the -sum of twenty-six shillings and eight pence for every one prisoner at -any one time. - -Thus much for famous citizens have I noted their charitable actions, -for the most part done by them in their lifetime. The residue left in -trust to their executors, I have known some of them hardly (or never) -performed; wherefore I wish men to make their own hands their executors, -and their eyes their overseers, not forgetting the old proverb:-- - - "Women be forgetfull, children be unkind, - Executors be covetous, and take what they find. - If any body aske where the dead's goods became, - They answere, So God me help, and holy dome, he died a poore man." - -One worthy citizen merchant-taylor, having many years considered this -proverb foregoing, hath therefore established to twelve poor aged men, -merchant-taylors, six pounds two shillings to each yearly for ever. He -hath also given them gowns of good broad cloth, lined thoroughly with -bays, and are to receive every three years' end the like new gowns for -ever. - -And now of some women, citizens' wives, deserving memory, for example to -posterity shall be noted. - -Dame Agnes Foster, widow, sometime wife to Stephen Foster, fishmonger, -mayor 1455, having enlarged the prison of Ludgate in 1463, procured in a -common council of this city, certain articles to be established for the -ease, comfort, and relief of poor prisoners there, as in the chapter of -gates I have set down. - -Avise Gibson, wife unto Nicholas Gibson, grocer, one of the sheriffs -1539, by license of her husband, founded a free school at Radclyffe, -near unto London, appointing to the same, for the instruction of sixty -poor men's children, a schoolmaster and usher with fifty pounds; she -also built alms houses for fourteen poor aged persons, each of them to -receive quarterly six shillings and eight pence the piece for ever; the -government of which free school and alms houses she left in confidence -to the Coopers in London. This virtuous gentlewoman was after joined in -marriage with Sir Anthony Knevet, knight, and so called the Lady Knevet; -a fair painted table of her picture was placed in the chapel which she -had built there, but of late removed thence, by the like reason as the -Grocer's arms fixed on the outer wall of the schoolhouse are pulled -down, and the Coopers set in place.[124] - -Margaret Danne, widow to William Danne, ironmonger, one of the sheriffs -of London, gave by her testament to the ironmongers, two thousand -pounds, to be lent to young men of that company, paying after the rate -of five pounds in the year for every hundred; which one hundred pounds -so rising yearly, to be employed on charitable actions, as she then -appointed, but not performed in more than thirty years after. - -Dame Mary Ramsey, wife to Sir Thomas Ramsey, mayor about the year 1577, -being seised of lands in fee simple of her inheritance to the yearly -value of two hundred and forty-three pounds, by his consent gave the -same to Christ's hospital in London towards the relief of poor children -there, and other ways, as in my _Summary_ and _Abridgment_ I have -long since expressed; which gift she in her widowhood confirmed and -augmented, as is showed by monuments in Christ's hospital erected. - -Thus much for the worthiness of citizens in this city, touching whom -John Lidgate, a monk of Bury, in the reign of Henry VI., made (amongst -other) these verses following:-- - - "Of seaven things I prayse this citty. - Of true meaning and faithful observance; - Of righteousnes, truth, and equity; - Of stablenes aye kept in legiance; - And for of vertue thou hast suffisance, - In this lond here, and other londs all, - The kinges chamber of custome, men thee call." - -Having thus in generality handled the original, the walls, gates, -ditches, and fresh waters, the bridges, towers, and castles, the -schools of learning and house of law, the orders and customs, sports -and pastimes, watchings and martial exercises, and lastly the honour -and worthiness of the citizens, I am now to set down the distribution -of this city into parts; and more especially to declare the antiquities -noteworthy in every of the same; and how both the whole and parts have -been from time to time ruled and governed. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[120] "To London in greater quantitie."--_1st edition_, p. 80. - -[121] "In the yeare 1471, John Stockton, mayor, and eleven aldermen -of London, with the recorder, were all made knightes in the fielde by -Edward IV., for their good service done to him."--_1st edition_, p. 81. - -[122] Wolverhampton. - -[123] Stepney. - -[124] "Cursed is hee that removeth his neighbors mark, have I -read."--_Stow._ - - - - -THE CITY DIVIDED INTO PARTS - - -The ancient division of this city was into wards or aldermanries. And -therefore I will begin at the east, and so proceed through the high and -most principal street of the city to the west, after this manner. - -First, through Aldgate street to the west corner of St. Andrewe's -church, called Undershaft, on the right hand, and Lyme street corner on -the left; all which is of Aldgate ward; from thence through Cornhill -street to the west corner of Leaden hall; all which is of Lyme street -ward. From thence, leaving the street that leadeth to Bishopsgate on the -right hand, and the way that leadeth into Grasse street on the left, -still through Cornhill street, by the conduit to the west corner against -the Stocks; all which is in Cornhill ward. Then by the said Stocks (a -market-place both of fish and flesh standing in the midst of the city) -through the Poultry (a street so called) to the great conduit in West -Cheape, and so through Cheape to the standard, which is of Cheape ward, -except on the south side from Bow-lane to the said standard, which is -of Cordwayner street ward. Then by the standard to the great cross, -which is in Cripplegate ward on the north side, and in Bred street ward -on the south side. And to the little conduit by Paule's gate, from -whence of old time the said high street stretched straight to Ludgate, -all in the ward of Faringdon within, then divided truly from east to -west, but since by means of the burning of Paule's church, which was -in the reign of William I., Mauricius, then bishop of London, laid the -foundation of a new church, so far in largeness exceeding the old, that -the way towards Ludgate was thereby greatly straitened, as before I have -discoursed. - -Now from the north to the south this city was of old time divided, not -by a large highway or street, as from east to west, but by a fair brook -of sweet water, which came from out the north fields through the wall, -and midst of the city, into the river of Thames; which division is -till this day constantly and without change maintained. This water was -called (as I have said) Walbrooke, not Galus brook of a Roman captain -slain by Asclepiodatus, and thrown therein, as some have fabled, but of -running through, and from the wall of this city; the course whereof, -to prosecute it particularly, was and is from the said wall to St. -Margaret's church in Lothberrie; from thence beneath the lower part -of the Grocers' hall, about the east part of their kitchen, under St. -Mildred's church, somewhat west from the said Stockes' market; from -thence through Buckles berry, by one great house built of stone and -timber called the Old Barge, because barges out of the river of Thames -were rowed up so far into this brook, on the backside of the houses in -Walbrooke street (which street taketh the name of the said brook) by the -west end of St. John's church upon Walbrooke, under Horseshew bridge, -by the west side of Tallowchandler's hall, and of the Skinner's hall, -and so behind the other houses to Elbow lane, and by a part thereof down -Greenewitch lane, into the river of Thames. - -This is the course of Walbrooke, which was of old time bridged over in -divers places, for passage of horses and men, as need required; but -since, by means of encroachment on the banks thereof, the channel being -greatly straitened, and other noyances done thereunto, at length the -same by common consent was arched over with brick, and paved with stone, -equal with the ground, where through it passed, and is now in most -places built upon, that no man may by the eye discern it, and therefore -the trace thereof is hardly known to the common people. - -This city was divided from east to west, and from north to south. I am -further to show how the same was of old time broken into divers parts -called wards, whereof Fitzstephen, more than four hundred years since, -writeth thus:--"This city, (saith he) even as Rome, is divided into -wards; it hath yearly sheriffs instead of consuls. It hath the dignity -of senators in aldermen," etc. The number of these wards in London -was, both before and in the reign of Henry III., twenty-four in all; -whereof thirteen lay on the east side of the said Walbrooke, and eleven -on the west. Notwithstanding these eleven grew much more large than -those of the east; and therefore in the year of Christ 1393, in the -17th of Richard II., Faringdon ward, which was then one entire ward, -but mightily increased of buildings without the gates, was by act of -parliament appointed to be divided into twain, and to have two aldermen, -to wit, Faringdon within, and Faringdon without, which made up the -number of twelve wards on the west side of Walbrooke, and so the whole -number of twenty-five on both sides. Moreover, in the year 1550, the -mayor, commonalty, and citizens of London, purchasing the liberties of -the borough of Southwark, appointed the same to be a ward of London, and -so became the number of thirteen wards on the east, twelve on the west, -and one south of the river Thames, in the said borough of Southwark, in -the county of Surrey, which in all arise to the number of twenty-six -wards, and twenty-six aldermen of London. - -Wards on the east part of Walbrooke are these:-- - - 1 Portsoken ward without the walls. - - 2 Tower street ward. - - 3 Ealdegate ward. - - 4 Lime street ward. - - 5 Bishopsgate ward, within the walls and without. - - 6 Brod street ward. - - 7 Cornehil ward. - - 8 Langbourne ward. - - 9 Billingsgate ward. - - 10 Bridge ward within. - - 11 Candlewick street ward. - - 12 Walbrooke ward. - - 13 Downgate ward. - -Wards on the west side of Walbrooke are these: - - 14 Vintry ward. - - 15 Cordwainer street ward. - - 16 Cheape ward. - - 17 Colman street warde. - - 18 Basinghall warde. - - 19 Cripplegate ward, within and without. - - 20 Aldersgate ward, within and without. - - 21 Farringdon ward within. - - 22 Bread street ward. - - 23 Queenhithe ward. - - 24 Castle Baynard ward. - - 25 Farringdon ward without the walls. - -One ward south the river Thames, in the borough of Southwark, by the -name of - - 26 Bridge ward without. - - - - -OF PORTSOKEN WARD, THE FIRST IN THE EAST PART - - -Seeing that of every of these wards I have to say somewhat, I will begin -with Portsoken ward without Aldgate. - -This Portsoken, which soundeth[125] the franchise at the gate, was -sometime a guild, and had beginning in the days of King Edgar, more -than six hundred years since.[126] There were thirteen knights or -soldiers, well-beloved to the king and realm, for service by them done, -which requested to have a certain portion of land on the east part of -the city, left desolate and forsaken by the inhabitants, by reason of -too much servitude. They besought the king to have this land, with the -liberty of a guild for ever. The king granted to their request, with -conditions following: that is, that each of them should victoriously -accomplish three combats, one above the ground, one under ground, -and the third in the water; and after this, at a certain day in East -Smithfield, they should run with spears against all comers; all which -was gloriously performed; and the same day the king named it Knighten -Guild, and so bounded it, from Aldgate to the place where the bars now -are, toward the east, on both the sides of the street, and extended -it towards Bishopsgate in the north, unto the house then of William -Presbiter, after of Giffrey Tanner, and then of the heirs of Colver, -after that of John Easeby, but since of the Lord Bourchier, etc. And -again towards the south unto the river of Thames, and so far into the -water, as a horseman, entering the same, may ride at a low water, and -throw his spear; so that all East Smithfield, with the right part of the -street that goeth to Dodding pond into the Thames, and also the hospital -of St. Katherin's, with the mills that were founded in King Stephen's -days, and the outward stone wall, and the new ditch of the Tower, are -of the said fee and liberty; for the said wall and ditch of the Tower -were made in the time of King Richard, when he was in the Holy Land, by -William Longshampe, Bishop of Ely, as before I have noted unto you. - -These knights had as then none other charter by all the days of Edgar, -Ethelred, and Cnutus, until the time of Edward the Confessor, whom the -heirs of those knights humbly besought to confirm their liberties; -whereunto he graciously granting,[127] gave them a deed thereof, as -appeareth in the book of the late house of the Holy Trinity. The said -charter is fair written in the Saxon letter and tongue. After this, -King William, the son of William the Conqueror, made a confirmation of -the same liberties, unto the heirs of those knights, in these words: -"William, king of England, to Maurice Bishop, and Godffrey de Magum, -and Richard de Parre, and to his faithfull people of London, greeting: -Know ye me to have granted to the men of Knighten Guilde, the guilde -that belonged to them, and the land that belonged thereunto, with all -customes, as they had the same in the time of King Edward, and my -father. Witnesse, Hugh de Buche, at Rething." - -After him, King Henry I. confirmed the same by his charter to the like -effect, the recital whereof I pretermit for brevity. After which time, -the church of the Holy Trinity, within Aldgate of London, being founded -by Queen Matilda, wife to the said Henry, the multitude of brethren, -praising God day and night therein, in short time so increased, that all -the city was delighted in the beholding of them; insomuch, that in the -year 1115, certain burgesses of London, of the progeny of those noble -English knights; to wit, Radulphus Fitalgod, Wilmarde le Deucreshe, -Orgar le Prude, Edward Hupcornehill, Blackstanus, and Alwine his -kinsman, and Robert his brother, the sons of Leafstanus the goldsmith, -Wiso his son, Hugh Fitzvulgar, Algare Secusme, coming together into the -chapter-house of the said church of the Holy Trinity, gave to the same -church and canons serving God therein, all the lands and soke called in -English Knighten Guilde, which lieth to the wall of the city, without -the same gate, and stretcheth to the river of Thames; they gave it, I -say, taking upon them the brotherhood and participation of the benefits -of that house, by the hands of Prior Norman. And the better to confirm -this their grant, they offered upon the altar there the charter of -Edward, together with the other charters which they had thereof; and -afterward they did put the foresaid prior in seisine thereof, by the -church of St. Buttolphe's, which is built thereon, and is the head -of that land. These things were thus done before Bernard, prior of -Dunstable, John, prior of Derland, Geffrey Clinton, chamberlain, and -many other clerks and laymen, French and English. Orgar le Prude (one -of their company) was sent to King Henry, beseeching him to confirm -their gift, which the king gladly granted by his deed: "Henrie, king of -England, to Richard Bishop of London, to the shireffes and provost, and -to all his barons and faithfull people, French and English, of London -and Middlesex, greeting: Know ye mee to have graunted and confirmed to -the church and canons of the Holy Trinitie of London, the soke of the -English Knighten Guilde, and the land which pertaineth thereunto, and -the church of St. Buttolph, as the men of the same guilde have given and -granted unto them: and I will and straightly commaund, that they may -hold the same well and honourably and freely, with sacke and soke, toll -and thea, infangthefe, and all customs belonging to it, as the men of -the same Guild in best sort had the same in the time of K. Edward, and -as King William, my father and brother, did grant it to them by their -writs. Witnesse, A. the queene, Geffrey the chauncellor, Geoffrey of -Clinton, and William of Clinton, at Woodstocke." All these prescribed -writings (saith my book), which sometime belonged to the priory of the -Holy Trinity, are registered in the end of the Book of Remembrances, -in the Guildhall of London, marked with the letter C, folio 134. The -king sent also his sheriffs, to wit, Aubrey de Vere, and Roger, nephew -to Hubert, which upon his behalf should invest this church with the -possessions thereof, which the said sheriffs accomplished coming upon -the ground; Andrew Buchevite, and the forenamed witnesses, and other, -standing by; notwithstanding, Othowerus Acolivillus, Otto, and Geffrey, -Earl of Essex, constables of the Tower by succession, withheld by force -a portion of the said land, as I have before delivered. - -The prior and canons of the Holy Trinity, being thus seised of the said -land and soke of Knighten Guilde, a part of the suburb without the wall -(but within the liberties of the city), the same prior was, for him and -his successors, admitted as one of the aldermen of London, to govern -the same land and soke: according to the customs of the city, he did -sit in court, and rode with the mayor and his brethren the aldermen, as -one of them, in scarlet or other livery as they used, until the year -1531, at the which time the said priory, by the last prior there, was -surrendered to King Henry VIII., in the 23rd of his reign, who gave this -priory to Sir Thomas Audley, knight, lord chancellor of England, and he -pulled down the church; since the which dissolution of that house, the -said ward of Portsoken hath been governed by a temporal man, one of the -aldermen of London, elected by the citizens, as the aldermen of other -wards. Thus much for the out-bounds of Knighten guilde, or Portsoken -ward, and for the antiquity and government thereof. - -Now, of the parts therein, this is specially to be noted. First, -the east part of the Tower standeth there, then an hospital of St. -Katherine's, founded by Matilda the queen, wife to King Stephen, by -license of the priory and convent of the Holy Trinity in London, on -whose grounds he founded it. Helianor the queen, wife to King Edward -I., a second foundress, appointed there to be a master, three brethren -chaplains, and three sisters, ten poor women, and six poor clerks; she -gave to them the manor of Carlton in Wiltshire, and Upchurch in Kent, -etc. Queen Philippa, wife to King Edward III., 1351, founded a chantry -there, and gave to that hospital ten pounds land by year; it was of late -time called a free chapel, a college, and an hospital for poor sisters. -The choir, which of late years was not much inferior to that of Paules, -was dissolved by Dr. Wilson, a late master there, the brethren and -sisters remaining: this house was valued at L315 14_s._ 2_d._, being -now of late years inclosed about, or pestered with small tenements and -homely cottages, having inhabitants, English and strangers, more in -number than in some city in England. There lie buried in this church the -countess of Huntingdon, countess of the March in her time, 1429; John -Holland, Duke of Exeter and Earl of Huntingdon, 1447, and his two wives, -in a fair tomb on the north side the choir; Thomas Walsingham, esquire, -and Thomas Ballarde, esquire, by him, 1465; Thomas Flemming, knight, -1466, etc.[128] - -On the east and by north of the Tower, lieth East Smithfield and Tower -hill, two plots of ground so called, without the wall of the city; and -east from them both was sometime a monastery, called New Abbey, founded -by King Edward III. in the year 1359, upon occasion as followeth: - -In the year 1348, the 23rd of Edward III., the first great pestilence -in his time began, and increased so sore, that for want of room in -churchyards to bury the dead of the city and of the suburbs, one John -Corey, clerk, procured of Nicholas, prior of the Holy Trinity within -Aldgate, one toft[129] of ground near unto East Smithfield, for the -burial of them that died, with condition that it might be called the -churchyard of the Holy Trinity; which ground he caused, by the aid of -divers devout citizens, to be inclosed with a wall of stone. Robert -Elsing, son of William Elsing, gave five pounds thereunto; and the same -was dedicated by Ralph Stratford, Bishop of London, where innumerable -bodies of the dead were afterwards buried, and a chapel built in the -same place to the honour of God: to the which King Edward setting his -eye (having before, in a tempest on the sea, and peril of drowning, -made a vow to build a monastery to the honour of God, and our lady of -grace, if God would grant him grace to come safe to land), built there -a monastery, placing an abbot, and monks of the Cistercian, or White -order. The bounds of this plot of ground, together with a decree for -tithes thereof, are expressed in the charter, the effect whereof I -have set down in another place, and have to show. This house, at the -late general suppression, was valued at L546 0_s._ 10_d._ yearly; it -was surrendered in the year 1539, the 30th of Henry VIII.; since the -which time, the said monastery being clean pulled down by Sir Arthur -Darcie, knight, and others, of late time in place thereof is built a -large storehouse for victuals; and convenient ovens are built there, for -baking of biscuits to serve her majesty's ships. The grounds adjoining, -belonging to the said abbey, are employed in building of small tenements. - -For Tower hill, as the same is greatly diminished by building of -tenements and garden-plots, etc. So it is of late, to wit, in the year -of Christ 1593, on the north side thereof, and at the west end of Hog -street, beautified by certain fair alms houses, strongly built of brick -and timber, and covered with slate for the poor, by the merchant-tailors -of London, in place of some small cottages given to them by Richard -Hils, sometime a master of that company, one thousand loads of timber -for that use, being also given by Anthonie Radcliffe, of the same -society, alderman. In these alms houses, fourteen charitable brethren -of the said merchant-tailors yet living, have placed fourteen poor -sole women, which receive each of them of their founder sixteen pence, -or better, weekly, besides L8 15_s._ yearly, paid out of the common -treasury of the same corporation for fuel. - -From the west part of this Tower hill, towards Aldgate, being a long -continual street, amongst other smaller buildings in that row, there -was sometime an abbey of nuns of the order of St. Clare, called the -Minories, founded by Edmond, Earl of Lancaster, Leycester, and Darbie, -brother to King Edward III., in the year 1293; the length of which abbey -contained fifteen perches and seven feet, near unto the king's street or -highway, etc., as appeareth by a deed, dated 1303. - -A plague of pestilence being in this city, in the year 1515, there died -in this house of nuns professed to the number of twenty-seven, besides -other lay people, servants in their house. This house was valued to -dispend L418 8_s._ 5_d._ yearly, and was surrendered by Dame Elizabeth -Salvage, the last abbess there, unto King Henry VIII. in the 30th of his -reign, the year of Christ 1539. - -In place of this house of nuns is now built divers fair and large -storehouses for armour and habiliments of war, with divers workhouses, -serving to the same purpose: there is a small parish church for -inhabitants of the close, called St. Trinities. - -Near adjoining to this abbey, on the south side thereof, was sometime -a farm belonging to the said nunnery; at the which farm I myself in my -youth have fetched many a halfpenny worth of milk, and never had less -than three ale pints for a halfpenny in the summer, nor less than one -ale quart for a halfpenny in the winter, always hot from the kine, as -the same was milked and strained. One Trolop, and afterwards Goodman, -were the farmers there, and had thirty or forty kine to the pail. -Goodman's son being heir to his father's purchase, let out the ground -first for grazing of horses, and then for garden-plots, and lived like a -gentleman thereby. - -On the other side of that street lieth the ditch without the walls of -the city, which of old time was used to be open, always from time to -time cleansed from filth and mud, as need required; of great breadth, -and so deep, that divers, watering horses where they thought it -shallowest, were drowned, both horse and man. But now of later time the -same ditch is inclosed, and the banks thereof let out for garden-plots, -carpenters' yards, bowling allies, and divers houses thereon built, -whereby the city wall is hidden, the ditch filled up, a small channel -left, and that very shallow. - -From Aldgate, east, lieth a large street and highway, sometime -replenished with few, but fair and comely buildings; on the north side -whereof, the first was the parish church of St. Buttolph, in a large -cemetery or churchyard. This church hath been lately new built at the -special charges of the priors of the Holy Trinity; patrons thereof, as -it appeareth by the arms of that house, engraven on the stone work. -The parishioners of this parish being of late years mightily increased, -the church is pestered with lofts and seats for them. Monuments in this -church are few: Henry Jorden founded a chauntry there; John Romany -Ollarie, and Agnes his wife, were buried there about 1408; Richard -Chester, alderman, one of the sheriffs, 1484; Thomas Lord Darcie of -the north, knight of the garter, beheaded 1537; Sir Nicholas Carew, of -Bedington, in Surrey, knight of the garter, beheaded 1538; Sir Arthur -Darcie, youngest son to Thomas Lord Darcie, deceased at the new abbey on -the Tower hill, was buried there. East from this parish church, there -were certain fair inns for receipt of travellers repairing to the city, -up towards Hog lane end, somewhat within the bars, a mark showing how -far the liberties of the city do extend. - -This Hog lane stretcheth north toward St. Mary Spitle without -Bishopsgate, and within these forty years[130] had on both sides fair -hedge rows of elm trees, with bridges and easy stiles to pass over into -the pleasant fields, very commodious for citizens therein to walk, -shoot, and otherwise to recreate and refresh their dull spirits in -the sweet and wholesome air, which is now within a few years made a -continual building throughout, of garden-houses and small cottages; and -the fields on either sides be turned into garden-plots, tenter yards, -bowling alleys, and such like, from Houndes ditch in the west, as far as -White Chappell, and further towards the east. - -On the south side of the highway from Aldgate were some few tenements, -thinly scattered here and there, with many void spaces between them, -up to the Bars; but now that street is not only fully replenished with -buildings outward, and also pestered with divers alleys, on either side -to the bars, but to White Chappell and beyond. Among the which late -buildings, one memorable for the commodity of that east part of this -city is a fair water conduit, hard without the gate; at the building -whereof in the year 1535, Sir John Allen being mayor, two-fifteens were -granted by the citizens for the making and laying of pipes, to convey -water from Hackney to that place; and so that work was finished. - -From Aldgate, north-west to Bishopsgate, lieth the ditch of the city -called Houndes ditch; for that in old time, when the same lay open, much -filth (conveyed forth of the city), especially dead dogs, were there -laid or cast; wherefore of latter time a mud wall was made, inclosing -the ditch, to keep out the laying of such filth as had been accustomed. -Over against this mud wall, on the other side of the street, was a fair -field, sometime belonging to the priory of the Trinity, and since by Sir -Thomas Audley given to Magdalen college in Cambridge: this field (as all -other about the city) was inclosed, reserving open passage thereinto, -for such as were disposed. Towards the street were some small cottages, -of two stories high, and little garden-plots backward, for poor bed-rid -people, for in that street dwelt none other, built by some prior of the -Holy Trinity, to whom that ground belonged. - -In my youth, I remember, devout people, as well men as women of this -city, were accustomed oftentimes, especially on Fridays, weekly to walk -that way purposely there to bestow their charitable alms; every poor man -or woman lying in their bed within their window, which was towards the -street, open so low that every man might see them, a clean linen cloth -lying in their window, and a pair of beads, to show that there lay a -bed-rid body, unable but to pray only. This street was first paved in -the year 1503. - -About the latter reign of Henry VIII., three brethren that were -gunfounders, surnamed Owens, got ground there to build upon, and to -inclose for casting of brass ordinance. These occupied a good part of -the street on the field side, and in a short time divers others also -built there, so that the poor bed-rid people were worn out, and, in -place of their homely cottages, such houses built as do rather want -room than rent; which houses be for the most part possessed by brokers, -sellers of old apparel, and such like. The residue of the field was for -the most part made into a garden by a gardener named Cawsway, one that -served the markets with herbs and roots; and in the last year of King -Edward VI. the same was parcelled into gardens wherein are now many fair -houses of pleasure built. - -On the ditch side of this street the mud wall is also by little and -little all taken down, the bank of the ditch being raised, made level -ground, and turned into garden-plots and carpenters' yards, and many -large houses are there built; the filth of which houses, as also the -earth cast out of their vaults, is turned into the ditch, by which means -the ditch is filled up, and both the ditch and wall so hidden that they -cannot be seen of the passers by. This Portsoken ward hath an alderman -and his deputy, common councillors six, constables four, scavengers -four, for the wardemote inquest eighteen, and a beadle. To the fifteen -it is cessed at four pounds ten shillings. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[125] "As much as"--_1st edition_, p. 85. - -[126] Liber Trinitat. - -[127] Liber Trinitat. - -[128] The further history of this establishment will be found in -Nichols' _History of the Hospital and Collegiate Church of St. -Katherine, near the Tower of London_. - -[129] The Danish _toft_, Swedish _tomt_, properly signifies the ground -upon which a house stands. See Grimm's _Deutsche Rechtsalterthuemer_, s. -539. - -[130] "These fortie-four yeares last."--_1st edition_, p. 92. - - - - -TOWER STREET WARD - - -The first ward in the east part of this city within the wall is called -Tower street ward, and extendeth along the river of Thames from the -said Tower in the east almost to Belinsgate in the west. One half of -the Tower, the ditch on the west side, and bulwarks adjoining, do stand -within that part where the wall of the city of old time went straight -from the postern gate south to the river of Thames, before that the -Tower was built. From and without the Tower ditch, west and by north, -is the said Tower hill, sometime a large plot of ground, now greatly -straitened by incroachments (unlawfully made and suffered) for gardens -and houses; some on the bank of the Tower ditch, whereby the Tower ditch -is marred, but more near unto the wall of the city from the postern -north, till over against the principal fore-gate of the Lord Lumley's -house, etc.; but the Tower ward goeth no further that way. - -Upon this hill is always readily prepared, at the charges of the city, a -large scaffold and gallows of timber, for the execution of such traitors -or transgressors as are delivered out of the Tower, or otherwise, to the -sheriffs of London by writ, there to be executed. I read, that in the -fifth of King Edward IV.[131] a scaffold and gallows was there set up -by other the king's officers, and not of the city's charges, whereupon -the mayor and his brethren complained, but were answered by the king -that the Tower hill was of the liberty of the city; and whatsoever was -done in that point was not in derogation of the city's liberties, and -therefore commanded proclamation[132] to be made, as well within the -city as in the suburbs, as followeth: "Forasmuch as, the seventh day of -this present month of November, gallows were erect and set up besides -our Tower of London, within the liberties and franchises of our city of -London, in derogation and prejudice of the liberties and franchises of -this city, the king our sovereign lord would it be certainly understood -that the erection and setting up of the said gallows was not done by -his commandment; wherefore the king our sovereign lord willeth that the -erection and setting up the said gallows be not any precedent or example -thereby hereafter to be taken, in hurt, prejudice, or derogation of the -franchises, liberties, and privileges of the said city, which he at all -times hath had, and hath in his benevolence, tender favour, and good -grace, etc. Apud Westminst. 9 die Novemb. anno regni nostri quinto." -On the north side of this hill is the said Lord Lumley's house, and on -the west side divers houses lately built, and other incroachments along -south to Chick lane,[133] on the east of Barking church, at the end -whereof you have Tower street stretching from the Tower hill, west to -St. Margaret Patten's church parsonage. - -Now therefore, to begin at the east end of the street, on the north side -thereof, is the fair parish church called Allhallows Barking, which -standeth in a large, but sometime far larger, cemetery or churchyard; on -the north side whereof was sometime built a fair chapel, founded by King -Richard I.; some have written that his heart was buried there under the -high altar. This chapel was confirmed and augmented by King Edward I. -Edward IV. gave license to his cousin John, Earl of Worcester, to found -there a brotherhood for a master and brethren; and he gave to the custos -of that fraternity, which was Sir John Scot, knight, Thomas Colte, -John Tate, and John Croke, the priory of Totingbecke, and advowson -of the parish church of Streatham, in the county of Surrey, with all -the members and appurtenances, and a part of the priory of Okeborn in -Wiltshire, both priors aliens, and appointed it to be called the king's -chapel or chantry, _In capella Beatae Mariae de Barking_. King Richard -III. new built and founded therein a college of priests, etc. Hamond de -Lega was buried in that chapel. Robert Tate, mayor of London, 1488,[134] -and other, were there buried. This chapel and college were suppressed -and pulled down in the year 1548, the 2nd of King Edward VI. The ground -was employed as a garden-plot during the reigns of King Edward, Queen -Mary, and part of Queen Elizabeth, till at length a large strong frame -of timber and brick was set thereon, and employed as a store-house of -merchants' goods brought from the sea by Sir William Winter, etc. - -Monuments in the parish church of Allhallows Barking, not defaced, are -these:--Sir Thomas Studinham, of Norwich diocess, knight, 1469; Thomas -Gilbart, draper and merchant of the staple, 1483; John Bolt, merchant -of the staple, 1459; Sir John Stile, knight, draper, 1500. William -Thinne, esq., one of the clerks of the Green cloth, and master of the -household to King Henry VIII., 1546; Humfrey Monmouth, draper, one of -the sheriffs, 1535; Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, beheaded 1546; Sir -Richard Devereux, son and heir to the Lord Ferrers of Chartley; Richard -Browne, esq. 1546; Philip Dennis, esq. 1556; Andrew Evenger, salter; -William Robinson, mercer, alderman, 1552; William Armorer, cloth-worker, -esquire, governor of the pages of honour, or master of the heance men, -servant to Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Queen Mary, buried 1560. Besides -which there be divers tombs without inscription. John Crolys and Thomas -Pike, citizens of London, founded a chantry there 1388. - -By the west end of this parish church and chapel, lieth Sidon lane, -now corruptly called Sything lane, from Tower street up north to -Hart street. In this Sidon lane divers fair and large houses are -built, namely, one by Sir John Allen, sometime mayor of London, and -of council unto King Henry VIII.; Sir Francis Walsingham, knight, -principal secretary to the queen's majesty that now is, was lodged -there, and so was the Earl of Essex, etc. At the north-west corner of -this lane standeth a proper parish church of St. Olave, which church, -together with some houses adjoining, as also others over against it -in Hart street, are of the said Tower street ward. Monuments in this -parish church of St. Olave be these:--Richard Cely and Robert Cely, -fellmongers, principal builders and benefactors of this church; Dame -Johan, wife to Sir John Zouch, 1439; John Clarenciaulx, king of arms, -1427; Thomas Sawle; Sir Richard Haddon, mercer, mayor 1512; Thomas -Burnell, mercer, 1548; Thomas Morley, gentleman, 1566; Sir John -Radcliffe, knight, 1568; and Dame Anne his wife, 1585; Chapone, a -Florentine gentleman, 1582; Sir Hamond Vaughan, knight; George Stoddard, -merchant; etc. - -Then have ye out of Tower street, also on the north side, one other -lane, called Marte lane, which runneth up towards the north, and is -for the most part of this Tower street ward; which lane is about the -third quarter thereof divided from Aldgate ward, by a chain to be drawn -athwart the said lane, above the west end of Hart street. Cokedon hall, -sometime at the south-west end of Marte lane, I read of.[135] - -A third lane out of Tower street, on the north side, is called Mincheon -lane, so called of tenements there sometime pertaining to the Minchuns -or nuns of St. Helen's in Bishopsgate street. This lane is all of the -said ward, except the corner house towards Fenchurch street. In this -lane of old time dwelt divers strangers born of Genoa and those parts; -these were commonly called galley men, as men that came up in the -galleys brought up wines and other merchandises, which they landed in -Thames street, at a place called Galley key; they had a certain coin -of silver amongst themselves, which were halfpence of Genoa, and were -called Galley halfpence; these halfpence were forbidden in the 13th of -Henry IV., and again by parliament in the 4th of Henry V. It was, that -if any person bring into this realm halfpence, suskinges, or dodkins, he -should be punished as a thief; and he that taketh or payeth such money -shall leese a hundred shillings, whereof the king shall have the one -half, and he that will sue the other half. Notwithstanding, in my youth, -I have seen them pass current, but with some difficulty, for that the -English halfpence were then, though not so broad, somewhat thicker and -stronger. - -The Clothworkers' hall is in this lane. Then at the west end of Tower -street have ye a little turning towards the north to a fair house -sometime belonging to one named Griste, for he dwelt there in the year -1449. And Jack Cade, captain of the rebels in Kent, being by him in this -his house feasted, when he had dined, like an unkind guest, robbed him -of all that was there to be found worth the carriage. Next to this is -one other fair house, sometime built by Angell Dune, grocer, alderman of -London, since possessed by Sir John Champneis, alderman, and mayor of -London. He built in this house a high tower of brick, the first that I -ever heard of in any private man's house, to overlook his neighbours in -this city. But this delight of his eye was punished with blindness some -years before his death. Since that time. Sir Percevall Hart, a jolly -courtier, and knight-harbinger to the queen, was lodged there, etc. -From this house, somewhat west, is the parish church of St. Margaret's -Pattens; to the which church and house, on the north side, and as far -over against on the south, stretcheth the farthest west part of this -ward. - -And, therefore, to begin again at the east end of Tower street, on -the south side, have ye Beare lane, wherein are many fair houses, and -runneth down to Thames street. The next is Sporiar lane, of old time -so called, but since and of later time named Water lane, because it -runneth down to the water gate by the Custom house in Thames street. -Then is there Hart lane for Harpe lane, which likewise runneth down -into Thames street. In this Hart lane is the Bakers' hall, sometime the -dwelling-house of John Chichley, chamberlain of London, who was son -to William Chichley, alderman of London, brother to William Chichley, -archdeacon of Canterburie, nephew to Robert Chichley, mayor of London, -and to Henry Chichley, archbishop of Canterburie. This John Chichley, -saith John Leland, had twenty-four children. Sir Thomas Kirrioll, of -Kent, after he had been long prisoner in France, married Elizabeth, one -of the daughters of this Chichley, by whom he had this Chichley's house. -This Elizabeth was secondly married to Sir Ralfe Ashton, knight-marshal, -and thirdly, to Sir John Burchier, uncle to the late Burchier, Earl of -Essex, but she never had child. Edward Poynings made part with Burchier -and Elizabeth, to have Ostenhanger in Kent, after their death, and -entered into it, they living. - -In Tower street, between Hart lane and Church lane, was a quadrant -called Galley row, because galley men dwelt there. Then have ye two -lanes out of Tower street, both called Church lanes, because one runneth -down by the east end of St. Dunstan's church, and the other by the west -end of the same; out of the west lane turneth another lane west towards -St. Marie Hill, and is called Fowle lane, which is for the most part in -Tower street ward. - -This church of St. Dunstone is called, in the east, for difference from -one other of the same name in the west; it is a fair and large church -of an ancient building, and within a large churchyard; it hath a great -parish of many rich merchants, and other occupiers of divers trades, -namely salters and ironmongers. - -The monuments in that church be these:--In the choir, John Kenington, -parson, there buried 1374; William Islip, parson, 1382; John Kryoll, -esq., brother to Thomas Kryoll, 1400; Nicholas Bond, Thomas Barry, -merchant, 1445; Robert Shelly, esq., 1420; Robert Pepper, grocer, 1445; -John Norwich, grocer, 1390; Alice Brome, wife to John Coventry, sometime -mayor of London, 1433; William Isaack, draper, alderman, 1508; Edward -Skales, merchant, 1521; John Ricroft, esq., sergeant of the larder to -Henry VII. and Henry VIII., 1532; Edwaters, esq., sergeant-at-arms, -1558; Sir Bartholomew James, draper, mayor 1479, buried under a fair -monument with his lady; Ralfe Greenway, grocer, alderman, put under the -stone of Robert Pepper, 1559; Thomas Bledlow, one of the sheriffs 1472; -James Bacon, fishmonger, sheriff, 1573; Sir Richard Champion, draper, -mayor 1568; Henry Herdson, skinner, alderman, 1555; Sir James Garnado, -knight; William Hariot, draper, mayor 1481, buried in a fair chapel by -him built, 1517; John Tate, son to Sir John Tate, in the same chapel in -the north wall; Sir Christopher Draper, ironmonger, mayor 1566, buried -1580. And many other worshipful personages besides, whose monuments are -altogether defaced. - -Now for the two Church lanes, they meeting on the south side of this -church and church yard, do join in one, and running down to the Thames -street, the same is called St. Dunstan's hill, at the lower end whereof -the said Thames street towards the west on both sides almost to Belin's -gate, but towards the east up to the water gate, by the bulwark of the -Tower, is all of Tower street ward. In this street, on the Thames side, -are divers large landing-places called wharfs or keys, for craneage up -of wares and merchandise, as also for shipping of wares from thence to -be transported. These wharfs and keys commonly bear the names of their -owners, and are therefore changeable. I read, in the 26th of Henry VI., -that in the parish of St. Dunstone in the east, a tenement, called -Passeke's wharf, and another called Horner's key, in Thames street, -were granted to William Harindon, esq. I read also, that in the 6th of -Richard II., John Churchman, grocer, for the quiet of merchants, did -newly build a certain house upon the key, called Wool wharf, in the -Tower street ward, in the parish of Allhallows Barking, betwixt the -tenement of Paule Salisberrie on the east part, and the lane called the -water gate on the west, to serve for tronage, or weighing of wools in -the port of London; whereupon the king granted that during the life of -the said John, the aforesaid tronage should be held and kept in the said -house, with easements there for the balances and weights, and a counting -place for the customer, controllers, clerks, and other officers of the -said tronage, together with ingress and egress to and from the same, -even as was had in other places, where the said tronage was wont to be -kept, and that the king should pay yearly to the said John during his -life forty shillings at the terms of St. Michael and Easter, by even -portions, by the hands of his customer, without any other payment to the -said John, as in the indenture thereof more at large appeareth. - -Near unto this Customer's key towards the east, is the said water gate, -and west from it Porter's key, then Galley key, where the gallies were -used to unlade and land their merchandises and wares; and that part of -Thames street was therefore of some called Galley row, but more commonly -Petty Wales. - -On the north side, as well as on the south of this Thames street, are -many fair houses large for stowage, built for merchants; but towards -the east end thereof, namely, over against Galley key, Wool key, and the -Custom house, there have been of old time some large buildings of stone, -the ruins whereof do yet remain, but the first builders and owners of -them are worn out of memory, wherefore the common people affirm Julius -Caesar to be the builder thereof, as also of the Tower itself. But -thereof I have spoken already. Some are of another opinion, and that a -more likely, that this great stone building was sometime the lodging -appointed for the princes of Wales, when they repaired to this city, and -that, therefore, the street in that part is called Petty Wales, which -name remaineth there most commonly until this day, even as where the -kings of Scotland were used to be lodged betwixt Charing cross and White -hall, it is likewise called Scotland, and where the earls of Britons -were lodged without Aldersgate, the street is called Britain street, etc. - -The said building might of old time pertain to the princes of Wales, as -is aforesaid, but is since turned to other use. - -It is before noted of Galley key, that the galleys of Italie, and -other parts, did there discharge their wines and merchandises brought -to this city. It is like, therefore, that the merchants and owners -procured the place to build upon for their lodgings and storehouses, as -the merchants of the Haunce of Almaine were licensed to have a house, -called _Gilda Teutonicorum_, the Guild hall of the Germans. Also the -merchants of Burdeaux were licensed to build at the Vintry, strongly -with stone, as may be yet seen, and seemeth old, though often repaired; -much more cause have these buildings in Petty Wales, though as lately -built, and partly of the like stone brought from Caen in Normandie, to -seem old, which for many years, to wit, since the galleys left their -course of landing there,[136] hath fallen to ruin, and been let out for -stabling of horses, to tipplers of beer, and such like; amongst others, -one Mother Mampudding (as they termed her) for many years kept this -house, or a great part thereof, for victualling; and it seemeth that -the builders of the hall of this house were shipwrights, and not house -carpenters; for the frame thereof (being but low) is raised of certain -principal posts of main timber, fixed deep in the ground, without any -groundsell, boarded close round about on the inside, having none other -wall from the ground to the roof, those boards not exceeding the length -of a clap board, about an inch thick, every board ledging over other as -in a ship or galley, nailed with ship nails called rough and clench, -to wit, rough nails with broad round heads, and clenched on the other -side with square plates of iron. The roof of this hall is also wrought -of the like board, and nailed with rough and clench, and seemeth as it -were a galley, the keel turned upwards; and I observed that no worm or -rottenness is seen to have entered either board or timber of that hall, -and therefore, in mine opinion, of no great antiquity.[137] - -I read, in 44th of Edward III., that a hospital in the parish of Barking -church was founded by Robert Denton, chaplain, for the sustentation -of poor priests, and other both men and women, that were sick of the -frenzy, there to remain till they were perfectly whole, and restored -to good memory. Also I read, that in the 6th of Henry V. there was in -the Tower ward a messuage, or great house, called Cobham's inn; and in -the 37th of Henry VI, a messuage in Thames street pertaining to Richard -Longvile, etc. Some of the ruins before spoken of may seem to be of the -foresaid hospital, belonging peradventure to some prior alien, and so -suppressed among the rest in the reign of Edward III. or Henry V., who -suppressed them all. Thus much for the bounds and antiquities of this -ward, wherein is noted the Tower of London, three parish churches, the -custom house, and two halls of companies, to wit, the clothworkers and -the bakers. This ward hath an alderman, his deputy, common councillors -eight, constables thirteen, scavengers twelve, wardmote men thirteen, -and a beadle; it is taxed to the fifteenth at six and twenty pounds.[138] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[131] Liber l. folio 40. - -[132] Proclamation. W. Dunthorn. - -[133] "And to Berewardes lane."--_1st edition_, p. 95. - -[134] "When he deceased, 1501."--_Ibid._ - -[135] "Woodroffe lane towardes the Tower in this parish."--_1st edition_ -p. 97. - -[136] "No gallies landed here in memorie of men living."--_Stow._ - -[137] "But I leave every man to his own judgment, and pass to other -matters."--_1st edition_, p. 101. - -[138] "It is taxed to the fifteene at forty-six pounds, and accounted in -the Exchequer at forty-five pounds ten shillings."--_1st edition_, p. -102. - - - - -ALDGATE WARD - - -The second ward within the wall, on the east part, is called Aldgate -ward, as taking name of the same gate. The principal street of this ward -beginneth at Aldgate, stretching west to sometime a fair well, where -now a pump is placed; from thence the way being divided into twain, the -first and principal street is called Aldgate street, runneth on the -south side to Lime street corner, and half that street down on the left -hand is also of that ward. In the mid way on that south side, betwixt -Aldgate and Lime street, is Hart horn alley, a way that goeth through -into Fenchurch street over against Northumberland house. Then have ye -the Bricklayers' hall, and another alley called Sprinckle alley, now -named Sugarloafe alley, of the like sign. Then is there a fair house, -with divers tenements near adjoining, sometimes belonging to a late -dissolved priory, since possessed by Mistress Cornewallies, widow, and -her heirs, by gift of Henry VIII., in reward of fine puddings (as it -was commonly said) by her made, wherewith she had presented him. Such -was the princely liberality of those times. Of later time Sir Nicholas -Throgmorton, knight, was lodged there. Then, somewhat more west is -Belzettar's lane, so called of the first builder and owner thereof, now -corruptly called Billitar lane. Betwixt this Belzettar lane and Lime -street was of later time a frame of three fair houses, set up in the -year 1590, in place where before was a large garden plot, enclosed from -the high street with a brick wall, which wall being taken down, and the -ground dug deep for cellarage, there was found right under the said -brick wall another wall of stone, with a gate arched of stone, and gates -of timber to be closed in the midst towards the street; the timber of -the gates was consumed, but the hinges of iron still remained on their -staples on both the sides. Moreover, in that wall were square windows, -with bars of iron on either side of the gate. This wall was under ground -about two fathoms deep, as I then esteemed it, and seemeth to be the -ruins of some houses burned in the reign of King Stephen, when the fire -began in the house of one Alewarde, near London stone, and consumed east -to Aldgate, whereby it appeareth how greatly the ground of this city -hath been in that place raised. - -On the north side this principal street stretcheth to the west corner of -St. Andrewe's church, and then the ward turneth towards the north by St. -Marie street, on the east side to St. Augustine's church in the wall, -and so by Buries markes again, or about by the wall to Aldgate. - -The second way from Aldgate, more towards the south, from the pump -aforesaid, is called Fenchurch street, and is of Aldgate ward till -ye come to Culver alley, on the west side of Ironmongers hall, where -sometime was a lane which went out of Fenchurch street to the middest of -Lime street, but this lane was stopped up for suspicion of thieves that -lurked there by night. Again to Aldgate out of the principal street, -even by the gate and wall of the city, runneth a lane south to Crowched -Friers, and then Woodroffe lane to the Tower hill, and out of this lane -west a street called Hart street, which of that ward stretched to Sydon -lane by St. Olave's church. One other lane more west from Aldgate goeth -by Northumberland house toward the Crossed Friers; then have ye on the -same side the north end of Mart lane and Blanch Apleton, where that ward -endeth. - -Thus much for the bounds; now for monuments, or places most ancient and -notable. - -I am first to begin with the late dissolved priory of the Holy Trinity, -called Christ's church, on the right hand within Aldgate. This priory -was founded by Matilda, queen, wife to Henry I., in the same place where -Siredus sometime began to erect a church in honour of the Cross and of -St. Marie Magdalen, of which the Dean and Chapter of Waltham were wont -to receive thirty shillings. The queen was to acquit her church thereof, -and in exchange gave unto them a mill. King Henry confirmed her gift. -This church was given to Norman, first canon regular in all England. -The said queen also gave unto the same church, and those that served -God therein, the plot of Aldgate, and the soke thereunto belonging, -with all customs so free as she had held the same, and twenty-five -pound blankes, which she had of the city of Excester, as appeareth by -her deed, wherein she nameth the house Christ's church, and reporteth -Aldgate to be of her domains, which she granteth with two parts of -the rent of the city of Excester. Norman took upon him to be prior of -Christ's church, in the year of Christ 1108, in the parishes of St. Mary -Magdalen, St. Michael, St. Katherine, and the Blessed Trinity, which -now was made but one parish of the Holy Trinity, and was in old time of -the Holy Cross or Holy Rood parish. The priory was built on a piece of -ground in the parish of St. Katherine towards Aldgate, which lieth in -length betwixt the King's street, by the which men go towards Aldgate, -near to the chapel of St. Michael towards the north, and containeth in -length eighty-three ells, half, quarter, and half-quarter of the king's -iron eln, and lieth in breadth, etc. The soke and ward of Aldgate was -then bounded as I have before showed. The queen was a means also that -the land and English Knighten Guild was given unto the prior Norman: -the honourable man, Geffrey de Glinton, was a great helper therein, and -obtained that the canons might enclose the way betwixt their church -and the wall of the city, etc. This priory, in process of time, became -a very fair and large church, rich in lands and ornaments, and passed -all the priories in the city of London or shire of Middlesex; the prior -whereof was an alderman of London, to wit, of Portsoken ward. - -I read, that Eustacius, the eighth prior, about the year 1264, because -he would not deal with temporal matters, instituted Theobald Fitz -Ivonis, alderman of Portsoken ward under him, and that William Rising, -prior of Christ's church, was sworn alderman of the said Portsoken ward -in the 1st of Richard II. These priors have sitten and ridden amongst -the aldermen of London, in livery like unto them, saving that his -habit was in shape of a spiritual person, as I myself have seen in my -childhood; at which time the prior kept a most bountiful house of meat -and drink, both for rich and poor, as well within the house as at the -gates, to all comers, according to their estates. - -These were the monuments in this church:--Sir Robert Turke, and Dame -Alice his wife; John Tirell, esquire; Simon Kempe, esquire; James -Manthorpe, esquire; John Ascue, esquire; Thomas Fauset, of Scalset, -esquire; John Kempe, gentleman; Robert Chirwide, esquire; Sir John -Heningham, and Dame Isabel his wife; Dame Agnes, wife first to Sir -William Bardolph, and then to Sir Thomas Mortimer; John Ashfield, -esquire; Sir John Dedham, knight; Sir Ambrose Charcam; Joan, wife to -Thomas Nuck, gentleman; John Husse, esquire; John Beringham, esquire; -Thomas Goodwine, esquire; Ralph Walles, esquire; Dame Margaret, daughter -to Sir Ralph Chevie, wife to Sir John Barkeley, to Sir Thomas Barnes, -and to Sir W. Bursire; William Roofe; Simon Francis; John Breton, -esquire; Helling, esquire; John Malwen and his wife; Anthonie Wels, son -to John Wels; Nicholas de Avesey, and Margarie his wife; Anthonie, son -to John Milles; Baldwine, son to King Stephen, and Mathilde, daughter -to King Stephen, wife to the Earl of Meulan; Henry Fitzalwine, mayor of -London, 1213; Geffrey Mandevile, 1215; and many other. But to conclude -of this priory: King Henry VIII., minding to reward Sir Thomas Audley, -speaker of the parliament against Cardinal Wolsey, as ye may read in -Hall, sent for the prior, commending him for his hospitality, promised -him preferment, as a man worthy of a far greater dignity, which promise -surely he performed, and compounded with him, though in what sort I -never heard, so that the prior surrendered all that priory, with the -appurtenances, to the king, in the month of July, in the year 1531, the -23rd of the said king's reign. The canons were sent to other houses of -the same order, and the priory, with the appurtenances, King Henry gave -to Sir Thomas Audley, newly knighted, and after made lord chancellor. - -Sir Thomas Audley offered the great church of this priory, with a ring -of nine bells well tuned (whereof four the greatest were since sold -to the parish of Stebunhith, and the five lesser to the parish of St. -Stephen in Coleman street) to the parishioners of St. Katherine Christ -church, in exchange for their small parish church, minding to have -pulled it down, and to have built there towards the street; but the -parishioners having doubts in their heads of after-claps, refused the -offer. Then was the priory church and steeple proffered to whomsoever -would take it down, and carry it from the ground, but no man would -undertake the offer; whereupon Sir Thomas Audley was fain to be at more -charges than could be made of the stones, timber, lead, iron, etc. For -the workmen, with great labour, beginning at the top, loosed stone from -stone, and threw them down, whereby the most part of them were broken, -and few remained whole; and those were sold very cheap, for all the -buildings then made about the city were of brick and timber. At that -time any man in the city might have a cart-load of hard stone for paving -brought to his door for six pence or seven pence, with the carriage. The -said Thomas Lord Audley built and dwelt on this priory during his life, -and died there in the year 1544; since the which time the said priory -came by marriage of the Lord Audley's daughter and heir unto Thomas, -late Duke of Norfolk, and was then called the Duke's place. - -The parish church of St. Katherine standeth in the cemetery of the -late dissolved priory of the Holy Trinity, and is therefore called St. -Katherine Christ church. This church seemeth to be very old; since the -building whereof the high street hath been so often raised by pavements, -that now men are fain to descend into the said church by divers steps, -seven in number. But the steeple, or bell-tower thereof, hath been -lately built, to wit, about the year 1504; for Sir John Percivall, -merchant-tailor, then deceasing, gave money towards the building -thereof. There be the monuments of Sir Thomas Fleming, knight of Rowles, -in Essex, and Margaret his wife, 1464; Roger Marshall, esquire; Jane -Horne, wife to Roger Marshall; William Multon, alias Burdeaux, herald; -John Goad, esquire, and Joan his wife; Beatrix, daughter to William -Browne; Thomas Multon, esquire, son to Burdeaux, herald; John Chitcroft, -esquire; John Wakefielde, esquire; William Criswicke; Anne and Sewch, -daughters to Ralph Shirley, esquire; Sir John Rainsford, knight of -Essex; Sir Nicholas Throkmorton, chief butler of England, one of the -chamberlains of the exchequer, ambassador, etc., 1570, and other. - -At the north-west corner of this ward, in the said high street, -standeth the fair and beautiful parish church of St. Andrew the Apostle; -with an addition, to be known from other churches of that name, of the -knape or undershaft; and so called St. Andrew Undershaft, because that -of old time, every year on May-day in the morning, it was used, that -an high or long shaft or May-pole, was set up there, in the midst of -the street, before the south side of the said church; which shaft when -it was set on end and fixed in the ground, was higher than the church -steeple. Geffrey Chaucer, writing of a vain boaster, hath these words, -meaning of the said shaft: - - "Right well aloft, and high ye beare your heade, - The weather cocke, with flying, as ye would kill, - When ye be stuffed, bet of wine, then brede, - Then looke ye, when your wombe doth fill, - As ye would beare the great shaft of Cornehill, - Lord, so merrily crowdeth then your croke, - That all the streete may heare your body cloke." - -This shaft was not raised at any time since evil May-day (so called of -an insurrection made by apprentices and other young persons against -aliens in the year 1517); but the said shaft was laid along over the -doors, and under the pentises of one row of houses and alley gate, -called of the shaft Shaft alley (being of the possessions of Rochester -bridge), in the ward of Lime street. It was there, I say, hung on iron -hooks many years, till the third of King Edward VI., that one Sir -Stephen, curate of St. Katherine Christ's church, preaching at Paules -cross, said there that this shaft was made an idol, by naming the church -of St. Andrew with the addition of "under that shaft:" he persuaded -therefore that the names of churches might be altered; also that the -names of days in the week might be changed; the fish days to be kept -any days except Friday and Saturday, and the Lent any time, save only -betwixt Shrovetide and Easter. I have oft times seen this man, forsaking -the pulpit of his said parish church, preach out of a high elm-tree[139] -in the midst of the churchyard, and then entering the church, forsaking -the altar, to have sung his high mass in English upon a tomb of the dead -towards the north. I heard his sermon at Paules cross, and I saw the -effect that followed; for in the afternoon of that present Sunday, the -neighbours and tenants to the said bridge, over whose doors the said -shaft had lain, after they had well dined, to make themselves strong, -gathered more help, and with great labour raising the shaft from the -hooks, whereon it had rested two-and-thirty years, they sawed it in -pieces, every man taking for his share so much as had lain over his door -and stall, the length of his house; and they of the alley divided among -them so much as had lain over their alley gate. Thus was this idol (as -he[140] termed it) mangled, and after burned. - -Soon after was there a commotion of the commons in Norfolk, Suffolk, -Essex, and other shires; by means whereof, straight orders being taken -for the suppression of rumours, divers persons were apprehended and -executed by martial law; amongst the which the bailiff of Romfort, in -Essex, was one, a man very well beloved: he was early in the morning -of Mary Magdalen's day, then kept holiday, brought by the sheriffs of -London and the knight-marshal to the well within Aldgate, there to be -executed upon a gibbet set up that morning, where, being on the ladder, -he had words to this effect: "Good people, I am come hither to die, but -know not for what offence, except for words by me spoken yesternight to -Sir Stephen, curate and preacher of this parish, which were these: He -asked me, 'What news in the country?' I answered, 'Heavy news.' 'Why?' -quoth he. 'It is said,' quoth I, 'that many men be up in Essex, but, -thanks be to God, all is in good quiet about us:' and this was all, as -God be my judge," etc. Upon these words of the prisoner, Sir Stephen, -to avoid reproach of the people, left the city, and was never heard of -since amongst them to my knowledge. I heard the words of the prisoner, -for he was executed upon the pavement of my door where I then kept -house. Thus much by digression: now again to the parish church of St. -Andrew Undershaft, for it still retaineth the name, which hath been new -built by the parishioners there since the year 1520; every man putting -to his helping hand, some with their purses, other with their bodies. -Steven Gennings, merchant-tailor, sometime mayor of London, caused at -his charges to be built[141] the whole north side of the great middle -aisle, both of the body and choir, as appeareth by his arms over every -pillar graven, and also the north isle, which he roofed with timber and -sealed; also the whole south side of the church was glazed, and the pews -in the south chapel made of his costs, as appeareth in every window, -and upon the said pews. He deceased in the year 1524, and was buried in -the Grey friars church. John Kerkbie, merchant-tailor, sometime one of -the sheriffs, John Garlande, merchant-tailor, and Nicholas Levison, -mercer, executor to Garlande, were great benefactors to this work; which -was finished to the glazing in the year 1529, and fully finished 1532. -Buried in this church:[142] Philip Malpas, one of the sheriffs, 1439; -Sir Robert Dennie, knight, and after him Thomas Dennie, his son, in the -year 1421; Thomas Stokes, gentleman, grocer, 1496. In the new church: -John Nichell, merchant-tailor, 1537; William Draper, esquire, 1537; -Isabell and Margaret, his wives; Nicholas Levison, mercer, one of the -sheriffs, 1534; John Gerrarde, woolman, merchant of the staple, 1456; -Henry Man, doctor of divinity, bishop of Man, 1550; Stephen Kyrton, -merchant-tailor, alderman, 1553; David Woodroffe, haberdasher, one of -the sheriffs, 1554; Stephen Woodroffe, his son, gave one hundred pounds -in money, for the which the poor of that parish receive two shillings in -bread weekly for ever; Sir Thomas Offley, merchant-tailor, mayor, 1556; -he bequeathed the one half of all his goods to charitable actions, but -the parish received little benefit thereby; Thomas Starkey, skinner, one -of the sheriffs, 1578; Hugh Offley, leatherseller, one of the sheriffs, -1588; William Hanbury, baker. - -Now down St. Mary street, by the west end of the church towards the -north, stand divers fair houses for merchants and other; namely, one -fair great house, built by Sir William Pickering the father, possessed -by Sir William his son, and since by Sir Edward Wootton of Kent. North -from this place is the Fletchers' hall, and so down to the corner of -that street, over against London wall, and against eastwards to a fair -house lately new built, partly by Master Robert Beale, one of the clerks -of the council. - -Then come you to the Papey, a proper house, wherein sometime was kept a -fraternity or brotherhood of St. Charity and St. John Evangelist, called -the Papey, for poor impotent priests (for in some language priests are -called papes), founded in the year 1430 by William Oliver, William -Barnabie, and John Stafford, chaplains or chantry priests in London, -for a master, two wardens, etc., chaplains, chantry priests, conducts, -and other brethren and sisters, that should be admitted into the church -of St. Augustine Papey in the wall. The brethren of this house becoming -lame, or otherwise into great poverty, were here relieved, as to have -chambers, with certain allowance of bread, drink, and coal, and one -old man and his wife to see them served and to keep the house clean. -This brotherhood, among others, was suppressed in the reign of Edward -VI.; since the which time in this house hath been lodged Master Moris -of Essex; Sir Francis Walsingham, principal secretary to her majesty; -Master Barret of Essex, etc. - -Then next is one great house, large of rooms, fair courts, and -garden-plots; sometimes pertaining to the Bassets, since that to the -abbots of Bury in Suffolk, and therefore called Buries markes, corruptly -Bevis markes, and since the dissolution of the abbey of Bury, to Thomas -Henage the father, and to Sir Thomas his son. Then next unto it is the -before-spoken priory of the Holy Trinity; to wit, the west and north -part thereof, which stretcheth up to Aldgate, where we first began. - -Now in the second way from Aldgate, more toward the south from the -well or pump aforesaid, lieth Fenne church street; on the right hand -whereof, somewhat west from the south end of Belzetter's lane is the -Ironmongers' hall; which company was incorporated in the 3rd of Edward -IV. Richard Fleming was their first master; Nicholas Marshall and -Richard Cox were custos, or wardens. And on the left hand, or south -side, even by the gate and wall of the city, runneth down a lane to the -Tower hill; the south part whereof is called Woodroffe lane, and out of -this lane toward the west a street called Hart street. In this street, -at the south-east corner thereof, sometime stood one house of Crouched -(or crossed) friars, founded by Ralph Hosiar and William Sabernes about -the year 1298. Stephen, the tenth prior of the Holy Trinity, in London -granted there tenements for 13_s._ 8_d._ by the year unto the said -Ralph Hosiar and William Sabernes, who afterwards became friars of St. -Crosse; Adam was the first prior of that house. These friars founded -their house in place of certain tenements purchased of Richard Wimbush, -the twelfth prior of the Holy Trinity, in the year 1319, which was -confirmed by Edward III. the 17th of his reign, valued at L52 13_s._ -4_d._, surrendered the twelfth of November, the 30th of Henry VIII. In -this house was buried Master John Tirres; Nicholas, the son of William -Kyriell, esquire; Sir Thomas Mellington, baron of Wemesse, and Dame -Elizabeth his wife, daughter and heir of William Botelar, baron of Wome; -Robert Mellington, esquire, and Elizabeth his wife, daughter to Ferreis -of Ousley; Henry Lovell, son to William Lord Lovell; Dame Isabel, wife -to William Edwarde, mayor of London, 1471; William Narborough, and Dame -Elizabeth his wife; William Narborough, and Dame Beatrix his wife; -William Brosked, esquire; William Bowes; Lionel Mollington, esquire, -son of Robert Mollington; Nicholas Couderow, and Elizabeth his wife; -Sir John Stratford, knight; Sir Thomas Asseldy, knight, clerk of the -crown, sub-marshal of England, and justice of the shire of Middlesex; -John Rest, grocer, mayor of London, 1516; Sir John Skevington, knight, -merchant-tailor, sheriff, 1520; Sir John Milborne, draper, mayor in -the year 1520, was buried there, but removed since to St. Edmondes in -Lombard street; Sir Rice Grifith, beheaded on the Tower hill, 1531. - -In place of this church is now a carpenters' yard, a tennis court, and -such like; the friars' hall was made a glass-house, or house wherein -was made glass of divers sorts to drink in; which house in the year -1575, on the 4th of September, burst out into a terrible fire, where -being practised all means possible to quench, notwithstanding as the -same house in a small time before had consumed a great quantity of wood -by making of glasses, now itself having within it about forty thousand -billets of wood, was all consumed to the stone walls, which nevertheless -greatly hindered the fire from spreading any further. - -Adjoining unto this friars' church, by the east end thereof in Woodroffe -lane towards the Tower hill, are certain proper alms houses, fourteen in -number, built of brick and timber, founded by Sir John Milborne, draper, -sometime mayor, 1521, wherein he placed thirteen aged poor men and their -wives, if they have wives: these have their dwellings rent free, and -2_s._ 4_d._ the piece, the first day of every month, for ever. One also -is to have his house over the gate, and 4_s._ every month: more, he -appointed every Sunday for ever, thirteen penny loaves of white bread, -to be given in the parish church of St. Edmonde in Lombard street, to -thirteen poor people of that parish; and the like thirteen loaves to be -given in the parish church of St. Michael upon Cornhill, and in either -parish every year one load of chare coal, of thirty sacks in the load; -and this gift to be continued for ever: for performance whereof, by the -master and wardens of the drapers in London, he assured unto them and -their successors twenty-three messuages and tenements, and eighteen -garden-plots, in the parish of St. Olave in Hart street; with proviso, -that if they perform not those points[143] above-mentioned, the said -tenements and gardens to remain to the mayor and commonalty of the city -of London. - -Next to these alms houses is the Lord Lumley's house, built in the time -of King Henry VIII. by Sir Thomas Wiat the father, upon one plot of -ground of late pertaining to the foresaid Crossed friars, where part of -their house stood: and this is the farthest part of Aldgate ward towards -the south, and joineth to the Tower hill. The other side of that line, -over against the Lord Lumley's house, on the wall side of the city, is -now for the most part (or altogether) built even to Aldgate. - -Then have you on the south side of Fenchurch street, over against the -well or pump, amongst other fair and large built houses, one that -sometime belonged to the prior of Monte Joves, or Monastery Cornute, -a cell to Monte Joves beyond the seas, in Essex: it was the prior's -inn, when he repaired to this city. Then a lane that leadeth down by -Northumberland house towards the Crossed friars, as is afore showed. - -This Northumberland house, in the parish of St. Katherine Colman, -belonged to Henry Percie, Earl of Northumberland, in the 33rd of Henry -VI., but of late being left by the earls, the gardens thereof were made -into bowling alleys, and other parts into dicing houses, common to all -comers for their money, there to bowle and hazard; but now of late so -many bowling alleys, and other houses for unlawful gaming, hath been -raised in other parts of the city and suburbs, that this their ancient -and only patron of misrule, is left and forsaken of her gamesters, and -therefore turned into a number of great rents, small cottages, for -strangers and others. - -At the east end of this lane, in the way from Aldgate toward the Crossed -friars, of old time were certain tenements called the poor Jurie, of -Jews dwelling there. - -Next unto this Northumberland house is the parish church of St. -Katherine, called Coleman; which addition of Coleman was taken of a -great haw-yard, or garden, of old time called Coleman haw, in the parish -of the Trinity, now called Christ's church, and in the parish of St. -Katherine and All Saints called Coleman church. - -Then have you Blanch Apleton; whereof I read, in the 13th of Edward I., -that a lane behind the said Blanch Apleton was granted by the king to -be inclosed and shut up. This Blanch Apleton was a manor belonging to -Sir Thomas Roos of Hamelake, knight, the 7th of Richard II., standing at -the north-east corner of Mart lane, so called of a privilege sometime -enjoined to keep a mart there, long since discontinued, and therefore -forgotten, so as nothing remaineth for memory but the name of Mart -lane, and that corruptly termed Marke lane. I read that, in the third -of Edward IV., all basket-makers, wire-drawers, and other foreigners, -were permitted to have shops in this manor of Blanch Apleton, and not -elsewhere, within this city or suburbs thereof; and this also being -the farthest west part of this ward on that south side, I leave it, -with three parish churches, St Katherine Christ church, St. Andrew -Undershaft, and St. Katherine Colemans; and three halls of companies, -the Bricklayers' hall, the Fletchers' hall, and the Ironmongers' hall. -It hath an alderman, his deputy, common councillors six, constables six, -scavengers nine, wardmote men for inquest eighteen, and a beadle. It is -taxed to the fifteen in London at five pounds.[144] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[139] "The said elm-tree, his preaching place, is lately taken -down."--_Stow._ - -[140] "As he, poore man, tearmed it."--_1st edition_, p. 108. - -[141] "The one halfe, to wit."--_1st edition_, p. 109. - -[142] "The monuments of the dead, buried in this church, are -these."--_1st edition_, p. 109. - -[143] "These poyntes not performed. The Drapers have unlawfully solde -these tenements and garden plots, and the poore be wronged."--_Stow._ - - - - -LIME STREET WARD - - -The next is Lime street ward, and taketh the name of Lime street of -making or selling of lime there (as is supposed); the east side of this -Lime street, from the north corner thereof to the midst, is of Aldgate -ward, as is aforesaid; the west side, for the most part from the said -north corner, southward, is of this Lime street ward; the south end on -both sides is of Langborne ward; the body of this Lime street ward is -of the high street called Cornehill street, which stretcheth from Lime -street on the south side to the west corner of Leaden hall, and on the -north side from the south-west corner of St. Mary street to another -corner over against Leaden hall. Now for St. Mary street; the west side -thereof is of this Lime street ward, and also the street which runneth -by the north end of this St. Mary street, on both sides, from thence -west to an house called the Wrestlers, a sign so called, almost to -Bishopsgate. And these are the bounds of this small ward. - -Monuments, or places notable, in this ward be these:--In Lime street -are divers fair houses for merchants and others; there was sometime a -mansion-house of the kings, called the King's Artirce, whereof I find -record in the 14th of Edward I., but now grown out of knowledge. I read -also of another great house in the west side of Lime street, having a -chapel on the south and a garden on the west, then belonging to the -Lord Nevill, which garden is now called the Green yard of the Leaden -hall. This house, in the 9th of Richard II., pertained to Sir Simon -Burley, and Sir John Burley his brother; and of late the said house -was taken down, and the forefront thereof new built of timber by Hugh -Offley, alderman. At the north-west corner of Lime street was of old -time one great messuage called Benbrige's inn; Ralph Holland, draper, -about the year 1452 gave it to John Gill, master, and to the wardens and -fraternity of tailors and linen-armourers of St. John Baptist in London, -and to their successors for ever. They did set up in place thereof a -fair large frame of timber, containing in the high street one great -house, and before it to the corner of Lime street three other tenements, -the corner house being the largest, and then down Lime street divers -proper tenements; all which the merchant-tailors, in the reign of Edward -VI., sold to Stephen Kirton, merchant-tailor and alderman: he gave, with -his daughter Grisild, to Nicholas Woodroffe the said great house, with -two tenements before it, in lieu of a hundred pounds, and made it up in -money L366 13_s._ 4_d._ This worshipful man, and the gentlewoman his -widow after him, kept those houses down Lime street in good reparations, -never put out but one tenant, took no fines, nor raised rents of them, -which was ten shillings the piece yearly: but whether that favour did -overlive her funeral, the tenants now can best declare the contrary. - -Next unto this, on the high street, was the Lord Sowche's messuage or -tenement, and other; in place whereof, Richard Wethell, merchant-tailor, -built a fair house, with a high tower, the second in number, and first -of timber, that ever I learnt to have been built to overlook neighbours -in this city. - -This Richard, then a young man, became in a short time so tormented with -gouts in his joints, of the hands and legs, that he could neither feed -himself nor go further than he was led; much less was he able to climb -and take the pleasure of the height of his tower. Then is there another -fair house, built by Stephen Kirton, alderman; Alderman Lee doth now -possess it, and again new buildeth it. - -Then is there a fair house of old time called the Green gate; by which -name one Michael Pistoy Lumbard held it, with a tenement and nine shops -in the reign of Richard II., who in the 15th of his reign gave it to -Roger Crophull, and Thomas Bromeflet, esquires, by the name of the Green -gate, in the parish of St. Andrew upon Cornhill, in Lime street ward; -since the which time Philip Malpas, sometime alderman, and one of the -sheriffs, dwelt therein, and was there robbed and spoiled of his goods -to a great value by Jack Cade, and other rebels, in the year 1449. - -Afterwards, in the reign of Henry VII., it was seized into the -king's hands, and then granted, first, unto John Alston, after that -unto William de la Rivers, and since by Henry VIII. to John Mutas, a -Picarde or Frenchman, who dwelt there, and harboured in his house many -Frenchmen, that kalendred wolsteds, and did other things contrary to -the franchises of the citizens; wherefore on evil May-day, which was in -the year 1517, the apprentices and other spoiled his house; and if they -could have found Mutas, they would have stricken off his head. Sir Peter -Mutas, son to the said John Mutas, sold this house to David Woodroffe, -alderman, whose son, Sir Nicholas Woodroffe, alderman, sold it over to -John Moore, alderman, that now possesseth it. - -Next is a house called the Leaden porch, lately divided into two -tenements; whereof one is a tavern, and then one other house for a -merchant, likewise called the Leaden porch, but now turned to a cook's -house. Next is a fair house and a large, wherein divers mayoralties have -been kept, whereof twain in my remembrance; to wit, Sir William Bowyar -and Sir Henry Huberthorne. - -The next is Leaden hall, of which I read, that in the year 1309 it -belonged to Sir Hugh Nevill, knight, and that the Lady Alice his -widow made a feoffment thereof, by the name of Leaden hall, with the -advowsons of the church of St. Peter upon Cornhill, and other churches, -to Richard, Earl of Arundell and Surrey, 1362. More, in the year 1380, -Alice Nevill, widow to Sir John Nevill, knight, of Essex, confirmed to -Thomas Gogshall and others the said manor of Leaden hall, the advowsons, -etc. In the year 1384, Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, had the said -manor. And in the year 1408, Robert Rikeden, of Essex, and Margaret his -wife, confirmed to Richard Whittington, and other citizens of London, -the said manor of Leaden hall, with the appurtenances, the advowsons of -St. Peter's church, St. Margaret's Pattens, etc. And in the year 1411, -the said Whittington and other confirmed the same to the mayor and -commonalty of London, whereby it came to the possession of the city. -Then in the year 1443, the 21st of Henry VI., John Hatherley, mayor, -purchased license of the said king to take up two hundred fother of -lead, for the building of water conduits, a common granary, and the -cross in West Cheape, more richly, for the honour of the city. In the -year next following, the parson and parish of St. Dunston, in the east -of London, seeing the famous and mighty man (for the words be in the -grant, _cum nobilis et potens vir_), Simon Eyre, citizen of London, -among other his works of piety, effectually determined to erect and -build a certain granary upon the soil of the same city at Leaden hall, -of his own charges, for the common utility of the said city, to the -amplifying and enlarging of the said granary, granted to Henry Frowicke, -then mayor, the aldermen and commonalty, and their successors for -ever, all their tenements, with the appurtenances, sometime called the -Horsemill, in Grasse street, for the annual rent of four pounds, etc. -Also, certain evidences of an alley and tenements pertaining to the -Horsemill adjoining to the said Leaden hall in Grasse street, given -by William Kingstone, fishmonger, unto the parish church of St. Peter -upon Cornehill, do specify the said granary to be built by the said -honourable and famous merchant, Simon Eyre, sometime an upholsterer, -and then a draper, in the year 1419. He built it of squared stone, in -form as now it showeth, with a fair and large chapel in the east side of -the quadrant, over the porch of which he caused to be written, _Dextra -Domini exaltavit me_ (The Lord's right hand exalted me). Within the said -church, on the north wall, was written. _Honorandus famosus mercator -Simon Eyre hujus operis_, etc. In English thus:--"The honourable and -famous merchant, Simon Eyre, founder of this work, once mayor of this -city, citizen and draper of the same, departed out of this life, the -18th day of September, the year from the Incarnation of Christ 1459, -and the 38th year of the reign of King Henry VI." He was buried in -the parish church of St. Mary Woolnoth, in Lombard street: he gave by -his testament, which I have read, to be distributed to all prisons in -London, or within a mile of that city, somewhat to relieve them. More, -he gave two thousand marks, upon a condition, which not performed, was -then to be distributed to maids' marriages, and other deeds of charity; -he also gave three thousand marks to the drapers, upon condition they -should, within one year after his decease, establish perpetually a -master or warden, five secular priests, six clerks, and two choristers, -to sing daily Divine service by note for ever, in his chapel of the -Leaden hall; also,[145] one master, with an usher, for grammar, one -master for writing, and the third for song, with housing there newly -built for them for ever; the master to have for his salary ten pounds, -and every other priest eight pounds, every other clerk five pounds six -shillings and eight pence, and every other chorister five marks; and -if the drapers refused this to do, within one year after his decease, -then the three thousand marks to remain to the prior and convent of -Christ's church in London, with condition to establish, as is aforesaid, -within two years after his decease; and if they refused, then the three -thousand marks to be disposed by his executors, as they best could -devise, in works of charity. Thus much for his testament, not performed -by establishing of Divine service in his chapel, or free schools for -scholars; neither how the stock of three thousand marks, or rather five -thousand marks, was employed by his executors, could I ever learn. He -left issue, Thomas, who had issue, Thomas, etc. True it is, that in -one year, 1464, the 3rd of Edward IV., it was agreed by the mayor, -aldermen, and commonalty of London, that notwithstanding the king's -letters patent, lately before granted unto them, touching the tronage or -weighing of wares to be holden at the Leaden hall, yet suit should be -made to the king for new letters patent to be granted to the mayor of -the staple for the tronage of wools to be holden there, and order to be -taken by the discretion of Thomas Cooke, then mayor, the counsel of the -city, Geffrey Filding, then mayor of the staple at Westminster, and of -the king's council, what should be paid to the mayor and aldermen of the -city, for the laying and housing of the wools there, that so they might -be brought forth and weighed, etc. - -Touching the chapel there, I find, that in the year 1466, by license -obtained of King Edward IV., in the 6th of his reign, a fraternity of -the Trinity, of sixty priests, besides other brethren and sisters, in -the same chapel, was founded by William Rouse, John Risbie, and Thomas -Ashby priests, some of the which sixty priests, every market-day in -the forenoon, did celebrate Divine service there to such market-people -as repaired to prayer; and once every year they met all together and -had solemn service, with procession of the brethren and sisters. This -foundation was in the year 1512, by a common council, confirmed to the -sixty Trinity priests, and to their successors, at the will of the mayor -and commonalty. - -In the year 1484, a great fire happened upon this Leaden hall, by what -casualty I know not, but much housing was there destroyed, with all the -stocks for guns, and other provision belonging to the city, which was a -great loss, and no less charge to be repaired by them. - -In the year 1503, the 18th of Henry VII., a request was made by the -commons of the city, concerning the usage of the said Leaden hall, in -form as followeth:--"Please it, the lord mayor, and common council, to -enact, that all Frenchmen bringing canvass, linen cloth, and other -wares to be sold, and all foreigners bringing wolsteds, sayes, staimus, -coverings, nails, iron work, or any other wares, and also all manner -of foreigners bringing lead to the city to be sold, shall bring all -such their wares aforesaid to the open market of the Leaden hall, there -and no where else to be sold and uttered, like as of old time it hath -been used, upon pain of forfeiture of all the said wares showed or -sold in any other place than aforesaid; the show of the said wares to -be made three days in the week, that is to say, Monday, Tuesday, and -Wednesday; it is also thought reasonable that the common beam be kept -from henceforth in the Leaden hall, and the farmer to pay therefore -reasonable rent to the chamber; for better it is that the chamber have -advantage thereby than a foreign person; and also the said Leaden hall, -which is more chargeable now by half than profitable, shall better bear -out the charges thereof; also the common beam for wool at Leaden hall, -may yearly pay a rent to the chamber of London, toward supportation -and charges of the same place; for reason it is, that a common office, -occupied upon a common ground, bear a charge to the use of the -commonalty; also, that foreigners bringing wools, felts, or any other -merchandises or wares to Leaden hall, to be kept there for the sale and -market, may pay more largely for the keeping of their goods than free -men." Thus much for the request of the commons at this time. - -Now to set down some proof that the said hall hath been employed and -used as a granary for corn and grain (as the same was first appointed), -leaving all former examples, this one may suffice: Roger Achley, mayor -of London in the year 1512, the 3rd of Henry VIII., when the said mayor -entered the mayoralty, there was not found one hundred quarters of wheat -in all the garners of the city, either within the liberties, or near -adjoining; through the which scarcity, when the carts of Stratford came -laden with bread to the city (as they had been accustomed) there was -such press about them, that one man was ready to destroy another, in -striving to be served for their money. But this scarcity did not last -long; for the mayor in short time made such provision of wheat, that the -bakers, both of London and Stratford, were weary of taking it up, and -were forced to take up much more than they would, and for the rest the -mayor laid out the money, and stored it up in Leaden hall, and other -garners of the city. This mayor also kept the market so well, that he -would be at the Leaden hall by four o'clock in the summer's mornings; -and from thence he went to other markets, to the great comfort of the -citizens. - -I read also that in the year 1528, the 20th of Henry VIII., surveyors -were appointed to view the garners of the city, namely, the Bridgehouse -and the Leaden hall, how they were stored of grain for the service of -the city. And because I have here before spoken of the bread carts -coming from Stratford at the Bow, ye shall understand that of old time -the bakers of bread at Stratford were allowed to bring daily (except the -Sabbath and principal feasts) divers long carts laden with bread, the -same being two ounces in the penny wheat loaf heavier than the penny -wheat loaf baked in the city, the same to be sold in Cheape, three or -four carts standing there, between Gutheron's lane and Fauster's lane -end, one cart on Cornhill, by the conduit, and one other in Grasse -street. And I have read, that in the 4th year of Edward II., Richard -Reffeham being mayor, a baker named John of Stratforde, for making bread -less than the assize, was with a fool's hood on his head, and loaves -of bread about his neck, drawn on a hurdle through the streets of this -city. Moreover, in the 44th of Edward III., John Chichester being mayor -of London, I read in the _Visions of Pierce Plowman_, a book so called, -as followeth: - - "At Londone, I leve, - Liketh wel my wafres; - And louren whan thei lakken hem. - It is noght longe y passed, - There was a careful commune, - Whan no cart com to towne - With breed fro Stratforde; - Tho gonnen beggaris wepe, - And werkmen were agast a lite; - This wole be thought longe. - In the date of oure Drighte, - In a drye Aprill, - A thousand and thre hundred - Twies twenty and ten, - My wafres there were gesene - Whan Chichestre was maire."[146] - -I read also in the 20th of Henry VIII., Sir James Spencer being mayor, -six bakers of Stratford were amerced in the Guildhall of London, for -baking under the size appointed. These bakers of Stratford left serving -of this city, I know not upon what occasion, about thirty years since. - -In the year 1519 a petition was exhibited by the commons to the common -council, and was by them allowed, concerning the Leaden hall, how they -would have it used, viz. "Meekly beseeching, showeth unto your good -lordship and masterships, divers citizens of this city, which under -correction think, that the great place called the Leaden hall should, -nor ought not to be letten to farm to any person or persons, and in -especial to any fellowship or company incorporate, to have and hold the -same hall for term of years, for such inconveniences as thereby may -ensue, and come to the hurt of the common weal of the said city in time -to come, as somewhat more largely may appear in the articles following. - -"First, If any assembly or hasty gathering of the commons of the said -city, for suppressing or subduing of misruled people within the said -city, hereafter shall happen to be called or commanded by the mayor, -aldermen, and other governors and councillors of the said city for the -time being, there is none so convenient, meet, and necessary a place, -to assemble them in, within the said city, as the said Leaden hall, -both for largeness of room, and their sure defence in time of their -counselling together about the premises. Also, in that place hath been -used the artillery, guns, and other armours of the said city, to be -safely kept in a readiness for the safeguard, wealth, and defence of -the said city, to be had and occupied at times when need required. As -also the store of timber for the necessary reparations of the tenements -belonging to the chamber of the said city, there commonly hath been -kept. Item, If any triumph or nobleness were to be done, or shown by -the commonalty of the city, for the honour of our sovereign lord the -king and realm, and for the worship of the said city, the said Leaden -hall is most meet and convenient place to prepare and order the said -triumph therein, and from thence to issue forth to the places therefore -appointed. Item, at any largess or dole of any money made unto the poor -people of this city, it hath been used to be done and given in the said -Leaden hall, for that the said place is most meet therefore. Item, the -honourable father, that was maker of the said hall, had a special will, -intent, and mind, that (as it is commonly said) the market men and -women that came to the city with victuals and other things, should have -their free standing within the said Leaden hall in wet weather, to keep -themselves and their wares dry, and thereby to encourage them, and all -other, to have the better will and desire the more plenteously to resort -to the said city, to victual the same. And if the said hall should be -letten to farm, the will of the said honourable father should never be -fulfilled nor take effect. Item, if the said place, which is the chief -fortress, and most necessary place within all the city, for the tuition -and safeguard of the same, should be letten to farm out of the hands -of the chief heads of the same city, and especially to another body -politic, it might at length by likelihood be occasion of discord and -debate between the said bodies politic, which God defend. - -"For these and many other great and reasonable causes, which hereafter -shall be showed to this honourable court, your said beseechers think it -much necessary that the said hall be still in the hands of this city, -and to be surely kept by sad and discreet officers, in such wise, that -it may alway be ready to be used and occupied for the common weal of the -said city when need shall require, and in no wise to be letten to any -body politic." - -Thus much for the petition. - -About the year 1534, great means were made about the Leaden hall to have -the same made a burse, for the assembly of merchants, as they had been -accustomed in Lombard street; many common councils were called to that -end: but in the year 1535, John Champneys being mayor, it was fully -concluded that the burse should remain in Lombard street as afore, and -Leaden hall no more to be spoken of concerning that matter. - -The use of Leaden hall in my youth was thus:,--In a part of the north -quadrant, on the east side of the north gate, were the common beams for -weighing of wool and other wares, as had been accustomed; on the west -side the gate were the scales to weight meal; the other three sides were -reserved for the most part to the making and resting of the pageants -showed at Midsummer in the watch; the remnant of the sides and quadrant -was employed for the stowage of wool sacks, but not closed up; the lofts -above were partly used by the painters in working for the decking of -pageants and other devices, for beautifying of the watch and watchmen; -the residue of the lofts were letten out to merchants, the wool winders -and packers therein to wind and pack their wools. And thus much for -Leaden hall may suffice. - -Now on the north of Lime street ward in the high street are divers fair -houses for merchants, and proper tenements for artificers, with an alley -also called Shaft alley, of the shaft or May-pole sometime resting over -the gate thereof, as I have declared in Aldgate ward. In the year 1576, -partly at the charges of the parish of St. Andrew, and partly at the -charges of the chamber of London, a water-pump was raised in Lime street -ward, near unto Lime street corner; for the placing of the which pump, -having broken up the ground, they were forced to dig more than two -fathom deep[147] before they came to any main ground, where they found a -hearth made of Britain, or rather Roman tile[148] every tile half a yard -square, and about two inches thick; they found coal lying there also -(for that lying whole will never consume); then digging one fathom into -the main, they found water sufficient, made their prall, and set up the -pump; which pump, with oft repairing and great charges to the parish, -continued not four-and-twenty years, but being rotted, was taken up and -a new set in place in the year 1600. Thus much for the high street. - -In St. Marie street had ye of old time a parish church of St. Marie -the Virgin, St. Ursula, and the eleven thousand Virgins, which church -was commonly called St. Marie at the Axe, of the sign of an axe, over -against the east end thereof, or St. Marie Pellipar, of a plot of ground -lying on the north side thereof, pertaining to the Skinners in London. -This parish, about the year 1565, was united to the parish church of St. -Andrew Undershaft, and so was St. Mary at the Axe suppressed and letten -out to be a warehouse for a merchant. Against the east end of this -church was sometime a fair wall, now turned to a pump. Also against the -north end of this St. Mary street, was sometime one other parish church -of St. Augustine, called St. Augustine in the Wall, for that it stood -adjoining to the wall of the city, and otherwise called St. Augustin's -Papey, or the poor, as I have read in the reign of Edward III. About -the year 1430, in the reign of Henry VI., the same church was allowed -to the brethren of the Papey, the house of poor priests, whereof I have -spoken in Aldgate ward. The parishioners of this church were appointed -to the parish church of Allhallows in the wall, which is in Broad street -ward, this brotherhood called Papey, being suppressed, the church of St -Augustin was pulled down, and in place thereof one Grey an apothecary -built a stable, hay-loft, etc. It is now a dwelling-house.[149] Those -two parish churches, both lying in the ward of Lime street, being thus -suppressed, there is not any one parish church or place for Divine -service in that ward, but the inhabitants thereof repair to St. Peter -in Cornhill ward, St. Andrew in Aldgate ward, Alhallows in the wall in -Broad street ward, and some to St. Denis in Langborne ward. - -Now because of late there hath been some question, to what ward this -church of St. Augustine Papey should of right belong, for the same hath -been challenged by them of Aldgate ward, and without reason taken into -Bishopsgate ward from Lime street ward, I am somewhat to touch it. About -thirty years since the chamber of London granted a lease of ground, in -these words: "lying near London wall in the ward of Lime street, from -the west of the said church or chapel of St. Augustine Papey towards -Bishopsgate," etc. On the which plot of ground the lease built three -fair tenements, and placed tenants there; these were charged to bear -scot and lot, and some of them to bear office in Lime street ward; all -which they did willingly without grudging. And when any suspected or -disordered persons were by the landlord placed there, the officers of -Lime street ward fetched them out of their houses, committed them to -ward, procured their due punishments, and banished them from thence; -whereby in short time that place was reformed, and brought into good -order; which thing being noted by them of Aldgate ward, they moved their -alderman, Sir Thomas Offley, to call in those houses to be of his ward; -but I myself showing a fair ledger book, sometimes pertaining to the -late dissolved priory of the Holy Trinity whithin Aldgate, wherein were -set down the just bounds of Aldgate ward, before Sir Thomas Offley, Sir -Rowland Heyward, the common council, and wardmote inquest of the same -Lime street ward, Sir Thomas Offley gave over his challenge, and so -that matter rested in good quiet until the year 1579, that Sir Richard -Pype being mayor, and alderman of Bishopsgate ward, challenged those -houses to be of his ward, whereunto (without reason showed) Sir Rowland -Heyward yielded. And thus is that side of the street, from the north -corner of St. Mary street almost to Bishopsgate, wherein is one plot -of ground, letten by the chamberlain of London to the parish of St. -Martin's Oteswich, to be a churchyard or burying place for the dead of -that parish, etc., unjustly drawn and withholden from the ward of Lime -street. Divers other proofs I could set down, but this one following -may suffice.--The mayor and aldermen of London made a grant to the -fraternity of Papie in these words: "Be it remembered, that where now -of late the master and wardens of the fraternity of the Papie have made -a brick wall, closing in the chapel of St. Augustine called Papie -chapel, situate in the parish of All Saints in the Wall, in the ward of -Lime street, of the city of London; from the south-east corner of the -which brick wall is a scutcheon of twenty-one feet of assize from the -said corner eastward. And from the same scutcheon there to a messuage -of fifty-five feet and a half westward, the said scutcheon breaketh -out of line right southward betwixt the measures aforesaid three feet -and five inches of assize, upon the common ground of the said city -aforesaid, Ralph Verney, mayor, and the aldermen of the same city, the -22nd day of October, the 6th year of Edward IV., granted to John Hod, -priest, and to Master John Bolte, and Thomas Pachet, priests, wardens -of the fraternity of Papie aforesaid, and to their successors for ever, -etc., yielding four pence sterling yearly at Michaelmas." And this is, -saith my book,[150] enrolled in the Guild hall of London; which is a -sufficient proof the same plot of ground to be of Lime street ward, and -never otherwise accounted or challenged. - -On the south side of this street, stretching west from St. Mary street -towards Bishopsgate street, there was of old time one large messuage -built of stone and timber, in the parish of St. Augustine in the Wall, -now the parish of Allhallows in the same wall, belonging to the Earl of -Oxford, for Richard de Vere, Earl of Oxford, possessed it in the 4th of -Henry V.; but in process of time the lands of the earl fell to females, -amongst the which, one being married to Wingfielde of Suffolke, this -house with the appurtenances fell to his lot, and was by his heir, Sir -Robert Wingfield, sold to Master Edward Coke, at this time the queen's -attorney-general. This house being greatly ruinated of late time, for -the most part hath been letten out to poulterers, for stabling of horses -and stowage of poultry, but now lately new built into a number of small -tenements, letten out to strangers, and other mean people. - -One note more of this ward, and so an end. I find of record, that in -the year 1371, the 45th of Edward III., a great subsidy of one hundred -thousand pounds was granted towards the king's wars in France, whereof -the clergy paid fifty thousand pounds, and the laity fifty thousand -pounds, to be levied to thirty-nine shires of England, containing -parishes eight thousand six hundred, of every parish five pounds sixteen -shillings, the greater to help the lesser. This city, as one of the -shires, then containing twenty-four wards, and in them one hundred and -ten parishes, was therefore assessed to six hundred and thirty-five -pounds twelve shillings, whereof Lime street ward did bear thirty-four -shillings and no more, so small a ward it was, and so accounted, as -having no one whole parish therein, but small portions only of two -parishes in that ward. This ward hath an alderman, his deputy, common -councillors four, constables four, scavengers two, wardmote inquest -sixteen, and a beadle; and is taxed to the fifteenth at one pound -nineteen shillings and two pence three farthings. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[144] "It is taxed to the fifteene in London at 46 _li._, and accounted -in the Exchequer to L45 10_s._"--_1st edition_, p. 113. - -[145] "Three schoolemaisters, with an usher, to wit."--_1st edition_, p. -118. - -[146] This passage is printed very incorrectly, and as prose, by Stow, -who makes the date "twice thirty and ten," _i.e._ 1370 (which is -certainly the date of Chichester's mayoralty), instead of "twice twenty -and ten," _i.e._ 1350, which is the reading of the MSS. and of the two -early printed editions. - -[147] "Cornhill street, in some place raysed two fadome higher than of -olde time, as appeared by buildings found so deepe."--_Stow._ - -[148] "As they call it."--_1st edition_, p. 123. - -[149] "Reserving the churchyard for a garden plot."--_1st edition_, p. -124. - -[150] Liber Papie. - - - - -BISHOPSGATE WARD - - -The next is Bishopsgate ward; whereof a part is without the gate and of -the suburbs, from the bars by St. Mary Spittle to Bishopsgate, and a -part of Houndsditch; almost half thereof, also without the wall, is of -the same ward. Then within the gate is Bishopsgate street, so called of -the gate, to a pump, where sometimes was a fair well, with two buckets, -by the east end of the parish church of St. Martin Oteswich, and then -winding by the west corner of Leaden hall down Grass street to the -corner over against Grass church; and this is the bounds of that ward. - -Monuments most to be noted are these: The parish church of St. Buttolph -without Bishopsgate, in a fair churchyard, adjoining to the town ditch, -upon the very bank thereof, but of old time inclosed with a comely wall -of brick, lately repaired by Sir William Allen, mayor, in the year -1571, because he was born in that parish, where also he was buried. An -anchoress received 40_s._ the year of the sheriffs of London. - -Now without this churchyard wall is a causeye, leading to a quadrant, -called Petty France, of Frenchmen dwelling there, and to other -dwelling-houses, lately built on the bank of the said ditch by some -citizens of London, that more regarded their own private gain than the -common good of the city; for by means of this causeye raised on the -bank, and soilage of houses, with other filthiness cast into the ditch, -the same is now forced to a narrow channel, and almost filled up with -unsavoury things, to the danger of impoisoning the whole city. - -Next unto the parish church of St. Buttolph is a fair inn for receipt of -travellers; then an hospital of St. Mary of Bethelem, founded by Simon -Fitz Mary, one of the sheriffs of London, in the year 1246: he founded -it to have been a priory of canons, with brethren and sisters; and King -Edward III. granted a protection, which I have seen, for the brethren, -_Miliciae beatae Mariae de Bethlem_, within the city of London, the 14th -year of his reign. It was an hospital for distracted people: Stephen -Geninges, merchant-tailor, gave L40 towards purchase of the patronage by -his testament, 1523; the mayor and commonalty purchased the patronage -thereof, with all the lands and tenements thereunto belonging, in the -year 1546: the same year King Henry VIII. gave this hospital unto the -city; the church and chapel whereof were taken down in the reign of -Queen Elizabeth, and houses built there by the governors of Christ's -hospital in London. In this place people that be distraight in wits -are, by the suit of their friends, received and kept as afore, but not -without charges to their bringers in. In the year 1569, Sir Thomas Roe, -merchant-tailor, mayor, caused to be inclosed with a wall of brick -about one acre of ground, being part of the said hospital of Bethelem; -to wit, on the west, on the bank of Deep Ditch, so called, parting the -said hospital of Bethelem from the More field: this he did for burial -and ease of such parishes in London as wanted ground convenient within -their parishes. The lady his wife was there buried (by whose persuasion -he inclosed it), but himself, born in London, was buried in the parish -church of Hackney. - -From this hospital northward, upon the street's side, many houses have -been built with alleys backward, of late time too much pestered with -people (a great cause of infection) up to the bars. - -The other side of this high street from Bishopsgate and Hounds ditch, -the first building a large inn for receipt of travellers, and is called -the Dolphin, of such a sign. In the year 1513, Margaret Ricroft, widow, -gave this house, with the gardens and appurtenances, unto William Gam, -R. Clye, their wives, her daughters, and to their heirs, with condition -they yearly do give to the warden or governors of the Grey friers church -within Newgate forty shillings, to find a student of divinity in the -University for ever. Then is there a fair house, of late built by John -Powlet. Next to that, a far more large and beautiful house, with gardens -of pleasure, bowling alleys, and such like, built by Jasper Fisher, free -of the goldsmiths, late one of the six clerks of the chauncerie and a -justice of the peace. It hath since for a time been the Earl of Oxford's -place. The queen's majesty Elizabeth hath lodged there. It now belongeth -to Sir Roger Manars.[151] This house, being so large and sumptuously -built by a man of no greater calling, possessions, or wealth (for he was -indebted to many) was mockingly called Fisher's folly, and a rhythm was -made of it, and other the like, in this manner: - - "Kirkebyes Castell, and Fishers Follie, - Spinilas pleasure, and Megses glorie." - -And so of other like buildings about the city by citizens, men have not -letted to speak their pleasure. - -From Fisher's Folly up to the west end of Berward's lane, of old time -so called, but now Hogge lane, because it meeteth with Hogge lane, -which cometh from the bars without Aldgate, as is afore showed, is a -continual building of tenements, with alleys of cottages, pestered, -etc. Then is there a large close, called Tasel close, sometime for that -there were tassels planted for the use of cloth-workers, since letten -to the cross-bow makers, wherein they used to shoot for games at the -popinjay: now the same being inclosed with a brick wall, serveth to be -an artillery yard, whereunto the gunners of the Tower do weekly repair, -namely, every Thursday; and there levelling certain brass pieces of -great artillery against a butt of earth, made for that purpose, they -discharge them for their exercise. - -Then have you the late dissolved priory and hospital,[152] commonly -called St. Mary Spittle, founded by Walter Brune and Rosia his wife, -for canons regular. Walter, archdeacon of London, laid the first -stone in the year 1197, William, of St. Mary church, then bishop of -London, dedicated to the honour of Jesus Christ and his mother, the -perpetual Virgin Mary, by the name of _Domus Dei_, and _Beatae Mariae_, -extra Bishopsgate, in the parish of St. Buttolph; the bounds whereof, -as appeareth by composition betwixt the parson and prior of the -said hospital concerning tithes, beginneth at Berward's lane toward -the south, and extendeth in breadth to the parish of St. Leonard of -Shoreditch towards the north; and in length, from the King's street -on the west to the bishop of London's field, called Lollesworth, on -the east. The prior of this St. Mary Spittle, for the emortising -and propriation of Bikenacar, in Essex, to his said house of St. -Mary Spittle, gave to Henry VII. L400 in the 22nd of his reign. This -hospital, surrendered to Henry VIII., was valued to dispend L478; -wherein was found, besides ornaments of the church, and other goods -pertaining to the hospital, one hundred and eighty beds, well furnished, -for receipt of the poor; for it was an hospital of great relief. Sir -Henry Plesington, knight, was buried there 1452. - -In place of this hospital, and near adjoining, are now many fair houses -built for receipt and lodging of worshipful persons. A part of the large -churchyard pertaining to this hospital, and severed from the rest with a -brick wall, yet remaineth as of old time, with a pulpit cross therein, -somewhat like to that in Paules churchyard. And against the said pulpit -on the south side, before the charnel and chapel of St. Edmond the -Bishop and Mary Magdalen, which chapel was founded about the year 1391 -by William Eneshan, citizen and paperer of London, who was there buried, -remaineth also one fair built house, of two stories in height, for the -mayor and other honourable persons, with the aldermen and sheriffs to -sit in, there to hear the sermons preached in the Easter holidays. In -the loft over them stood the bishop of London, and other prelates; now -the ladies and aldermen's wives do there stand at a fair window, or sit -at their pleasure. And here is to be noted, that, time out of mind, it -hath been a laudable custom, that on Good Friday, in the afternoon, some -especial learned man, by appointment of the prelates, hath preached a -sermon at Paules cross, treating of Christ's Passion; and upon the three -next Easter holidays, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, the like learned -men, by the like appointment, have used to preach on the forenoons at -the said Spittle, to persuade the article of Christ's Resurrection; -and then on Low Sunday, one other learned man at Paules cross, to -make rehearsal of those four former sermons, either commending or -reproving them, as to him by judgment of the learned divines was thought -convenient. And that done, he was to make a sermon of his own study, -which in all were five sermons in one. At these sermons, so severally -preached, the mayor, with his brethren the aldermen, were accustomed -to be present in their violets at Paules on Good Friday, and in their -scarlets at the Spittle in the holidays, except Wednesday in violet, and -the mayor with his brethren on Low Sunday in scarlet, at Paules cross, -continued until this day. - -Touching the antiquity of this custom, I find, that in the year 1398, -King Richard having procured from Rome confirmation of such statutes -and ordinances as were made in the parliament, begun at Westminster and -ended at Shrewsbury, he caused the same confirmation to be read and -pronounced at Paules cross, and at St. Mary Spittle, in the sermons -before all the people. Philip Malpas, one of the sheriffs in the year -1439, gave twenty shillings by the year to the three preachers at the -Spittle. Stephen Forster, mayor in the year 1454, gave forty pounds -to the preachers at Paules cross and Spittle. I find also that the -aforesaid house, wherein the mayor and aldermen do sit at the Spittle, -was built for that purpose of the goods and by the executors of Richard -Lawson, alderman, and Isabell his wife, in the year 1488. In the year -1594, this pulpit being old was taken down, and a new set up; the -preacher's face turned towards the south, which was before toward the -west; also a large house, on the east side of the said pulpit, was then -built for the governors and children of Christ's hospital to sit in, and -this was done of the goods of William Elkens, alderman, late deceased; -but within the first year the same house decaying, and like to have -fallen, was again with great cost repaired at the city's charge. - -On the east side of this churchyard lieth a large field, of old time -called Lolesworth, now Spittle field; which about the year 1576 was -broken up for clay to make brick; in the digging whereof many earthen -pots, called _urnae_, were found full of ashes, and burnt bones of men, -to wit, of the Romans that inhabited here; for it was the custom of the -Romans to burn their dead, to put their ashes in an urn, and then bury -the same, with certain ceremonies, in some field appointed for that -purpose near unto their city. Every of these pots had in them with the -ashes of the dead one piece of copper money, with the inscription of the -emperor then reigning: some of them were of Claudius, some of Vespasian, -some of Nero, of Anthoninus Pius, of Trajanus, and others. Besides those -urns, many other pots were there found, made of a white earth with -long necks and handles, like to our stone jugs: these were empty, but -seemed to be buried full of some liquid matter long since consumed and -soked through; for there were found divers phials and other fashioned -glasses, some most cunningly wrought, such as I have not seen the like, -and some of crystal; all which had water in them, nothing differing in -clearness, taste, or savour from common spring water, whatsoever it was -at the first: some of these glasses had oil in them very thick, and -earthy in savour; some were supposed to have balm in them, but had lost -the virtue; many of those pots and glasses were broken in cutting of -the clay, so that few were taken up whole. There were also found divers -dishes and cups of a fine red-coloured earth, which showed outwardly -such a shining smoothness as if they had been of coral; those had in the -bottoms Roman letters printed: there were also lamps of white earth and -red, artificially wrought with divers antiques about them, some three -or four images made of white earth, about a span long each of them: one -I remember was of Pallas, the rest I have forgotten. I myself have -reserved, among divers of those antiquities there, one urn, with the -ashes and bones, and one pot of white earth very small, not exceeding -the quantity of a quarter of a wine pint, made in shape of a hare -squatted upon her legs, and between her ears is the mouth of the pot. -There hath also been found in the same field divers coffins of stone, -containing the bones of men: these I suppose to be the burials of some -especial persons in time of the Britons or Saxons, after that the Romans -had left to govern here. Moreover, there were also found the skulls and -bones of men without coffins, or rather whose coffins (being of great -timber) were consumed. Divers great nails of iron were there found, -such as are used in the wheels of shod carts, being each of them as big -as a man's finger, and a quarter of a yard long, the heads two inches -over; those nails were more wondered at than the rest of things there -found, and many opinions of men were there uttered of them; namely, -that the men there buried were murdered by driving those nails into -their heads; a thing unlikely, for a smaller nail would more aptly serve -to so bad a purpose, and a more secret place would likely be employed -for their burial. But to set down what I have observed concerning this -matter, I there beheld the bones of a man lying (as I noted), the head -north, the feet south, and round about him, as thwart his head, along -both his sides, and thwart his feet, such nails were found, wherefore I -conceived them to be the nails of his coffin, which had been a trough -cut out of some great tree, and the same covered with a plank, of a -great thickness, fastened with such nails; and therefore I caused some -of the nails to be reached up to me, and found under the broad heads of -them the old wood, skant turned into earth, but still retaining both -the grain and proper colour: of these nails, with the wood under the -head thereof, I reserved one, as also the nether jaw-bone of the man, -the teeth being great, sound, and fast fixed, which, among other many -monuments there found, I have yet to show; but the nail lying dry, is -by scaling greatly wasted. And thus much for this part of Bishopsgate -ward, without the gate; for I have in another place spoken of the gate, -and therefore I am to speak of that other part of this ward which lieth -within the gate. - -And first to begin on the left hand of Bishopsgate street, from the gate -you have certain tenements of old time pertaining to a brotherhood of -St. Nicholas, granted to the parish clerks of London, for two chaplains, -to be kept in the chapel of St. Mary Magdalen, near unto the Guildhall -of London, in the 27th of Henry VI. The first of these houses towards -the north, and against the wall of the city, was sometime a large inn -or court called the Wrestlers, of such a sign, and the last in the high -street towards the south was sometime also a fair inn called the Angel, -of such a sign. Among these said tenements was on the same street side -a fair entry, or court, to the common hall of the said parish clerks, -with proper alms houses, seven in number, adjoining, for poor parish -clerks, and their wives and their widows, such as were in great years -not able to labour. One of these, by the said brotherhood of parish -clerks, was allowed sixteen pence the week; the other six had each of -them nine pence the week, according to the patent thereof granted. This -brotherhood, amongst other, being suppressed, in the reign of Edward -VI. the said hall, with the other buildings there, was given to Sir -Robert Chester, a knight of Cambridgeshire; against whom the parish -clerks commencing suit, in the reign of Queen Mary, and being like to -have prevailed, the said Sir Robert Chester pulled down the hall, sold -the timber, stone, and lead, and thereupon the suit was ended. The alms -houses remain in the queen's hands, and people are there placed, such as -can make best friends; some of them, taking the pension appointed, have -let forth their houses for great rent, giving occasion to the parson of -the parish to challenge tithes of the poor, etc. - -Next unto this is the small parish church of St. Ethelburge Virgin, -and from thence some small distance is a large court called Little St. -Helen's, because it pertained to the nuns of St. Helen's, and was their -house: there are seven alms rooms or houses for the poor, belonging to -the company of Leathersellers. Then, somewhat more west, is another -court with a winding lane, which cometh out against the west end of -St. Andrew Undershaft church. In this court standeth the church of St. -Helen, sometime a priory of black nuns, and in the same a parish church -of St. Helen. - -This priory was founded before the reign of Henry III. William Basing, -dean of Paules, was the first founder, and was there buried; and William -Basing, one of the sheriffs of London, in the 2nd year of Edward II. was -holden also to be a founder, or rather a helper there. This priory being -valued at L314 2_s._ 6_d._ was surrendered the 25th of November, the -30th of Henry VIII.; the whole church, the partition betwixt the nuns' -church and parish church being taken down, remaineth now to the parish, -and is a fair parish church, but wanteth such a steeple as Sir Thomas -Gresham promised to have built, in recompense of ground in their church -filled up with his monument. The nuns' hall, and other houses thereunto -appertaining, was since purchased by the company of the Leathersellers, -and is their common hall; which company was incorporate in the 21st year -of Richard II. - -In the church of St. Helen have you these monuments of the dead:--Thomas -Langton, chaplain, buried in the choir 1350; Adam Frances, mayor, 1354; -Elizabeth Vennar, wife to William Vennar, alderman, one of the sheriffs -of London, 1401; Joan, daughter to Henry Seamer, wife to Richard, son -and heir to Robert Lord Poynings, died a virgin 1420; John Swinflat, -1420; Nicholas Marshall, ironmonger, alderman, 1474; Sir John Crosby, -alderman, 1475, and Ann his wife; Thomas Williams, gentleman, 1495; -Joan Cocken, wife to John Cocken, esquire, 1509; Marie Orrell, wife -to Sir Lewes Orrell, knight; Henry Sommer, and Katherine his wife; -Walter Huntington, esquire; John Langthorpe, esquire, 1510; John Gower, -steward of St. Helen's, 1512; Robert Rochester, esquire, sergeant of the -pantry to Henry VIII.; Sir William Sanctlo, and Sir William Sanctlo, -father and son; Eleanor, daughter to Sir Thomas Butler; Lord Sudley; -John Southworth; Nicholas Harpsfield, esquire; Thomas Sanderford, -or Sommerford, alderman; Alexander Cheyney; Walter Dawbeney; George -Fastolph, son to Hugh Fastolph; Robert Liade; Thomas Benolt, alias -Clarenciaulx, king at arms, 1534; William Hollis, mayor, 1540; John -Fauconbridge, esquire, 1545; Hacket, gentleman of the king's chapel; -Sir Andrew Jud, mayor, 1551; Sir William Pickering, and Sir William -Pickering, father and son; William Bond, alderman, 1567; Sir Thomas -Gresham, mercer, 1579; William Skegges, sergeant poulter; Richard -Gresham, son to Sir Thomas Gresham, 1564. - -Then have you one great house called Crosby place, because the same -was built by Sir John Crosby, grocer and woolman, in place of certain -tenements, with their appurtenances, letten to him by Alice Ashfed, -prioress of St. Helen's, and the convent for ninety-nine years, from the -year 1466 unto the year 1565, for the annual rent of L11 6_s._ 8_d._ -This house he built of stone and timber, very large and beautiful, and -the highest at that time in London. He was one of the sheriffs, and an -alderman in the year 1470, knighted by Edward IV. in the year 1471, and -deceased in the year 1475; so short a time enjoyed he that his large and -sumptuous building; he was buried in St. Helen's, the parish church; a -fair monument of him and his lady is raised there. He gave towards the -reforming of that church five hundred marks, which was bestowed with -the better, as appeareth by his arms, both in the stone work, roof of -timber, and glazing. I hold it a fable said of him to be named Crosbie, -of being found by a cross, for I have read of other to have that name -of Crosbie before him; namely, in the year 1406, the 7th of Henry IV., -the said king gave to his servant John Crosbie the wardship of Joan, -daughter and sole heir to John Jordaine, fishmonger, etc. This Crosbie -might be the father or grandfather to Sir John Crosbie. - -Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and lord protector, afterward king, by -the name of Richard III., was lodged in this house; since the which -time, among other, Anthonie Bonvice, a rich merchant of Italy, dwelt -there; after him, Germain Cioll, then William Bond, alderman, increased -this house in height, with building of a turret on the top thereof: he -deceased in the year 1576, and was buried in St. Helen's church. Divers -ambassadors have been lodged there; namely, in the year 1586, Henry -Ramelius, chancellor of Denmark, ambassador unto the queen's majesty -of England from Frederick II., the king of Denmark; an ambassador of -France, etc. Sir John Spencer, alderman, lately purchased this house, -made great reparations, kept his mayoralty there, and since built a most -large warehouse near thereunto. - -From this Crosbie place up to Leaden hall corner, and so down Grass -street, amongst other tenements, are divers fair and large built houses -for merchants, and such like. - -Now for the other side of this ward, namely, the right hand, hard by -within the gate, is one fair water conduit, which Thomas Knesworth, -mayor, in the year 1505, founded: he gave L60, the rest was furnished -at the common charges of the city. This conduit hath since been taken -down and new built. David Woodrooffe, alderman, gave L20 towards the -conveyance of more water thereunto. From this conduit have you, amongst -many fair tenements, divers fair inns, large for receipt of travellers, -and some houses for men of worship; namely, one most spacious of all -other thereabout, built of brick and timber by Sir Thomas Gresham, -knight, who deceased in the year 1579, and was buried in St. Helen's -church, under a fair monument, by him prepared in his life: he appointed -by his testament this house to be made a college of readers, as before -is said in the chapter of schools and houses of learning. - -Somewhat west from this house is one other very fair house, wherein -Sir William Hollies kept his mayoralty, and was buried in the parish -church of St. Helen. Sir Andrew Jud also kept his mayoralty there, and -was buried at St. Helen's: he built alms houses for six poor alms people -near to the said parish church, and gave lands to the Skinners, out of -the which they are to give 4_s._ every week to the six poor alms people, -8_d._ the piece, and 25_s._ 4_d._ the year, in coals amongst them for -ever. - -Alice Smith, of London, widow, late wife of Thomas Smith, of the same -city, esquire, and customer of the port of London, in her last will -and testament, bequeathed lands to the value of L15 by the year for -ever, to the company of Skinners, for the augmenting of the pensions -of certain poor, inhabiting in eight alms houses, erected by Sir -Andrew Jud, knight, her father, in the parish of Great St. Helen's, in -Bishopsgate street, in London. She hath also given in her said last will -and testament, in other charitable uses, as to the hospitals and to the -poor of other parishes and good preachers, the sum of L300. As also to -the poor scholars in the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge the -sum of L200; of which, her last will and testament, she made her sons, -Thomas Smith, late sheriff of London, and Richard and Robert Smith, -her executors, who have performed the same according to her godly and -charitable mind. - -Then in the very west corner, over against the east end of St. Martin's -Oteswich (from whence the street windeth towards the south), you had of -old time a fair well, with two buckets, so fastened that the drawing up -of the one let down the other; but now of late that well is turned into -a pump. - -From this to the corner over against the Leaden hall, and so down Grasse -street, are many fair houses for merchants and artificers, and many fair -inns for travellers, even to the corner where that ward endeth, over -against Grasse street. And thus much for this Bishopsgate ward shall -suffice; which hath an alderman, two deputies, one without the gate, -another within, common councillors six, constables seven, scavengers -seven, for wardmote inquest thirteen, and a beadle: it is taxed to the -fifteen at L13.[153] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[151] "To Master Cornewallos."--_1st edition_, p. 128. - -[152] "Of our blessed lady."--_1st edition_, p. 129. - -[153] "At twenty-two pounds in London, and in the Exchequer twenty-one -pounds ten shillings."--_1st edition_, p. 136. - - - - -BROAD STREET WARD - - -The next is Brode street ward, which beginneth within Bishopsgate, -from the water conduit westward on both sides of the street, by -Allhallows church, to an iron grate on the channel which runneth into -the water-course of Walbrooke, before you come to the postern called -Mooregate; and this is the farthest west part of that ward. - -Then have you Brode street, whereof the ward taketh name, which -stretcheth out of the former street from the east corner of Allhallows -churchyard, somewhat south to the parish church of St. Peter the Poor -on both sides, and then by the south gate of the Augustine friars west, -down Throkmorton street by the Drapers' hall into Lothburie, to another -grate of iron over the channel there, whereby the water runneth into -the course of Walbrook, under the east end of St. Margaret's church, -certain posts of timber are there set up; and this is also the farthest -west part of this ward, in the said street. Out of the which street -runneth up Bartholomew lane south to the north side of the Exchange; -then more east, out of the former street from over against the Friars -Augustine's church south gate, runneth up another part of Brode street -south to a pump over against St. Bennet's church. Then have you one -other street called Three needle street, beginning at the west, with -two buckets, by St. Martin's Oteswich church wall. This street runneth -down on both sides to Finkes lane, and half way up that lane to a gate -of a merchant's house on the west side, but not so far on the east; then -the foresaid street, from this Finkes lane, runneth down by the Royal -Exchange to the Stocks, and to a place formerly called Scalding house, -or Scalding wick, but now Scalding alley; by the west side whereof, -under the parish church of St. Mildred, runneth the course of Walbrooke; -and these be the bounds of this ward. - -Special monuments therein are these:--First, the parish church of -Allhallows in the wall, so called of standing close to the wall of the -city, in which have been buried Thomas Durrem, esquire, and Margaret his -wife; Robert Beele, esquire, 1601. On the other side of that street, -amongst many proper houses possessed for the most part by curriers, is -the Carpenters' hall, which company was incorporated in the 17th year of -King Edward IV. - -Then east from the Currier's row is a long and high wall of stone, -inclosing the north side of a large garden adjoining to as large an -house, built in the reign of King Henry VIII. and of Edward VI. by Sir -William Powlet, lord treasurer of England. Through this garden, which -of old time consisted of divers parts, now united, was sometimes a -fair footway, leading by the west end of the Augustine friars church -straight north, and opened somewhat west from Allhallows church against -London wall towards Moregate; which footway had gates at either end, -locked up every night; but now the same way being taken into those -gardens, the gates are closed up with stone, whereby the people are -forced to go about by St. Peter's church, and the east end of the said -Friars church, and all the said great place and garden of Sir William -Powlet to London wall, and so to Moregate. - -This great house, adjoining to the garden aforesaid, stretcheth to the -north corner of Brode street, and then turneth up Brode street all that -side to and beyond the east end of the said Friars church. It was built -by the said lord treasurer in place of Augustine friars house, cloister, -and gardens, etc. The Friars church he pulled not down, but the west -end thereof, inclosed from the steeple and choir, was in the year 1550 -granted to the Dutch nation in London, to be their preaching place: the -other part, namely, the steeple, choir, and side aisles to the choir -adjoining, he reserved to household uses, as for stowage of corn, coal, -and other things; his son and heir, Marquis of Winchester, sold the -monuments of noblemen there buried in great number, the paving-stone -and whatsoever (which cost many thousands), for one hundred pounds, -and in place thereof made fair stabling for horses. He caused the lead -to be taken from the roofs, and laid tile in place whereof; which -exchange proved not so profitable as he looked for, but rather to his -disadvantage. - -On the east side of this Brode street, amongst other buildings, on the -back part of Gresham house, which is in Bishopsgate street, he placed -eight proper alms houses, built of brick and timber by Sir Thomas -Gresham, knight, for eight alms men, which he now there placed rent -free, and receive each of them by his gift L6 13_s._ 4_d._ yearly for -ever. - -Next unto Pawlet house is the parish church of St. Peter the Poor, so -called for a difference from other of that name, sometime peradventure a -poor parish, but at this present there be many fair houses, possessed by -rich merchants and other. Buried in this church: Richard Fitzwilliams, -merchant-tailor, 1520; Sir William Roch, mayor, 1540; Martin Calthrope, -mayor, 1588. - -Then next have you the Augustine Friars church and churchyard; the -entering thereunto by a south gate to the west porch, a large church, -having a most fine spired steeple, small, high, and straight, I have not -seen the like: founded by Humfrey Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex, -in the year 1253. Reginald Cobham gave his messuage in London to the -enlarging thereof, in the year 1344. Humfrey Bohun, Earl of Hereford -and Essex, re-edified this church in the year 1354, whose body was -there buried in the choir. The small spired steeple of this church was -overthrown by a tempest of wind in the year 1362, but was raised of -new, as now it standeth, to the beautifying of the city. This house was -valued at L57, and was surrendered the 12th of November, the 30th of -Henry VIII. - -There lie buried in this Friars church, amongst others, Edward, first -son to Joan, mother to King Richard II.; Guy de Mericke, Earl of St. -Paule; Lucie, Countess of Kent, and one of the heirs of Barnabie Lord -of Millaine, with an epitaph; Dame Ide, wife to Sir Thomas West; Dame -Margaret West; Stephen Lindericle, esquire; Sir Humfrey Bohun, Earl of -Hereford and Essex, Lord of Brekenake;[154] Richard, the great Earl of -Arundell, Surrey, and Warren, beheaded, 1397; Sir Edward Arundell, and -Dame Elizabeth his wife; Sir Francis Atcourt,[155] Earl of Pembrooke, -which married Alice, sister to the Earl of Oxford; Dame Lucie Knowles, -of Kent; Sir Peter Garinsers, of France; the Lord John Vere, Earl of -Oxford, beheaded on the Tower hill 1463; Aubrey de Vere, son and heir -to the Earl of Oxford; Sir Thomas Tudnam, knight; William Bourser; Lord -Fitz Warren; Sir Thomas de la Lande, knight; Dame Joan Norris, the Lady -of Bedforde; Anne, daughter to John Viscount Welles; Walter Nevell, -esquire; Sir John Manners, knight; the wife of Sir David Cradocke, -knight; the mother to the Lord Spencer's wife; Sir Bartlemew Rodlegate; -John, son to Sir John Wingfield; Sir Walter Mewes; Robert Newenton, -esquire; Philip Spencer, son to Sir Hugh Spencer; Dame Isabell, daughter -to Sir Hugh; the Lord Barons slain at Barnet field, buried there 1471. -In the body of the church: Dame Julian, wife to Sir Richard Lacie; -Sir Thomas Courtney, son to the Earl of Devonshire, and by him, his -sister, wedded to Cheverstone; the daughter of the Lord Beaumont; two -sons of Sir Thomas Morley, to wit, William and Ralph; Sir William -Talmage, knight; Nicholas Blondell, esquire; Sir Richard Chamberlaine; -John Halton, gentleman; Sir John Gifford, knight; Thomas Manningham, -esquire; Sir William Kenude, knight; Sir William, son to Sir Thomas -Terill; John Surell, gentleman. In the east wing: Margaret Barentin, -gentlewoman; John Spicer, esquire, and Letis his wife; John le Percers, -esquire; Roger Chibary, esquire; Peter Morens, esquire; Thomas, son to -Sir William Beckland; James Cuthing, esquire; John Chorner, esquire; -William Kenley, esquire; Margery, wife to Thomas Band, and daughter -to John Hutch; the Lord William, Marquis of Barkeley and Earl of -Nottingham, and Dame Joan his wife. In the west wing: Sir John Tirrill, -and Dame Katherine his wife; Sir Walter of Powle, knight; Sir John -Blanckwell, and his wife Dame Jane Sayne, daughter to Sir John Lee; Sir -John Dawbeney, son and heir to Sir Giles Dawbeney; William, son to Sir -Roger Scroope; Dame Joan Dawbeney, wife to Sir William Dawbeney; Thomas -Charles, esquire; Sir John Dawbeney, knight, and his son Robert; Sir -James Bell, knight; Sir Oliver Manny, knight; Henry Deskie, esquire; Sir -Diones Mordaske; Sir Bernard Rolingcort; Sir Peter Kayor; Sir William -Tirell; Sir William, his brother knights; William Collingborne, esquire, -beheaded 1484; Sir Roger Clifford, knight; Sir Thomas Coke, mayor in -the year 1462; William Edward, mayor, 1471; Sir James Tirell, Sir -John Windany, knights, beheaded 1502; Sir John Dawtrie, knight, 1519; -Dame Margaret Rede, 1510; Edward, Duke of Buckingham, beheaded 1521; -Gwiskard, Earl of Huntington. - -On the south side, and at the west end of this church, many fair houses -are built; namely, in Throgmorton street, one very large and spacious, -built in the place of old and small tenements by Thomas Cromwell, master -of the king's jewel-house, after that master of the rolls, then Lord -Cromwell, knight, lord privy seal, vicar-general, Earl of Essex, high -chamberlain of England, etc. This house being finished, and having -some reasonable plot of ground left for a garden, he caused the pales -of the gardens adjoining to the north part thereof on a sudden to be -taken down; twenty-two feet to be measured forth right into the north -of every man's ground; a line there to be drawn, a trench to be cast, -a foundation laid, and a high brick wall to be built. My father had a -garden there, and a house standing close to his south pale; this house -they loosed from the ground, and bare upon rollers into my father's -garden twenty-two feet, ere my father heard thereof; no warning was -given him, nor other answer, when he spake to the surveyors of that -work, but that their master Sir Thomas commanded them so to do; no man -durst go to argue the matter, but each man lost his land, and my father -paid his whole rent, which was 6_s._ 6_d._ the year, for that half -which was left. Thus much of mine own knowledge have I thought good to -note, that the sudden rising of some men causeth them[156] to forget -themselves. - -The company of the Drapers in London bought this house, and now the -same is their common hall. This company obtained of King Henry VI., in -the 17th of his reign, to be incorporate: John Gidney was chosen to be -their first master, and the four wardens were, J. Wotton, J. Darbie, -Robert Breton, and T. Cooke. The arms granted to the said company by -Sir William Bridges, knight, first garter king at arms, in blason, are -thus: Three sunbeams issuing out of three clouds of flame, crowned with -three crowns imperial of gold, upon a shield azure. From this hall, on -the same side down to the grates and course of Walbrook, have ye divers -fair houses for merchants and other; from the which grates back again -on the other side in Lethbury, so called in record of Edward III., the -38th year, and now corruptly called Lothbury, are candlestick founders -placed, till ye come to Bartholomew lane, so called of St. Bartholomew's -church, at the south-east corner thereof. In this lane also are divers -fair built houses on both sides, and so likewise have ye in the other -street, which stretcheth from the Friars Augustine's south gate to the -corner over against St. Bennet's church. In this street, amongst other -fair buildings, the most ancient was of old time a house pertaining to -the abbot of St. Albans; John Catcher, alderman, now dwelleth there; -then is the free school pertaining to the late dissolved hospital of -St. Anthony, whereof more shall be shown in another place, and so up to -Threeneedle street. On the south part of which street, beginning at the -east, by the well with two buckets, now turned to a pump, is the parish -church of St. Martin called Oteswich, of Martin de Oteswich, Nicholas -de Oteswich, William Oteswich, and John Oteswich, founders thereof. -There be monuments in this church of William Constantine, alderman, -and Emme his wife; Katherine, wife to Benedick Augustine; Sir William -Drifield, knight; John Oteswich, and his wife, under a fair monument -on the south side; John Churchman, one of the sheriffs, in the year -1385; Richard Naylor, tailor, alderman, 1483; James Falleron; John -Melchborne; Thomas Hey, and Hellis his wife; William Clitherow, and -Margaret his wife; Oliver and William, sons to John Woodroffe, esquire; -Hugh Pemberton, tailor, alderman, 1500, and Katherine his wife; Matthew -Pemberton, merchant-tailor, about 1514: he gave L50 to the repairing -of St. Lawrence chapel. The aforesaid John Churchman, for William and -John Oteswich, by license of Henry IV., the 6th of his reign, gave the -advowson or patronage of this church, four messuages, and seventeen -shops, with the appurtenances in the parish of St. Martin's Oteswich, -etc., to the master and wardens of tailors and linen-armourers, keepers -of the guild and fraternity of St. John Baptist in London, and to their -successors, in perpetual alms, to be employed on the poor brethren and -sisters; whereupon, adjoining unto the west end of this parish church, -the said master and wardens built about a proper quadrant or squared -court, seven alms houses, wherein they placed seven alms men of that -company, and their wives (if they had wives); each of these seven of -old time had 13_d._ the week, but now of later time their stipend by -the said master and wardens hath been augmented to the sum of 26_s._ -the quarter, which is L5 4_s._ the year to each of them, besides coals; -more, to each of them 20_s._ the year, by gift of Walter Fish, sometime -master of that company, and tailor to her majesty. - -Some small distance from thence is the Merchant-tailors'-hall, -pertaining to the guild and fraternity of St. John Baptist, time out of -mind called of tailors and linen-armourers of London; for I find that -Edward I., in the 28th of his reign, confirmed this guild by the name -of Tailors and Linen-armourers, and also gave to the brethren thereof -authority every year at Midsummer to hold a feast, and to choose unto -them a governor, or master, with wardens; whereupon the same year, 1300, -on the feast day of the nativity of St. John Baptist, they chose Henry -de Ryall to be their pilgrim for the master of this mystery (as one that -travelled for the whole company was then so called) until the 11th of -Richard II.; and the four wardens were then called purveyors of alms -(now called quarterage) of the said fraternity. This merchant-tailors' -hall, sometime pertaining to a worshipful gentleman named Edmond Creping -(Dominus Creping after some record), he in the year of Christ 1331, the -first of Edward III., for a certain sum of money to him paid, made his -grant thereof by the name of his principal messuage in the wards of -Cornehill and Brode street, which Sir Oliver Ingham, knight, did then -hold, to John of Yakley, the king's pavilion maker. This was called the -new hall, or tailors' inn, for a difference from their old hall, which -was about the back side of the Red Lion in Basing lane, and in the ward -of Cordwayner street. - -The 21st of Edward IV., Thomas Holme, _alias_ Clarenciaulx king -of arms for the south part of England, granted by his patents to -the said fraternity and guild of St. John Baptist, of tailors and -linen-armourers, to bear in a field silver, a pavilion between two -mantels imperial purple garnished with gold, in a chief azure and holy -Lamb, set within a sun, the crest upon the helm, a pavilion purple -garnished with gold, etc. After this King Henry VII. being himself a -brother of this fraternity or guild of St. John Baptist, of tailors or -linen-armourers (as divers other his predecessors kings before him had -been, to wit, Richard III., Edward IV., Henry V., Henry IV., and Richard -II.); and for that divers of that fraternity had, time out of mind, been -great merchants, and had frequented all sorts of merchandises into most -parts of the world, to the honour of the king's realm, and to the great -profit of his subjects, and of his progenitors; and the men of the said -mystery, during the time aforesaid, had exercised the buying and selling -of all wares and merchandises, especially of woollen cloth, as well in -gross, as by retail, throughout all this realm of England, and chiefly -within the said city; therefore he, of his especial grace, did change, -transfer, and translate the guild aforesaid, and did incorporate them -into the name of the Master and Wardens of the Merchant-tailors of the -fraternity of St. John Baptist, in the city of London. - -Some distance west from this the Merchant-tailors' hall is Finke's lane, -so called of Robert Finke, and Robert Finke his son, James Finke, and -Rosamond Finke. Robert Finke the elder new built the parish church of -St. Bennet, commonly called Fink, of the founder; his tenements were -both of St. Bennet's parish and St. Martin's Oteswich parish. The one -half of this Finke lane is of Brode street ward, to wit, on the west -side up to the great and principal house wherein the said Finke dwelt; -but on the other side, namely the east, not so much towards Cornhill. -Then without this lane in the aforesaid Threeneedle street is the -said parish church of St. Bennet, a proper church, in which are these -monuments of the dead:--Robert Simson, and Elizabeth his wife; Roger -Strange, esquire; Trerisse; William Coolby; John Frey; Thomas Briar, -plumber, 1410, etc. - -Some distance west is the Royal Exchange, whereof more shall be spoken -in the ward of Cornhill, and so down to the little conduit, called the -pissing conduit, by the Stockes market, and this is the south side of -Threeneedle street. - -On the north side of this street, from over against the east corner -of St. Martin's Oteswich church, have ye divers fair and large houses -till ye come to the hospital of St. Anthonie, sometime a cell to St. -Anthonie's of Vienna. For I read that King Henry III. granted to the -brotherhood of St. Anthonie of Vienna, a place amongst the Jews, which -was sometime their synagogue, and had been built by them about the -year 1231; but the Christians obtained of the king that it should be -dedicated to our Blessed Lady; and since a hospital being there built, -was called St. Anthonie's in London; it was founded in the parish of St. -Bennet Finke, for a master, two priests, one schoolmaster, and twelve -poor men: after which foundation, amongst other things, was given to -this hospital, one messuage and garden, whereon was built the fair large -free school, and one other parcel of ground, containing thirty-seven -feet in length, and eighteen feet in breadth, whereon was built the -alms houses of hard stone and timber, in the reign of Henry VI., which -said Henry VI., in the 20th of his reign, gave unto John Carpenter, -D.D., master of St. Anthonie's hospital, and to his brethren and their -successors for ever, his manor of Ponington, with the appurtenances, -with certain pensions and portions of Milburne, Burnworth, Charlton, -and Up Wimborne, in the county of Southampton, towards the maintenance -of five scholars in the university of Oxford, to be brought up in the -faculty of arts, after the rate of ten pence the week for every scholar, -so that the said scholars shall be first instructed in the rudiments of -grammar at the college of Eaton, founded by the said king. - -In the year 1474, Edward IV. granted to William Say, B.D., master of the -said hospital, to have priests, clerks, scholars, poor men, and brethren -of the same, clerks, or laymen, choristers, proctors, messengers, -servants in household, and other things whatsoever, like as the prior -and convent of St. Anthonie's of Vienna, etc. He also annexed, united, -and appropriated the said hospital unto the collegiate church of St. -George in Windsor. - -The proctors of this house were to collect the benevolence of charitable -persons towards the building and supporting thereof. And amongst other -things observed in my youth, I remember that the officers charged with -oversight of the markets in this city, did divers times take from -the market people, pigs starved, or otherwise unwholesome for man's -sustenance; these they slit in the ear. One of the proctors for St. -Anthonie's tied a bell about the neck, and let it feed on the dunghills; -no man would hurt or take them up, but if any gave to them bread, or -other feeding, such would they know, watch for, and daily follow, -whining till they had somewhat given them; whereupon was raised a -proverb, "Such an one will follow such an one, and whine as it were an -Anthonie pig;" but if such a pig grew to be fat, and came to good liking -(as oft times they did), then the proctor would take him up to the use -of the hospital. - -In the year 1499, Sir John Tate, sometime ale-brewer, when a mercer, -caused his brewhouse, called the Swan, near adjoining to the said free -chapel, college, or hospital of St. Anthonie, to be taken down for the -enlarging of the church, which was then new built, toward the building -whereof the said Tate gave great sums of money, and finished in the -year 1501. Sir John Tate deceased 1514, and was there buried under a -fair monument by him prepared. Dr. Tayler, master of the rolls, and -other.[157] - -Walter Champion, draper, one of the sheriffs of London 1529, was buried -there, and gave to the beadman twenty pounds. The lands by year of this -hospital were valued in the 37th year of Henry VIII. to be fifty-five -pounds six shillings and eight pence. - -One Johnson (a schoolmaster of the famous free-school there) became a -prebend of Windsor, and then by little and little followed the spoil -of this hospital. He first dissolved the choir, conveyed the plate and -ornaments, then the bells, and lastly put out the alms men from their -houses, appointing them portions of twelve pence the week to each (but -now I hear of no such matter performed), their houses with other be -letten out for rent, and the church is a preaching place for the French -nation. - -This school was commended in the reign of Henry VI., and sithence -commended above other, but now decayed, and come to nothing, by taking -that from it what thereunto belonged. - -Next is the parish church of St. Bartholomew, at the end of Bartholomew -lane. Thomas Pike, alderman, with the assistance of Nicholas Yoo, one -of the sheriffs of London, about the year 1438, new built this church. -Sir John Fray, knight, was buried there, Margery his daughter and -heir, wife to Sir John Lepington, knight, founded there a chantry the -21st of Edward IV. Alderban, a Gascoyne, was buried there; Sir Will. -Capel, mayor 1509, added unto this church a proper chapel on the south -side thereof, and was buried there; Sir Giles Cappell was also buried -there; James Wilford, tailor, one of the sheriffs 1499, appointed by -his testament a doctor of divinity, every Good Friday for ever, to -preach there a sermon of Christ's Passion, from six of the clock till -eight before noon, in the said church. John Wilford, merchant-tailor, -alderman, 1544; Sir James Wilford, 1550; Sir George Barne, mayor 1552; -John Dent; Miles Coverdale, Bishop of Excester; Thomas Dancer, and Anne -his wife. - -Then lower down towards the Stocks' market is the parish church of -St. Christopher, but re-edified of new; for Richard Shore, one of the -sheriffs 1506, gave money towards the building of the steeple. There lie -buried Richard Sherington, 1392, who gave lands to that church; the Lady -Margaret Norford, 1406; John Clavering, 1421, who gave lands thereunto; -John Godnay, draper, mayor 1427. This Godnay, in the year 1444, wedded -the widow of Robert Large, late mayor, which widow had taken the mantle -and ring, and the vow to live chaste to God during the term of her -life, for the breach whereof, the marriage done, they were troubled -by the church, and put to penance, both he and she. William Hampton, -mayor 1472, was a great benefactor, and glazed some of the church -windows; Sir William Martin, mayor 1492; Roger Achley, mayor 1511, -he dwelt in Cornehill ward, in a house belonging to Cobham college, -rented by the year at twenty-six shillings and eight pence; Robert -Thorne, merchant-tailor, a bachelor, 1532--he gave by his testament in -charity more than four thousand four hundred and forty-five pounds; John -Norryholme; Ralph Batte; Alice Percivall; Jane Drew; William Borresbie; -John Broke; Richard Sutton; William Batte; James Well; Henry Beacher, -alderman, 1570. - -West from this church have ye Scalding alley, of old time called -Scalding house, or Scalding wike, because that ground for the most part -was then employed by poulterers that dwelt in the high street from the -Stocks' market to the great conduit. Their poultry, which they sold at -their stalls, were scalded there. The street doth yet bear the name of -the Poultry, and the poulterers are but lately departed from thence into -other streets, as into Grasse street, and the ends of St. Nicholas flesh -shambles. This Scalding wike is the farthest west part of Brode street -ward, and is by the water called Walbrook parted from Cheap ward. This -Brode street ward hath an alderman, with his deputy, common councillors -ten, constables ten, scavengers eight, wardmote inquest thirteen, and -a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteenth in London at seven-and-twenty -pounds, and accounted in the Exchequer after twenty-five pounds. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[154] "Pembroke."--_1st edition_, p. 136. - -[155] "Courtney."--_1st edition_, _ibid._ - -[156] "In some matters."--_1st edition_, p. 141. - -[157] "This goodly foundation having a free schoole and almes houses -for poore men (builded of hard stone) adjoyning to the west end of the -church, was of olde time confirmed by Henry the Sixt, in the year 1447. -The outward work of this new church was finished in the year 1501, the -said John Tate deceased about the year 1514, and was there buried in a -monument by him prepared, as appeareth by an indenture tripartite made -between the said John Tate, the Deane of Windsor, and William Milbourn, -chamberlaine."--_1st edition_, p. 145. - - - - -CORNEHILL WARD - - -The next ward to the south is Cornehill ward, so called of a corn -market, time out of mind there holden, and is a part of the principal -high street, beginning at the west end of Leaden hall, stretching down -west on both the sides by the south end of Finks lane on the right hand, -and by the north end of Birchovers lane; on the left part of which -lanes, to wit, to the middle of them, is of this ward, and so down to -the Stockes market; and this is the bounds. - -The upper or east part of this ward, and also a part of Lime street -ward, hath been (as I said) a market place, especially for corn, and -since for all kind of victuals, as is partly showed in Lime street -ward; yet it appeareth of record, that in the year 1522, the rippers -of Rie and other places, sold their fresh fish in Leaden hall market -upon Cornehill, but foreign butchers were not admitted there to sell -flesh till the year 1533; and it was enacted, that butchers should -sell[158], their beef not above a halfpenny the pound, and mutton a -halfpenny half-farthing; which act being devised for the great commodity -of the realm (as it was then thought) hath since proved far otherwise; -for before that time a fat ox was sold in London for six-and-twenty -shillings and eight pence at the most, a fat wether for three shillings -and four pence, a fat calf the like price, a fat lamb for twelve pence, -pieces of beef weighing two pounds and a half at the least, yea three -pounds or better, for a penny, on every butcher's stall in this city, -and of those pieces of beef thirteen or fourteen for twelve pence, fat -mutton for eight pence the quarter, and one hundred weight of beef for -four shillings and eight pence, at the dearest. What the price is now I -need not to set down; many men thought the same act to rise in price, -by mean that graziers knew or supposed what weight every their beasts -contained, and so raising their price thereafter, the butcher could -be no gainer, but by likewise raising his price.[159] The number of -butchers then in the city and suburbs was accounted six score, of which -every one killed six oxen a piece weekly, which is in forty-six weeks -thirty-three thousand one hundred and twenty oxen, or seven hundred and -twenty oxen weekly. The foreign butchers for a long time stood in the -high street of Lime Street ward on the north side, twice every week, -namely, Wednesday and Saturday, and were some gain to the tenants before -whose doors they stood, and into whose houses they set their blocks and -stalls; but that advantage being espied, they were taken into Leaden -hall, there to pay for their standing to the chamber of London. Thus -much for the market upon Cornhill. - -The chief ornaments on Cornhill ward are these: first, at the east -end thereof, in the middle of the high street, and at the parting -of four ways, have ye a water standard, placed in the year 1582, in -manner following. A certain German, named Peter Morris, having made an -artificial forcier for that purpose, conveyed Thames water in pipes of -lead over the steeple of St. Magnus church, at the north end of London -Bridge, and from thence into divers men's houses in Thames street, New -Fish street, and Grasse street, up to the north-west corner of Leaden -hall, the highest ground of all the city, where the waste of the main -pipe rising into this standard, provided at the charges of the city, -with four spouts did at every tide run (according to covenant) four -ways, plentifully serving to the commodity of the inhabitants near -adjoining in their houses, and also cleansed the channels of the street -towards Bishopsgate, Aldgate, the bridge, and the Stockes' market. But -now no such matter, through whose default I know not.[160] - -Then have ye a fair conduit of sweet water, castellated in the middest -of that ward and street. This conduit was first built of stone in -the year 1282, by Henry Walles, mayor of London, to be a prison for -night-walkers, and other suspicious persons, and was called the Tun -upon Cornehill, because the same was built somewhat in fashion of a tun -standing on the one end. - -To this prison the night watches of this city committed not only night -walkers, but also other persons, as well spiritual as temporal, whom -they suspected of incontinence, and punished them according to the -customs of this city; but complaint thereof being made, about the year -of Christ 1297, King Edward I. writeth to his citizens thus:-- - -"Edward, by the grace of God, etc. Whereas Richard Gravesend, bishop of -London, hath showed unto us, that by the Great Charter of England, the -Church hath a privilege, that no clerk should be imprisoned by a lay -man without our command, and breach of peace, which notwithstanding -some citizens of London, upon mere spite, do enter in their watches into -clerks' chambers, and like felons carry them to the Tun, which Henry le -Walleys, sometime mayor, built for night walkers; wherefore we will that -this our commandment be proclaimed in full hustings, and that no watch -hereafter enter into any clerk's chamber, under the forfeit of twenty -pounds. Dated at Carlisle the 18th of March, the 25th of our reign." - -More, I read about the year of Christ 1299, the 27th of Edward I., -certain principal citizens of London, to wit, T. Romane, Richard -Gloucester, Nicholas Faringdon, Adam Helingburie, T. Saly, John -Dunstable, Richard Ashwy, John Wade, and William Stortford, brake up -this prison called the Tun, and took out certain prisoners, for which -they were sharply punished by long imprisonment and great fines. It cost -the citizens (as some have written) more than twenty thousand marks, -which they were amerced in, before William le March, treasurer of the -king's exchequer, to purchase the king's favour, and confirmation of -their liberties. - -Also, that in the year 1383, the 7th of Richard II., the citizens of -London, taking upon them the rights that belonged to their bishops, -first imprisoned such women as were taken in fornication or adultery in -the said Tun, and after bringing them forth to the sight of the world, -they caused their heads to be shaven, after the manner of thieves, whom -they named appellators, and so to be led about the city, in sight of -all the inhabitants, with trumpets and pipes sounding before them, that -their persons might be the more largely known. Neither did they spare -such kind of men a whit the more, but used them as hardly, saying, they -abhorred not only the negligence of their prelates, but also detested -their avarice, that studying for money, omitted the punishment limited -by law, and permitted those that were found guilty to live favourably -in their sin. Wherefore, they would themselves, they said, purge their -city from such filthiness, lest, through God's vengeance, either the -pestilence or sword should happen to them, or that the earth should -swallow them. - -Last of all to be noted, I read in the charge of the wardmote inquest -in every ward of the city, these words:--"If there be any priest in -service within the ward, which before time hath been set in the Tun in -Cornhill for his dishonesty, and hath forsworn the city, all such shall -be presented." - -Thus much for the Tun in Cornhill have I read. Now for the punishments -of priests in my youth: one note and no more. John Atwod, draper, -dwelling in the parish of St. Michael upon Cornehill, directly against -the church, having a proper woman to his wife, such an one as seemed the -holiest among a thousand, had also a lusty chantry priest, of the said -parish church, repairing to his house; with the which priest the said -Atwod would sometimes after supper play a game at tables for a pint of -ale: it chanced on a time, having haste of work, and his game proving -long, he left his wife to play it out, and went down to his shop, but -returning to fetch a pressing iron, he found such play to his misliking, -that he forced the priest to jump out at a window over the penthouse -into the street, and so to run to his lodging in the churchyard. Atwod -and his wife were soon reconciled, so that he would not suffer her to -be called in question; but the priest being apprehended and committed, -I saw his punishment to be thus:--He was on three market days conveyed -through the high street and markets of the city with a paper on his -head, wherein was written his trespass. The first day he rode in a -carry, the second on a horse, his face to the horse tail, the third led -betwixt twain, and every day rung with basons, and proclamations made -of his fact at every turning of the street, as also before John Atwod's -stall, and the church door of his service, where he lost his chantry of -twenty nobles the year, and was banished the city for ever. - -By the west side of the foresaid prison, then called the Tun, was a -fair well of spring water, curbed round with hard stone; but in the -year 1401, the said prison house, called the Tun, was made a cistern -for sweet water, conveyed by pipes of lead from Tiborne, and was from -thenceforth called the Conduit upon Cornhill. Then was the well planked -over, and a strong prison made of timber called a cage, with a pair -of stocks therein set upon it, and this was for night walkers. On the -top of which cage was placed a pillory, for the punishment of bakers -offending in the assize of bread, for millers stealing of corn at the -mill, for bawds, scolds, and other offenders. As in the year 1468, -the 7th of Edward IV., divers persons being common jurors, such as at -assizes were forsworn for rewards, or favour of parties, were judged to -ride from Newgate to the pillory in Cornhill, with mitres of paper on -their heads, there to stand, and from thence again to Newgate, and this -judgment was given by the mayor of London. In the year 1509, the 1st of -Henry VIII., Darby, Smith, and Simson, ringleaders of false inquests in -London, rode about the city with their faces to the horse tails, and -papers on their heads, and were set on the pillory in Cornhill, and -after brought again to Newgate, where they died for very shame, saith -Robert Fabian. A ringleader of inquests,[161] as I take it, is he that -making a gainful occupation thereof, will appear on Nisi-priuses, or he -be warned, or procure himself to be warned, to come on by a tales. He -will also procure himself to be foreman when he can, and take upon him -to overrule the rest to his opinion; such an one shall be laboured by -plaintiffs and defendants, not without promise of rewards, and therefore -to be suspected of a bad conscience. I would wish a more careful choice -of jurors to be had; for I have known a man carted, rung with basons, -and banished out of Bishopsgate ward, and afterward in Aldgate ward -admitted to be a constable, a grand juryman, and foreman of the wardmote -inquest: what I know of the like, or worse men, proffered to the like -offices, I forbear to write, but wish to be reformed. - -The foresaid conduit upon Cornhill, was in the year 1475 enlarged by -Robert Drope, draper, mayor, that then dwelt in that ward; he increased -the cistern of this conduit with an east end of stone, and castellated -in comely manner. - -In the year 1546, Sir Martin Bowes, mayor, dwelling in Lombard street, -and having his back gate opening into Cornehill against the said -conduit, minded to have enlarged the cistern thereof with a west end, -like as Robert Drope before had done towards the east; view and measure -of the plot was taken for this work; but the pillory and cage being -removed, they found the ground planked, and the well aforesaid worn out -of memory, which well they revived and restored to use--it is since made -a pump; they set the pillory somewhat west from the well; and so this -work ceased. - -On the north side of the street, from the east unto the west, have ye -divers fair houses for merchants and other, amongst the which one large -house is called the Wey house, where merchandises brought from beyond -the seas are to be weighed at the king's beam. This house hath a master, -and under him four master porters, with porters under them: they have a -strong cart, and four great horses, to draw and carry the wares from the -merchants' houses to the beam and back again. Sir Thomas Lovell, knight, -built this house, with a fair front of tenements towards the street; all -which he gave to the Grocers of London, himself being free of the city, -and a brother of that company. - -Then have ye the said Finke's lane, the south end of which lane on both -sides is in Cornehill ward. - -Then next is the Royal Exchange, erected in the year 1566, after this -order, namely, certain houses upon Cornehill, and the like upon the -back thereof, in the ward of Brode street, with three alleys, the -first called Swan alley, opening into Cornehill, the second New alley, -passing throughout of Cornehill into Brode street ward, over against -St. Bartholomew lane, the third St. Christopher's alley, opening into -Brode street ward, and into St. Christopher's parish, containing in all -fourscore households, were first purchased by the citizens of London, -for more than three thousand five hundred and thirty-two pounds, and -were sold for four hundred and seventy-eight pounds, to such persons as -should take them down and carry them thence; also the ground or plot was -made plain at the charges of the city; and then possession thereof was -by certain aldermen, in name of the whole citizens, given to Sir Thomas -Gresham, knight, agent to the queen's highness, thereupon to build a -burse, or place for merchants to assemble, at his own proper charges. -And he, on the 7th of June, laying the first stone of the foundation, -being brick, accompanied with some aldermen, every of them laid a piece -of gold, which the workmen took up, and forthwith followed upon the same -with such diligence, that by the month of November, in the year 1567, -the same was covered with slate, and shortly after fully finished. - -In the year 1570, on the 23rd of January, the queen's majesty, attended -with her nobility, came from her house at the Strand, called Somerset -house, and entered the city by Temple Bar, through Fleet street, Cheape, -and so by the north side of the burse, through Threeneedle street, to -Sir Thomas Gresham's in Bishopsgate street, where she dined. After -dinner her majesty returning through Cornehill, entered the burse on the -south side; and after that she had viewed every part thereof above the -ground, especially the pawn, which was richly furnished with all sorts -of the finest wares in the city, she caused the same burse by an herald -and trumpet to be proclaimed the Royal Exchange, and so to be called -from thenceforth, and not otherwise. - -Next adjoining this Royal Exchange remaineth one part of a large stone -house, and is now called the Castle of such a sign; at a tavern door -there is a passage through out of Cornehill into Threeneedle street; -the other part of the said stone house was taken down for enlarging -the Royal Exchange: this stone house was said of some to have been a -church, whereof it had no proportion, of others a Jew's house, as though -none but Jews had dwelt in stone houses; but that opinion is without -warrant, for besides the strong building of stone houses against the -invasion of thieves in the night, when no watches were kept, in the 1st -year of Richard I., to prevent the casualties of fire, which often had -happened in the city, when the houses were built of timber, and covered -with reed or straw, Henry Fitz Alewine being mayor, it was decreed, -that from henceforth no man should build within the city but of stone, -until a certain height, and to cover the same building with slate or -burnt tile; and this was the very cause of such stone buildings, whereof -many have remained till our time, that for winning of ground they have -been taken down, and in place of some one of them being low, as but -two stories above the ground, many houses of four or five stories high -are placed. From this stone house down to the Stocks are divers large -houses, especially for height, for merchants and artificers. - -On the south side of this high street is the parish church of St. Peter -upon Cornehill, which seemeth to be of an ancient building, but not -so ancient as fame reporteth, for it hath been lately repaired, if -not all new built, except the steeple, which is ancient. The roof of -this church, and glazing, were finished in the reign of Edward IV., as -appeareth by arms of noblemen and aldermen of London then living. There -remaineth in this church a table whereon it is written, I know not by -what authority, but of a late hand, that King Lucius founded the same -church to be an archbishop's see metropolitan,[162] and chief church of -his kingdom, and that it so endured the space of four hundred years, -unto the coming of Augustin the monk. - -Joceline of Furness writeth, that Thean, the first archbishop of London, -in the reign of Lucius, built the said church by the aid of Ciran, chief -butler to King Lucius; and also that Eluanus, the second archbishop, -built a library to the same adjoining, and converted many of the Druids, -learned men in the Pagan law, to Christianity. True it is, that a -library there was pertaining to this parish church of old time, built -of stone, and of late repaired with brick by the executors of Sir John -Crosby, alderman, as his arms on the south end doth witness. - -This library hath been of late time, to wit, within these fifty years, -well furnished of books; John Leyland viewed and commended them; but -now those books be gone, and the place is occupied by a schoolmaster -and his usher, over a number of scholars learning their grammar rules, -etc. Notwithstanding, before that time a grammar school had been kept in -this parish, as appeareth in the year 1425, I read, that John Whitby was -rector, and John Steward schoolmaster there; and in the 25th of Henry -VI., it was enacted by parliament, that four grammar schools in London -should be maintained, namely, in the parishes of Allhallows, in Thames -street, St. Andrew in Oldbourne, St. Peter's upon Cornehill, and St. -Thomas of Acars. - -Monuments of the dead in this church defaced: I read, that Hugh Waltham, -Nicholas Pricot, mercer, alderman, Richard Manhall, 1503; William -Kingston, fishmonger, gave his tenements called the Horse mill in -Grasse street to this church, and was there buried about the year 1298; -John Unisburgh, poulterer, 1410; John Law. Also Peter Mason, tailor, -gave to this church seven pounds sterling yearly for ever, out of his -tenements in Colechurch parish, and deceased about the year 1416. John -Foxton founded a chantry there. A brotherhood of St. Peter was in this -church established by Henry IV., the 4th of his reign. William Brampton -and William Askham, fishmongers and aldermen, were chief procurers -thereof, for the fishmongers of late buried there; Sir William Bowyer, -mayor 1543; Sir Henry Huberthorn, mayor 1546; Sir Christopher Morice, -master-gunner of England to King Henry VIII.; Edward Elrington, esquire, -chief-butler to Edward VI.; Thomas Gardener, grocer; and Justice Smith, -and other. - -Then have ye the parish church of St. Michael th' Archangel; for the -antiquity whereof I find that Alnothus the priest gave it to the abbot -and convent of Covesham, Reynold abbot, and the convent there did -grant the same to Sperling the priest, in all measures as he and his -predecessors before had held it; to the which Sperling also they granted -all their lands which they there had, except certain lands which Orgar -le Prowde had held of them, and paid two shilling yearly; for the which -grant the said Sperling should yearly pay one mark of rent to the said -abbot of Covesham, and find him and his lodging, salt, water, and fire, -when he came to London. This was granted 1133, about the 34th of Henry -I. Thus much for antiquity; of later time I find, that Elizabeth Peake, -widow, gave the patronage or gift of this benefice to the Drapers in -London; she lieth buried in the belfry, 1518: her monument yet remaineth. - -This hath been a fair and beautiful church, but of late years, since -the surrender of their lands to Edward VI., greatly blemished by the -building of lower tenements on the north side thereof towards the high -street, in place of a green churchyard, whereby the church is darkened, -and other ways annoyed. The fair new steeple, or bell tower of this -church, was begun to be built in the year 1421, which being finished, -and a fair ring of five bells therein placed, a sixth bell[163] was -added, and given by John Whitwell, Isabel his wife, and William Rus, -alderman, and goldsmith, about the year 1430, which bell, named "Rus," -nightly at eight of the clock, and otherwise for knells, and in peals, -rung by one man, for the space of one hundred and sixty years, of late -overhauled by four or five at once, hath been thrice broken, and new -cast within the space of ten years, to the charges of that parish more -than one hundred marks. - -And here a note of this steeple: as I have oft heard my father report, -upon St. James' night, certain men in the loft next under the bells, -ringing of a peal, a tempest of lightning and thunder did arise, an -ugly shapen sight appeared to them, coming in at the south window, and -lighted on the north, for fear whereof they all fell down, and lay as -dead for the time, letting the bells ring and cease of their own accord; -when the ringers came to themselves, they found certain stones of the -north window to be razed and scratched, as if they had been so much -butter, printed with a lion's claw; the same stones were fastened there -again, and so remain till this day. I have seen them oft, and have put -a feather or small stick into the holes where the claws had entered -three or four inches deep. At the same time certain main timber posts at -Queene Hith were scratched and cleft from the top to the bottom; and the -pulpit cross in Powle's churchyard was likewise scratched, cleft, and -overturned. One of the ringers lived in my youth, whom I have oft heard -to verify the same to be true. - -But to return. William Rus was a special benefactor to this church; -his arms yet remain in the windows. William Comerton, Symon Smith, -Walter Belingham, were buried there, and founded chantries there; -John Grace, 1439; Robert Drope, mayor, buried on the north side of -the choir, under a fair tomb of grey marble, 1485, he gave to poor -maids' marriages of that parish twenty pounds, to poor of that ward ten -pounds, shirts and smocks three hundred, and gowns of broad cloth one -hundred, etc.[164] Jane his wife, matching with Edward Gray, Viscount -Lisle, was buried by her first husband, 1500; she gave ninety pounds -in money to the beautifying of that church, and her great messuage, -with the appurtenance, which was by her executors, W. Caple and other, -1517, the 9th of Henry VIII., assured to John Wardroper, parson, T. -Clearke, W. Dixson, and John Murdon, wardens of the said church, and -their successors for ever, they do keep yearly for her an obite, or -anniversary, to be spent on the poor, and otherwise, in all three -pounds, the rest of the profits to be employed in reparation of the -church. In the 34th year of Henry VIII., Edward Stephan, parson, T. -Spencer, P. Guntar, and G. Grouch, churchwardens, granted to T. Lodge a -lease for sixty years of the said great messuage, with the appurtenance, -which were called the Lady Lisle's lands, for the rent of eight pounds -thirteen shillings and four pence the year. The parishioners since gave -it up as chantry land, and wronged themselves. Also the said Robert -Drope, and Lady Lisle, notwithstanding their liberality to that church -and parish, their tomb is pulled down, no monument remaineth of them. -Peter Hawton, late alderman, is laid in their vault, 1596. Robert -Fabian, alderman, that wrote and published a Chronicle of England and of -France, was buried there 1511, with this epitaph:-- - - "Like as the day his course doth consume, - And the new morrow springeth againe as fast, - So man and woman, by Nature's custome, - This life to pass, at last in earth are cast, - In joy and sorrow, which here their time do wast, - Never in one state, but in course transitory, - So full of change is of this world the glory." - -His monument is gone. Richard Garnam, 1527, buried there; Edmond Trindle -and Robert Smith;[165] William Dickson and Margaret his wife,[166] -buried in the cloister under a fair tomb now defaced; Thomas Stow, my -grandfather, about the year 1526, and Thomas Stow, my father, 1559; -John Tolus, alderman, 1548, he gave to John Willowby, parson of that -church, to Thomas Lodge, G. Hind, P. Bolde, churchwardens, and to -their successors, towards the reparation of that church, and relief of -the poor for ever, his tenement with the appurtenances in the parish -of St. Michael, which he had lately purchased of Alvery Randalph, of -Badlesmeere in Kent; but the parish never had the gift, nor heard -thereof by the space of forty years after; such was the conscience of G. -Barne and other the executors, to conceal it to themselves; and such is -the negligence of the parishioners, that being informed thereof, make no -claim thereunto. Philip Gonter, that was alderman for a time, and gave -four hundred pounds to be discharged thereof, was buried in the cloister -about the year 1582, and Anne his wife, etc. Thomas Houghton, father to -the said Peter Houghton, Francis Beneson, and William Towersan. - -This parish church hath on the south side thereof a proper cloister, -and a fair churchyard, with a pulpit cross, not much unlike to that in -Paule's churchyard. Sir John Rudstone, mayor, caused the same pulpit -cross in his lifetime to be built, the churchyard to be enlarged, by -ground purchased of the next parish, and also proper houses to be -raised for lodging of choir men, such as at that time were assistants -to divine service, then daily sung by note in that church. The said -John Rudstone deceased 1531, and was buried in a vault under the pulpit -cross; he appointed sermons to be preached there, not now performed; -his tomb before the pulpit cross is taken thence, with the tomb of -Richard Yaxley, Doctor of Physic to King Henry VIII. and other. The -choir of that church dissolved, the lodgings of choir men were by the -grave fathers of that time charitably appointed for receipt of ancient -decayed parishioners, namely, widows, such as were not able to bear the -charge of greater rents abroad, which blessed work of harbouring the -harbourless is promised to be rewarded in the kingdom of heaven. - -Then have ye Birchover lane, so called of Birchover, the first builder -and owner thereof, now corruptly called Birchin lane, the north half -whereof is of the said Cornehill ward; the other part is of Langborne -ward. - -This lane, and the high street near adjoining, hath been inhabited for -the most part with wealthy drapers, from Birchover's lane, on that side -the street down to the stocks, in the reign of Henry VI., had ye for the -most part dwelling Fripperers or Upholders, that sold old apparel and -household stuff. - -I have read of a countryman, that then having lost his hood in -Westminster hall, found the same in Cornehill hanged out to be sold, -which he challenged, but was forced to buy, or go without it, for their -stall, they said, was their market. At that time also the wine drawer of -the Pope's head tavern (standing without the door in the high street) -took the same man by the sleeve, and said, "Sir, will you drink a pint -of wine?" whereunto he answered, "A penny spend I may;" and so drank his -pint, for bread nothing did he pay, for that was allowed free.[167] - -This Pope's head tavern, with other houses adjoining, strongly built -of stone, hath of old time been all in one, pertaining to some great -estate, or rather to the king of this realm, as may be supposed, both by -the largeness thereof, and by the arms, to wit, three leopards passant, -gardant, which were the whole arms of England before the reign of Edward -III., that quartered them with the arms of France, three fleur-de-lis. - -These arms of England, supported between two angels, are fair and -largely graven in stone on the fore front towards the high street, over -the door or stall of one great house, lately for many years possessed by -Mr. Philip Gunter. The Pope's head tavern is on the back part thereof -towards the south, as also one other house called the stone house in -Lombard street. Some say this was King John's house, which might so be; -for I find in a written copy of Matthew Paris' History, that in the -year 1232, Henry III. sent Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, to Cornehill -in London, there to answer all matters objected against him, where he -wisely acquitted himself. The Pope's head tavern hath a footway through -from Cornehill into Lombard street. And down lower on the high street of -Cornehill, is there one other way through by the Cardinal's hat tavern -into Lombard street. And so let this suffice for Cornhill ward. In which -be governors:--an alderman, his deputy, common councillors four or six, -constables four, scavengers four, wardmote inquest sixteen and a beadle. -It is charged to the fifteen at sixteen pounds. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[158] "Their beef and mutton by weight, to wit."--_1st edition_, p. 148. - -[159] "But the true cause of enhanceing the prices both of those and -other victuals are not to be disputed here."--_1st edition_, p. 148. - -[160] It would seem, from the addition of these words, which are not in -the first edition, that this conduit ceased so to run between the years -1598 and 1603. - -[161] "Ringleaders of inquests will proffer their service, and bend -every way for gain. Careful choice of jurors is to be had; a man -detected, and that had sworn foolishly against his brother, is not -to be admitted a common juror; neither butcher nor surgeon is to be -admitted."--_Stow._ - -[162] "Archbishops of London hard to be proved, and therefore not be -affirmed."--_Stow._ - -[163] "This was accounted the best ring of six belles, to bee rung by -six men, that was in England, for harmonye, sweetness of sound, and -tune."--_Stow._ - -[164] "To the poor at his burial sixteen pounds, to prisons, hospitals, -and lazar houses, liberally; he also gave his house in Cornehill -to be sold, and the price thereof to be spent on the amendment of -highways."--_1st edition_, p. 153. - -[165] "My godfathers."--_1st edition_, p. 153. - -[166] "My godmother."--_Ibid._ - -[167] "Wine one pint for a pennie, and bread to drink it was given free -in every tavern."--_Stow._ - - - - -LANGBORNE WARD, AND FENNIE ABOUT - - -Langborne ward, so called of a long bourne of sweet water, which of old -time breaking out into Fenchurch street, ran down the same street and -Lombard street to the west end of St. Mary Woolnoth's church, where -turning south, and breaking into small shares, rills, or streams, it -left the name of Share borne lane, or South borne lane (as I have read), -because it ran south to the river of Thames. This ward beginneth at the -west end of Aldgate ward in Fenne church street, by the Ironmongers' -hall, which is on the north side of that street, at a place called -Culver alley, where sometime was a lane, through the which men went -into Lime street, but that being long since stopped up for suspicion of -thieves that lurked there by night, as is shown in Lime street ward, -there is now this said alley, a tennis-court, etc. - -Fenne church street took that name of a fenny or moorish ground, so made -by means of this borne which passed through it, and therefore until this -day in the Guildhall of this city, that ward is called by the name of -Langborne and Fennie about, and not otherwise; yet others be of opinion -that it took that name of _Foenum_, that is, hay sold there, as Grasse -street took the name of grass, or herbs, there sold. - -In the midst of this street standeth a small parish church called St. -Gabriel Fen church, corruptly Fan church. - -Helming Legget, esquire, by license of Edward III., in the 49th of -his reign, gave one tenement, with a curtelage thereto belonging, -and a garden, with an entry thereto leading, unto Sir John Hariot, -parson of Fenchurch, and to his successors for ever; the house to be a -parsonage-house, the garden to be a churchyard, or burying-place for the -parish. - -Then have ye Lombard street, so called of the Longobards, and other -merchants, strangers of divers nations assembling there twice every -day, of what original or continuance I have not read of record, more -than that Edward II., in the 12th of his reign, confirmed a messuage, -sometime belonging to Robert Turke, abutting on Lombard street toward -the south, and toward Cornehill on the north, for the merchants of -Florence, which proveth that street to have had the name of Lombard -street before the reign of Edward II. The meeting of which merchants and -others there continued until the 22nd of December, in the year 1568; on -the which day the said merchants began to make their meetings at the -burse, a place then new built for that purpose in the ward of Cornhill, -and was since by her majesty, Queen Elizabeth, named the Royal Exchange. - -On the north side of this ward is Lime street, one half whereof on both -the sides is of this Langborne ward, and therein on the west side is the -Pewterers' hall, which company were admitted to be a brotherhood in the -13th of Edward IV. - -At the south-west corner of Lime street standeth a fair parish church -of St. Dionys called Backe church, lately new built in the reign of -Henry VI. John Bugge, esquire, was a great benefactor to that work, as -appeareth by his arms, three water budgets, and his crest, a Morian's -head, graven in the stone-work of the choir, the upper end on the north -side, where he was buried. Also John Darby, alderman, added thereunto -a fair aisle, or chapel, on the south side, and was there buried about -the year 1466. He gave (besides sundry ornaments) his dwelling-house and -others unto the said church. The Lady Wich, widow to Hugh Wich, sometime -mayor of London, was there buried, and gave lands for sermons, etc. -John Master, gentleman, was by his children buried there 1444; Thomas -Britaine; Henry Travers, of Maidstone, in Kent, merchant, 1501; John -Bond, about 1504; Robert Paget, merchant-tailor, one of the sheriffs, -1536; Sir Thomas Curteis, pewterer, then fishmonger, mayor, 1557; Sir -James Harvie, ironmonger, mayor, 1581; William Peterson, esquire; -William Sherington; Sir Edward Osborne, clothworker, mayor, etc. - -Then by the four corners (so called of Fenchurch street in the east, -Bridge street on the south, Grasse street on the north, and Lombard -street on the west), in Lombard street is one fair parish church -called Allhallows Grasse church, in Lombard street; I do so read it -in evidences of record, for that the grass market went down that way, -when that street was far broader than now it is, being straitened by -incroachments. - -This church was lately new built. John Warner, armourer, and then -grocer, sheriff 1494, built the south aisle; his son, Robert Warner, -esquire, finished it in the year 1516. The pewterers were benefactors -towards the north aisle, etc. The steeple, or bell tower, thereof was -finished in the year 1544, about the 36th of Henry VIII. The fair stone -porch of this church was brought from the late dissolved priory of St. -John of Jerusalem by Smithfield, so was the frame for their bells, but -the bells being bought, were never brought thither, by reason that one -old Warner, draper, of that parish deceasing, his son Marke Warner would -not perform what his father had begun, and appointed, so that fair -steeple hath but one bell, as friars were wont to use. The monuments of -this church be these. The said Warners, and John Walden, draper. - -Next is a common hostelry for travellers, called the George, of such a -sign. This is said to have pertained to the Earl Ferrers, and was his -London lodging in Lombard street, and that in the year 1175, a brother -of the said earl, being there privily slain in the night, was there -thrown down into the dirty street, as I have afore shown in the chapter -of night watches. - -Next to this is the parish church of St. Edmond, the king and martyr, in -Lombard street, by the south corner of Birchover lane. This church is -also called St. Edmond Grasse church, because the said grass market came -down so low. The monuments in this church are these: Sir John Milborne, -draper, mayor, deceased, 1535, buried there by Dame Joan and Dame -Margaret his wives, under a tomb of touch; Humfrey Heyford, goldsmith, -mayor 1477; Sir William Chester, draper, mayor 1560, with his wives, -amongst his predecessors; Sir George Barne, mayor 1586; Matilde at Vine -founded a chantry there, etc. - -From this church down Lombard street, by Birchover's lane (the one half -of which lane is of this ward), and so down, be divers fair houses, -namely, one with a very fair fore front towards the street, built by -Sir Martin Bowes, goldsmith, since mayor of London, and then one other, -sometime belonging to William de la Pole, knight banneret, and yet the -king's merchant,[168] in the 14th of Edward III., and after him to -Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, in the 14th of Richard II., and was -his merchant's house, and so down towards the Stocks market, lacking but -some three houses thereof. - -The south side of this ward beginneth in the east, at the chain to be -drawn athwart Mart lane up into Fenchurch street, and so west by the -north end of Minchen lane to St. Margaret Patten's street, or Roode -lane, and down that street to the midway towards St. Margaret's church; -then by Philpot lane (so called of Sir John Philpot that dwelt there, -and was owner thereof), and down that lane some six or eight houses on -each side, is all of this ward. - -Then by Grasse church corner into Lombard street to St. Clement's lane, -and down the same to St. Clement's church; then down St. Nicholas lane, -and down the same to St. Nicholas church, and the same church is of this -ward. Then to Abchurch church lane, and down some small portion thereof; -then down Sherborne lane, a part thereof, and a part of Bearebinder -lane, be of this ward; and then down Lombard street to the sign of the -Angel, almost to the corner over against the Stocks market. - -On the south side of this ward, somewhat within Mart lane, have you the -parish church of Allhallows, commonly called Stane church (as may be -supposed), for a difference from other churches of that name in this -city, which of old time were built of timber, and since were built of -stone. In this church have been divers fair monuments of the dead, -namely, of John Costin, girdler, a great benefactor: he deceased 1244. -His name remaineth painted in the church roof; if it had been set in -brass, it would have been fetched down.[169] He gave out of certain -tenements to the poor of that parish a hundred quarters of charcoals -yearly for ever. Sir Robert Test, knight of the holy sepulchre, and -Dame Joan his wife, about 1486; Robert Stone; Sir John Steward, and -Dame Alice his wife;[170] John Bostocke, esquire; Christopher Holt, -Sir Richard Tate, knight, ambassador to King Henry VIII. buried there -1554. His monument remaineth yet; the rest being all pulled down, and -swept out of the church, the churchwardens were forced to make a large -account; 12_s._ that year for brooms, besides the carriage away of -stone and brass of their own charge. And here I am to note, that being -informed of the Writhsleys to be buried there, I have since found them -and other to be buried at St. Giles without Cripplegate, where I mind to -leave them. - -By this church sometime passed a lane, called Cradock's lane, from -Mart lane, winding by the north side of the said church into Fenchurch -street, the which lane being straitened by incroachments, is now called -Church alley. - -Then is the parish church of St. Nicholas Acon, or Hacon (for so have -I read it in records), in Lombard street. Sir John Bridges, draper, -mayor, 1520, newly repaired this church, and embattled it, and was there -buried. Francis Boyer, grocer, one of the sheriffs, was buried there -1580, with other of the Boyers: so was Julian, wife to John Lambart, -alderman.[171] - -Then is there in the high street a proper parish church of St. Mary -Woolnoth, of the Nativity, the reason of which name I have not yet -learnt. This church is lately new built. Sir Hugh Brice, goldsmith, -mayor in the first year of Henry VII., keeper of the king's exchange -at London, and one of the governors of the king's mint in the Tower of -London, under William Lord Hastings, the 5th of Edward IV., deceased -1496. He built in this church a chapel called the Charnell, as also part -of the body of the church and of the steeple, and gave money toward -the finishing thereof, besides the stone which he had prepared: he -was buried in the body of the church. Guy Brice, or Boys, was buried -there. Dame Joan, wife to Sir William Peach;[172] Thomas Nocket, -draper, 1396: he founded a chantry there. Simon Eyre, 1459: he gave the -tavern called the Cardinal's Hat, in Lombard street, with a tenement -annexed on the east part of the tavern, and a mansion behind the east -tenement, together with an alley from Lombard street to Cornhill, -with the appurtenances, all which were by him new built, toward a -brotherhood of our Lady in St. Mary Woolnoth's church. John Moager, -pewterer, and Emme his wife, in St. John's chapel; Sir John Percivall, -merchant-tailor, mayor, about 1504; Thomas Roch, and Andrew Michael, -vintners, and Joan their wife; William Hilton, merchant-tailor, and -tailor to King Henry VIII., was buried there 1519, under the chapel of -St. George, which chapel was built by George Lufken, sometime tailor to -the prince; Robert Amades, goldsmith, master of the king's jewels; Sir -Martin Bowes, mayor, buried about 1569: he gave lands for the discharge -of that Langborn ward, of all fifteens to be granted to the king by -parliament; George Hasken, Sir Thomas Ramsey, late mayor, etc. Thus -have ye seven parishes in this ward, one hall of a company, divers fair -houses for merchants, and other monuments none. It hath an alderman, his -deputy, common councillors eight, constables fifteen, scavengers nine, -men of the wardmote inquest seventeen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the -fifteen,[173] in the exchequer, at L20 9_s._ 8_d._ - -FOOTNOTES: - -[168] "Noblemen of this realm of old time, as also of late years, have -dealt in merchandises."--_Stow._ - -[169] "If it had been in brasse, it would not have remained there so -long."--_1st edition_, p. 159. - -[170] In the first edition, p. 159, the following passage is here -inserted:-- - -"Alice, William, and John, wife and sons to Thomas Clarell; Agnes, -daughter to Thomas Niter, gent.; William Atwell; Felix, daughter to -Sir Thomas Gisers, and wife to Travers Thomas Mason, esquire; Edmond -Wartar, esquire; Joan, wife to John Chamberlaine, esquire, daughter to -Roger Lewkner, esquire; William Frier; John Hamburger, esquire; Hugh -Moresby; Gilbert Prince, alderman; Oliver Chorley, gentleman; Sir John -Writh, or Writhesley, _alias_ Garter principal king at arms, sometime -laid under a fair tomb in the choir, now broken down and gone; Joan, -wife to Thomas Writhesley, son to Sir John Writhesley, Garter, daughter -and heir to William Hall, esquire; John Writhesley the younger, son -to Sir John Writhesley, and Alienor, Eleanor, second wife to John -Writhesley, daughter and heir to Thomas Arnalde, and Agnes his wife; -John Writhesley, son of Thomas; Agnes Arnold, first married to William -Writhesley, daughter of Richard Warmeforde; Barbara Hungerford, daughter -to Sir John Writhesley, wife to Anthony Hungerford, son to Sir Thomas -Hungerford, of Denmampney, in the county of Gloucester." - -The cause for the omission of these names is explained at the close of -the paragraph in the text; which is however so indistinctly expressed, -that its meaning could not very well be ascertained except by a -reference to what was originally written. - -[171] "Mother of William Lambert, yet living."--_1st edition_, p. 160. - -[172] "Hugh Acton, tailor."--_Ibid._ - -[173] "In London at twenty-one pound."--_Ibid._ - - - - -BILLINGSGATE WARD - - -Billingsgate ward beginneth at the west end of Tower street ward in -Thames street, about Smart's key, and runneth down along that street -on the south side to St. Magnus church at the bridge foot, and on the -north side of the said Thames street, from over against Smart's key, -till over against the north-west corner of St. Magnus church aforesaid, -on this north side of Thames street, is St. Marie hill lane, up to St. -Margaret's church, and then part of St. Margaret Patten's street, at the -end of St. Marie hill lane. Next out of Thames street is Lucas lane, and -then Buttolph lane, and at the north end thereof Philpot lane; then is -Rother lane, of old time so called, and thwart the same lane is Little -Eastcheape; and these be the bounds of Billingsgate ward. - -Touching the principal ornaments within this ward. On the south side -of Thames street, beginning at the east end thereof, there is first -the said Smart's key, so called of one Smart sometime owner thereof; -the next is Belinsgate, whereof the whole ward taketh name; the which -(leaving out of the fable, thereof feigning it to be built by King -Beline, a Briton, long before the incarnation of Christ), is at this -present a large water-gate, port, or harborough, for ships and boats, -commonly arriving there with fish, both fresh and salt, shell-fishes, -salt, oranges, onions, and other fruits and roots, wheat, rye, and grain -of divers sorts, for service of the city and the parts of this realm -adjoining. This gate is now more frequented than of old time, when -the Queen's hithe was used, as being appointed by the kings of this -realm, to be the special or only port for taking up of all such kind of -merchandises brought to this city by strangers and foreigners, and the -drawbridge of timber at London bridge was then to be raised or drawn up -for passage of ships with tops thither. - -Touching the ancient customs of Belinsgate in the reign of Edward III., -every great ship landing there paid for standage two-pence, every -little ship with orelockes a penny, the lesser boat called a Battle a -halfpenny; of two quarters of corn measured the king was to have one -farthing, of a combe of corn a penny, of every weight going out of the -city a halfpenny, of two quarters of sea coal measured a farthing, and -of every tun of ale going out of England beyond the seas, by merchant -strangers, four-pence, of every thousand herrings a farthing, except -franchises, etc. - -Next to this is Sommer's key, which likewise took that name of one -Sommer dwelling there, as did Lion key of one Lion, owner thereof, and -since of the sign of a Lion. - -Then is there a fair wharf, or key, called Buttolph's gate, by that -name so called in the times of William the Conqueror, and of Edward the -Confessor, as I have shown already in the description of the gates. - -Next is the parish church of St. Buttolphs, a proper church, and hath -had many fair monuments therein, now defaced and gone: notwithstanding I -find, by testimonies abroad, that these were buried there; to wit, Roger -Coggar, 1384; Andrew Pikeman, and Joan his wife, 1391; Nicholas James, -ironmonger, one of the sheriffs, 1423; William Rainwell, fishmonger, -and John Rainwell, his son, fishmonger, mayor 1426, and deceasing 1445, -buried there with this epitaph: - - "Citizens of London, call to your remembrance, - The famous John Rainwell, sometime your Maior. - Of the staple of Callis, so was his chance. - Here lieth now his corps; his soule bright and faire, - Is taken to heaven's blisse, thereof is no dispaire. - His acts beare witnes, by matters of recorde, - How charitable he was, and of what accorde, - No man hath beene so beneficiall as hee, - Unto the Citie in giving liberallie," etc. - -He gave a stone house to be a revestrie to that church for ever; more, -he gave lands and tenements to the use of the commonalty, that the -mayor and chamberlain should satisfy unto the discharge of all persons -inhabiting the wards of Belinsgate, Downegate, and Aldgate, as oft as it -shall happen any fifteen, by parliament of the king to be granted, also -to the Exchequer, in discharge of the sheriffs, ten pounds yearly, which -the sheriffs used to pay for the farm of Southwark, so that all men of -the realm, coming or passing with carriage, should be free quitted and -discharged of all toll and other payments, aforetime claimed by the -sheriffs. Further, that the mayor and chamberlain shall pay yearly to -the sheriffs eight pounds, so that the said sheriffs take no manner of -toll or money of any person of this realm for their goods, merchandises, -victuals, and carriages, for their passages at the great gate of the -bridge of the city, nor at the gate called the Drawbridge, etc. The -overplus of money coming of the said lands and tenements, divided into -even portions; the one part to be employed to instore the granaries of -the city with wheat for the release of the poor commonalty, and the -other moiety to clear and cleanse the shelves, and other stoppages of -the river of Thames, etc. - -Stephen Forstar, fishmonger, mayor in the year 1454, and Dame Agnes his -wife, lie buried there. William Bacon, haberdasher, one of the sheriffs -1480, was there buried, besides many other persons of good worship, -whose monuments are all destroyed by bad and greedy men of spoil. - -This parish of St. Buttolph is no great thing, notwithstanding divers -strangers are there harboured, as may appear by a presentment, not many -years since made of strangers, inhabitants in the ward of Billingsgate, -in these words: "In Billingsgate ward were one and fifty households of -strangers, whereof thirty of these households inhabited in the parish -of St. Buttolph, in the chief and principal houses, where they give -twenty pounds the year for a house lately letten for four marks; the -nearer they dwell to the water-side the more they give for houses, and -within thirty years before there was not in the whole ward above three -Netherlanders; at which time there was within the said parish levied, -for the help of the poor, seven and twenty pounds by the year; but since -they came so plentifully thither, there cannot be gathered above eleven -pounds, for the stranger will not contribute to such charges as other -citizens do." Thus much for that south side of this ward. - -On the north side is Bosse alley, so called of a boss of spring water -continually running, which standeth by Billingsgate against this alley, -and was sometime made by the executors of Richard Whittington. - -Then is St. Marie hill lane, which runneth up north from Billingsgate -to the end of St. Margaret Pattens, commonly called Roode lane, and the -greatest half of that lane is also of Belinsgate ward. In this St. Marie -hill lane is the fair parish church of St. Marie, called on the hill, -because of the ascent from Billingsgate. - -This church hath been lately built, as may appear by this that -followeth. Richard Hackney, one of the sheriff's in the year 1322, and -Alice his wife, were there buried, as Robert Fabian writeth, saying -thus:--"In the year 1497, in the month of April, as labourers digged for -the foundation of a wall, within the church of St. Marie hill, near unto -Belinsgate, they found a coffin of rotten timber, and therein the corpse -of a woman whole of skin, and of bones undissevered, and the joints of -her arms pliable, without breaking of the skin, upon whose sepulchre -this was engraven:--'Here lieth the bodies of Richard Hackney, -fishmonger, and Alice his wife.'"[174] The which Richard was sheriff -in the 15th of Edward II. Her body was kept above ground three or four -days without nuisance, but then it waxed unsavoury, and so was again -buried. John Mordand, stock-fishmonger, was buried there, 1387; Nicholas -Exton, fishmonger, mayor 1387; William Cambridge, mayor, 1420; Richard -Goslin, sheriff, 1422; William Philip, sergeant-at-arms, 1473; Robert -Reuell, one of the sheriffs 1490, gave liberally toward the new building -of this church and steeple, and was there buried; William Remington, -mayor, 1500; Sir Thomas Blanke, mayor, 1582; William Holstocke, esquire, -comptroller of the king's ships; Sir Cuthbert Buckle, mayor, 1594. - -This lane on both sides is furnished with many fair houses for -merchants; and hath at the north end thereof one other lane, called -St. Margaret Pattens, because of old time pattens were there usually -made and sold; but of latter time this is called Roode lane, of a roode -there placed in the churchyard of St. Margaret, whilst the old church -was taken down, and again newly built; during which time the oblations -made to this rood were employed towards building of the church; but in -the year 1538, about the 23rd of May, in the morning, the said rood was -found to have been in the night preceding, by people unknown, broken -all to pieces, together with the tabernacle wherein it had been placed. -Also, on the 27th of the same month, in the same parish, amongst the -basket makers, a great and sudden fire happened in the night season, -which within the space of three hours consumed more than a dozen houses, -and nine persons were burnt to death there: and thus ceased that work of -this church, being at that time nigh finished to the steeple. - -The lane on both sides beyond the same church to the midway towards -Fenchurch street, is of Bellinsgate ward. - -Then again out of Thames street, by the west end of St. Mary hill -church, runneth up one other lane, of old time called Roape lane, since -called Lucas lane, of one Lucas, owner of some part thereof, and now -corruptly called Love lane; it runneth up by the east end of a parish -church of St. Andrew Hubbert, or St. Andrew in East Cheap. This church, -and all the whole lane called Lucas lane, is of this Belinsgate ward. - -Then have ye one other lane out of Thames street, called Buttolph lane, -because it riseth over against the parish church of St. Buttolph, and -runneth up north by the east end of St. George's church to the west end -of St. Andrew's church, and to the south end of Philpot lane. - -This parish church of St. George in Buttolph lane is small, but the -monuments for two hundred years past are well preserved from spoil, -whereof one is of Adam Bamme, mayor 1397; Richard Bamme, esquire, -his son, of Gillingham in Kent, 1452; John Walton, gentleman, 1401; -Marpor, a gentleman, 1400; John St. John, merchant of Levant, and Agnes -his wife, 1400; Hugh Spencer, esquire, 1424; William Combes, stock -fishmonger, one of the sheriffs 1452, who gave forty pounds towards the -works of that church; John Stokar, draper, one of the sheriffs, 1477; -Richard Dryland, esquire, and Katherine his wife, daughter of Morrice -Brune, knight, of Southuckenton in Essex, steward of household to -Humfrey Duke of Glocester, 1487; Nicholas Patrich, one of the sheriffs, -1519. In the churchyard: William Forman, mayor, 1538; James Mumford, -esquire, surgeon to King Henry VIII., buried 1544; Thomas Gayle, -haberdasher, 1340; Nicholas Wilford, merchant-tailor, and Elizabeth his -wife, about the year 1551; Edward Heyward, 1573, etc. Roger Delakere -founded a chantry there. - -Then have ye one other lane called Rother lane, or Red Rose lane, -of such a sign there, now commonly called Pudding lane, because the -butchers of Eastcheap have their scalding house for hogs there, and -their puddings, with other filth of beasts, are voided down that way to -their dung boats on the Thames. - -This lane stretcheth from Thames street to Little East Cheape, -chiefly inhabited by basket-makers, turners, and butchers, and is all -of Billinsgate ward. The Garland in Little East Cheape, sometime a -brewhouse, with a garden on the back side, adjoining to the garden of -Sir John Philpot, was the chief house in this East Cheape; it is now -divided into sundry small tenements, etc. - -This ward hath an alderman, and his deputy, common councillors, -constables eleven, scavengers six, for the wardmote inquest fourteen, -and a beadle; it is taxed to the fifteen in London at thirty-two pounds, -and in the Exchequer at thirty-one pounds ten shillings. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[174] "Alice Hackney found uncorrupted more than one hundred and seventy -yeres after she was buried."--_Stow._ - - - - -BRIDGE WARD WITHIN - - -Bridge ward within, so called of London bridge, which bridge is a -principal part of that ward, and beginneth at the stulpes on the south -end by Southwark, runneth along the bridge, and north up Bridge street, -commonly called (of the fish market) New Fish street, from Fish street -hill, up Grasse street, to the north corner of Grasse church; all the -bridge is replenished on both the sides with large, fair, and beautiful -buildings, inhabitants for the most part rich merchants, and other -wealthy citizens, mercers, and haberdashers. - -In New Fish street be fishmongers and fair taverns on Fish street hill -and Grasse street, men of divers trades, grocers and haberdashers. - -In Grasse street have ye one fair conduit of sweet water castellated -with crest and vent, made by the appointment of Thomas Hill, mayor, -1484, who gave by his testament one hundred marks towards the conveyance -of water to this place. It was begun by his executors in the year 1491, -and finished of his goods whatsoever it cost. - -On the east side of this bridge ward have ye the fair parish church -of St. Magnus; in the which church have been buried many men of good -worship, whose monuments are now for the most part utterly defaced. -I find John Blund, mayor, 1307; Henry Yeuele, freemason to Edward -III., Richard II., and Henry IV., who deceased 1400; his monument -yet remaineth; William Brampton; John Michell, mayor, 1436; John -French, baker, yeoman of the crown to Henry VII., 1510; Robert Clarke, -fishmonger, 1521; Richard Turke, one of the sheriffs, 1549; William -Steede, alderman; Richard Morgan, knight, chief justice of the common -pleas, 1556; Mauritius Griffeth, Bishop of Rochester, 1559; Robert -Blanch, girdler, 1567; Robert Belgrave, girdler; William Brame, John -Couper, fishmonger, alderman, who was put by his turn of mayoralty -1584; Sir William Garrard, haberdasher, mayor 1555; a grave, wise, and -discreet citizen, equal with the best and inferior to none of our time, -deceased 1571 in the parish of St. Christopher, but was buried in this -church of St. Magnus as in the parish where he was born; a fair monument -is there raised on him; Robert Harding, salter, one of the sheriffs, -1568; Simon Low, merchant-tailor, esquire, etc. - -Then is the parish church of St. Margaret on Fish street hill, a proper -church, but monuments it hath none: a footway passeth by the south side -of this church from Fish street hill unto Rother lane. - -Up higher on this hill is the parish church of St. Leonard, Milke -church, so termed of one William Melker, an especial builder thereof, -but commonly called St. Leonard's in East Cheape, because it standeth at -East Cheape corner. Monuments there be of the Doggets, namely, Walter -Dogget, vintner, one of the sheriffs, 1380; John Dogget, vintner, and -Alice his wife, about 1456; this John Dogget gave lands to that church; -William Dogget, etc. - -This church, and from thence into Little East Cheape to the east end of -the said church, is of the Bridge ward. - -Then higher in Grasse street is the parish church of St. Bennet, called -Grasse church, of the herb-market there kept: this church also is of -the Bridge ward, and the farthest north end thereof. Some monuments -remain there undefaced, as of John Harding, salter, 1576; John Sturgeon, -haberdasher, chamberlain of London; Philip Cushen, Florentine, a famous -merchant, 1600. - -The customs of Grass church market, in the reign of Edward III., as -I have read in a book of customs, were these: Every foreign cart -laden with corn or malt, coming thither to be sold, was to pay one -halfpenny, every foreign cart bringing cheese two-pence, every cart of -corn and cheese together (if the cheese be more worth than the corn) -two-pence, and if the corn be more worth than the cheese, it was to pay -a halfpenny; of two horses laden with corn or malt the bailiff had one -farthing; the cart of the franchise of the Temple and of St. Martin le -Grand paid a farthing; the cart of the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem -paid nothing for their proper goods, and if the corn were brought by -merchants to sell again, the load paid a halfpenny, etc. - -On the west side of this ward, at the north end of London bridge, is a -part of Thames street, which is also of this ward, to wit, so much as -of old time was called Stocke Fishmonger row, of the stock fishmongers -dwelling there, down west to a watergate, of old time called Ebgate, -since Ebgate lane, and now the Old Swan, which is a common stair on the -Thames, but the passage is very narrow by means of encroachments. On the -south side of Thames street, about the midway betwixt the bridge foot -and Ebgate lane, standeth the Fishmongers' hall, and divers other fair -houses for merchants. - -These fishmongers were sometimes of two several companies, to wit, -Stock-fishmongers and Salt-fishmongers, of whose antiquity I read, that -by the name of fishmongers of London, they were, for forestalling, -etc., contrary to the laws and constitutions of the city, fined to the -king at five hundred marks, the 18th of King Edward I. More, that the -said fishmongers, hearing of the great victory obtained by the same -king against the Scots, in the 26th of his reign, made a triumphant -and solemn show through the city, with divers pageants, and more than -one thousand horsemen, etc., as in the chapter of sports and pastimes. -These two companies of stock-fishmongers and salt-fishmongers of old -time had their several halls; to wit, in Thames street twain, in New -Fish street twain, and in Old Fish street twain: in each place one for -either company, in all six several halls, the company was so great, as I -have read, and can prove by records. These fishmongers having been jolly -citizens, and six mayors of their company in the space of twenty-four -years; to wit, Walter Turke, 1350; John Lofkin, 1359; John Wroth, 1361; -John Pechie, 1362; Simon Morden, 1369; and William Walworth, 1374. It -followed that in the year 1382, through the counsel of John Northampton, -draper, then being mayor, William Essex, John More, mercer, and Richard -Northburie, the said fishmongers were greatly troubled, hindered of -their liberties, and almost destroyed by congregations made against -them, so that in a parliament at London the controversy depending -between the mayor and aldermen of London, and the fishmongers there, -Nicholas Exton, speaker for the fishmongers, prayeth the king to receive -him and his company into his protection, for fear of corporal hurt: -whereupon it was commanded, either part to keep the peace, on pain -of losing all they had; hereupon, a fishmonger, starting up, replied -that the complaint brought against them by the movers, etc., was but -matter of malice, for that the fishmongers, in the reign of Edward -III., being chief officers of the city, had for their misdemeanors then -done, committed the chief exhibitors of those petitions to prison. In -this parliament the fishmongers, by the king's charter patents, were -restored to their liberties; notwithstanding in the year next following, -to wit, 1383, John Cavendish, fishmonger, craveth the peace against the -chancellor of England, which was granted, and he put in sureties the -Earls of Stafford and Salisburie. Cavendish challengeth the chancellor -for taking of a bribe of ten pounds for favour of his case, which the -chancellor by oath upon the sacrament avoideth. In further trial it -was found that the chancellor's man, without his master's privity, had -taken it; whereupon Cavendish was adjudged to prison, and to pay the -chancellor one thousand marks for slandering him. - -After this, many of the nobles assembled at Reading to suppress the -seditious stirs of the said John Northampton, or Combarton, late -mayor, that had attempted great and heinous enterprises, of the which -he was convicted; and when he stood mute, nor would utter one word, it -was decreed that he should be committed to perpetual prison, his goods -confiscate to the king's use, and that he should not come within one -hundred miles of London during his life. He was therefore sent to the -castle of Tintegall in the confines of Cornewall, and in the mean space -the king's servants spoiled his goods. John More, Richard Northbery, -and other, were likewise there convicted, and condemned to perpetual -prison, and their goods confiscate, for certain congregations by them -made against the fishmongers in the city of London, as is aforesaid; -but they obtained and had the king's pardon, in the 14th of his reign, -as appeareth of record; and thus were all these troubles quieted. Those -stock-fishmongers and salt-fishmongers were united in the year 1536, the -28th of Henry VIII.; their hall to be but one, in the house given unto -them by Sir John Cornwall, Lord Fanhope, and of Ampthull, in the parish -of St. Michael in Crooked lane, in the reign of Henry VI. Thus much -have I thought good to note of the fishmongers, men ignorant of their -antiquities, not able to show a reason why or when they were joined in -amity with the goldsmiths, do give part of their arms, etc. Neither, -to say aught of Sir William Walworth,[175] the glory of their company, -more than that he slew Jack Straw, which is a mere fable, for the said -Straw was after overthrowing of the rebels, taken, and by judgment of -the mayor beheaded; whose confession at the gallows is extant in my -_Annals_, where also is set down the most valiant and praiseworthy act -of William Walworth against the principal rebel Waltar Tighlar. As in -reproof of Walworth's monument in St. Michael's church, I have declared, -and wished to be reformed there, as in other places. - -On that south side of Thames street have ye Drinkwater wharf and Fish -wharf, in the parish of St. Magnus. On the north side of Thames street -is St. Martin's lane; a part of which lane is also of this ward, to wit, -on the one side to a well of water, and on the other side as far up -as against the said well. Then is St. Michael's lane, part whereof is -also of this ward up to a well there, etc. Then at the upper end of New -Fish street is a lane turning towards St. Michael's lane, and is called -Crooked lane, of the crooked windings thereof. - -Above this lane's end, upon Fish street hill, is one great house, for -the most part built of stone, which pertained sometime to Edward the -Black Prince, son to Edward III., who was in his lifetime lodged there. -It is now altered to a common hostelry, having the Black Bell for a sign. - -Above this house, at the top of Fish street hill, is a turning into -Great Eastcheape, and so to the corner of Lombard street, over against -the north-west corner of Grasse church; and these be the whole bounds of -this Bridge ward within: the which hath an alderman and his deputy, for -the common council sixteen, constables fifteen, scavengers six, for the -wardmote inquest sixteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen in -London at forty-seven pounds.[176] - -FOOTNOTE: - -[175] "W. Walworth slandered by a fable of Jack Straw."--_Stow._ - - - - -CANDLEWICK STREET WARD - - -Candlewick street, or Candlewright street ward, beginneth at the -east end of Great Eastcheape; it passeth west through Eastcheape to -Candlewright street, and through the same, down to the north end of -Suffolk lane on the south side, and down that lane by the west end of -St. Laurence churchyard, which is the farthest west part of that ward. -The street of Great Eastcheape is so called of the market there kept in -the east part of the city, as Westcheape is a market so called of being -in the west. - -This Eastcheape is now a flesh market of butchers there dwelling on -both sides of the street: it had sometime also cooks mixed amongst the -butchers, and such other as sold victuals ready dressed of all sorts. -For of old time, when friends did meet, and were disposed to be merry, -they went not to dine and sup in taverns, but to the cooks, where they -called for meat what they liked, which they always found ready dressed -at a reasonable rate, as I have before showed. - -In the year 1410, the 11th of Henry IV., upon the even of St. John -Baptist, the king's sons,[177] Thomas and John, being in Eastcheape at -supper (or rather at breakfast, for it was after the watch was broken -up, betwixt two and three of the clock after midnight), a great debate -happened between their men and other of the court, which lasted one -hour, till the mayor and sheriffs with other citizens, appeased the -same; for the which afterwards the said mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs -were called to answer before the king, his sons, and divers lords, -being highly moved against the city. At which time, William Gascoyne, -chief justice, required the mayor and aldermen, for the citizens, to put -them in the king's grace; whereunto they answered, that they had not -offended, but (according to the law) had done their best in stinting -debate and maintaining of the peace; upon which answer the king remitted -all his ire, and dismissed them. And to prove this Eastcheape to be a -place replenished with cooks, it may appear by a song called London -Lickepennie, made by Lidgate, a monk of Berrie, in the reign of Henry -V., in the person of a countryman coming to London, and travelling -through the same. In Westcheape (saith the song) he was called on to -buy fine lawn, Paris thread, cotton umble, and other linen clothes, -and such like (he speaketh of no silks),[178] in Cornhill, to buy old -apparel[179] and household stuff, where he was forced to buy his own -hood, which he had lost in Westminster hall: in Candlewright street -drapers proffered him cheap cloth, in Eastcheape the cooks cried hot -ribs of beef roasted, pies well baked, and other victuals: there was -clattering of pewter-pots, harp, pipe, and sawtry, yea by cock, nay by -cock, for greater oaths were spared: some sang of Jenken, and Julian, -etc.; all which melody liked well the passenger, but he wanted money to -abide by it, and therefore gat him into Gravesend barge, and home into -Kent. - -Candlewright (so called in old records of the Guildhall, of St. Marie -Overies, and other), or Candlewick street, took that name (as may be -supposed) either of chandlers, or makers of candles, both of wax and -tallow; for candlewright is a maker of candles, or of wick, which is -the cotton or yarn thereof; or otherwise wike,[180] which is the place -where they used to work them, as Scalding wike by the Stocks market was -called of the poulterers scalding and dressing their poultry there; -and in divers countries, dairy houses, or cottages, wherein they make -butter and cheese, are usually called wicks. There dwelt also of old -time divers weavers of woollen clothes, brought in by Edward III. For -I read, that in the 44th of his reign, the weavers, brought out of -Flanders, were appointed their meetings to be in the churchyard of St. -Laurence Poultney, and the weavers of Brabant in the churchyard of St. -Mary Sommerset. There were then in this city weavers of divers sorts; to -wit, of drapery, or tapery, and napery. These weavers of Candlewright -street being in short time worn out, their place is now possessed by -rich drapers, sellers of woollen cloth, etc. - -On the north side of this ward, at the west end of Eastcheape, have ye -St. Clement's lane; a part whereof on both sides is of Candlewick street -ward, to wit, somewhat north beyond the parish church of St. Clement in -Eastcheape. This is a small church, void of monuments, other than of -Francis Barnam, alderman, who deceased 1575, and of Benedicke Barnam, -his son, alderman also, 1598. William Chartney and William Overie -founded a chantry there. - -Next is St. Nicholas lane, for the most part on both sides of this ward, -almost to St. Nicholas church. Then is Abchurch lane, which is on both -the sides almost wholly of this ward, the parish church there (called -of St. Marie Abchurch, Apechurch, or Upchurch, as I have read it), -standeth somewhat near unto the south end thereof, on a rising ground: -it is a fair church. Simon de Winchcomb founded a chantry there the -19th of Richard II.; John Littleton founded another, and Thomas Hondon -another; and hath the monuments of J. Long, esquire, of Bedfordshire, -1442; William Wikenson, alderman, 1519; William Jawdrell, tailor, 1440; -Sir James Hawes, mayor 1574; Sir John Branch, mayor 1580; John Miners; -William Kettle, etc. - -On the south side of this ward, beginning again at the east, is St. -Michael's lane, which lane is almost wholly of this ward, on both sides -down towards Thames street, to a well or pump there. On the east side of -this lane is Crooked lane aforesaid, by St. Michael's church, towards -New Fish street. One the most ancient house in this lane is called the -Leaden porch, and belonged sometime to Sir John Merston. knight, the 1st -of Edward IV. It is now called the Swan in Crooked lane, possessed of -strangers, and selling of Rhenish wine. The parish church of this St. -Michael's was sometime but a small and homely thing, standing upon part -of that ground wherein now standeth the parsonage-house; and the ground -there about was a filthy plot, by reason of the butchers in Eastcheape, -who made the same their laystall. William de Burgo gave two messuages to -that church in Candlewick street, 1317. John Lofkin, stock-fishmonger, -four times mayor, built in the same ground this fair church of St. -Michael, and was buried there in the choir, under a fair tomb, with -the images of him and his wife, in alabaster. The said church hath -been since increased with a new choir, and side chapels by Sir William -Walworth, stock-fishmonger, mayor, sometime servant to the said John -Lofkin: also the tomb of Lofkin was removed, and a flat stone of grey -marble garnished with plates of copper laid on him, as it yet remaineth -in the body of the church. This William Walworth is reported to have -slain Jack Straw,[181] but Jack Straw being afterward taken, was first -adjudged by the said mayor, and then executed by the loss of his head in -Smithfield. - -True it is that this William Walworth, being a man wise, learned, and -of an incomparable manhood,[182] arrested Wat Tyler, a presumptuous -rebel, upon whom no man durst lay hand, whereby he delivered the king -and kingdom from most wicked tyranny of traitors. The mayor arrested him -on the head with a sound blow, whereupon Wat Tyler, furiously struck -the mayor with his dagger, but hurt him not, by reason he was well -armed. The mayor, having received his stroke, drew his basiliard, and -grievously wounded Wat in the neck, and withal gave him a great blow on -the head; in the which conflict, an esquire of the king's house, called -John Cavendish, drew his sword, and wounded Wat twice or thrice even to -the death; and Wat, spurring his horse, cried to the commons to revenge -him: the horse bare him about eighty feet from the place, and there -he fell down half dead; and by and by they which attended on the king -environed him about, so as he was not seen of his company: many of them -thrust him in divers places of his body, and drew him into the hospital -of St. Bartholomew, from whence again the mayor caused him to be drawn -into Smithfield, and there to be beheaded. In reward of this service -(the people being dispersed) the king commanded the mayor to put a -bascinet on his head; and the mayor requesting why he should do so, the -king answered, he being much bound unto him, would make him knight: the -mayor answered, that he was neither worthy nor able to take such estate -upon him, for he was but a merchant, and had to live by his merchandise -only; notwithstanding, the king bade him to put on his bascinet, and -then with a sword in both his hands he strongly stroke him on the neck, -as the manner was then; and the same day he made three other citizens -knights for his sake in the same place; to wit, John Philpot, Nicholas -Brember, and Robert Launde, alderman. The king gave to the mayor one -hundred pounds land by year, and to each of the other forty pounds land -yearly, to them and their heirs for ever. - -After this, in the same year, the said Sir William Walworth, founded in -the said parish church of St. Michael a college of a master and nine -priests, or chaplains, and deceased 1385, was there buried in the north -chapel by the choir; but his monument being amongst other by bad people -defaced in the reign of Edward VI., and again since renewed by the -fishmongers, for lack of knowledge of what before had been written in -his epitaph, they followed a fabulous book, and wrote Jack Straw instead -of Wat Tilar, a great error meet to be reformed there and elsewhere; and -therefore have I the more at large discoursed of this matter. - -It hath also been, and is now grown to a common opinion, that in reward -of this service done by the said William Walworth against the rebel, -King Richard added to the arms of this city (which was argent, a plain -cross gules) a sword or dagger (for so they term it), whereof I have -read no such record, but to the contrary. I find that in the 4th year of -Richard II.,[183] in a full assembly made in the upper chamber of the -Guildhall, summoned by this William Walworth, then mayor, as well of -aldermen as of the common council, in every ward, for certain affairs -concerning the king, it was there by common consent agreed and ordained, -that the old seal of the office of the mayoralty of the city being very -small, old, unapt, and uncomely for the honour of the city, should be -broken, and one other new should be had, which the said mayor commanded -to be made artificially, and honourable for the exercise of the said -office thereafter, in place of the other; in which new seal, besides -the images of Peter and Paul, which of old were rudely engraven, there -should be under the feet of the said images a shield of the arms of the -said city, perfectly graved,[184] with two lions supporting the same, -with two sergeants of arms; another part, one, and two tabernacles, in -which above should stand two angels; between whom, above the said images -of Peter and Paul, shall be set the glorious Virgin. This being done, -the old seal of the office was delivered to Richard Odiham, chamberlain, -who brake it, and in place thereof was delivered the new seal to the -said mayor, to use in his office of mayoralty, as occasion should -require. This new seal seemeth to be made before William Walworth was -knighted, for he is not here entitled Sir, as afterwards he was; and -certain it is that the same new seal then made is now in use, and none -other in that office of the mayoralty; which may suffice to answer the -former fable, without showing of any evidence sealed with the old seal, -which was the cross and sword of St. Paul, and not the dagger of William -Walworth. - -Now of other monuments in that church. Simon Mordon, mayor 1368, was -buried there; John Olney, mayor 1446; Robert March, stock-fishmonger, -gave two pieces of ground to be a churchyard; John Radwell, -stock-fishmonger, buried 1415; George Gowre, esquire, son to -Edward Gowre, stock-fishmonger, esquire, 1470; Alexander Purpoynt, -stock-fishmonger, 1373; Andrew Burel, gentleman of Gray's-inn, 1487; -John Shrow, stock-fishmonger, 1487, with this epitaph: - - "Farewell, my friends, the tide abideth no man, - I am departed hence, and so shall ye. - But in this passage the best song that I can, - Is _requiem aeternam_, now Jesus grant it me, - When I have ended all mine adversitie, - Grant me in Paradise to have a mansion, - That sheddest thy blood for my redemption." - -John Finkell, one of the sheriffs 1487, was knighted, and gave forty -pounds to this church, the one half for his monument. John Pattesley, -mayor 1441; Thomas Ewen, grocer, bare half the charges in building of -the steeple, and was buried 1501; William Combes, gentleman, of Stoke, -by Guilford in Surrey, 1502; Sir John Brudge, mayor 1530, gave fifty -pounds for a house called the College in Crooked lane; he lieth buried -in St. Nicholas Hacon. Waltar Faireford; Robert Barre; Alexander Heyban; -John Motte; John Gramstone; John Brampton; John Wood, stock-fishmonger, -1531; Sir Henry Amcots, mayor 1548, etc. Hard by this St. Michael's -church, on the south side thereof, in the year 1560, on the fifth -of July, through the shooting of a gun, which brake in the house of -one Adrian Arten, a Dutchman, and set fire on a firkin and barrel of -gunpowder, four houses were blown up, and divers other sore shattered; -eleven men and women were slain, and sixteen so hurt and bruised, that -they hardly escaped with life. - -West from this St. Michael's lane is St. Martin Orgar lane, by -Candlewick street, which lane is on both sides down to a well, -replenished with fair and large houses for merchants, and it is of -this ward; one of which houses was sometime called Beachamp's inn, as -pertaining unto them of that family. Thomas Arundel, archbishop of -Canterbury, commonly for his time was lodged there. - -The parish church of St. Martin Orgar is a small thing. William Crowmer, -mayor, built a proper chapel on the south side thereof, and was buried -there 1533; John Mathew, mayor 1490; Sir William Huet, mayor 1559, with -his lady and daughter, wife to Sir Edward Osburne; Ralph Tabinham, -alderman; Alice, wife to Thomas Winslow; Thorudon; Benedicke Reding; -Thomas Harding; James Smith; Richard Gainford, esquire; John Bold, etc. - -Then is there one other lane called St. Laurence, of the parish church -there. This lane, down to the south side of the churchyard, is of -Candlewick street ward. The parish church of St. Laurence was increased -with a chapel of Jesus by Thomas Cole, for a master and chaplain; the -which chapel and parish church was made a college of Jesus and of Corpus -Christi, for a master and seven chaplains, by John Poultney, mayor, and -was confirmed by Edward III., the 20th of his reign: of him was this -church called St. Laurence Poultney, in Candlewick street; which college -was valued at L79 17_s._ 11_d._, and was surrendered in the reign of -Edward VI. Robert Ratcliffe, Earl of Essex, and Henry Ratcliffe, Earl -of Sussex, was buried there; Alderman Beswicke was buried there; John -Oliffe, alderman, Robert Browne, and others. Thus much for this ward, -and the antiquities thereof. It hath now an alderman, his deputy, common -councillors eight, constables eight, scavengers six, wardmote inquest -men twelve, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen at sixteen pounds. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[176] "In London at fifty pounds, and in the Exchequer at forty-nine -pounds ten shillings."--_1st edition_, p. 169. - -[177] "The king's sons beaten to Eastcheape; there was no tavern then in -Eastcheape."--_Stow._ - -[178] "In Westcheape linen cloth sold, but no silks spoken of."--_Stow._ - -[179] "Fripparia, upholders upon Cornhill, sellers of old apparel and -household stuff in Eastcheape."--_Stow._ - -The following is the stanza alluded to by Stow (see Lydgate's _Minor -Poems_). - - "Then into Corn hyl anon I rode, - Where was much stolen gere amonge; - I saw where honge myne owne hoode, - That I had lost amonge the thronge: - To by my own hoode I thought it wronge; - I knew it well as I did my crede, - But for lack of money I could not spede." - - -[180] "Wike is a working place."--_Stow._ - -[181] "In Smithfield, and there to have been knighted by the king, but -that is not true."--_1st edition_, p. 172. - -[182] "Fable of William Walworth and Jack Straw reproved. Praise of W. -Walworth for his manhood in arresting of Wat Tyler. The mayor was well -armed, and had on his head a basonet."--_Stow._ - -[183] Dunthorne. - -[184] "The armies of this citty were not altered, but remayne as afore; -to witte, argent, a playne crosse gules, a sword of S. Paul in the first -quarter, and no dagger of W. Walworth, as is fabuled."--_Stow._ - - - - -WALBROOK WARD - - -Walbrook ward beginneth at the west end of Candlewick street ward. It -runneth down Candlewick street west towards Budge row. It hath on the -north side thereof St. Swithen's lane, so called of St. Swithen, a -parish church by London stone. This lane is replenished on both the -sides with fair built houses, and is wholly of Walbrook ward. - -The said parish church of St. Swithen standeth at the south-west corner -of this lane. License was procured to new build and increase the said -church and steeple in the year 1420. Sir John Hend, draper, mayor, -was an especial benefactor thereunto, as appeareth by his arms in the -glass windows, even in the tops of them, which is in a field silver, a -chief azure, a lion passant silver, a cheveron azure, three escalops -silver: he lieth buried in the body of this church, with a fair stone -laid on him, but the plates and inscriptions are defaced. Roger Depham, -alderman, Thomas Aylesbourgh, William Neve, and Matilda Caxton, founded -chantries, and were buried there; John Butler, draper, one of the -sheriffs, 1420; Ralph Jecoline, mayor, a benefactor, buried in a fair -tomb; William White, draper, one of the sheriffs, 1482, and other. - -On the north side of this church and churchyard is one fair and large -built house, sometime pertaining to the prior of Tortington in Sussex, -since to the earls of Oxford, and now to Sir John Hart, alderman; which -house hath a fair garden belonging thereunto, lying on the west side -thereof. On the back side of two other fair houses in Walbrook, in the -reign of Henry VII., Sir Richard Empson, knight, chancellor of the duchy -of Lancaster, dwelt in the one of them, and Edmond Dudley, esquire, in -the other; either of them had a door of intercourse into this garden, -wherein they met and consulted of matters at their pleasures. In this -Oxford place Sir Ambrose Nicholas kept his mayoralty, and since him the -said Sir John Hart. - -On the south side of this high street, near unto the channel, is pitched -upright a great stone called London stone, fixed in the ground very -deep, fastened with bars of iron, and otherwise so strongly set, that if -carts do run against it through negligence, the wheels be broken, and -the stone itself unshaken. - -The cause why this stone was set there, the time when, or other memory -hereof, is none, but that the same hath long continued there is -manifest, namely, since (or rather before) the Conquest; for in the end -of a fair written Gospel book given to Christ's church in Canterburie, -by Ethelstane, King of the West Saxons, I find noted of lands[185] or -rents in London belonging to the said church, whereof one parcel is -described to lie near unto London stone. Of later time we read, that in -the year of Christ 1135, the 1st of King Stephen, a fire, which began -in the house of one Ailward, near unto London stone, consumed all east -to Aldgate, in the which fire the priory of the Holy Trinitie was burnt, -and west to St. Erkenwald's shrine in Paule's church. And these be the -eldest notes that I read thereof. - -Some have said this stone to be set as a mark in the middle of the city -within the walls; but in truth it standeth far nearer unto the river -of Thames than to the wall of the city; some others have said the same -to be set for the tendering and making of payment by debtors to their -creditors at their appointed days and times, till of later time payments -were more usually made at the font in Pont's church, and now most -commonly at the Royal Exchange; some again have imagined the same to be -set up by one John or Thomas Londonstone dwelling there against; but -more likely it is, that such men have taken name of the stone than the -stone of them, as did John at Noke, Thomas at Stile, William at Wall, or -at Well, etc. - -Down west from this parish church, and from London stone, have ye -Walbrooke corner; from whence runneth up a street, north to the Stocks, -called Walbrook, because it standeth on the east side of the same brook, -by the bank thereof, and the whole ward taketh the name of that street. -On the east side of this street, and at the north corner thereof, is -the Stocks market, which had this beginning. About the year of Christ -1282, Henry Wales, mayor, caused divers houses in this city to be built -towards the maintenance of London bridge, namely, one void place near -unto the parish church called Woole church, on the north side thereof, -where sometime (the way being very large and broad) had stood a pair of -stocks for punishment of offenders; this building took name of these -stocks, and was appointed by him to be a market place for fish and flesh -in the midst of the city. Other houses he built in other places, as by -the patent of Edward I. it doth appear, dated the 10th of his reign. -After this, in the year 1322, the 17th of Edward II., a decree was -made by Hamond Chickwell, mayor, that none should sell fish or flesh -out of the markets appointed, to wit, Bridge street, East Cheape, Old -Fish street, St. Nicholas' shambles, and the said Stocks, upon pain to -forfeit such fish or flesh as were sold, for the first time, and the -second time to lose their freedom; which act was made by commandment -of the king under his letters patent, dated at the Tower the 17th of -his reign, and then was this stocks let to farm for L46 13_s._ 4_d._ by -year. This Stocks market was again begun to be built in the year 1410, -in the 11th of Henry IV., and was finished in the year next following. -In the year 1507, the same was rented L56 19_s._ 10_d._ And in the year -1543, John Cotes being mayor, there were in this Stocks market for -fishmongers twenty-five boards or stalls, rented yearly to L34 13_s._ -4_d._, there were for butchers eighteen boards or stalls, rented at L41 -16_s._ 4_d._, and there were also chambers above, sixteen, rented at L5 -13_s._ 4_d._, in all L82 3_s._ - -Next unto this Stocks is the parish church of St. Mary Wool church, so -called of a beam placed in the churchyard, which was thereof called -Wool church haw, of the tronage, or weighing of wool there used; and to -verify this, I find amongst the customs of London, written in French in -the reign of Edward II., a chapter intituled _Les Customes de Wolchurch -Haw_, wherein is set down what was there to be paid for every parcel of -wool weighed. This tronage or weighing of wool, till the 6th of Richard -II., was there continued; John Churchman then built the Customhouse -upon Wool key, to serve for the said tronage, as is before showed in -Tower street ward. This church is reasonable fair and large, and was -lately new built by license granted in the 20th of Henry VI., with -condition to be built fifteen foot from the Stocks market, for sparing -of light to the same Stocks. The parson of this church is to have four -marks the year for tithe of the said Stocks, paid him by the masters -of the Bridge house, by special decree made the 2nd of Henry VII. John -Winyar, grocer, mayor 1504, was a great helper to the building of this -church, and was there buried 1505; he gave unto it by his testament two -large basons of silver, and twenty pounds in money. Also Richard Shore, -draper, one of the sheriffs 1505, was a great benefactor in his life, -and by his testament gave twenty pounds to make a porch at the west -end thereof, and was there buried; Richard Hatfield of Steplemorden in -Cambridgeshire, lieth entombed there, 1467; Edward Deoly, esquire, 1467. -John Handford, grocer, made the font of that church, very curiously -wrought, painted, and gilded, and was there buried; John Archer, -fishmonger, 1487; Anne Cawode founded a chantry there, etc. - -From the Stocks' market and this parish church east up into Lombard -street, some four or five houses on a side, and also on the south side -of Wool church, have ye Bearbinder lane, a part whereof is of this -Walbrooke ward; then lower down in the street called Walbrooke, is one -other fair church of St. Stephen, lately built on the east side thereof, -for the old church stood on the west side, in place where now standeth -the parsonage house, and therefore so much nearer the brook, even on -the bank. Robert Chichley, mayor in the year 1428, the 6th of Henry -VI., gave to this parish of St. Stephen one plot of ground, containing -two hundred and eight feet and a half in length, and sixty-six feet in -breadth, thereupon to build their new church, and for their churchyard; -and in the 7th of Henry VI. the said Robert, one of the founders, laid -the first stone for himself, the second for William Stoddon, mayor, with -whose goods the ground that the church standeth on, and the housing, -with the ground of the churchyard, was bought by the said Chichley for -two hundred marks from the Grocers, which had been letten before for -six-and-twenty marks the year; Robert Whittingham, draper, laid the -third stone, Henry Barton then mayor, etc. The said Chichley gave more, -one hundred pounds to the said work, and bare the charges of all the -timber work on the procession way, and laid the lead upon it of his -own cost; he also gave all the timber for the roofing of the two side -aisles, and paid for the carriage thereof. This church was finished in -the year 1439; the breadth thereof is sixty-seven feet, and length one -hundred and twenty-five feet, the churchyard ninety feet in length, and -thirty-seven in breadth and more. Robert Whittingham (made Knight of the -Bath), in the year 1432, purchased the patronage of this church from -John Duke of Bedford, uncle to Henry VI., and Edward IV., in the 2nd of -his reign, gave it to Richard Lee, then mayor. There be monuments in -this church of Thomas Southwell, first parson of this new church, who -lieth in the choir; John Dunstable, master of astronomy and music, in -the year 1453; Sir Richard Lee, mayor, who gave the said parsonage to -the Grocers; Rowland Hill, mayor 1549; Sir Thomas Pope, first treasurer -of the augmentations, with his wife Dame Margaret; Sir John Cootes, -mayor 1542; Sir John Yorke, knight, merchant-tailor, 1549; Edward -Jackman, sheriff 1564; Richard Achley, grocer; Dr. Owyn, physician to -King Henry VIII.; John Kirby, grocer, 1578; and others. - -Lower down from this parish church be divers fair houses, namely, one -wherein of late Sir Richard Baker, a knight of Kent, was lodged, and -wherein dwelt Master Thomas Gore, a merchant famous for hospitality. -On the west side of this Walbrooke street, over against the Stocks' -market, is a part of the high street called the Poultrie, on the south -side west till over against St. Mildrede's church, and the Skalding wike -is of this ward. Then down again Walbrooke street some small distance, -is Buckles bury, a street so called of Buckle, that sometime was owner -thereof, part of which street on both sides, three or four houses, -to the course of the brook, is of this ward, and so down Walbrooke -street to the south corner; from thence west down Budge row some small -distance, to an alley, and through that alley south by the west end of -St. John's church upon Walbrooke, by the south side and east end of the -same again to Walbrooke corner. - -This parish church is called St. John upon Walbrooke, because the west -end thereof is on the very bank of Walbrooke, by Horseshew bridge, in -Horseshew bridge street. This church was also lately new built; for -about the year 1412, license was granted by the mayor and commonalty to -the parson and parish, for enlarging thereof, with a piece of ground on -the north part of the choir, twenty-one feet in length, seventeen feet -and three inches in breadth, and on the south side of the choir one -foot of the common soil. There be no monuments in this church of any -account, only I have learned, William Cobarton, skinner, who gave lands -to that church, was there buried 1410, and John Stone, tailor, one of -the sheriffs 1464, was likewise buried there. - -On the south side of Walbrooke ward, from Candlewicke street, in the -mid way betwixt London stone and Walbrooke corner, is a little lane -with a turnpike in the midst thereof, and in the same a proper parish -church, called St. Mary Bothaw, or Boatehaw by the Erber; this church -being near unto the Downegate on the river of Thames, hath the addition -of Boathaw or Boat haw, of near adjoining to a haw or yard, wherein of -old time boats were made, and landed from Downegate to be mended, as may -be supposed, for other reason I find none why it should be so called. -Within this church, and the small cloister adjoining, divers noblemen -and persons of worship have been buried, as appeareth by arms in the -windows, the defaced tombs, and print of plates torn up and carried -away: there remain only of John West, esquire, buried in the year 1408; -Thomas Huytley, esquire, 1539, but his monument is defaced since; -Lancelot Bathurst, etc. - -The Erbar is an ancient place so called, but not of Walbrooke ward, and -therefore out of that lane to Walbrooke corner, and then down till over -against the south corner of St. John's church upon Walbrooke. And this -is all that I can say of Walbrooke ward. It hath an alderman, and his -deputy, common councillors eleven, constables nine, scavengers six, for -the wardmote inquest thirteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen -in London to L33 5_s._[186] - -FOOTNOTE: - -[185] Liber Trinitate. - - - - -DOWNEGATE WARD - - -Downegate ward beginneth at the south end of Walbrooke ward over against -the east corner of St. John's church upon Walbrooke, and descendeth on -both the sides to Downegate on the Thames, and is so called of that down -going or descending thereunto; and of this Downgate the ward taketh -name. This ward turneth into Thames street westward, some ten houses on -a side to the course of Walbrooke, but east in Thames street on both -sides to Ebgate lane, or Old Swan, the land side whereof hath many lanes -turning up, as shall be shown when I come to them. - -But first to begin with the high street called Dowgate; at the upper -end thereof is a fair conduit of Thames water, castellated, and made in -the year 1568, at charges of the citizens, and is called the conduit -upon Downegate. The descent of this street is such, that in the year -1574, on the 4th of September, in the afternoon, there fell a storm of -rain, where through the channels suddenly arose, and ran with such a -swift course towards the common shores, that a lad of eighteen years -old, minding to have leapt over the channel near unto the said conduit, -was taken with the stream, and carried from thence towards the Thames -with such a violence, that no man with staves or otherwise could stay -him, till he came against a cart wheel that stood in the said watergate, -before which time he was drowned, and stark dead. - -On the west side of this street is the Tallow-chandlers' hall, a proper -house, which company was incorporated in the 2nd year of Edward IV. - -Somewhat lower standeth the Skinners' hall, a fair house, which was -sometime called Copped hall, by Downegate, in the parish of St. John -upon Walbrooke. In the 19th year of Edward II., Ralph Cobham possessed -it with five shops, etc. - -This company of Skinners in London were incorporate by Edward III. in -the 1st of his reign; they had two brotherhoods of Corpus Christi, -viz. one at St. Mary Spittle, the other at St. Mary Bethlem without -Bishopsgate. Richard II., in the 18th of his reign, granted them to make -their two brotherhoods one, by the name of the fraternity of Corpus -Christi. Of Skinners, divers royal persons were named to be founders -and brethren of this fraternity, to wit, kings six, dukes nine, earls -two, lords one. Kings, Edward III., Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., -Henry VI., and Edward IV. This fraternity had also once every year, on -Corpus Christi day afternoon, a procession passed through the principal -streets of the city, wherein was borne more than one hundred torches -of wax (costly garnished) burning light, and above two hundred clerks -and priests, in surplices and copes, singing. After the which were -the sheriffs' servants, the clerks of the compters, chaplains for the -sheriffs, the mayor's sergeants, the counsel of the city, the mayor and -aldermen in scarlet, and then the Skinners in their best liveries. Thus -much to stop the tongues of unthankful men, such as used to ask, Why -have ye not noted this, or that? and give no thanks for what is done. - -Then lower down was a challenge of priests, called Jesus' Commons, a -house well furnished with brass, pewter, napery, plate, etc., besides a -fair library well stored with books, all which of old time was given to -a number of priests that should keep commons there, and as one left his -place, by death or otherwise, another should be admitted into his room, -but this order within this thirty years being discontinued, the said -house was dissolved and turned to tenements. - -Down lower have ye Elbow lane; and at the corner thereof was one -great stone house, called Olde hall; it is now taken down, and divers -fair houses of timber placed there. This was sometime pertaining to -William de Pont le Arch, and by him given to the priory of St. Mary -Overy in Southwark, in the reign of Henry I. In this Elbow lane is -the Innholders' hall, and other fair houses; this lane runneth west, -and suddenly turneth south into Thames street, and therefore of that -bending is called Elbow lane. On the east side of this Downegate street -is the great old house before spoken of, called the Erber, near to -the church of St. Mary Bothaw; Geffrey Scroope held it by the gift of -Edward III., in the 14th of his reign; it belonged since to John Nevell, -Lord of Rabie, then to Richard Nevell, Earl of Warwick; Nevell, Earl -of Salisburie, was lodged there 1457; then it came to George Duke of -Clarence, and his heirs male, by the gift of Edward IV., in the 14th of -his reign. It was lately new built by Sir Thomas Pullison, mayor, and -was afterward inhabited by Sir Francis Drake, that famous mariner. Next -to this great house is a lane turning to Bush lane (of old time called -Carter lane, of carts and carmen having stables there), and now called -Chequer lane, or Chequer alley, of an inn called the Chequer. - -In Thames street, on the Thames side, west from Downegate, is Greenewich -lane, of old time so called, and now Frier lane, of such a sign there -set up. In this lane is the Joiners' hall, and other fair houses. - -Then is Grantham's lane, so called of John Grantham, sometime mayor, and -owner thereof, whose house was very large and strong, built of stone, as -appeareth by gates arched, yet remaining. Ralph Dodmer, first a brewer, -then a mercer, mayor 1529, dwelt there, and kept his mayoralty in that -house; it is now a brewhouse as it was afore. - -Then is Dowgate, whereof is spoken in another place. East from this -Dowgate is Cosin lane, named of William Cosin that dwelt there in the -4th of Richard II., as divers his predecessors, father, grandfather, -etc. had done before him. William Cosin was one of the sheriffs in the -year 1306. That house standeth at the south end of the lane, having an -old and artificial conveyance of Thames water into it, and is now a -dyehouse called Lambard's messuage. Adjoining to that house there was -lately erected an engine to convey Thames water unto Downegate conduit -aforesaid. - -Next to this lane, on the east, is the Steelyard, as they term it, a -place for merchants of Almaine, that used to bring hither as well wheat, -rye, and other grain, as cables, ropes, masts, pitch, tar, flax, hemp, -linen cloth, wainscots, wax, steel, and other profitable merchandises. -Unto these merchants, in the year 1259, Henry III., at the request of -his brother Richard, Earl of Cornewell, king of Almaine, granted that -all and singular the merchants, having a house in the city of London, -commonly called _Guilda Aula Theutonicorum_, should be maintained -and upholden through the whole realm, by all such freedoms, and free -usages, or liberties, as by the king and his noble progenitors' time -they had and enjoyed, etc. Edward I. renewed and confirmed that charter -of liberties granted by his father. And in the 10th year of the same -Edward, Henry Wales being mayor, a great controversy did arise between -the said mayor, and the merchants of the Haunce of Almaine, about the -reparations of Bishopsgate, then likely to fall, for that the said -merchants enjoyed divers privileges in respect of maintaining the said -gate, which they now denied to repair; for the appeasing of which -controversy the king sent his writ to the treasurer and barons of his -Exchequer, commanding that they should make inquisition thereof; before -whom the merchants being called, when they were not able to discharge -themselves, sith they enjoyed the liberties to them granted for the -same, a precept was sent to the mayor and sheriffs to distrain the -said merchants to make reparations, namely, Gerard Marbod, alderman of -the Haunce, Ralph de Cussarde, a citizen of Colen, Ludero de Denevar, -a burgess of Trivar, John of Aras, a burgess of Trivon, Bartram of -Hamburdge, Godestalke of Hundondale, a burgess of Trivon, John de Dele, -a burgess of Munstar, then remaining in the said city of London, for -themselves and all other merchants of the Haunce, and so they granted -two hundred and ten marks sterling to the mayor and citizens, and -undertook that they and their successors should from time to time repair -the said gate, and bear the third part of the charges in money and men -to defend it when need were. And for this agreement the said mayor and -citizens granted to the said merchants their liberties, which till of -late they have enjoyed, as namely, amongst other, that they might lay -up their grain which they brought into this realm in inns, and sell it -in their garners, by the space of forty days after they had laid it -up, except by the mayor and citizens they were expressly forbidden, -because of dearth, or other reasonable occasions. Also they might have -their aldermen as they had been accustomed, foreseeing always that he -were of the city, and presented to the mayor and aldermen of the city, -so oft as any should be chosen, and should take an oath before them to -maintain justice in their courts, and to behave themselves in their -office according to law, and as it stood with the customs of the city. -Thus much for their privileges; whereby it appeareth that they were -great merchants of corn brought out of the east parts hither, insomuch -that the occupiers of husbandry in this land were inforced to complain -of them for bringing in such abundance when the corn of this realm was -at such an easy price; whereupon it was ordained by parliament, that no -person should bring into any part of this realm, by way of merchandise, -wheat, rye, or barley, growing out of the said realm, when the quarter -of wheat exceed not the price of 6_s._ 8_d._, rye 4_s._ the quarter, and -barley 3_s._ the quarter, upon forfeiture the one half to the king, the -other half to the seizor thereof. These merchants of Haunce had their -Guildhall in Thames street in place aforesaid by the said Cosin lane. -Their hall is large built of stone, with three arched gates towards the -street, the middlemost whereof is far bigger than the other, and is -seldom opened, the other two be mured up; the same is now called the -old hall. - -Of later time, to wit, in the 6th of Richard II., they hired one house -next adjoining to their old hall, which sometime belonged to Richard -Lions, a famous lapidary, one of the sheriffs of London in the 49th of -Edward III., and in the 4th of Richard II., by the rebels of Kent, drawn -out of that house and beheaded in West Cheap. This also was a great -house with a large wharf on the Thames, and the way thereunto was called -Windgoose, or Wildgoose lane, which is now called Windgoose alley, -for that the same alley is for the most part built on by the stilyard -merchants. - -The abbot of St. Alban's had a messuage here with a key, given to him -in the 34th of Henry VI. Then is one other great house, which sometime -pertained to John Rainwell, stockfish-monger, mayor, and it was by -him given to the mayor and commonalty, to the end that the profits -thereof should be disposed in deeds of piety; which house, in the -15th of Edward IV., was confirmed unto the said merchants, in manner -following, namely:--"It is ordayned by our soveraigne lord and his -parliament, that the said marchants of Almaine, being of the companie -called the _Guildhall Teutonicorum_ (or the Flemish gild), that now be, -or hereafter shall be, shall have, hold, and enjoy, to them and their -successors for ever, the said place called the Steel house, yeelding to -the said mayor and communaltie an annuall rent of L70 3_s._ 4_d._ etc." - -In the year 1551, and the 5th of Edward VI., through complaint of the -English merchants, the liberty of the steelyard merchants was seized -into the king's hands, and so it resteth. - -Then is Church lane, at the west end of Alhallowes church, called -Alhallowes the More in Thames street, for a difference from Alhallowes -the Less in the same street; it is also called Alhallowes _ad foenum_ in -the Ropery, because hay sold near thereunto at Hay wharf, and ropes of -old time made and sold in the high street. This is a fair church, with -a large cloister on the south side thereof about their churchyard, but -foully defaced and ruinated. - -The church also hath had many fair monuments, but now defaced. There -remaineth in the choir some plates on grave stones--namely, of William -Lichfield, D.D., who deceased the year 1447: he was a great student, -and compiled many books, both moral and divine, in prose and in verse, -namely, one intituled _The Complaint of God unto Sinful Man_. He made -in his time three thousand and eighty-three sermons, as appeared by -his own handwriting, and were found when he was dead. One other plate -there is of John Brickles, draper, who deceased in the year 1451; he was -a great benefactor to that church, and gave by his testament certain -tenements to the relief of the poor, etc. Nicholas Loven and William -Peston founded chantries there. - -At the east end of this church goeth down a lane called Hay wharf lane, -now lately a great brewhouse, built there by one Pot; Henry Campion, -esquire, a beer-brewer, used it, and Abraham his son now possesseth it. -Then was there one other lane, sometime called Woolfe's gate, now out of -use; for the lower part thereof upon the bank of Thames is built by the -late Earl of Shrewsburie, and the other end is built on and stopped up -by the chamberlain of London. John Butler, draper, one of the sheriffs -in the year 1420, dwelt there; he appointed his house to be sold, and -the price thereof to be given to the poor: it was of Alhallowes parish -the less. Then is there the said parish church of Alhallowes called the -Less, and by some Alhallowes on the Cellars, for it standeth on vaults; -it is said to be built by Sir John Poultney, sometime mayor. The steeple -and choir of this church standeth on an arched gate, being the entry -to a great house called Cold Harbrough. The choir of late being fallen -down, is now again at length, in the year 1594, by the parishioners new -built. Touching this Cold Harbrough, I find, that in the 13th of Edward -II., Sir John Abel, knight, demised or let unto Henry Stow, draper, all -that his capital messuage called the Cold Harbrough, in the parish of -All Saints _ad foenum_, and all the appurtenances within the gate, with -the key which Robert Hartford, citizen, son to William Hartford, had, -and ought; and the foresaid Robert paid for it the rent of thirty-three -shillings the year. This Robert Hartford being owner thereof, as also -of other lands in Surrey, deceasing without issue male, left two -daughters his coheirs, to wit, Idonia, married to Sir Ralph Bigot, and -Maude, married to Sir Stephen Cosenton, knights, between whom the said -house and lands were parted. After the which, John Bigot, son to the -said Sir Ralph, and Sir John Cosenton, did sell their moieties of Cold -Harbrough unto John Poultney, son of Adam Poultney, the 8th of Edward -III. This Sir John Poultney dwelling in this house, and being four times -mayor, the said house took the name of Poultney's inn. Notwithstanding -this, Sir John Poultney, the 21st of Edward III., by his charter, gave -and confirmed to Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex, his -whole tenement called Cold Harbrough, with all the tenements and key -adjoining, and appurtenances, sometime pertaining to Robert de Hereford, -on the way called Hay wharf lane, etc., for one rose at Midsummer, to -him and to his heirs for all services, if the same were demanded. This -Sir John Poultney, deceased 1349, and left issue, by Margaret his wife, -William Poultney, who died without issue, and Margaret his mother was -married to Sir Nicholas Lovel, knight, etc. Philip S. Cleare gave two -messuages pertaining to this Cold Harbrough in the Roperie, towards the -enlarging of the parish church and churchyard of All Saints, called the -Less, in the 20th of Richard II. - -In the year 1397, the 21st of Richard II., John Holland, Earl of -Huntingdon, was lodged there, and Richard II., his brother dined with -him: it was then counted a right fair and stately house; but in the next -year following I find that Edmond, Earl of Cambridge, was there lodged, -notwithstanding the said house still retained the name of Poultney's -inn, in the reign of Henry VI., the 26th of his reign. It belonged since -to H. Holland, Duke of Excester, and he was lodged there in the year -1472. In the year 1485, Richard III., by his letters patent, granted and -gave to John Writh, alias Garter, principal king of arms of Englishmen, -and to the rest of the king's heralds and pursuivants of arms, all that -messuage, with the appurtenances, called Cold Harbrough, in the parish -of All Saints the Little in London, and their successors for ever. Dated -at Westminster the 2nd of March, _anno regni primo_, without fine or -fee. How the said heralds departed therewith I have not read; but in the -reign of Henry VIII. the Bishop of Durham's house near Charing cross, -being taken into the king's hand, Cuthbert Tunstal, Bishop of Durham, -was lodged in this Cold Harbrough; since the which time it hath belonged -to the Earls of Shrewsburie, by composition (as is supposed) from the -said Cuthbert Tunstall. The last deceased earl took it down, and in -place thereof built a great number of small tenements, now letten out -for great rents to people of all sorts. - -Then is the Dyers' hall, which company was made a brotherhood or guild, -in the 4th of Henry VI., and appointed to consist of a guardian or -warden, and a commonalty, the 12th of Edward IV. Then be there divers -large brewhouses and others, till you come to Ebgate lane, where that -ward endeth in the east. On the north side of Thames street be divers -lanes also; the first is at the south end of Elbow lane, before spoken -of, west from Downegate, over against Greenwich lane: then be divers -fair houses for merchants and others all along that side. The next lane -east from Downegate is called Bush lane, which turneth up to Candlewicke -street, and is of Downegate ward. Next is Suffolke lane, likewise -turning up to Candlewicke street. In this lane is one notable grammar -school, founded in the year 1561 by the master, wardens, and assistants -of the Merchant-Tailors, in the parish of St. Laurence Poultney; Richard -Hilles, sometime master of that company, having before given L500 -towards the purchase of a house, called the manor of the Rose, sometime -belonging to the Duke of Buckingham, wherein the said school is kept. -Then is there one other lane which turneth up to St. Laurence hill, and -to the south-west corner of St. Laurence churchyard; then one other -lane called Poultney lane, that goeth up of this ward to the south-east -corner of St. Laurence churchyard, and so down again, and to the west -corner of St. Martin Orgar lane, and over against Ebgate lane; and this -is all of Downgate ward, the thirteenth in number lying east from the -water-course of Walbrook, and hath not any one house on the west side -of the said brook. It hath an alderman, his deputy, common councillors -nine, constables eight, scavengers five, for the wardmote inquest -fourteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen eight-and-twenty -pounds.[187] - -FOOTNOTE: - -[186] "In London to forty pound, and in the Exchequer to thirty-nine -pound."--_1st edition_, p. 181. - - - - -WARDS ON THE WEST SIDE OF WALBROOKE, AND FIRST OF VINTRY WARD - - -Now I am to speak of the other wards, twelve in number, all lying on -the west side of the course of Walbrooke. And first of Vintry ward, so -called of vintners, and of the vintry, a part of the bank of the river -of Thames, where the merchants of Burdeaux craned their wines out of -lighters and other vessels, and there landed and made sale of them -within forty days after, until the 28th of Edward I., at which time -the said merchants complained that they could not sell their wines, -paying poundage, neither hire houses or cellars to lay them in; and it -was redressed by virtue of the king's writ, directed to the mayor and -sheriffs of London, dated at Carlaveroke, or Carlisle, since the which -time many fair and large houses, with vaults and cellars for stowage of -wines, and lodging of the Burdeaux merchants have been built in place -where before time were cooks' houses; for Fitzstephen, in the reign -of Henry II., writeth, that upon the river's side, between the wine -in ships, and the wine to be sold in taverns, was a common cookery -or cooks' row, etc., as in another place I have set down; whereby it -appeareth, that in those days (and till of late time) every man lived by -his professed trade, not any one interrupting another: the cooks dressed -meat, and sold no wine, and the taverner sold wine, but dressed no meat -for sale, etc. - -This ward beginneth in the east at the west end of Downegate ward, as -the water-course of Walbrooke parteth them, to wit, at Grantham's lane, -on the Thames side, and at Elbow lane on the land side; it runneth -along in Thames street west some three houses beyond the Old Swanne, a -brewhouse, and on the land side some three houses west beyond St. James' -at Garlicke Hith. In breadth this ward stretcheth from the Vintry, north -to the wall of the west gate of the Tower Royall; the other north part -is of Cordwayner street ward. Out of this Royal street, by the south -gate of Tower Royall, runneth a small street east to St. John's upon -Walbrooke, which street is called Horshew bridge, of such a bridge -sometime over the brook there, which is now vaulted over. Then from the -said south gate west, runneth one other street, called Knightriders' -street, by St. Thomas Apostle's church on the north side, and Wringwren -lane by the said church, at the west end thereof, and to the east end -of the Trinitie church in the said Knightriders' street, where this -ward endeth on that south side the street; but on the north side it -runneth no further than the corner against the new built tavern and -other houses, in a plot of ground where sometime stood Ormond place; -yet have ye one other lane lower down in Royall street, stretching from -over against St. Michael's church, to, and by the north side of St. -James' church by Garlicke Hith; this is called Kerion lane. And thus -much for the bounds of Vintry ward. Now, on the Thames' side, west from -Grantham's lane, have ye Herber lane, or Brikels' lane, so called of -John Brikels, sometime owner thereof. - -Then is Simpson's lane, of one Simpson, or Emperor's head lane, of such -a sign. Then the Three Cranes' lane, so called not only of a sign of -three cranes at a tavern door, but rather of three strong cranes of -timber placed on the Vintry wharf by the Thames side, to crane up wines -there, as is afore showed. This lane was of old time, to wit, the 9th of -Richard II., called The Painted Tavern lane, of the tavern being painted. - -Then next over against St. Martin's church, is a large house built of -stone and timber, with vaults for the stowage of wines, and is called -the Vintry. There dwelt John Gisers, vintner, mayor of London, and -constable of the Tower, and then was Henry Picard, vintner, mayor. -In this house Henry Picard feasted four kings in one day (as in my -_Summary_ I have showed). Then next is Vanner's lane, so called of one -Vanner that was owner thereof; it is now called Church lane, of the -coming up from the wharf to St. Martin's church. Next is Brode lane, -for that the same is broader for the passage of carts from the Vintrie -wharf, than be the other lanes. At the north-west corner of this lane is -the Parish Clerks' hall, lately by them purchased, since they lost their -old hall in Bishopsgate street. Next is Spittle lane, of old time so -called, since Stodie's lane, of the owner thereof named Stodie. Sir John -Stodie, vintner, mayor in the year 1357, gave it with all the quadrant -wherein Vintners' hall now standeth, with the tenements round about unto -the Vintners; the Vintners built for themselves a fair hall, and also -thirteen alms houses there for thirteen poor people, which are kept of -charity rent free. - -The Vintners in London were of old time called Merchant-vintners of -Gascoyne; and so I read them in the records of Edward II., the 11th -year, and Edward III., the 9th year: they were as well Englishmen as -strangers born beyond the seas, but then subjects to the kings of -England, great Burdeaux merchants of Gascoyne and French wines, divers -of them were mayors of this city, namely John Adrian, vintner, Reginold -at conduit, John Oxenford, Hen. Picard, that feasted the kings of -England, France, Scotland, and Cypres, John Stodie, that gave Stodie's -lane to the Vintners; which four last named were mayors in the reign of -Edward III.; and yet Gascoyne wines were then to be sold at London not -above four pence, nor Rhenish wine above six pence the gallon. I read of -sweet wines, that in the 50th of Edward III., John Peachie, fishmonger, -was accused, for that he procured a license for the only sale of them -in London; which notwithstanding he justified by law, he was imprisoned -and fined. More, I read, that in the 6th of Henry VI., the Lombards -corrupting their sweet wines, when knowledge thereof came to John -Rainwell, mayor of London, he in divers places of the city commanded the -heads of the butts and other vessels in the open streets to be broken, -to the number of one hundred and fifty, so that the liquor running -forth, passed through the city like a stream of rain water, in the sight -of all the people, from whence there issued a most loathsome savour. - -I read, in the reign of Henry VII., that no sweet wines were brought -into this realm but Malmesies by the Longabards, paying to the king -for his license six shillings and eight pence of every butt, besides -twelve pence for bottle large. I remember within this fifty-four years -Malmsey not to be sold more than one penny halfpenny the pint. For proof -whereof, it appeareth in the church book of St. Andrew Undershafte, that -in the year 1547 I. G. and S. K., then churchwardens, for eighty pints -of Malmsey spent in the church, after one penny halfpenny the pint, paid -at the year's end for the same ten shillings. More, I remember that no -sacks were sold but Rumney, and that for medicine more than for drink, -but now many kinds of sacks are known and used. And so much for wines. - -For the Vintry, to end therewith, I read, that in the reign of Henry -IV., the young prince Henry, Thomas Duke of Clarence, John Duke of -Bedford, and Humfrey Duke of Glocester, the king's sons, being at supper -among the merchants of London in the Vintry, in the house of Lewes John, -Henry Scogan sent to them a ballad beginning thus:-- - - "My noble sonnes and eke my lords deare, - I your father, called unworthily, - Send unto you this ballad following here, - Written with mine own hand full rudely, - Although it be that I not reverently - Have written to your estates, I you pray - Mine uncunning, taketh benignely, - For God's sake, and hearken what I say." - -Then follow in like metre twenty-three staves, containing a persuasion -from losing of time follily in lust and vice, but to spend the same -in virtue and godliness, as ye may read in Geffrey Chawcer's works -lately printed. The successors of those vintners and wine-drawers, that -retailed by the gallons, pottle, quart, and pint, were all incorporated -by the name of Wine-tunners[188] in the reign of Edward III., and -confirmed in the 15th of Henry VI. - -Next is Palmer's lane, now called Anchor lane; the Plumbers have their -hall there, but are tenants to the Vintners. Then is Worcester house, -sometime belonging to the Earls of Worcester, now divided into many -tenements; the Fruiterers have their hall there. Then is the Old Swan, a -great brewhouse. And this is all on the Thames' side that I can note in -this ward. - -On the land side is the Royall street and Paternoster lane, I think -of old time called Arches; for I read that Robert de Suffolke gave to -Walter Darford his tenement with the appurtenance in the lane called Les -Arches, in the parish of St. Michael de Paternoster church, between the -wall of the field called Winchester field on the east, and the same lane -on the West, etc. More, I read of a stone house called Sto da de Winton -juxta Stenden bridge, which in that lane was over Walbrooke water. - -Then is the fair parish church of St. Michael called Paternoster church -in the Royall. This church was new built, and made a college of St. -Spirit and St. Mary, founded by Richard Whitington, mercer, four times -mayor, for a master, four fellows--masters of art, clerks, conducts, -chorists, etc., and an alms house called God's house, or hospital, for -thirteen poor men, one of them to be tutor, and to have sixteen pence -the week; the other twelve, each of them to have fourteen pence the -week for ever, with other necessary provisions, a hutch with three -locks, a common seal, etc. These were bound to pray for the good estate -of Richard Whitington and Alice his wife, their founders, and for -Sir William Whitington, knight, and Dame Joan his wife, and for Hugh -Fitzwaren, and Dame Molde his wife, the fathers and mothers of the -said Richard Whitington and Alice his wife, for King Richard II., and -Thomas of Woodstocke, Duke of Glocester, special lords and promoters of -the said Richard Whitington, etc. The license for this foundation was -granted by King Henry IV., the 11th of his reign, and in the 12th of the -same king's reign, the mayor and commonalty of London granted to Richard -Whitington a vacant piece of ground, thereon to build his college in -the Royall, all which was confirmed by Henry VI., the 3rd of his reign, -to John Coventrie, Jenkin Carpenter, and William Grove, executors to -Richard Whitington. This foundation was again confirmed by parliament, -the 10th of Henry VI., and was suppressed by the statute of Edward VI. - -The alms houses, with the poor men, do remain, and are paid by the -Mercers. This Richard Whitington was in this church three times buried: -first by his executors under a fair monument; then in the reign of -Edward VI., the parson of that church, thinking some great riches (as -he said) to be buried with him, caused his monument to be broken, his -body to be spoiled of his leaden sheet, and again the second time to -be buried; and in the reign of Queen Mary the parishioners were forced -to take him up, to lap him in lead as afore, to bury him the third -time, and to place his monument, or the like, over him again, which -remaineth, and so he resteth. Thomas Windford, alderman, was buried in -this church 1448; Arnold Macknam, vintner, a merchant of Burdeaux, 1457; -Sir Heere Tanke, or Hartancleux, knight of the garter, born in Almayne, -a noble warrior in Henry V. and Henry VI. days; Sir Edmond Mulshew, -knight, near to Thomas Cokham, recorder of London; the Lady Kyme; Sir -William Oldhall, knight, 1460; William Barnocke; Sir John Yong, grocer, -mayor 1466; Agnes, daughter to Sir John Yong, first married to Robert -Sherington, after to Robert Mulleneux, then to William Cheyney, esquire; -John Having, gentleman; William Roswell, esquire; William Postar, clerk -of the crown, 1520; Sir William Bayly, draper, mayor 1533, with Dame -Katherine his wife, leaving sixteen children; John Haydon, mercer, -sheriff 1582, who gave legacies to the thirteen alms men, and otherwise, -for a lecture. - -At the upper end of this street is the Tower Royall, whereof that street -taketh name. This Tower and great place was so called of pertaining to -the kings of this realm, but by whom the same was first built, or of -what antiquity continued, I have not read more than that in the reign -of Edward I., the 2nd, 4th, and 7th years, it was the tenement of Symon -Beawmes; also, that in the 36th of Edward III., the same was called the -Royall, in the parish of St. Michael de Paternoster, and that in the -43rd of his reign, he gave it by the name of his inn, called the Royall, -in the city of London, in value twenty pounds by year, unto his college -of St. Stephen at Westminster; notwithstanding, in the reign of Richard -II. it was called the Queen's Wardrobe, as appeareth by this that -followeth:--King Richard having in Smithfield overcome and dispersed his -rebels, he, his lords, and all his company, entered the city of London, -with great joy, and went to the lady princess his mother, who was then -lodged in the Tower Royall, called the Queen's Wardrobe, where she had -remained three days and two nights, right sore abashed; but when she -saw the king her son she was greatly rejoiced, and said, "Ah, son! what -great sorrow have I suffered for you this day!" The king answered and -said, "Certainly, madam, I know it well; but now rejoice, and thank -God, for I have this day recovered mine heritage, and the realm of -England, which I had near hand lost." - -This tower seemeth to have been at that time of good defence; for when -the rebels had beset the Tower of London, and got possession thereof, -taking from thence whom they listed, as in my _Annals_ I have shown, the -princess being forced to fly, came to this Tower Royal, where she was -lodged, and remained safe, as ye have heard; and it may be also supposed -that the king himself was at that time lodged there. I read, that in the -year 1386, Lyon King of Armonie, being chased out of his realm by the -Tartarians, received innumerable gifts of the king and of his nobles, -the king then lying in the Royall, where he also granted to the said -king of Armonie, a charter of a thousand pounds by year during his -life. This for proof may suffice that kings of England have been lodged -in this tower, though the same of later time have been neglected, and -turned into stabling for the king's horses, and now letten out to divers -men, and divided into tenements. - -In Horsebridge street is the Cutlars' hall. Richard de Wilehale, 1295, -confirmed to Paul Butelar this house and edifices in the parish of St. -Michael Paternoster church and St. John's upon Walbrooke, which sometime -Lawrens Gisors and his son Peter Gisors did possess, and afterward -Hugonis de Hingham, and lieth between the tenement of the said Richard -towards the south, and the lane called Horseshew bridge towards the -north, and between the way called Paternoster church on the west, -and the course of Walbrooke on the east, paying yearly one clove of -Gereflowers at Easter, and to the prior and convent of St. Mary Overy -six shillings. This house sometime belonged to Simon Dolesly, grocer, -mayor 1359. They of this company were of old time divided into three -arts or sorts of workmen: to wit, the first were smiths, forgers of -blades, and therefore called bladers, and divers of them proved wealthy -men, as namely, Walter Nele, blader, one of the sheriffs the 12th of -Edward III., deceased 1352, and buried in St. James' Garlicke Hith; he -left lands to the mending of high ways about London, betwixt Newgate -and Wicombe, Aldgate and Chelmesford, Bishopsgate and Ware, Southwark -and Rochester, etc. The second were makers of hafts, and otherwise -garnishers of blades. The third sort were sheathmakers, for swords, -daggers, and knives. In the 10th of Henry IV. certain ordinances were -made betwixt the bladers and the other cutlers; and in the 4th of -Henry VI. they were all three companies drawn into one fraternity or -brotherhood by the name of Cutlers. - -Then is Knightriders' street, so called (as is supposed) of knights well -armed and mounted at the Tower Royall, riding from thence through that -street west to Creed lane, and so out at Ludgate towards Smithfield, -when they were there to tourney, joust, or otherwise to show activities -before the king and states of the realm. - -In this street is the parish church of St. Thomas Apostle, by Wringwren -lane, a proper church, but monuments of antiquity be there none, except -some arms in the windows, as also in the stone work, which some suppose -to be of John Barns, mercer, mayor of London in the year 1371, a great -builder thereof; H. Causton, merchant, was a benefactor, and had a -chantry there about 1396; T. Roman, mayor 1310, had also a chantry there -1319; Fitzwilliams, also a benefactor, had a chantry there. More, Sir -William Littlesbery, _alias_ Horne (for King Edward IV. so named him, -because he was a most excellent blower in a horn); he was a Salter -and merchant of the staple, mayor of London in the year 1487, and was -buried in this church, having appointed by his testament the bells to -be changed for four new bells of good tune and sound, but that was not -performed; he gave five hundred marks to the repairing of highways -betwixt London and Cambridge; his dwelling-house, with a garden and -appurtenances in the said parish to be sold, and bestowed in charitable -actions, as his executors would answer before God; his house, called the -George, in Bred street, he gave to the Salters, they to find a priest in -the said church, to have L6 13_s._ 4_d._ the year, to every preacher at -Paul's cross and at the Spittle four pence for ever; to the prisoners -of Newgate, Ludgate, Marshalsey, and King's Bench, in victuals, ten -shillings at Christmas, and ten shillings at Easter for ever; which -legacies are not performed. William Shipton, William Champneis, and -John de Burford, had chantries there; John Martin, butcher, one of the -sheriffs, was buried there 1533; etc. Then west from the said church, -on the same side, was one great messuage, sometime called Ipres inn, of -William Ipres, a Fleming, the first builder thereof. This William was -called out of Flanders, with a number of Flemings, to the aid of King -Stephen against Maude the empress, in the year 1138, and grew in favour -with the said king for his services, so far that he built this his house -near Tower Royall, in the which tower it seemeth the king was then -lodged, as in the heart of the city, for his more safety. - -Robert, Earl of Gloucester, brother to the empress, being taken, was -committed to the custody of this William, to be kept in the castle -of Rochester, till King Stephen was also taken, and then the one was -delivered in exchange for the other, and both set free. This William of -Ipres gave Edredes hithe, now called the Queen's hithe, to the prior and -canons of the Holy Trinity in London: he founded the abbey of Boxley -in Kent, etc. In the first of Henry II., the said William, with all -the other Flemings, fearing the indignation of the new king, departed -the land; but it seemeth that the said William was shortly called back -again, and restored both to the king's favour and to his old possessions -here, so that the name and family continued long after in this realm, as -may appear by this which followeth. - -In the year 1377, the 51st of Edward III., the citizens of London, -minding to have destroyed John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Henry -Percie, marshal (for cause shown in my _Annals_), sought up and down, -and could not find them, for they were that day to dine with John of -Ipres at his inn, which the Londoners wist not of, but thought the duke -and marshal had been at the Savoy, and therefore posted thither; but one -of the duke's knights seeing these things, came in great haste to the -place where the duke was, and after that he had knocked and could not be -let in, he said to Haveland the porter, "If thou love my lord and thy -life, open the gate;" with which words he gat entry, and with great fear -he tells the duke, that without the gate were infinite numbers of armed -men, and unless he took great heed that day would be his last; with -which words the duke leapt so hastily from his oisters, that he hurt -both his legs against the form: wine was offered, but he could not drink -for haste, and so fled with his fellow Henry Percie out at a back gate, -and entering the Thames, never stayed rowing until they came to a house -near the manor of Kennington, where at that time the princess lay with -Richard the young prince, before whom he made his complaint, etc. - -On the other side, I read of a messuage called Ringed hall. King Henry -VIII., the 32nd of his reign, gave the same, with four tenements -adjoining, unto Morgan Philip, _alias_ Wolfe, in the parish of St. -Thomas Apostles, in London, etc. - -Over against Ipres inn, in Knight riders street, at the corner towards -St. James at Garlicke hithe, was sometime a great house built of stone -and called Ormond place, for that it sometimes belonged to the Earls of -Ormond. King Edward IV., in the 5th of his reign, gave to Elizabeth his -wife the manor of Greenwich, with the tower and park, in the county -of Kent. He also gave this tenement called Ormond place, with all the -appurtenances to the same, situate in the parish of St. Trinitie in -Knight riders street, in London. This house is now lately taken down, -and divers fair tenements are built there, the corner house whereof -is a tavern. Then lower down in Royall street is Kerion lane, of one -Kerion sometime dwelling there. In this lane be divers fair houses for -merchants, and amongst others is the Glaziers' hall. - -At the south corner of Royall street is the fair parish church of St. -Martin called in the Vintry, sometime called St. Martin de Beremand -church. This church was new built about the year 1399 by the executors -of Mathew Columbars a stranger born, a Burdeaux merchant of Gascoyne and -French wines; his arms remain yet in the east window, and are between -a cheveron, three columbins. There lie buried in this church--Sir John -Gisors, mayor 1311; Henry Gisors, his son, 1343, and John Gisors, his -brother, 1350; he gave to his son Thomas his great mansion-house called -Gisors hall, in the parish of St. Mildred, in Bread street. This Thomas -had issue, John and Thomas; John made a feoffment, and sold Gisors hall -and other his lands in London, about the year 1386; Thomas deceased -1395. Henry Vennar; Bartholomew de la Vauch; Thomas Cornwalles, one -of the sheriffs 1384; John Cornwalles, esquire, 1436; John Mustrell, -vintner, 1424; William Hodson; William Castleton; John Gray; Robert -Dalusse, barber, in the reign of Edward IV., with this epitaph: - - "As flowers in the field thus passeth life, - Naked, then clothed, feeble in the end, - It sheweth by Robert Dalusse, and Alison his wife, - Christ them save from the power of the fiend." - -Sir Raph Austrie, fishmonger, new roofed this church with timber, -covered it with lead, and beautifully glazed it: he deceased 1494, and -was there buried with his two wives; Raph Austrie, his son, gentleman; -William Austrie, and other of that name; Bartrand, wife to Grimond -Descure, esquire, a Gascoyne and merchant of wines, 1494; Thomas Batson; -Alice Fowler, daughter and heir to John Howton, wife to John Hulton; -James Bartlet, and Alice his wife; William Fennor; Roger Cotton; -Robert Stocker; John Pemberton; Philip de Plasse; John Stapleton; John -Mortimer; William Lee; William Hamsteed; William Stoksbie, and Gilbert -March, had chantries there. - -Then is the parish church of St. James, called at Garlick hithe, or -Garlicke hive; for that of old time, on the bank of the river of Thames, -near to this church, garlick was usually sold. This is a proper church, -whereof Richard Rothing, one of the sheriffs 1326, is said to be the new -builder, and lieth buried in the same: so was Waltar Nele, blader, one -of the sheriffs 1337; John of Oxenford, vintner, mayor 1341. I read, in -the 1st of Edward III., that this John of Oxenford gave to the priory -of the Holy Trinity in London two tofts of land, one mill, fifty acres -of land, two acres of wood, with the appurtenances, in Kentish town, in -value 20_s._ 3_d._ by year. Richard Goodcheape, John de Cressingham, -and John Whitthorne, and before them, Galfrid Moncley, 1281, founded a -chantry there. - -Monuments remaining there: Robert Gabeter, esquire, mayor of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1310; John Gisors; William Tiligham; John Stanley; -Lord Strange, eldest son of the Earl of Derby, 1503; Nicholas Statham; -Robert de Luton, 1361; Richard Lions, a famous merchant of wines, and -a lapidary, sometime one of the sheriffs, beheaded in Cheape by Wat -Tyler and other rebels in the year 1381; his picture on his gravestone, -very fair and large, is with his hair rounded by his ears, and curled; -a little beard forked; a gown, girt to him down to his feet, of -branched damask, wrought with the likeness of flowers; a large purse -on his right side, hanging in a belt from his left shoulder; a plain -hood about his neck covering his shoulders, and hanging back behind -him. Sir John Wrotch, fishmonger, mayor 1361, deceased 1407; Thomas -Stonarde, of Oxfordshire; John Bromer, fishmonger, alderman 1474; the -Lady Stanley, mother to the Lord Strange; the Countess of Huntingdon; -the Lady Harbert; Sir George Stanley; Gilbert Bovet, 1398; a Countess -of Worcester, and one of her children; William More, vintner, mayor -1395; William Venor, grocer, mayor 1389; Robert Chichley, mayor 1421; -James Spencer, vintner, mayor 1543; Richard Plat, brewer, founded a free -school there 1601. - -And thus an end of Vintry ward, which hath an alderman, with a deputy, -common councillors nine, constables nine, scavengers four, wardmote -inquest fourteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen[189] at L6 -13_s._ 4_d._ - -FOOTNOTES: - -[187] "In London at thirty-six pound, and in the Exchequer at -thirty-four pound ten shillings."--_1st edition_, p. 189. - -[188] "Having thus much, not without travail and some charges, noted for -the antiquitie of the Vintners, about two years since or more I repayred -to the common-hall of that company, and there showed and read it in -a court of assistance, requiring them, as being one of the principal -companies in the citie (of whom I meant therefore to write the more at -large) that if they knew any more which might sound to their worship or -commendation, at their leisure to send it me, and I would joyne it to -my former collection; at which time I was answered by some that tooke -upon them the speech, that they were none of the principall, but of -the inferior companies; and so willing me to leave them, I departed, -and never since heard from them, which hath somewhat discouraged me -any farther to travail amongst the companies to learne ought at their -handes."--_1st edition_, p. 192. - -His comment (in a side note) is equally worth preserving: "The readiest -to speake not alwaies the wisest men." - -[189] "In London at six and thirty pounds, and in the Exchequer at -thirty-five pounds five shillings."--_1st edition_, p. 195. - - - - -CORDWAINER STREET WARD - - -The next is Cordwainer street ward, taking that name of cordwainers, or -shoemakers, curriers, and workers of leather, dwelling there; for it -appeareth in the records of Henry VI., the 9th of his reign, that an -order was taken then for cordwainers and curriers in Corney street and -Sopars lane. - -This ward beginneth in the east, on the west side of Walbrook, and -turneth west through Budge row (a street so called of the Budge furre, -and of skinners dwelling there), then up by St. Anthony's church through -Aetheling (or Noble street), as Leland termeth it, commonly called -Wathling street, to the Red Lion, a place so called of a great lion -of timber placed there at a gate, entering a large court, wherein are -divers fair and large shops, well furnished with broad cloths and other -draperies of all sorts, to be sold: and this is the farthest west part -of this ward. - -On the south side of this street from Budge row lieth a lane turning -down by the west gate of the Tower Royal, and to the south end of the -stone wall beyond the said gate is of this ward, and is accounted a part -of the Royal street: against this west gate of the Tower Royal is one -other lane that runneth west to Cordwainer street, and this is called -Turnebase lane; on the south side whereof is a piece of Wringwren lane, -to the north-west corner of St. Thomas Church the Apostle. Then again, -out of the high street called Wathling, is one other street, which -runneth thwart the same; and this is Cordwainer street, whereof the -whole ward taketh name. This street beginneth by West Cheape, and St. -Mary Bow church is the head thereof on the west side, and it runneth -down south through that part which of later time was called Hosier -lane, now Bow lane, and then by the west end of Aldmary church to the -new built houses, in place of Ormond house, and so to Garlicke hill, -or hithe, to St. James' church. The upper part of this street towards -Cheape was called Hosier lane, of hosiers dwelling there in place of -shoemakers; but now those hosiers being worn out by men of other trades -(as the hosiers had worn out the shoemakers), the same is called Bow -lane of Bow church. On the west side of Cordewainers street is Basing -lane, right over against Turnebasse lane. This Basing lane west to the -back gate of the Red Lion, in Wathling street, is of this Cordwainers -street ward. - -Now again, on the north side of the high street in Budge row, by the -east end of St. Anthonie's church, have ye St. Sithes lane, so called of -St. Sithes church (which standeth against the north end of that lane), -and this is wholly of Cordwainers street ward: also the south side of -Needlers lane, which reacheth from the north end of St. Sithes lane west -to Sopar's lane; then west from St. Anthonies church is the south end -of Sopar's lane, which lane took that name, not of soap-making, as some -have supposed, but of Alen le Sopar, in the 9th of Edward II. I have not -read or heard of soap-making in this city till within this fourscore -years; that John Lame, dwelling in Grasse street, set up a boiling-house -for this city, of former time, was served of white soap in hard cakes -(called Castell soap, and other), from beyond the seas, and of grey -soap,[190] speckled with white, very sweet and good, from Bristow, sold -here for a penny the pound, and never above a penny farthing, and black -soap for a halfpenny the pound. Then in Bow lane (as they now call it) -is Goose lane, by Bow church. William Essex, mercer, had tenements there -in the 26th of Edward III. - -Then from the south end of Bow lane, by Wathling street, till over -against the Red Lion: and these be the bounds of Cordwainer street ward. - -Touching monuments therein, first you have the fair parish church of -St. Anthonies in Budge row, on the north side thereof. This church -was lately re-edified by Thomas Knowles, grocer, mayor, and by Thomas -Knowles, his son, both buried there, with epitaphs, of the father thus: - - "Here lieth graven vnder this stone, - Thomas Knowles, both flesh and bone; - Grocer and alderman, yeares fortie, - Shiriffe, and twice maior truly. - And for he should not lie alone, - Here lieth with him his good wife Joan. - They were togither sixtie yeare, - And ninteene children they had in feere," etc. - -Thomas Holland, mercer, was there buried 1456; Thomas Windent, mercer, -alderman, and Katherine his wife; Thomas Hind, mercer, 1528; he was a -benefactor to this church, to Aldermarie church, and to Bow; Hugh Acton, -merchant-tailor, buried 1520; he gave thirty-six pounds to the repairing -of the steeple of this church. Simon Street, grocer, lieth in the -church wall toward the south; his arms be three colts, and his epitaph -thus: - - "Such as I am, such shall you be, - Grocer of London sometime was I, - The king's wayer more then yeares twentie, - Simon Streete called in my place, - And good fellowship faine would trace; - Therefore in heaven, everlasting life, - Jesu send me, and Agnes my wife: - Kerlie Merlie, my words were tho, - And _Deo gratias_ I coupled thereto: - I passed to God in the yeare of grace, - A thousand foure hundred it was," etc. - -William Dauntsey, mercer, one of the sheriffs, buried 1542. Henry -Collet, mercer, mayor, a great benefactor to this church; the pictures -of him, his wife, ten sons, and ten daughters, remain in the glass -window on the north side of the church; but the said Henry Collet -was buried at Stebunhith. Henry Halton, grocer, one of the sheriffs, -deceased 1415; Thomas Spight, merchant-tailor, 1533; and Roger Martin, -mercer, mayor, deceased 1573. John Grantham and Nicholas Bull had -chantries there. - -Next on the south side of Budge row, by the west corner thereof, and -on the east side of Cordwainer street, is one other fair church called -Aldemarie church, because the same was very old, and elder than any -church of St. Marie in the city, till of late years the foundation of a -very fair new church was laid there by Henry Keble, grocer, mayor, who -deceased 1518, and was there buried in a vault by him prepared, with a -fair monument raised over him on the north side the choir, now destroyed -and gone: he gave by his testament one thousand pounds towards the -building up of that church, and yet not permitted a resting-place for -his bones there. Thomas Roman, mayor 1310, had a chantry there. Richard -Chawcer,[191] vintner, gave to that church his tenement and tavern, -with the appurtenance, in the Royal street, the corner of Kerion lane, -and was there buried 1348. John Briton; Ralph Holland, draper, one of -the sheriffs, deceased 1452; William Taylor, grocer, mayor, deceased -1483: he discharged that ward of fifteens to be paid by the poor. Thomas -Hinde, mercer, buried in St. Anthonies, gave ten fodder of lead to the -covering of the middle aisle of this Aldemarie church. Charles Blunt, -Lord Montjoy, was buried there about the year 1545; he made or glazed -the east window, as appeareth by his arms: his epitaph, made by him in -his lifetime, thus: - - "Willingly have I fought, and willingly have I found - The fatall end that wrought thither as dutie bound: - Discharged I am of that I ought to my country by honest wound, - My soule departed Christ hath bought, the end of man is ground." - -Sir William Laxton, grocer, mayor, deceased 1556, and Thomas Lodge, -grocer, mayor 1583, were buried in the vault of Henry Keble, whose bones -were unkindly cast out, and his monument pulled down;[192] in place -whereof monuments are set up of the later buried. William Blunt, Lord -Mountjoy, buried there 1594, etc. - -At the upper end of Hosier lane, toward Westcheape, is the fair parish -church of St. Mary Bow. This church, in the reign of William Conqueror, -being the first in this city built on arches of stone, was therefore -called New Marie church, of St. Marie de Arcubus,[193] or Le Bow, in -West Cheaping; as Stratford bridge being the first built (by Matilde the -queen, wife to Henry I.) with arches of stone, was called Stratford le -Bow; which names to the said church and bridge remaineth till this day. -The court of the Arches is kept in this church, and taketh name of the -place, not the place of the court; but of what antiquity or continuation -that court hath there continued I cannot learn. - -This church is of Cordwainer street ward, and for divers accidents -happening there, hath been made more famous than any other parish church -of the whole city or suburbs. First, we read, that in the year 1090, and -the 3rd of William Rufus, by tempest of wind, the roof of the church of -St. Marie Bow, in Cheape, was overturned, wherewith some persons were -slain, and four of the rafters, of twenty-six feet in length, with such -violence were pitched in the ground of the high street, that scantly -four feet of them remained above ground, which were fain to be cut even -with the ground, because they could not be plucked out (for the city of -London was not then paved, and a marish ground). - -In the year 1196, William Fitz Osbert, a seditious tailor, took the -steeple of Bow, and fortified it with munitions and victuals, but it -was assaulted, and William with his accomplices were taken, though not -without bloodshed, for he was forced by fire and smoke to forsake the -church; and then, by the judges condemned, he was by the heels drawn -to the Elms in Smithfield, and there hanged with nine of his fellows; -where, because his favourers came not to deliver him, he forsook Mary's -son (as he termed Christ our Saviour), and called upon the devil to help -and deliver him. Such was the end of this deceiver, a man of an evil -life, a secret murderer, a filthy fornicator, a pollutor of concubines, -and (amongst other his detestable facts) a false accuser of his elder -brother,[194] who had in his youth brought him up in learning, and done -many things for his preferment. - -In the year 1271, a great part of the steeple of Bow fell down, and -slew many people, men and women. In the year 1284, the 13th of Edward -I., Laurence Ducket, goldsmith, having grievously wounded one Ralph -Crepin in Westcheape, fled into Bow church; into the which in the night -time entered certain evil persons, friends unto the said Ralph, and -slew the said Laurence lying in the steeple, and then hanged him up, -placing him so by the window as if he had hanged himself, and so was it -found by inquisition; for the which fact Laurence Ducket, being drawn -by the feet, was buried in a ditch without the city; but shortly after, -by relation of a boy, who lay with the said Laurence at the time of -his death, and had hid him there for fear, the truth of the matter was -disclosed; for the which cause, Jordan Goodcheape, Ralph Crepin, Gilbert -Clarke, and Geffrey Clarke, were attainted; a certain woman named Alice, -that was chief causer of the said mischief, was burnt, and to the number -of sixteen men were drawn and hanged, besides others that being richer, -after long imprisonment, were hanged by the purse. - -The church was interdicted, the doors and windows were stopped up with -thorns, but Laurence was taken up, and honestly buried in the churchyard. - -The parish church of St. Mary Bow, by mean of incroachment and building -of houses, wanting room in their churchyard for burial of the dead, John -Rotham, or Rodham, citizen and tailor, by his testament, dated the year -1465, gave to the parson and churchwardens a certain garden in Hosier -lane to be a churchyard, which so continued near a hundred years; but -now is built on, and is a private man's house. The old steeple of this -church was by little and little re-edified, and new built up, at the -least so much as was fallen down, many men giving sums of money to the -furtherance thereof; so that at length, to wit, in the year 1469, it -was ordained by a common council that the Bow bell should be nightly -rung at nine of the clock. Shortly after, John Donne, mercer, by his -testament, dated 1472, according to the trust of Reginald Longdon, gave -to the parson and churchwardens of St. Mary Bow two tenements, with the -appurtenances, since made into one, in Hosier lane, then so called, to -the maintenance of Bow bell, the same to be rung as aforesaid, and other -things to be observed, as by the will appeareth. - -This bell being usually rung somewhat late, as seemed to the young men -'prentices, and other in Cheape, they made and set up a rhyme against -the clerk, as followeth: - - "Clarke of the Bow bell with the yellow lockes, - For thy late ringing thy head shall have knocks." - -Whereunto the clerk replying, wrote, - - "Children of Cheape, hold you all still, - For you shall have the Bow bell rung at your will." - -Robert Harding, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs 1478, gave to the new -work of that steeple forty pounds; John Haw, mercer, ten pounds; Doctor -Allen, four pounds; Thomas Baldry, four pounds, and other gave other -sums, so that the said work of the steeple was finished in the year -1512. The arches or bowes thereupon, with the lanthorns, five in number, -to wit, one at each corner, and one on the top in the middle upon -the arches, were also afterward finished of stone, brought from Caen -in Normandy, delivered at the Customers key for 4_s._ 8_d._ the ton; -William Copland, tailor, the king's merchant, and Andrew Fuller, mercer, -being churchwardens 1515 and 1516. It is said that this Copland gave the -great bell, which made the fifth in the ring, to be rung nightly at nine -of the clock. This bell was first rung as a knell at the burial of the -same Copland. It appeareth that the lanthorns on the top of this steeple -were meant to have been glazed, and lights in them placed nightly in -the winter, whereby travellers to the city might have the better sight -thereof, and not to miss of their ways. - -In this parish also was a grammar school, by commandment of King Henry -VI., which school was of old time kept in a house for that purpose -prepared in the churchyard; but that school being decayed, as others -about this city, the school-house was let out for rent, in the reign of -Henry VIII., for four shillings the year, a cellar for two shillings the -year, and two vaults under the church for fifteen shillings both. - -The monuments in this church be these; namely, of Sir John Coventrie, -mercer, mayor 1425; Richard Lambert, alderman; Nicholas Alwine, mercer, -mayor 1499; Robert Harding, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs 1478; John -Loke, one of the sheriffs 1461; Edward Bankes, alderman, haberdasher, -1566; John Warde; William Pierson, scrivener and attorney in the Common -Pleas. In a proper chapel on the south side the church standeth a tomb, -elevated and arched.[195] Ade de Buke, hatter, glazed the chapel and -most part of the church, and was there buried. All other monuments be -defaced. Hawley and Southam had chantries there. - -Without the north side of this church of St. Mary Bow, towards West -Cheape, standeth one fair building of stone, called in record Seldam, -a shed, which greatly darkeneth the said church; for by means thereof -all the windows and doors on that side are stopped up. King Edward III. -upon occasion, as shall be shown in the ward of Cheape, caused this sild -or shed to be made, and to be strongly built of stone, for himself, the -queen, and other estates to stand in, there to behold the joustings and -other shows at their pleasures. And this house for a long time after -served to that use, namely, in the reign of Edward III. and Richard II.; -but in the year 1410, Henry IV., in the 12th of his reign, confirmed the -said shed or building to Stephen Spilman, William Marchford, and John -Whateley, mercers, by the name of one New Seldam, shed, or building, -with shops, cellars, and edifices whatsoever appertaining, called -Crounsilde, or Tamersilde,[196] situate in the mercery in West Cheape, -and in the parish of St. Mary de Arcubus in London, etc. Notwithstanding -which grant, the kings of England, and other great estates, as well -of foreign countries, repairing to this realm, as inhabitants of the -same, have usually repaired to this place, therein to behold the shows -of this city passing through West Cheape, namely, the great watches -accustomed in the night, on the even of St. John Baptist, and St. Peter -at Midsummer, the examples whereof were over long to recite, wherefore -let it suffice briefly to touch one. In the year 1510, on St. John's -even, at night, King Henry VIII. came to this place, then called the -King's Head in Cheape, in the livery of a yeoman of the guard, with an -halbert on his shoulder (and there beholding the watch) departed privily -when the watch was done, and was not known to any but to whom it pleased -him; but on St. Peter's night next following, he and the queen came -royally riding to the said place, and there with their nobles beheld the -watch of the city, and returned in the morning. - -This church of St. Mary, with the said shed of stone, all the housing -in or about Bow church yard, and without on that side the high street -of Cheape to the Standard, be of Cordewainer street ward. These houses -were of old time but sheds; for I read of no housing otherwise on that -side the street, but of divers sheds from Sopar's lane to the Standard, -etc. Amongst other, I read of three shops or sheds by Sopar's lane, -pertaining to the priory of the Holy Trinity within Aldgate; the one -was let out for twenty-eight shillings, one other for twenty shillings, -and the third for twelve shillings, by the year. Moreover, that Richard -Goodchepe, mercer, and Margery his wife, son to Jordaine Goodchepe, did -let to John Dalinges the younger, mercer, their shed and chamber in West -Cheape, in the parish of St. Mary de Arches for three shillings and four -pence by the year. Also the men of Bread street ward contended with -the men of Cordwayner street ward for a seld or shed opposite to the -Standard, on the south side, and it was found to be of Cordwayner street -ward; W. Waldorne being then mayor, the 1st of Henry VI. Thus much for -Cordwainer street ward; which hath an alderman, his deputy, common -councillors eight, constables eight, scavengers eight, wardmote inquest -men fourteen, and a beadle. It standeth taxed to the fifteen in London -at L52 16_s._, in the Exchequer at L52 6_s._[197] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[190] "Gray sope made in London dearer than bought from -Bristol."--_Stow._ - -[191] "Richard Chaucer, father to Geffrey Chaucer, the poet, as may be -supposed."--_Stow._ - -[192] "Sir William Laxton, grocer, mayor, deceased 1556, was buried in -the vault prepared by Henry Keble, principall founder of that church, -for himself, but now his bones are unkindly cast out, his monuments -pulled downe, and the bodies of the said Sir William Laxton, and of Sir -Thomas Lodge, grocer, mayor, are laid in place, with monuments over them -for the time, till an other give money for their place, and then away -with them."--_1st edition_, p. 199. - -[193] "Called _de Arcubus_ of the stone arches or bowes on the top of -the steeple or bell tower thereof, which arching was as well on the old -steeple as on the new, for no other part of the church seemeth to have -been arched at any time; yet hath the said church never been knowne by -any other name than St. Mary Bow, or le Bow; neither is that church so -called of the court there kept, but the said court taketh name of the -place wherein it is kept, and is called the Court of Arches."--_1st -edition_, p. 203. - -[194] "A false accuser of his elder brother, in the end was -hanged."--_Stow._ - -In his first edition, p. 203, this note is continued as follows: "God -amend, or shortly send such an end to such false brethren." - -[195] "Of some unknowne founder."--_1st edition_, p. 205. - -[196] "And in the 8th of the same Henry called Tamarsilde."--_1st -edition_, p. 206. - -[197] "In London at L72 16_s._, in the Exchequer at L72."--_1st -edition_, p. 207. - - - - -CHEAPE WARD - - -Next adjoining is Cheape ward, and taketh name of the market there kept, -called West Cheping. This ward also beginneth in the east, on the course -of Walbrooke in Buckles bury, and runneth up on both the sides to the -great conduit in Cheape. Also on the south side of Buckles bury, a lane -turning up by St. Sithes church, and by St. Pancrates church, through -Needler's lane, on the north side thereof, and then through a piece of -Sopar's lane, on both sides up to Cheape, be all of Cheape ward. - -Then to begin again in the east upon the said course of Walbrooke, -is St. Mildred's church in the Poultrie, on the north side, and over -against the said church gate, on the south, to pass up all that high -street called the Poultrie, to the great conduit in Cheape, and then -Cheape itself, which beginneth by the east end of the said conduit, and -stretcheth up to the north-east corner of Bow lane on the south side, -and to the Standard on the north side; and thus far to the west is of -Cheape ward. - -On the south side of this high street is no lane turning south out of -this ward, more than some portion of Sopar's lane, whereof I have before -written. But on the north side of this high street is Conyhope lane, -about one quarter of Old Jury lane on the west side, and on the east -side almost as much, to the sign of the Angel. Then is Ironmonger's -lane, all wholly on both sides, and from the north end thereof through -Catton street, west to the north end of St. Lawrence lane, and some four -houses west beyond the same on that side, and over against Ironmonger's -lane end on the north side of Catton street up by the Guildhall and St. -Lawrence church in the Jurie, is altogether of Cheape ward. Then again -in Cheape, more towards the west, is of St. Lawrence lane before named, -which is all wholly of this ward. And last of all is Hony lane, and up -to the Standard on the north side of Cheape. And so stand the bounds of -Cheape ward. - -Now for antiquities there. First is Buckles bury, so called of a manor -and tenements pertaining to one Buckle, who there dwelt and kept his -courts. This manor is supposed to be the great stone building, yet in -part remaining on the south side of the street, which of late time hath -been called the Old Barge, of such a sign hanged out near the gate -thereof. This manor or great house hath of long time been divided and -letten out into many tenements; and it hath been a common speech, that -when Walbrooke did lie open, barges were rowed out of the Thames, or -towed up so far, and therefore the place hath ever since been called the -Old Barge. - -Also on the north side of this street, directly over against the said -Buckles bury, was one ancient and strong tower of stone, the which -tower King Edward III., in the 18th of his reign, by the name of the -king's house, called Cornette stoure in London, did appoint to be his -Exchange of money there to be kept. In the 29th he granted it to Frydus -Guynysane and Landus Bardoile, merchants of Luke, for twenty pounds the -year. And in the 32nd he gave the same tower to his college or free -chapel of St. Stephen at Westminster, by the name of Cernet's Tower at -Buckles bury in London. This tower of late years was taken down by one -Buckle, a grocer, meaning in place thereof to have set up and built a -goodly frame of timber; but the said Buckle greedily labouring to pull -down the old tower, a part thereof fell upon him, which so sore bruised -him that his life was thereby shortened, and another that married his -widow set up the new prepared frame of timber, and finished the work. - -This whole street called Buckles bury on both the sides throughout is -possessed of grocers and apothecaries towards the west end thereof: on -the south side breaketh out one other short lane, called in records -Peneritch street; it reacheth but to St. Sythe's lane, and St. Sythe's -church is the farthest part thereof, for by the west end of the said -church beginneth Needlar's lane, which reacheth to Sopar's lane, as is -aforesaid. This small parish church of St. Sith hath also an addition of -Bennet shorne (or Shrog or Shorehog), for by all these names have I read -it, but the most ancient is Shorne, wherefore it seemeth to take that -name of one Benedict Shorne, sometime a citizen and stock-fishmonger of -London, a new builder, repairer, or benefactor thereof, in the reign -of Edward II., so that Shorne is but corruptly called Shrog, and more -corruptly Shorehog. - -There lie buried in this church, John Froysh, mercer, mayor 1394; John -Rochford and Robert Rochford; John Hold, alderman: Henry Froweke, -mercer, mayor 1435; Edward Warrington; John Morrice; John Huntley; -Richard Lincoln, fellmonger, 1546; Sir Ralph Warren, mercer, mayor -1553; Sir John Lion, grocer, mayor 1554: these two last have monuments, -the rest are all defaced. Edward Hall, gentleman of Greyes inn, common -sergeant of this city, and then under-sheriff of the same; he wrote the -large chronicles from Richard II. till the end of Henry VIII., and was -buried in this church. - -Then in Needelars lane have ye the parish church of St. Pancrate, a -proper small church, but divers rich parishioners therein, and hath had -of old time many liberal benefactors, but of late such as (not regarding -the order taken by her majesty), the least bell in their church being -broken, have rather sold the same[198] for half the value than put the -parish to charge with new casting; late experience hath proved this to -be true, besides the spoil of monuments there. In this church are buried -Sir Aker; John Aker; John Barens, mercer, mayor 1370; John Beston and -his wife; Robert Rayland; John Hamber; John Gage; John Rowley; John -Lambe; John Hadley, grocer, mayor 1379; Richard Gardener, mercer, mayor -1478; John Stockton, mercer, mayor 1470; John Dane, mercer; John Parker; -Robert Marshall, alderman, 1439; Robert Corcheforde; Robert Hatfielde; -and Robert Hatfield; Nicholas Wilfilde, and Thomas his son; the -monuments of all which be defaced and gone. There do remain of Robert -Burley, 1360; Richard Wilson, 1525; Robert Packenton, mercer, slain with -a gun shot at him in a morning,[199] as he was going to morrow mass -from his house in Cheape to St. Thomas of Acars, in the year 1536; the -murderer was never discovered, but by his own confession made when he -came to the gallows at Banbury to be hanged for felony; T. Wardbury, -haberdasher, 1545; James Huish, grocer, 1590; Ambrose Smith, etc. Then -is a part of Soper's lane turning up to Cheape. - -By the assent of Stephen Abunden, mayor, the Pepperers in Soper's lane -were admitted to sell all such spices and other wares as grocers now use -to sell, retaining the old name of pepperers in Soper's lane, till at -length, in the reign of Henry VI., the same Soper's lane was inhabited -by cordwainers and curriers, after that the pepperers or grocers had -seated themselves in a more open street, to wit, in Buckles bury, where -they yet remain. Thus much for the south wing of Cheape ward. - -Now to begin again on the bank of the said Walbrooke, at the east end -of the high street called the Poultrie, on the north side thereof, is -the proper parish church of St. Mildred, which church was new built upon -Walbrooke in the year 1457. John Saxton their parson gave thirty-two -pounds towards the building of the new choir, which now standeth upon -the course of Walbrooke. Lovell and Puery, and Richard Keston, have -their arms in the east window as benefactors. The roofing of that -church is garnished with the arms of Thomas Archehull, one of the -churchwardens in the year 1455, who was there buried; Thomas Morsted, -esquire, and chirurgeon to King Henry IV., V., and VI., one of the -sheriff's of London in the year 1436, gave unto this church a parcel -of ground, containing in length from the course of Walbrooke toward the -west forty-five feet, and in breadth from the church toward the north -thirty-five feet, being within the gate called Scalding wike, in the -said parish, to make a churchyard wherein to bury their dead. Richard -Shore, draper, one of the sheriffs 1505, gave fifteen pounds for making -a porch to this church. Salomon Lanuare had a chantry there in the 14th -of Edward II. Hugh Game had one other. Buried here, as appeareth by -monuments, John Hildye, poulter, 1416; John Kendall, 1468; John Garland, -1476; Robert Bois, 1485, and Simon Lee, poulters, 1487; Thomas Lee of -Essex, gentleman: William Hallingridge; Christopher Feliocke, 1494; -Robert Draiton, skinner, 1484; John Christopherson, doctor of physic, -1524; William Turner, skinner, 1536; Blase White, grocer, 1558; Thomas -Hobson, haberdasher, 1559; William Hobson, haberdasher, 1581; Thomas -Tusser, 1580, with this epitaph:-- - - "Here Thomas Tusser, clad in earth, doth lie, - That sometime made the Poyntes of Husbandrie; - By him then learne thou maist, here learne we must, - When all is done we sleepe and turne to dust, - And yet through Christ to heaven we hope to go, - Who reades his bookes shall find his faith was so." - -On the north side of the churchyard remain two tombs of marble, but not -known of whom, or otherwise than by tradition it is said, they were of -Thomas Monshampe and William, brothers, about 1547, etc. - -Some four houses west from this parish church of St. Mildred is a prison -house pertaining to one of the sheriffs of London, and is called the -Compter in the Poultrie. This hath been there kept and continued time -out of mind, for I have not read of the original thereof. West from -this compter was a proper chapel, called of Corpus Christi, and St. -Mary, at Conyhope lane end, in the parish of St. Mildred, founded by one -named Ion. Irunnes, a citizen of London, in the reign of Edward III., -in which chapel was a guild or fraternity, that might dispend in lands -better than twenty pounds by year: it was suppressed by Henry VIII., and -purchased by one Thomas Hobson, haberdasher; he turned this chapel into -a fair warehouse and shops towards the street, with lodgings over them. - -Then is Conyhope lane, of old time so called of such a sign of three -conies hanging over a poulterer's stall at the lane's end. Within this -lane standeth the Grocers' hall, which company being of old time called -Pepperers, were first incorporated by the name of Grocers in the year -1345, at which time they elected for custos, or guardian, of their -fraternity, Richard Oswin and Laurence Haliwell, and twenty brethren -were then taken in to be of their society. In the year 1411, the custos, -or guardian, and the brethren of this company, purchased of the Lord Ro. -Fitzwaters one plot of ground, with the building thereupon, in the said -Conyhope lane, for three hundred and twenty marks, and then laid the -foundation of their new common hall. - -About the year 1429, the Grocers had license to purchase five hundred -marks land, since the which time, near adjoining unto the Grocers' -hall, the said company had built seven proper houses for seven aged -poor alms people. Thomas Knowles, grocer, mayor, gave his tenement in -St. Anthonie's churchyard to the Grocers, towards the relief of the -poor brethren in that company. Also H. Keeble, grocer, mayor, gave to -the seven alms people six pence the piece weekly forever; which pension -is now increased by the masters, to some of them two shillings the -piece weekly, and to some of them less, etc. Henry Adie, grocer, 1563, -gave one thousand marks to the Grocers to purchase lands. And Sir John -Pechie, knight banneret, free of that company, gave them five hundred -pounds to certain uses; he built alms houses at Ludingstone in Kent, and -was there buried. - -West from this Conyhope lane is the Old Jurie, whereof some portion is -of Cheape ward, as afore is showed: at the south end of this lane is the -parish church of St. Mary Colechurch, named of one Cole that built it; -this church is built upon a wall above ground, so that men are forced -to go to ascend up thereunto by certain steps. I find no monuments of -this church, more than that Henry IV. granted license to William Marshal -and others, to found a brotherhood of St. Katherine therein, because -Thomas Becket, and St. Edmond, the archbishop, were baptized there. -More, I read of Bordhangly lane, to be in that parish. And thus much for -the north side of the Poultrie. The south side of the said Poultrie, -beginning on the bank of the said brook over against the parish church -of St. Mildred, passing up to the great conduit, hath divers fair -houses, which were sometimes inhabited by poulters, but now by grocers, -haberdashers, and upholsters. - -At the west end of this Poultrie, and also of Buckles bury, beginneth -the large street of West Cheaping, a market place so called, which -street stretcheth west till ye come to the little conduit by Paul's -gate, but not all of Chepe ward. In the east part of this street -standeth the great conduit of sweet water, conveyed by pipes of -lead under ground from Paddington[200] for the service of this city, -castellated with stone, and cisterned in lead, about the year 1285, and -again new built and enlarged by Thomas Ilam, one of the sheriffs 1479. - -About the midst of this street is the Standard in Cheape, of what -antiquity the first foundation I have not read. But Henry VI. by -his patent dated at Windsor the 21st of his reign, which patent was -confirmed by parliament 1442, granted license to Thomas Knolles, John -Chichle, and other, executors to John Wels, grocer, sometime mayor -of London, with his goods to make new the highway which leadeth from -the city of London towards the palace of Westminster, before and nigh -the manor of Savoy, parcel of the Duchy of Lancaster, a way then very -ruinous, and the pavement broken, to the hurt and mischief of the -subjects, which old pavement then remaining in that way within the -length of five hundred feet, and all the breadth of the same before and -nigh the site of the manor aforesaid, they to break up, and with stone, -gravel, and other stuff, one other good and sufficient way there to make -for the commodity of the subjects. - -And further, that the Standard in Cheape, where divers executions of the -law before time had been performed, which Standard at the present was -very ruinous with age, in which there was a conduit, should be taken -down, and another competent standard of stone, together with a conduit -in the same of new, strongly to be built, for the commodity and honour -of the city, with the goods of the said testator, without interruption, -etc. - -Of executions at the Standard in Cheape, we read, that in the year -1293 three men had their right hands smitten off there, for rescuing -of a prisoner arrested by an officer of the city. In the year 1326, -the burgesses of London caused Walter Stapleton, Bishop of Excester, -treasurer to Edward II., and other, to be beheaded at the standard in -Cheape (but this was by Paul's gate); in the year 1351, the 26th of -Edward III., two fishmongers were beheaded at the standard in Cheape, -but I read not of their offence; 1381, Wat Tyler beheaded Richard Lions -and other there. In the year 1399, Henry IV. caused the blanch charters -made by Richard II. to be burnt there. In the year 1450, Jack Cade, -captain of the Kentish rebels, beheaded the Lord Say there. In the -year 1461, John Davy had his hand stricken off there, because he had -stricken a man before the judges at Westminster, etc. - -Then next is a great cross in West Cheape, which cross was there erected -in the year 1290 by Edward I. upon occasion thus:--Queen Elianor his -wife died at Hardeby (a town near unto the city of Lincoln), her body -was brought from thence to Westminster; and the king, in memory of her, -caused in every place where her body rested in the way, a stately cross -of stone to be erected, with the queen's image and arms upon it, as at -Grantham, Woborne, Northampton, Stony Stratford, Dunstable, St. Albones, -Waltham, West Cheape, and at Charing, from whence she was conveyed to -Westminster, and there buried. - -This cross in West Cheape being like to those other which remain to -this day, and being by length of time decayed, John Hatherly, mayor -of London, procured, in the year 1441, license of King Henry VI. to -re-edify the same in more beautiful manner for the honour of the city, -and had license also to take up two hundred fodder of lead for the -building thereof of certain conduits, and a common garnery. This cross -was then curiously wrought at the charges of divers citizens: John -Fisher, mercer, gave six hundred marks toward it; the same was begun to -be set up 1484, and finished 1486, the 2nd of Henry VII. It was new gilt -over in the year 1522, against the coming of Charles V., emperor; in -the year 1553, against the coronation of Queen Anne;[201] new burnished -against the coronation of Edward VI.; and again new gilt 1554, against -the coming in of King Philip; since the which time the said cross having -been presented by divers juries (or inquests of wardmote) to stand in -the high way to the let of carriages (as they alleged), but could not -have it removed, it followed that in the year 1581, the 21st of June, -in the night, the lowest images round about the said cross (being of -Christ's resurrection, of the Virgin Mary, King Edward the Confessor, -and such like) were broken and defaced, proclamation was made, that -who so would bewray the doers, should have forty crowns, but nothing -came to light; the image of the Blessed Virgin, at that time robbed of -her Son, and her arms broken, by which she stayed him on her knees; -her whole body also was haled with ropes, and left likely to fall, -but in the year 1595 was again fastened and repaired; and in the year -next following a new misshapen son, as born out of time, all naked, was -laid in her arms, the other images remaining broke as afore. But on the -east side of the same cross, the steps taken thence, under the image -of Christ's resurrection defaced, was then set up a curiously wrought -tabernacle of grey marble, and in the same an image alabaster of Diana, -and water conveyed from the Thames prilling from her naked breast for a -time, but now decayed. - -In the year 1599, the timber of the cross at the top being rotted -within the lead, the arms thereof bending, were feared to have fallen -to the harming of some people, and therefore the whole body of the -cross was scaffolded about, and the top thereof taken down, meaning -in place thereof to have set up a piramis; but some of her majesty's -honourable councillors directed their letters to Sir Nicholas Mosley, -then mayor, by her highness' express commandment concerning the cross, -forthwith to be repaired, and placed again as it formerly stood, etc.; -notwithstanding the said cross stood headless more than a year after: -whereupon the said councillors, in greater number, meaning not any -longer to permit the continuance of such a contempt, wrote to William -Rider, then mayor, requiring him, by virtue of her highness' said former -direction and commandment, that without any further delay to accomplish -the same her majesty's most princely care therein, respecting especially -the antiquity and continuance of that monument, an ancient ensign of -Christianity, etc. Dated the 24th of December, 1600. After this a cross -of timber was framed, set up, covered with lead, and gilded, the body of -the cross downward cleansed of dust, the scaffold carried thence. About -twelve nights following, the image of Our Lady was again defaced, by -plucking off her crown, and almost her head, taking from her her naked -child, and stabbing her in the breast, etc. Thus much for the cross in -West Cheape. - -Then at the west end of West Cheape street, was sometime a cross of -stone, called the Old Cross. Raph Higden, in his _Policronicon_, saith, -that Waltar Stapleton, Bishop of Excester, treasurer to Edward II., was -by the burgesses of London beheaded at this cross called the Standard, -without the north door of St. Paul's church; and so is it noted in other -writers that then lived. This old cross stood and remained at the east -end of the parish church called St. Michael in the corner by Paule's -gate, near to the north end of the old Exchange, till the year 1390, the -13th of Richard II., in place of which old cross then taken down, the -said church of St. Michael was enlarged, and also a fair water conduit -built about the 9th of Henry VI. - -In the reign of Edward III. divers joustings were made in this street, -betwixt Sopar's lane and the great cross, namely, one in the year 1331, -the 21st of September, as I find noted by divers writers of that time. -In the middle of the city of London (say they), in a street called -Cheape, the stone pavement being covered with sand, that the horses -might not slide when they strongly set their feet to the ground, the -king held a tournament three days together, with the nobility, valiant -men of the realm, and other some strange knights. And to the end the -beholders might with the better ease see the same, there was a wooden -scaffold erected across the street, like unto a tower, wherein Queen -Philippa, and many other ladies, richly attired, and assembled from -all parts of the realm, did stand to behold the jousts; but the higher -frame, in which the ladies were placed, brake in sunder, whereby they -were with some shame forced to fall down, by reason whereof the knights, -and such as were underneath, were grievously hurt; wherefore the queen -took great care to save the carpenters from punishment, and through her -prayers (which she made upon her knees) pacified the king and council, -and thereby purchased great love of the people. After which time the -king caused a shed to be strongly made of stone, for himself, the queen, -and other estates to stand on, and there to behold the joustings, and -other shows, at their pleasure, by the church of St. Mary Bow, as is -showed in Cordwainer street ward. Thus much for the high street of -Cheape. - -Now let us return to the south side of Cheape ward. From the great -conduit west be many fair and large houses, for the most part possessed -of mercers up to the corner of Cordwainer street, corruptly called -Bow lane, which houses in former times were but sheds or shops, with -solers[202] over them, as of late one of them remained at Sopar's lane -end, wherein a woman sold seeds, roots, and herbs; but those sheds or -shops, by encroachments on the high street, are now largely built on -both sides outward, and also upward, some three, four, or five stories -high. - -Now of the north side of Cheape street and ward, beginning at the great -conduit, and by St. Mary Cole church, where we left. Next thereunto -westward is the Mercers' chapel, sometime an hospital, intituled of -St. Thomas of Acon, or Acars, for a master and brethren, "_Militia -hospitalis_," etc., saith the record of Edward III., the 14th year; it -was founded by Thomas Fitzthebald de Heili, and Agnes his wife, sister -to Thomas Becket, in the reign of Henry II.; they gave to the master -and brethren the lands, with the appurtenances that sometimes were -Gilbart Becket's, father to the said Thomas, in the which he was born, -there to make a church. There was a charnel, and a chapel over it, of -St. Nicholas and St. Stephen. This hospital was valued to dispend L277 -3_s._ 4_d._, surrendered the 30th of Henry VIII.: the 21st of October, -and was since purchased by the Mercers, by means of Sir Richard Gresham, -and was again set open on the eve of St. Michael, 1541, the 33rd of -Henry VIII.: it is now called the Mercers' chapel; therein is kept a -free grammar school, as of old time had been accustomed, commanded by -parliament.[203] Here be many monuments remaining, but more have been -defaced:--James Butler, Earl of Ormond, and Dame Joan his countess, -1428; John Norton, esquire; Stephen Cavendish, draper, mayor 1362; -Thomas Cavendish; William Cavendish; Thomas Ganon, called Pike, one -of the sheriffs 1410; Hungate, of Yorkshire; Ambrose Cresacre; John -Chester, draper; John Trusbut, mercer, 1437; Tho. Norland, sheriff 1483; -Sir Edmond Sha, goldsmith, mayor 1482; Sir Thomas Hill, mayor 1485; -Thomas Ilam, sheriff 1479;[204] Lancelot Laken, esquire; Raph Tilney, -sheriff 1488; Garth, esquire; John Rich; Thomas Butler, Earl of Ormond, -1515; Sir W. Butler, grocer, mayor 1515; W. Browne, mercer, mayor 1513; -John Loke, 1519;[205] Sir T. Baldry, mercer, mayor 1523; Sir W. Locke, -mercer, sheriff 1548; Sir John Allen, mercer, mayor 1525, deceased 1544; -Sir Thomas Leigh, mercer, mayor 1558; Sir Richard Malory, mercer, mayor -1564; Humf. Baskervile, mercer, sheriff 1561; Sir G. Bond, mayor 1587; -etc. - -Before this hospital, towards the street, was built a fair and beautiful -chapel, arched over with stone, and thereupon the Mercers' hall, a most -curious piece of work; Sir John Allen, mercer, being founder of that -chapel, was there buried; but since his tomb is removed thence into the -body of the hospital church, and his chapel, divided into shops, is -letten out for rent. - -These Mercers were enabled to be a company, and to purchase lands to -the value of twenty pounds the year, the 17th of Richard II.; they -had three messuages and shops in the parish of St. Martin Oteswitch, -in the ward of Bishopsgate, for the sustentation of the poor, and a -chantry of the 22nd of Richard II. Henry IV., in the 12th of his reign, -confirmed to Stephen Spilman, W. Marchford, and John Whatile, mercers, -by the name of one new seldam, shed, or building, with shops, cellars, -and edifices whatsoever appertaining called Crownsild, situate in the -Mercery in West Cheape, in the parish of St. Mary de Arcubus in London, -etc., to be holden in burgage, as all the city of London is, and which -were worth by year in all issues, according to the true value of them, -L7 13_s._ 4_d._, as found by inquisition before T. Knolles, mayor, and -escheator in the said city. Henry VI., in the 3rd of his reign, at the -request of John Coventrie, John Carpenter, and William Grove, granted -to the Mercers to have a chaplain and a brotherhood, for relief of such -of their company as came to decay by misfortune on the sea. In the year -1536, on St. Peter's night, King Henry VIII. and Queen Jane his wife, -stood in this Mercers' hall, then new built, and beheld the marching -watch of this city most bravely set out, Sir John Allen, mercer, one of -the king's council, being mayor. - -Next beyond the Mercers' chapel, and their hall, is Ironmonger lane, so -called of ironmongers dwelling there, whereof I read, in the reign of -Edward I., etc. In this lane is the small parish church of St. Martin -called Pomary, upon what occasion I certainly know not. It is supposed -to be of apples growing where houses are now lately built; for myself -have seen large void places there. Monuments in that church none to be -accounted of. - -Farther west is St. Laurence lane, so called of St. Laurence church, -which standeth directly over against the north end thereof. Antiquities -in this lane I find none other, than that among many fair houses, there -is one large inn for receipt of travellers called Blossoms inn, but -corruptly Bosoms inn, and hath to sign St. Laurence the Deacon, in a -border of blossoms or flowers. - -Then near to the Standard in Cheape is Honey lane, so called, not of -sweetness thereof, being very narrow, and somewhat dark, but rather of -often washing and sweeping, to keep it clean. In this lane is the small -parish church called Alhallows in Honey lane; there be no monuments in -this church worth the noting. I find that John Norman, draper, mayor -1453, was buried there; he gave to the Drapers his tenements on the -north side the said church, they to allow for the beam light and lamp, -13_s._ 4_d._ yearly from this lane to the Standard. And thus much for -Cheape ward in the high street of Cheape, for it stretcheth no farther. - -Now for the north wing of Cheape ward have ye Catte street, corruptly -called Catteten street, which beginneth at the north end of Ironmonger -lane, and runneth to the west end of St. Lawrence church, as is afore -showed. - -On the north side of the street is the Guildhall, wherein the courts -for the city be kept, namely, 1. The court of common council; 2. The -court of the lord mayor and his brethren the aldermen; 3. The court -of hustings; 4. The court of orphans; 5. The court of the sheriff; 6. -The court of the wardmote; 7. The court of hallmote; 8. The court of -requests, commonly called the court of conscience; 9. The chamberlain's -court for apprentices, and making them free. This Guildhall, saith -Robert Fabian, was begun to be built new in the year 1411, the 12th of -Henry IV., by Thomas Knoles, then mayor, and his brethren the aldermen: -the same was made, of a little cottage, a large and great house, as -now it standeth; towards the charges whereof the companies gave large -benevolences; also offences of men were pardoned for sums of money -towards this work, extraordinary fees were raised, fines, amercements, -and other things employed during seven years, with a continuation -thereof three years more, all to be employed to this building. - -The 1st year of Henry VI., John Coventrie and John Carpenter, executors -to Richard Whitington, gave towards the paving of this great hall twenty -pounds, and the next year fifteen pounds more, to the said pavement, -with hard stone of Purbeck; they also glazed some windows thereof, -and of the mayor's court; on every which windows the arms of Richard -Whitington are placed. The foundation of the mayor's court was laid in -the 3rd year of the reign of Henry VI., and of the porch on the south -side of the mayor's court, in the 4th of the said king. Then was built -the mayor's chamber, and the council chamber, with other rooms above the -stairs; last of all a stately porch entering the great hall was erected, -the front thereof towards the south being beautified with images of -stone, such as is showed by these verses following, made about some -thirty years since by William Elderton, at that time an attorney in the -sheriffs' courts there:-- - - "Though most of the images be pulled down, - And none be thought remayne in towne, - I am sure there be in London yet, - Seven images in such and in such a place; - And few or none I think will hit, - Yet every day they show their face, - And thousands see them every year, - But few I thinke can tell me where, - Where Jesu Christ aloft doth stand: - Law and Learning on eyther hand, - Discipline in the Devil's necke, - And hard by her are three direct, - There Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance stand, - Where find ye the like in all this land?" - -Divers aldermen glazed the great hall and other courts, as appeareth -by their arms in each window. William Hariot, draper, mayor 1481, gave -forty pounds to the making of two loovers in the said Guildhall, and -towards the glazing thereof. The kitchens and other houses of office -adjoining to this Guildhall, were built of later time, to wit, about -the year 1501, by procurement of Sir John Sha, goldsmith, mayor (who -was the first that kept his feast there); towards the charges of -which work the mayor had of the fellowships of the city, by their own -agreement, certain sums of money, as of the Mercers forty pounds, the -Grocers twenty pounds, the Drapers thirty pounds, and so of the other -fellowships through the city, as they were of power. Also widows and -other well-disposed persons gave certain sums of money, as the Lady -Hill ten pounds, the Lady Austrie ten pounds, and so of many other, -till the work was finished, since the which time the mayor's feasts -have been yearly kept there, which before time had been kept in the -Tailors' hall, and in the Grocers' hall. Nicholas Alwyn, grocer, mayor -1499, deceased 1505, gave by his testament for a hanging of tapestry, -to serve for principal days in the Guildhall, L73 6_s._ 8_d._ How this -gift was performed I have not heard, for executors of our time having no -conscience (I speak of my own knowledge) prove more testaments than they -perform. - -Now for the chapel or college of our Lady Mary Magdalen, and of All -Saints, by the Guildhall, called London college, I read that the same -was built about the year 1299, and that Peter Fanelore, Adam Frauncis, -and Henry Frowike, citizens, gave one messuage, with the appurtenances, -in the parish of St. Fawstar, to William Brampton, custos of the -chantry, by them founded in the said chapel with four chaplains, and one -other house in the parish of St. Giles without Cripplegate, in the 27th -of Edward III., was given to them. Moreover, I find that Richard II., in -the 20th of his reign, granted to Stephen Spilman, mercer, license to -give one messuage, three shops, and one garden, with the appurtenances, -being in the parish of St. Andrew Hubbard, to the custos and chaplains -of the said chapel, and to their successors, for their better relief and -maintenance for ever. - -King Henry VI., in the 8th of his reign, gave license to John Barnard, -custos, and the chaplains, to build of new the said chapel or college of -Guildhall: and the same Henry VI., in the 27th of his reign, granted to -the parish clerks in London a guild of St. Nicholas, for two chaplains -by them to be kept in the said chapel of St. Mary Magdalen, near unto -the Guildhall, and to keep seven alms people. Henry Barton, skinner, -mayor, founded a chaplaincy there; Roger Depham, mercer, and Sir William -Langford, knight, had also chaplaincies there. This chapel or college -had a custos, seven chaplains, three clerks, and four choristers. - -Monuments there have been sundry, as appeareth by the tombs of marble -yet remaining, seven in number, but all defaced. The uppermost in the -choir, on the south side thereof, above the revestry door, was the tomb -of John Wells, grocer, mayor 1451. The likeness of Wells are graven -on the tomb on the revestry door, and other places on that side the -choir. Also in the glass window over this tomb, and in the east window, -is the likeness of Wells, with hands elevated out of the same Wells, -holding scrolls, wherein is written "Mercy!"--the writing in the east -window being broken, yet remaineth Wells. I found his arms also in the -south glass window; all which do show that the east end and south side -the choir of this chapel, and the revestry, were by him both built -and glazed. On the north side the choir the tomb of Thomas Knesworth, -fishmonger, mayor 1505, who deceased 1515, was defaced, and within these -forty-four years again renewed by the Fishmongers. Two other tombs lower -there are; the one of a draper, the other of a haberdasher, their names -not known. Richard Stomine is written in the window by the haberdasher. -Under flat stones do lie divers custos of the chapel, chaplains and -officers to the chamber. Amongst others, John Clipstone, priest, -sometime custos of the library of the Guildhall, 1457; another of Edmond -Alison, priest, one of the custos of the library, 1510, etc. Sir John -Langley, goldsmith, mayor 1576, lieth buried in the vault, under the -tomb of John Wells before-named. This chapel, or college, valued to -dispend L15 8_s._ 9_d._ by the year, was surrendered amongst other: the -chapel remaineth to the mayor and commonalty, wherein they have service -weekly, as also at the election of the mayor, and at the mayor's feast, -etc. - -Adjoining to this chapel, on the south side, was sometime a fair and -large library, furnished with books, pertaining to the Guildhall and -college. These books, as it is said, were in the reign of Edward VI. -sent for by Edward, Duke of Somerset, lord protector, with promise to -be restored: men laded from thence three carries with them, but they -were never returned. This library was built by the executors of Richard -Whittington, and by William Burie: the arms of Whittington are placed on -the one side in the stone work, and two letters, to wit, W. and B., for -William Bury, on the other side: it is now lofted through, and made a -storehouse for clothes. - -South-west from this Guildhall is the fair parish church of St. -Laurence, called in the Jury, because of old time[206] many Jews -inhabited thereabout. This church is fair and large, and hath some -monuments, as shall be shown. I myself, more than seventy years -since,[207] have seen in this church the shank-bone of a man (as it -is taken), and also a tooth,[208] of a very great bigness, hanged up -for show in chains of iron, upon a pillar of stone; the tooth (being -about the bigness of a man's fist) is long since conveyed from thence: -the thigh, or shank-bone, of twenty-five inches in length by the rule, -remaineth yet fastened to a post of timber, and is not so much to be -noted for the length as for the thickness, hardness, and strength -thereof; for when it was hanged on the stone pillar it fretted with -moving the said pillar, and was not itself fretted, nor, as seemeth, -is not yet lightened by remaining dry; but where or when this bone was -first found or discovered I have not heard, and therefore, rejecting -the fables of some late writers, I overpass them. Walter Blundell -had a chantry there, the 14th of Edward II. There lie buried in this -church--Elizabeth, wife to John Fortescue; Katherine Stoketon; John -Stratton; Philip Albert; John Fleming; Philip Agmondesham; William -Skywith; John Norlong; John Baker; Thomas Alleyne; William Barton, -mercer, 1410; William Melrith, mercer, one of the sheriffs, 1425; Simon -Bartlet, mercer, 1428; Walter Chartsey, draper, one of the sheriffs -1430; Richard Rich, esquire, of London, the father, and Richard Rich, -his son, mercer, one of the sheriffs 1442, deceased 1469, with this -epitaph: - - "Respice quod opus est praesentis temporis aeuum, - Omne quod est, nihil est praeter amare Deum." - -This Richard was father to John, buried in St. Thomas Acars, which -John was father to Thomas, father to Richard Lord Ritch, etc.; John -Pickering, honourable for service of his prince and for the English -merchants beyond the seas, who deceased 1448; Godfrey Bollen, mercer, -mayor 1457; Thomas Bollen, his son, esquire, of Norfolk, 1471; John -Atkenson, gentleman; Dame Mary St. Maure; John Waltham; Roger Bonifant; -John Chayhee; John Abbot; Geffrey Filding, mayor 1452, and Angell his -wife; Simon Benington, draper, and Joan his wife; John Marshal, mercer, -mayor 1493; William Purchat, mayor 1498; Thomas Burgoyne, gentleman, -mercer, 1517; the wife of a master of defence, servant to the Princess -of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall, and Countess of Chester;[209] Sir Richard -Gresham, mayor 1537; Sir Michell Dormer, mayor 1541; Robert Charsey, one -of the sheriffs 1548; Sir William Row, ironmonger, mayor 1593; Samuel -Thornhill, 1397. Thus much for Cheape ward, which hath an alderman, -his deputy, common councillors eleven, constables eleven, scavengers -nine, for the wardmote inquest twelve, and a beadle. It is taxed to the -fifteen at L72 16_s._, and in the Exchequer at L52 11_s._[210] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[198] "Justices charged to punish such as sel bels from their churches, -Elizabeth 14."--_Stow._ - -[199] "The 13th of November."--_1st edition_, p. 210. - -[200] "This conduite was the first sweete water that was conveyed -by pipes of lead under ground to this place in the citie from -Paddington."--_1st edition_, p. 210. - -[201] This is obviously an error. It occurs in the first edition, is -repeated in that of 1603, and by Anthony Munday, in his edition of 1618. -Strype (vol. i. book iii. p. 35), endeavours to correct it, by reading -"Mary," who was crowned in 1553, instead of Anne. The error, however, is -in the date, which should be 1533, the year of Anne Boleyn's coronation, -as we learn from the description of that ceremony given by Stow in his -_Annals_, "that she went forward by the crosse which was _newly gilt_." - -[202] _Soler_ is described by Tyrwhitt, in his edition of Chaucer's -_Canterbury Tales_, as originally signifying an open gallery or balcony -at the top of the house, though latterly used for any upper room, loft, -or garret. Tyrwhitt refers in his Glossary, to the _Cook's Tale of -Gamelyn_, for an authority for the use of the word in the latter sense-- - - "He fleigh up until alofte, - And shet the dore fast. - - * * * * * - - And saugh where he looked out - At a _solere_ window." - -The German _Soeller_ is used by Luther in his magnificent translation -of the Bible in both senses:--"Peter went up upon the house-top to -pray"--"_Stieg Petrus hinauf auf den SOeLLER zu beten._" Acts x. 9. "And -when they were come in, they went up into an upper room"--"_Und als sie -hinein kamen, stiegen sie auf den SOeLLER._" Acts i. 13. - -[203] "There is also a preaching in the Italian tongue to the Italians -and others on the Sondaies."--_1st edition_, p. 214. - -[204] "Henry Frowicke."--_Ibid._ - -[205] "Locke his armes in the windowes."--_Stow._ - -[206] Because "of old time, since the raigne of William the Conqueror -(that first brought Jewes from Roan into this realme), many Jewes -inhabited thereabouts, until that in the year 1290, the 18th of Edw. I., -they were wholly and for ever by the said king banished this realme, -having of their owne goodes to beare their charges, till they were out -of dominions. The number of the Jewes at that time banished were 15,060 -persons, whose houses being sold, the king made of them a mightie masse -of money."--_1st edition_, p. 219. - -[207] "Sixty years since."--_Ibid._ - -[208] "The tooth of some monstrous fish, as I take it. A shank-bone, -of twenty-five inches long, of a man, as is said, but might be of an -oliphant."--_Stow._ - -[209] "A Countess of Cornwall and Chester, but her name and time is not -apparent."--_1st edition_, p. 220. - -[210] "In the Exchequer at seventy-two pound."--_Ibid._ - - - - -COLEMAN STREET WARD - - -Next to Cheape ward, on the north side thereof, is Coleman street ward, -and beginneth also in the east, on the course of Walbrook in Lothbury, -and runneth west on the south side to the end of Ironmongers' lane, and -on the north side to the west corner of Bassinges hall street. - -On the south side of Lothbury is the street called the Old Jury; the one -half, and better on both sides, towards Cheape, is of this ward. On the -north side lieth Coleman street, whereof the ward taketh name, wholly -on both sides north to London wall, and from that north end along by -the wall, and Moregate east, to the course of Walbrook; and again from -Coleman street west to the iron grates: and these be the bounds of this -ward. - -Antiquities to be noted therein are these: First, the street of -Lothberie, Lathberie, or Loadberie (for by all these names have I read -it), took the name (as it seemeth) of berie, or court of old time there -kept, but by whom is grown out of memory. This street is possessed for -the most part by founders, that cast candlesticks, chafing-dishes, spice -mortars, and such like copper or laton works, and do afterward turn them -with the foot, and not with the wheel, to make them smooth and bright -with turning and scrating (as some do term it), making a loathsome noise -to the by-passers that have not been used to the like, and therefore by -them disdainfully called Lothberie. - -On the south side of this street, amongst the founders, be some fair -houses and large for merchants, namely, one that of old time was the -Jews' synagogue, which was defaced by the citizens of London, after -that they had slain seven hundred Jews, and spoiled the residue of -their goods, in the year 1262, the 47th of Henry III. And not long -after, in the year 1291, King Edward I. banished the remnant of the -Jews out of England, as is afore showed. The said synagogue being so -suppressed, certain friars got possession thereof; "for in the year -1257," saith Mathew Paris, "there were seen in London a new order of -friars, called _De Poenitentia Jesu_, or _Fratres de Sacca_, because -they were apparelled in sackcloth, who had their house in London, near -unto Aldersgate without the gate, and had license of Henry III., in the -54th of his reign, to remove from thence to any other place; and in the -56th he gave unto them this Jews' synagogue; after which time, Elianor -the queen, wife to Edward I., took into her protection, and warranted -unto the prior and brethren _De Penitentia Jesu Christi_ of London, -the said land and building in Colechurch street, in the parish of St. -Olave in the Jury, and St. Margaret in Lothbery, by her granted, with -consent of Stephen de Fulbourne, under-warden of the Bridge-house, and -other brethren of that house, for sixty marks of silver, which they had -received of the said prior and brethren of repentance, to the building -of the said bridge." This order of friars gathered many good scholars, -and multiplied in number exceedingly, until the council at Lyons, by -the which it was decreed, that from that time forth there should be no -more orders of begging friars permitted, but only the four orders; to -wit, the Dominicke, or preachers, the Minorites, or grey friars, the -Carmelites, or white friars, and the Augustines: and so from that time -the begging friars deceased, and fell to nothing. - -Now it followed, that in the year 1305, Robert Fitzwalter requested -and obtained of the said King Edward I., that the same friars of the -Sacke might assign to the said Robert their chapel or church, of old -time called the Synagogue of the Jews, near adjoining to the then -mansion place of the same Robert, which was in place where now standeth -the Grocers' hall; and the said Synagogue was at the north corner of -the Old Jury. Robert Large, mercer, mayor in the year 1439, kept his -mayoralty in this house, and dwelt there until his dying day. This -house standeth, and is of two parishes, as opening into Lothberie, of -St. Margaret's parish, and opening into the Old Jury of St. Olave's -parish. The said Robert Large gave liberally to both these parishes, but -was buried at St. Olave's. Hugh Clopton, mercer, mayor 1492, dwelt in -this house, and kept his mayoralty there: it is now a tavern, and hath -to sign a windmill. And thus much for this house, sometime the Jews' -synagogue, since a house of friars, then a nobleman's house, after that -a merchant's house, wherein mayoralties have been kept, and now a wine -tavern. - -Then is the Old Jurie, a street so called of Jews sometime dwelling -there, and near adjoining, in the parishes of St. Olave, St. Michael -Basings hall, St. Martin Ironmonger lane, St. Lawrence, called the Jury, -and so west to Wood street. William, Duke of Normandy, first brought -them from Rouen to inhabit here. - -William Rufus favoured them so far, that he sware by Luke's face, his -common oath, if they could overcome the Christians, he would be one of -their sect. - -Henry II. grievously punished them for corrupting his coin. - -Richard I. forbad Jews and women to be present at his coronation, for -fear of enchantments; for breaking of which commandment many Jews -were slain, who being assembled to present the king with some gift, -one of them was stricken by a Christian, which some unruly people -perceiving, fell upon them, beat them to their houses, and burnt them -therein, or slew them at their coming out. Also the Jews at Norwich, -St. Edmondsbury, Lincoln, Stamford, and Lynne, were robbed and spoiled; -and at York, to the number of five hundred, besides women and children, -entered a tower of the castle, proffered money to be in surety of their -lives, but the Christians would not take it, whereupon they cut the -throats of their wives and children, and cast them over the walls on the -Christians' heads, and then entering the king's lodging, they burnt both -the house and themselves. - -King John, in the 11th of his reign, commanded all the Jews, both men -and women, to be imprisoned and grievously punished, because he would -have all their money: some of them gave all they had, and promised more, -to escape so many kinds of torments, for every one of them had one of -their eyes at the least plucked out; amongst whom there was one, which -being tormented many ways, would not ransom himself, till the king had -caused every day one of his great teeth to be plucked out by the space -of seven days, and then gave the king ten thousand marks of silver, to -the end they should pull out no more: the said king at that time spoiled -the Jews of sixty-six thousand marks. - -The 17th of this king, the barons brake into the Jews' houses, rifled -their coffers, and with the stone of their houses repaired the gates and -walls of London. - -King Henry III., in the 11th of his reign, granted to Semayne, or -Balaster, the house of Benonye Mittun the Jew, in the parish of St. -Michael Bassinghaughe, in which the said Benonye dwelt, with the fourth -part of all his land, in that parish which William Elie held of the fee -of Hugh Nevell, and all the land in Coleman street belonging to the said -Benonye, and the fourth part of the land in the parish of St. Lawrence, -which was the fee of T. Buckerell, and were escheated to the king for -the murder which the said Benonye committed in the city of London, to -hold to the said Semaine, and his heirs, of the king, paying at Easter -a pair of gilt spurs, and to do the service thereof due unto the lord's -court. In like manner, and for like services, the king granted to Guso -for his homage the other part of the lands of the said Bononye in St. -Michael's parish, which lands that Paynter held, and was the king's -escheat, and the lands of the said Bononye in the said parish, which -Waltar Turnar held, and fifteen feet of land, which Hugh Harman held, -with fifteen iron ells of land, and half in the front of Ironmonger -lane, in the parish of St. Martin, which were the said Bononies of the -fee of the hospital of St. Giles, and which Adam the smith held, with -two stone-houses, which were Moses', the Jew of Canterbury, in the -parish of St. Olave, and which are of the fee of Arnold le Reus, and are -the king's escheats as before said. - -The 16th of the said Henry, the Jews in London built a synagogue, but -the king commanded it should be dedicated to our Blessed Lady, and -after gave it to the brethren of St. Anthonie of Vienna, and so was it -called St. Anthonie's hospital: this Henry founded a church and house -for converted Jews in New street, by the Temple, whereby it came to -pass that in short time there was gathered a great number of converts. -The 20th of this Henry, seven Jews were brought from Norwich, which -had stolen a christened child, had circumcised, and minded to have -crucified him at Easter, wherefore their bodies and goods were at the -king's pleasure: the 26th, the Jews were constrained to pay to the king -twenty thousand marks, at two terms in the year, or else to be kept -in perpetual prison: the 35th, he taketh inestimable sums of money of -all rich men, namely, of Aaron, a Jew, born at York, fourteen thousand -marks for himself and ten thousand marks for the queen; and before he -had taken of the same Jew as much as in all amounted to thirty thousand -marks of silver, and two hundred marks of gold to the queen: in the -40th, were brought up to Westminster two hundred and two Jews from -Lincoln, for crucifying of a child named Hugh; eighteen of them were -hanged: the 43rd, a Jew at Tewkesbery fell into a privy on the Saturday, -and would not that day be taken out for reverence of his Sabbath; -wherefore Richard Clare, Earl of Gloucester, kept him there till Monday, -that he was dead: the 47th, the barons slew the Jews at London seven -hundred; the rest were spoiled, and their synagogue defaced, because one -Jew would have forced a Christian to have paid more than two pence for -the loan of twenty shillings a week. - -The 3rd of Edward I., in a parliament at London, usury was forbidden -to the Jews; and that all usurers might be known, the king commanded -that every usurer should wear a table on his breast, the breadth of a -paveline, or else to avoid the realm. The 6th of the said King Edward -a reformation was made for clipping of the king's coin, for which -offence two hundred and sixty-seven Jews were drawn and hanged; three -were English Christians, and other were English Jews: the same year the -Jews crucified a child at Northampton, for the which fact many Jews at -London were drawn at horse-tails and hanged. The 11th of Edward I., John -Perkham, Archbishop of Canterbury, commanded the Bishop of London to -destroy all the Jews' synagogues in his diocese. The 16th of the said -Edward, all the Jews in England were in one day apprehended by precept -from the king, but they redeemed themselves for twelve thousand pounds -of silver; notwithstanding, in the 19th of his reign, he banished them -all out of England, giving them only to bear their charge, till they -were out of his realm: the number of Jews then expulsed were fifteen -thousand and sixty persons. The king made a mighty mass of money of -their houses, which he sold, and yet the commons of England had granted -and gave him a fifteenth of all their goods to banish them: and thus -much for the Jews. - -In this said street, called the Old Jury, is a proper parish church -of St. Olave Upwell, so called in record, 1320. John Brian, parson of -St. Olave Upwell, in the Jury, founded there a chantry, and gave two -messuages to that parish, the 16th of Edward II., and was by the said -king confirmed. In this church,[211] to the commendation of the parsons -and parishioners, the monuments of the dead remain less defaced than in -many other: first, of William Dikman, fereno or ironmonger, one of the -sheriffs of London 1367; Robert Haveloke, ironmonger, 1390; John Organ, -mercer, one of the sheriffs 1385; John Forest, vicar of St. Olave's, and -of St. Stephen, at that time as a chapel annexed to St. Olave, 1399; -H. Friole, tailor, 1400; T. Morsted, esquire, chirurgeon to Henry IV., -V., and VI., one of the sheriffs, 1436: he built a fair new aisle to -the enlargement of this church, on the north side thereof, wherein he -lieth buried, 1450; Adam Breakspeare, chaplain, 1411; William Kerkbie, -mercer, 1465; Robert Large, mercer, mayor 1440; he gave to that church -two hundred pounds; John Belwine, founder, 1467; Gabriel Rave, fuller, -1511; Wentworth, esquire, 1510; Thomas Michell, ironmonger, 1527; -Giles Dewes, servant to Henry VII. and to Henry VIII., clerk of their -libraries, and schoolmaster for the French tongue to Prince Arthur and -to the Lady Mary, 1535; Richard Chamberlaine, ironmonger, one of the -sheriffs, 1562; Edmond Burlacy, mercer, 1583; John Brian, etc. - -From this parish church of St. Olave, to the north end of the Old Jewry, -and from thence west to the north end of Ironmongers' lane, and from -the said corner into Ironmongers' lane, almost to the parish church of -St. Martin, was of old time one large building of stone, very ancient, -made in place of Jews' houses, but of what antiquity, or by whom the -same was built, or for what use, I have not learnt, more than that King -Henry VI., in the 16th of his reign, gave the office of being porter or -keeper thereof unto John Stent for term of his life, by the name of his -principal palace in the Old Jury: this was in my youth called the old -Wardrobe, but of later time the outward stone wall hath been by little -and little taken down, and divers fair houses built thereupon, even -round about. - -Now for the north side of this Lothburie, beginning again at the east -end thereof, upon the water-course of Walbrooke, have ye a proper parish -church called St. Margaret, which seemeth to be newly re-edified and -built about the year 1440; for Robert Large gave to the choir of that -church one hundred shillings and twenty pounds for ornaments; more, to -the vaulting over the water-course of Walbrook by the said church, for -the enlarging thereof two hundred marks. - -There be monuments in this church,--of Reginald Coleman, son to Robert -Coleman, buried there 1483: this said Robert Coleman may be supposed -the first builder or owner of Coleman street, and that St. Stephen's -church, then built in Coleman street, was but a chapel belonging to the -parish church of St. Olave in the Jury; for we read (as afore) that John -Forest, vicar of St. Olave's, and of the chapel annexed of St. Stephen, -deceased in the year 1399.[212] Hugh Clopton, mercer, mayor, deceased -1496; John Dimocke, Anselme Becker, John Julian, and William Ilford, -chantries there; Sir Brian Tewke, knight, treasurer of the chamber to -King Henry VIII., and Dame Grisilde his wife, that deceased after him, -were there buried 1536; John Fetiplace, draper, esquire, 1464, and Joan -his wife; Sir Hugh Witch, mercer, mayor, son to Richard Witch, entombed -there 1466: he gave to his third wife three thousand pounds, and to -maids' marriages five hundred marks; Sir John Leigh, 1564, with this -epitaph: - - "No wealth, no prayse, no bright renowne, no skill, - No force, no fame, no princes loue, no toyle, - Though forraigne land by trauell search ye will, - No faithfull seruice of the country soyle, - Can life prolong one minute of an houre, - But death at length will execute his power; - For Sir John Leigh to sundry countries knowne, - A worthy knight well of his prince esteemde, - By seeing much, to great experience growne, - Though safe on seas, though sure on land he seemde, - Yet here he lyes too soone by death opprest, - His fame yet liues, his soule in heauen doth rest." - -By the west end of this parish church have ye a fair water conduit, -built at the charges of the city in the year 1546. Sir Martin Bowes -being mayor, two fifteens were levied of the citizens toward the charges -thereof. This water is conveyed in great abundance from divers springs -lying betwixt Hoxton and Iseldon. - -Next is the Founders' hall, a proper house, and so to the south-west -corner of Bassinges hall street, have ye fair and large houses for -merchants; namely, the corner house at the end of Bassinges hall street; -an old piece of work, built of stone, sometime belonging to a certain -Jew named Mansere, the son of Aaron, the son of Coke the Jew, the 7th -of Edward I.; since to Rahere de Sopar's lane, then to Simon Francis. -Thomas Bradbery, mercer, kept his mayoralty there; deceased 1509. Part -of this house hath been lately employed as a market-house for the sale -of woollen bays, watmols, flannels, and such like. Alderman Bennet now -possesseth it. - -On this north side against the Old Jury is Coleman street, so called of -Coleman, the first builder and owner thereof; as also of Colechurch, -or Coleman church, against the great conduit in Cheape. This is a fair -and large street, on both sides built with divers fair houses, besides -alleys, with small tenements in great number. On the east side of this -street, almost at the north end thereof, is the Armourers' hall, which -company of armourers were made a fraternity or guild of St George, with -a chantry in the chapel of St. Thomas in Paule's church, in the 1st of -Henry VI. Also on the same side is King's alley and Love lane, both -containing many tenements; and on the west side, towards the south end, -is the parish church of St. Stephen, wherein the monuments are defaced: -notwithstanding, I find that William Crayhag founded a chantry there in -the reign of Edward II., and was buried there:[213] also John Essex, -the 35th of Edward III.; Adam Goodman, the 37th of Edward III.; William -King, draper, sometime owner of King's alley, the 18th of Richard II.; -John Stokeling, the 10th of Henry VI.; John Arnold, leather-seller, the -17th of Henry VI.; Thomas Bradberie, mercer, mayor, the 1st of Henry -VIII.; his tomb remaineth on the north side the choir; Richard Hamney, -1418; Kirnigham, 1468; Sir John Garme; Richard Colsel; Edmond Harbeke, -currier; all these were benefactors, and buried there. This church was -sometime a synagogue of the Jews, then a parish church, then a chapel -to St. Olave's in the Jury, until the 7th of Edward IV., and was then -incorporated a parish church. - -By the east end of this church is placed a cock of sweet water, taken of -the main pipe that goeth into Lothberie. Also in London wall, directly -against the north end of Coleman street, is a conduit of water, made -at the charges of Thomas Exmew, goldsmith, mayor 1517. And let here -be the end of this ward, which hath an alderman, his deputy, common -councillors four, constables four, scavengers four, of the wardmote -inquest thirteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen at L15 16_s._ -9_d._[214] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[211] "A well was under the east end of this church, late turned to a -pumpe, but decayed."--_Stow._ - -[212] "This may be some argument which I overpasse."--_1st edition_, p. -223. - - - - -BASSINGS HALL WARD - - -The next adjoining to Coleman street, on the west side thereof, is -Bassings hall ward, a small thing, and consisteth of one street called -Bassings hall street, of Bassings hall, the most principal house whereof -the ward taketh name. It beginneth in the south by the late spoken -market-house called the Bay hall, which is the last house of Coleman -street ward. This street runneth from thence north down to London wall, -and some little distance, both east and west, against the said hall; and -this is the bound of Bassings hall ward. - -Monuments on the east side thereof, amongst divers fair houses for -merchants, have ye three halls of companies; namely, the Masons' -hall for the first, but of what antiquity that company is I have not -read. The next is the Weavers' hall, which company hath been of great -antiquity in this city, as appeareth by a charter of Henry II., in these -words, _Rex omnibus ad quos_, etc., to be Englished thus:--"Henrie, -king of England, duke of Normandie, and of Guian, Earl of Anjou, to -the bishop, justices, shiriffes, barons, ministers, and all his true -lieges of London, sendeth greeting: Know ye that we have granted to the -weavers in London their guild, with all the freedomes and customes that -they had in the time of King Henrie my grandfather, so that none but -they intermit within the citie of their craft but he be of their guild, -neither in Southwark, or other places pertaining to London, otherwise -than it was done in the time of King Henrie my grandfather; wherefore -I will and straightly commaund that over all lawfully they may treate, -and have all aforesaid, as well in peace, free, worshipfull, and wholy, -as they had it, freer, better, worshipfullier, and wholier, than in -the time of King Henrie my grandfather, so that they yeeld yearely -to mee two markes of gold at the feast of St. Michaell; and I forbid -that any man to them do any unright, or disseise, upon paine of ten -pound. Witnes, Thomas of Canterburie, Warwicke fili Gar, Chamberlaine -at Winchester."[215] Also I read, that the same Henry II., in the 31st -of his reign, made a confirmation to the weavers that had a guild or -fraternity in London, wherein it appeareth that the said weavers made -woollen cloth, and that they had the correction thereof; but amongst -other articles in that patent, it was decreed, that if any man made -cloth of Spanish wool, mixed with English wool, the portgrave, or -principal magistrate of London, ought to burn it, etc. - -Moreover, in the year 1197,[216] King Richard I., at the instance of -Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Justicier of England, ordained -that the woollen cloths in every part of this realm should be in breadth -two yards within the lists, and as good in the midst as in the sides, -etc. King Henry III. granted that they should not be vexed, for the -burels, or cloth listed, according to the constitution made for breadth -of cloth the 9th of his reign, etc. Richard II., in the 3rd of his -reign, granted an order of agreement between the weavers of London, -Englishmen, and aliens, or strangers born, brought in by Edward III. - -Lower down is the Girdlers'[217] hall, and this is all touching the east -side of this ward. - -On the west side, almost at the south end thereof, is Bakewell hall, -corruptly called Blackewall hall: concerning the original whereof I -have heard divers opinions, which I overpass as fables without colour -of truth; for though the same seemed a building of great antiquity, -yet in mine opinion the foundation thereof was first laid since the -conquest of William, Duke of Normandie; for the same was built upon -vaults of stone, which stone was brought from Caen in Normandie, the -like of that of Paule's church, built by Mauritius and his successors, -bishops of London; but that this house hath been a temple or Jewish -synagogue (as some have fantasied) I allow not, seeing that it had no -such form of roundness, or other likeness, neither had it the form of a -church, for the assembly of Christians, which are built east and west, -but contrariwise the same was built north and south, and in form of a -nobleman's house; and therefore the best opinion in my judgment is, -that it was of old time belonging to the family of the Bassings, which -was in this realm a name of great antiquity and renown, and that it -bare also the name of that family, and was called therefore Bassings -haugh, or hall; whereunto I am the rather induced, for that the arms of -that family were of old time so abundantly placed in sundry parts of -that house, even in the stone-work, but more especially on the walls -of the hall, which carried a continual painting of them on every side, -so close together as one escutcheon could be placed by another, which -I myself have often seen and noted before the old building was taken -down: these arms were a gyronny of twelve points, gold and azure. Of the -Bassinges therefore, builders of this house and owners of the ground -near adjoining, that ward taketh the name, as Coleman street ward of -Coleman, and Faringden ward of William and Nicholas Faringden, men that -were principal owners of those places. - -And of old time the most noble persons that inhabited this city were -appointed to be principal magistrates there, as was Godfrey de Magun (or -Magnavile), portgrave, or sheriff, in the reign of William Conqueror, -and of William Rufus; Hugh de Buch, in the reign of Henry I.; Auberie de -Vere, Earl of Oxford; after him, Gilbert Becket, in the reign of King -Stephen; after that, Godfrey de Magnavile, the son of William, the son -of Godfrey de Magnavile, Earls of Essex, were portgraves or sheriffs of -London and Middlesex. In the reign of Henry II., Peter Fitzwalter; after -him, John Fitznigel, etc.; so likewise in the reign of King John, the -16th of his reign, a time of great troubles, in the year 1214, Salomon -Bassing and Hugh Bassing, barons of this realm, as may be supposed, were -sheriffs; and the said Salomon Bassing was mayor in the year 1216, -which was the 1st of Henry III. Also Adam Bassing, son to Salomon (as it -seemeth), was one of the sheriffs in the year 1243, the 28th of Henry -III. - -Unto this Adam de Bassing King Henry III., in the 31st of his reign, -gave and confirmed certain messuages in Aldermanbury, and in Milke -street (places not far from Bassinges hall), the advowson of the church -at Bassinges hall, with sundry liberties and privileges. - -This man was afterwards mayor in the year 1251, the 36th of Henry III.; -moreover, Thomas Bassing was one of the sheriffs 1269; Robert Bassing, -sheriff, 1279; and William Bassing was sheriff 1308, etc.; for more of -the Bassings in this city I need not note, only I read of this family -of Bassinges in Cambridgeshire,[218] called Bassing at the bourn, and -more shortly Bassing bourn, and gave arms, as is afore showed, and was -painted about this old hall. But this family is worn out, and hath left -the name to the place where they dwelt. Thus much for this Bassings hall. - -Now how Blakewell hall took that name is another question; for which -I read that Thomas Bakewell dwelt in this house in the 36th of Edward -III.; and that in the 20th of Richard II., the said king, for the sum -of fifty pounds, which the mayor and commonalty had paid into the -hanaper, granted licence so much as was in him to John Frosh, William -Parker, and Stephen Spilman (citizens and mercers), that they, the said -messuage called Bakewell hall, and one garden, with the appurtenances, -in the parish of St. Michael of Bassings haugh, and of St. Laurence -in the Jurie of London, and one messuage, two shops, and one garden, -in the said parish of St. Michael, which they held of the king in -burghage, might give and assign to the mayor and commonalty for ever. -This Bakewell hall, thus established, hath been long since employed as a -weekly market-place for all sorts of woollen cloths, broad and narrow, -brought from all parts of this realm, there to be sold. In the 21st of -Richard II., R. Whittington, mayor, and in the 22nd, Drengh Barringtine -being mayor, it was decreed that no foreigner or stranger should sell -any woollen cloth but in the Bakewell hall, upon pain of forfeiture -thereof. - -This house of late years growing ruinous, and in danger of falling, -Richard May, merchant-tailor, at his decease gave towards the new -building of the outward part thereof three hundred pounds, upon -condition that the same should be performed within three years after -his decease; whereupon the old Bakewell hall was taken down, and in the -month of February next following, the foundation of a new, strong, and -beautiful storehouse being laid, the work thereof was so diligently -applied, that within the space of ten months after, to the charges of -two thousand five hundred pounds, the same was finished in the year 1588. - -Next beyond this house be placed divers fair houses for merchants and -others, till ye come to the back gate of Guildhall, which gate and part -of the building within the same is of this ward. Some small distance -beyond this gate the coopers have their common hall. Then is the parish -church of St. Michaell, called St. Michaell at Bassings hall, a proper -church lately re-edified or new built, whereto John Barton, mercer, and -Agnes his wife, were great benefactors, as appeareth by his mark placed -throughout the whole roof of the choir and middle aisle of the church: -he deceased in the year 1460, and was buried in the choir, with this -epitaph: - - "John Barton lyeth vnder here, - Sometimes of London, citizen and mercer, - And Ienet his wife, with their progenie, - Beene turned to earth as ye may see: - Friends free what so ye bee, - Pray for vs we you pray, - As you see vs in this degree, - So shall you be another day." - -Frances Cooke, John Martin, Edward Bromflit, esquire, of Warwickshire, -1460; Richard Barnes, Sir Roger Roe, Roger Velden, 1479; Sir James -Yarford, mercer, mayor, deceased 1526, buried under a fair tomb with -his lady in a special chapel by him built on the north side of the -choir; Sir John Gresham, mercer, mayor, deceased 1554; Sir John Ailife, -chirurgeon, then a grocer, one of the sheriffs 1548; Nicholas Bakhurst, -one of the sheriffs 1577; Wolston Dixi, skinner, mayor, 1585, etc. -Thus have you noted one parish church of St. Michaell, Bakewell hall, -a market-place for woollen cloths; the Masons' hall, Weavers' hall, -Cordellers' hall, and Coopers' hall. And thus I end this ward, which -hath an alderman, his deputy, for common council four, constables two, -scavengers two, for the wardmote inquest seventeen, and a beadle. It -is taxed to the fifteen in London at seven pounds, and likewise in the -Exchequer at seven pounds. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[213] "There is one tomb on the south side the quire, but without -inscription."--_1st edition_, p. 225. - -[214] "It is taxed to the fifteen in London at nineteen pound, and in -the Exchequer at nineteen pound"--_Ibid._ - -[215] Patent. - -[216] Matthew Paris. - -[217] The Girdlers were incorporated by letters patent of 27th Henry -VI. 6th Aug. 1449, which were confirmed by Elizabeth in 1568, when the -pinners and wire-drawers were incorporated with them. Strype says they -seem to have been a fraternity of St. Lawrence, because of the three -gridirons their arms; but those north country readers, who know what a -_girdle iron_ is, will probably agree with me in thinking the gridirons -or girdle irons are borne with reference to the name of the company. - -[218] "Only I read of a branch of this family of Bassinges to have -spread itself into Cambridgeshire, near unto a water or bourne, and was -therefore, for a difference from other of that name, called Bassing -at the bourn, and more shortly Bassing borne. But this family is also -worne out, and hath left the name to the place where they dwell."--_1st -edition_, p. 228. - - - - -CRIPPLESGATE WARD - - -The next ward is called of Cripplesgate, and consisteth of divers -streets and lanes, lying as well without the gate and wall of the city -as within: first within the wall, on the east part thereof, towards the -north, it runneth to the west side of Bassings hall ward, and towards -the south it joineth to the ward of Cheape. It beginneth at the west -end of St. Laurence church in the Jurie, on the north side, and runneth -west to a pump, where sometime was a well with two buckets, at the -south corner of Aldermanburie street; which street runneth down north -to Gayspurre lane, and so to London wall, which street and lane are -wholly on both sides of this ward, and so be some few houses on both -the sides from Gayspurre lane, by and against the wall of the city, -east to the grates made for the water-course of the channels, and west -to Cripplesgate. Now on the south side, from over against the west end -of St. Laurence church to the pump, and then by Milke street south unto -Cheape, which Milke street is wholly on both the sides of Cripplegate -ward, as also without the south end of Milke street, a part of West -Cheape, to wit, from the Standard to the Cross, is all of Cripplegate -ward. Then down Great Wood street, which is wholly of this ward on both -the sides thereof; so is Little Wood street, which runneth down to -Cripplegate. - -Out of this Wood street be divers lanes; namely, on the east side is -Lad lane, which runneth east to Milke street corner; down lower in Wood -street is Love lane, which lieth by the south side of St. Alban's church -in Wood street, and runneth down to the Conduit in Aldermanburie street. -Lower down in Wood street is Addle street, out of the which runneth -Phillip lane down to London wall. These be the lanes on the east side. - -On the west side of Wood street is Huggen lane, by the south side of St. -Michael's church, and goeth through to Guthuruns lane. Then lower is -Maiden lane, which runneth west to the north end of Gutherons lane, and -up the said lane on the east side thereof, till against Kery lane, and -back again: then the said Maiden lane, on the north side, goeth up to -Staining lane, and up a part thereof, on the east side, to the farthest -north part of Haberdashers' hall, and back again to Wood street; and -there lower down to Silver street, which is of this ward, till ye come -to the east end of St. Olave's church, on the south side, and to Munkes -well street on the north side; then down the said Munkes well street on -the east side thereof, and so to Cripplegate, do make the bounds of this -ward within the walls. - -Without Cripplegate, Fore street runneth thwart before the gate, from -against the north side of St. Giles church, along to More lane end, -and to a Postern lane end, that runneth betwixt the town ditch on the -south, and certain gardens on the north, almost to Moregate; at the -east of which lane is a pot-maker's house, which house, with all other -the gardens, houses, and alleys, on that side the Morefields, till ye -come to a bridge and cow-house near unto Fensburie court, is all of -Cripplegate ward; then to turn back again through the said Postern lane -to More lane, which More lane, with all the alleys and buildings there, -is of this ward; after that is Grub street, more than half thereof to -the straitening of the street; next is Whitecrosse street, up to the end -of Bech lane, and then Redcrosse street wholly, with a part of Golding -lane, even to the posts there placed, as a bounder. - -Then is Bech lane before spoken of, on the east side of the Red Crosse -and the Barbican street, more than half thereof toward Aldersgate -street; and so have you all the bounds of Cripplegate ward without the -walls. - -Now for antiquities and ornaments in this ward to be noted: I find -first, at the meeting of the corners of the Old Jurie, Milke street, -Lad lane, and Aldermanburie, there was of old time a fair well with two -buckets, of late years converted to a pump. How Aldermanbury street -took that name many fables have been bruited, all which I overpass as -not worthy the counting; but to be short, I say, this street took the -name of Alderman's burie (which is to say a court), there kept in their -bery, or court, but now called the Guildhall; which hall of old time -stood on the east side of the same street, not far from the west end of -Guildhall, now used. Touching the antiquity of this old Alderman's burie -or court, I have not read other than that Richard Renery, one of the -sheriffs of London in the 1st of Richard I., which was in the year of -Christ 1189, gave to the church of St. Mary at Osney, by Oxford, certain -ground and rents in Aldermanbery of London, as appeareth by the register -of that church, as is also entered into the hoistinges of the Guildhall -in London. This old bery court or hall continued, and the courts of the -mayor and aldermen were continually holden there, until the new bery -court, or Guildhall that now is, was built and finished; which hall was -first begun to be founded in the year 1411, and was not fully finished -in twenty years after. I myself have seen the ruins of the old court -hall in Aldermanbery street, which of late hath been employed as a -carpenter's yard, etc. - -In this Aldermanbery street be divers fair houses on both the sides, -meet for merchants or men of worship, and in the midst thereof is a fair -conduit, made at the charges of William Eastfield, sometime mayor, who -took order as well for water to be conveyed from Teyborne, and for the -building of this Conduit, not far distant from his dwelling-house, as -also for a Standard of sweet water, to be erected in Fleet street, all -which was done by his executors, as in another place I have showed. - -Then is the parish church of St. Mary Aldermanbury, a fair church, -with a churchyard, and cloister adjoining; in the which cloister is -hanged and fastened a shank-bone of a man (as is said), very great, -and larger by three inches and a half than that which hangeth in St. -Lawrence church in the Jury, for it is in length twenty-eight inches -and a half of assise, but not so hard and steele-like as the other, -for the same is light, and somewhat pory and spongy. This bone is said -to be found amongst the bones of men removed from the charnel-house of -Powles, or rather from the cloister of Powles church; of both which -reports I doubt, for that the late Reyne Wolfe, stationer (who paid for -the carriage of those bones from the charnel to the Morefields), told -me of some thousands of carrie loads and more to be conveyed, whereof -he wondered, but never told me of any such bone in either place to be -found; neither would the same have been easily gotten from him if he -had heard thereof, except he had reserved the like for himself, being -the greatest preserver of antiquities in those parts for his time.[219] -True it is, that this bone (from whence soever it came) being of a man -(as the form showeth), must needs be monstrous, and more than after the -proportion of five shank-bones of any man now living amongst us. - -There lie buried in this church--Simon Winchcombe, esquire, 1391; Robert -Combarton, 1422; John Wheatley, mercer, 1428; Sir William Estfild, -knight of the bath, mayor 1438, a great benefactor to that church, under -a fair monument: he also built their steeple, changed their old bells -into five tuneable bells, and gave one hundred pounds to other works of -that church. Moreover, he caused the Conduit in Aldermanbury, which he -had begun, to be performed at his charges, and water to be conveyed by -pipes of lead from Tyborne to Fleet street, as I have said: and also -from High Berie to the parish of St. Giles without Cripplegate, where -the inhabitants of those parts incastellated the same in sufficient -cisterns. John Midleton, mercer, mayor 1472; John Tomes, draper, 1486; -William Bucke, tailor, 1501; Sir William Browne, mayor 1507; Dame -Margaret Jeninges, wife to Stephen Jeninges, mayor 1515; a widow named -Starkey, sometime wife to Modie; Raffe Woodcock, grocer, one of the -sheriffs 1586; Dame Mary Gresham, wife to Sir John Gresham, 1538; Thomas -Godfrey, remembrancer of the office of the first fruits, 1577. - -Beneath this church have ye Gay spur lane, which runneth down to London -wall, as is afore showed. In this lane, at the north end thereof, was -of old time a house of nuns; which house being in great decay, William -Elsing, mercer, in the year of Christ 1329, the 3rd of Edward III., -began in place thereof the foundation of an hospital for sustentation -of one hundred blind men; towards the erection whereof he gave his -two houses in the parishes of St. Alphage, and our Blessed Lady in -Aldermanbury, near Cripplegate.[220] This house was after called a -priory, or hospital, of St. Mary the Virgin, founded in the year 1332 by -W. Elsing, for canons regular; the which William became the first prior -there. Robert Elsing, son to the said William, gave to the hospital -twelve pounds by the year, for the finding of three priests: he also -gave one hundred shillings towards the inclosing of the new churchyard -without Aldgate, and one hundred shillings to the inclosing of the new -churchyard without Aldersgate; to Thomas Elsing, his son, eighty pounds, -the rest of his goods to be sold and given to the poor. This house, -valued L193 15_s._ 5_d._, was surrendered the eleventh of May, the 22nd -of Henry VIII. - -The monuments that were in this church defaced:--Thomas Cheney, son to -William Cheney; Thomas, John, and William Cheney; John Northampton, -draper, mayor 1381; Edmond Hungerford; Henry Frowike; Joan, daughter to -Sir William Cheney, wife to William Stoke; Robert Eldarbroke, esquire, -1460; Dame Joan Ratcliffe; William Fowler; William Kingstone; Thomas -Swineley, and Helen his wife, etc. The principal aisle of this church -towards the north was pulled down, and a frame of four houses set up -in place: the other part, from the steeple upward, was converted into -a parish church of St. Alphage; and the parish church which stood -near unto the wall of the city by Cripplesgate was pulled down, the -plot thereof made a carpenter's yard, with saw-pits. The hospital -itself, the prior and canons' house, with other lodgings, were made a -dwelling-house; the churchyard is a garden plot, and a fair gallery on -the cloister; the lodgings for the poor are translated into stabling for -horses. - -In the year 1541, Sir John Williams, master of the king's jewels, -dwelling in this house on Christmas even at night, about seven of the -clock, a great fire began in the gallery thereof, which burned so sore, -that the flame firing the whole house, and consuming it, was seen all -the city over, and was hardly quenched, whereby many of the king's -jewels were burnt, and more embezzled (as was said).[221] Sir Rowland -Heyward, mayor, dwelt in this Spittle, and was buried there 1593; -Richard Lee, _alias_ Clarenciaux king of arms, 1597. - -Now to return to Milk street, so called of milk sold there,[222] there -be many fair houses for wealthy merchants and other; amongst the which -I read, that Gregory Rokesley, chief assay master of the king's mints, -and mayor of London in the year 1275, dwelt in this Milk street, in a -house belonging to the priory of Lewes in Sussex, whereof he was tenant -at will, paying twenty shillings by the year, without[223] other charge: -such were the rents of those times. - -In this Milke street is a small parish church of St. Marie Magdalen, -which hath of late years been repaired. William Browne, mayor 1513, gave -to this church forty pounds, and was buried there; Thomas Exmew, mayor -1528, gave forty pounds, and was buried there; so was John Milford, one -of the sheriffs, 1375; John Olney, mayor 1475; Richard Rawson, one of -the sheriffs 1476; Henry Kelsey; Sir John Browne, mayor 1497; Thomas -Muschampe, one of the sheriffs 1463; Sir William Cantilo, knight, -mercer, 1462; Henry Cantlow, mercer, merchant of the Staple, who built -a chapel, and was buried there 1495; John West, alderman, 1517; John -Machell, alderman, 1558; Thomas Skinner, clothworker, mayor 1596. - -Then next is Wood street, by what reason so called I know not. True it -is, that of old time, according to a decree made in the reign of Richard -I., the houses in London were built of stone for defence of fire; which -kind of building was used for two hundred years or more, but of later -time for the winning of ground taken down, and houses of timber set up -in place. It seemeth therefore that this street hath been of the latter -building, all of timber (for not one house of stone hath been known -there), and therefore called Wood street; otherwise it might take the -name of some builder or owner thereof. - -Thomas Wood, one of the sheriffs in the year 1491, dwelt there; he was -an especial benefactor towards the building of St. Peter's church at -Wood street end; he also built the beautiful front of houses in Cheape -over against Wood street end, which is called Goldsmiths' row, garnished -with the likeness of woodmen; his predecessors might be the first -builders, owners, and namers of this street after their own name. - -On the east side of this street is one of the prison houses pertaining -to the sheriffs of London, and is called the Compter in Wood street, -which was prepared to be a prison house in the year 1555; and on the eve -of St. Michael the Archangel, the prisoners that lay in the Compter in -Bread street were removed to this Compter in Wood street. Beneath this -Compter is Lad lane, or Ladle lane, for so I find it of record in the -parish of St. Michaell Wood street; and beneath that is Love lane, so -called of wantons. - -By this lane is the parish church of St. Alban, which hath the monuments -of Sir Richard Illingworth, baron of the exchequer; Thomas Chatworth, -grocer, mayor 1443; John Woodcocke, mayor 1405; John Collet, and Alice -his wife; Ralph Thomas; Ralph and Richard, sons of Ralph Illingworth, -which was son to Sir Richard Illingworth, baron of the exchequer; -Thomas, son of Sir Thomas Fitzwilliams; Thomas Halton, mercer, mayor -1450; Thomas Ostrich, haberdasher, 1483; Richard Swetenham, esquire; and -William Dunthorne, town-clerk of London, with this epitaph: - - "_Foelix prima dies postquam mortalibus aevi - Cesserit, hic morbus subit, atque repente senectus - Tum mors, qua nostrum Dunthorn cecidisse Wilelmum. - Haud cuiquam latuisse reor, dignissimus (inquam), - Artibus hic Doctor, nec non celeberrimus hujus, - Clericus Urbis erat, primus, nullique secundus, - Moribus, ingenio, studio, nil dixeris illi, - Quin dederit natura boni, pius ipse modestus, - Longanimus, solers, patiens, super omnia gratus, - Quique sub immensas curas variosque labores, - Anxius atteritur vitae, dum carpserit auras, - Hoc tetro in tumulo, compostus pace quiescit._" - -Simon Morsted; Thomas Pikehurst, esquire; Richard Take; Robert -Ashcombe; Thomas Lovet, esquire, sheriff of Northamptonshire 1491; John -Spare; Katheren, daughter to Sir Thomas Mirley, knight;[224] William -Linchdale, mercer, 1392; John Penie, mercer, 1450; John Thomas, mercer, -1485; Christopher Hawse, mercer, one of the sheriffs 1503; William -Skarborough, vintner; Simon de Berching; Sir John Cheke, knight, -schoolmaster to King Edward VI., deceased 1557; do lie here. - -Then is Adle street, the reason of which name I know not, for at this -present it is replenished with fair buildings on both sides; amongst -the which there was sometime the Pinners' hall, but that company being -decayed, it is now the Plaisterers' hall. - -Not far from thence is the Brewers' hall, a fair house, which company of -Brewers was incorporated by King Henry VI., in the 16th of his reign, -confirmed by the name of St. Mary and St. Thomas the Martyr, the 19th of -Edward IV. - -From the West end of this Adle street, Little Wood street runneth down -to Cripplesgate: and somewhat east from the Sun tavern, against the wall -of the city, is the Curriers' hall. - -Now, on the west side of Wood street, have ye Huggen lane, so called of -one Hugan that of old time dwelt there: he was called Hugan in the lane, -as I have read in the 34th of Edward I. This lane runneth down by the -south side of St. Michael's church in Wood street, and so growing very -narrow by means of late encroachments to Guthuron's lane. - -The parish church of St. Michael in Wood street is a proper thing, and -lately well repaired. John Ive, parson of this church, John Forster, -goldsmith, and Peter Fikelden, tailor, gave two messuages, and two -shops, with solars, cellars, and other edifices, in the same parish and -street, and in Ladle lane, to the reparations of the church, chancel, -and other works of charity, the 16th of Richard II. - -The monuments here be of William Bambrough, the son of Henry Bambrough -of Skardborough, 1392; William Turner, waxchandler, 1400; John Peke, -goldsmith, 1441; William Taverner, girdler, 1454; William Mancer, -ironmonger, 1465; John Nash, 1466, with an epitaph; John Allen, -timbermonger, 1441; Robert Draper, 1500; John Lamberde, draper, -alderman, one of the sheriffs of London, who deceased 1554, and was -father to[225] William Lambarde, esquire, well known by sundry learned -books that he hath published; John Medley, chamberlain of London; John -Marsh, esquire, mercer, and common sergeant of London, etc. There is -also (but without any outward monument) the head of James, the fourth -king of Scots of that name, slain at Flodden field, and buried here by -this occasion: After the battle the body of the said king being found, -was enclosed in lead, and conveyed from thence to London, and so to the -monastery of Shene in Surrey, where it remained for a time, in what -order I am not certain; but since the dissolution of that house, in the -reign of Edward VI., Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, being lodged, and -keeping house there, I have been shown the same body so lapped in lead, -close to the head and body, thrown into a waste room amongst the old -timber, lead, and other rubble. Since the which time workmen there, for -their foolish pleasure, hewed off his head; and Launcelot Young,[226] -master glazier to her majesty, feeling a sweet savour to come from -thence, and seeing the same dried from all moisture, and yet the form -remaining, with the hair of the head, and beard red, brought it to -London to his house in Wood street, where for a time he kept it for the -sweetness, but in the end caused the sexton of that church to bury it -amongst other bones taken out of their charnel, etc. - -I read in divers records of a house in Wood street, then called Black -hall, but no man at this day can tell thereof. - -On the north side of this St. Michael's church is Mayden lane, now so -called, but of old time Ingene lane, or Ing lane. In this lane the -Waxchandlers have their common hall, on the south side thereof; and -the Haberdashers have their like hall on the north side, at Stayning -lane end. This company of the Haberdashers, or Hurrers, of old time so -called, were incorporated a brotherhood of St. Katherine, the 26th of -Henry VI., and so confirmed by Henry VII., the 17th of his reign, the -Cappers and Hat merchants, or Hurrers, being one company of Haberdashers. - -Down lower in Wood street is Silver street (I think of silversmiths -dwelling there), in which be divers fair houses. - -And on the north side thereof is Monkeswell street, so called of a well -at the north end thereof, where the Abbot of Garendon had a house, or -cell, called St. James in the wall by Cripplesgate, and certain monks of -their house were the chaplains there, wherefore the well (belonging to -that cell, or hermitage) was called Monks' well, and the street, of the -well, Monkswell street. - -The east side of this street, down against London wall, and the south -side thereof to Cripplesgate, be of Cripplesgate ward, as is afore -shown. In this street, by the corner of Monkswell street, is the -Bowyers' hall. On the east side of Monkswell street be proper alms -houses, twelve in number founded by Sir Ambrose Nicholas, salter, mayor -1575, wherein be placed twelve poor and aged people rent free, having -each of them seven pence the week, and once the year, each of them five -sacks of charcoal, and one quarter of a hundred fagots, of his gift, for -ever. - -Then, in Little Wood street be seven proper chambers in an alley on the -west side, founded for seven poor people therein to dwell rent free, by -Henry Barton, skinner, mayor 1416. Thus much for the monuments of this -ward within the walls. - -Now, without the postern of Cripplesgate, first is the parish church -of St. Giles, a very fair and large church, lately repaired, after -that the same was burnt in the year 1545, the 37th of Henry VIII., by -which mischance the monuments of the dead in this church are very few: -notwithstanding I have read of these following:--Alice, William, and -John, wife and sons to T. Clarell; Agnes, daughter to Thomas Niter, -gentleman; William Atwell; Felix, daughter to Sir Thomas Gisors, and -wife to Thomas Travars; Thomas Mason, esquire; Edmond Wartar, esquire; -Joan, wife to John Chamberlaine, esquire, daughter to Roger Lewkner; -William Fryer; John Hamberger, esquire; Hugh Moresbye; Gilbert Prince, -alderman; Oliver Cherley, gentleman; Sir John Wright or Writhesley, -_alias_ Garter king-at-arms; Joan, wife to Thomas Writhesley, Garter, -daughter and heir to William Hal, esquire; John Writhesley, the younger, -son to Sir John Writhesley and Alianor; Alianor, second wife to John -Writhesley, daughter and heir to Thomas Arnold, sister and heir to -Richard Arnold, esquire; John, her son and heir; Margaret, with her -daughter; John Brigget; Thomas Ruston, gentleman; John Talbot, esquire, -and Katheren his wife; Thomas Warfle, and Isabel his wife; Thomas -Lucie, gentleman, 1447; Ralph Rochford, knight, 1409; Edmond Watar, -esquire; Elizabeth, wife to Richard Barnes, sister and heir to Richard -Malgrave, esquire, of Essex; Richard Gowre, and John Gowre, esquires; -John Baronie, of Millain, 1546; Sir Henry Grey, knight, son and heir to -George Grey, Earl of Kent, 1562; Reginald Grey, Earl of Kent; Richard -Choppin, tallowchandler, one of the sheriffs 1530; John Hamber, esquire, -1573; Thomas Hanley, _alias_ Clarenciaux king-at-arms; Thomas Busby, -cooper, who gave the Queen's Head tavern to the relief of the poor in -the parish, 1575; John Whelar, goldsmith, 1575; Richard Bolene, 1563; -William Bolene, 1575; W. Bolene, physician, 1587; Robert Crowley, vicar -there--all these four under one old stone in the choir; the learned John -Foxe, writer of the _Acts and Monuments of the English Church_, 1587; -the skilful Robert Glover, _alias_ Sommerset herald, 1588. - -There was in this church of old time a fraternity, or brotherhood, of -Our Blessed Lady, or Corpus Christi, and St. Giles, founded by John -Belancer, in the reign of Edward III., the 35th year of his reign. - -Some small distance from the east end of this church is a water conduit, -brought in pipes of lead from Highbery, by John Middleton, one of the -executors to Sir William Eastfield, and of his goods; the inhabitants -adjoining castellated it of their own cost and charges about the year -1483. - -There was also a bosse of clear water in the wall of the churchyard, -made at the charges of Richard Whitington, sometimes mayor, and was like -to that of Bilinsgate: of late the same was turned into an evil pump, -and so is clean decayed. - -There was also a fair pool of clear water near unto the parsonage, on -the west side thereof, which was filled up in the reign of Henry VI., -the spring was coped in, and arched over with hard stone, and stairs of -stone to go down to the spring on the bank of the town ditch: and this -was also done of the goods, and by the executors of Richard Whitington. - -In White Crosse street King Henry V. built one fair house, and founded -there a brotherhood of St. Giles, to be kept, which house had sometime -been an hospital of the French order, by the name of St. Giles -without Cripplesgate, in the reign of Edward I., the king having the -jurisdiction, and appointing a custos thereof for the precinct of the -parish of St. Giles, etc. patent Richard II., the 15th year; which -hospital being suppressed, the lands were given to the brotherhood for -the relief of the poor. - -One alley of divers tenements over against the north wall of St. Giles' -churchyard, was appointed to be alms houses for the poor, wherein they -dwelt rent free, and otherwise were relieved; but the said brotherhood -was suppressed by Henry VIII.; since which time Sir John Gresham, mayor, -purchased the lands, and gave part thereof to the maintenance of a free -school which he had founded at Holt, a market town in Norfolk. - -In Red Cross street, on the west side from St. Giles' churchyard up to -the said cross, be many fair houses built outward, with divers alleys -turning into a large plot of ground, called the Jews' Garden, as being -the only place appointed them in England, wherein to bury their dead, -till the year 1177, the 24th of Henry II., that it was permitted to -them (after long suit to the king and parliament at Oxford) to have a -special place assigned them in every quarter where they dwelt. This -plot of ground remained to the said Jews till the time of their final -banishment out of England, and is now turned into fair garden plots and -summer-houses for pleasure. - -On the east side of this Red Cross street be also divers fair houses, -up to the cross. And there is Beech lane, peradventure so called of -Nicholas de la Beech, lieutenant of the Tower of London, put out of that -office in the 13th of Edward III. This lane stretcheth from the Red -Cross street to White Cross street, replenished, not with beech trees, -but with beautiful houses of stone, brick, and timber. Amongst the which -was of old time a great house, pertaining to the Abbot of Ramsey, for -his lodging when he repaired to the city: it is now called Drewry house, -of Sir Drewe Drewrie, a worshipful owner thereof. - -On the north side of this Beech lane, towards White Cross street, the -Drapers of London have lately built eight alms houses of brick and -timber, for eight poor widows of their own company, whom they have -placed there rent free, according to the gift of Lady Askew, widow to -Sir Christopher Askew, sometime draper, and mayor 1533. - -Then in Golding lane, Richard Gallard of Islington, esquire, citizen -and painter-stainer of London, founded thirteen alms houses for so many -poor people placed in them rent free; he gave to the poor of the same -alms houses two pence the piece weekly, and a load of charcoal amongst -them yearly for ever: he left fair lands about Islington to maintain -his foundation. Thomas Hayes, sometime chamberlain of London, in the -latter time of Henry VIII., married Elizabeth, his daughter and heir; -which Hayes and Elizabeth had a daughter named Elizabeth, married to -John Ironmonger, of London, mercer, who now hath the order of the alms -people. - -On the west side of the Red Cross is a street, called the Barbican, -because sometime there stood, on the north side thereof, a burgh-kenin, -or watch-tower, of the city, called in some language a barbican, as a -bikening is called a beacon; this burgh-kenning, by the name of the -Manor of Base court, was given by Edward III. to Robert Ufford, Earl -of Suffolk, and was lately appertaining to Peregrine Bartie, Lord -Willoughby of Ersby. - -Next adjoining to this is one other great house, called Garter house, -sometime built by Sir Thomas Writhe, or Writhesley, knight, _alias_ -Garter principal king-of-arms, second son of Sir John Writhe, knight, -_alias_ Garter, and was uncle to the first Thomas, Earl of Southampton, -knight of the Garter, and chancellor of England; he built this house, -and in the top thereof a chapel, which is dedicated by the name of St. -Trinitatis in Alto. - -Thus much for that part of Cripplegate ward without the wall, whereof -more shall be spoken in the suburb of that part. This ward hath an -alderman, and his deputy, within the gate, common council eight, -constables nine, scavengers twelve, for wardmote inquest fifteen, and -a beadle. Without the gate it hath also a deputy, common council two, -constables four, scavengers four, wardmote inquest seventeen, and a -beadle. It is taxed in London to the fifteen at forty pound.[227] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[219] "Reyne Wolf, a grave antiquary, collected the great chronicles, -increased and published by his executors, under the name of Ralph -Holonshead."--_Stow._ - -The first edition of Holinshed's _Chronicles of England, Scotland, -and Ireland_, was printed for John Harrison the elder in 1577. From -Holinshed's dedicatory epistle to Lord Burleigh, it would seem that -Reginald Wolfe projected and even executed the greater part of the -work, it having "pleased God to call him to his mercie after xxv. -years travail spent therein." Wolfe, in fact, intended to make these -Chronicles the foundation of "_An Universall Cosmographie of the Whole -World_." - -[220] "Obtaining first the king's licence of mortmain under the great -seal of England."--_1st edition_, p. 234. - -[221] "The Lord William of Thame was buried in this church, and so was -his successor in that house, Sir Rowland Heyward."--_1st edition_, p. -235. - -[222] "As is supposed."--_Ibid._ - -[223] "Without being bounden to reparations or other charge."--_Ibid._ - -[224] "John Collet."--_1st edition_, p. 257. - -[225] "My loving friend."--_1st edition_, p. 238. - -[226] "At this present."--_Ibid._ - - - - -ALDERSGATE WARD - - -The next is Aldersgate ward, taking name of that north gate of the city. -This ward also consisteth of divers streets and lanes, lying as well -within the gate and wall as without. And first to speak of that part -within the gate, thus it is. - -The east part thereof joineth unto the west part of Cripplegate ward -in Engain lane, or Maiden lane. It beginneth on the north side of that -lane, at Stayning lane end, and runneth up from the Haberdashers' hall -to St. Mary Staining church, and by the church, east, winding almost to -Wood street; and west through Oate lane, and then by the south side of -Bacon house in Noble street, back again by Lilipot lane, which is also -of that ward, to Maiden lane, and so on that north side west to St. John -Zacharies church, and to Foster lane. - -Now on the south side of Engain or Maiden lane is the west side of -Guthuruns lane to Kery lane, and Kery lane itself (which is of this -ward), and back again into Engain lane, by the north side of the -Goldsmiths' hall to Foster lane: and this is the east wing of this ward. -Then is Foster lane almost wholly of this ward, beginneth in the south -toward Cheap, on the east side by the north side of St. Foster's church, -and runneth down north-west by the west end of Engain lane, by Lilipot -lane and Oate lane to Noble street, and through that by Shelly house (of -old time so called, as belonging to the Shelleys); Sir Thomas Shelley, -knight, was owner thereof in the 1st of Henry IV. It is now called Bacon -house, because the same was new built by Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper -of the great seal. Down on that side, by Sergeant Fleetwood's house, -recorder of London, who also new built it, to St. Olave's church in -Silver street, which is by the north-west end of this Noble street. - -Then again in Foster lane this ward beginneth on the west side thereof, -over against the south-west corner of St. Foster's church, and runneth -down by St. Leonard's church, by Pope lane end, and by St. Ann's lane -end, which lane is also of this ward, north to the stone wall by the -wall of the city, over against Bacon house, which stone wall, and so -down north to Cripplegate on that side, is of Faringdon ward. - -Then have ye the main street of this ward, which is called St. Martin's -lane, including St. Martin, on the east side thereof, and so down on -both the sides to Aldersgate. And these be the bounds of this ward -within the wall and gate. - -Without the gate the main street called Aldersgate street runneth up -north on the east side to the west end of Howndes ditch, or Barbican -street; a part of which street is also of this ward. And on the west -side to Long lane, a part whereof is likewise of this ward. Beyond the -which Aldersgate street is Goswell street up to the bars. - -And on this west side of Aldersgate street, by St. Buttolph's church -is Briton street, which runneth west to a pump, and then north to the -gate which entereth the churchyard, sometime pertaining to the priory -of St. Bartholomew on the east side; and on the west side towards St. -Bartholomew's Spittle, to a pair of posts there fixed. And these be the -bounds of this Aldersgate ward without. - -The antiquities be these, first in Stayning lane, of old time so called, -as may be supposed, of painter-stainers dwelling there. - -On the east side thereof, adjoining to the Haberdashers' hall, be ten -alms houses, pertaining to the Haberdashers, wherein be placed ten alms -people of that company, every of them having eight pence the piece every -Friday for ever, by the gift of Thomas Huntlow, haberdasher, one of the -sheriffs in the year 1539. More, Sir George Baron gave them ten pounds -by the year for ever. - -Then is the small parish church of St. Mary, called Stayning, because it -standeth at the north end of Stayning lane. In the which church, being -but newly built, there remains no monument worth the noting. - -Then is Engain lane, or Mayden lane, and at the north-west corner -thereof the parish church of St. John Zachary; a fair church, with the -monuments well preserved, of Thomas Lichfield, who founded a chantry -there in the 14th of Edward II.; of Sir Nicholas Twiford, goldsmith, -mayor 1388, and Dame Margery his wife, of whose goods the church was -made and new built, with a tomb for them, and others of their race, -1390; Drugo Barentine, mayor 1398; he gave fair lands to the Goldsmiths; -he dwelt right against the Goldsmiths' hall; between the which hall and -his dwelling house he built a gallery thwarting the street, whereby -he might go from one to the other; he was buried in this church, and -Christian his wife, 1427; John Adis, goldsmith, 1400, and Margaret his -wife; John Francis, goldsmith, mayor 1400, and Elizabeth his wife, -1450; I. Sutton, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs 1413; Bartholomew -Seman, goldbeater, master of the king's mints within the Tower of -London and the town of Calice, 1430;[228], John Hewet, esquire, 1500; -William Breakespere, goldsmith, 1461; Christopher Eliot, goldsmith, -1505; Bartholomew Reade, goldsmith, mayor 1502, was buried in the -Charterhouse, and gave to this, his parish church, one hundred pounds; -his wife was buried here with a fair monument, her picture in habit of a -widow; Thomas Keyton Lorimar, 1522; William Potken, esquire, 1537; John -Cornish, with an epitaph, 1470; Robert Fenruther, goldsmith, one of the -sheriffs in the year 1512. - -On the east side of this Foster lane, at Engain lane end, is the -Goldsmiths' hall, a proper house, but not large; and, therefore, to say -that Bartholomew Read, goldsmith, mayor in the year 1502, kept such a -feast in this hall, as some have fabuled,[229] is far incredible, and -altogether impossible, considering the smallness of the hall, and number -of the guests, which, as they say, were more than a hundred persons of -great estate. For the messes and dishes of meats to them served, the -paled park in the same hall furnished with fruitful trees, beasts of -venery, and other circumstances of that pretended feast, well weighed, -Westminster hall would hardly have sufficed; and, therefore, I will -overpass it, and note somewhat of principal goldsmiths. - -First I read, that Leofstane, goldsmith, was provost of this city in -the reign of Henry I. Also, that Henry Fitz Alewin Fitz Leafstane, -goldsmith, was mayor of London in the 1st of Richard I., and continued -mayor twenty-four years. Also that Gregory Rocksly, chief say-master of -all the king's mints within England, (and therefore by my conjecture) -a goldsmith, was mayor in the 3rd of Edward I., and continued mayor -seven years together. Then, William Faringdon, goldsmith, alderman of -Faringdon ward, one of the sheriffs 1281, the 9th of Edward I., who was -a goldsmith, as appeareth in record, as shall be shown in Faringdon -ward. Then Nicholas Faringdon his son, goldsmith, alderman of Faringdon -ward, four times mayor in the reign of Edward II., etc. For the rest -of latter time are more manifestly known, and therefore I leave them. -The men of this mystery were incorporated or confirmed in the 16th of -Richard II. - -Then at the north end of Noble street is the parish church of St. Olave -in Silver street, a small thing, and without any noteworthy monuments. - -On the west side of Foster lane is the small parish church of St. -Leonard's, for them of St. Martin's le Grand. A number of tenements -being lately built in place of the great collegiate church of St. -Martin, that parish is mightily increased. In this church remain these -monuments. First, without the church is graven in stone on the east end, -John Brokeitwell, an especial re-edifier, or new builder thereof. In -the choir, graven in brass, Robert Purfet, grocer, 1507; Robert Trapis, -goldsmith, 1526, with this epitaph:-- - - "When the bels be merily roong, - And the masse devoutly sung, - And the meat merily eaten, - Then shall Robert Trips, his wives - And children be forgotten." - -Then in Pope lane, so called of one Pope that was owner thereof, on -the north side of the parish church of St. Anne in the Willows, so -called, I know not upon what occasion, but some say of willows growing -thereabouts; but now there is no such void place for willows to grow, -more than the churchyard, wherein do grow some high ash trees. - -This church, by casualty of fire in the year 1548, was burnt, so far as -it was combustible, but since being newly repaired, there remain a few -monuments of antiquity: of Thomas Beckhenton, clerk of the pipe, was -buried there 1499; Raph Caldwell, gentleman, of Grays inn, 1527; John -Lord Sheffelde; John Herenden, mercer, esquire, 1572, these verses on an -old stone:--[230] - - _Qu an Tris di c vul stra - os guis ti ro um nere uit - h san Chris mi T mu la_ - -William Gregory, skinner, mayor of London in the year 1451, was there -buried, and founded a chantry, but no monument of him remaineth. - -Then in St. Martin's lane was of old time a fair and large college of -a dean and secular canons or priests, and was called St. Martin's le -Grand, founded by Ingelricus and Edwardus his brother, in the year -of Christ 1056, and confirmed by William the Conqueror, as appeareth -by his charter dated 1068. This college claimed great privileges of -sanctuary and otherwise, as appeareth in a book, written by a notary of -that house about the year 1442, the 19th of Henry VI., wherein, amongst -other things, is set down and declared, that on the 1st of September, -in the year aforesaid, a soldier, prisoner in Newgate, as he was led by -an officer towards the Guildhall of London, there came out of Panyer -alley five of his fellowship, and took him from the officer, brought -him into sanctuary at the west door of St. Martin's church, and took -grithe of that place; but the same day Philip Malpas and Rob. Marshall, -then sheriffs of London, with many other, entered the said church, and -forcibly took out with them the said five men thither fled, led them -fettered to the Compter, and from thence, chained by the necks, to -Newgate; of which violent taking the dean and chapter in large manner -complained to the king, and required him, as their patron, to defend -their privileges, like as his predecessors had done, etc. All which -complaint and suit the citizens by their counsel, Markam, sergeant at -the law, John Carpenter, late common clerk of the city, and other, -learnedly answered, offering to prove that the said place of St. Martin -had no such immunity or liberty as was pretended; namely, Carpenter -offered to lose his livelihood, if that church had more immunity than -the least church in London. Notwithstanding, after long debating of -this controversy, by the king's commandment, and assent of his council -in the starred chamber, the chancellor and treasurer sent a writ unto -the sheriffs of London, charging them to bring the said five persons -with the cause of their taking and withholding afore the king in his -Chancery, on the vigil of Allhallows. On which day the said sheriffs, -with the recorder and counsel of the city, brought and delivered them -accordingly, afore the said lords; whereas the chancellor, after he had -declared the king's commandment, sent them to St. Martin's, there to -abide freely, as in a place having franchises, whiles them liked, etc. - -Thus much out of that book have I noted concerning the privilege of that -place challenged in these days, since the which time, to wit, in the -year 1457, the 36th of the said Henry VI., an ordinance was made by the -king and his council concerning the said sanctuary men in St. Martin's -le Grand, whereof the articles are set down in the book of K., within -the chamber of the Guildhall, in the lease 299. - -This college was surrendered to King Edward VI., the 2nd of his reign, -in the year of Christ 1548; and the same year the college church being -pulled down, in the east part thereof a large wine tavern was built, -and with all down to the west, and throughout the whole precinct of -that college, many other houses were built and highly prized, letten to -strangers born, and other such, as there claimed benefit of privileges -granted to the canons serving God day and night (for so be the words in -the charter of William the Conqueror), which may hardly be wrested to -artificers, buyers and sellers, otherwise than is mentioned in the 21st -of St. Matthew's Gospel. - -Lower down on the west side of St. Martin's lane, in the parish of -St. Anne, almost by Aldersgate, is one great house, commonly called -Northumberland house; it belonged to H. Percy. King Henry IV., in -the 7th of his reign, gave this house, with the tenements thereunto -appertaining, to Queen Jane his wife, and then it was called her -Wardrobe: it is now a printing house. - -Without Aldersgate, on the east side of Aldersgate street, is the Cooks' -hall; which Cooks (or Pastelars) were admitted to be a company, and to -have a master and wardens, in the 22nd of Edward IV. From thence along -into Houndsditch, or Barbican street, be many fair houses. On the west -side also be the like fair buildings till ye come to Long lane, and so -to Goswell street. - -In Briton street, which took that name of the dukes of Brittany lodging -there, is one proper parish church of St. Buttolph, in which church was -sometime a brotherhood of St. Fabian and Sebastian, founded in the year -1377, the 51st of Edward III., and confirmed by Henry IV., in the 6th -of his reign. Then Henry VI., in the 24th of his reign, to the honour -of the Trinity, gave license to Dame Joan Astley, sometime his nurse, -to R. Cawod and T. Smith, to found the same a fraternity, perpetually -to have a master and two custoses, with brethren and sisters, etc. This -brotherhood was endowed with lands more than thirty pounds by the year, -and was suppressed by Edward VI. There lie buried, John de Bath, weaver, -1390; Philip at Vine, capper, 1396; Benet Gerard, brewer, 1403; Thomas -Bilsington founded a chantry there, and gave to that church a house, -called the Helmet upon Cornhill; John Bradmore, chirurgeon, Margaret and -Katheren his wives, 1411; John Michaell, sergeant-at-arms, 1415; Allen -Bret, carpenter, 1425; Robert Malton, 1426; John Trigilion, brewer, -1417; John Mason, brewer, 1431; Rob. Cawood, clerk of the pipe in the -king's exchequer, 1466; Ri. Emmessey; John Walpole; I. Hartshorne, -esquire, servant to the king, 1400, and other of that family, great -benefactors to that church; W. Marrow, grocer, mayor, and Katherine his -wife, were buried there about 1468. The Lady Ann Packington, widow, late -wife to Jo. Packinton, knight, chirographer of the court of the common -pleas; she founded alms houses near unto the White Fryers' church in -Fleet street: the Clothworkers in London have oversight thereof. - -And thus an end of this ward; which hath an alderman, his deputy, common -councillors five, constables eight, scavengers nine, for the wardmote -inquest fourteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen in London -seven pounds, and[231] in the exchequer six pounds nineteen shillings. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[227] "It is taxed in London to the fifteene at forty pound, and in the -Exchequer at thirty-nine pound ten shillings."--_1st edition_, p. 242. - -[228] "Thomas Leichfield."--_1st edition_, p. 244. - -[229] R. Grafton. - -[230] These disjointed syllables, it will be seen, may be so read as to -form the following rhyming couplet:-- - - "_Quos anguis tristi diro cum vulnere stravit, - Hos sanguis Christi miro tum munere lavit._" - - -[231] "Likewise in the exchequer."--_1st edition_, p. 247. - - - - -FARINGDON WARD INFRA, OR WITHIN - - -On the south side of Aldersgate ward lieth Faringdon ward, called -_infra_ or within, for a difference from another ward of that name, -which lieth without the walls of the city, and is therefore called -Faringdon _extra_. These two wards of old time were but one, and had -also but one alderman, till the 17th of Richard II., at which time the -said ward, for the greatness thereof, was divided into twain, and by -parliament ordered to have two aldermen, and so it continueth till this -day. The whole great ward of Farindon, both _infra_ and _extra_, took -name of W. Farindon, goldsmith, alderman of that ward, and one of the -sheriffs of London in the year 1281, the 9th of Edward I. He purchased -the Aldermanry of this ward, as by the abstract of deeds, which I have -read thereof, may appear. - -"Thomas de Arderne, son and heir to Sir Ralph Arderne, knight, granted -to Ralph le Feure, citizen of London, one of the sheriffs in the year -1277, all the aldermanry, with the appurtenances within the city of -London, and the suburbs of the same between Ludgate and Newgate, and -also without the same gates: which aldermanry, Ankerinus de Averne -held during his life, by the grant of the said Thomas de Arderna, to -have and to hold to the said Ralph, and to his heirs, freely without -all challenge, yielding therefore yearly to the said Thomas and his -heirs one clove[232] or slip of gilliflowers, at the feast of Easter, -for all secular service and customs, with warranty unto the said Ralph -le Fevre and his heirs, against all people, Christians and Jews, in -consideration of twenty marks, which the said Ralph le Fevre did give -beforehand, in name of a gersum[233] or fine, to the said Thomas, etc., -dated the 5th of Edward I. Witness, G. de Rokesley, maior; R. Arrar, -one of the shiriffes; H. Wales, P. le Taylor, T. de Basing, I. Horne, -N. Blackthorn, aldermen of London." After this, John le Fevre, son and -heir to the said Ralph le Fevre, granted to William Farindon, citizen -and goldsmith of London, and to his heirs, the said aldermanry, with the -appurtenances, for the service thereunto belonging, in the 7th of Edward -I., in the year of Christ 1279. This aldermanry descended to Nicholas -Farindon, son to the said William, and to his heirs; which Nicholas -Farindon, also a goldsmith, was four times mayor, and lived many years -after; for I have read divers deeds, whereunto he was a witness, dated -the year 1360: he made his testament 1361, which was fifty-three years -after his first being mayor, and was buried in St. Peter's church in -Cheape. So this ward continued under the government of William Faringdon -the father, and Nicholas his son, by the space of eighty-two years, and -retaineth their name until this present day. - -This ward of Faringdon within the walls is bounded thus: Beginning in -the east, at the great cross in Westcheape, from whence it runneth west. -On the north side from the parish church of St. Peter, which is at the -south-west corner of Wood street, on to Guthurun's lane, and down that -lane to Hugon lane on the east side, and to Kery lane on the west. - -Then again into Cheape and to Foster lane, and down that lane on the -east side, to the north side of St. Foster's church, and on the west, -till over against the south-west corner of the said church, from whence -down Foster lane and Noble street is all of Aldersgate street ward, -till ye come to the stone wall, in the west side of Noble street, as is -afore showed. Which said wall, down to Nevil's inn or Windsor house, -and down Monkes well street, on that west side, then by London wall to -Cripplegate, and the west side of that same gate is all of Faringdon -ward. - -Then back again into Cheape, and from Foster lane end to St. Martin's -lane end, and from thence through St. Nicholas shambles, by Penticost -lane and Butchers' alley, and by Stinking lane through Newgate market to -Newgate; all which is the north side of Faringdon ward. - -On the south, from against the said great cross in Cheape west to -Fridayes street, and down that street on the east side, till over -against the north-east corner of St. Mathew's church; and on the west -side, till the south corner of the said church. - -Then again along Cheape to the old Exchange, and down that lane (on the -east side) to the parish church of St. Augustine, which church, and one -house next adjoining in Watheling street, be of this ward, and on the -west side of this lane, to the east arch or gate by St. Augustine's -church, which entereth the south churchyard of St. Paules, which arch -or gate was built by Nicholas Faringdon about the year 1361, and within -that gate, on the said north side, to the gate that entereth the north -churchyard, and all the north churchyard is of this Faringdon ward. - -Then again into Cheape, and from the north end of the Old Exchange, west -by the north gate of Paules churchyard, by Pater noster row, by the two -lanes out of Paules church, and to a sign of the Golden Lion, which is -some twelve houses short of Ave Mary lane; the west side of which lane -is of this ward. - -Then at the south end of Ave Mary lane is Creed lane; the west side -whereof is also of this ward. - -Now betwixt the south end of Ave Mary lane and the north end of Creede -lane, is the coming out of Paules churchyard on the east, and the high -street called Bowier row to Ludgate on the west, which way to Ludgate is -of this ward. On the north side whereof is St. Martin's church, and on -the south side a turning into the Blacke friars. - -Now to turn up again to the north end of Ave Mary lane, there is a short -lane which runneth west some small distance, and is there closed up with -a gate into a great house: and this is called Amen lane. - -Then on the north side of Pater noster row, beginning at the Conduit -over against the Old Exchange lane end, and going west by St. Michael's -church; at the west end of which church is a small passage through -towards the north: and beyond this church some small distance is another -passage, which is called Paniar alley, and cometh out against St. -Martin's lane end. - -Then further west in Pater noster row is Ivie lane, which runneth north -to the west end of St. Nicholas shambles; and then west Pater noster -row, till over against the Golden Lion, where the ward endeth for that -street. - -Then about some dozen houses (which is of Baynard's castle ward) to -Warwick lane end; which Warwick lane stretcheth north to the high -street of Newgate market. And the west side of Warwick lane is of this -Faringdon ward; for the east side of Warwick lane, of Ave Marie lane, -and of Creede lane, with the west end of Pater noster row, are all of -Baynardes castle ward. - -Yet to begin again at the said Conduit by the Old Exchange, on the -north side thereof is a large street that runneth up to Newgate, as is -aforesaid. The first part, or south side whereof, from the Conduit to -the shambles, is called Bladder street. Then on the back side of the -shambles be divers slaughter-houses, and such like, pertaining to the -shambles; and this is called Mount Godard street. Then is the shambles -itself, and then Newgate market; and so the whole street, on both sides -up to Newgate, is of this ward; and thus it is wholly bounded. - -Monuments in this ward be these: First, the great cross in Westcheape -street, but in the ward of Faringdon; the which cross was first erected -in that place by Edward I., as before is showed in Westcheape street. - -At the south-west corner of Wood street is the parish church of St. -Peter the Apostle by the said cross, a proper church lately new built. -John Sha, goldsmith, mayor, deceased 1508, appointed by his testament -the said church and steeple to be newly built of his goods, with a flat -roof; notwithstanding, Thomas Wood, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs -1491, is accounted principal benefactor, because the roof of the middle -aisle is supported by images of woodmen. I find to have been buried -in this church--Nicholas Farendon, mayor; Richard Hadley, grocer, -1592; John Palmer, fishmonger, 1500; William Rus, goldsmith, sheriff -1429; T. Atkins, esquire, 1400; John Butler, sheriff 1420;[234] Henry -Warley, alderman 1524; Sir John Monday, goldsmith, mayor, deceased -1537; Augustine Hinde, cloth-worker, one of the sheriffs in the year -1550, whose monument doth yet remain, the others be gone; Sir Alexander -Auenon, mayor 1570. - -The long shop, or shed, incroaching on the high street before this -church wall was licensed to be made in the year 1401, yielding to the -chamber of London thirty shillings and four pence yearly for the time, -but since thirteen shillings and four pence. Also the same shop was -letten by the parish for three pounds at the most many years since. - -Then is Guthurun's lane, so called of Guthurun, sometime owner thereof. -The inhabitants of this lane of old time were goldbeaters, as doth -appear by records in the Exchequer; for the Easterling money was -appointed to be made of fine silver, such as men made into foil, and was -commonly called silver of Guthurun's lane, etc. The Embroiderers' hall -is in this lane. John Throwstone, embroiderer, then goldsmith, sheriff, -deceased 1519, gave forty pounds towards the purchase of this hall. -Hugon lane on the east side, and Kery lane (called of one Kery) on the -west. - -Then in the high street on the same north side is the Saddlers' hall, -and then Fauster lane (so called) of St. Fauster's, a fair church lately -new built. Henry Coote, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs, deceased 1509, -built St. Dunston's chapel there. John Throwstone, one of the sheriffs, -gave to the building thereof one hundred pounds by his testament. -John Browne, sergeant painter, alderman, deceased 1532, was a great -benefactor, and was there buried. William Trist, cellarer to the king, -1425, John Standelfe,[235] goldsmiths, lie buried there; Richard -Galder, 1544; Agnes, wife to William Milborne, chamberlain of London, -1500, etc. - -Then down Foster lane and Noble street, both of Aldersgate street ward, -till ye come to the stone wall which incloseth a garden plot before -the wall of the city, on the west side of Noble street, and is of -this Faringdon ward. This garden-plot, containing ninety-five ells in -length, nine ells and a half in breadth, was by Adam de Burie, mayor, -the alderman, and citizens of London, letten to John de Nevill, Lord of -Raby, Radulph and Thomas his sons, for sixty years, paying 6_s._ 8_d._ -the year, dated the 48th of Edward III., having in a seal pendant on -the one side, the figure of a walled city and of St. Paul, a sword in -his right hand, and in the left a banner; three leopards about that -seal, on the same side, written, _Sigillum Baronium Londoniarum_. On the -other side, the like figure of a city, a bishop sitting on an arch; the -inscription, _Me : que : te : peperi : ne : Cesses : Thoma : tueri_. -Thus much for the barons of London, their common seal at that time. At -the north end of this garden-plot is one great house built of stone and -timber, now called the Lord Windsor's house, of old time belonging to -the Nevils; as in the 19th of Richard II. it was found by inquisition -of a jury, that Elizabeth Nevil died, seised of a great messuage in the -parish of St. Olave, in Monk's well street in London, holden of the -king in free burgage, which she held of the gift of John Nevell of Raby -her husband, and that John Latimer was next son and heir to the said -Elizabeth. - -In this west side is the Barbers-Chirurgeons' hall. This company was -incorporated by means of Thomas Morestede, esquire, one of the sheriffs -of London 1436, chirurgeon to the kings of England, Henry IV., V., and -VI.: he deceased 1450. Then Jaques Fries, physician to Edward IV., -and William Hobbs, physician and chirurgeon for the same king's body, -continuing the suit the full time of twenty years, Edward IV., in the -2nd of his reign, and Richard, Duke of Gloucester, became founders of -the same corporation in the name of St. Cosme and St. Damiane. The first -assembly of that craft was Roger Strippe, W. Hobbs, T. Goddard, and -Richard Kent; since the which time they built their hall in that street, -etc. - -At the north corner of this street, on the same side, was sometime an -hermitage, or chapel of St. James, called in the wall, near Cripplegate: -it belonged to the abbey and convent of Garadon, as appeareth by a -record, the 27th of Edward I., and also the 16th of Edward III. William -de Lions was hermit there, and the abbot and convent of Geredon found -two chaplains, Cistercian monks of their house, in this hermitage; one -of them for Aymor de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, and Mary de Saint Paule, -his countess. - -Of these monks, and of a well pertaining to them, the street took -that name, and is called Monks' well street. This hermitage, with the -appurtenances, was in the reign of Edward VI. purchased from the said -king by William Lambe, one of the gentlemen of the king's chapel, -citizen and cloth-worker of London: he deceased in the year 1577, and -then gave it to the clothworkers of London, with other tenements, to the -value of fifty pounds the year, to the intent they shall hire a minister -to say divine service there, etc. - -Again to the high street of Cheape, from Fauster lane end to St. -Martin's, and by that lane to the shambles or flesh-market, on the north -side whereof is Penticost lane, containing divers slaughter-houses for -the butchers. - -Then was there of old time a proper parish church of St. Nicholas, -whereof the said flesh-market took the name, and was called St. -Nicholas' shambles. This church, with the tenements and ornaments, was -by Henry VIII. given to the mayor and commonalty of the city, towards -the maintenance of the new parish church then to be erected in the late -dissolved church of the Grey Friars; so was this church dissolved and -pulled down. In place whereof, and of the churchyard, many fair houses -are now built in a court with a well, in the midst whereof the church -stood. - -Then is Stinking lane, so called, or Chick lane, at the east end of the -Grey Friars church, and there is the Butchers' hall. - -In the 3rd of Richard II. motion was made that no butcher should kill -no flesh within London, but at Knightsbridge, or such like distance of -place from the walls of the city. - -Then the late dissolved church of the Grey Friars; the original whereof -was this: - -The first of this order of friars in England, nine in number, arrived -at Dover; five of them remained at Canterburie, the other four came to -London, were lodged at the preaching friars in Oldborne for the space of -fifteen days, and then they hired a house in Cornhill of John Trevers, -one of the sheriffs of London. They built there little cells, wherein -they inhabited; but shortly after, the devotion of citizens towards -them, and the number of the friars so increased, that they were by the -citizens removed to a place in St. Nicholas' shambles; which John Ewin, -mercer, appropriated unto the commonalty, to the use of the said friars, -and himself became a lay brother amongst them. About the year 1225, -William Joyner built their choir, Henry Walles the body of the church, -Walter Potter, alderman, the chapter house, Gregorie Rokesley their -dorter; Bartholomew of the Castle made the refectory, Peter de Heliland -made the infirmitory, Bevis Bond, king of heralds, made the study, etc. - -Margaret, queen, second wife to Edward I., began the choir of their -new church in the year 1306; to the building whereof, in her lifetime, -she gave two thousand marks, and one hundred marks by her testament. -John Britaine, Earl of Richmond, built the body of the church to the -charges of three hundred pounds, and gave many rich jewels and ornaments -to be used in the same; Marie, Countess of Pembroke, seventy pounds. -Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, bestowed twenty great beams out of -his forest of Tunbridge, and twenty pounds sterling. Lady Helianor le -Spencer, Lady Elizabeth de Burgh, sister to Gilbert de Clare, gave sums -of money; and so did divers citizens; as Arnald de Tolinea, one hundred -pounds; Robert, Baron Lisle, who became a friar there, three hundred -pounds; Bartholomew de Almaine, fifty pounds. Also Philippa, queen, -wife to Edward III., gave sixty-two pounds; Isabell, queen, mother to -Edward III., gave threescore and ten pounds. And so the work was done -within the space of twenty-one years, 1337. This church was furnished -with windows made at the charges of divers persons. The Lady Margaret -Segrave, Countess of Norfolk, bare the charges of making the stalls in -the choir, to the value of three hundred and fifty marks, about the -year 1380. Richard Whittington, in the year 1429, founded the library, -which was in length one hundred and twenty-nine feet, and in breadth -thirty-one, all sealed with wainscot, having twenty-eight desks and -eight double settles of wainscot; which in the next year following was -altogether finished in building, and within three years after furnished -with books, to the charges of five hundred and fifty-six pounds ten -shillings; whereof Richard Whittington bare four hundred pounds; the -rest was borne by Doctor Thomas Winchelsey, a friar there; and for -the writing out of D. Nicholas de Lira, his works, in two volumes, to -be chained there, one hundred marks, etc. The ceiling of the choir at -divers men's charges, two hundred marks, and the painting at fifty -marks; their conduit head and water-course given them by William Tailor, -tailor to Henry III., etc. - -This whole church containeth in length three hundred feet, of the feet -of St. Paule; in breadth eighty-nine feet, and in height from the ground -to the roof sixty-four feet and two inches, etc. It was consecrated -1325, and at the general suppression was valued at thirty-two pounds -nineteen shillings, surrendered the 12th of November 1538, the 30th of -Henry VIII., the ornaments and goods being taken to the king's use. The -church was shut up for a time, and used as a storehouse for goods taken -prizes from the French; but in the year 1546, on the 3rd of January, was -again set open. On the which day preached at Paule's cross the Bishop of -Rochester, where he declared the king's gift thereof to the city for the -relieving of the poor. Which gift was by patent--of St. Bartholomew's -Spittle, lately valued at three hundred and five pounds six shillings -and seven pence, and surrendered to the king; of the said church of -the Grey Friars, and of two parish churches, the one of St. Nicholas -in the shambles, and the other of St. Ewines in Newgate market, which -were to be made one parish church in the said Friars church; and in -lands he gave for maintenance for the said church, with divine service, -reparations, etc., five hundred marks by year for ever. - -The 13th of January, the 38th of Henry VIII., an agreement was made -betwixt the king and the mayor[236] and commonalty of London, dated the -27th of December, by which the said gift of the Grey Friars church, with -all the edifices and ground, the fratry, the library, the dortor, and -chapter-house, the great cloister and the lesser, tenements, gardens, -and vacant grounds, lead, stone, iron, etc., the hospital of St. -Bartholomew in West Smithfield, the church of the same, the lead, bells, -and ornaments of the same hospital, with all the messuages, tenements, -and appurtenances; the parishes of St. Nicholas and of St. Ewin, and -so much of St. Sepulcher's parish as is within Newgate, were made one -parish church in the Gray Friars church, and called Christ's church, -founded by Henry VIII. - -The vicar of Christ's church was to have twenty-six pounds thirteen -shillings and four pence the year; the vicar of St. Bartholomew thirteen -pounds six shillings and eight pence; the visitor of Newgate (being -a priest), ten pounds; and other five priests in Christ's church, -all to be helping in Divine service, ministering the sacraments and -sacramentals; the five priests to have eight pounds the piece, two -clerks six pounds each, a sexton four pounds. Moreover, he gave them -the hospital of Bethelem; with the laver of brass in the cloister, by -estimation eighteen feet in length, and two feet and a half in depth; -and the water-course of lead, to the said Friar house belonging, -containing by estimation in length eighteen acres. - -In the year 1552 began the repairing of the Grey Friars house for the -poor fatherless children; and in the month of November the children were -taken into the same, to the number of almost four hundred. On Christmas -day, in the afternoon, while the lord mayor and aldermen rode to Paules, -the children of Christ's hospital stood, from St. Lawrence lane end -in Cheape towards Paules, all in one livery of russet cotton, three -hundred and forty in number; and in Easter next they were in blue at the -Spittle, and so have continued ever since. - -The defaced monuments in this church were these; First in the choir, -of the Lady Margaret, daughter to Philip, king of France, and wife to -Edward I., foundress of this new church, 1317; of Isabel, queen, wife -to Edward II., daughter to Philip, king of France, 1358; John of the -Tower; Queen of Scots, wife to David Bruce, daughter to Edward II., -died in Hartford castle, and was buried by Isabel her mother 1362; -William Fitzwarren, baron, and Isabel his wife, sometime Queen of Man; -Isabel, daughter to Edward III., wedded to the Lord Courcy of France, -after created Earl of Bedford; Elianor, wife to John, Duke of Britaine: -Beatrix, Duchess of Britaine, daughter to Henry III.; Sir Robert Lisle, -baron; the Lady Lisle, and Margaret de Rivers, Countess of Devon, all -under one stone; Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, beheaded 1329; Peter, -Bishop of Carbon in Hungary, 1331; Gregory Rocksley, mayor, 1282; Sir -John Devereux, knight, 1385; John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, 1389; -Margaret, daughter to Thomas Brotharton, Earl Marshal; she was Duchess -of Norfolk, and Countess Marshal and Lady Segrave, 1389; Richard -Havering, knight, 1388; Robert Trisilian, knight justice, 1308; Geffrey -Lucy, son of Geffrey Lucy; John Anbry, son to John, mayor of Norwich, -1368; John Philpot, knight, mayor of London, and the Lady Jane Samford -his wife, 1384; John, Duke of Bourbon and Anjou, Earl of Claremond, -Montpensier, and Baron Beaujeu, who was taken prisoner at Agincourt, -kept prisoner eighteen years, and deceased 1433; Robert Chalons, knight, -1439; John Chalons; Margaret, daughter to Sir John Philpot, first -married to T. Santlor, esquire, and after to John Neyband, esquire; -Sir Nicholas Brimbar, mayor of London, buried 1386; Elizabeth Nevel, -wife to John, son and heir to Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, and mother -to Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, and daughter to Thomas Holland, Earl -of Kent, 1423; Edward Burnell, son to the Lord Burnell. In Allhallows -chapel: James Fines, Lord Say, 1450, and Helinor his wife, 1452; John -Smith, Bishop of Landafe, 1478; John, Baron Hilton; John, Baron Clinton; -Richard Hastings, knight, Lord of Willowby and Welles; Thomas Burdet, -esquire, beheaded 1477; Robert Lisle, son and heir to the Lord Lisle. -In our Lady's chapel: John Gisors, of London, knight; Hunfrey Stafford, -esquire, of Worcestershire, 1486; Robert Bartram, Baron of Bothell; -Ralph Barons, knight; William Apleton, knight; Reynold de Cambrey, -knight; Thomas Beaumont, son and heir to Henry Lord Beaumont; John -Butler, knight; Adam de Howton, knight, 1417; Bartholomew Caster, knight -of London; Reinfride Arundele, knight, 1460; Thomas Covil, esquire, -1422. In the 'Postles chapel: Walter Blunt, knight of the Garter, -and Lord Mountjoy, treasurer of England, son and heir to T. Blunt, -knight, treasurer of Normandy,[237] 1474; E. Blunt, Lord Mountjoy, -1475; Alice Blunt Mountjoy, sometime wife to William Brown, mayor of -London, and daughter to H. Kebel, mayor 1521; Anne Blunt, daughter to -John Blunt, knight; Lord Mountjoy, 1480; Sir Allen Cheinie, knight, and -Sir T. Greene, knight; William Blunt, esquire, son and heir to Walter -Blunt,[238] captain of Gwynes, 1492; Elizabeth Blunt, wife to Robert -Curson, knight, 1494; Bartholomew Burwashe, and John Burwashe his -son; John Blunt, Lord Mountjoy, captain of Gwins and Hams, 1485; John -Dinham, baron, sometime treasurer of England, knight of the Garter, -1501; Elianor, Duchess of Buckingham, 1530; John Blunt, knight, 1531; -Rowland Blunt, esquire, 1509; Robert Bradbury, 1489; Nicholas Clifton, -knight; Francis Chape; two sons of Allayne Lord Cheiney, and John, son -and heir to the same; Lord Allaine Cheinie, knight; John Robsart, knight -of the Garter, 1450; Alleyne Cheiney, knight; Thomas Malory, knight, -1470; Thomas Young, a justice of the bench, 1476; John Baldwin, fellow -of Gray's inn, and common sergeant of London, 1469; Walter Wrotsley, -knight of Warwickshire, 1473; Steven Jenins, mayor, 1523; Thomas a Par, -and John Wiltwater, slain at Barnet, 1471; Nicholas Poynes, esquire, -1512; Robert Elkenton, knight, 1460; John Water, alias Yorke herald, -1520; John More, alias Norroy king of arms, 1491; George Hopton, knight, -1489. Between the choir and the altar: Ralph Spiganel, knight; John -Moyle, gentleman, of Gray's inn, 1495; William Huddy, knight, 1501; -John Cobham, a baron of Kent; John Mortain, knight; John Deyncort, -knight; John Norbery, esquire, high treasurer of England; Henry Norbery, -his son, esquire; John Southlee, knight; Thomas Sakvile; Thomas Lucy, -knight; 1525; Robert de la Rivar, son to Mauricius de la Rivar, Lord of -Tormerton, 1457; John Malmaynas, esquire, and Thomas Malmaynas, knight; -Hugh Acton, tailor, 1530; Nicholas Malmains; Hugh Parsal, knight, 1490; -Alexander Kirketon, knight, etc. In the body of the church: William -Paulet, esquire of Somersetshire, 1482; John Moyle, gentleman, 1530; -Peter Champion, esquire, 1511; John Hart, gentleman, 1449; Alice Lat -Hungerford, hanged at Tiborne for murdering her husband, 1523; Edward -Hall, gentleman, of Gray's inn, 1470; Richard Churchyard, gentleman, -fellow of Gray's inn, 1498; John Bramre, gentleman, of Gray's inn, -1498; John Mortimar, knight, beheaded 1423; Henry Frowike, alderman; -Renauld Frowike; Philip Pats, 1518; William Porter, sergeant at arms, -1515; Thomas Grantham, gentleman, 1511; Edmond Rotheley, gentleman, -1470; Henry Roston, gentleman, of Gray's inn, 1485; Nicholas Montgomery, -gentleman, son to John Montgomery, of Northamptonshire, 1485; Sir -Bartholomew Emfield, knight; Sir Barnard St. Peter, knight; Sir Ralph -Sandwich, knight, custos of London; Sir Andrew Sakevile, knight; John -Treszawall, gentleman and tailor of London, 1520. All these and five -times so many more have been buried there, whose monuments are wholly -defaced; for there were nine tombs of alabaster and marble, environed -with strikes of iron in the choir, and one tomb in the body of the -church, also coped with iron, all pulled down, besides sevenscore -grave-stones of marble, all sold for fifty pounds, or thereabouts, by -Sir Martin Bowes, goldsmith and alderman of London. Of late time buried -there, Walter Hadden, doctor, etc. From this church west to Newgate is -of this ward. - -Now for the south side of this ward, beginning again at the cross in -Cheape, from thence to Friday street, and down that street on the west -side, till over against the north-west corner of St. Matthew's church; -and on the west side, to the south corner of the said church, which is -wholly in the ward of Faringdon. This church hath these few monuments: -Thomas Pole, goldsmith, 1395; Robert Johnson, goldsmith, alderman; -John Twiselton, goldsmith, alderman, 1525; Ralph Allen, grocer, one -of the sheriffs, deceased 1546; Anthony Gamage, ironmonger, one of -the sheriffs, deceased 1579; Anthony Cage; John Mabbe, chamberlain of -London, etc. Allen at Condit, and Thomas Warlingworth, founded a chantry -there. Sir Nicholas Twiford, goldsmith, mayor, gave to that church a -house, with the appurtenances, called the Griffon on the Hope, in the -same street.[239] - -From this Friday street, west to the Old Exchange, a street so called -of the king's exchange there kept, which was for the receipt of bullion -to be coined. For Henry III., in the 6th of his reign, wrote to the -Scabines and men of Ipre, that he and his council had given prohibition, -that none, Englishmen or other, should make change of plate or other -mass of silver, but only in his Exchange at London, or at Canterbury. -Andrew Buckerell then had to farm the Exchange of England, and was mayor -of London in the reign of Henry III. John Somercote had the keeping of -the king's Exchange over all England. In the 8th of Edward I., Gregory -Rockesly was keeper of the said Exchange for the king. In the 5th of -Edward II., William Hausted was keeper thereof; and in the 18th, Roger -de Frowicke, etc. - -These received the old stamps, or coining-irons, from time to time, as -the same were worn, and delivered new to all the mints in London, as -more at large in another place I have noted. - -This street beginneth by West Cheape in the north, and runneth down -south to Knightriders street; that part thereof which is called Old Fish -street, but the very housing and office of the Exchange and coinage was -about the midst thereof, south from the east gate that entereth Paules -churchyard, and on the west side in Baynard's castle ward. - -On the east side of this lane, betwixt West Cheape and the church of St. -Augustine, Henry Walles, mayor (by license of Edward I.), built one row -of houses, the profits rising of them to be employed on London bridge. - -The parish church of St. Augustine, and one house next adjoining in -Watheling street, is of this ward called Faringdon. This is a fair -church, and lately well repaired, wherein be monuments remaining--of -H. Reade, armourer, one of the sheriffs 1450; Robert Bellesdon, -haberdasher, mayor 1491; Sir Townley William Dere, one of the sheriffs -1450; Robert Raven, haberdasher, 1500; Thomas Apleyard, gentleman, -1515; William Moncaster, merchant-tailor, 1524; William Holte, -merchant-tailor, 1544, etc. - -Then is the north churchyard of Paules, in the which standeth the -cathedral church, first founded by Ethelbert, king of Kent, about the -year of Christ 610: he gave thereto lands as appeareth: - -"_AEdelbertus Rex, Deo inspirante, pro animae suae remedio dedit episcopo -Melito terram quae appellatur Tillingeham ad monasterii sui solatium, -scilicet monasterium Sancti Pauli: et ego Rex AEthelbertus ita firmiter -concedo tibi presuli Melito potestatem ejus habendi & possidendi ut in -perpetuum in monasterii utilitate permaneat_," etc. Athelstan, Edgar, -Edward the Confessor, and others, also gave lands thereunto. William -the Conqueror gave to the church of St. Paule, and to Mauricius, -then bishop, and his successors, the castle of Stortford, with the -appurtenances, etc. He also confirmed the gifts of his predecessors in -these words: "_W. Rex Angl. concedo Deo et S. Paulo in perpetuum, 24 -Hidas quas Rex AEthelbert dedit S. Paulo juxta London_," etc. The charter -of King William the Conqueror, exemplified in the Tower, englished thus: - -"William, by the grace of God, king of Englishmen, to all his welbeloued -French and English people, greeting: Know ye that I do giue vnto God -and the church of S. Paule of London, and to the rectors and seruitors -of the same, in all their lands which the church hath, or shall have, -within borough and without, sack and sock, thole and theam, infangthefe -and grithbriche, and all freeships, by strand and by land, on tide -and off tide, and all the rights that into them christendome byrath, -on morth sprake, and on unright hamed, and on unright work, of all -that bishoprick on mine land, and on each other man's land. For I will -that the church in all things be as free as I would my soul to be in -the day of judgement. Witnesses: Osmund, our Chancellor; Lanfrank, -the Archbishop of Canterbury; and T. Archbishop of York; Roger, Earle -of Shrewesbury; Alane, the county; Geffrey de Magnavilla; and Ralph -Peuerel." - -In the year 1087, this church of St. Paule was burnt with fire, and -therewith the most part of the city; which fire began at the entry of -the west gate, and consumed the east gate. Mauricius the bishop began -therefore the foundation of a new church of St. Paule, a work that men -of that time judged would never have been finished, it was to them so -wonderful for length and breadth; and also the same was built upon -arches (or vaults) of stone, for defence of fire, which was a manner -of work before that time unknown to the people of this nation, and -then brought in by the French; and the stone was fetched from Caen in -Normandy. - -This Mauricius deceased in the year 1107. Richard Beamor succeeded -him in the bishopric, who did wonderfully increase the said church, -purchasing of his own cost the large streets and lanes about it, wherein -were wont to dwell many lay people; which ground he began to compass -about with a strong wall of stone and gates. King Henry I. gave to the -said Richard so much of the moat (or wall) of the castle, on the Thames -side, to the south, as should be needful to make the said wall of the -church, and so much as should suffice to make a wall without the way on -the north side, etc. - -It should seem that this Richard inclosed but two sides of the said -church or cemetery of St. Paule, to wit, the south and north side; -for King Edward II., in the 10th of his reign, granted that the said -churchyard should be inclosed with a wall where it wanted, for the -murders and robberies that were there committed. But the citizens then -claimed the east part of the churchyard to be the place of assembly to -their folkemotes, and that the great steeple there situate was to that -use, their common bell, which being there rung, all the inhabitants of -the city might hear and come together. They also claimed the west side, -that they might there assemble themselves together, with the lord of -Baynard's castle, for view of their armour, in defence of the city. This -matter was in the Tower of London referred to Harvius de Stanton, and -his fellow justices itinerants; but I find not the decision or judgment -of that controversy. - -True it is, that Edward III., in the 17th of his reign, gave commandment -for the finishing of that wall, which was then performed, and to this -day it continueth; although now on both the sides (to wit, within and -without) it be hidden with dwelling-houses. Richard Beamer deceased in -the year 1127, and his successors in process of time performed the work -begun. - -The steeple of this church was built and finished in the year 1222; the -cross on the said steeple fell down, and a new was set up in the year -1314. The new work of Pauls (so called) at the east end above the choir, -was begun in the year 1251. - -Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, constable of Chester, and custos of -England, in his time was a great benefactor to this work, and was there -buried in the year 1310. Also Ralph Baldocke, Bishop of London, in his -lifetime gave two hundred marks to the building of the said new work, -and left much by his testament towards the finishing thereof: he -deceased in the year 1313, and was buried in the Lady chapel. Also the -new work of Paules, to wit, the cross aisles, were begun to be new built -in the year 1256. - -The 1st of February, in the year 1444, about two of the clock in the -afternoon, the steeple of Paules was fired by lightning, in the midst -of the shaft or spire, both on the west side and on the south; but by -labour of many well-disposed people the same to appearance was quenched -with vinegar, so that all men withdrew themselves to their houses, -praising God; but between eight and nine of the clock in the same night -the fire burst out again more fervently than before, and did much hurt -to the lead and timber, till by the great labour of the mayor and people -that came thither, it was thoroughly quenched. - -This steeple was repaired in the year 1462, and the weather-cock again -erected. Robert Godwin winding it up, the rope brake, and he was -destroyed on the pinnacles, and the cock was sore bruised; but Burchwood -(the king's plumber) set it up again: since the which time, needing -reparation, it was both taken down and set up in the year 1553; at which -time it was found to be of copper, gilt over; and the length from the -bill to the tail being four feet, and the breadth over the wings three -feet and a half, it weighed forty pounds; the cross from the bowl to the -eagle (or cock) was fifteen feet and six inches, of assize; the length -thereof overthwart was five feet and ten inches, and the compass of the -bowl was nine feet and one inch. - -The inner body of this cross was oak, the next cover was lead, and the -uttermost was of copper, red varnished. The bowl and eagle, or cock, -were of copper, and gilt also. - -The height of the steeple was five hundred and twenty feet, whereof the -stone-work is two hundred and sixty feet, and the spire was likewise two -hundred and sixty feet: the length of the whole church is two hundred -and forty tailors' yards, which make seven hundred and twenty feet; -the breadth thereof is one hundred and thirty feet, and the height of -the body of that church is one hundred and fifty feet. This church -hath a bishop, a dean, a precentor, chancellor, treasurer, and five -archdeacons; to wit, of London, Middlesex, Essex, Colchester, and St. -Albans: it hath prebendaries thirty, canons twelve, vicars choral six, -etc. - -The college of petty canons there was founded by King Richard II. in -honour of Queen Anne his wife, and of her progenitors, in the 17th of -his reign. Their hall and lands were then given unto them, as appeareth -by the patent; Master Robert Dokesworth then being master thereof. In -the year 1408, the petty canons then building their college, the mayor -and commonalty granted them their water-courses, and other easements. - -There was also one great cloister, on the north side of this church, -environing a plot of ground, of old time called Pardon churchyard; -whereof Thomas More, dean of Paules, was either the first builder, or -a most especial benefactor, and was buried there. About this cloister -was artificially and richly painted the Dance of Machabray, or Dance of -Death, commonly called the Dance of Paul's; the like whereof was painted -about St. Innocent's cloister at Paris, in France. The metres, or poesy -of this dance, were translated out of French into English by John -Lidgate, monk of Bury,[240] and with the picture of death leading all -estates, painted about the cloister, at the special request and at the -dispence of Jenken Carpenter, in the reign of Henry VI. In this cloister -were buried many persons, some of worship, and others of honour; the -monuments of whom, in number and curious workmanship, passed all other -that were in that church. - -Over the east quadrant of this cloister was a fair library, built at -the costs and charges of Walter Sherington, chancellor of the duchy of -Lancaster, in the reign of Henry VI., which hath been well furnished -with fair written books in vellum, but few of them now do remain there. -In the midst of this Pardon churchyard was also a fair chapel, first -founded by Gilbert Becket, portgrave and principal magistrate of this -city, in the reign of King Stephen, who was there buried. - -Thomas Moore, dean of Paul's before named, re-edified or new built this -chapel, and founded three chaplains there, in the reign of Henry V. - -In the year 1549, on the 10th of April, the said chapel, by commandment -of the Duke of Somerset, was begun to be pulled down, with the whole -cloister, the Dance of Death, the tombs and monuments; so that nothing -thereof was left but the bare plot of ground, which is since converted -into a garden for the petty canons. There was also a chapel at the north -door of Paules, founded by the same Walter Sherrington, by license -of Henry VI., for two, three, or four chaplains, endowed with forty -pounds, by the year. This chapel also was pulled down in the reign of -Edward VI., and in place thereof a fair house built. - -There was furthermore a fair chapel of the Holy Ghost in Paules church, -on the north side, founded in the year 1400 by Roger Holmes, chancellor -and prebendary of Paules, for Adam Berie, alderman, mayor of London -1364, John Wingham and others, for seven chaplains, and called Holme's -college. Their common hall was in Paul's churchyard, on the south -side, near unto a carpenter's yard. This college was, with others, -suppressed in the reign of Edward VI. Then under the choir of Paules is -a large chapel, first dedicated to the name of Jesu, founded, or rather -confirmed, the 37th of Henry VI., as appeareth by his patent thereof, -dated at Croydone, to this effect: "Many liege men, and Christian -people, having begun a fraternitie and guild, to the honour of the most -glorious name of Jesus Christ our Saviour, in a place called the Crowdes -of the cathedrall church of Paul's in London, which hath continued long -time peaceably till now of late; whereupon they have made request, and -we have taken upon us the name and charge of the foundation, to the -laud of Almightie God, the Father, the Sonne, and the Holy Ghost, and -especially to the honour of Jesu, in whose honour the fraternitie was -begun," etc. - -The king ordained William Say, then dean of Paules, to be the rector, -and Richard Ford (a remembrancer in the Exchequer), and Henry Bennis -(clerk of his privy seal), the guardians of those brothers and sisters; -they and their successors to have a common seal, license to purchase -lands or tenements to the value of forty pounds by the year, etc. - -This foundation was confirmed by Henry VII., the 22nd of his reign, to -Doctor Collet, then dean of Paules, rector there, etc.; and by Henry -VIII., the 27th of his reign, to Richard Pace, then dean of Paules, etc. - -At the west end of this Jesus chapel, under the choir of Paules, also -was a parish church of St. Faith, commonly called St. Faith under -Paul's, which served for the stationers and others dwelling in Paule's -churchyard, Paternoster row, and the places near adjoining. The said -chapel of Jesus being suppressed in the reign of Edward VI., the -parishioners of St. Faith's church were removed into the same, as to a -place more sufficient for largeness and lightsomeness, in the year 1551, -and so it remaineth. - -Then was there on the north side of this churchyard a large charnel -house for the bones of the dead, and over it a chapel of an old -foundation, such as followeth. In the year 1282, the 10th of Edward -I., it was agreed, that Henry Walles, mayor, and the citizens, for -the cause of shops by them built, without the wall of the churchyard, -should assign to God and to the church of St. Paul ten marks of rent by -the year for ever, towards the new building of a chapel of the Blessed -Virgin Mary, and also to assign five marks of yearly rent to a chaplain -to celebrate there. - -Moreover, in the year 1430, the 8th of Henry VI., license was granted -to Jenkin Carpenter (executor to Richard Whittington) to establish upon -the said charnel a chaplain, to have eight marks by the year. Then was -also in this chapel two brotherhoods. In this chapel were buried Robert -Barton, Henry Barton, mayor, and Thomas Mirfin, mayor, all skinners, and -were entombed with their images of alabaster over them, grated or coped -about with iron before the said chapel, all which were pulled down in -the year 1549: the bones of the dead, couched up in a charnel under the -chapel, were conveyed from thence into Finsbery field (by report of him -who paid for the carriage[241]), amounting to more than one thousand -cart-loads, and there laid on a moorish ground; in short space after -raised, by soilage of the city upon them, to bear three windmills. The -chapel and charnel were converted into dwelling-houses, warehouses, and -sheds before them, for stationers, in place of the tombs. - -In the east part of this churchyard standeth Paules school, lately new -built, and endowed in the year 1512 by John Collet, doctor of divinity -and dean of Paules, for one hundred and fifty-three poor men's children, -to be taught free in the same school; for which he appointed a master, -a surmaster, or usher, and a chaplain, with large stipends for ever, -committing the oversight thereof to the masters, wardens, and assistants -of the mercers in London, because he was[242] son to Henry Collet, -mercer, sometime mayor. He left to these mercers lands to the yearly -value of one hundred and twenty pounds, or better. - -Near unto this school, on the north side thereof, was of old time a -great and high clochier, or bell-house, four square, built of stone, and -in the same a most strong frame of timber, with four bells, the greatest -that I have heard; these were called Jesus' bells, and belonged to -Jesus' chapel, but I know not by whose gift: the same had a great spire -of timber covered with lead, with the image of St. Paul on the top, but -was pulled down by Sir Miles Partridge, knight, in the reign of Henry -VIII. The common speech then was, that he did set a hundred pounds upon -a cast at dice against it, and so won the said clochiard and bells of -the king; and then causing the bells to be broken as they hung, the rest -was pulled down. This man was afterward executed on the Tower hill for -matters concerning the Duke of Somerset, the 5th of Edward VI. - -In place of this clochiard, of old times the common bell of the city was -used to be rung for the assembly of the citizens to their folke motes, -as I have before showed. - -About the midst of this churchyard is a pulpit cross of timber, mounted -upon steps of stone, and covered with lead, in which are sermons -preached by learned divines every Sunday in the forenoon; the very -antiquity of which cross is to me unknown. I read, that in the year -1259, King Henry III. commanded a general assembly to be made at this -cross, where he in proper person commanded the mayor, that on the next -day following, he should cause to be sworn before the alderman every -stripling of twelve years of age or upward, to be true to the king and -his heirs, kings of England. Also, in the year 1262, the same king -caused to be read at Paul's cross a bull, obtained from Pope Urban IV., -as an absolution for him, and for all that were sworn to maintain the -articles made in parliament at Oxford. Also in the year 1299, the dean -of Paules accursed at Paules cross all those which had searched in the -church of St. Martin in the Field for a hoard of gold, etc. This pulpit -cross was by tempest of lightning and thunder defaced. Thomas Kempe, -Bishop of London, new built it in form as it now standeth. - -In the year 1561, the 4th of June, betwixt the hours of three and four -of the clock in the afternoon, the great spire of the steeple of St. -Paule's church was fired by lightning, which brake forth (as it seemed) -two or three yards beneath the foot of the cross; and from thence it -went downward the spire to the battlements, stone-work, and bells, -so furiously, that within the space of four hours the same steeple, -with all the roofs of the church, were consumed, to the great sorrow -and perpetual remembrance of the beholders. After this mischance, the -queen's majesty directed her letters to the mayor, willing him to take -order for the speedy repairing of the same: and she, of her gracious -disposition, for the furtherance thereof, did presently give and deliver -in gold one thousand marks, with a warrant for a thousand loads of -timber, to be taken out of her woods or elsewhere. - -The citizens also gave first a great benevolence, and after that three -fifteens, to be speedily paid. The clergy of England likewise, within -the province of Canterbury, granted the fortieth part of the value of -their benefices, charged with first fruits, the thirtieth part of such -as were not so charged; but the clergy of London diocese granted the -thirtieth part of all that paid first fruits, and the twentieth part of -such as had paid their fruits. - -Six citizens of London, and two petty canons of Paules church, had -charge to further and oversee the work, wherein such expedition was -used, that within one month next following the burning thereof, the -church was covered with boards and lead, in manner of a false roof, -against the weather; and before the end of the said year, all the said -aisles of the church were framed out of new timber, covered with lead, -and fully finished. The same year also the great roofs of the west and -east ends were framed out of great timber in Yorkshire, brought thence -to London by sea, and set up and covered with lead; the north and south -ends were framed of timber, and covered with lead, before April 1566. -Concerning the steeple, divers models were devised and made, but little -else was done, through whose default, God knoweth; it was said that the -money appointed for new building of the steeple was collected.[243] - -Monuments in this church be these: first, as I read, of Erkenwalde, -Bishop of London, buried in the old church about the year of Christ 700, -whose body was translated into the new work in the year 1140, being -richly shrined above the choir behind the high altar. - -Sebba, or Seba, King of the East Saxons, first buried in the old church, -since removed into the new, and laid in a coffin of stone, on the north -side without the choirs; Ethelred, King of the West Saxons, was likewise -buried and removed; William Norman, Bishop of London in the reigns of -Edward the Confessor and of William the Conqueror, deceased 1070, and -is new buried in the body of the church, with an epitaph, as in my -_Summary_ I have shown; Eustauchius de Fauconbridge, Bishop of London, -1228, buried in the south isle above the choir; Martin Pateshull, -Dean of Powle's, 1239; W. Havarhul, canon; the king's treasurer, Hugh -Pateshull, 1240; Roger Nigar, Bishop of London, 1241, buried in the -north side of the choir; Fulco Basset, Bishop of London, 1259, and his -brother, Philip Basset, knight, 1261; Henry Wingham, Bishop of London, -buried in the south aisle above the choir, 1262; Geffrey de Arca, -chaplain in the chapel of St. James, under the rood at north door, 1264; -Alexander de Swarford, 1273; John Grantham, 1273; John Braynford, and -Richard Umframuile, 1275; Roger de Iale, Archdeacon of Essex, 1280; -Ralph Donion, canon, 1382; Godfrey S. Donstan, 1274; Fulke Lovell, 1298; -William Harworth, clerk, 1302; Reginald Brandon, in the new Lady chapel, -1305; Richard Newporte, Archdeacon of Middlesex, 1309; Henry Lacie, Earl -of Lincolne, in the new work of Paules betwixt the Lady chapel and St. -Dunston's chapel, where a fair monument was raised for him, with his -picture in armour, cross-legged, as one professed for defence of the -Holy Land against the infidels, 1310, his monument is foully defaced; -Ralph Baldoke, Bishop of London, 1313, in the said Lady chapel, whereof -he was founder. - -Some have noted,[244] that in digging the foundation of this new work, -namely of a chapel on the south side of Paule's church, there were found -more than a hundred scalps of oxen or kine, in the year 1316; which -thing (say they) confirmed greatly the opinion of those which have -reported, that of old time there had been a temple of Jupiter, and that -there was daily sacrifice of beasts. - -Othersome, both wise and learned, have thought the buck's head, borne -before the procession of Paule's on St. Paul's day, to signify the like. -But true it is, I have read an ancient deed to this effect. - -Sir William Baud, knight, the 3rd of Edward I., in the year 1274, on -Candlemas day, granted to Harvy de Borham, dean of Powle's, and to the -chapter there, that in consideration of twenty-two acres of ground or -land, by them granted, within their manor of Westley in Essex, to be -inclosed into his park of Curingham, he would for ever, upon the feast -day of the Conversion of St. Paul in winter, give unto them a good doe, -seasonable and sweet, and upon the feast of the commemoration of St. -Paul in summer, a good buck, and offer the same upon the high altar; the -same to be spent amongst the canons residents. The doe to be brought by -one man at the hour of procession, and through the procession to the -high altar; and the bringer to have nothing: the buck to be brought -by all his men in like manner, and they to have paid unto them by the -chamberlain of the church twelve pence only, and no more to be required. -This grant he made, and for performance bound the lands of him and his -heirs to be distrained on; and if the lands should be evicted, that -yet he and his heirs should accomplish the gift. Witnesses: Richard -Tilberie, William de Wockendon, Richard de Harlowe, knights, Peter of -Stanforde, Thomas of Waldon, and some others. - -Sir Walter Baude, son to William, confirmed this gift, in the 30th of -the said king, and the witnesses thereunto were Nicholas de Wokendon, -Richard de Rokeley, Thomas de Mandevile, John de Rochford, knights, -Richard de Broniford, William de Markes, William de Fulham, and other. -Thus much for the grant. - -Now what I have heard by report, and have partly seen, it followeth. -On the feast day of the commemoration of St. Paul, the buck being -brought up to the steps of the high altar in Paul's church, at the -hour of procession, the dean and chapter being apparelled in copes and -vestments, with garlands of roses on their heads, they sent the body -of the buck to baking, and had the head fixed on a pole, borne before -the cross in their procession, until they issued out of the west door, -where the keeper that brought it blowed the death of the buck, and then -the horners that were about the city presently answered him in like -manner; for the which pains they had each one of the dean and chapter, -four pence in money, and their dinner, and the keeper that brought it, -was allowed during his abode there, for that service, meat, drink, and -lodging, at the dean and chapter's charges, and five shillings in money -at his going away, together with a loaf of bread, having the picture of -St. Paul upon it, etc. - -There was belonging to the church of St. Paul, for both the days, two -special suits of vestments, the one embroidered with bucks, the other -with does, both given by the said Bauds (as I have heard). Thus much for -the matter. - -Now to the residue of the monuments:--Sir Ralph Hingham, chief justice -of both Benches successively, buried in the side of the north walk -against the choir, 1308; Henry Guildford, clerk at the altar of the -Apostles, 1313; Richard Newport, Bishop of London, 1318; William -Chateslehunt, canon, in the new work, 1321, had a chantry there; Sir -Nicholas Wokenden, knight, at the altar of St. Thomas in the new work, -1323; John Cheshull, Bishop of London, 1279; Roger Waltham, canon, -1325; Hamo Chikewell, six times mayor of London, 1328; Robert Monden, -and John Monden his brother, canons, in the new work, 1332; Walter -Thorpe, canon, in the new work, 1333; John Fable, 1334; James Fisil, -chaplain, 1341; William Melford, Archdeacon of Colchester, 1345; -Richard de Placeto, Archdeacon of Colchester, 1345, before St. Thomas' -chapel; Geffrey Eton, canon, 1345; Nicholas Husband, canon, 1347; Sir -John Poultney, mayor 1348, in a fair chapel by him built on the north -side of Paule's, wherein he founded three chaplains; William Eversden, -canon, in the crowds, 1349; Alan Hotham, canon, in the new crowds, 1351; -Henry Etesworth, under the rood at north door, 1353; John Beauchampe, -constable of Dover, warden of the ports, knight of the Garter, son to -Guy Beauchampe, Earl of Warwick, and brother to Thomas Earl of Warwick, -in the body of the church, on the south side, 1358, where a proper -chapel and fair monument remaineth of him; he is by ignorant people -misnamed to be Humfrey, Duke of Glocester, who lieth honourably buried -at St. Albon's, twenty miles from London, and therefore such as merrily -or simply profess themselves to serve Duke Humfrey in Paule's, are to -be punished here, and sent to St. Albon's, there again to be punished -for their absence from their lord and master, as they call him; Michael -Norborow, Bishop of London, 1361; Walter Nele, blader, and Avis his -wife, 1361; Gilbert Brewer, dean of Paule's, 1366; Richard Wendover, -1366; John Hiltoft, goldsmith, and Alice his wife, in the new works, -St. Dunston's chapel, 1368; Adam de Bery, mayor in the year 1364, -buried in a chapel of St. Mary Magdalen, or of the Holy Ghost, called -Holmes' college, behind the rood at the north door of Paul's, 1390; -Roger Holmes, chancellor and prebend of Paul's, was buried there 1400; -John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 1399, buried on the north side the -choir, beside Blanch his first wife, who deceased 1368; Sir Richard -Burley, knight of the Garter, under a fair monument in the side of the -north walk against the choir, a chantry was there founded for him, -1409; Beatrix his wife, after his death, married to Thomas Lord Rouse, -was buried in the chapel of St. John Baptist (or Poultney's chapel) -near the north door of Paule's, 1409; Thomas Evers, dean of Paule's, in -St. Thomas' chapel, the new work, 1411; Thomas More, dean of Paule's, -in the chapel of St. Anne and St. Thomas, by him new built in Pardon -churchyard, 1419; Thomas Ston, dean of Paule's, by the tomb of John -Beauchampe, 1423; the Duchess of Bedford, sister to Philip Duke of -Burgoyne, 1433; Robert Fitzhugh, Bishop of London, in the choir, 1435; -Walter Sherington, in a chapel without the north door by him built, -1457; John Drayton, goldsmith, in Alhallowes chapel, 1456; William -Say, dean of Paul's, in the Crowds, or Jesus' chapel, 1468; Margaret, -Countess of Shrewsbury, in the Crowds, or Jesus' chapel, as appeareth by -an inscription on a pillar there. - -Here before the image of Jesu lieth the worshipful and right noble lady, -Margaret Countess of Shrewsbury, late wife of the true and victorious -knight and redoubtable warrior, John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, which -worship died in Guien for the right of this land. The first daughter, -and one of the heirs of the right famous and renowned knight, Richard -Beauchamp, late Earl of Warwick, which died in Rouen, and Dame Elizabeth -his wife, the which Elizabeth was daughter and heir to Thomas, late Lord -Berkeley, on his side, and of her mother's side, Lady Lisle and Tyes, -which countess passed from this world the 14th day of June, in the year -of our Lord 1468, on whose soul Jesu have mercy. Amen. - -John Wenlocke, by his last will, dated 1477, appointed there should -be dispended upon a monument over the Lady of Shrewsbury where she is -buried afore Jesus, one hundred pounds. He left Sir Humfrey Talbot his -supervisor. This Sir Humfrey Talbot, knight, lord marshal of the town of -Calais, made his will the year 1492. He was younger son of John Earl of -Shrewsbury, and Margaret his wife; he appointed a stone to be put in a -pillar before the grave of his lady mother in Paul's, of his portraiture -and arms, according to the will of John Wenlocke, but for want of room -and lightsomeness in that place, it was concluded, the image of Jesus to -be curiously painted on the wall of Paul's church, over the door that -entereth into the said chapel of Jesus, and the portraiture also of the -said Lady Margaret, Countess of Shrewsbury, kneeling in her mantle of -arms, with her progeny; all which was so performed, and remaineth till -this day. - -In the chapel of Jesus, Thomas Dowcrey, William Lambe, 1578, and many -other, have been interred; John of London, under the north rood, 1266; -John Lovell, clerk; John Romane; John of St. Olave; Waltar Bloxley; -Sir Alen Boxhull, knight of the Garter, constable of the Tower, custos -of the forest and park of Clarendon, the forest of Brokholt, Grovell, -and Melchet, buried beside St. Erkenwald's shrine, and of later time -Thomas Kempe, Bishop of London, in a proper chapel of the Trinity by -him founded in the body of the church, on the north side, 1489; Thomas -Linacre, doctor of physic; John Collet, dean of Paule's, on the south -side without the choir, 1519; John Dowman, canon of Paule's, 1525; -Richard Fitz-James, Bishop of London, hard beneath the north-west -pillar of Paule's steeple, under a fair tomb, and a chapel of St. Paul, -built of timber, with stairs mounting thereunto over his tomb, of grey -marble, 1521. His chapel was burned by fire falling from the steeple, -his tomb was taken thence. John Stokesley, Bishop of London, in our -Lady chapel, 1539; John Nevill, Lord Latimer, in a chapel by the north -door of Paule's, about 1542; Sir John Mason, knight, in the north walk, -against the choir, 1566; William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, knight of -the Garter, on the north side of the choir, 1569; Sir Nicholas Bacon, -lord-keeper of the great seal, on the south side of the choir, 1578; -Sir Philip Sidney, above the choir on the north side, 1586; Sir Frances -Walsingham, knight, principal secretary, and chancellor of the duchy of -Lancaster, 1590; Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor of England, -knight of the Garter, above the choir, 1591, under a most sumptuous -monument, where a merry poet wrote thus:-- - - "Philip and Francis have no tombe, - For _great_ Christopher takes all the roome." - -John Elmer, Bishop of London, before St. Thomas' chapel, 1594; the Lady -Heneage, and her husband, Sir Thomas Heneage, chancellor of the duchy, -1595; Richard Fletcher, Bishop of London, 1596. These, as the chief, -have I noted to be buried there. - -Without the north gate of Paule's church from the end of the Old -Exchange, west up Paternoster row, by the two lanes out of Paule's -church, the first out of the cross aisle of Paule's, the other out of -the body of the church, about the midst thereof, and so west to the -Golden Lion, be all of this ward, as is aforesaid. The houses in this -street, from the first north gate of Paule's churchyard unto the next -gate, was first built without the wall of the churchyard, by Henry -Walles, mayor in the year 1282. The rents of those houses go to the -maintenance of London bridge. This street is now called Pater Noster -row, because of stationers or text writers that dwelt there, who wrote -and sold all sorts of books then in use, namely, A. B. C. with the Pater -Noster, Ave, Creed, Graces, etc. - -There dwelt also turners of beads, and they were called Pater Noster -makers, as I read in a record of one Robert Nikke, Pater Noster maker, -and citizen, in the reign of Henry IV., and so of other. At the end of -Pater Noster row is Ave Mary lane, so called upon the like occasion of -text writers and bead makers then dwelling there; and at the end of -that lane is likewise Creede lane, late so called, but sometime Spurrier -row, of spurriers dwelling there; and Amen lane is added thereunto -betwixt the south end of Warwicke lane and the north end of Ave Mary -lane. At the north end of Ave Mary lane is one great house, built of -stone and timber, of old time pertaining to John Duke of Britaine, Earl -of Richmond, as appeareth by the records of Edward II., since that, it -is called Pembrook's inn, near unto Ludgate, as belonging to the earls -of Pembrook, in the times of Richard II., the 18th year, and of Henry -VI., the 14th year. It is now called Burgaveny house, and belongeth to -Henry, late Lord of Burgaveny. - -Betwixt the south end of Ave Mary lane, and the north end of Creed lane, -is the coming out of Paule's church yard on the east, and the high -street on the west, towards Ludgate, and this is called Bowyer row, of -bowyers dwelling there in old time, now worn out by mercers and others. -In this street, on the north side, is the parish church of St. Martin, -a proper church, and lately new built; for in the year 1437, John -Michael, mayor, and the commonalty, granted to William Downe, parson -of St. Martin's at Ludgate, a parcel of ground, containing in length -twenty-eight feet, and in breadth four feet, to set and build their -steeple upon, etc. The monuments here have been of William Sevenoake, -mayor 1418; Henry Belwase and John Gest, 1458; William Taverner, -gentleman, 1466; John Barton, esquire, 1439; Stephen Peacock, mayor -1533; Sir Roger Cholmley, John Went, and Roger Paine, had chantries -there. - -On the south side of this street is the turning into the Black Friers, -which order sometime had their houses in Old borne, where they remained -for the space of fifty-five years, and then in the year 1276, Gregorie -Roksley, mayor, and the barons of this city, granted and gave to Robert -Kilwarby, Archbishop of Canterbury, two lanes or ways next the street of -Baynard's castle, and also the tower of Mountfitchit, to be destroyed; -in place of which the said Robert built the late new church of the Black -Friers, and placed them therein. King Edward I., and Elianor his wife, -were great benefactors thereunto. This was a large church, and richly -furnished with ornaments, wherein divers parliaments, and other great -meetings, hath been holden; namely, in the year 1450, the 28th of Henry -VI., a parliament was begun at Westminster, and adjourned to the Black -Friers in London, and from thence to Leycester. In the year 1522, the -Emperor Charles V. was lodged there. In the year 1524, the 15th of -April, a parliament was begun at the Black Friers, wherein was demanded -a subsidy of eight hundred thousand pounds to be raised of goods and -lands, four shillings in every pound, and in the end was granted two -shillings of the pound of goods or lands that were worth twenty pounds, -or might dispend twenty pounds by the year, and so upward, to be paid -in two years. This parliament was adjourned to Westminster amongst the -black monks, and ended in the king's palace there, the 14th of August, -at nine of the clock in the night, and was therefore called the Black -parliament. In the year 1529, Cardinal Campeius, the legate, with -Cardinal Woolsey, sat at the said Black Friars, where before them, as -legates and judges, was brought in question the king's marriage with -Queen Katherine, as unlawful, before whom the king and queen were cited -and summoned to appear, etc. whereof more at large in my _Annals_ I have -touched. - -The same year, in the month of October, began a parliament in the Black -Friers, in the which Cardinal Woolsey was condemned in the premunire; -this house, valued at L104 15_s._ 5_d._, was surrendered the 12th of -November, the 30th of Henry VIII. There were buried in this church, -Margaret Queen of Scots; Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, translated from -their old church by Oldborne; Robert de Attabeto, Earl of Bellimon; Dame -Isabel, wife to Sir Roger Bygot, earl marshal; William and Jane Huse, -children to Dame Ellis, Countess of Arundell; and by them lieth Dame -Ellis, daughter to the Earl Warren, and after Countess of Arundell; -Dame Ide, wife to Sir Waltar ----, daughter to Ferrers of Chartley; -Richard de Brewes; Richard Strange, son to Roger Strange; Elizabeth, -daughter to Sir Barthol. Badlesmere, wife to Sir William Bohun, Earl -of Northampton; Marsh; the Earls of Marsh and Hereford; and Elizabeth -Countess of Arundell; Dame Joan, daughter to Sir John Carne, first -wife to Sir Gwide Brian; Hugh Clare, knight, 1295; the heart of Queen -Helianor, the foundress; the heart of Alfonce, her son; the hearts of -John and Margaret, children to W. Valence; Sir William Thorpe, justice; -the Lord Lioth of Ireland; Maude, wife to Geffrey Say, daughter to the -Earl of Warwick; Dame Sible, daughter to Wil. Pattehulle, wife to Roger -Beauchampe; and by her Sir Richard or Roger Beauchampe; Lord St. Amand, -and Dame Elizabeth his wife, daughter to the Duke of Lancaster; Sir -Stephen Collington, knight; Sir William Peter, knight; the Countess of -Huntington; Duchess of Excester, 1425; Sir John Cornwall; Lord Fanhope, -died at Amphill in Bedfordshire, and was buried here in 1443; Sir John -Triptoste, Earl of Worcester, beheaded 1470; and by him in his chapel, -James Tuochet Lord Audley, beheaded 1497; William Paston, and Anne, -daughter to Edmond Lancaster; the Lord Beamount; Sir Edmond Cornewall, -Baron of Burford; the Lady Nevell, wedded to Lord Dowglas, daughter -to the Duke of Excester; Richard Scrope, esquire; Dame Katheren Vaux, -_alias_ Cobham; Sir Thomas Browne, and Dame Elizabeth his wife; Jane -Powell; Thomas Swinforth; John Mawsley, esquire, 1432; John De la Bere, -Nicholas Eare, Geffrey Spring, William Clifford, esquires; Sir Thomas -Brandon, knight of the Garter, 1509; William Stalworth, merchant-tailor, -1518; William Courtney, Earl of Devonshire nominate, but not created, -the 3rd of Henry VIII., etc. - -There is a parish of St. Anne within the precinct of the Black Friers, -which was pulled down with the Friers' church, by Sir Thomas Carden; -but in the reign of Queen Mary, he being forced to find a church to -the inhabitants, allowed them a lodging chamber above a stair, which -since that time, to wit, in the year 1597, fell down, and was again by -collection therefore made, new built and enlarged in the same year, and -was dedicated on the 11th of December. - -Now to turn again out of the Black Friers through Bowyer row, Ave Mary -lane, and Pater Noster row, to the church of St. Michael _ad Bladum_, -or at the corne (corruptly at the querne), so called, because in place -thereof was sometime a corn market, stretching by west to the shambles. -It seemeth that the church was new built[245] about the reign of Edward -III. Thomas Newton, first parson there, was buried in the choir the -year 1461. At the east end of this church stood a cross, called the old -cross in West Cheape, which was taken down in the year 1390; since the -which time the said parish church was also taken down, but new built -and enlarged in the year 1430, the 8th of Henry VI. William Eastfield, -mayor, and the commonalty, granted of the common soil of the city three -feet and a half in breadth on the north part, and four feet in breadth -toward the east. This is now a proper church, and hath the monuments -of Thomas Newton, first parson; Roger Woodcocke, hatter, 1475; Thomas -Rossel, brewer, 1473; John Hulton, stationer, 1475; John Oxney; Roger -North, merchant-haberdasher, 1509; John Leiland, the famous antiquary; -Henry Pranell, vintner, one of the sheriffs 1585; William Erkin, one of -the sheriffs 1586; Thomas Bankes, barber-chirurgeon, 1598, etc. John -Mundham had a chantry there in the reign of Edward II. - -At the east end of this church, in place of the old cross, is now a -water-conduit placed. W. Eastfield, mayor the 9th of Henry VI., at the -request of divers common councils, granted it so to be; whereupon, in -the 19th of the same Henry, one thousand marks were granted by a common -council towards the works of this conduit, and the reparations of other: -this is called the little conduit in West Cheape by Paule's gate. At the -west end of this parish church is a small passage for people on foot -through the same church; and west from the said church, some distance, -is another passage out of Pater Noster row, and is called, of such a -sign, Panyar alley, which cometh out into the north over against St. -Martin's lane. Next is Ivie lane, so called of ivy growing on the walls -of the prebend[246] houses; but now the lane is replenished on both -sides with fair houses, and divers offices be there kept by registers, -namely, for the Prerogative Court of the Archbishop of Canterbury, -the probate of wills, and for the lord treasurer's remembrance of the -exchequer, etc. - -This lane runneth north to the west end of St. Nicholas shambles. Of old -time was one great house sometimes belonging to the Earls of Britain, -since that to the Lovels, and was called Lovels' inn; for Mathild, wife -to John Lovell, held it in the 1st of Henry VI. Then is Eldenese lane, -which stretcheth north to the high street of Newgate market; the same -is now called Warwicke lane, of an ancient house there built by an Earl -of Warwicke, and was since called Warwicke inn. It is in record called -a messuage in Eldenese lane, in the parish of St. Sepulchre, the 28th -of Henry the VI. Cicille Duchess of Warwicke possessed it. Now again -from the conduit by Paule's gate on the north side is a large street -running west to Newgate, the first part whereof, from the conduit to -the shambles, is of selling bladders there, called Bladder street. -Then behind the butchers' shops be now divers slaughter houses inward, -and tippling houses outward. This is called Mountgodard street of the -tippling houses there, and the goddards mounting from the tap to the -table, from the table to the mouth, and sometimes over the head. This -street goeth up to the north end of Ivie lane. - -Before this Mountgodard street stall boards were of old time set up by -the butchers to show and sell their flesh meat upon, over the which -stallboards they first built sheds to keep off the weather; but since -that, encroaching by little and little, they have made their stallboards -and sheds fair houses, meet for the principal shambles. Next is Newgate -market, first of corn and meal, and then of other victuals, which -stretcheth almost to Eldenese lane. A fair, new, and strong frame of -timber, covered with lead, was therefore set up at the charges of the -city, near to the west corner of St. Nicholas' shambles, for the meal to -be weighed, in the 1st of Edward VI., Sir John Gresham being then mayor. -On this side the north corner of Eldenese lane stood sometime a proper -parish church of St. Ewine, as is before said, given by Henry VIII., -towards the erecting of Christ's church; it was taken down, and in place -thereof a fair strong frame of timber erected, wherein dwell men of -divers trades. And from this frame to Newgate is all of this ward, and -so an end thereof. - -It hath an alderman, his deputy, common council twelve, constables -seventeen, scavengers eighteen, wardmote inquest eighteen, and a beadle. -And is taxed to the fifteen fifty pounds.[247] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[232] The word _clove_ is from the Anglo-Saxon _Clifian_ (the low German -_Kloeven_, and Dutch _Klooven_), to split, or _clufe_, an ear of corn -or _clove_ of garlic. In this case the flower is the common Stock, -or Stock Gilliflower, so long a favourite in the gardens of England, -and indeed a native of the cliffs by the sea-side. "The old English -name of Gilliflower," says the author of the _Flora Domestica_, "which -is now almost lost in the prefix Stock, is corrupted from the French -_Giroflier_. Chaucer writes it _Gylofre_; but, by associating it with -the nutmeg and other spices, appears to mean the clove-tree, which is in -fact the proper signification of that word. Turner calls it _Gelover_ -and _Gelyflower_, Gerrarde and Parkinson _Gilloflower_." - -[233] The Anglo-Saxon _Gaersuma_--treasure, riches, fine, etc. - -[234] "John Palmer."--_1st edition_, p. 252. - -[235] "John Standelfe and John Standelfe."--_1st edition_, p. 253. - -[236] "The maior and communalty of London, parsons of Christ's church, -the vicar to be at their appointment."--_Stow._ - -[237] "Treasurer of England."--_1st edition_, p. 258. - -[238] "And father to Edward Lord Mountjoy; James Blunt, knighte, son to -Walter Blunt, captain of Gwynes, 1492."--_Ibid._ - -[239] In the first edition, Sir Nicholas Twiford is described as having -a monument in the church. - -[240] Lydgate's verses were first printed at the end of Tottell's -edition of the translation of his _Fall of Princes_, from Boccaccio, -1554, folio, and afterwards in Sir W. Dugdale's _History of St. Paul's -Cathedral_. - -[241] Reign Wolfe. - -[242] "Born in London, and son to Henry Collet."--_1st edition_, p. 267. - -[243] "And brought to the hands of Edmond Grendall, then Bishop of -London."--_1st edition_, p. 269. - -[244] W. Paston. - -[245] "Was first builded about the reigne of Edward III. Thomas Newton, -the first parson there, was buried in the quire, the year 1361, which -was the 35th of Edward the Thirde."--_1st edition_, p. 277. - -[246] "Prebend almes houses."--_1st edition_, p. 277. - - - - -BREAD STREET WARD - - -Bred street ward beginneth in the high street of West Cheape, to wit, -on the south side from the standard to the great cross. Then is also a -part of Watheling street of this ward, to wit, from over against the -Lion on the north side up almost to Paule's gate, for it lacketh but one -house of St. Augustine's church. And on the south side, from the Red -Lion gate to the Old Exchange, and down the same exchange on the east -side by the west end of Mayden lane, or Distar lane, to Knightriders -street, or, as they call that part thereof, Old Fish street. And all the -north side of the said Old Fish street to the south end of Bread street, -and by that still in Knightriders street till over against the Trinity -church and Trinity lane. Then is Bread street itself, so called of bread -in old time there sold; for it appeareth by records, that in the year -1302, which was the 30th of Edward I., the bakers of London were bound -to sell no bread in their shops or houses, but in the market, and that -they should have four hallmotes in the year, at four several terms, to -determine of enormities belonging to the said company. - -This street giving the name to the whole ward, beginneth in West Cheap, -almost by the Standard, and runneth down south through or thwart -Watheling street to Knightriders street aforesaid, where it endeth. This -Bread street is wholly on both sides of this ward. Out of the which -street, on the east side, is Basing lane, a piece whereof, to wit, to -and over against the back gate of the Red Lion in Watheling street, is -of this Bread street ward. - -Then is Fryday street beginning also in West Cheap, and runneth down -south through Watheling street to Knightriders street, or Old Fish -street. This Friday street is of Bread street ward on the east side from -over against the north-east corner of St. Matthew's church, and on the -west side from the south corner of the said church, down as aforesaid. - -In this Fryday street, on the west side thereof, is a lane, commonly -called Mayden lane, or Distaffe lane, corruptly for Distar lane, which -runneth west into the Old Exchange; and in this lane is also one other -lane, on the south side thereof, likewise called Distar lane, which -runneth down to Knightriders street, or Old Fish street; and so be the -bounds of this whole ward. - -Monuments to be noted here, first at Bread street corner, the north-east -end, 1595, of Thomas Tomlinson, causing in the high street of Cheape a -vault to be digged and made, there was found, at fifteen feet deep, a -fair pavement like unto that above ground, and at the further end at -the channel was found a tree sawed into five steps, which was to step -over some brook running out of the west towards Walbrooke; and upon the -edge of the said brook, as it seemeth, there were found lying along -the bodies of two great trees, the ends whereof were then sawed off, -and firm timber as at the first when they fell, part of the said trees -remain yet in the ground undigged. It was all forced ground until they -went past the trees aforesaid, which was about seventeen feet deep or -better; thus much hath the ground of this city in that place been raised -from the main. - -Next to be noted, the most beautiful frame of fair houses and shops that -be within the walls of London, or elsewhere in England, commonly called -Goldsmith's row, betwixt Bread street end and the cross in Cheape, -but is within this Bread street ward; the same was built by Thomas -Wood, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs of London, in the year 1491. It -containeth in number ten fair dwelling-houses and fourteen shops, all -in one frame, uniformly built four stories high, beautified towards the -street with the Goldsmiths' arms and the likeness of woodmen, in memory -of his name, riding on monstrous beasts, all which is cast in lead, -richly painted over and gilt: these he gave to the Goldsmiths, with -stocks of money, to be lent to young men having those shops, etc. This -said front was again new painted and gilt over in the year 1594; Sir -Richard Martin being then mayor, and keeping his mayoralty in one of -them, serving out the time of Cuthbert Buckle in that office from the -2nd of July till the 28th of October. - -Then for Watheling street, which Leyland called Atheling or Noble -street; but since he showeth no reason why, I rather take it to be so -named of the great highway of the same calling. True it is, that at -this present the inhabitants thereof are wealthy drapers, retailers of -woollen cloths, both broad and narrow, of all sorts, more than in any -one street of this city. - -Of the Old Exchange, I have noted in Faringdon ward; wherefore I pass -down to Knightriders street, whereof I have also spoken in Cordwainers -street ward; but in this part of the said Knightriders street is a fish -market kept, and therefore called Old Fish street for a difference from -New Fish street. - -In this Old Fish street is one row of small houses, placed along in -the midst of Knightriders street, which row is also of Bread street -ward: these houses, now possessed by fishmongers, were at the first but -moveable boards (or stalls), set out on market-days, to show their fish -there to be sold; but procuring license to set up sheds, they grew to -shops, and by little and little to tall houses, of three or four stories -in height, and now are called Fish street. Walter Turke, fishmonger, -mayor 1349, had two shops in Old Fish street, over against St. Nicholas -church; the one rented five shillings the year, the other four shillings. - -Bread street, so called of bread sold there (as I said), is now wholly -inhabited by rich merchants; and divers fair inns be there, for good -receipt of carriers and other travellers to the city. - -On the east side of this street, at the corner of Watheling street, -is the proper church of Alhallowes in Bread street, wherein are the -monuments--of James Thame, goldsmith; John Walpole, goldsmith, 1349; -Thomas Beamount, alderman, one of the sheriffs 1442; Robert Basset, -salter, mayor 1476; Sir Richard Chaury, salter, mayor 1509; Sir Thomas -Pargitar, salter, mayor 1530; Henry Sucley, merchant-tailor, one of -the sheriffs 1541; Richard Reade, alderman, that served and was taken -prisoner in Scotland, 1542; Robert House, one of the sheriffs 1589; -William Albany, Richard May, and Roger Abde, merchant-tailors. - -In the 23rd of Henry VIII., the 17th of August, two priests of this -church fell at variance, that the one drew blood of the other; wherefore -the same church was suspended, and no service sung or said therein for -the space of one month after: the priests were committed to prison, -and the 15th of October, being enjoined penance, went before a general -procession, bare-headed, bare-footed, and bare-legged, before the -children, with beads and books in their hands, from Paules, through -Cheape, Cornehill, etc. - -More to be noted of this church, which had sometime a fair spired -steeple of stone. In the year 1559, the 5th of September, about mid-day, -fell a great tempest of lightning, with a terrible clap of thunder, -which struck the said spire about nine or ten feet beneath the top; out -of the which place fell a stone that slew a dog, and overthrew a man -that was playing with the dog. The same spire being but little damnified -thereby, was shortly after taken down, for sparing the charges of -reparation. - -On the same side is Salters' hall, with six alms houses in number, built -for poor decayed brethren of that company. This hall was burnt in the -year 1539, and again re-edified. - -Lower down on the same side is the parish church of St. Mildred the -Virgin. The monuments in this church be--of the Lord Trenchaunt of -St. Alban's, knight, who was supposed to be either the new builder of -this church, or best benefactor to the works thereof, about the year -1300; and Odde Cornish, gentleman, 1312; William Palmer, blader, a -great benefactor also, 1356; John Shadworth, mayor 1401, who gave the -parsonage-house, a re-vestry, and churchyard to that parish, in the -year 1428; notwithstanding, his monument is pulled down; Stephen Bugge, -gentleman; his arms be three water-bugs,[248] 1419; Henry Bugge founded -a chantry there 1419; Roger Forde, vintner, 1440; Thomas Barnwell, -fishmonger, one of the sheriffs 1434; Sir John Hawlen, clerk, parson -of that church, who built the parsonage-house newly after the same had -been burnt to the ground, together with the parson and his man also, -burnt in that fire, 1485; John Parnell, 1510; William Hurstwaight, -pewterer to the king, 1526; Christopher Turner, chirurgeon to King Henry -VIII., 1530; Ralph Simonds, fishmonger, one of the sheriffs in the year -1527; Thomas Langham gave to the poor of that parish four tenements -1575; Thomas Hall, salter, 1582; Thomas Collins, salter, alderman; Sir -Ambrose Nicholas, salter, mayor 1575, was buried in Sir John Shadworth's -vault. - -Out of this Bread street, on the same side, is Basing lane; a part -whereof (as is afore showed) is of this ward, but how it took the name -of Basing I have not read: in the 20th year of Richard II. the same was -called the bakehouse, whether meant for the king's bakehouse, or of -bakers dwelling there, and baking bread to serve the market in Bread -street, where the bread was sold, I know not; but sure I am, I have not -read of Basing, or of Gerrarde the giant, to have anything there to do. - -On the south side of this lane is one great house, of old time built -upon arched vaults, and with arched gates of stone, brought from Caen in -Normandy. The same is now a common hostrey for receipt of travellers, -commonly and corruptly called Gerrardes hall, of a giant said to have -dwelt there. In the high-roofed hall of this house sometime stood a -large fir pole, which reached to the roof thereof, and was said to be -one of the staves[249] that Gerrarde the giant used in the wars to -run withal. There stood also a ladder of the same length, which (as -they say) served to ascend to the top of the staff. Of later years -this hall is altered in building, and divers rooms are made in it. -Notwithstanding, the pole is removed to one corner of the hall, and -the ladder hanged broken upon a wall in the yard. The hostelar of that -house said to me, "the pole lacketh half a foot of forty in length:" I -measured the compass thereof, and found it fifteen inches. Reason of -the pole could the master of the hostrey give me none, but bade me read -the great Chronicles, for there he heard of it: which answer seemed to -me insufficient, for he meant the description of Britaine, for the most -part drawn out of John Leyland his commentaries (borrowed of myself), -and placed before Reyne Wolfe's Chronicle,[250] as the labours of -another (who was forced to confess he never travelled further than from -London to the university of Oxford): he writing a chapter of giants or -monstrous men, hath set down more matter than truth, as partly against -my will I am enforced here to touch. R. G., in his brief collection of -histories (as he termeth it) hath these words: "I, the writer hereof, -did see, the 10th day of March, in the yeare of our Lord 1564, and had -the same in my hand, the tooth of a man, which weighed ten ounces of -troy weight; and the skull of the same man is extant, and to be seene, -which will hold five pecks of wheat; and the shin-bone of the same man -is six foote in length, and of a marvellous greatness." Thus far of -R. G.[251] The error thereof is thus: He affirmeth a stone to be the -tooth of a man, which stone (so proved) having no shape of a tooth, had -neither skull or shin-bone. Notwithstanding, it is added in the said -description, that by conjectural symetry of those parts the body to be -twenty-eight feet long, or more. From this he goeth to another like -matter, of a man with a mouth sixteen feet wide, and so to Gerrard the -giant and his staff. But to leave these fables, and return where I left, -I will note what myself hath observed concerning that house. - -I read that John Gisors, mayor of London in the year 1245, was owner -thereof, and that Sir John Gisors, knight, mayor of London, and -constable of the Tower 1311, and divers others of that name and family, -since that time owned it. William Gisors was one of the sheriffs 1329. -More, John Gisors had issue, Henry and John; which John had issue, -Thomas; which Thomas deceasing in the year 1350, left unto his son -Thomas his messuage called Gisor's hall, in the parish of St. Mildred -in Bread street; John Gisors made a feoffment thereof, 1386, etc. So -it appeareth that this Gisor's hall, of late time by corruption hath -been called Gerrard's hall[252] for Gisor's hall; as Bosom's inn for -Blossom's inn, Bevis marks for Buries marks, Marke lane for Marte lane, -Belliter lane for Belsetter's lane, Gutter lane for Guthuruns lane, Cry -church for Christ's church, St. Mihel in the quorn for St. Mihel at -corne, and sundry such others. Out of this Gisor's hall, at the first -building thereof, were made divers arched doors, yet to be seen, which -seem not sufficient for any great monster, or other than man of common -stature to pass through, the pole in the hall might be used of old time -(as then the custom was in every parish), to be set up in the summer -as May-pole, before the principal house in the parish or street, and -to stand in the hall before the screen, decked with holme and ivy, all -the feast of Christmas.[253] The ladder served for the decking of the -may-pole and roof of the hall. Thus much for Gisor's hall, and for that -side of Bread street, may suffice. - -Now on the west side of Bread street, amongst divers fair and large -houses for merchants, and fair inns for passengers, had ye one -prison-house pertaining to the sheriffs of London, called the compter -in Bread street; but in the year 1555 the prisoners were removed -from thence to one other new compter in Wood street, provided by -the city's purchase, and built for that purpose; the cause of which -remove was this: Richard Husband, pastelar, keeper of this compter -in Bread street, being a wilful and head-strong man, dealt, for his -own advantage, hard with the prisoners under his charge, having also -servants such as himself liked best for their bad usage, and would not -for any complaint be reformed; whereupon, in the year 1550, Sir Rowland -Hill being mayor, by the assent of a court of aldermen, he was sent to -the gaol of Newgate, for the cruel handling of his prisoners; and it -was commanded to the keeper to set those irons on his legs which are -called the widow's alms. These he ware from Thursday to Sunday in the -afternoon, and being by a court of aldermen released on the Tuesday, -was bound in a hundred marks to observe from thenceforth an act made -by the common council, for the ordering of prisoners in the compters; -all which notwithstanding, he continued as afore, whereof myself am -partly a witness; for being of a jury to inquire against a sessions of -gaol delivery,[254] in the year 1552, we found the prisoners hardly -dealt withal, for their achates and otherwise; as also that thieves -and strumpets were there lodged for four pence the night, whereby -they might be safe from searches that were made abroad; for the which -enormities, and other not needful to be recited, he was indighted at -that session, but did rub it out, and could not be reformed till this -remove of prisoners, for the house in Bread street was his own by lease, -or otherwise, so that he could not be put from it. Note, that gaolers -buying their offices will deal hardly with pitiful prisoners. - -Now in Friday street, so called of fishmongers dwelling there, and -serving Friday's market, on the east side, is a small parish church, -commonly called St. John Evangelist: the monuments therein be of John -Dogget, merchant tailor, one of the sheriffs in the year 1509; Sir -Christopher Askew, draper, mayor 1533; William de Avinger, farrier, was -buried there in the 34th of Edward III. Then lower down, is one other -parish church of St. Margaret Moyses, so called (as seemeth) of one -Moyses, that was founder or new builder thereof. The monuments there be -of Sir Richard Dobbes, skinner, mayor 1551; William Dane, ironmonger, -one of the sheriffs 1569; Sir John Allet, fishmonger, mayor 1591. There -was of older time buried, Nicholas Stanes, and Nicholas Braye; they -founded chantries there. - -On the west side of this Friday street, is Mayden lane, so named of -such a sign, or Distaffe lane, for Distar lane, as I read in the record -of a brewhouse called the Lamb, in Distar lane, the 16th of Henry VI. -In this Distar lane, on the north side thereof, is the Cordwainers, or -Shoemakers' hall, which company were made a brotherhood or fraternity, -in the 11th of Henry IV. Of these cordwainers I read, that since the -fifth of Richard II. (when he took to wife Anne, daughter to Vesalaus, -King of Boheme), by her example, the English people had used piked -shoes, tied to their knees with silken laces, or chains of silver or -gilt, wherefore in the 4th of Edward IV. it was ordained and proclaimed, -that beaks of shoone and boots, should not pass the length of two -inches, upon pain of cursing by the clergy, and by parliament to pay -twenty shillings for every pair. And every cordwainer that shod any man -or woman on the Sunday, to pay thirty shillings. - -On the south side of this Distar lane, is also one other lane, called -Distar lane, which runneth down to Knightriders' street, or Old Fish -street, and this is the end of Bread street ward; which hath an -alderman, his deputy, common council ten, constables ten, scavengers -eight, wardmote inquest thirteen, and a beadle. It standeth taxed to the -fifteen in London, at L37, and in the Exchequer at L36 18_s._ 2_d._[255] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[247] "In London at fifty-four pounds, and in the Exchequer at -fifty-three pounds six shillings and eight pence."--_1st edition_, p. -345. - -[248] Water Bougets--heraldic representations of the leathern bottles in -which water was anciently carried. - -[249] "A pole of forty foote long, and fifteen inches about, fabuled to -be the iusting staffe of Gerrard a giant."--_Stow._ - -[250] "Which aunswere seemed to me insufficient, for hee meant the -description of Brittaine, before Reinwolfe's Chronicle, wherein the -author writing a chapter of Gyaunts, and having been deceived by some -authours, too much crediting their smoothe speeche, hath set down more -matter than troth, as partly (and also against my will) I am enforced to -touch."--_1st edition_, p. 283. - -[251] "R. G. saw a stone, and said the same to bee a tooth, but being -by my selfe proued a stone, there fayled both scull and shank-bone, -and followed a cluster of lies together, yet since increased by -other."--_Stow._ - -[252] "Gerrard's hall overthrowne with Gerrard the giant, and his great -spear."--_Stow._ - -[253] "Every man's house of old time was decked with holly and ivy in -the winter, especially at Christmas."--_Stow._ - -[254] "Quest of inquiry indight the keepers of the gayles for dealing -hardly with their prisoners. They indighted the bowling alleys, -etc."--_Stow._ - - - - -QUEENE HITHE WARD - - -Next unto Bread street ward, on the south side thereof, is Queene Hithe -ward, so called of a water gate, or harbour for boats, lighters, and -barges; and was of old time for ships, at what time the timber bridge of -London was drawn up, for the passage of them to the said hithe, as to a -principal strand for landing and unlading against the midst and heart of -the city. - -This ward beginneth in the east, in Knightriders' street, on the south -side thereof, at the east end of the parish church called the Holy -Trinity, and runneth west on the south side to a lane called Lambert -hill, which is the length of the ward in Knightriders' street, out of -the which street are divers lanes, running south to Thames street, and -are of this ward: the first is Trinity lane, which runneth down by the -west end of Trinity church; then is Spuren lane, or Spooner's lane, now -called Huggen lane; then Bread street hill; then St. Mary Mounthaunt, -out of the which lane, on the east side thereof, is one other lane, -turning east, through St. Nicholas Olave's churchyard to Bread street -hill. This lane is called Finimore lane, or Fivefoot lane, because it -is but five feet in breadth at the west end; in the midst of this lane -runneth down one other lane broader, south to Thames street, I think -the same to be called Desbourne lane, for I read of such a lane to have -been in the parish of Mary Summerset, in the 22nd year of Edward III., -where there is said to lie between the tenement of Edward de Montacute, -knight, on the east part, and the tenement some time pertaining to -William Gladwine on the west, one plot of ground, containing in length -towards Thames street, twenty-five feet, etc. - -Last of all, have you Lambart-hill lane, so called of one Lambart, owner -thereof; and this is the furthest west part of this ward. - -On the north side coming down from Knightriders' street, the east side -of Lambart hill, is wholly of this ward; and the west side, from the -north end of the Blackesmiths' hall (which is about the midst of this -lane) unto Thames street; then part of Thames street is also of this -ward, to wit, from a cook's house called the sign of King David, three -houses west from the Old Swan brewhouse in the east, unto Huntington -house, over against St. Peter's church in the west, near unto Paul's -wharf; and on the land side, from a cook's house called the Blue Boar, -to the west end of St. Peter's church, and up St. Peter's hill, two -houses north above the said church. And these be the bounds of this -ward, in which are parish churches seven, halls of companies two, and -other ornaments as shall be shewed. - -First in Knightriders' street, is the small parish church of the Holy -Trinity, very old, and in danger of down falling: collections have been -made for repairing thereof, but they will not stretch so far, and, -therefore, it leaneth upon props or stilts. Monuments as followeth. - -John Brian, alderman in the reign of Henry V., a great benefactor; John -Chamber had a chantry there; Thomas Rishby, esquire, and Alice his wife, -within the chancel; John Mirfin, auditor of the exchequer 1471; Sir -Richard Fowler, of Ricks in Oxfordshire, 1528; George Cope, second son -to Sir John Cope of Copasashby in Northamptonshire, 1572. - -Towards the west end of Knightriders' street is the parish church of St. -Nicolas Cold Abbey, a proper church, somewhat ancient, as appeareth by -the ways raised thereabout, so that men are forced to descend into the -body of the church: it hath been called of many Golden Abbey, of some, -Gold Abbey, or Cold Bey, and so hath the most ancient writings,[256] as -standing in a cold place, as Cold harbour, and such like. The steeple or -tall tower of this church, with the south aisle, have been of a later -building: to wit, the 1st of Richard II., when it was meant the whole -old church should have been new built, as appeareth by the arching begun -on the east side the steeple, under the which, in the stone work, the -arms of one Buckland, esquire, and his wife, daughter to Beaupere, are -cut in stone, and also are in the glass windows, whereby it appeareth -he was the builder of the steeple, and repairer of the residue. The -26th of Edward III., An. Aubrey being mayor,[257] T. Frere, fishmonger, -gave one piece of ground to the said parish church of St. Nicholas, -containing eighty-six feet in length, and forty-three feet at one end, -and thirty-four at the other, in breadth, for a cemetery or churchyard. -The 20th of Richard II., Thomas Barnard Castle, clerke, John Sonderash, -clerke, and John Nouncy, gave to the parson and churchwardens of the -said church and their successors, one messuage and one shop, with the -appurtenances, in Distaffe lane and Old Fish street, for the reparation -of the body of the said church, the belfry or steeple, and ornaments. - -Buried in this church, John Calfe, and William Cogeshall, 1426; Waltar -Turke, fishmonger, mayor 1349; Richarde Esastone, fishmonger, 1330; -Nicholas Wolberge, fishmonger, 1407; Thomas Paddington, fishmonger, -1485; Robert Hary, fishmonger, John Suring, 1490; Roger Darlington, -fishmonger, 1557; Richard Lacty, parson, under a fair tomb on the -north side the choir, 1491; Richard Bradbrudge, 1497; William Clarke, -1501; James Picman, 1507; Richard Farneford, 1525; Thomas Nicholas, -fishmonger, 1527; William Barde, fishmonger, 1528. - -On the north side of this church, in the wall thereof, was of late built -a convenient cistern of stone and lead, for receipt of Thames water, -conveyed in pipes of lead to that place, for the ease and commodity of -the fishmongers and other inhabitants in and about Old Fish street. -Barnard Randolph, common serjeant of the city of London, did in his -lifetime deliver to the company of Fishmongers the sum of nine hundred -pounds, to be employed towards the conducting of the said Thames water, -and cisterning the same, etc.; in the parishes of St. Mary Magdalen, and -St. Nicholas Colde Abbey, near unto Fish street, seven hundred pounds; -and other two hundred pounds to charitable deeds: he deceased 1583, and -shortly after this conduit with the other was made and finished. - -In Trinity lane, on the west side thereof, is the Painterstainers' -hall, for so of old time were they called, but now that workmanship of -staining is departed out of use in England. Lower down in Trinity lane, -on the east side thereof, was sometime a great messuage pertaining unto -John, earl of Cornwall, in the 14th of Edward III. On Bread street hill, -down to the Thames on both sides, be divers fair houses, inhabited -by fishmongers, cheesemongers, and merchants of divers trades. On -the west side whereof is the parish church of St. Nicholas Olive, a -convenient church, having the monuments of W. Newport, fishmonger, one -of the sheriffs 1375; Richard Willowes, parson, 1391; Richard Sturges, -fishmonger, 1470; Thomas Lewen, ironmonger, one of the sheriffs 1537, -who gave his messuage, with the appurtenances, wherein he dwelt, with -fourteen tenements in the said parish of St. Nicholas, to be had -after the decease of Agnes his wife, to the ironmongers, and they to -give stipends appointed to almsmen, in five houses by them built in -the churchyard of that parish, more to poor scholars in Oxford and -Cambridge, etc. Blitheman, an excellent organist of the Queen's chapel, -lieth buried there with an epitaph, 1591, etc. - -The next is Old Fishstreet hill, a lane so called, which also runneth -down to Thames street. In this lane, on the east side thereof, is the -one end of Finimore, or Five foot lane. On the west side of this Old -Fishstreet hill is the Bishop of Hereford's inn or lodging, an ancient -house and large rooms, built of stone and timber, which sometime -belonged to the Mounthauntes in Norfolk. Radulphus de Maydenstone, -Bishop of Hereford, about 1234, bought it of the Mounthauntes, and gave -it to the Bishops of Hereford, his successors. Charles, both Bishop of -Hereford and Chancellor of the Marches, about the year 1517, repaired -it, since the which time the same is greatly ruinated, and is now -divided into many small tenements; the hall and principal rooms, are a -house to make sugar-loaves, etc. - -Next adjoining is the parish church of St. Mary de Monte Alto, or -Mounthaunt; this is a very small church, and at the first built to -be a chapel for the said house of the Mounthaunts, and for tenements -thereunto belonging. The Bishop of Hereford is patron thereof. Monuments -in this church of John Glocester, alderman 1345, who gave Salt wharf -for two chantries there; John Skip, Bishop of Hereford, 1539, sate -twelve years, died at London in time of parliament, and was buried in -this church. There was sometime a fair house in the said parish of -St. Mary Mounthaunt, belonging to Robert Belkenape, one of the king's -justices, but the said Belkenape being banished this realm. King Richard -II. in the twelfth of his reign, gave it to William Wickham, Bishop of -Winchester. - -On the east side of this Old Fishstreet hill, is one great house, now -let out for rent, which house sometime was one of the halls, pertaining -to the company of Fishmongers, at such time as they had six hallmotes or -meeting places: namely, two in Bridge street, or New Fish street; two in -Old Fish street, whereof this was one; and two in Stockfishmonger row, -or Thames street, as appeareth by a record, the 22nd of Richard II. - -Next westward is one other lane called Lambard hill, the east side -whereof is wholly of this ward, and but half the west side, to wit, from -the north end of the Blacksmiths' hall. - -Then in Thames street of this ward, and on the north side over against -the Queen's hith, is the parish church of St. Michaell, a convenient -church, but all the monuments therein are defaced. - -I find that Stephen Spilman, gentleman, of that family in Norfolk, -sometime mercer, chamberlain of London, then one of the sheriffs, and -alderman in the year 1404, deceasing without issue, gave his lands to -his family the Spilmans, and his goods to the making or repairing of -bridges and other like godly uses; and amongst others in this church he -founded a chantry, and was buried in the choir. - -Also Richard Marlowe, ironmonger, mayor 1409, gave twenty pounds to the -poor of that ward, and ten marks to the church. - -Richard Gray, ironmonger, one of the sheriffs 1515, gave forty pounds to -that church, and was buried there. At the west end of that church goeth -up a lane, called Pyel lane. On the same north side, at the south end of -St. Mary Mounthaunt lane, is the parish church of St. Mary Summerset, -over against the Broken wharf; it is a proper church, but the monuments -are all defaced. I think the same to be of old time called Summer's -hith, of some man's name that was owner of the ground near adjoining, as -Edred's hithe was so called of Edred owner thereof, and thence called -Queene hithe, as pertaining to the queen, etc. - -Then is a small parish church of St. Peter, called _parva_, or little, -near unto Powle's wharf; in this church no monuments do remain. At the -west end thereof, is a lane called St. Peter's hill, but two houses up -that lane on the east side is of this ward, and the rest is of Castle -Baynarde ward. - -On the south side of Thames street, beginning again in the east, among -the cooks, the first in this ward, is the sign of David the King; then -is Towne's end lane, turning down to the Thames; then is Queene hithe, a -large receptacle for ships, lighters, barges, and such other vessels. - -Touching the antiquity and use of this gate and hithe, first, I find -the same belongeth to one named Edred, and was then called Edred's -hithe, which since falling to the hands of King Stephen, it was by his -charter confirmed to William De Ypre;[258] the farm thereof in fee and -in heritage, William De Ypre gave unto the prior and convent of the Holy -Trinity within Aldgate, as appeareth by this charter:-- - -"To Theobalde, by the grace of God, Archbishop of Canterbury, primate of -England, and Legate Apostolike, to the Bishoppe of London, and to all -faithful people, clarkes and layemen, William de Ypre sendeth greeting. - -"Know ye me to have given and graunted to God, and to the church of -the Holy Trinitie of London, to the prior and canons there serving -God in perpetuall almes, Edred's hith, with the appurtenances, with -such devotion, that they shall send every yeare twentie pound unto the -maintenance of the hospital of St. Katherens, which hospitall they have -in their hands, and one hundred shillinges to the monkes of Bermondsey, -and sixty shillinges to the brethren of the hospitall of St. Giles, -and that which remayneth, the said prior and canons shall enjoy to -themselves. Witnesses, Richard de Lucie, Raph Picot, etc." - -This Edred's hithe, after the aforesaid grants, came again to the king's -hands, by what means I have not read, but it pertained unto the queen, -and, therefore, was called _Ripa reginae_, the Queene's bank, or Queen's -hithe, and great profit thereof was made to her use, as may appear by -this which followeth. - -King Henry III. in the 9th of his reign, commanded the constables of the -Tower of London to arrest the ships of the Cinque Ports on the river of -Thames, and to compel them to bring their corne to no other place, but -to the Queen's hithe only. In the eleventh of his reign, he charged the -said constable to distrain all fish offered to be sold in any place of -this city, but at the Queene hithe. Moreover, in the 28th of the said -king's reign, an inquisition was made before William of Yorke, provost -of Beverley, Henry of Bath, and Hierome of Caxton, justices itinerant, -sitting in the Tower of London, touching the customs of Queen hithe, -observed in the year last before the wars between the king and his -father, and the barons of England, and of old customs of other times, -and what customs had been changed, at what time the tax and payment of -all things coming together, and between Woore path and Anedehithe,[259] -were found and ceased, according to the old order, as well corn and fish -as other things: all which customs were as well to be observed in the -part of Downegate, as in Queen hithe, for the king's use. When also it -was found that the corn arriving between the gate of the Guildhall of -the merchants of Cologne, and the soke of the Archbishop of Canterbury -(for he had a house near unto the Blacke Fryers), was not to be measured -by any other quarter, than by that of the Queene's soke. - -After this, the bailiff of the said hithe complained that, since the -said recognition, fourteen foreign ships laden with fish, arrived at -Belinge's gate, which ships should have arrived at the same hithe; -and, therefore, it was ordered, that if any foreign ship laden with -fish, should in form aforesaid, arrive elsewhere than at this hithe, -it should be at the king's pleasure to amerce them at forty shillings. -Notwithstanding, the ships of the citizens of London were at liberty to -arrive where the owners would appoint them. - -After this, the said Henry III. confirmed the grant of Richard Earl of -Cornwall for the farm of the Queen hithe unto John Gisors, then mayor, -and to the commonalty of London, and their successors for ever, as by -this his charter appeareth: - -"Henry, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of -Guien, and Earl of Anjou, to all archbishops, etc. Be it known, that we -have seen the covenant between our brother, Richard Earl of Cornwall, -on the one part, and the mayor and commonalty on the other part, which -was in this sort. In the 30th year of Henry, the son of King John,[260] -upon the feast of the Translation of St. Edward, at Westminster, this -covenant was made between the honourable Lord Richard Earl of Cornwall, -and John Gisors, then mayor of London, and the commons thereof, -concerning certain exactions and demands pertaining to the Queen hithe -of London. The said earl granted for himself and his heirs, that the -said mayor, and all mayors ensuing, and all the commons of the city, -should have and hold the Queen hithe, with all the liberties, customs, -and other appurtenances, repaying yearly to the said earl, his heirs and -assigns, fifty pounds, at Clarkenwell, at two several terms; to wit, the -Sunday after Easter twenty-five pounds, and at Michaelmas twenty-five -pounds. And for more surety hereof the said earl hath set thereunto his -seal, and left it with the mayor, and the mayor and commonalty have -set to their seal, and left it with the earl. Wherefore we confirm and -establish the said covenant for us, and for our heirs. Witnesses, Raph -Fitz Nichol, Richard Gray, John and Wil. Brithem, Paulin Painter, Raph -Wancia, John Cumbaud, and other, at Windsor, 26th of February, in the -31st of our reign." - -The charge of this Queen hithe was then committed to the sheriffs, and -so hath continued ever since; the profits whereof are sore diminished, -so that (as writeth Robert Fabian) it was worth in his time little above -twenty marks, or fifteen pounds, one year with another. Now for customs -of this Queen hithe.[261] In the year 1302, the 30th of Edward I., it -was found by the oath of divers men, that bakers, brewers, and others, -buying their corn at Queen hithe, should pay for measuring, portage, -and carriage, for every quarter of corn whatsoever, from thence to West -Cheap, to St. Anthonie's church, to Horshew bridge, and to Woolsey -street, in the parish of Allhallowes the Less, and such like distances, -one halfpenny farthing; to Fleet bridge, to Newgate, Cripplegate, to -Bircheovers lane, to Eastcheape, and Billingsgate, one penny. Also, that -the measure (or the meter) ought to have eight chief master-porters, -every master to have three porters under him, and every one of them -to find one horse, and seven sacks; and he that so did not, to lose -his office. This hithe was then so frequented with vessels, bringing -thither corn (besides fish, salt, fuel, and other merchandises), that -all these men, to wit, the meter, and porters, thirty-seven in number, -for all their charges of horses and sacks, and small stipend, lived well -of their labours; but now[262] the bakers of London, and other citizens, -travel into the countries, and buy their corn of the farmers, after the -farmers' price. - -King Edward II., in the 1st of his reign, gave to Margaret, wife to -Piers de Gavestone, forty-three pounds twelve shillings and nine pence -halfpenny farthing, out of the rent of London, to be received of the -Queen's hithe. Certain impositions were set upon ships and other vessels -coming thither, as upon corn, salt, and other things, toward the charge -of cleansing Roome-land there, the 41st of Edward III. - -The 3rd of Edward IV., the market at Queen hithe being hindered by the -slackness of drawing up London bridge, it was ordained, that all manner -of vessels, ships, or boats, great or small, resorting to the city with -victual, should be sold by retail; and that if there came but one vessel -at a time, were it salt, wheat, rye, or other corn, from beyond the -seas, or other grains, garlic, onions, herrings, sprats, eels, whiting, -plaice, cods, mackarel, etc., then that one vessel should come to Queen -hithe, and there to make sale; but if two vessels come, the one should -come to Queen hithe, the other to Billingsgate; if three, two of them -should come to Queen hithe, the third to Billingsgate, etc., always the -more to Queen hithe; if the vessel being great, coming with salt from -the Bay, and could not come to these keys, then the same to be conveyed -by lighters, as before is meant. - -One large house for stowage of corn craned out of lighters and barges, -is there lately built; Sir John Lion, grocer, mayor 1554, by his -testament, gave a hundred pounds towards it; but since increased and -made larger at the charges of the city, in the year 1565. - -Against this Queen's hithe, on the river Thames, of late years, was -placed a corn mill, upon or betwixt two barges or lighters, and there -ground corn, as water mills in other places, to the wonder of many that -had not seen the like; but this lasted not long without decay, such as -caused the same barges and mill to be removed, taken asunder, and soon -forgotten. I read of the like to have been in former time, as thus:--In -the year 1525, the 16th of Henry VIII., Sir William Bayly being mayor, -John Cooke of Glocester, mercer, gave to the mayor and commonalty of -London, and theirs for ever, one great barge, in the which two corn -mills were made and placed, which barge and mills were set in and upon -the stream of the river of Thames, within the jurisdiction and liberty -of the said city of London. - -And also he gave to the city all such timber, boards, stones, iron, -etc., provided for making, mending, and repairing of the said barge and -mills, in reward whereof the mayor gave him fifty pounds presently, and -fifty pounds yearly during his life; and if the said Cooke deceased -before Johan his wife, then she to have forty marks the year during her -life. - -Next adjoining to this Queen hithe, on the west side thereof, is Salt -wharf, named of salt taken up, measured, and sold there. The next is -Stew lane, of a stew or hothouse there kept. After that is Timber hithe, -or Timber street, so called of timber or boards there taken up and -wharfed; it is in the parish of St. Mary Somershithe, as I read in the -56th of Henry III., and in the 9th of Edward II. Then is Brookes wharf, -and Broken wharf, a water gate or key, so called of being broken and -fallen down into the Thames. By this Broken wharf remaineth one large -old building of stone, with arched gates, which messuage, as I find, -in the reign of Henry III., the 43rd year, pertaining unto Hugh de -Bygot; and in the 11th of Edward III., to Thomas Brotherton, the king's -brother, Earl of Norfolk, Marshal of England; in the 11th of Henry VI. -to John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, etc. - -Within the gate of this house (now belonging to the city of London) -is lately, to wit, in the years 1594 and 1595, built one large house -of great height, called an engine, made by Bevis Bulmar, gentleman, -for the conveying and forcing of Thames water to serve in the middle -and west parts of the city. The ancient great hall of this messuage -is yet standing, and pertaining to a great brewhouse for beer. West -from this is Trigge lane, going down to Thames. Next is called Bosse -lane, of a bosse of water, like unto that of Billingsgate, there placed -by the executors of Richard Whittington. Then is one great messuage, -sometime belonging to the abbots of Chertsey in Surrey, and was their -inn, wherein they were lodged when they repaired to the city; it is now -called Sandie house, by what reason I have not heard: I think the Lord -Sands have been lodged there. - -And this is an end of this Queen hithe ward; which hath an alderman and -his deputy, common council six, constables nine, scavengers eight, -wardmote inquest thirteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen in -London twenty pounds, and in the Exchequer at nineteen pounds sixteen -shillings and two pence. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[255] "In the Exchequer thirty-six pounds, ten shillings."--_1st -edition_, p. 285. - -[256] "But I could never learne the cause why it should be so called, -and therefore I will let it passe."--_1st edition_, p. 287. - -[257] "There bee monumentes in this church of Andrew Awbery, grocer, -mayor, and Thomas Fryar, fishmonger, in the yeare 1351, who gave to this -church and parish one plot of ground, containing fiftie-six foote in -length, and fortie-three foote in breadth at both endes, to be a buriall -place for the dead of the said parish, the twenty-sixt of Edward the -third. Also Thomas Madefry, clarke, and John Pylot, gave to the wardens -of that parish one shop and a house in Distar lane, for the continual -repairing of the body of that church, the belles and ornaments, the -twentieth of Richard II."--_1st edition_, p. 287. - -[258] Liber Trinitate. - -[259] It appears from Strype's _Stow_ (i. p, 214, ed. 1720), that "Were -path or Wore path, is in the east part of the Flete of Barking, about -seven miles from London; and Anedeheth is near Westminster, on the west -part of London." - -[260] Liber Trinitate, Lon. - -[261] Liber Constitut. - -[262] "But now that case is altered."--_1st edition_, p. 293. - - - - -CASTLE BAYNARD WARD - - -The next is Castle Baynard ward, so named of an old castle there. -This ward beginneth in the east on the Thames side, at a house called -Huntingdon house, and runneth west by Paule's wharf, by Baynard's -castle, Puddle wharf, and by the south side of Black Friers. Then -turning by the east wall of the said Friers to the south-west end of -Creed lane. Then, on the north side of Thames street, over against -Huntington house, by St. Peter's church and lane, called Peter hill, -along till over against Puddle wharf, and then north up by the great -Wardrobe to the west end of Carter lane, then up Creed lane, Ave Mary -lane, and a piece of Pater Noster row, to the sign of the Golden Lion, -and back again up Warwicke lane, and all the east side thereof, to the -sign of the Crown by Newgate market; and this is the farthest north part -of this ward. - -Then out of Thames street be lanes ascending north to Knightriders -street; the first is Peter hill lane, all of that ward (two houses -excepted, adjoining to St. Peter's church). The next is Paule's wharf -hill, which thwarting Knightriders street and Carter lane, goeth up to -the south chain of Paule's churchyard. - -Then in Adle street, over against the west part of Baynard's castle, -going up by the west end of Knightriders street and to Carter lane. Thus -much for lanes out of Thames street. The one half of the west side of -Lambard hill lane being of this ward, at the north-west end thereof, on -the south side, and at the west end of St. Mary Magdalen's church on the -north side beginneth Knightriders street to be of this ward, and runneth -west on both sides to the parish church of St. Andrew by the Wardrobe. - -Then at the end of St. Mary Magdalen's church goeth up the Old Exchange, -all the west side whereof up to the south-east gate of Paule's -churchyard, and by St. Austen's church, is of this ward. About the midst -of this Old Exchange, on the west side thereof is Carter lane, which -runneth west to the east entry of the Blacke Friers, and to the south -end of Creed lane, out of the which Carter lane descendeth a lane called -Do-little lane, and cometh into Knightriders street by the Boar's head -tavern; and more west is Sermon lane, by an inn called the Paule head. -Then out of Carter lane, on the north side thereof, the south chain -of Paules churchyard, and the churchyard itself on that south side of -Paules church, and the church of St. Gregorie, the bishop's palace, -and the dean's lodging, be all of this ward; and such be the bounds -thereof. The ornaments in this ward be parish churches four. Of old time -a castle, divers noblemen's houses, halls of companies twain, and such -others, as shall be shown. - -In Thames street, at the south-east end, is an ancient messuage, of old -time called Beaumount's inn, as belonging to that family of noblemen -of this realm in the 4th of Edward III. Edward IV., in the 5th of his -reign, gave it to W. Hastings, lord chamberlain, master of his mints. It -is now called Huntington house, as belonging to the earls of Huntington. -Next is Paul's wharf, a large landing place, with a common stair upon -the river of Thames, at the end of a street called Paule's wharf hill, -which runneth down from Paule's chain. Next is a great messuage, called -Scropes inn, sometime belonging to Scropes, in the 31st of Henry VI. - -Then is one other great messuage, sometime belonging to the abbey of -Fiscampe, beyond the sea, and by reason of the wars, it coming to the -hands of King Edward III., the same was given to Sir Simon Burley, -knight of the Garter, and, therefore, called Burley house in Thames -street, between Baynard's castle and Paule's wharf. - -Then have you Baynard's castle, whereof this whole ward taketh the -name. This castle banketh on the river Thames, and was called Baynard's -castle, of Baynard, a nobleman that came in with William the Conqueror, -of the which castle, and of Baynard himself, I have spoken in another -place. - -There was also another tower by Baynard's castle, built by King Edward -II. Edward III., in the 2nd of his reign, gave it to William Duke of -Hamelake, in the county of York, and his heirs, for one rose yearly, to -be paid for all service, the same place (as seemeth to me) was since -called Legate's inn, in the 7th of Edward IV., where be now divers wood -wharfs in place. - -Then is there a great brewhouse, and Puddle wharf, a watergate into the -Thames, where horses use to water, and therefore being defiled with -their trampling, and made puddle, like as also of one Puddle dwelling -there, it is called Puddle wharf. Then is there a lane between the -Blacke Fryers and the Thames, called in the 26th of Edward III. Castle -lane. - -In this lane also is one great messuage, of old time belonging to the -priory of Okeborne in Wiltshire, and was the prior's lodging when -he repaired to London. This priory being of the French order, was -suppressed by Henry V., and with other lands and tenements pertaining -to the said priory, was by Henry VI. given to his college in Cambridge, -called now the King's college. About this castle lane was sometime a -mill or mills belonging to the Templars of the New Temple, as appeareth -of record; for King John, in the 1st year of his reign, granted a place -in the Fleet, near unto Baynard's castle, to make a mill, and the whole -course of water of the Fleet to serve the said mill. - -I read also, that in the year 1247, the 2nd of Edward I., Ri. Raison, -and Atheline his wife, did give to Nicho. de Musely, clerk, ten -shillings of yearly free and quiet rent, out of all his tenements, with -the houses thereupon built, and their appurtenances, which they had of -the demise of the master and brethren of Knights Templars, in England, -next to their mill of Fleet, over against the houses of Laurence de -Brooke, in the parish of St. Andrew, next to Baynard's castle, which -tenements lie between the way leading towards the said mill on the west -part. Also in the rights belonging to Robert Fitzwater, and to his -heirs, in the city of London, in the time of peace, it was declared -in the year 1303, that the said Robert, castellan of London, and -banner-bearer, had a soke (or ward) in the city, that was by the wall of -St. Paule, as men go down the street before the brewhouse of St. Paule -unto the Thames, and so to the side of the mill, which is in the water -that cometh down from Fleet bridge, and goeth by London wall, betwixt -Fryers preachers church and Ludgate; and so that ward turned back by the -house of the said Fryers unto the said common wall of the said canonry -of St. Paul; that is, all of the parish of St. Andrew, which is in the -gift of his ancestors by seniority, as more I have shown in the Castles. - -Now here is to be noted, that the wall of London at that time went -straight south from Ludgate down to the river of Thames; but for -building of the Blacke Fryers church, the said wall in that place was by -commandment taken down, and a new wall made straight west from Ludgate -to Fleet bridge, and then by the water of Fleet to the river of Thames, -etc. - -In the year 1307, the 35th of Edward I., in a parliament at Carlisle, -Henry Lacie, Earl of Lincoln, complained of noyances done to the water -of the Fleet; whereupon it was granted that the said mill should be -removed and destroyed. - -This ward ascendeth up by the east wall of the Black Fryers to the -south-west end of Creed lane, where it endeth on that side. - -Then to begin again on the north side of Thames street, over against -Huntington house, by St. Peter's church and lane, called Peter hill, and -so to St. Benet Hude (or Hithe) over against Powle's wharf, a proper -parish church, which hath the monuments of Sir William Cheiny, knight, -and Margaret his wife, 1442, buried there; Doctor Caldwell, physician; -Sir Gilbert Dethik, knight, _alias_ Garter king at arms. West from this -church, by the south end of Adle street, almost against Pudle wharf, -there is one ancient building of stone and timber, built by the lords -of Barkley, and therefore called Barklies inn. This house is all in -ruin, and letten out in several tenements, yet the arms of the Lord -Barkley remain in the stone work of an arched gate, gules, between a -cheveron, crosses ten--three, three, and four. Richard Beauchampe, Earl -of Warwicke, was lodged in this house, then called Barklies inn, in the -parish of St. Andrew, in the reign of Henry VI. - -Then turning up towards the north is the parish church of St. Andrew in -the Wardrobe, a proper church, but few monuments hath it. John Parnt -founded a chantry there. Then is the king's Great Wardrobe: Sir John -Beauchamp, knight of the Garter, Constable of Dover, Warden of the Sinke -ports (son to Guido de Beauchampe, Earl of Warwicke), built this house, -was lodged there, deceased in the year 1359, and was buried on the south -side of the middle aisle of Paule's church. His executors sold the house -to King Edward III., unto whom the parson of St. Andrewe's complaining -that the said Beauchampe had pulled down divers houses, in their place -to build the same house, where through he was hindered of his accustomed -tithes, paid by the tenants of old time, granted him forty shillings by -year out of that house for ever. King Richard III. was lodged there in -the second of his reign. - -In this house of late years is lodged Sir John Fortescue, knight, master -of the wardrobe, chancellor and under-treasurer of the exchequer, and -one of her majesty's most honourable privy council. The secret letters -and writings touching the estate of the realm were wont to be enrolled -in the king's wardrobe, and not in the chancery, as appeareth by the -records. Claus. 18. E. 4. 1. Memb. 13. Claus. 33. E. 1. Memb. 3. Et -liberat. 1. E. 2. Memb. 4, etc. From this wardrobe, by the west end of -Carter lane, then up Creede lane, Ave Mary lane, a piece of Pater Noster -row, up Warwick lane, all the east side, to a brewhouse called the -Crown, as I said is of this ward. Touching lanes ascending out of Thames -street to Knightriders' street, the first is Peter's hill, wherein I -find no matter of note, more than certain alms houses, lately founded on -the west side thereof, by David Smith, embroiderer, for six poor widows, -whereof each to have twenty shillings by the year. - -On the east side of this lane standeth a large house, of ancient -building, sometime belonging to the abbot of St. Mary in York, and was -his abiding house when he came to London; Thomas Randolfe, esquire, hath -lately augmented and repaired it. - -At the upper end of this lane, towards the north, the corner-houses -there be called Peters key, but the reason thereof I have not heard. -Then is Paules wharf hill, on the east side whereof is Woodmongers' -hall. And next adjoining is Darby house, sometime belonging to the -Stanleys, for Thomas Stanley, first Earl of Derby of that name, who -married the Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond, mother to Henry VII., -in his time built it. - -Queen Mary gave it to Gilbert Dethike, then Garter principal king of -arms of Englishmen; Thomas Hawley, Clarenceaux king of arms of the south -parts; William Harvy, _alias_ Norroy king of arms of the north parts, -and the other heralds and pursuivants of arms, and to their successors, -all the same capital messuage or house called Derby house, with the -appurtenances, situate in the parish of St. Benet and St. Peter, then -being in the tenure of Sir Richard Sackvile, knight, and lately parcel -of the lands of Edward, Earl of Derby, etc., to the end that the said -kings of arms, heralds, and pursuivants of arms, and their successors, -might at their liking dwell together, and at meet times to congregate, -speak, confer, and agree among themselves, for the good government of -their faculty, and their records might be more safely kept, etc. Dated -the 18th of July, 1555, Philip and Mary I., and third year. - -Then higher up, near the south chain of Paules churchyard, is the Paule -Head tavern, which house, with the appurtenances, was of old time called -Paules brewhouse, for that the same was so employed, but been since left -off, and let out. - -On the west side of this street, is one other great house, built of -stone, which belongeth to Paules church, and was sometime let to the -Blunts, Lords Mountjoy, but of latter time to a college in Cambridge, -and from them to the doctors of the civil law and Arches, who keep a -commons there; and many of them being there lodged, it is called the -Doctors' Commons. Above this, on the same side, was one other great -building over-against Paules brewhouse, and this was called Paules -bakehouse, and was employed in baking of bread for the church of Paules. - -In Addle street, or lane, I find no monuments. - -In Lambart hill lane on the west side thereof, is the Blacksmiths' hall, -and adjoining to the north side thereof have ye one plot of ground, -inclosed with a brick wall for a churchyard, or burying-plot for the -dead of St. Mary Magdalen's by Old Fish street, which was given to that -use by John Iwarby, an officer in the receipt of the exchequer, in the -26th of King Henry VI., as appeareth by patent. John Iwarby, etc., gave -a piece of land lying void in the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, nigh to -Old Fish street, between the tenement of John Philpot on the south, -and the tenement of Bartholomewe Burwash on the west, and the tenement -pertaining to the convent of the Holy Well on the north, and the way -upon Lambarde's hill on the east, for a churchyard, to the parson, and -churchwardens, etc. - -Over-against the north-west end of this Lambard hill lane in -Knightriders' street, is the parish church of St. Mary Magdalen, a small -church, having but few monuments, Richard Woodroffe, merchant tailor, -1519; Barnard Randolph, esquire, 1583. - -On the west side of this church, by the porch thereof, is placed a -conduit or cistern of lead, castellated with stone, for receipt of -Thames water, conveyed at the charges of the before-named Barnard -Randolph, esquire. By the east end of St. Mary Magdalen's church, -runneth up the Old Exchange lane, by the west end of Carter lane, to -the south-east gate or chain of Paule's churchyard, as is before shown. -And in this part was the Exchange kept, and bullion was received for -coinage, as is noted in Faringdon ward within. - -In this parish church of St. Mary Magdalen, out of Knightriders' street -up to Carter lane, be two small lanes, the one of them called Do Little -lane, as a place not inhabited by artificers or open shopkeepers, but -serving for a near passage from Knightriders' street to Carter lane. - -The other, corruptly called Sermon lane, for Sheremoniers' lane, for -I find it by that name recorded in the 14th of Edward I., and in that -lane, a place to be called the Blacke loft (of melting silver) with four -shops adjoining. It may, therefore, be well supposed that lane to take -name of Sheremonyars, such as cut and rounded the plates to be coined -or stamped into sterling pence; for the place of coining was the Old -Exchange, near unto the said Sheremoniars' lane. Also I find that in the -13th of Richard II. William de la Pole had a house there. - -In Knightriders' street is the College of Physicians, wherein was -founded in the year 1582 a public lecture in surgery, to be read twice -every week, etc., as is shown elsewhere. - -In the south churchyard of Paules, is the south side and west end of the -said church; in the which west end be three stately gates or entries, -curiously wrought of stone: namely, the middle gate, in the midst -whereof is placed a massy pillar of brass, whereunto the leaves of the -said great gate are closed and fastened with locks, bolts, and bars of -iron; all which, notwithstanding, on the 24th of December in the year -1565, by a tempest of wind then rising from the west, these gates were -blown open, the bars, bolts, and locks broken in sunder, or greatly -bended. Also on the 5th of January in the year 1589, by a like tempest -of wind, then in the south-west, the lesser west gate of the said -church, next to the bishop's palace, was broken, both bolts, bars, and -locks, so that the same was blown over. - -At either corner of this west end is, also of ancient building, a strong -tower of stone, made for bell towers: the one of them, to wit, next to -the palace, is at this present to the use of the same palace; the other, -towards the south, is called the Lowlardes' tower,[263] and hath been -used as the bishop's prison, for such as were detected for opinions in -religion, contrary to the faith of the Church. - -The last prisoner which I have known committed thereto, was in the -year 1573, one Peter Burcher, gentleman, of the Middle Temple, for -having desperately wounded, and minding to have murdered, a serviceable -gentleman named John Hawkins, esquire, in the high street near unto the -Strand, who being taken and examined, was found to hold certain opinions -erroneous, and therefore committed thither, and convicted; but in the -end, by persuasion, he promised to abjure his heresies; and was, by -commandment of the council, removed from thence to the Tower of London, -etc., where he committed as in my _Annales_ I have expressed. - -Adjoining to this Lowlardes' tower is the parish-church of St. Gregory, -appointed to the petty canons of Paules. Monuments of note I know none -there. - -The rest of that south side of St. Paules church, with the chapter-house -(a beautiful piece of work, built about the reign of Edward III.) is -now defaced by means of licenses granted to cutlers, budget-makers, and -others, first to build low sheds, but now high houses, which do hide -that beautiful side of the church, save only the top and south gate. - -On the north-west side of this churchyard is the bishop's palace, a -large thing for receipt, wherein divers kings have been lodged, and -great household hath been kept, as appeareth by the great hall, which -of late years, since the rebatement of bishops' livings, hath not been -furnished with household menie and guests, as was meant by the builders -thereof, and was of old time used. - -The dean's lodging on the other side, directly against the palace, -is a fair old house, and also divers large houses are on the same -side builded, which yet remain, and of old time were the lodgings of -prebendaries and residentiaries, which kept great households and liberal -hospitality, but now either decayed, or otherwise converted. - -Then is the Stationers' hall on the same side, lately built for them in -place of Peter College, where in the year 1549, the 4th of January, five -men were slain by the fall of earth upon them, digging for a well. And -let this be an end of Baynardes Castle ward, which hath an alderman, his -deputy, common council nine, constables ten, scavengers seven, wardmote -inquest fourteen, and a beadle. And to the fifteen is taxed at L12, in -the exchequer L11 13_s._ - -FOOTNOTE: - -[263] For Lowlardes' Tower, read M. Foxe.--_Stow._ - - - - -THE WARD OF FARINGDON EXTRA, OR WITHOUT - - -The farthest west ward of this city, being the twenty-fifth ward of -London, but without the walls, is called Faringdon Without, and was of -old time part of the other Faringdon Within, until the 17th of Richard -II., that it was divided and made twain, by the names of Faringdon -_infra_ and Faringdon _extra_, as is afore shown. - -The bounds of which ward without Newgate and Ludgate are these: first, -on the east part thereof, is the whole precinct of the late priory -of St. Bartholomew, and a part of Long lane on the north, towards -Aldersgate street and Ducke lane, with the hospital of St. Bartholomew -on the west, and all Smithfield to the bars in St. John Street. Then -out of Smithfield, Chicke lane toward Turmile brook, and over that -brook by a bridge of timber into the field, then back again by the -pens (or folds) in Smithfield, by Smithfield pond to Cow lane, which -turneth toward Oldborne, and then Hosiar lane out of Smithfield, also -toward Oldborne, till it meet with a part of Cow lane. Then Cocke -lane out of Smithfield, over-against Pie corner, then also is Giltspur -street, out of Smithfield to Newgate, then from Newgate west by St. -Sepulchres church to Turnagaine lane, to Oldborne conduit, on Snow hill, -to Oldborne bridge, up Oldborne hill to the bars on both sides. On the -right hand or north side, at the bottom of Oldborne hill, is Gold lane, -sometime a filthy passage into the fields, now both sides built with -small tenements. Then higher is Lither lane, turning also to the field, -lately replenished with houses built, and so to the bar. - -Now on the left hand or south side from Newgate lieth a street called -the Old Bayly, or court of the chamberlain of this city; this stretcheth -down by the wall of the city unto Ludgate, on the west side of which -street breaketh out one other lane, called St. Georges lane, till ye -come to the south end of Seacole lane, and then turning towards Fleet -street it is called Fleet lane. The next out of the high street from -Newgate turning down south, is called the Little Bayly, and runneth down -to the east of St. George's lane. Then is Seacole lane which turneth -down into Fleet lane; near unto this Seacole lane, in the turning -towards Oldborne conduit, is another lane, called in records Wind Againe -lane, it turneth down to Turnemill brook, and from thence back again, -for there is no way over. Then beyond Oldborne bridge to Shoe lane, -which runneth out of Oldborne unto the Conduit in Fleet street. Then -also is Fewtars lane, which likewise stretcheth south into Fleet street -by the east end of St. Dunstans church, and from this lane to the bars -be the bounds without Newgate. - -Now without Ludgate, this ward runneth by from the said gate to Temple -bar, and hath on the right hand or north side the south end of the Old -Bayly, then down Ludgate hill to the Fleet lane over Fleet bridge, and -by Shoe lane and Fewters lane, and so to New street (or Chancery lane), -and up that lane to the house of the Rolles, which house is also of this -ward, and on the other side to a lane over against the Rolles, which -entereth Ficquets' field. - -Then hard by the bar is one other lane called Shyre lane, because it -divideth the city from the shire, and this turneth into Ficquets' field. - -From Ludgate again on the left hand, or south side to Fleet bridge, to -Bride lane, which runneth south by Bridewell, then to Water lane, which -runneth down to the Thames. - -Then by the White Fryers and by the Temple, even to the bar aforesaid, -be the bounds of this Faringdon Ward without. - -Touching ornaments and antiquities in this ward, first betwixt the said -Newgate and the parish church of St. Sepulchre's, is a way towards -Smithfield, called Gilt Spurre, or Knightriders' street, of the knights -and others riding that way into Smithfield, replenished with buildings -on both sides up to Pie corner, a place so called of such a sign, -sometimes a fair inn for receipt of travellers, but now divided into -tenements, and over against the said Pie corner lieth Cocke lane, which -runneth down to Oldborne conduit. - -Beyond this Pie corner lieth West Smithfield, compassed about with -buildings, as first on the south side following the right hand, standeth -the fair parish church and large hospital of St. Bartilmew, founded by -Rahere, the first prior of St. Bartilmewes thereto near adjoining, in -the year 1102. - -Alfune, that had not long before built the parish church of St. Giles -without Criplegate, became the first hospitaller, or proctor, for the -poor of the house, and went himself daily to the shambles and other -markets, where he begged the charity of devout people for their relief, -promising to the liberal givers (and that by alleging testimonies of -the holy scripture) reward at the hands of God. Henry III. granted -to Katherine, late wife to W. Hardell, twenty feet of land in length -and breadth in Smithfield, next to the chapel of the hospital of St. -Bartilmew, to build her a recluse or anchorage, commanding the mayor and -sheriffs of London to assign the said twenty feet to the said Katherine, -Carta II of Henry III. The foundation of this hospital, for the poor -and diseased their special sustentation, was confirmed by Edward III. -the 26th of his reign: it was governed by a master and eight brethren, -being priests, for the church, and four sisters to see the poor served. -The executors of R. Whitington, sometime mayor of London, of his goods -repaired this hospital, about the year 1423. - -Sir John Wakering, priest, master of this house in the year 1463, -amongst other books, gave to their common library the fairest Bible that -I have seen, written in large vellum by a brother of that house named -John Coke, at the age of sixty-eight years, when he had been priest -forty-three years: since the spoil of that library, I have seen this -book in the custody of my worshipful friend, Master Walter Cope. - -Monuments in this church of the dead, benefactors thereunto, be these: -Elizabeth, wife to Adam Hone, gentleman; Bartilmew Bildington; Jane, -wife to John Cooke; Dame Alis, wife to Sir Richarde Isham; Alice, wife -to Nicholas Bayly; John Woodhouse, esquire; Robert Palmar, gentleman; -Idona, wife to John Walden, lying by her husband on the north side, -late newly built, 1424; Sir Thomas Malifant, or Nanfant, Baron of -Winnow, Lord St. George in Glamorgan, and Lord Ockeneton and Pile in the -county of Pembroke, 1438; Dame Margaret his wife, daughter to Thomas -Astley, esquire, with Edmond and Henry his children; William Markeby, -gentleman, 1438; Richard Shepley, and Alice his wife; Thomas Savill, -serjeant-at-arms; Edward Beastby, gentleman, and Margaret his wife; -Waltar Ingham, and Alienar his wife; Robert Warnar, and Alice Lady -Carne; Robert Caldset, Johan and Agnes his wives; Sir Robert Danvars, -and Dame Agnes his wife, daughter to Sir Richard Delaber; William -Brookes, esquire; John Shirley, esquire, and Margaret his wife, having -their pictures of brass, in the habit of pilgrims, on a fair flat stone, -with an epitaph thus:-- - - "Beholde how ended is our poore pilgrimage, - Of John Shirley, esquier, with Margaret his wife, - That xii. children had together in marriage, - Eight sonnes and foure daughters withouten strife, - That in honor, nurtur, and labour flowed in fame, - His pen reporteth his lives occupation, - Since Pier his life time, John Shirley by name, - Of his degree, that was in Brutes Albion, - That in the yeare of grace deceased from hen, - Fourteene hundred winter, and sixe and fiftie. - In the yeare of his age, fourescore and ten, - Of October moneth, the day one and twenty." - -This gentleman, a great traveller in divers countries, amongst other -his labours, painfully collected the works of Geffrey Chaucer, John -Lidgate, and other learned writers, which works he wrote in sundry -volumes to remain for posterity; I have seen them, and partly do possess -them. Jane, Lady Clinton, gave ten pounds to the poor of this house, -was there buried, 1458; Agnes, daughter to Sir William St. George; -John Rogerbrooke, esquire; Richard Sturgeon; Thomas Burgan, gentleman; -Elizabeth, wife to Henry Skinard, daughter to Chincroft, esquire; -William Mackley, gentleman, and Alice his wife; W. Fitzwater, gentleman, -1466. - -This hospital was valued at the suppression in the year 1539, the -31st of Henry VIII., to thirty-five pounds five shillings and seven -pence yearly. The church remaineth a parish church to the tenants -dwelling in the precinct of the hospital; but in the year 1546, on the -13th of January, the bishop of Rochester, preaching at Paules cross, -declared the gift of the said king to the citizens for relieving of -the poor, which contained the church of the Gray Fryers, the church of -St. Bartilmew, with the hospital, the messuages, and appurtenances in -Giltspurre _alias_ Knightriders' street, Breton street, Petar quay, -in the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, in Old Fish street, and in the -parish of St. Benet Buda, Lymehurst, or Limehost, in the parish of -Stebunheth, etc. Then also were orders devised for relief of the poor, -the inhabitants were all called to their parish churches, whereby Sir -Richard Dobbes, then mayor, their several aldermen, or other grave -citizens, they were by eloquent orations persuaded how great and how -many commodities would ensue unto them and their city, if the poor of -divers sorts, which they named, were taken from out their streets, -lanes, and alleys, and were bestowed and provided for in hospitals -abroad, etc. Therefore was every man moved liberally to grant, what they -would impart towards the preparing and furnishing of such hospitals, and -also what they would contribute weekly towards their maintenance for a -time, which they said should not be past one year, or twain, until they -were better furnished of endowment: to make short, every man granted -liberally, according to his ability; books were drawn of the relief in -every ward of the city, towards the new hospitals, and were delivered -by the mayor to the king's commissioners, on the 17th of February, and -order was taken therein; so as the 26th of July in the year 1552, the -repairing of the Gray Fryers' house, for poor fatherless children, was -taken in hand; and also in the latter end of the same month, began the -repairing of this hospital of St. Bartilmew, and was of new endowed, and -furnished at the charges of the citizens. - -On the east side of this hospital lieth Ducke lane, which runneth out -of Smithfield south to the north end of Little Britaine street. On the -east side of this Ducke lane, and also of Smithfield, lieth the late -dissolved priory of St. Bartilmew, founded also by Rahere, a pleasant -witted gentleman, and therefore in his time called the king's minstrel, -about the year of Christ 1102; he founded it in a part of the oft -before-named morish ground, which was therefore a common laystall of all -filth that was to be voided out of the city; he placed canons there, -himself became their first prior, and so continued till his dying day, -and was there buried in a fair monument,[264] of late renewed by Prior -Bolton. - -Amongst other memorable matters touching this priory, one is of an -archbishop's visitation, which Matthew Paris hath thus:--Boniface -(saith he) Archbishop of Canterbury, in his visitation came to this -priory, where being received with procession in the most solemn wise, -he said, that he passed not upon the honour, but came to visit them; -to whom the canons answered, that they having a learned bishop, ought -not in contempt of him to be visited by any other: which answer so -much offended the archbishop, that he forthwith fell on the subprior, -and smote him on the face, saying, "Indeed, indeed, doth it become you -English traitors so to answer me." Thus raging, with oaths not to be -recited, he rent in pieces the rich cope of the subprior, and trod it -under his feet, and thrust him against a pillar of the chancel with such -violence, that he had almost killed him; but the canons seeing their -subprior thus almost slain, came and plucked off the archbishop with -such force that they overthrew him backwards, whereby they might see -that he was armed and prepared to fight; the archbishop's men seeing -their master down, being all strangers, and their master's countrymen, -born at Provence, fell upon the canons, beat them, tare them, and trod -them under feet; at length the canons getting away as well as they -could, ran bloody and miry, rent and torn, to the bishop of London to -complain, who bade them go to the king at Westminster, and tell him -thereof; whereupon four of them went thither, the rest were not able, -they were so sore hurt; but when they came to Westminster, the king -would neither hear nor see them, so they returned without redress. In -the mean season the whole city was in an uproar, and ready to have rung -the common bell, and to have hewn the archbishop into small pieces, who -was secretly crept to Lambhith, where they sought him, and not knowing -him by sight, said to themselves, Where is this ruffian? that cruel -smiter! he is no winner of souls, but an exactor of money, whom neither -God, nor any lawful or free election did bring to this promotion, but -the king did unlawfully intrude him, being utterly unlearned, a stranger -born, and having a wife, etc. But the archbishop conveyed himself over, -and went to the king with a great complaint against the canons, whereas -himself was guilty. This priory of St. Bartholomew was again new built -in the year 1410. - -Bolton was the last prior of this house, a great builder there; for -he repaired the priory church, with the parish church adjoining, the -offices and lodgings to the said priory belonging, and near adjoining; -he built anew the manor of Canonbery at Islington, which belonged to the -canons of this house, and is situate in a low ground, somewhat north -from the parish church there; but he built no house at Harrow on the -Hill, as Edward Hall hath written, following a fable then on foot. The -people (saith he) being feared by prognostications, which declared, -that in the year of Christ 1524 there should be such eclipses in watery -signs, and such conjunctions, that by waters and floods many people -should perish, people victualled themselves, and went to high grounds -for fear of drowning, and especially one Bolton, which was prior of St. -Bartholomewes in Smithfield, built him a house upon Harrow on the Hill, -only for fear of this flood; thither he went, and made provision of all -things necessary within him for the space of two months, etc.; but this -was not so indeed, as I have been credibly informed. True it is, that -this Bolton was also parson of Harrow, and therefore bestowed some small -reparations on the parsonage-house, and built nothing there more than a -dove-house, to serve him when he had forgone his priory. - -To this priory King Henry II. granted the privilege of fair, to be kept -yearly at Bartholomew tide for three days, to wit, the eve, the day, -and next morrow, to the which the clothiers of all England, and drapers -of London, repaired,[265] and had their booths and standings within the -churchyard of this priory, closed in with walls, and gates locked every -night, and watched, for safety of men's goods and wares; a court of -pie powders was daily during the fair holden for debts and contracts. -But now, notwithstanding all proclamations of the prince, and also the -act of parliament, in place of booths within this churchyard (only let -out in the fair-time, and closed up all the year after), be many large -houses built, and the north wall towards Long lane taken down, a number -of tenements are there erected for such as will give great rents. - -Monuments of the dead in this priory are these: of Rahere, the first -founder; Roger Walden, Bishop of London, 1406; John Wharton, gentleman, -and Elizabeth his wife, daughter to William Scot, esquire; John Louth, -gentleman; Robert Shikeld, gentleman; Sir ---- Bacon, knight; John -Ludlow and Alice his wife; W. Thirlewall, esquire; Richard Lancaster, -herald-at-arms; Thomas Torald; John Royston; John Watforde; John -Carleton; Robert, son to Sir Robert Willowby; Gilbert Halstocke; -Eleanor, wife to Sir Hugh Fen, mother to Margaret Lady Burgavenie; -William Essex, esquire; Richard Vancke, baron of the exchequer, and -Margaret his wife, daughter to William de la Rivar; John Winderhall; -John Duram, esquire, and Elizabeth his wife; John Malwaine; Alice, wife -to Balstred, daughter to Kniffe; William Scarlet, esquire; John Golding; -Hugh Waltar, gentleman; and the late Sir Waltar Mildmay, knight, -chancellor of the exchequer, etc. - -This priory at the late surrender, the 30th of Henry VIII., was valued -at L653 15_s._ by year. - -This church having in the bell-tower six bells in a tune, those bells -were sold to the parish of St. Sepulchre's; and then the church being -pulled down to the choir, the choir was, by the king's order, annexed -for the enlarging of the old parish church thereto adjoining, and so was -used till the reign of Queen Mary, who gave the remnant of the priory -church to the Friers preachers, or Black Friers, and was used as their -conventual church until, the 1st of our sovereign lady Queen Elizabeth, -those friars were put out, and all the said church, with the old parish -church, was wholly as it stood in the last year of Edward VI., given by -parliament to remain for ever a parish church to the inhabitants within -the close called Great St. Bartholomewes. Since the which time that old -parish church is pulled down, except the steeple of rotten timber ready -to fall of itself. I have oft heard it reported, that a new steeple -should be built with the stone, lead, and timber of the old parish -church, but no such thing was performed. The parish have lately repaired -the old wooden steeple to serve their turn. On the north side of this -priory is the lane truly called Long, which reacheth from Smithfield to -Aldersgate street. This lane is now lately built on both the sides with -tenements for brokers, tipplers, and such like; the rest of Smithfield -from Long lane end to the bars is enclosed with inns, brewhouses, and -large tenements; on the west side is Chicken lane down to Cowbridge. -Then be the pens or folds, so called, of sheep there parted, and penned -up to be sold on the market-days. - -Then is Smithfield pond, which of old time in records was called -Horse-pool, for that men watered horses there, and was a great water. -In the 6th of Henry V. a new building was made in this west part of -Smithfield betwixt the said pool and the river of the Wels, or Turnemill -brooke, in a place then called the Elmes, for that there grew many -elm-trees; and this had been the place of execution for offenders; since -the which time the building there hath been so increased, that now -remaineth not one tree growing. - -Amongst these new buildings is Cowbridge street, or Cow lane, which -turneth toward Oldborne, in which lane the prior of Semperingham had his -inn, or London lodging. - -The rest of that west side of Smithfield hath divers fair inns, and -other comely buildings, up to Hosiar lane, which also turneth down to -Oldborne till it meet with Cowbridge street. From this lane to Cocke -lane, over against Pie corner. - -And thus much for encroachments and enclosure of this Smithfield, -whereby remaineth but a small portion for the old uses; to wit, for -markets of horses and cattle, neither for military exercises, as -joustings, turnings, and great triumphs, which have been there performed -before the princes and nobility both of this realm and foreign countries. - -For example to note:--In the year 1357, the 31st of Edward III., great -and royal jousts were there holden in Smithfield; there being present, -the Kings of England, France, and Scotland, with many other nobles and -great estates of divers lands. - -1362, the 36th of Edward III., on the first five days of May, in -Smithfield, were jousts holden, the king and queen being present, with -the most part of the chivalry of England, and of France, and of other -nations, to the which came Spaniards, Cyprians and Arminians, knightly -requesting the king of England against the pagans that invaded their -confines. - -The 48th of Edward III., Dame Alice Perrers (the king's concubine), -as Lady of the Sun, rode from the Tower of London, through Cheape, -accompanied of many lords and ladies, every lady leading a lord by his -horse-bridle, till they came into West Smithfield, and then began a -great joust, which endured seven days after. - -Also, the 9th of Richard II., was the like great riding from the Tower -to Westminster, and every lord led a lady's horse-bridle; and on the -morrow began the joust in Smithfield, which lasted two days: there -bare them well, Henry of Darby, the Duke of Lankester's son, the Lord -Beaumont, Sir Simon Burley, and Sir Paris Courtney. - -In the 14th of Richard II., after Froisart, royal jousts and tournaments -were proclaimed to be done in Smithfield, to begin on Sunday next -after the feast of St. Michael. Many strangers came forth of other -countries, namely, Valarian, Earl of St. Paul, that had married King -Richard's sister, the Lady Maud Courtney, and William, the young Earl -of Ostervant, son to Albart of Baviere, Earl of Holland and Henault. -At the day appointed there issued forth of the Tower, about the third -hour of the day, sixty coursers, apparelled for the jousts, and upon -every one an esquire of honour, riding a soft pace; then came forth -sixty ladies of honour, mounted upon palfreys, riding on the one side, -richly apparelled, and every lady led a knight with a chain of gold, -those knights being on the king's party, had their harness and apparel -garnished with white harts, and crowns of gold about the harts' necks, -and so they came riding through the streets of London to Smithfield, -with a great number of trumpets, and other instruments of music before -them. The king and queen, who were lodged in the bishop's palace of -London, were come from thence, with many great estates, and placed in -chambers to see the jousts; the ladies that led the knights were taken -down from their palfreys, and went up to chambers prepared for them. -Then alighted the esquires of honour from their coursers, and the -knights in good order mounted upon them; and after their helmets were -set on their heads, and being ready in all points, proclamation made by -the heralds, the jousts began, and many commendable courses were run, to -the great pleasure of the beholders. These jousts continued many days, -with great feasting, as ye may read in Froisart. - -In the year 1393, the 17th of Richard II., certain lords of Scotland -came into England to get worship by force of arms; the Earl of Mare -challenged the Earl of Notingham to joust with him, and so they rode -together certain courses, but not the full challenge, for the Earl -of Mare was cast both horse and man, and two of his ribs broken with -the fall, so that he was conveyed out of Smithfield, and so towards -Scotland, but died by the way at Yorke. Sir William Darell, knight, -the king's banner-bearer of Scotland, challenged Sir Percie Courtney, -knight, the king's banner-bearer of England; and when they had run -certain courses, gave over without conclusion of victory. Then -Cookeborne, esquire, of Scotland, challenged Sir Nicholas Hawberke, -knight, and rode five courses, but Cookeborne was borne over horse and -man, etc. - -In the year 1409, the 10th of Henry IV., a great play was played at the -Skinners' well, which lasted eight days, where were to see the same the -most part of the nobles and gentles in England. And forthwith began -a royal jousting in Smithfield between the Earl of Somerset, and the -Seneschal of Henalt, Sir John Cornwall, Sir Richard Arrundell, and the -son of Sir John Cheiney, against certain Frenchmen. And the same year -a battle was fought in Smithfield between two esquires, the one called -Glaucester, appellant, and the other Arthure, defendant; they fought -valiantly, but the king took up the quarrel into his hands, and pardoned -them both. - -In the year 1430, the 8th of Henry VI., the 14th of January, a battle -was done in Smithfield, within the lists, before the king, between two -men of Feversham in Kent, John Upton, notary, appellant, and John Downe, -gentleman, defendant; John Upton put upon John Downe, that he and his -compeers should imagine the king's death the day of his coronation. When -these had fought long, the king took up the matter, and forgave both the -parties. - -In the year 1442, the 20th of Henry VI., the 30th of January, a -challenge was done in Smithfield, within lists, before the king, there -being Sir Philip la Beaufe of Aragon, knight, the other an esquire of -the king's house, called John Ansley or Anstley; they came to the field -all armed, the knight with his sword drawn, and the esquire with his -spear, which spear he cast against the knight, but the knight avoided -it with his sword, and cast it to the ground; then the esquire took his -axe, and smote many blows on the knight, and made him let fall his axe, -and brake up his uniber three times, and would have smote him on the -face with his dagger, for to have slain him, but then the king cried -hold, and so they were departed. The king made John Ansley, knight, and -the knight of Aragon offered his harness at Windsor. - -In the year 1446, the 24th of Henry VI., John David appeached his -master, Wil. Catur, of treason, and a day being assigned them to fight -in Smithfield; the master being well-beloved, was so cherished by -his friends, and plied with wine, that being therewith overcome, was -also unluckily slain by his servant; but that false servant (for he -falsely accused his master) lived not long unpunished, for he was after -hanged at Teyborne for felony. Let such false accusers note this for -example,[266] and look for no better end without speedy repentance. - -The same year Thomas Fitz-Thomas Prior of Kilmaine appeached Sir James -Butlar, Earl of Ormond, of treasons; which had a day assigned them to -fight in Smithfield, the lists were made, and the field prepared; but -when it came to the point, the king commanded they should not fight, and -took the quarrel into his hands. - -In the year 1467, the 7th of Edward IV., the Bastard of Burgoine -challenged the Lord Scales, brother to the queen, to fight with him -both on horseback and on foot; the king, therefore, caused lists to be -prepared in Smithfield, the length of one hundred and twenty tailors' -yards and ten feet, and in breadth eighty yards and twenty feet, -double-barred, five feet between the bars, the timber-work whereof -cost two hundred marks, besides the fair and costly galleries prepared -for the ladies and other, at the which martial enterprise the king and -nobility were present. The first day they ran together with spears, and -departed with equal honour. The next day they tourneyed on horseback, -the Lord Scales horse having on his chafron, a long spear pike of -steel; and as the two champions coped together, the same horse thrust -his pike into the nostrils of the Bastard's horse, so that for very -pain he mounted so high that he fell on the one side with his master, -and the Lord Scales rode about him with his sword drawn, till the king -commanded the marshal to help up the Bastard, who said, I cannot hold me -by the clouds; for though my horse fail me, I will not fail an encounter -companion; but the king would not suffer them to do any more that day. - -The next morrow they came into the lists on foot with two pole-axes, and -fought valiantly; but at the last the point of the pole-axe of the Lord -Scales entered into the side of the Bastard's helm, and by force might -have placed him on his knees; but the king cast down his warder, and the -marshal severed them. The Bastard required that he might perform his -enterprise; but the king gave judgment as the Bastard relinquished his -challenge, etc. And this may suffice for jousts in Smithfield. - -Now to return through Giltspur street by Newgate, where I first began, -there standeth the fair parish church called St. Sepulchers in the -Bayly, or by Chamberlain gate, in a fair churchyard, though not so -large as of old time, for the same is letten out for buildings and a -garden-plot. - -This church was newly re-edified or built about the reign of Henry VI. -or of Edward IV. One of the Pophames was a great builder there, namely, -of one fair chapel on the south side of the choir, as appeareth by his -arms and other monuments in the glass windows thereof, and also the fair -porch of the same church towards the south; his image, fair graven in -stone, was fixed over the said porch, but defaced and beaten down; his -title by offices was this, Chancellor of Normandy, Captain of Vernoyle, -Pearch, Susan, and Bayon, and treasurer of the king's household: he died -rich, leaving great treasure of strange coins, and was buried in the -Charterhouse church by West Smithfield. The first nobilitating of these -Pophames was by Matilda the empress, daughter to Henry I., and by Henry -her son: one Pophame, gentleman, of very fair lands in Southamptonshire, -died without issue male, about Henry VI., and leaving four daughters, -they were married to Fostar, Barentine, Wodham, and Hamden. Popham Deane -(distant three miles from Clarendon, and three miles from Mortisham) was -sometime the chief lordship or manor-house of these Pophames. - -There lie buried in this church, William Andrew, Stephen Clamparde, -Lawrence Warcam, John Dagworth, William Porter, Robert Scarlet, esquires. - -Next to this church is a fair and large inn for receipt of travellers, -and hath to sign the Sarasen's head. - -There lieth a street from Newgate west to the end of Turnagaine lane, -and winding north to Oldborne conduit. This conduit by Oldborne cross -was first built 1498. Thomasin, widow to John Percival, mayor, gave to -the second making thereof twenty marks, Richard Shore ten pounds. Thomas -Knesworth and others also did give towards it. - -But of late a new conduit was there built in place of the old, namely, -in the year 1577, by William Lamb, sometime a gentleman of the chapel -to King Henry VIII., and afterward a citizen and clothworker of London; -the water thereof he caused to be conveyed in lead, from divers springs -to one head, and from thence to the said conduit, and waste of one cock -at Oldborne bridge, more than two thousand yards in length; all of which -was by him performed at his own charges, amounting to the sum of fifteen -hundred pounds. - -From the west side of this conduit is the high way, there called Snor -hill; it stretcheth out by Oldborne bridge over the oft-named water of -Turmill brook, and so up to Oldborne hill, all replenished with fair -building. - -Without Oldborne bridge, on the right hand, is Gold lane, as is before -shown; up higher on the hill be certain inns, and other fair buildings, -amongst the which of old time was a messuage called Scropes inn, for so -I find the same recorded in the 37th of Henry VI. - -This house was sometime letten out to serjeants-at-the-law, as -appeareth, and was found by inquisition taken in the Guild hall of -London, before William Purchase, mayor, and escheator for the king, -Henry VII., in the 14th of his reign, after the death of John Lord -Scrope, that he died deceased in his demesne of fee, by the feoffment -of Guy Fairfax, knight, one of the king's justices, made in the 9th of -the same king, unto the said John Scrope, knight. Lord Scrope of Bolton, -and Robert Wingfield, esquire, of one house or tenement, late called -Sergeants' inn, situate against the church of St. Andrew in Oldborne, -in the city of London, with two gardens and two messuages to the same -tenement belonging in the said city, to hold in burgage, valued by the -year in all reprises ten shillings. - -Then is the bishop of Elie's inn,[267] so called of belonging and -pertaining to the bishops of Elie. William de Luda, bishop of Elie, -deceased 1297, gave this house by the name of his manor, with the -appurtenances in Oldborne, to his successors, with condition his -next successor should pay one thousand marks to the finding of three -chaplains in the chapel there. More, John Hotham, bishop of Elie, did -give by the name of six messuages, two cellars, and forty acres of land, -in the suburbs of London, in the parish of St. Andrew in Oldborne, to -the prior and convent of Elie, as appeareth by patent, the 9th of Edward -III.: this man was bishop of Elie twenty years, and deceased 1336. - -Thomas Arundell, bishop of Elie, beautifully built of new his palace -at Elie, and likewise his manors in divers places, especially this -in Oldborne, which he did not only repair, but rather new-built, and -augmented it with a large port, gate-house, or front, towards the street -or highway; his arms are yet to be discerned in the stone-work thereof: -he sat bishop of Elie fourteen years, and was translated to Yorke. - -In this house, for the large and commodious rooms thereof, -divers great and solemn feasts have been kept, especially by the -serjeants-at-the-law, whereof twain are to be noted for posterity. - -The first in the year 1464, the 4th of Edward IV., in Michaelmas term, -the serjeants-at-law held their feast in this house, to the which, -amongst other estates, Matthew Phillip, mayor of London, with the -aldermen, sheriffs, and commons, of divers crafts, being invited, did -repair; but when the mayor looked to keep the state in the hall, as -it had been used in all places within the city and liberties (out of -the king's presence), the Lord Gray of Ruthen, then lord treasurer of -England, unwitting the Serjeants, and against their wills (as they -said), was first placed; whereupon the mayor, aldermen, and commons, -departed home, and the mayor made the aldermen to dine with him; howbeit -he and all the citizens were wonderfully displeased, that he was so -dealt with; and the new serjeants and others were right sorry therefore, -and had rather then much good (as they said) it had not so happened. - -One other feast was likewise there kept in the year 1531, the 23rd of -King Henry VIII.: the serjeants then made were in number eleven; namely, -Thomas Audeley, Walter Luke, I. Bawdwine, I. Hinde, Christopher Jennie, -John Dowsell, Edward Mervine, Edmond Knightley, Roger Chomley, Edward -Montague, and Robert Yorke. - -These also held their feast in this Elie house for five days, to wit, -Friday the 10th of November, Saturday, Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. On -Monday (which was their principal day) King Henry and Queen Katherine -dined there (but in two chambers), and the foreign ambassadors in a -third chamber. In the hall, at the high table, sat Sir Nicholas Lambard, -Mayor of London, the judges, the barons of the exchequer, with certain -aldermen of the city. At the board on the south side sat the master -of the rolls, the master of the chancery, and worshipful citizens. On -the north side of the hall certain aldermen began the board, and then -followed merchants of the city; in the cloister, chapel, and gallery, -knights, esquires, and gentlemen, were placed; in the halls the crafts -of London; the serjeants-of-law and their wives, kept in their own -chambers. - -It were tedious to set down the preparation of fish, flesh, and other -victuals, spent in this feast, and would seem almost incredible, -and, as to me it seemeth, wanted little of a feast at a coronation; -nevertheless, a little I will touch, for declaration of the change of -prices. There were brought to the slaughter-house twenty-four great -beefs at twenty-six shillings and eight pence the piece from the -shambles, one carcass of an ox at twenty-four shillings, one hundred -fat muttons, two shillings and ten pence the piece, fifty-one great -veals at four shillings and eight pence the piece, thirty-four porks -three shillings and eight pence the piece, ninety-one pigs, sixpence the -piece, capons of grese, of one poulter (for they had three) ten dozens -at twenty pence the piece, capons of Kent, nine dozens and six at twelve -pence the piece, capons coarse, nineteen dozen at six pence the piece, -cocks of grose, seven dozen and nine at eight pence the piece, cocks -coarse, fourteen dozen and eight at three pence the piece, pullets, the -best, two pence halfpenny, other pullets two pence, pigeons thirty-seven -dozen at ten pence the dozen, swans fourteen dozen, larks three hundred -and forty dozen at five pence the dozen, etc. Edward Nevill was -seneschal or steward, Thomas Ratcliffe, comptroller, Thomas Wildon, -clerk of the kitchen. - -Next beyond this manor of Ely house is Lither lane, turning into the -field. Then is Furnivalles inn, now an inn of chancery, but sometime -belonging to Sir William Furnivall, knight, and Thomesin his wife, who -had in Oldborne two messuages and thirteen shops, as appeareth by record -of Richard II., in the 6th of his reign. - -Then is the Earl of Bathes inn, now called Bath place, of late for the -most part new built, and so to the bars. - -Now again, from Newgate, on the left hand, or south side, lieth the Old -Bayly, which runneth down by the wall upon the ditch of the city, called -Houndes ditch, to Ludgate. I have not read how this street took that -name, but is like to have risen of some court, of old time there kept; -and I find, that in the year 1356, the 34th of Edward III., the tenement -and ground upon Houndes ditch, between Ludgate on the south, and Newgate -on the north, was appointed to John Cambridge, fishmonger, Chamberlain -of London, whereby it seemeth that the chamberlains of London have -there kept their courts, as now they do by the Guildhall, and till this -day the mayor and justices of this city kept their sessions in a part -thereof, now called the Sessions hall, both for the city of London and -shire of Middlesex. Over against the which house, on the right hand, -turneth down St. George's lane towards Fleet lane. - -In this St. George's lane, on the north side thereof, remaineth yet an -old wall of stone, enclosing a piece of ground up Seacole lane, wherein -by report sometime stood an inn of chancery; which house being greatly -decayed, and standing remote from other houses of that profession, the -company removed to a common hostelry, called of the sign Our Lady inn, -not far from Clement's inn, which they procured from Sir John Fineox, -lord chief justice of the king's bench, and since have held it of the -owners by the name of the New inn, paying therefore six pounds rent by -the year, as tenants at their own will, for more (as is said) cannot be -gotten of them, and much less will they be put from it. Beneath this St. -George's lane, the lane called Fleet lane, winding south by the prison -of the Fleet into Fleet street by Fleet bridge. Lower down in the Old -Bayly is at this present a standard of timber, with a cock or cocks, -delivering fair spring water to the inhabitants, and is the waste of the -water serving the prisoners in Ludgate. - -Next out of the high street turneth down a lane called the Little -Bayly, which runneth down to the east end of St. George's lane. The next -is Seacole lane, I think called Limeburner's lane, of burning lime there -with seacole. For I read in record of such a lane to have been in the -parish of St. Sepulcher, and there yet remaineth in this lane an alley -called Limeburner's alley. Near unto this Seacole lane, in the turning -towards Oldborne conduit is Turnagain lane, or rather, as in a record -of the 5th of Edward III., Windagain lane, for that it goeth down west -to Fleet dike, from whence men must turn again the same way they came, -for there it stopped. Then the high street turneth down Snore hill to -Oldborne conduit, and from thence to Oldborne bridge, beyond the which -bridge, on the left hand, is Shoe lane, by the which men pass from -Oldborne to Fleet street, by the conduit there. In this Shoe lane, on -the left hand, is one old house called Oldborne hall, it is now letten -out into divers tenements. - -On the other side, at the very corner, standeth the parish church of -St. Andrew, in the which church, or near thereunto, was sometime kept -a grammar school, as appeareth in another place by a patent made, as -I have shown, for the erection of schools. There be monuments in this -church of Thomas Lord Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, buried 1550; -Ralph Rokeby of Lincoln's inn, esquire, Master of St. Katherine's and -one of the masters of requests to the queen's majesty, who deceased the -14th of June, 1596. He gave by his testament to Christ's Hospital in -London one hundred pounds, to the college of the poor of Queen Elizabeth -in East Greenwich one hundred pounds, to the poor scholars in Cambridge -one hundred pounds, to the poor scholars in Oxford one hundred pounds, -to the prisoners in the two compters in London two hundred pounds, to -the prisoners in the Fleet one hundred pounds, to the prisoners in -Ludgate one hundred pounds, to the prisoners in Newgate one hundred -pounds, to the prisoners in the King's Bench one hundred pounds, to the -prisoners in the Marshalsea one hundred pounds, to the prisoners in the -White Lion twenty pounds, to the poor of St. Katherine's twenty pounds, -and to every brother and sister there forty shillings; William Sydnam -founded a chantry there. There was also of old time (as I have read -in the 3rd of Henry V.) an hospital for the poor, which was a cell to -the house of Cluny in France, and was, therefore, suppressed among the -priories aliens. - -From this church of St. Andrew, up Oldborne hill be divers fair built -houses, amongst the which, on the left hand, there standeth three inns -of Chancery, whereof the first adjoining unto Crookhorn alley is called -Thaves inn, and standeth opposite, or over against the said Elyhouse. -Then is Fewter lane, which stretcheth south into Fleet street, by the -east end of St. Dunstone's church, and is so called of Fewters'[268] (or -idle people) lying there, as in a way leading to gardens; but the same -is now of latter years on both sides built through with many fair houses. - -Beyond this Fewter lane is Barnard's inn, _alias_ Mackworth's inn, which -is of Chancery, belonging to the dean and chapter of Lincoln, as saith -the record of Henry VI., the 32nd of his reign, and was founded by -inquisition in the Guildhall of London, before John Norman, mayor, the -king's escheator; the jury said, that it was not hurtful for the king to -license T. Atkens, citizen of London, and one of the executors to John -Mackworth, Dean of Lincoln, to give one messuage in Holborn in London, -with the appurtenances called Mackworth's inn, but now commonly known by -the name of Barnardes inn, to the dean and chapter of Lincoln, to find -one sufficient chaplain to celebrate Divine service in the chapel of St. -George, in the cathedral church of Lincoln, where the body of the said -John is buried, to have and to hold the said messuage to the said dean -and chapter, and to their successors for ever, in part of satisfaction -of twenty pounds lands and rents, which Edward III. licensed the said -dean and chapter to purchase to their own use, either of their own fee -or tenor, or of any other, so the lands were not holden of the king _in -capite_. - -Then is Staple inn, also of Chancery, but whereof so named I am -ignorant; the same of late is for a great part thereof fair built, and -not a little augmented. And then at the bar endeth this ward without -Newgate. - -Without Ludgate, on the right hand, or north side from the said gate -lieth the Old Bayly, as I said, then the high street called Ludgate hill -down to Fleet lane, in which lane standeth the Fleet, a prison house so -called of the Fleet or water running by it, and sometime flowing about -it, but now vaulted over. - -I read that Richard I., in the 1st of his reign, confirmed to Osbert, -brother to William Longshampe, Chancellor of England and elect of -Elie, and to his heirs for ever, the custody of his house or palace -at Westminster, with the keeping of his gaol of the Fleet at London; -also King John, by his patent, dated the 3rd of his reign, gave to -the Archdeacon of Welles, the custody of the said king's house at -Westminster, and of his gaol of the Fleet, together with the wardship -of the daughter and heir of Robert Loveland, etc. Then is Fleet bridge -pitched over the said water, whereof I have spoken in another place. - -Then also against the south end of Shoe lane standeth a fair -water-conduit, whereof William Eastfield, sometime mayor, was founder; -for the mayor and commonalty of London being possessed of a conduit -head, with divers springs of water gathered thereinto in the parish of -Padington, and the water conveyed from thence by pipes of lead towards -London unto Teyborne; where it had lain by the space of six years or -more; the executors of Sir William Eastfield obtained licence of the -mayor and commonalty for them, in the year 1453, with the goods of -Sir William to convey the said waters, first in pipes of lead into a -pipe begun to be laid beside the great conduit head at Maribone, which -stretcheth from thence unto a separall, late before made against the -chapel of Rounsevall by Charing cross, and no further, and then from -thence to convey the said water into the city, and there to make receipt -or receipts for the same unto the common weal of the commonalty, to wit, -the poor to drink, the rich to dress their meats; which water was by -them brought thus into Fleet street to a standard, which they had made -and finished 1471. - -The inhabitants of Fleet street, in the year 1478, obtained licence of -the mayor, aldermen, and commonalty, to make at their own charges two -cisterns, the one to be set at the said standard, the other at Fleet -bridge, for the receipt of the waste water; this cistern at the standard -they built, and on the same a fair tower of stone, garnished with images -of St. Christopher on the top, and angels round about lower down, with -sweet sounding bells before them, whereupon, by an engine placed in the -tower, they divers hours of the day and night chimed such an hymn as was -appointed. - -This conduit, or standard, was again new built with a larger cistern, at -the charges of the city, in the year 1582. - -From this conduit up to Fewtars lane, and further, is the parish church -of St. Dunstan called in the West (for difference from St. Dunstan in -the East), here lieth buried T. Duke, skinner, in St. Katherin's chapel -by him built, 1421; Nicholas Coningstone, John Knape, and other, founded -chantries there; Ralph Bane, Bishop of Coventrie and Lichfield, 1559, -and other. - -Next beyond this church is Clifford's inn, sometime belonging to Robert -Clifford, by gift of Edward II. in these words: "The king granteth to -Robert Clifford that messuage, with the appurtenances, next the church -of St. Dunstane in the West, in the suburbs of London, which messuage -was sometime Malculines de Herley, and came to the hands of Edward -I., by reason of certaine debts which the said Malculine was bound at -the time of his death to our styde father, from the time that hee was -escaetor on this side Trent; which house John, Earle of Richmount, did -holde of our pleasure, and is now in our possession."--Patent, the 3rd -of Edward II. After the death of this Robert Clifford, Isabel, his wife, -let the same messuage to students of the law, as by the record following -may appear:-- - -"_Isabel quae fuit uxor Roberti Clifford, Messuagium unipartitum, quod -Robertus Clifford habuit in parochia sci. Dunstonis West. in suburbio -Londini, etc., tenuit, et illud dimisit post mortem dict. Roberti, -Apprenticiis de banco, pro x. li. annuatium, etc. Anno 18 Eduardi -Tertii, inquisitio post mortem Roberti Clifford._" - -This house hath since fallen into the king's hands, as I have heard, but -returned again to the Cliffordes, and is now let to the said students -for four pounds by the year. - -Somewhat beyond this Clifford's inn is the south end of New street (or -Chancelar lane), on the right hand whereof is Sergeantes' inn called in -Chauncery lane. And then next was sometime the house of the converted -Jewes, founded by King Henry III., in place of a Jewe's house to him -forfeited, in the year 1233, and the 17th of his reign, who built -there for them a fair church now used, and called the chapel for the -custody of the Rolles and Records of Chancerie. It standeth not far -from the Old Temple, but in the midway between the Old Temple and the -New, in the which house all such Jewes and infidels, as were converted -to the Christian faith, were ordained and appointed, under an honest -rule of life, sufficient maintenance, whereby it came to pass, that in -short time there were gathered a great number of converts, which were -baptized, instructed in the doctrine of Christ, and there lived under -a learned Christian appointed to govern them; since the which time, to -wit, in the year 1290, all the Jews in England were banished out of the -realm, whereby the number of converts in this place was decayed: and, -therefore, in the year 1377, this house was annexed by patent to William -Burstall Clearke, custos rotulorum, or keeper of the Rolles of the -Chauncerie, by Edward III., in the 5th year of his reign; and this first -Master of the Rolles was sworn in Westminster hall, at the table of -marble stone; since the which time, that house hath been commonly called -the Rolles in Chancerie lane. - -Notwithstanding such of the Jewes, or other infidels, as have in this -realm been converted to Christianity, and baptized, have been relieved -there; for I find in record that one William Piers, a Jew that became a -Christian, was baptised in the fifth of Richard II., and had two pence -the day allowed him during his life by the said king. - -On the west side was sometime a house pertaining to the prior of Necton -Parke, a house of canons in Lincolnshire; this was commonly called -Hereflete inn, and was a brewhouse, but now fair built for the five -clerks of the Chancerie, and standeth over against the said house called -the Rolles, and near unto the lane which now entereth Fickets croft, or -Fickets field. Then is Shere lane, opening also into Fickets field, hard -by the bars. - -On this north side of Fleet street, in the year of Christ 1595, I -observed, that when the labourers had broken up the pavement, from -against Chancerie lane's end up towards St. Dunston's church, and had -digged four feet deep, they found one other pavement of hard stone, more -sufficient than the first, and, therefore, harder to be broken, under -the which they found in the made ground, piles of timber driven very -thick, and almost close together, the same being as black as pitch or -coal, and many of them rotten as earth, which proveth that the ground -there (as sundry other places of the city) have been a marish, or full -of springs. - -On the south side from Ludgate, before the wall of the city be fair -built houses to Fleet bridge, on the which bridge a cistern for receipt -of spring water was made by the men of Fleet street, but the watercourse -is decayed, and not restored. - -Next is Bride lane, and therein Bridewell, of old time the king's house, -for the kings of this realm have been there lodged; and till the ninth -of Henry III. the courts were kept in the king's house, wheresoever he -was lodged, as may appear by ancient records, whereof I have seen many, -but for example set forth one in the Chapter of Towers and Castles. - -King Henry VIII. built there a stately and beautiful house of new, for -receipt of the Emperor Charles V., who, in the year of Christ 1522, was -lodged himself at the Blacke Friers, but his nobles in this new built -Bridewell, a gallery being made out of the house over the water, and -through the wall of the city, into the emperor's lodging at the Blacke -Friers. King Henry himself oftentimes lodged there also, as, namely, -in the year 1525, a parliament being then holden in the Black Friers, -he created estates of nobility there, to wit, Henry Fitz Roy, a child -(which he had by Elizabeth Blunt) to be Earl of Nottingham, Duke of -Richmond and of Somerset, Lieutenant General from Trent northward, -Warden of the East, Middle, and West Marches for anenst Scotland; Henry -Courtney, Earl of Devonshire, cousin-german to the king, to be marquis -of Exeter; Henry Brandon a child of two years old, son to the Earl of -Suffolke, to be Earl of Lincolne; Sir Thomas Mannars, Lord Rose, to -be Earl of Rutland; Sir Henry Clifford, to be Earl of Cumberland; Sir -Robert Ratcliffe, to be Viscount Fitzwater; and Sir Thomas Boloine, -treasurer of the king's household, to be Viscount Rochford. - -In the year 1528, Cardinal Campeius was brought to the king's presence, -being then at Bridewell, whither he had called all his nobility, judges, -and councillors, etc. And there, the 8th of November, in his great -chamber, he made unto them an oration touching his marriage with Queen -Katherine, as ye may read in Edward Hall. - -In the year 1529, the same King Henry and Queen Katherine were lodged -there, whilst the question of their marriage was argued in the Blacke -Friers, etc. - -But now you shall hear how this house became a house of correction. In -the year 1553, the 7th of King Edward VI., the 10th of April, Sir George -Baron, being mayor of this city, was sent for to the court at Whitehall, -and there at that time the king gave unto him for the commonalty and -citizens to be a workhouse for the poor and idle persons of the city, -his house of Bridewell, and seven hundred marks land, late of the -possessions of the house of the Savoy, and all the bedding and other -furniture of the said hospital of the Savoy, towards the maintenance -of the said workhouse of Bridewell, and the hospital of St. Thomas in -Southwark. - -This gift King Edward confirmed by his charter, dated the 26th of June -next following; and in the year 1555, in the month of February, Sir -William Gerarde, mayor, and the aldermen entered Bridewell, and took -possession thereof according to the gift of the said King Edward, the -same being confirmed by Queen Mary. - -The Bishop of St. David's had his inn over against the north side of -this Bridwell, as I have said. - -Then is the parish church of St. Bridges, or Bride, of old time a small -thing, which now remaineth to be the choir, but since increased with a -large body and side aisles towards the west, at the charges of William -Venor, esquire, warden of the Fleet, about the year 1480, all which he -caused to be wrought about in the stone in the figure of a vine with -grapes, and leaves, etc. The partition betwixt the old work and the new, -sometime prepared as a screen to be set up in the hall of the Duke of -Somerset's house at Strand, was brought for eight score pounds, and set -up in the year 1557; one wilful body began to spoil and break the same -in the year 1596, but was by the high commissioners forced to make it up -again, and so it resteth. John Ulsthorpe, William Evesham, John Wigan, -and other, found chantries there. - -The next is Salisburie court, a place so called for that it belonged to -the Bishops of Salisburie, and was their inn, or London house, at such -time as they were summoned to come to the parliament, or came for other -business; it hath of late time been the dwelling, first of Sir Richard -Sackvile, and now of Sir Thomas Sackvile his son, Baron of Buckhurst, -Lord Treasurer, who hath lately enlarged it with stately buildings. - -Then is Water lane, running down, by the west side of a house called the -Hanging Sword, to the Thames. - -Then was the White Friers' church, called _Fratres beatae Mariae de Monte -Carmeli_, first founded (saith John Bale) by Sir Richard Gray, knight, -ancestor to the Lord Gray Codnor, in the year 1241. King Edward I. -gave to the prior and brethren of that house a plot of ground in Fleet -street, whereupon to build their house, which was since re-edified or -new built, by Hugh Courtney, Earl of Devonshire, about the year 1350, -the 24th of Edward III. John Lutken, mayor of London, and the commonalty -of the city, granted a lane called Crockers lane, reaching from Fleet -street to the Thames, to build in the west end of that church. Sir -Robert Knoles, knight, was a great builder there also, in the reign -of Richard II., and of Henry IV.; he deceased at his manor of Scone -Thorpe, in Norffolke, in the year 1407, and was brought to London, and -honourably buried by the Lady Constance his wife, in the body of the -said White Friers' church, which he had newly built. - -Robert Marshall, Bishop of Hereford, built the choir, presbytery, -steeple, and many other parts, and was there buried, about the year -1420. There were buried also in the new choir, Sir John Mowbery, Earl -of Nottingham, 1398; Sir Edwarde Cortney; Sir Hugh Montgomerie, and Sir -John his brother; John Wolle, son to Sir John Wolle; Thomas Bayholt, -esquire; Elizabeth, Countess of Athole; Dame Johan, wife to Sir Thomas -Say of Alden; Sir Pence Castle, Baron; John, Lord Gray, son to Reginald, -Lord Gray of Wilton, 1418; Sir John Ludlow, knight; Sir Richard Derois, -knight; Richarde Gray, knight; John Ashley, knight; Robert Bristow, -esquire; Thomas Perry, esquire; Robert Tempest, esquire; William Call; -William Neddow. - -In the old choir were buried: Dame Margaret, etc.; Eleanor Gristles; Sir -John Browne, knight, and John his son and heir; Sir Simon de Berforde, -knight; Peter Wigus, esquire; Robert Mathew, esquire; Sir John Skargell, -knight; Sir John Norice, knight; Sir Geffrey Roose, knight; Mathew -Hadocke, esquire; William Clarell, esquire; John Aprichard, esquire; -William Wentworth, esquire; Thomas Wicham, esquire; Sir Terwit, knight; -Sir Stephen Popham, knight; Bastard de Scales; Henrie Blunt, esquire; -Elizabeth Blunt; John Swan, esquire; Alice Foster, one of the heirs of -Sir Stephen Popham; Sir Robert Brocket, knight; John Drayton, esquire; -John, son to Robert Chanlowes, and his daughter Katherine; John Salvin, -William Hampton, John Bampton, John Winter, Edmond Oldhall, William -Appleyard, Thomas Dabby, esquires; Sir Hugh Courtney, knight; John -Drury, son to Robert Drurie; Elizabeth Gemersey, gentlewoman; Sir Thomas -Townsend, knight; Sir Richarde Greene, knight; William Scot, esquire; -Thomas Federinghey, I. Fulforde, esquire; Edward Eldsmere, gentleman; -W. Hart, gentleman; Dame Mary Senclare, daughter to Sir Thomas Talbot, -knight; Ancher, esquire; Sir William Moris, knight, and Dame Christian -his wife; Sir Peter de Mota, knight; Richard Hewton, esquire; Sir I. -Heron, knight; Richard Eton, esquire; Hugh Stapleton, gentleman; William -Copley, gentleman; Sir Ralph Saintowen, knight; Sir Hugh Bromeflete, -knight; Lord Vessey, principal founder of that order, the 6th of Edward -IV., etc. - -This house was valued at L62 7_s._ 3_d._, and was surrendered the 10th -of November, the 30th of Henry VIII. - -In place of this Friers' church be now many fair houses built, lodgings -for noblemen and others. - -Then is the Sargeants' inn, so called, for that divers judges and -sargeants at the law keep a commons, and are lodged there in term time. - -Next is the New Temple, so called because the Templars, before the -building of this house, had their Temple in Oldborne. This house was -founded by the Knights Templars in England, in the reign of Henry II., -and the same was dedicated to God and our blessed Lady, by Heraclius, -Patriarch of the church called the Holy Resurrection, in Jerusalem, in -the year of Christ, 1185. - -These Knights Templars took their beginning about the year 1118, in -manner following. Certain noblemen, horsemen, religiously bent, bound -by vow themselves in the hands of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, to serve -Christ after the manner of regular canons in chastity and obedience, and -to renounce their own proper wills for ever; the first of which order -were Hugh Paganus, and Geffrey de S. Andromare. And whereas at the first -they had no certain habitation, Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, granted unto -them a dwelling place in his palace by the Temple, and the canons of the -same Temple gave them the street thereby to build therein their houses -of office, and the patriarch, the king, the nobles, and prelates gave -unto them certain revenues out of their lordships. - -Their first profession was for safeguard of the pilgrims coming to -visit the sepulchre, and to keep the highways against the lying in wait -of thieves, etc. About ten years after they had a rule appointed unto -them, and a white habit, by Honorius II. then Pope; and whereas they -had but nine in number, they began to increase greatly. Afterward, in -Pope Eugenius' time, they bare crosses of red cloth on their uppermost -garments, to be known from others; and in short time, because they had -their first mansion hard by the Temple of our Lord in Jerusalem, they -were called Knights of the Temple. - -Many noble men in all parts of Christendom became brethren of this -order, and built for themselves temples in every city or great town in -England, but this at London was their chief house, which they built -after the form of the temple near to the sepulchre of our Lord at -Jerusalem; they had also other temples in Cambridge,[269] Bristow, -Canterbury, Dover, Warwick.[270] This Temple in London, was often made a -storehouse of men's treasure, I mean such as feared the spoil thereof in -other places. - -Matthew Paris noteth, that in the year 1232, Hubert de Burgh, Earl of -Kent, being prisoner in the Tower of London, the king was informed that -he had much treasure laid up in this New Temple, under the custody -of the Templars; whereupon he sent for the master of the Temple, and -examined him straitly, who confessed that money being delivered unto him -and his brethren to be kept, he knew not how much there was of it; the -king demanded to have the same delivered, but it was answered, that the -money being committed unto their trust, could not be delivered without -the licence of him that committed it to ecclesiastical protection, -whereupon the king sent his Treasurer and Justiciar of the Exchequer -unto Hubert, to require him to resign the money wholly into his hands, -who answered that he would gladly submit himself, and all his, unto the -king's pleasure; and thereupon desired the knights of the Temple, in his -behalf, to present all the keys unto the king, to do his pleasure with -the goods which he had committed unto them. Then the king commanded the -money to be faithfully told and laid up in his treasury, by inventory, -wherein was found (besides ready money) vessels of gold and silver -unpriceable, and many precious stones, which would make all men wonder -if they knew the worth of them. - -This Temple was again dedicated 1240, belike also newly re-edified then. - -These Templars at this time were in so great glory, that they -entertained the nobility, foreign ambassadors, and the prince himself -very often, insomuch that Matthew Paris crieth out on them for their -pride, who being at the first so poor, as they had but one horse to -serve two of them (in token whereof they gave in their seal two men -riding of one horse), yet suddenly they waxed so insolent, that they -disdained other orders, and sorted themselves with noblemen. - -King Edward I. in the year 1283, taking with him Robert Waleran, and -other, came to the Temple, where calling for the keeper of the treasure -house, as if he meant to see his mother's-jewels, that were laid up -there to be safely kept, he entered into the house, breaking the coffers -of certain persons that had likewise brought their money thither, and he -took away from thence to the value of a thousand pounds. - -Many parliaments and great councils have been there kept, as may appear -by our histories. In the year 1308, all the Templars in England, as also -in other parts of Christendom, were apprehended and committed to divers -prisons. In 1310, a provincial council was holden at London, against the -Templars in England, upon heresy and other articles whereof they were -accused, but denied all except one or two of them, notwithstanding they -all did confess that they could not purge themselves fully as faultless, -and so they were condemned to perpetual penance in several monasteries, -where they behaved themselves modestly. - -Philip, king of France, procured their overthrow throughout the whole -world, and caused them to be condemned by a general council to his -advantage, as he thought, for he believed to have had all their lands -in France, and, therefore, seized the same in his hands (as I have -read), and caused the Templars to the number of four and fifty (or after -Fabian, threescore) to be burned at Paris. - -Edward II. in the year 1313, gave unto Aimer de Valence, Earl of -Pembroke, the whose place and houses called the New Temple at London, -with the ground called Ficquetes Croft, and all the tenements and rents, -with the appurtenances, that belonged to the Templars in the city of -London and suburbs thereof. - -After Aimer de Valence (sayeth some) Hugh Spencer, usurping the same, -held it during his life, by whose death it came again to the hands of -Edward III.; but in the meantime, to wit, 1324, by a council holden at -Vienna, all the lands of the Templars (lest the same should be put to -profane uses) were given to the knights hospitalers of the order of St. -John Baptist, called St. John of Jerusalem, which knights had put the -Turkes out of the Isle of Rhodes, and after won upon the said Turkes -daily for a long time. - -The said Edward III., therefore, granted the same to the said knights, -who possessed it, and in the eighteenth year of the said king's reign, -were forced to repair the bridge of the said Temple. These knights had -their head house for England by West Smithfield, and they in the reign -of the same Edward III. granted (for a certain rent of ten pounds by the -year) the said Temple, with the appurtenances thereunto adjoining, to -the students of the common laws of England, in whose possession the same -hath ever since remained; and is now divided into two houses of several -students, by the same of inns of court, to wit, the Inner Temple, and -the Middle Temple, who kept two several halls, but they resort all to -the said Temple church, in the round walk whereof (which is the west -part without the choir) there remaineth monuments of noblemen buried, to -the number of eleven, eight of them are images of armed knights, five -lying cross-legged as men vowed to the Holy Land, against the infidels -and unbelieving Jews; the other three straight-legged; the rest are -coped stones all of grey marble; the first of the cross-legged was W. -Marshall, the elder Earl of Pembroke, who died 1219; Will. Marshall -his son, Earl of Pembroke, was the second, he died, 1231; and Gilbert -Marshall his brother, Earl of Pembroke, slain in a tournament at -Hertford, beside Ware, in the year 1241. - -After this Robert Rose, otherwise called Fursan, being made a Templar in -the year 1245, died and was buried there, and these are all that I can -remember to have read of. Sir Nicholas Hare, Master of the Rolls, was -buried there in the year 1557. - -In the year 1381, the rebels of Essex and of Kent destroyed and plucked -down the houses and lodgings of this Temple, took out of the church the -books and records that were in hutches of the apprentices of the law, -carried them into the streets, and burnt them; the house they spoiled -and burnt for wrath that they bare Sir Robert Halles, Lord-prior of St. -John's in Smithfield; but it was since again at divers times repaired, -namely, the gate-house of the Middle Temple, in the reign of Henry -VIII., by Sir Amias Paulet, knight, upon occasion, as in my _Annales_ I -have shown. The great hall of the Middle Temple was newly built in the -year 1572, in the reign of our Queen Elizabeth. - -This Temple church hath a master and four stipendiary priests, with a -clerk: these for the ministration of Divine service there have stipends -allowed unto them out of the possessions and revenues of the late -hospital and house of St. John's of Jerusalem in England, as it had -been in the reign of Edward VI.; and thus much for the said new Temple, -the farthest west part of this ward, and also of this city for the -liberties thereof; which ward hath an alderman, and his deputies three. -In Sepulchre's parish, common council six, constables four, scavengers -four, wardmote inquest twelve; St. Bridgetes parish, common councillors -eight, constables eight, scavengers eight, wardmote inquest twenty; in -St. Andrewes, common council two, constables two, scavengers three, -wardmote inquest twelve. It is taxed to the fifteen at thirty-five -pounds one shilling.[271] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[264] With the following inscription: "_Hic jacet Raherus primus -canonicus, et primus prior istius Ecclesiae_." - -[265] "The forrens were licensed for three dayes; the freemen so long as -they would, which was sixe or seven dayes."--_Stow._ - -[266] "John Davy, a false accuser of his master, of him was raised the -by-word,--If ye serve me so, I will call you Davy."--_Stow._ - -[267] "Commonly called Ely place."--_1st edition_, p. 323. - -[268] Fewters, idle people, probably from the old French _Fautier_, -which Roquefort, _Glossaire de la Langue Romane_, defines "_Criminel -Coupable_," or from _Fautteur_, "_rempli de defauts et de mauvaises -habitudes_." - -[269] Matthew Paris. - -[270] "And others in other places."--_1st edition_, p. 325. - - - - -BRIDGE WARDE WITHOUT, THE TWENTY-SIXTH IN NUMBER; CONSISTING OF THE -BOROUGH OF SOUTHWARKE, IN THE COUNTY OF SURREY. - - -Having treated of wards in London, on the north side of the Thames (in -number twenty-five), I am now to cross over the said river into the -borough of Southwark, which is also a ward of London without the walls, -on the south side thereof, as is Portsoken on the east, and Farringdon -extra on the west. - -This borough being in the county of Surrey, consisteth of divers -streets, ways, and winding lanes, all full of buildings, inhabited; and, -first, to begin at the west part thereof, over against the west suburb -of the city. - -On the bank of the river Thames there is now a continual building of -tenements, about half a mile in length to the bridge. Then from the -bridge, straight towards the south, a continual street, called Long -Southwark, built on both sides with divers lanes and alleys up to St. -George's church, and beyond it through Blackman street towards New -town (or Newington); the liberties of which borough extend almost to -the parish church of New town aforesaid, distant one mile from London -Bridge, and also south-west a continual building almost to Lambeth, more -than one mile from the said bridge. - -Then from the bridge along by the Thames eastward is St. Olave's street, -having continual building on both the sides, with lanes and alleys, up -to Battle bridge, to Horsedowne, and towards Rother hithe; also some -good half mile in length from London Bridge. - -So that I account the whole continual buildings on the bank of the said -river, from the west towards the east, to be more than a large mile in -length. - -Then have ye, from the entering towards the said Horsedown, one other -continual street called Bermondes high street, which stretcheth south, -likewise furnished with buildings on both sides, almost half a mile -in length, up to the late dissolved monastery of St. Saviour called -Bermondsey. And from thence is one Long lane (so called of the length), -turning west to St. George's church afore named. Out of the which lane -mentioned Long lane breaketh one other street towards the south and by -east, and this is called Kentish street, for that is the way leading -into that country: and so have you the bounds of this borough. - -The antiquities most notable in this borough are these: First, for -ecclesiastical, there was Bermondsey, an abbey of black monks, St. Mary -Overies, a priory of canons regular, St. Thomas, a college or hospital -for the poor, and the Loke, a lazar house in Kent street. Parish -churches there have been six, whereof five do remain; viz., St. Mary -Magdalen, in the priory of St. Mary Overy, now the same St. Mary Overy -is the parish church for the said Mary Magdalen, and for St. Margaret on -the hill, and is called St. Saviour. - -St. Margaret on the hill being put down is now a court for justice; -St. Thomas in the hospital serveth for a parish church as before; St. -George a parish church as before it did; so doth St. Olave and St. Mary -Magdalen, by the abbey of Bermondsey. - -There be also these five prisons or gaols: - - The Clinke on the Banke. - The Compter, in the late parish church of St. Margaret. - The Marshalsey. - The Kinges Bench. - And the White Lion, all in Long Southwarke. - -Houses most notable be these: - - The Bishop of Winchester's house. - The Bishop of Rochester's house. - The Duke of Suffolk's house, or Southwark place. - The Tabard, an hostery or inn. - The Abbot of Hyde, his house. - The Prior of Lewes, his house. - The Abbot of St. Augustine, his house. - The Bridge house. - The Abbot of Battaile, his house. - Battaile bridge. - The Stewes on the bank of Thames. - And the Bear gardens there. - -Now, to return to the west bank, there be two bear gardens, the old -and new places, wherein be kept bears, bulls, and other beasts, to be -baited; as also mastiffs in several kennels, nourished to bait them. -These bears and other beasts are there baited in plots of ground, -scaffolded about for the beholders to stand safe. - -Next on this bank was sometime the Bordello, or Stewes, a place so -called of certain stew-houses privileged there, for the repair of -incontinent men to the like women; of the which privilege I have read -thus: - -In a parliament holden at Westminster, the 8th of Henry II., it was -ordained by the commons, and confirmed by the king and lords, that -divers constitutions for ever should be kept within that lordship or -franchise, according to the old customs that had been there used time -out of mind: amongst the which these following were some, viz. - -"That no stew-holder or his wife should let or stay any single woman, to -go and come freely at all times when they listed. - -"No stew-holder to keep any woman to board, but she to board abroad at -her pleasure. - -"To take no more for the woman's chamber in the week than fourteen pence. - -"Not to keep open his doors upon the holidays. - -"Not to keep any single woman in his house on the holidays, but the -bailiff to see them voided out of the lordship. - -"No single woman to be kept against her will that would leave her sin. - -"No stew-holder to receive any woman of religion, or any man's wife. - -"No single woman to take money to lie with any man, but she lie with him -all night till the morrow. - -"No man to be drawn or enticed into any stew-house. - -"The constables, bailiff, and others, every week to search every -stew-house. - -"No stew-holder to keep any woman that hath the perilous infirmity -of burning, not to sell bread, ale, flesh, fish, wood, coal, or any -victuals, etc." - -These and many more orders were to be observed upon great pain and -punishment. I have also seen divers patents of confirmation, namely, one -dated 1345, the 19th of Edward III.[272] Also I find, that in the 4th -of Richard II., these stew-houses belonging to William Walworth, then -mayor of London, were farmed by Froes of Flanders, and spoiled by Walter -Tyler, and other rebels of Kent: notwithstanding, I find that ordinances -for the same place and houses were again confirmed in the reign of Henry -VI., to be continued as before. Also, Robert Fabian writeth, that in the -year 1506, the 21st of Henry VII., the said stew-houses in Southwarke -were for a season inhibited, and the doors closed up, but it was not -long (saith he) ere the houses there were set open again, so many as -were permitted, for (as it was said) whereas before were eighteen -houses, from thenceforth were appointed to be used but twelve only. -These allowed stew-houses had signs on their fronts, towards the Thames, -not hanged out, but painted on the walls, as a Boar's head, the Cross -keys, the Gun, the Castle, the Crane, the Cardinal's hat, the Bell, -the Swan, etc. I have heard of ancient men, of good credit, report, -that these single women were forbidden the rites of the church, so long -as they continued that sinful life, and were excluded from Christian -burial, if they were not reconciled before their death. And therefore -there was a plot of ground called the Single Woman's churchyard, -appointed for them far from the parish church. - -In the year of Christ 1546, the 37th of Henry VIII., this row of -stews in Southwarke was put down by the king's commandment, which was -proclaimed by sound of trumpet, no more to be privileged, and used as a -common brothel, but the inhabitants of the same to keep good and honest -rule as in other places of this realm, etc. - -Then next is the Clinke, a gaol or prison for the trespassers in those -parts; namely, in old time, for such as should brabble, frey, or break -the peace on the said bank, or in the brothel houses, they were by the -inhabitants thereabout apprehended and committed to this gaol, where -they were straitly imprisoned. - -Next is the bishop of Winchester's house, or lodging, when he cometh to -this city; which house was first built by William Gifford, bishop of -Winchester, about the year 1107, the 7th of Henry I., upon a plot of -ground pertaining to the prior of Bermondsey, as appeareth by a writ -directed unto the barons of the Exchequer, in the year 1366, the 41st of -Edward III. (the bishop's see being void), for eight pounds, due to the -monks of Bermondsey for the bishop of Winchester's lodging in Southwark. -This is a very fair house, well repaired, and hath a large wharf and -landing-place, called the bishop of Winchester's stairs. - -Adjoining to this, on the south side the roof, is the bishop of -Rochester's inn or lodging, by whom first erected I do not now remember -me to have read; but well I wot the same of long time hath not been -frequented by any bishop, and lieth ruinous for any lack of reparations. -The abbot of Maverley had a house there. - -East from the bishop of Winchester's house, directly over against it, -standeth a fair church called St. Mary over the Rie, or Overie, that -is over the water. This church, or some other in place thereof, was -of old time, long before the Conquest, a house of sisters, founded by -a maiden named Mary; unto the which house and sisters she left (as -was left to her by her parents) the oversight and profits of a cross -ferry, or traverse ferry over the Thames, there kept before that any -bridge was built. This house of sisters was after by Swithen, a noble -lady, converted into a college of priests, who in place of the ferry -built a bridge of timber, and from time to time kept the same in good -reparations, but lastly the same bridge was built of stone; and then -in the year 1106 was this church again founded for canons regulars by -William Pont de la Arche and William Dauncy, knights, Normans. - -William Gifford, bishop of Winchester, was a good benefactor also, for -he, as some have noted, built the body of that church in the year 1106, -the 7th of Henry I. - -The canons first entered the said church then; Algodus was the first -prior. - -King Henry I. by his charter gave them the church of St. Margaret in -Southwarke. - -King Stephen confirmed the gift of King Henry, and also gave the -stone-house, which was William Pont de le Arche's, by Downegate. - -This priory was burnt about the year 1207, wherefore the canons did -found a hospital near unto their priory, where they celebrated until the -priory was repaired; which hospital was after, by consent of Peter de la -Roch, bishop of Winchester, removed into the land of Anicius, archdeacon -of Surrey, in the year 1228, a place where the water was more plentiful, -and the air more wholesome, and was dedicated to St. Thomas. - -This Peter de Rupibus, or de la Roch, founded a large chapel of St. Mary -Magdalen, in the said church of St. Mary Overie; which chapel was after -appointed to be the parish church for the inhabitants near adjoining. - -This church was again newly built in the reign of Richard II. and King -Henry IV. - -John Gower, esquire, a famous poet,[273] was then an especial benefactor -to that work, and was there buried on the north side of the said church, -in the chapel of St. John, where he founded a chantry: he lieth under a -tomb of stone, with his image, also of stone, over him: the hair of his -head, auburn, long to his shoulders, but curling up, and a small forked -beard; on his head a chaplet, like a coronet of four roses; a habit of -purple, damasked down to his feet; a collar of esses gold about his -neck; under his head the likeness of three books, which he compiled. The -first, named _Speculum Meditantis_, written in French; the second, _Vox -Clamantis_, penned in Latin; the third, _Confessio Amantis_, written in -English, and this last is printed. _Vox Clamantis_, with his _Cronica -Tripartita_, and other, both in Latin and French, never printed, I have -and do possess, but _Speculum Meditantis_ I never saw, though heard -thereof to be in Kent. Beside on the wall where he lieth, there was -painted three virgins crowned; one of the which was named Charity, -holding this device: - - "En toy qui es Fitz de dieu le pere, - Sauve soit, que gist souz cest piere." - -The second writing, Mercy, with this device: - - "O bone Jesu, fait ta mercie, - Al alme, dont le corps gist icy." - -The third writing, Pity, with this device: - - "Pur ta pite Jesu regarde, - Et met cest alme en sauve garde." - -His arms a field argent, on a cheveron azure, three leopards' heads -gold, their tongues gules; two angels supporters, on the crest a talbot: -his epitaph, - - "Armigeri scutum nihil a modo fert sibi tutum, - Reddidit immolutum morti generale tributum, - Spiritus exutum se gaudeat esse solutum, - Est ubi virtutum regnum sine labe statutum," - -The roof of the middle west aisle fell down in the year 1469. This -priory was surrendered to Henry VIII., the 31st of his reign, the 27th -of October, the year of Christ 1539, valued at L624 6_s._ 6_d._ by the -year. - -About Christmas next following, the church of the said priory was -purchased of the king by the inhabitants of the borough, Doctor Stephen -Gardner, bishop of Winchester, putting to his helping hand; they made -thereof a parish church for the parish church of St. Mary Magdalen, on -the south side of the said choir, and of St. Margaret on the hill, which -were made one parish of St. Saviour. - -There be monuments in this church,--of Robert Liliarde, or Hiliarde, -esquire; Margaret, daughter to the Lady Audley, wife to Sir Thomas -Audley; William Grevill, esquire, and Margaret his wife; one of the -heirs of William Spershut, esquire; Dame Katherine, wife to John Stoke, -alderman; Robert Merfin, esquire; William Undall, esquire; Lord Ospay -Ferar; Sir George Brewes, knight; John Browne; Lady Brandon, wife to -Sir Thomas Brandon; William, Lord Scales; William, Earl Warren; Dame -Maude, wife to Sir John Peach; Lewknor; Dame Margaret Elrington, one -of the heirs of Sir Thomas Elrington; John Bowden, esquire; Robert St. -Magil; John Sandhurst; John Gower; John Duncell, merchant-tailor, 1516; -John Sturton, esquire; Robert Rouse; Thomas Tong, first Norroy, and -after Clarenceaux king of arms; William Wickham, translated from the -see of Lincoln to the bishopric of Winchester in the month of March, -1595, deceased the 11th of June next following, and was buried here; -Thomas Cure, esquire, saddler to King Edward VI., Queen Mary, and Queen -Elizabeth, deceased the 24th of May, 1598, etc. - -Now passing through St. Mary Over's close (in possession of the Lord -Mountacute), and Pepper alley, into Long Southwark, on the right hand -thereof the market-hill, where the leather is sold, there stood the late -named parish church of St. Margaret, given to St. Mary Overies by Henry -I., put down and joined with the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, and united -to the late dissolved priory church of St. Mary Overy. - -A part of this parish church of St. Margaret is now a court, wherein the -assizes and sessions be kept, and the court of admiralty is also there -kept. One other part of the same church is now a prison, called the -Compter in Southwark, etc. - -Farther up on that side, almost directly over against St. George's -church, was sometime a large and most sumptuous house, built by Charles -Brandon, late Duke of Suffolk, in the reign of Henry VIII., which was -called Suffolk house, but coming afterwards into the king's hands, the -same was called Southwarke place, and a mint of coinage was there kept -for the king. - -To this place came King Edward VI., in the second of his reign, from -Hampton Court, and dined in it. He at that time made John Yorke, one -of the sheriffs of London, knight, and then rode through the city to -Westminster. - -Queen Mary gave this house to Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of Yorke, and -to his successors, for ever, to be their inn or lodging for their repair -to London, in recompense of Yorke house near to Westminster, which King -Henry her father had taken from Cardinal Wolsey, and from the see of -Yorke. - -Archbishop Heath sold the same house to a merchant, or to merchants, -that pulled it down, sold the lead, stone, iron, etc.; and in place -thereof built many small cottages of great rents, to the increasing -of beggars in that borough. The archbishop bought Norwich house, or -Suffolke place, near unto Charing cross, because it was near unto the -court, and left it to his successors. - -Now on the south side to return back again towards the bridge, over -against this Suffolke place, is the parish church of St. George, -sometime pertaining to the priory of Barmondsey, by the gift of Thomas -Arderne and Thomas his son, in the year 1122. There lie buried in this -church, William Kirton, esquire, and his wives, 1464. - -Then is the White Lion, a gaol so called, for that the same was a common -hosterie for the receipt of travellers by that sign. This house was -first used as a gaol within these forty years last, since the which time -the prisoners were once removed thence to a house in Newtowne, where -they remained for a short time, and were returned back again to the -foresaid White Lion, there to remain as in the appointed gaol for the -county of Surrey. - -Next is the gaol or prison of the King's Bench, but of what antiquity -the same is I know not. For I have read that the courts of the King's -Bench and Chancery have ofttimes been removed from London to other -places, and so hath likewise the gaols that serve those courts; as in -the year 1304, Edward I. commanded the courts of the King's Bench and -the Exchequer, which had remained seven years at Yorke, to be removed to -their old places at London. And in the year 1387, the 11th of Richard -II., Robert Tresilian, chief justice, came to the city of Coventrie, and -there sate by the space of a month, as justice of the Kinge's benches, -and caused to be indited in that court, about the number of two thousand -persons of that country, etc. - -It seemeth, therefore, that for that time, the prison or gaol of that -court was not far off. Also in the year 1392, the 16th of the same -Richard, the Archbishop of York being Lord Chancellor, for good will -that he bare to his city, caused the King's Bench and Chancery to be -removed from London to York, but ere long they were returned to London. - -Then is the Marshalsey, another gaol or prison, so called, as pertaining -to the marshals of England. Of what continuance kept in Southwark I have -not learned; but like it is, that the same hath been removable, at the -pleasure of the marshals: for I find that in the year 1376, the 50th -of Edward III., Henry Percie (being marshal) kept his prisoners in the -city of London, where having committed one John Prendergast, of Norwich, -contrary to the liberties of the city of London, the citizens, by -persuasion of the Lord Fitzwalter their standard-bearer, took armour and -ran with great rage to the marshal's inn, brake up the gates, brought -out the prisoner, and conveyed him away, minding to have burnt the -stocks in the midst of their city, but they first sought for Sir Henry -Percy to have punished him, as I have noted in my _Annales_. - -More about the feast of Easter next following, John, Duke of Lancaster, -having caused all the whole navy of England to be gathered together at -London: it chanced a certain esquire to kill one of the shipmen, which -act the other shipmen taking in ill part, they brought their suit into -the king's court of the Marshalsey, which then as chanced (saith mine -author) was kept in Southwark: but when they perceived that court to be -so favourable to the murderer, and further that the king's warrant was -also gotten for his pardon, they in great fury ran to the house wherein -the murderer was imprisoned, brake into it, and brought forth the -prisoner with his gyves on his legs, they thrust a knife to his heart, -and sticked him as if he had been a dog; after this they tied a rope -to his gyves, and drew him to the gallows, where when they had hanged -him, as though they had done a great act, they caused the trumpets to -be sounded before them to their ships, and there in great triumph they -spent the rest of the day. - -Also the rebels of Kent, in the year 1381, brake down the houses of -the Marshalsey and King's Bench in Southwark, took from thence the -prisoners, brake down the house of Sir John Immorth, then marshal of the -Marshalsey and King's Bench, etc. After this, in the year 1387, the 11th -of Richard II., the morrow after Bartholomew day, the king kept a great -council in the castle of Nottingham, and the Marshalsey of the king was -then kept at Loughborrow by the space of five days or more. In the year -1443, Sir Walter Manny was marshal of the Marshalsey, the 22nd of Henry -VI. William Brandon, esquire, was marshal in the 8th of Edward IV. In -the year 1504 the prisoners of the Marshalsey, then in Southwark, brake -out, and many of them being taken were executed, especially such as had -been committed for felony or treason. - -From thence towards London bridge, on the same side, be many fair inns, -for recepit of travellers, by these signs, the Spurre, Christopher, -Bull, Queene's Head, Tabarde, George, Hart, Kinge's Head, etc. Amongst -the which, the most ancient is the Tabard, so called of the sign, which, -as we now term it, is of a jacket, or sleeveless coat, whole before, -open on both sides, with a square collar, winged at the shoulders; a -stately garment of old time, commonly worn of noblemen and others, both -at home and abroad in the wars, but then (to wit in the wars) their arms -embroidered, or otherwise depict upon them, that every man by his coat -of arms might be known from others: but now these tabards are only worn -by the heralds, and be called their coats of arms in service; for the -inn of the tabard, Geffrey Chaucer, esquire, the most famous poet of -England, in commendation thereof, writeth thus:-- - - "Befell that in that season, on a day, - In Southwarke at the Tabard, as I lay, - Readie to wenden on my Pilgrimage - To Canterburie with devout courage, - At night was come into that hosterie, - Well nine-and-twentie in a companie, - Of sundrie folke, by adventure yfall, - In fellowship, and pilgrimes were they all, - That toward Canterburie woulden ride, - The chambers and the stables weren wide, - And well we weren eased at the best," etc. - -Within this inn was also the lodging of the abbot of Hide (by the city -of Winchester), a fair house for him and his train, when he came to that -city to parliament, etc. - -And then Theeves lane, by St. Thomas' hospital. The hospital of St. -Thomas, first founded by Richard Prior of Bermondsey, in the Selerers -ground against the wall of the monastery, in the year 1213, he named -it the Almerie, or house of alms for converts and poor children; for -the which ground the prior ordained that the almoner should pay ten -shillings and four pence yearly to the Selerer at Michaelmas. - -But Peter de Rupibus,[274] Bishop of Winchester, in the year 1215, -founded the same again more fully for canons regular in place of the -first hospital; he increased the rent thereof to three hundred and -forty-four pounds in the year. Thus was this hospital holden of the -prior and abbot of Bermondsey till the year 1428, at which time a -composition was made between Thomas Thetford, abbot of Bermondsey, and -Nicholas Buckland, master of the said hospital of St. Thomas, for all -the lands and tenements which were holden of the said abbot and convent -in Southwark, or elsewhere, for the old rent to be paid unto the said -abbot. - -There be monuments in this hospital church of Sir Robert Chamber, -knight; William Fines, Lord Say; Richard Chaucer, John Gloucester, -Adam Atwood, John Ward, Michael Cambridge, William West, John Golding, -esquires; John Benham, George Kirkes, Thomas Kninton, Thomas Baker, -gentlemen; Robert, son to Sir Thomas Fleming; Agnes, wife to Sir Walter -Dennis, knight, daughter, and one of the heirs of Sir Robert Danvars; -John Evarey, gentleman; etc. - -This hospital was by the visitors, in the year 1538, valued at two -hundred and sixty-six pounds seventeen shillings and six pence, and was -surrendered to Henry VIII., in the 30th of his reign. - -In the year 1552, the citizens of London having purchased the void -suppressed hospital of St. Thomas in Southwark, in the month of July -began the reparations thereof, for poor, impotent, lame, and diseased -people, so that in the month of November next following, the sick and -poor people were taken in. And in the year 1553, on the 10th of April, -King Edward VI., in the 7th of his reign, gave to the mayor, commonalty, -and citizens of London, to be a workhouse for the poor and idle persons -of this city, his house of Bridewell, and seven hundred marks land -of the Savoy rents, which hospital he had suppressed, with all the -beds, bedding, and other furniture belonging to the same, towards the -maintenance of the said workhouse of Bridewell, and of this hospital of -St. Thomas in Southwark. This gift the king confirmed by his charter, -dated the 26th of June next following, and willed it to be called the -King's hospital in Southwark. - -The church of this hospital, which of old time served for the tenements -near adjoining, and pertaining to the said hospital, remaineth as a -parish church. - -But now to come to St. Olave's street. On the bank of the river of -Thames, is the parish church of St. Olave, a fair and meet large church, -but a far larger parish especially of aliens or strangers, and poor -people; in which church there lieth entombed Sir John Burcettur, knight, -1466. - -Over against this parish church, on the south side the street was -sometime one great house built of stone, with arched gates, pertaining -to the prior of Lewes in Sussex, and was his lodging when he came to -London; it is now a common hosterie for travellers, and hath to sign the -Walnut Tree. - -Then east from the said parish church of St. Olave is a key. In the -year 1330, by the license of Simon Swanlond, mayor of London, built by -Isabel, widow to Hamond Goodchepe. And next thereunto was then a great -house of stone and timber, belonging to the abbot of St. Augustine -without the walls of Canterburie, which was an ancient piece of work, -and seemeth to be one of the first built houses on that side the river -over-against the city; it was called the abbot's inn of St. Augustine in -Southwark, and was sometime holden of the Earls of Warren and Surrey, as -appeareth by a deed made 1281, which I have read, and may be Englished -thus:-- - -"To all whom this present writing shall come, John Earl Warren sendeth -greeting. Know ye, that we have altogether remised and quit-claimed for -us and our heirs for ever, to Nicholas, abbot of St. Augustine's of -Canterburie, and the convent of the same, and their successors, suit to -our court of Southwarke, which they owe unto us, for all that messuage -and houses thereon built, and all their appurtenances, which they have -of our fee in Southwarke, situate upon the Thames, between the Bridge -house and the church of St. Olave. And the said messuage, with the -buildings thereon built, and all their appurtenances, to them and their -successors, we have granted in perpetual alms, to hold of us and our -heirs for the same, saving the service due to any other persons, if any -such be, then to us; and for this remit and grant the said abbot and -convent have given unto us five shillings of rent yearly in Southwarke, -and have received us and our heirs in all benefices which shall be in -their church for ever." This suit of court one William Graspeis was -bound to do to the said earl for the said messuage, and heretofore to -acquit in all things the church of St. Augustine against the said earl. - -This house of late time belonged to Sir Anthony Sentlegar, then to -Warham Sentlegar, etc., and is now called Sentlegar house, but divided -into sundry tenements. Next is the Bridgehouse, so called as being a -storehouse for stone, timber, or whatsoever pertaining to the building -or repairing of London bridge. - -This house seemeth to have taken beginning with the first founding of -the bridge either of stone or timber; it is a large plot of ground, on -the bank of the river Thames, containing divers large buildings for -stowage of things necessary towards reparation of the said bridge. - -There are also divers garners, for laying up of wheat, and other -grainers for service of the city, as need requireth. Moreover, there -be certain ovens built, in number ten, of which six be very large, the -other four being but half so big. These were purposely made to bake out -the bread corn of the said grainers, to the best advantage for relief of -the poor citizens, when need should require. Sir John Throstone, knight, -sometime an embroiderer, then a goldsmith, one of the sheriffs 1516, -gave by his testament towards the making of these ovens, two hundred -pounds, which thing was performed by his executors. Sir John Munday, -goldsmith, then being mayor, there was of late, for the enlarging of the -said Bridge house, taken in an old brewhouse, called Goldings, which -was given to the city by George Monex, sometime mayor, and in place -thereof, is now a fair brewhouse new built, for service of the city with -beer. - -Next was the abbot of Battailes inn, betwixt the Bridge house and -Battaile bridge, likewise on the bank of the river of Thames; the walks -and gardens thereunto appertaining, on the other side of the way before -the gate of the said house, and was called the Maze; there is now an -inn, called the Flower de Luce, for that the sign is three Flower de -Luces. Much other buildings of small tenements are thereon builded, -replenished with strangers and other, for the most part poor people. - -Then is Battaile bridge, so called of Battaile abbey, for that it -standeth on the ground, and over a water-course (flowing out of Thames) -pertaining to that abbey, and was, therefore, both built and repaired by -the abbots of that house, as being hard adjoining to the abbot's lodging. - -Beyond this bridge is Bermondsey street, turning south, in the south end -whereof was sometime a priory or abbey of St. Saviour, called Bermond's -Eye in Southwark, founded by Alwin Childe, a citizen of London, in the -year 1081. - -Peter, Richard, Obstert, and Umbalde, monks de Charitate, came unto -Bermondsey, in the year 1089, and Peter was made first prior there, by -appointment of the prior of the house, called Charity in France, by -which means this priory of Bermondsey (being a cell to that in France) -was accounted a priory of Aliens. - -In the year 1094 deceased Alwin Childe, founder of this house. Then -William Rufus gave to the monks his manor of Bermondsey, with the -appurtenances, and built for them there a new great church. - -Robert Blewet, Bishop of Lincolne (King William's chancellor), gave them -the manor of Charlton, with the appurtenances. Also Geffrey Martell, by -the grant of Geffrey Magnavile, gave them the land of Halingbury, and -the tithe of Alferton, etc. - -More, in the year 1122, Thomas of Arderne, and Thomas his son, gave to -the monks of Bermond's Eye the church of St. George in Southwark, etc. - -In the year 1165, King Henry II. confirmed to them the hyde or territory -of Southwark, and Laygham Wadden, with the land of Coleman, etc. - -In the year 1371, the priors of Aliens, throughout England, being seized -into the king's hands, Richard Denton an Englishman was made prior of -Bermondsey, to whom was committed the custody of the said priory, by the -letters patents of King Edward III., saving to the king the advowsons of -churches. - -In the year 1380, the 4th of Richard II., this priory was made a denison -(or free English) for the fine of two hundred marks paid to the king's -Hanaper in the Chancery. In the year 1399 John Attelborough, prior of -Bermondsey, was made the first abbot of that house by Pope Boniface IX., -at the suit of King Richard II. - -In the year 1417, Thomas Thetford, abbot of Bermondsey, held a plea in -chancery against the king, for the manors of Preston, Bermondsey, and -Stone, in the county of Somerset, in the which suit the abbot prevailed -and recovered against the king. - -In the year 1539 this abbey was valued to dispend by the year four -hundred and seventy-four pounds fourteen shillings and four pence -halfpenny, and was surrendered to Henry VIII., the 31st of his reign; -the abbey church was then pulled down by Sir Thomas Pope, knight, and in -place thereof a goodly house built of stone and timber, now pertaining -to the earls of Sussex. - -There are buried in that church, Leoftane, provost, shrive or domesman -of London, 1115; Sir William Bowes, knight, and Dame Elizabeth his wife; -Sir Thomas Pikeworth, knight; Dame Anne Audley; George, son to John Lord -Audley; John Winkefield, esquire; Sir Nicholas Blonket, knight; Dame -Bridget, wife to William Trussell; Holgrave, baron of the exchequer; etc. - -Next unto this abbey church standeth a proper church of St. Mary -Magdalen, built by the priors of Bermondsey, serving for resort of the -inhabitants (tenants to the prior or abbots near adjoining) there to -have their Divine service: this church remaineth, and serveth as afore, -and is called a parish church. - -Then in Kent street is a lazar house for leprous people, called the Loke -in Southwark; the foundation whereof I find not. Now, having touched -divers principal parts of this borough, I am to speak somewhat of its -government, and so to end. - -This borough, upon petition made by the citizens of London to Edward -I., in the 1st year of his reign, was, for divers causes, by parliament -granted to them for ever, yielding into the exchequer the fee-firm of -ten pounds by the year; which grant was confirmed by Edward III., who, -in the 3rd of his reign gave them license to take a toll towards the -charge of paving the said borough with stone. Henry IV. confirmed the -grant of his predecessors, so did Edward IV., etc. - -But in the year 1550, King Edward VI., for the sum of six hundred and -forty-seven pounds two shillings and one penny, paid into his court -of augmentations and revenues of his crown, granted to the mayor -and commonalty all his lands and tenements in Southwark, except, and -reserved, the capital messuage, two mansions, called Southwark place, -late the Duke of Suffolk's, and all the gardens and lands to the same -appertaining, the park, and the messuage called the Antilope. Moreover, -he gave them the lordship and manor of Southwark, with all members and -rights thereof, late pertaining to the monastery of Bermondsey. And -all messuages, places, buildings, rents, courts, waifs and strays, to -the same appertaining, in the county of Surrey, except as is before -excepted. He also granted unto them his manor and borough of Southwark, -with all the members, rights, and appurtenances, late of the possession -of the Archbishop of Canterbury and his see in Southwark. Moreover, -for the sum of five hundred marks, he granted to the said mayor and -commonalty, and their successors, in and through the borough and town of -Southwark, and in all the parishes of St. Saviour, St. Olave, and St. -George, and the parish of St. Thomas Hospital, now called the King's -hospital, and elsewhere, in the said town and borough of Southwark, -and Kentish street, Bermondsey street, in the parish of Newington, all -waifs and strays, treasure trove, all felons' goods, etc., within the -parishes and precinct aforesaid, etc.: the return of writs, processes, -and warrants, etc.: together with a fair in the whole town for three -days, to wit, the 7th, 8th, and 9th of September, yearly, with a court -of pye powders. A view of franke pledge, with attachments, arrests, etc. -Also to arrest all felons, and other malefactors, within their precinct, -and send them to ward, and to Newgate. Provided that nothing in that -grant should be prejudicial to the stewards and marshal of the king's -house. The same premises to be holden of the manor of East Greenwich, in -the county of Kent, by fealty in free forage. Dated at Westminster, the -23rd of April, in the 4th of his reign. All which was also confirmed by -parliament, etc. And the same year, in the Whitsun week, in a court of -aldermen, kept at the Guildhall of London, Sir John Aylophe, knight, was -sworn the first alderman of Bridge ward without, and made up the number -of twenty-six aldermen of London. - -This borough at a subsidy to the king yieldeth about one thousand -marks, or eight hundred pounds, which is more than any one city in -England payeth, except the city of London. And also the muster of men -in this borough doth likewise in number surpass all other cities, -except London. And thus much for the borough of Southwark, one of the -twenty-six wards of London, which hath an alderman, deputies three, -and a bailiff, common-council none, constables sixteen, scavengers six, -wardmote inquest twenty. And is taxed to the fifteen at seventeen pounds -seventeen shillings and eight pence. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[271] "And in the Exchequer at thirty-four pounds."--_1st edition_, p. -338. - -[272] "Li. St. Mary Eborum. English people disdayned to be baudes. Froes -of Flaunders were women for that purpose."--_Stow._ - -[273] "John Gower was no knight, neither had he any garland of ivie and -roses, but a chaplet of foure roses onely."--_Stow._ - -[274] Li. St. Marie Overy. - - - - -THE SUBURBS WITHOUT THE WALLS OF THE SAID CITY BRIEFLY TOUCHED. AS ALSO -WITHOUT THE LIBERTIES MORE AT LARGE DESCRIBED. - - -Having spoken of this city, the original, and increase, by degrees: the -walls, gates, ditch, castles, towers, bridges, the schools, and houses -of learning: of the orders and customs, sports, and pastimes: of the -honour of citizens, and worthiness of men: and last of all, how the same -city is divided into parts and wards: and how the same be bounded: and -what monuments of antiquity, or ornaments of building, in every of them, -as also in the borough of Southwark: I am next to speak briefly of the -suburbs, as well without the gates and walls as without the liberties, -and of the monuments in them. - -Concerning the estate of the suburbs of this city, in the reign of Henry -II., Fitz Stephen hath these words:--"Upwards, on the west (saith he), -is the king's palace, which is an incomparable building, rising with a -vawmure and bulwark aloft upon the river, two miles from the wall of the -city, but yet conjoined with a continual suburb. On all sides, without -the houses of the suburbs, are the citizens' gardens and orchards, -planted with trees, both large, sightly, and adjoining together. On -the north side are pastures and plain meadows, with brooks running -through them, turning water-mills with a pleasant noise. Not far off -is a great forest, a well wooded chase, having good covert for harts, -bucks, does, boars, and wild bulls. The corn fields are not of a hungry -sandy mould, but as the fruitful fields of Asia, yielding plentiful -increase, and filling the barns with corn. There are near London, on the -north side, especial wells in the suburbs, sweet, wholesome, and clear. -Amongst which, Holywell, Clarkenwell, and St. Clement's well, are most -famous, and most frequented by scholars and youths of the city in summer -evenings, when they walk forth to take the air." Thus far out of Fitz -Stephen for the suburbs at that time. - -The 2nd of King Henry III. the forest of Middlesex, and the warren of -Staines, were disafforested; since the which time the suburbs about -London hath been also mightily increased with buildings; for first, -to begin in the East, by the Tower of London, is the hospital of St. -Katherine, founded by Matilda the queen, wife to King Stephen, as is -afore shown in Portsoken ward; from this precinct of St. Katherine to -Wapping in the west,[275] the usual place of execution for hanging of -pirates and sea rovers, at the low-water mark, and there to remain, -till three tides had overflowed them, was never a house standing within -these forty years; but since the gallows being after removed farther -off, a continual street, or filthy strait passage, with alleys of small -tenements, or cottages, built, inhabited by sailors' victuallers, along -by the river of Thames, almost to Radcliff, a good mile from the Tower. - -On the east side, and by north of the Tower, lieth East Smithfield, -Hogs' street, and Tower hill; and east from them both, was the new abbey -called Grace, founded by Edward III. From thence Radcliffe, up East -Smithfield, by Nightingall lane (which runneth south to the hermitage, -a brewhouse so called of a hermit sometime being there), beyond this -lane to the manor of Bramley (called in record of Richard II. Villa -East Smithfield, and Villa de Bramley), and to the manor of Shadwell, -belonging to the Dean of Pauls, there hath been of late, in place of -elm trees, many small tenements raised towards Radcliffe; and Radcliffe -itself hath been also increased in building eastward (in place where I -have known[276] a large highway, with fair elm trees on both the sides), -that the same hath now taken hold of Lime hurst, or Lime host, corruptly -called Lime house, sometime distant a mile from Ratcliffe. - -Having said this much for building at Wapping, East Smithfield, Bramley, -and Shadwell, all on the south side of the highway to Radcliffe, now -one note on the north side, also concerning pirates. I read that in the -year 1440, in the Lent season, certain persons, with six ships, brought -from beyond the seas fish to victual the city of London, which fish, -when they had delivered, and were returning homeward, a number of sea -thieves, in a barge, in the night came upon them, when they were asleep -in their vessels, riding at anchor on the river Thames, and slew them, -cut their throats, cast them overboard, took their money, and drowned -their ships, for that no man should espy or accuse them. Two of these -thieves were after taken, and hanged in chains upon a gallows set -upon a raised hill, for that purpose made, in the field beyond East -Smithfield, so that they might be seen far into the river Thames. The -first building at Radcliffe in my youth (not to be forgotten) was a fair -free school and alms houses, founded by Avice Gibson, wife to Nicholas -Gibson, grocer, as before I have noted: but of late years shipwrights, -and (for the most part) other marine men, have built many large and -strong houses for themselves, and smaller for sailors, from thence -almost to Poplar, and so to Blake wall. Now for Tower hill; the plain -there is likewise greatly diminished by merchants[277] for building of -small tenements; from thence towards Aldgate was the Minories, whereof I -have spoken. - -From Aldgate east again lieth a large street, replenished with -buildings; to wit, on the north side the parish church of St. Botolph, -and so other buildings, to Hog lane, and to the bars on both sides. - -Also without the bars both the sides of the street be pestered with -cottages and alleys, even up to Whitechapel church, and almost half a -mile beyond it, into the common field; all which ought to be open and -free for all men. But this common field, I say, being sometime the -beauty of this city on that part, is so encroached upon by building of -filthy cottages, and with other purpressors, inclosures, and laystalls -(notwithstanding all proclamations and acts of parliament made to -the contrary), that in some places it scarce remaineth a sufficient -highway for the meeting of carriages and droves of cattle; much less is -there any fair, pleasant, or wholesome way for people to walk on foot; -which is no small blemish to so famous a city to have so unsavoury and -unseemly an entrance or passage thereunto. - -Now of Whitechapel church somewhat, and then back again to Aldgate. This -church is, as it were, a chapel of ease to the parish of Stebinhith, -and the parson of Stebinhith hath the gift thereof; which being first -dedicated to the name of God and the blessed Virgin, is now called St. -Mary Matfellon. About the year 1428, the 6th of King Henry VI., a devout -widow of that parish had long time cherished and brought up of alms a -certain Frenchman, or Breton born, which most unkindly and cruelly in -a night murdered the said widow sleeping in her bed, and after fled -with such jewels and other stuff of her as he might carry; but he was -so freshly pursued, that for fear he took the church of St. George in -Southwark, and challenged privilege of sanctuary there, and so abjured -the king's land. Then the constables (having charge of him) brought him -into London, intending to have conveyed him eastward; but so soon as -he was come into the parish, where before he had committed the murder, -the wives cast upon him so much filth and odour of the street, that -(notwithstanding the best resistance made by the constables) they slew -him out of hand; and for this feat, it hath been said, that parish to -have purchased that name of St. Mary Matfellon; but I find in record the -same to be called Villa beatae Mariae de Matfellon, in the 21st of Richard -II. - -More, we read, that in the year 1336, the 10th of Edward III., the -bishop of Alba, cardinal and parson of Stebinhith, procurator general -in England, presented a clerk to be parson in the church of the blessed -Mary called Matfellon, without Aldgate of London, etc. - -Now again from Aldgate north-west to Bishopsgate, lieth Houndsditch, and -so to Bishopsgate. - -North, and by east from Bishopsgate, lieth a large street or highway, -having on the west side thereof the parish church of St. Buttolph. - -Then is the hospital of St. Mary of Bethelem, founded by a citizen -of London, and as before is showed: up to the bars without the which -is Norton fall gate, a liberty so called, belonging to the dean of -Pauls; thence up to the late dissolved priory of St. John Baptist, -called Holywell, a house of nuns, of old time founded by a bishop of -London. Stephen Grausend, bishop of London, about the year 1318, was a -benefactor thereunto; re-edified by Sir Thomas Lovel,[278] knight of the -garter, who built much there in the reigns of Henry VII. and of Henry -VIII.; he endowed this house with fair lands, and was there buried in a -large chapel by him built for that purpose. This priory was valued at -the suppression to have of lands two hundred and ninety-three pounds -by year, and was surrendered 1539, the 31st of Henry VIII. The church -thereof being pulled down, many houses have been built for the lodgings -of noblemen, of strangers born, and other.[279] - -From Holywell in the high street is a continual building of tenements -to Sewers ditch,[280] having one small side of a field, already made a -garden plot. Over against the north corner of this field, between it and -the church of St. Leonarde in Shoreditch, sometime stood a cross, now -a smith's forge, dividing three ways: forth right the highway is built -upon either side, more than a good flight shot, towards Kinges land, -Newington, Totanham, etc. - -On the left hand is Galde street, which reacheth west to a stone cross, -over against the north end of Golden lane,[281] and so to the end of -Goswell street. On the right hand of this Galde street, not far from -Sowers ditch, but on the north side thereof, is Hoxton, a large street -with houses on both sides, and is a prebend belonging to Pauls church in -London, but of Soers ditch parish. - -On the right hand beyond Soers ditch church toward Hackney are some late -built houses upon the common soil, for it was a leystall, but those -houses belong to the parish of Stebunhith. - -On the other side of the highway from Bishopsgate and Houndsditch is the -Dolphin, a common inn for receipt of travellers; then a house built by -the Lord John Powlet, then Fisher's folly,[282] and so up to the west -end of Berwardes lane, is a continual building of small cottages, then -the hospital called St. Mary Spittle, hard within the bars, whereof I -have spoken in Bishopsgate ward. - -From the which bars towards Soers ditch[283] on that side is all along a -continual building of small and base tenements, for the most part lately -erected. - -Amongst the which (I mean of the ancientest building) was one row -of proper small houses, with gardens for poor decayed people, there -placed by the prior of the said hospital; every one tenant whereof paid -one penny rent by the year at Christmas, and dined with the prior on -Christmas day: but after the suppression of the hospital, these houses, -for want of reparations, in few years were so decayed, that it was -called Rotten row, and the poor worn out (for there came no new in their -place) houses, for a small portion of money, were sold from Goddard to -Russell, a draper, who new built them, and let them out for rent enough, -taking also large fines of the tenants, near as much as the houses cost -him purchase and building; for he made his bargains so hardly with all -men, that both carpenter, bricklayer, and plasterer, were by that work -undone: and yet, in honour of his name, it is now called Russell's row. - -Now for the parish of St. Leonard at Soers ditch, the archdeacon of -London is always parson thereof, and the cure is served by a vicar. In -this church have been divers honourable persons buried, as appeareth -by monuments yet remaining: Sir John Elrington, with Margaret his -wife, daughter and heir to Thomas Lord Itchingham, widow to William -Blount, son and heir to Walter Blount, the first Lord Mountjoy, which -Margaret died 1481, Sir Humfrey Starkie, recorder of London, baron of -the Exchequer; John Gadde, shereman of London, and Anne his wife, 1480; -Sir Thomas Seymore, mayor of London, deceased 1535; Sir Thomas Ligh, -doctor of law, 1545. Item, under one fair monument lieth buried the Lady -Katherine, daughter to Edward, duke of Buckingham, wife to Ralph Nevell, -Earl of Westmoreland, who died 1553; also Elianor, daughter to Sir -William Paston, wife to Thomas Mannars, earl of Rutland, 1551; Margaret, -daughter to Ralph Nevel, earl of Westmoreland, and wife to Henry -Mannars, earl of Rutland, 1560; Katherine, daughter to Henry Nevel, earl -of Westmoreland, and wife to Sir John Constable of Holderness, 1591; -Anne, daughter to T. Mannars, earl of Rutland; Sir T. Mannars, fourth -son to Thomas, earl of Rutland, 1591; Oliver Mannars, fifth son to -Thomas, earl of Rutland, 1563, all under one monument; Richard and Harry -Young, 1545. - -Notwithstanding that of late one vicar there, for covetousness of the -brass, which he converted into coined silver, plucking up many plates -fixed on the graves, and left no memory of such as had been buried under -them, a great injury both to the living and the dead, forbidden by -public proclamation, in the reign of our sovereign lady Queen Elizabeth, -but not forborne by many, that either of a preposterous zeal, or of a -greedy mind, spare not to satisfy themselves by so wicked a means. - -One note of Shoreditch, and so an end of that suburb. I read, that in -the year 1440, the 18th of Henry VI. a fuller of Shoreditch appeached -of treason many worthy esquires and gentlemen of Kent, but he being -proved false, was attainted, condemned, and had judgment to be drawn, -hanged, and quartered; which was done; his head set on London bridge, -and his quarters on the gates. This justice was done according to the -xvith of Deuteronomy: "The judges shall make diligent inquisition, and -if the witness be found false, and to have given false witness against -his brother, then shall they do unto him as he had thought to do unto -his brother," etc. I read of the King's Manor vocatur Shoreditch-place, -in the parish of Hackney, but how it took that name I know not, and -therefore I will turn back from Shoreditch cross to Bethelem cross, and -so pass through that hospital into the Morefield, which lieth without -the postern called Moregate. - -This field of old time was called the More, as appeareth by the charter -of William the Conqueror to the college of St. Martin, declaring a -running water to pass into the city from the same More. Also Fitzstephen -writeth of this More, saying thus: "When the great fen, or moor, which -watereth the walls on the north side, is frozen," etc. This fen, or moor -field, stretching from the wall of the city betwixt Bishopsgate and the -postern called Cripples gate, to Fensbery and to Holy well, continued -a waste and unprofitable ground a long time, so that the same was all -letten for four marks the year, in the reign of Edward II.; but in -the year 1415, the 3rd of Henry V., Thomas Fawconer, mayor, as I have -showed, caused the wall of the city to be broken toward the said moor, -and built the postern called Moregate, for the ease of the citizens to -walk that way upon causeys towards Iseldon and Hoxton: moreover, he -caused the ditches of the city, and other the ditches from Soers ditch -to Deepe ditch, by Bethelem, into the More ditch, to be new cast and -cleansed; by means whereof the said fen or moor was greatly drained and -dried; but shortly after, to wit, in 1477, Ralph Joceline, mayor, for -repairing of the wall of the city, caused the said moor to be searched -for clay, and brick to be burnt there, etc.; by which means this field -was made the worse for a long time. - -In the year 1498, all the gardens, which had continued time out of mind -without Moregate, to wit, about and beyond the lordship of Finsbury, -were destroyed; and of them was made a plain field for archers to shoot -in. And in the year 1512, Roger Archley, mayor, caused divers dikes -to be cast, and made to drain the waters of the said Morefielde, with -bridges arched over them, and the grounds about to be levelled, whereby -the said field was made somewhat more commodious, but yet it stood -full of noisome waters; whereupon, in the year 1527, Sir Thomas Semor, -mayor, caused divers sluices to be made to convey the said waters over -the Town ditch, into the course of Walbrooke, and so into the Thames; -and by these degrees was this fen or moor at length made main and hard -ground, which before being overgrown with flags, sedges, and rushes, -served to no use; since the which time also the further grounds beyond -Finsbury court have been so overheightened with lay-stalls of dung, that -now three windmills are thereon set; the ditches be filled up, and the -bridges overwhelmed. - -And now concerning the inclosures of common grounds about this city, -whereof I mind not much to argue, Edward Hall setteth down a note of -his time, to wit, in the 5th, or rather 6th of Henry VIII. "Before this -time," saith he, "the inhabitants of the towns about London, as Iseldon, -Hoxton, Shoreditch, and others, had so inclosed the common fields with -hedges and ditches, that neither the young men of the city might shoot, -nor the ancient persons walk for their pleasures in those fields, but -that either their bows and arrows were taken away or broken, or the -honest persons arrested or indicted; saying, 'that no Londoner ought to -go out of the city, but in the highways.' This saying so grieved the -Londoners, that suddenly this year a great number of the city assembled -themselves in a morning, and a turner, in a fool's coat, came crying -through the city, 'Shovels and spades! shovels and spades!' so many -of the people followed, that it was a wonder to behold; and within -a short space all the hedges about the city were cast down, and the -ditches filled up, and every thing made plain, such was the diligence -of these workmen. The king's council hearing of this assembly, came -to the Gray Friars and sent for the mayor and council of the city to -know the cause, which declared to them the injury and annoying done to -the citizens and to their liberties, which though they would not seek -disorderly to redress, yet the commonalty and young persons could not -be stayed thus to remedy the same. When the king's council had heard -their answer, they dissimuled the matter, and commanded the mayor to -see that no other thing were attempted, but that they should forthwith -call home the younger sort; who having speedily achieved their desire, -returned home before the king's council, and the mayor departed without -more harm: after which time (saith Hall) these fields were never hedged, -but now we see the thing in worse case than ever, by means of inclosure -for gardens, wherein are built many fair summer-houses;[284] and, as -in other places of the suburbs, some of them like Midsummer pageants, -with towers, turrets, and chimney-tops, not so much for use of profit -as for show and pleasure, betraying the vanity of men's minds, much -unlike to the disposition of the ancient citizens, who delighted in the -building of hospitals and alms-houses for the poor, and therein both -employed their wits, and spent their wealths in preferment of the common -commodity of this our city." - -But to come back again to Moregate, and from thence west through a -narrow lane called the Postern, because it hath at either end a door to -be shut in the night season, betwixt the More ditch inclosed with brick -for tenter-yards, and the gardens of the said More field, to More lane; -a part of the suburb without Cripplegate, without this postern, called -Cripplegate, also lay a part of the said More even to the river of the -Wells, as in another place I have showed; and no houses were there built -till the latter end of the reign of William the Conqueror, and of his -son William Rufus; about which times some few houses being there built -along east and west, thwart before the said gate, one Alfune built for -the inhabitants a parish church, which is of St. Giles, somewhat west -from the said gate, and is now on the bank of the town ditch; and so was -there a street, since called Fore street, as standing before the gate. - -This Alfune, in the reign of Henry I., became the first hospitaller of -St. Bartlemewe's hospital in Smithfield, as in another place I have -noted. And this parish church of St. Giles being at the first a small -thing, stood in place where now standeth the vicarage-house, but hath -been since at divers times much enlarged, according as the parish -hath increased, and was at the length newly built in place where now -it standeth. But the same new church being large, strongly built, and -richly furnished with ornaments, was in the year 1545, by casualty of -fire, sore burnt and consumed, notwithstanding it was again within a -short space of time repaired, as now it showeth. - -Some little distance from the east end of this church standeth a fair -conduit, castellated, in Fore street. Then have ye a boss of sweet water -in the wall of the churchyard, lately made a pump, but already decayed. - -Then have ye a fair pool of sweet water near to the church of St. Giles, -wherein Anne of Lodbery was drowned, as I have before declared. - -In the east end of Fore street is More lane: then next is Grub street; -of late years inhabited, for the most part, by bowyers, fletchers, -bow-string makers, and such like occupations, now little occupied; -archery giving place to a number of bowling-alleys and dicing-houses, -which in all places are increased, and too much frequented. - -This street stretcheth north to Guerades Well street, which thwarteth it -to White cross street; the next from Fore street north is White cross -street, likewise extending itself up to the west end of Guerades Well -street, and from the end thereof to Eald street. - -From the west end of Fore street lieth Red cross street; from the which -cross on the right hand east lieth Beech lane, and reacheth to the White -cross street. From Red cross north lieth Golding lane, which stretcheth -up to a cross in Ealde street, which Golding lane on both the sides is -replenished with many tenements of poor people. - -On the left hand, and west of the Red cross, lieth a street of old -time called Houndes ditch, and of later time named Barbican, of such -cause as I have before noted. And thus have you all the suburb without -Cripplegate, being almost altogether in the parish of St. Giles, which -hath more than eighteen hundred householders, and above four thousand -communicants. - -Without Aldersgate on the left hand is the parish church of St. -Buttolph; on the north side of the which church lieth a way called -Little Britane street, towards the priory of St. Bartholomew in -Smithfield; but the highway without Aldersgate runneth straight north -from the said gate unto Houndes ditch, or Barbican street, on the right -hand, and Long lane on the left hand, which runneth into Smithfield. - -Then from the farther end of Aldersgate street, straight north to -the bar, is called Goswell street, replenished with small tenements, -cottages, and alleys, gardens, banqueting-houses, and bowling-places. - -Beyond these bars, leaving the Charter-house on the left hand, or the -west side, the way stretcheth up towards Iseldon, and on the right hand, -or east side, at a Red cross, turneth into Eald street, so called, for -that it was the old highway from Aldersgate, for the north-east parts -of England, before Bishopsgate was built, which street runneth east -to a smith's forge, sometime a cross before Shoreditch church, from -whence the passengers and carriages were to turn north to King's land, -Tottenham, Waltham, Ware, etc. - -There was sometime in this suburb without Aldersgate an hospital for the -poor, but an alien of Clunie, a French order, and therefore suppressed -by King Henry V., who gave the house, with lands and goods, to the -parish of St. Buttolph, and a brotherhood of the Trinity was there -founded, which was afterward suppressed by Henry VIII. or Edward VI. - -There is at the farthest north corner of this suburb a windmill, which -was sometime by a tempest of wind overthrown, and in place thereof a -chapel was built by Queen Katherine (first wife to Henry VIII.), who -named it the Mount of Calvary, because it was of Christ's passion, and -was in the end of Henry VIII. pulled down, and a windmill newly set up -as afore. - -Without Newgate lieth the west and by north suburb; on the right hand, -or north side whereof, betwixt the said gate and the parish of St. -Sepulchre, turneth a way towards West Smithfield, called, as I have -showed, Giltspurre street, or Knightriders street; then is Smithfield -itself compassed about with buildings, as I have before declared, in -Faringdon ward without. - -And without the bar of West Smithfield lieth a large street or way, -called of the house of St. John there St. John's street, and stretcheth -toward Iseldon, on the right hand whereof stood the late dissolved -monastery called the Charterhouse, founded by Sir Walter Manny, knight, -a stranger born, lord of the town of Manny, in the diocese of Cambrey, -beyond the seas, who for service done to King Edward III. was made -knight of the garter: so his house he founded upon this occasion. A -great pestilence entering this island, began first in Dorsetshire, -then proceeded into Devonshire, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, and -Oxfordshire, and at length came to London, and overspread all England, -so wasting the people, that scarce the tenth person of all sorts was -left alive, and churchyards were not sufficient to receive the dead, -but men were forced to choose out certain fields for burials; whereupon -Ralph Stratford, bishop of London, in the year 1348, bought a piece of -ground called No Man's Land, which he inclosed with a wall of brick, and -dedicated for burial of the dead, building thereupon a proper chapel, -which is now enlarged and made a dwelling-house; and this burying plot -is become a fair garden, retaining the old name of Pardon churchyard. - -About this, in the year 1349, the said Sir Walter Manny, in respect -of danger that might befall in this time of so great a plague and -infection, purchased thirteen acres and a rod of ground adjoining to the -said No Man's Land, and lying in a place called Spittle cross, because -it belonged to St, Bartilmewe's hospital, since that called the New -church haw, and caused it to be consecrated by the said bishop of London -to the use of burials. - -In this plot of ground there were in that year more than fifty thousand -persons buried, as I have read in the charters of Edward III.: also, -I have seen and read an inscription fixed on a stone cross, sometime -standing in the same churchyard, and having these words:--"_Anno Domini -1349, regnante magna pestilentia consecratum fuit hoc Coemiterium, in quo -et infra septa presentis monasterii, sepulta fuerunt mortuorum corpora -plusquam quinquaginta millia, praeter alia multa abhinc usque ad presens, -quorum animabus propitietur Deus. Amen._" - -In consideration of the number of Christian people here buried, the -said Sir Walter Manny caused first a chapel to be built, where for -the space of twenty-three years offerings were made; and it is to be -noted, that above one hundred thousand bodies of Christian people had -in that churchyard been buried; for the said knight had purchased that -place for the burial of poor people, travellers, and other that were -deceased, to remain for ever; whereupon an order was taken for the -avoiding of contention between the parsons of churches and that house; -to wit, that the bodies should be had unto the church where they were -parishioners, or died, and, after the funeral service done, had to -the place where they should be buried. And in the year 1371 he caused -there to be founded a house of Carthusian monks, which he willed to be -called the Salutation, and that one of the monks should be called prior; -and he gave them the said place of thirteen acres and a rod of land, -with the chapel and houses there built, for their habitation: he also -gave them the three acres of land lying without the walls on the north -part, betwixt the lands of the abbot of Westminster and the lands of -the prior of St. John (which three acres were purchased, inclosed, and -dedicated by Ralph Stratford, bishop of London, as is afore showed), -and remained till our time by the name of Pardon churchyard, and served -for burying of such as desperately ended their lives, or were executed -for felonies, who were fetched thither usually in a close cart, bailed -over and covered with black, having a plain white cross thwarting, and -at the fore end a St. John's cross without, and within a bell ringing by -shaking of the cart, whereby the same might be heard when it passed; and -this was called the friary cart, which belonged to St. John's, and had -the privilege of sanctuary. - -In this charter-house were the monuments of the said Sir Walter Manny, -and Margaret his wife; Marmaduke Lumley; Laurence Brumley, knight; Sir -Edward Hederset, knight; Sir William Manny, knight; Dame Joan Borough; -John Dore; Want Water, knight; Robert Olney, esquire; Katherine, -daughter to Sir William Babington, knight; Blanch, daughter to Hugh -Waterton; Katherine, wife to John at Poote, daughter and heir to Richard -de Lacie; William Rawlin; Sir John Lenthaine, and Dame Margaret his -wife, daughter to John Fray; John Peake, esquire; William Baron, and -William Baron, esquire; Sir Thomas Thawites, knight; Philip Morgan, -bishop of Ely, 1434. - -In the cloister:--Bartholomew Rede, knight, mayor of London, buried -1505; Sir John Popham, etc. - -This monastery, at the suppression in the 29th of Henry VIII., was -valued at six hundred and forty-two pounds and four pence halfpenny -yearly. - -A little without the bars of West Smithfield is Charterhouse lane, so -called, for that it leadeth to the said plot of the late dissolved -monastery; in place whereof, first the Lord North, but since Thomas -Howard, late Duke of Norfolk, have made large and sumptuous buildings -both for lodging and pleasure. At the gate of this Charter-house is a -fair water conduit, with two cocks, serving the use of the neighbours to -their great commodity. - -St. John's street, from the entering this lane, is also on both the -sides replenished with buildings up to Clerkenwell. On the left hand of -which street lieth a lane called Cow cross, of a cross sometime standing -there; which lane turneth down to another lane called Turnemill street, -which stretcheth up to the west of Clerkenwell, and was called Turnemill -street, for such cause as is afore declared. - -One other lane there is called St. Peter's lane, which turneth from St. -John's street to Cow cross. - -On the left hand also stood the late dissolved priory of St. John of -Jerusalem in England, founded about the year of Christ 1100 by Jorden -Briset, baron, and Muriell his wife, near unto Clarkes well besides West -Smithfield; which Jorden having first founded the priory of nuns at -Clarkes well, bought of them ten acres of land, giving them in exchange -ten acres of land in his lordship of Welling hall, in the county of -Kent. St. John's church was dedicated by Eraclius, patriarch of the holy -resurrection of Christ at Jerusalem, in the year 1185, and was the chief -seat in England of the religious knights of St. John of Jerusalem; whose -profession was, besides their daily service of God, to defend Christians -against pagans, and to fight for the church, using for their habit a -black upper garment, with a white cross on the fore part thereof; and -for their good service was so highly esteemed, that when the order of -Templars was dissolved, their lands and possessions were by parliament -granted unto these, who after the loss of Jerusalem recovered the isle -of Rhodes from the Turks, and there placed themselves, being called -thereof for many years knights of the Rhodes; but after the loss -thereof, 1523, they removed to the isle of Malta, manfully opposing -themselves against the Turkish invasions. - -The rebels of Essex and of Kent, 1381, set fire on this house, causing -it to burn by the space of seven days together, not suffering any to -quench it; since the which time the priors of that house have new built -both the church and houses thereunto appertaining; which church was -finished by Thomas Docwrey, late lord prior there, about the year 1504, -as appeareth by the inscription over the gate-house, yet remaining. -This house, at the suppression in the 32nd of Henry VIII., was valued -to dispend in lands three thousand three hundred and eighty-five pounds -nineteen shillings and eight pence yearly. Sir W. Weston being then -lord prior, died on the same seventh of May, on which the house was -suppressed; so that great yearly pensions being granted to the knights -by the king, and namely to the lord prior during his life one thousand -pounds, he never received a penny. - -The king took into his hands all the lands that belonged to that house -and that order, wheresoever in England and Ireland, for the augmentation -of his crown. - -This priory church and house of St. John was preserved from spoil or -down pulling, so long as King Henry VIII. reigned, and was employed -as a store-house for the king's toils and tents, for hunting, and for -the wars, etc.; but in the 3rd of King Edward VI., the church, for the -most part, to wit, the body and side aisles, with the great bell tower -(a most curious piece of workmanship, graven, gilt, and enamelled, to -the great beautifying of the city, and passing all other that I have -seen), was undermined and blown up with gunpowder; the stone thereof -was employed in building of the lord protector's house at the Strand. -That part of the choir which remaineth, with some side chapels, was by -cardinal Pole, in the reign of Queen Mary, closed up at the west end, -and otherwise repaired; and Sir Thomas Tresham, knight, was then made -lord prior there, with restitution of some lands, but the same was again -suppressed in the first year of Queen Elizabeth. - -There were buried in this church brethren of that house and knights -of that order: John Botell; William Bagecore; Richard Barrow; John -Vanclay; Thomas Launcelen; John Mallory; William Turney; William -Hulles, Hils, or Hayles; John Weston; Redington; William Longstrother; -John Longstrother; William Tong; John Wakeline. Then of other: Thomas -Thornburgh, gentleman; William West, gentleman; John Fulling, and Adam -Gill, esquires; Sir John Mortimor, and Dame Elianor his wife; Nicholas -Silverston; William Plompton, esquire; Margaret Tong, and Isabel Tong; -Walter Bellingham, alias Ireland, king of arms of Ireland; Thomas Bedle, -gentleman; Katherine, daughter of William Plompton, esquire; Richard -Turpin, gentleman; Joan, wife to Alexander Dikes; John Bottle, and -Richard Bottle, esquires; Rowland Darcie; Richard Sutton, gentleman; -Richard Bottill, gentleman; Sir W. Harpden, knight; Robert Kingston, -esquire, and Margery his wife; John Roch; Richard Cednor, gentleman; -Simon Mallory, 1442; William Mallory, Robert Longstrother, Ralph -Asteley, William Marshall, Robert Savage, Robert Gondall, esquires, and -Margery his wife; William Bapthorpe, baron of the Exchequer, 1442. - -North from the house of St. John's was the priory of Clarkenwell, so -called of Clarkes well adjoining; which priory was also founded about -the year 1100 by Jorden Briset, baron, the son of Ralph, the son of -Brian Briset; who gave to Robert, a priest, fourteen acres of land lying -in the field next adjoining to the said Clarkes well, thereupon to -build a house of religious persons, which he founded to the honour of -God and the assumption of our lady, and placed therein black nuns. This -Jorden Briset gave also to that house one piece of ground, thereby to -build a windmill upon, etc. He and Muriall his wife were buried in the -Chapter-house there. More buried in this church: John Wikes, esquire, -and Isabel his wife; Dame Agnes Clifford; Ralph Timbleby, esquire; Dame -Jahan, baroness of Greystocke; Dame Jahan, Lady Ferrars. And of later -time in the parish church, Constances Bennet, a Greek born: he gave two -houses, the one in St. John's street, the other in Turnmill street; the -rents of them to be distributed in coals every year against Christmas to -the poor of that parish. - -William Herne, a master of defence, and yeoman of the guard, 1580, -gave lands and tenements to the clothworkers in London; they to pay -yearly for ever fourteen pounds to the churchwardens of Clarkenwell, -and fourteen pounds to the churchwardens of St. Sepulcher's, towards -reparations of these churches, and relief of the poor men; more he gave -after the death of one man, yet living, eight pounds the year for ever -to the mending of highways. - -Thomas Sackeford, esquire, one of the masters of requests, gave to -the poor of that parish forty shillings the year for ever, out of his -alms-house at Woodbridge in Suffolk, where he is buried. Henry Stoke, -gardener, buried there, gave twenty shillings the year for ever, towards -reparation of that church. This priory was valued to dispend two hundred -and sixty-two pounds nine shillings by the year, and was surrendered the -31st of Henry VIII. Many fair houses are now built about the priory, -namely, by the highway towards Iseldon. - -So much of the church which remaineth (for one great aisle thereof fell -down) serveth as a parish church of St. John, not only for the tenements -and near inhabitants, but also (as is aforesaid) for all up to Highgate, -Muswell, etc. - -Near unto this church, beside Clarke's well lane, divers other wells, -namely, Skinners well, Fags well, Tode well, Loder's well, Rede well, -etc., now dammed up. - -Now to return again to Giltspurre street, where I first began with -this suburb, there standeth the parish church of St. Sepulchre in the -Bayly, as is before showed; from this street to Turnagaine lane, by -Hosiar lane, Cow lane, and Holdborn conduit, down Snore hill to Oldborne -bridge, and up Oldborne hill, by Gold lane on the right hand, and Lither -lane beyond it, to the bars; beyond the which bars on the same side is -Porte pool, or Grayes inn lane, so called of the inn of court, named -Grayes inn, a goodly house there situate, by whom built or first begun I -have not yet learned, but seemeth to be since Edward III.'s time, and is -a prebend to Paule's church in London. - -This lane is furnished with fair buildings and many tenements on both -the sides, leading to the fields towards Highgate and Hamsted. - -On the high street have ye many fair houses built, and lodgings for -gentlemen, inns for travellers, and such like up almost (for it lacketh -but little) to St. Giles in the fields; amongst the which buildings, -for the most part being very new, one passeth the rest in largeness -of rooms, lately built by a widow, sometime wife to Richard Alington, -esquire; which Richard Alington deceased in the year 1561. And thus much -for that north side of Oldborne. - -Now from Newgate, on the left hand or south side, lieth the Old Bayly, -and so down by Seacole lane end to Oldborne bridge, up Oldborne hill, by -Shoe lane and Fewters lane, to the bars. - -Beyond the bars had ye in old time a temple built by the Templars, whose -order first began in the year of Christ 1118, in the 19th of Henry I. -This temple was left and fell to ruin since the year 1184, when the -Templars had built them a new temple in Fleet street, near to the river -of Thames. A great part of this old temple was pulled down, but of late -in the year 1595. Adjoining to this old Temple[285] was sometime the -bishop of Lincolne's inn, wherein he lodged when he repaired to this -city. Robert de Curars, bishop of Lincoln, built it about the year 1147. -John Russell, bishop of Lincoln, chancellor of England, in the reign of -Richard III., was lodged there. It hath of late years belonged to the -earls of Southampton, and therefore called Southampton house. Master -Ropar hath of late built much there; by means whereof part of the ruins -of the old Temple were seen to remain built of Caen stone, round in form -as the new Temple, by Temple bar, and other temples in England. Beyond -this old Temple and the bishop of Lincoln's house[286] is New street, so -called in the reign of Henry III., when he of a Jew's house founded the -house of Converts, betwixt the old Temple and the new. - -The same street hath since been called Chancery lane, by reason that -King Edward III. annexed the house of Converts by patent to the office -of Custos Rotulorum, or master of the rolls, in the 15th of his reign. - -In this street the first fair building to be noted on the east side -is called the Coursitors' office, built with divers fair lodgings for -gentlemen, all of brick and timber, by Sir Nicholas Bacon, late lord -keeper of the great seal. - -Near unto this Coursitors' office be divers fair houses and large -gardens, built and made in a ground sometime belonging to one great -house on the other side the street, there made by Ralph Nevel, bishop of -Chichester. This ground he had by the gift of Henry III., as appeareth. -The king granteth to Ralph, bishop of Chichester, chancellor, that -place, with the garden, which John Herlirum forfeited in that street, -called New street, over against the land of the said bishop in the same -street; which place, with the garden and appurtenance, was the king's -escheat by the liberty of the city of London, as it was acknowledged -before the king in his court at the Tower of London, in the last pleas -of the crown of that city, cart. 11 Henry III. - -Then was the house of Converts, wherein now the rolls of Chancery be -kept; then the Sergeants' inn, etc. - -On the west side of New street, towards the north end thereof, was -of old time the church and house of the Preaching Friers; concerning -the which house I find, that in the year of Christ 1221, the friars' -preachers, thirteen in number, came into England, and having to their -prior one named Gilbert de Fraxineto, in company of Peter de la Roche, -bishop of Winchester, came to Canterbury, where presenting themselves -before the archbishop Steven, he commanded the said prior to preach, -whose sermon he liked so well, that ever after he loved that order. -These friars came to London, and had their first house without the wall -of the city by Oldborne, near unto the old Temple. - -Hubert de Burgh, earl of Kent, was a great benefactor unto these friars, -and deceasing at his manor of Bansted in Surrey, or, after some writers, -at his castle of Barkhamsted in Hartfordshire, in the year 1242, was -buried in their church; unto the which church he had given his place -at Westminster, which the said friars afterwards sold to Walter Grey, -archbishop of York; and he left it to his successors in that see for -ever, to be their house, when they should repair to the city of London. -And therefore the same was called York place; which name so continued -until the year 1529, that King Henry VIII. took it from Thomas Wolsey, -cardinal and archbishop of York, and then gave it to name White hall. - -Margaret, sister to the king of Scots, widow to Geffrey, earl marshal, -deceased 1244, and was buried in this church. - -In the year 1250, the friars of this order of preachers through -Christendom and from Jerusalem, were by a convocation assembled together -at this their house by Oldborne, to intreat of their estate, to the -number of four hundred, having meat and drink found them of alms, -because they had no possessions of their own. The first day, the king -came to their chapter, found them meat and drink, and dined with them. -Another day the queen found them meat and drink; afterward the bishop -of London, then the abbot of Westminster, of St. Alban's, Waltham, and -others. In the year 1276, Gregory Rokesley, mayor, and the barons of -London, granted and gave to Robert Kilwarbie, archbishop of Canterbury, -two lanes or ways next the street of Baynard's castle, and the tower of -Mountfichet, to be destroyed. On the which place the said Robert built -the late new church, with the rest of the stones that were left of -the said tower: and thus the black friars left their church and house -by Oldborne, and departed to their new. This old friar house (juxta -Holborne, saith the patent) was by King Edward I., in the 16th of his -reign, given to Henry Lacy, earl of Lincoln. - -Next to this house of friars was one other great house, sometime -belonging to the bishop of Chichester, whereof Matthew Paris writeth -thus:--"Ralph de Nova Villa, or Nevill, bishop of Chichester and -chancellor of England, sometime built a noble house, even from the -ground, not far from the new Temple and house of Converts; in the which -place he deceased in the year 1244. In this place, after the decease -of the said bishop, and in place of the house of black friars before -spoken of, Henry Lacy, earl of Lincoln, constable of Chester, and custos -of England, built his inn, and for the most part was lodged there: he -deceased in this house in the year 1310, and was buried in the new work -(whereunto he had been a great benefactor) of St. Paul's church betwixt -our Lady chapel and St. Dunstan's chapel. This Lincoln's inn, sometime -pertaining to the bishops of Chichester, as a part of the said great -house, is now an inn of court, retaining the name of Lincoln's inn as -afore, but now lately increased with fair buildings, and replenished -with gentlemen studious in the common laws. In the reign of Henry VIII. -Sir Thomas Lovell was a great builder there; especially he built the -gate-house and fore front towards the east, placing thereon as well -the Lacies' arms as his own: he caused the Lacies' arms to be cast and -wrought in lead, on the louer of the hall of that house, which was in -the three escutcheons, a lion rampant for Lacie, seven mascules voided -for Quincie, and three wheatsheafs for Chester. This louer being of late -repaired, the said escutcheons were left out. The rest of that side, -even to Fleet street, is replenished with fair buildings." - -Now the High Oldborne street, from the north end of New street, -stretcheth on the left hand in building lately framed, up to St. Giles -in the field, which was an hospital founded by Matilda the queen, wife -to Henry I., about the year 1117. This hospital, said the record of -Edward III., the 19th year, was founded without the bar: _Veteris Templi -London, et conversorum_. - -This hospital was founded as a cell to Burton Lager of Jerusalem, as may -appear by a deed dated the 24th of Henry VII. in these words:--"Thomas -Norton, knight, master of Burton Lager of Jerusalem in England, and -the brethren of the same place, keepers of the hospital of St. Giles, -without the bars of the old Temple of London, have sold to Geffrey -Kent, citizen and draper of London, a messuage or house, with two -cellars above, edified in the parish of Alhallowes, Hony lane, in West -Chepe, adjoining to the west part of a tenement called the Cote on the -Hope, pertaining to the drapers of London, for thirty-one pounds." - -At this hospital, the prisoners conveyed from the city of London -towards Teyborne, there to be executed for treasons, felonies, or other -trespasses, were presented with a great bowl of ale, thereof to drink at -their pleasure, as to be their last refreshing in this life. - -Now without Ludgate lieth the south end of the Old Bayly, then down -Ludgate hill by Fleet lane, over Fleet bridge, up Fleet street, by Shoe -lane, Fewtar's lane, New street, or Chauncerie lane, and to Shire lane, -by the bar on the right hand; and from Ludgate on the left hand, or -south side, by Bride lane, Water lane, Croker's lane, Sergeants' inn, -and the new Temple, by the bar; all which is of Faringdon ward, as is -afore showed. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[275] "To Wapping in the Wose, and Wapping itself, the usual place, -etc."--_1st edition_, p. 347. - -[276] "Fayre hedges, long rowes of elme, and other trees."--_Ibid._ - -[277] "By encroachments for building of small tenements, and taking -in of garden-plots, timber-yards, or what they list. From this tower -hill towards Aldgate (being a long continuous street), amongst -other buildings, was that abbey of nunnes called the Minorities, or -Minories, whereof I have spoken. And on the other side of that streete -lyeth the ditche without the wall of the citie from the Tower unto -Aldegate."--_1st edition_, pp. 347-8. - -[278] "Brought up in Lincoln's inn."--_1st edition_, p. 349. - -[279] "And neare thereunto are builded two publique houses for the -acting and shewe of comedies, tragedies, and histories, for recreation. -Whereof one is called the Courtein, the other the Theatre; both standing -on the south-west side towards the field."--_Ibid._ - -[280] Shoreditch. In the first edition, it is called Sors ditch, or -Sewers ditch. - -[281] "Over against the north end of Grub street."--_1st edition_, p. -349. - -[282] "Next to that a large house, with gardens of pleasure, builded by -Jasper Fisher, from this up to the west end of Hog lane, etc."--_1st -edition_, p. 350. - -[283] "Soerditch, so called more than four hundred yeares since, as I -can prove by record."--_Stow._ - -[284] "Banqueting houses like banqueroutes, bearing great shew and -little worth."--_Stow._ - -[285] "The same was after the bishop of Lincoln's inn."--_1st edition_, -p. 361. - -[286] "Beyond this Southampton house."--_Ibid._ - - - - -LIBERTIES OF THE DUCHY OF LANCASTER - - -Next without the bar is the New Temple, and liberties of the city -of London, in the suburbs, is a liberty pertaining to the duchy of -Lancaster, which beginneth in the east, on the south side or left -hand, by the river Thames, and stretcheth west to Ivie bridge, where -it endeth; and again on the north side, or right hand, some small -distance without Temple bar, in the high street, from a pair of stocks -there standing, stretcheth one large Middle row, or troop of small -tenements, partly opening to the south, partly towards the north, up -west to a stone cross, now headless, over against the Strand; and this -is the bounds to that liberty, which sometime belonged to Briane Lisle, -since to Peter of Savoy, and then to the house of Lancaster, as shall -be showed. Henry III., in the 30th year of his reign, did grant to his -uncle Peter of Savoy all those houses upon the Thames, which sometimes -pertained to Briane de Insula, or Lisle, without the walls of his city -of London, in the way or street called the Strand, to hold to him and -to his heirs, yielding yearly in the Exchequer, at the feast of St. -Michaell the Archangell, three barbed arrows, for all services, dated at -Reding, etc. This Peter of Savoy built the Savoy. - -But first amongst other buildings memorable for greatness, on the river -of Thames, Excester house, so called for that the same belonged to the -bishops of Excester, and was their inn or London lodging: who was first -builder thereof I have not read, but that Walter Stapleton was a great -builder there in the reign of Edward II. is manifest; for the citizens -of London, when they had beheaded him in Cheape, near unto the cathedral -church of St. Paule, they buried him in a heap of sand or rubbish in his -own house without Temple bar, where he had made great building. Edmond -Lacie, bishop of Excester, built the great hall in the reign of Henry -VI., etc. The same hath since been called Paget house, because William -Lord Paget enlarged and possessed it. Then Leycester house, because -Robert Dudley, earl of Leycester, of late new built there, and now Essex -house, of the earl of Essex lodging there. - -Then west was a chapel dedicated to the Holy Ghost, called St. Sprite, -upon what occasion founded I have not read. Next is Milford lane down to -the Thames, but why so called I have not read as yet. - -Then was the bishop of Bathes inn, lately new built, for a great part -thereof, by the Lord Thomas Seymour, admiral; which house came since to -be possessed by the earl of Arundel, and thereof called Arundel house. - -Next beyond the which, on the street side, was sometime a fair cemetery -or churchyard, and in the same a parish church called of the Nativity -of our Lady, and the Innocents of the Strand, and of some by means of -a brotherhood kept there, called St. Ursula at the Strand. And near -adjoining to the said church, betwixt it and the river of Thames, was an -inn of Chancery commonly called Chester's inn (because it belonged to -the bishop of Chester), by others, named of the situation, Strand inn. - -Then was there a house belonging to the bishop of Landaff; for I find in -record, the 4th of Edward II., that a vacant place lying near the church -of our Lady at Strand, the said bishop procured it of Thomas, earl of -Lancaster, for the enlarging of this house. Then had ye in the high -street a fair bridge called Strand bridge, and under it a lane or way -down to the landing-place on the bank of Thames. - -Then was the bishop of Chester's (commonly called of Lichfield and -Coventrie), his inn or London lodging: this house was first built by -Walter Langton, bishop of Chester, treasurer of England in the reign of -Edward I. - -And next unto it adjoining was the bishop of Worcester's inn: all which, -to wit, the parish of St. Mary at Strand, Strand inn, Strand bridge, -with the lane under it, the bishop of Chester's inn, the bishop of -Worcester's inn, with all the tenements adjoining, were by commandment -of Edward, duke of Somerset, uncle to Edward VI., and lord protector, -pulled down, and made level ground in the year 1549; in place whereof he -built that large and goodly house, now called Somerset house. - -In the high street, near unto the Strand, sometime stood a cross of -stone against the bishop of Coventrie or Chester his house; whereof -I read, that in the year 1294, and divers other times, the justices -itinerants sate without London, at the stone cross over against the -bishop of Coventrie's house, and sometime they sate in the Bishop's -house, which was hard by the Strand, as is aforesaid. - -Then next is the Savoy, so called of Peter, earl of Savoy, and Richmond, -son to Thomas, earl of Savoy, brother to Boniface, archbishop of -Canterbury, and uncle unto Eleanor, wife to King Henry III. - -He first built this house in the year 1245; and here is occasion -offered me for satisfying of some deniers thereof, to prove that this -Peter of Savoy was also earl of Savoy: wherefore, out of a book of the -genealogies of all the whole house of Savoy, compiled by Phillebert -Pingonio, baron of Guzani, remaining in the hands of W. Smith, alias -Rougedragon, officer of arms, I have gathered this:--Thomas, earl of -Savoy, had issue by Beatrix, daughter to Aimon, earl of Geneva, nine -sons and three daughters. Amades, his first son, succeeded earl of Savoy -in the year 1253; Peter, his second son, earl of Savoy and of Richmond, -in 1268; Philip, his third son, earl of Savoy and Burgundie, 1284; -Thomas, the fourth, earl of Flanders and prince of Piemont; Boniface, -the eighth, archbishop of Canterbury; Beatrix, his daughter, married to -Raymond Beringarius of Aragon, earl of Province and Narbone, had issue, -and was mother to five queens: the first, Margaret, wife to Lewes, king -of France; the second, Eleanor, wife to Henry III. king of England; -the third, Sanctia, wife to Richard, king of the Romans; the fourth, -Beatrix, wife to Charles, king of Naples; the fifth, Johanna, wife to -Philip, king of Navarre. - -To return again to the house of Savoy: Queen Eleanor, wife to king Henry -III., purchased this place afterwards of the fraternity or brethren of -Montjoy;[287] unto whom Peter of Savoy, as it seemeth, had given it, -for her son, Edmond earl of Lancaster (as M. Camden hath noted out of -a register-book of the dukes of Lancaster). Henry, duke of Lancaster, -repaired or rather new built it, with the charges of fifty-two thousand -marks, which money he had gathered together at the town of Bridgerike. -John, the French king, was lodged there in the year 1357, and also in -the year 1363; for it was at that time the fairest manor in England. - -In the year 1381, the rebels of Kent and Essex burnt this house; unto -the which there was none in the realm to be compared in beauty and -stateliness (saith mine author).[288] They set fire on it round about, -and made proclamation that none, on pain to lose his head, should -convert to his own use anything that there was, but that they should -break such plate and vessels of gold and silver as was found in that -house (which was in great plenty) into small pieces, and throw the same -into the river of Thames: precious stones they should bruise in mortars, -that the same might be to no use, and so it was done by them. One of -their companions they burnt in the fire, because he minded to have -reserved one goodly piece of plate.[289] - -They found there certain barrels of gunpowder, which they thought had -been gold or silver, and throwing them into the fire more suddenly -than they thought, the hall was blown up, the houses destroyed, and -themselves very hardly escaped away. - -This house being thus defaced, and almost overthrown by these rebels -for malice they bare to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, of latter -time came to the king's hands, and was again raised and beautifully -built for an hospital of St. John Baptist by King Henry VII. about -the year 1509, for the which hospital, retaining still the old name -of Savoy, he purchased lands to be employed upon the relieving of a -hundred poor people. This hospital being valued to dispend five hundred -and twenty-nine pounds fifteen shillings, etc. by year, was suppressed -the tenth of June, the 7th of Edward VI.: the beds, bedding, and other -furniture belonging thereunto, with seven hundred marks of the said -lands by year, he gave to the citizens of London, with his house of -Bridewell, to the furnishing thereof, to be a workhouse for the poor and -idle persons, and towards the furnishing of the hospital of St. Thomas -in Southwark, lately suppressed. - -This hospital of Savoy was again new founded, erected, corporated, and -endowed with lands by Queen Mary, the third of November: in the 4th of -her reign, one Jackson took possession, and was made master thereof -in the same month of November. The ladies of the court and maidens of -honour (a thing not to be forgotten) stored the same of new with beds, -bedding, and other furniture, in very ample manner, etc.; and it was by -patent so confirmed at Westminster the 9th of May, the 4th and 5th of -Philip and Mary. The chapel of this hospital serveth now as a parish -church to the tenements thereof near adjoining, and others. - -The next was sometime the bishop of Carlisle's inn, which now belongeth -to the earl of Bedford, and is called Russell or Bedford house. It -stretcheth from the hospital of Savoy, west to Ivie bridge, where Sir -Robert Cecill, principal secretary to her majesty, hath lately raised a -large and stately house of brick and timber, as also levelled and paved -the highway near adjoining, to the great beautifying of that street and -commodity of passengers. Richard II., in the 8th of his reign, granted -license to pave with stone the highway called Strand street from Temple -bar to the Savoy, and toll to be taken towards the charges; and again -the like was granted in the 42nd of Henry VI. - -Ivie bridge, in the high street, which had a way under it leading down -to the Thames, the like as sometime had the Strand bridge, is now taken -down, but the lane remaineth as afore, or better, and parteth the -liberty of the duchy and the city of Westminster on that south side. - -Now to begin again at Temple bar, over against it.[290] In the high -street, as is afore showed, is one large Middle row of houses and small -tenements built, partly opening to the south, partly towards the north; -amongst the which standeth the parish church of St. Clement Danes, so -called because Harold, a Danish king, and other Danes, were buried -there. This Harold, whom king Canutus had by a concubine, reigned three -years, and was buried at Westminster; but afterward Hardicanutus, the -lawful son of Canutus, in revenge of a displeasure done to his mother, -by expelling her out of the realm, and the murder of his brother -Allured, commanded the body of Harold to be digged out of the earth, -and to be thrown into the Thames, where it was by a fisherman taken up -and buried in this churchyard; but out of a fair ledger-book, sometime -belonging to the abbey of Chartsey, in the county of Surrey, is noted, -as in Francis Thin, after this sort. In the reign of king Etheldred, -the monastery of Chartsey was destroyed: ninety monks of that house -were slain by the Danes, whose bodies were buried in a place next to -the old monastery. William Malmseberie saith,--"They burnt the church, -together with the monks and abbot; but the Danes continuing in their -fury (throughout the whole land), desirous at the length to return home -into Denmarke, were by the just judgment of God all slain at London in a -place which is called the church of the Danes." - -This said middle row of houses stretching west to a stone cross, now -headless, by or against the Strand, including the said parish church of -St. Clement, is also wholly of the liberty and duchy of Lancaster. - -Thus much for the bounds and antiquities of this liberty, wherein I -have noted parish churches twain, sometime three, houses of name six; -to wit, the Savoy or Lancaster house, now a hospital, Somerset house, -Essex house, Arundel house, Bedford or Russell house, and Sir Robert -Cecil's house; besides of Chester's inn or Strand inn, sometime an inn -of Chancery, etc. This liberty is governed by the chancellor of that -duchy at this present, Sir Robert Cecil, knight, principal secretary to -her majesty, and one of her majesty's most honourable privy councillors; -there is under him a steward that keepeth court and leet for the queen; -giveth the charge and taketh the oaths of every under officer: then is -there four burgesses and four assistants, to take up controversies; -a bailiff, which hath two or three under-bailiffs, that make arrests -within that liberty; four constables; four wardens, that keep the lands -and stock for the poor; four wardens for highways; a jury or inquest of -fourteen or sixteen, to present defaults; four ale-conners, which look -to assize of weights and measures, etc.; four scavengers and a beadle; -and their common prison is Newgate. There is in this liberty fifty men, -which is always to be at an hour's warning, with all necessary furniture -to serve the queen, as occasion shall require. Their charge at a fifteen -is thirteen shillings and four pence. Thus much for the suburb in the -liberty of the duchy of Lancaster. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[287] "Fratres de Monte Jovis, or Priory de Cornuto, by Havering at the -Bower."--_Stow._ - -[288] H. Knighton.--_Stow._ - -[289] "Savoy brent: blown up with gunpowder. Rebels, more malitious then -covetous, spoyle all before them."--_Stow._ - -[290] "In the high street standeth a pair of stocks."--_1st edition_, p. -369. - - - - -THE CITY OF WESTMINSTER, WITH THE ANTIQUITIES, BOUNDS, AND LIBERTIES -THEREOF - - -Now touching the city of Westminster, I will begin at Temple bar, on -the right hand or north side, and so pass up west through a back lane -or street, wherein do stand three inns of chancery; the first called -Clement's inn, because it standeth near to St. Clement's church, but -nearer to the fair fountain called Clement's well; the second, New -inn, so called as latelier made, of a common hostery, and the sign -of Our Lady, an inn of chancery for students than the other, to wit, -about the beginning of the reign of Henry VII., and not so late as -some have supposed; to wit, at the pulling down of Strand inn, in the -reign of King Edward VI.; for I read that Sir Thomas More, sometime -lord chancellor, was a student in this new inn, and went from thence to -Lincolne's inn, etc. The third is Lyon's inn, an inn of chancery also. - -This street stretcheth up unto Drury lane, so called, for that there -is a house belonging to the family of the Druries. This lane turneth -north toward St. Giles in the field: from the south end of this lane in -the high street are divers fair buildings, hosteries, and houses for -gentlemen and men of honour; amongst the which Cicile house is one, -which sometime belonged to the parson of St. Martin's in the field, and -by composition came to Sir Thomas Palmer, knight, in the reign of Edward -VI., who began to build the same of brick and timber, very large and -spacious, but of later time it hath been far more beautifully increased -by the late Sir William Cicile, baron of Burghley, lord treasurer, and -great councillor of the estate. - -From thence is now a continual new building of divers fair houses, -even up to the earl of Bedford's house,[291] lately built nigh to Ivy -bridge, and so on the north side to a lane that turneth to the parish -church of St. Martin's in the field, in the liberty of Westminster. Then -had ye one house, wherein sometime were distraught and lunatic people, -of what antiquity founded or by whom I have not read, neither of the -suppression; but it was said that sometime a king of England, not liking -such a kind of people to remain so near his palace, caused them to be -removed farther off, to Bethlem without Bishops gate of London, and to -that hospital: the said house by Charing cross doth yet remain. - -Then is the Mewse, so called of the king's falcons there kept by the -king's falconer, which of old time was an office of great account, -as appeareth by a record of Richard II., in the first year of his -reign. Sir Simon Burley, knight, was made constable for the castles of -Windsor, Wigmore, and Guilford, and of the manor of Kenington, and also -master of the king's falcons at the Mewse, near unto Charing cross by -Westminster; but in the year of Christ 1534, the 28th of Henry VIII., -the king having fair stabling at Lomsbery (a manor in the farthest west -part of Oldborne), the same was fired and burnt, with many great horses -and great store of hay: after which time, the fore-named house, called -the Mewse by Charing cross, was new built, and prepared for stabling of -the king's horses, in the reign of Edward VI. and Queen Mary, and so -remaineth to that use: and this is the farthest building west on the -north side of that high street. - -On the south side of the which street, in the liberties of Westminster -(beginning at Ivie bridge), first is Durham house, built by Thomas -Hatfielde, bishop of Durham, who was made bishop of that see in the year -1545, and sat bishop there thirty-six years. - -Amongst matters memorable concerning this house, this is one:--In the -year of Christ 1540, the 32nd of Henry VIII., on May-day, a great and -triumphant justing was holden at Westminster, which had been formerly -proclaimed in France, Flanders, Scotland, and Spain, for all comers that -would undertake the challengers of England; which were, Sir John Dudley, -Sir Thomas Seymour, Sir Thomas Ponings, and Sir George Carew, knights, -and Anthonie Kingston and Richarde Cromwell, esquires; all which came -into the lists that day richly apparelled, and their horses trapped -all in white velvet. There came against them the said day forty-six -defendants or undertakers, viz., the earl of Surrey, foremost, Lord -William Howard, Lord Clinton, and Lord Cromwell, son and heir to Thomas -Cromwell, earl of Essex, and chamberlain of England, with other; and -that day, after the justs performed, the challengers rode unto this -Durham house, where they kept open household, and feasted the king and -queen, with her ladies, and all the court: the second day, Anthonie -Kingston and Richard Cromwell were made knights there: the third day -of May the said challengers did tournay on horseback with swords, and -against them came forty-nine defendants; Sir John Dudley and the earl of -Surrey running first, which at the first course lost their gauntlets; -and that day Sir Richarde Cromwell overthrew master Palmer and his horse -in the field, to the great honour of the challengers: the fifth of May -the challengers fought on foot at the barriers, and against them came -fifty defendants, which fought valiantly; but Sir Richard Cromwell -overthrew that day at the barriers master Culpepper in the field; and -the sixth day the challengers brake up their household. - -In this time of their housekeeping they had not only feasted the -king, queen, ladies, and all the court, as is afore shewed; but also -they cheered all the knights and burgesses of the common house in the -parliament, and entertained the mayor of London, with the aldermen, -and their wives, at a dinner, etc. The king gave to every of the said -challengers, and their heirs for ever, in reward of their valiant -activity, one hundred marks and a house to dwell in, of yearly revenue, -out of the lands pertaining to the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. - -Next beyond this Durham house is another great house, sometime -belonging to the bishop of Norwich, and was his London lodging, which -now pertaineth to the archbishop of York by this occasion. In the -year 1529, when Cardinal Wolsey, archbishop of Yorke, was indicted in -the Premunire, whereby King Henry VIII. was entitled to his goods and -possessions: he also seized into his hands the said archbishop's house, -commonly called Yorke place, and changed the name thereof into White -hall; whereby the archbishops of Yorke being dispossessed, and having no -house of repair about London, Queen Mary gave unto Nicholas Heath, then -archbishop of Yorke, and to his successors, Suffolke house in Southwark, -lately built by Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolke, as I have showed. - -This house the said archbishop sold, and bought the aforesaid house -of old time belonging to the bishops of Norwich, which of this last -purchase is now called Yorke house, the lord chancellors or lord keepers -of the great seal of England, have been lately there lodged. - -Then was there an hospital of St. Marie Rouncivall by Charing cross -(a cell to the priory and covent of Rouncivall in Navar, in Pampelion -diocese), where a fraternity was founded in the 15th of Edward IV., but -now the same is suppressed and turned into tenements. - -Near unto this hospital was a hermitage, with a chapel of St. Katherine, -over against Charing cross; which cross, built of stone, was of old time -a fair piece of work, there made by commandment of Edward I., in the -21st year of his reign, in memory of Eleanor, his deceased queen, as is -before declared. - -West from this cross stood sometime an hospital of St. James, consisting -of two hides of land, with the appurtenances, in the parish of St. -Margaret in Westminster, and founded by the citizens of London, before -the time of any man's memory, for fourteen sisters, maidens, that were -leprous, living chastely and honestly in divine service. - -Afterwards divers citizens of London gave five-and-fifty pounds rent -thereunto, and then were adjoined eight brethren to minister divine -service there. After this, also, sundry devout men of London gave to -this hospital four hides of land in the field of Westminster; and in -Hendon, Calcote, and Hampsted, eighty acres of land and wood, etc. King -Edward I. confirmed those gifts, and granted a fair to be kept on the -eve of St. James, the day, the morrow, and four days following, in the -18th of his reign. - -This hospital was surrendered to Henry VIII. the 23rd of his reign: the -sisters being compounded with, were allowed pensions for the term of -their lives; and the king built there a goodly manor, annexing thereunto -a park, closed about with a wall of brick, now called St. James' park, -serving indifferently to the said manor, and to the manor or palace of -White hall. - -South from Charing cross, on the right hand, are divers fair houses -lately built before the park, then a large tilt-yard for noblemen, and -other, to exercise themselves in justing, turning, and fighting at -barriers. - -On the left hand from Charing cross be also divers fair tenements lately -built, till ye come to a large plot of ground inclosed with brick, and -is called Scotland, where great buildings have been for receipt of the -kings of Scotland, and other estates of that country; for Margaret, -queen of Scots, and sister to King Henry VIII., had her abiding there, -when she came into England after the death of her husband, as the kings -of Scotland had in former times, when they came to the parliament of -England. - -Then is the said White hall, sometime belonging to Hubert de Burgh, -earl of Kent, and justice of England, who gave it to the Black Friars -in Oldborne, as I have before noted. King Henry VIII. ordained it to be -called an honour, and built there a sumptuous gallery and a beautiful -gate-house, thwart the high street to St. James' park, etc. - -In this gallery the princes, with their nobility, used to stand or sit, -and at windows, to behold all triumphant justings and other military -exercises. - -Beyond this gallery, on the left hand, is the garden or orchard -belonging to the said White hall. - -On the right hand be divers fair tennis-courts, bowling-alleys, and a -cock-pit, all built by King Henry VIII.; and then one other arched -gate, with a way over it, thwarting the street from the king's gardens -to the said park. - -From this gate up King's street to a bridge over Long ditch (so called -for that the same almost insulateth the city of Westminster), near -which bridge is a way leading to Chanon row, so called for that the -same belonged to the dean and chanons of St. Stephen's chapel, who were -there lodged, as now divers noblemen and gentlemen be; whereof one is -belonging to Sir Edward Hobbey, one other to John Thine, esquire, one -stately built by Ann Stanhope, duchess of Somerset, mother to the earl -of Hartford, who now enjoyeth that house. Next a stately house, now in -building by William earl of Darby; over against the which is a fair -house, built by Henry Clinton, earl of Lincoln. - -From this way up to the Woolestaple and to the high tower, or gate -which entereth the palace court, all is replenished with buildings and -inhabitants. - -Touching this Woolestaple, I read, that in the reign of Edward I., -the staple being at Westminster, the parishioners of St. Margaret and -merchants of the staple built of new the said church, the great chancel -excepted, which was lately before new built by the abbot of Westminster. - -Moreover, that Edward III., in the 17th of his reign, decreed that no -silver be carried out of the realm on pain of death; and that whosoever -transporteth wool should bring over for every sack four nobles of silver -bullion. - -In the 25th of his reign, he appointed the staple of wool to be kept -only at Canterbury, for the honour of St. Thomas; but in the 27th -of the same King Edward, the staple of wool, before kept at Bruges -in Flanders, was ordained by parliament to be kept in divers places -of England, Wales, and Ireland, as at Newcastle, Yorke, Lincoln, -Canterbury, Norwich, Westminster, Chichester, Winchester, Excester, -Bristow, Carmardyn, etc., to the great benefit of the king and loss unto -strangers and merchants: for there grew unto the king by this means -(as it was said) the sum of one thousand one hundred and two pounds -by the year, more than any his predecessors before had received; the -staple at Westminster at that time began on the next morrow after the -feast of St. Peter ad vincula. The next year was granted to the king by -parliament, towards the recovery of his title in France, fifty shillings -of every sack of wool transported over seas, for the space of six years -next ensuing; by means whereof the king might dispend daily during -those years more than a thousand marks sterling: for by the common -opinion there were more than one hundred thousand sacks of wool yearly -transported into foreign lands, so that during six years the said grant -extended to fifteen hundred thousand pounds sterling. - -In the 37th of Edward III., it was granted unto him for two years, to -take five-and-twenty shillings and eight pence upon every sack of wool -transported; and the same year the staple of wool (notwithstanding the -king's oath and other great estates) was ordained to be kept at Callis, -and six-and-twenty merchants, the best and wealthiest of all England, to -be farmers there, both of the town and staple, for three years: every -merchant to have six men of arms and four archers at the king's cost. He -ordained there also two mayors, one for the town and one for the staple; -and he took for _mala capta_, commonly called Maltorth,[292] twenty -shillings, and of the said merchants' guardians of the town forty pence, -upon every sack of wool. - -In the 44th of Edward III., Quinborough, Kingston-upon-Hull, and Boston, -were made staples of wool; which matter so much offended some, that in -the 50th of his reign, in a parliament at London, it was complained -that the staple of wool was so removed from Callis to divers towns in -England, contrary to the statute, appointing that citizens and merchants -should keep it there, and that the king might have the profits and -customs, with the exchange of gold and silver, that was there made by -all the merchants in Christindome (esteemed to amount to eight thousand -pounds by year), the exchange only; and the citizens and merchants so -ordered the matter, that the king spent nothing upon soldiers, neither -upon defence of the town against the enemies; whereas now he spent eight -thousand pounds by year. - -In the 51st of Edward III., when the staple was sealed at Callis, the -mayor of the staple did furnish the captain of the town upon any road -with one hundred bilmen, twelve hundred archers of merchants and their -servants, without any wages. - -In the year 1388, the 12th of Richard II., in a parliament at Cambridge, -it was ordained that the staple of wools should be brought from -Middleborough in Holland to Callis. - -In the 14th of his reign, there was granted forty shillings upon every -sack of wool, and in the 21st was granted fifty shillings upon every -sack transported by Englishmen, and three pounds by strangers, etc. It -seemeth that the merchants of this staple be the most ancient merchants -of this realm; and that all commodities of the realm are staple -merchandises by law and charter as wools, leather, wool fells, lead, -tin, cloth, etc. - -King Henry VI. had six wool-houses within the staple at Westminster: -those he granted to the dean and canons of St. Stephen at Westminster, -and confirmed it the 21st of his reign. Thus much for the staple have I -shortly noted. - -And now to pass to the famous monastery of Westminster: at the very -entrance of the close thereof, is a lane that leadeth toward the -west, called Thieving lane, for that thieves were led that way to the -gate-house, while the sanctuary continued in force. - -This monastery was founded and built by Sebert,[293] king of the East -Saxons, upon the persuasion of Ethelbert, king of Kent, how having -embraced Christianity, and being baptised by Melitus, bishop of London, -immediately (to show himself a Christian indeed) built a church to the -honour of God and St. Peter, on the west side of the city of London, -in a place which (because it was overgrown with thorns, and environed -with water) the Saxons called Thorney, and now of the monastery and west -situation thereof is called Westminster. - -In this place (saith Sulcardus) long before was a temple of Apollo, -which being overthrown, King Lucius built therein a church of -Christianity. - -Sebert was buried in this church, with his wife Athelgoda; whose -bodies many years after, to wit, in the reign of Richard II. (saith -Walsingham), were translated from the old church to the new, and there -entered. - -Edgar, king of the West Saxons, repaired this monastery about the year -of Christ 958; Edward the Confessor built it of new, whereupon T. -Clifford writeth thus: - -"Without the walls of London (saith he), upon the river of Thames, -there was in times passed a little monastery, built to the honour of -God and St. Peter, with a few Benedict monks in it, under an abbot, -serving Christ: very poor they were, and little was given them for their -relief. Here the king intended (for that it was near to the famous -city of London and the river of Thames, that brought in all kinds of -merchandises from all parts of the world) to make his sepulchre: he -commanded, therefore, that of the tenths of all his rents the work -should be begun in such sort as should become the prince of the Apostles. - -"At this his commandment the work is nobly begun, even from the -foundation, and happily proceedeth till the same was finished: the -charges bestowed, or to be bestowed, are not regarded. He granted to -this church great privileges, above all the churches in this land, as -partly appeareth by this his charter:-- - - "Edwarde, king, greets William, bishop, and Leofstane, and - Aelsie Portreves, and all my burgesses of London friendly, and I - tell you, that I have this gift given and granted to Christ and St. - Peter the holy Apostle, at Westminster, full freedome over all the - land that belongeth to that holy place, etc." - -He also caused the parish church of St. Margaret to be newly built -without the abbey church of Westminster, for the ease and commodity of -the monks, because before that time the parish church stood within the -old abbey church in the south aisle, somewhat to their annoyance. - -King Henry III., in the year of Christ 1220, and in the 5th of his -reign, began the new work of our Lady's chapel, whereof he laid the -first stone in the foundation; and in the year 1245, the walls and -steeple of the old church (built by King Edward) were taken down, and -enlarging the same church, caused them to be made more comely; for the -furtherance whereof, in the year 1246, the same king (devising how to -extort money from the citizens of London towards the charges) appointed -a mart to be kept at Westminster, the same to last fifteen days, and -in the mean space all trade of merchandise to cease in the city; which -thing the citizens were fain to redeem with two thousand pounds of -silver. - -The work of this church, with the houses of office, was finished to the -end of the choir, in the year 1285, the 14th of Edward I.: all which -labour of sixty-six years was in the year 1299 defaced by a fire kindled -in the lesser hall of the king's palace at Westminster; the same, with -many other houses adjoining, and with the queen's chamber, were all -consumed; the flame thereof also (being driven with the wind), fired the -monastery, which was also with the palace consumed. - -Then was this monastery again repaired by the abbots of that church; -King Edward I. and his successors putting to their helping hands. - -Edward II. appropriated unto this church the patronages of the churches -of Kelveden and Sawbridgeworth in Essex, in the diocese of London. - -Simon Langham, abbot (having been a great builder there in the year -1362), gave forty pounds to the building of the body of the church; but -(amongst others) Abbot Islip was in his time a great builder there, as -may appear in the stonework and glass windows of the church; since whose -decease that work hath staid as he left it, unperfected, the church and -steeple being all of one height. - -King Henry VII., about the year of Christ 1502, caused the chapel of -our Lady, built by Henry III., with a tavern also, called the White -Rose, near adjoining, to be taken down: in which plot of ground, on -the 24th of January, the first stone of the new chapel was laid by the -hands of Abbot Islip, Sir Reginald Bray, knight of the garter, Doctor -Barnes, master of the Rolls, Doctor Wall, chaplain to the king, Master -Hugh Aldham, chaplain to the countess of Darby and Richmond (the king's -mother), Sir Edward Stanhope, knight, and divers other: upon the which -stone was engraven the same day and year, etc. - -The charges in building this chapel amounted to the sum of fourteen -thousand pounds. The stone for this work (as I have been informed) was -brought from Huddlestone quarry in Yorkshire. - -The altar and sepulture of the same King Henry VII., wherein his body -resteth in this his new chapel, was made and finished in the year 1519 -by one Peter, a painter of Florence; for the which he received one -thousand pounds sterling for the whole stuff and workmanship at the -hands of the king's executors; Richard, bishop of Winchester; Richard, -bishop of London; Thomas, bishop of Durham; John, bishop of Rochester; -Thomas, duke of Norfolk, treasurer of England; Charles, earl of -Worcester, the king's chamberlain; John Fineaux, knight, chief justice -of the King's bench; Robert Reade, knight, chief justice of the Common -Pleas. - -This monastery being valued to dispend by the year three thousand four -hundred and seventy pounds, etc., was surrendered to Henry VIII. in -the year 1539. Benson, then abbot, was made the first dean, and not -long after it was advanced to a bishop's see in the year 1541. Thomas -Thirlby being both the first and last bishop there, who, when he had -impoverished the church, was translated to Norwich in the year 1550, the -4th of Edward VI., and from thence to Elie in the year 1554, the 2nd of -Queen Mary. Richard Cox, doctor in divinity (late schoolmaster to King -Edward VI.), was made dean of Westminster, whom Queen Mary put out, and -made Doctor Wonest dean until the year 1556, and then he being removed -from thence on the 21st of November, John Feckenham (late dean of -Pauls) was made abbot of Westminster, and took possession of the same, -being installed, and fourteen monks more received the habit with him -that day of the order of St. Benedict; but the said John Feckenham, with -his monks, enjoyed not that place fully three years, for in the year -1559, in the month of July, they were all put out, and Queen Elizabeth -made the said monastery a college, instituting there a dean, twelve -prebends, a schoolmaster, and usher, forty scholars, called commonly the -Queen's scholars, twelve alms men; and so it was named the Collegiate -church of Westminster, founded by Queen Elizabeth, who placed Doctor -Bill,[294] first dean of that new erection; after whom succeeded Doctor -Gabriel Goodman, who governed that church forty years, and after Doctor -Lancelot Andrewes. - -Kings and queens crowned in this church: William, surnamed the -Conqueror, and Matilde his wife, were the first, and since them all -other kings and queens of this realm have been there crowned. - -Kings and queens buried in this church are these: Sebert, king of the -East Saxons, with his wife Athelgede; Harold, surnamed Harefoot, king of -the West Saxons; Edward the Simple, surnamed Confessor, sometime richly -shrined in a tomb of silver and gold, curiously wrought by commandment -of William the Conqueror; Egitha his wife was there buried also; -Hugolyn, chamberlain to Edward the Confessor; King Henry III., whose -sepulture was richly garnished with precious stones of jasper, which his -son Edward I. brought out of France for that purpose; Eleanor, wife to -Henry III.; Edward I., who offered to the shrine of Edward the Confessor -the chair of marble, wherein the kings of Scotland were crowned, with -the sceptre and crown, also to the same king belonging. - -He gave also to that church lands to the value of one hundred pounds by -the year; twenty pounds thereof yearly to be distributed to the poor -for ever. Then there lieth Eleanor, his wife, daughter to Ferdinando, -king of Castile, 1293; Edward III. by Queen Philippa of Henault his -wife; Richard II. and Anne his wife, with their images upon them, which -cost more than four hundred marks for the gilding; Henry V., with a -royal image of silver and gilt, which Katherine his wife caused to be -laid upon him, but the head of this image being of massy silver, is -broken off, and conveyed away with the plates of silver and gilt that -covered his body; Katherine, his wife, was buried in the old Lady -chapel 1438, but her corpse being taken up in the reign of Henry VII., -when a new foundation was to be laid, she was never since buried, but -remaineth above ground in a coffin of boards behind the east end of -the presbytery; Henry VII. in a sumptuous sepulture and chapel before -specified, and Elizabeth his wife; Edward VI. in the same chapel, -without any monument; Queen Mary, without any monument, in the same -chapel; Matilde, daughter to Malcolm, king of Scots, wife to Henry I., -died 1118, lieth in the revestry; Anne, wife to Richard III.; Margaret, -countess of Richmond and Darby, mother to Henry VII.; Anne of Cleves, -wife to Henry VIII.; Edmond, second son to Henry III., first earl of -Lancaster, Darby, and Leycester, and Aveline his wife, daughter and heir -to William de Fortibus, earl of Albemarle. In St. Thomas' chapel lie the -bones of the children of Henry III. and of Edward I., in number nine. -In the chapter-house,--Elianor, countess of Barre, daughter to Edward -I.; William of Windsor, and Blaunch his sister, children to Edward III.; -John of Eltham, earl of Cornewell, son to Edward II.; Elianor, wife to -Thomas of Woodstocke, duke of Gloucester; Thomas of Woodstocke by King -Edward III. his father; Margaret, daughter to Edward IV.; Elizabeth, -daughter to Henry VII.; William de Valence, earl of Pembroke; Aymer -de Valence, earl of Pembroke; Margaret and John, son and daughter to -William de Valence; John Waltham, bishop of Sarum, treasurer of England; -Thomas Ruthal, bishop of Durham, 1522; Giles, Lord Dawbeny,[295] -lord lieutenant of Callis, chamberlain to King Henry VII., 1508, and -Elizabeth his wife, of the family of the Arundels in Cornwal, 1500; -John, Viscount Wells, 1498; the Lady Katherine, daughter to the duchess -of Norfolk; Sir Thomas Hungerford, knight, father to Sir John Hungerford -of Downampney, knight; a son and daughter to Humfrey Bohun, earl of -Hereford and Essex, and Elizabeth his wife; Philippa, duchess of York, -daughter to the Lord Mohun, thrice married, to the Lord Fitzwalter, Sir -John Golofer, and to the duke of Yorke; William Dudley, bishop elect -of Durham, son to John, baron of Dudley; Nicholas, Baron Carew, 1470; -Walter Hungerford, son to Edward Hungerford, knight; Sir John Burley, -knight, and Anne his wife, daughter to Alane Buxull, knight, 1416; Sir -John Golofer, knight, 1396; Humfrey Burcher, Lord Cromwell, son to -Bourchier, earl of Essex, slain at Barnet; Henry Bourchier, son and -heir to John Bourchier, Lord Barners, also slain at Barnet, 1471; Sir -William Trussell, knight; Sir Thomas Vaughan, knight; Frances Brandon, -duchess of Suffolke, 1560; Mary Gray, her daughter, 1578; Sir John -Hampden, knight; Sir Lewis, Viscount Robsart, knight; Lord Bourchere of -Henalt, 1430, and his wife, daughter and heir to the Lord Bourchere; -Robert Brown, and William Browne, esquires; the Lady Johane Tokyne, -daughter of Dabridge Court; George Mortimer, bastard; John Felbye, -esquire; Ann, wife to John Watkins; William Southwike, esquire; William -Southcot, esquire; Ralph Constantine, gentleman; Arthur Troffote, -esquire; Robert Hawley, esquire, slain in that church; Sir Richarde -Rouse, knight; Sir Geffrey Maundevile, earl of Essex, and Athelarde -his wife; Sir Foulke of Newcastle; Sir James Barons, knight; Sir John -Salisbury, knight; Margaret Dowglas, countess of Lennox, with Charles -her son, earl of Lennox; Henrie Scogan, a learned poet, in the cloister; -Geffrey Chaucer, the most famous poet of England, also in the cloister, -1400, but since Nicholas Brigham, gentleman, raised a monument for him -in the south cross aisle of the church: his works were partly published -in print by William Caxton, in the reign of Henry VI., increased by -William Thinne, esquire, in the reign of Henry VIII.; corrected and -twice increased, through mine own painful labours, in the reign of Queen -Elizabeth, to wit, in the year 1561; and again beautified with notes by -me, collected out of divers records and monuments, which I delivered to -my loving friend, Thomas Speght; and he having drawn the same into a -good form and method, as also explained the old and obscure words, etc., -hath published them in anno 1597. - -Anne Stanhope, duchess of Somerset, and Jane her daughter; Anne Cecill, -countess of Oxford, daughter to the Lord Burghley, with Mildred Burghley -her mother; Elizabeth Barkley, countess of Ormond; Frances Sidney, -countess of Sussex; Francis Howard, countess of Hertford, 1598; Thomas, -Baron Wentworth; Thomas, Baron Warton; John, Lord Russell; Sir Thomas -Bromley, lord chancellor; Sir John Puckering, lord keeper; Sir Henry -Cary, Lord Hunsdon, and lord chamberlain, 1596, to whose memory his son, -Sir George Cary, Lord Hunsdon, and lord chamberlain, hath created a -stately monument. - -This church hath had great privilege of sanctuary within the precinct -thereof, to wit, the church, churchyard, and close, etc.; from whence -it hath not been lawful for any prince or other to take any person that -fled thither for any cause: which privilege was first granted by Sebert, -king of the East Saxons, since increased by Edgar, king of the West -Saxons, renewed and confirmed by King Edward the Confessor, as appeareth -by this his charter following: - -"Edward, by the grace of God, king of Englishmen: I make it to be known -to all generations of the world after me, that by speciall commandement -of our holy father, Pope Leo, I have renewed and honored the holy -church of the blessed apostle St. Peter, of Westminster; and I order -and establish for ever, that what person, of what condition or estate -soever he be, from whence soever he come, or for what offence or cause -it be, either for his refuge into the said holy place, he be assured of -his life, liberty, and limbs. And over this I forbid, under the paine of -everlasting damnation, that no minister of mine, or of my successors, -intermeddle them with any the goods, lands, or possessions of the said -persons taking the said sanctuary; for I have taken their goodes and -livelode into my special protection, and therefore I grant to every each -of them, in as much as my terrestriall power may suffice, all maner -freedom of joyous libertie; and whosoever presumes or doth contrary to -this my graunt, I will hee lose his name, worship, dignity, and power, -and that with the great traytor Judas that betraied our Saviour, he be -in the everlasting fire of hell; and I will and ordayne that this my -graunt endure as long as there remayneth in England eyther love or dread -of Christian name." - -More of this sanctuary ye may read in our histories, and also in the -statute of Henry VIII., the 32nd year. - -The parish church of St. Margaret, sometime within the abbey, was -by Edward the Confessor removed, and built without, for ease of the -monks. This church continued till the days of Edward I., at which time -the merchants of the staple and parishioners of Westminster built it -all of new, the great chancel excepted, which was built by the abbots -of Westminster; and this remaineth now a fair parish church, though -sometime in danger of down pulling. In the south aisle of this church is -a fair marble monument of Dame Mary Billing, the heir of Robert Nesenham -of Conington, in Huntingdonshire, first married to William Cotton, to -whose issue her inheritance alone descended, remaining with Robert -Cotton at this day, heir of her and her first husband's family; her -second husband was Sir Thomas Billing, chief justice of England; and her -last, whom likewise she buried, was Thomas Lacy; erecting this monument -to the memory of her three husbands, with whose arms she hath garnished -it, and for her own burial, wherein she was interred in the year 1499. - -Next to this famous monastery is the king's principal palace, of what -antiquity it is uncertain; but Edward the Confessor held his court -there, as may appear by the testimony of sundry, and, namely, of -Ingulphus, as I have before told you. The said king had his palace, and -for the most part remained there; where he also so ended his life, and -was buried in the monastery which he had built. It is not to be doubted -but that King William I., as he was crowned there, so he built much at -his palace, for he found it far inferior to the building of princely -palaces in France: and it is manifest, by the testimony of many authors, -that William Rufus built the great hall there about the year of Christ -1097. Amongst others, Roger of Wendover and Mathew Paris do write, that -King William (being returned out of Normandy into England) kept his -feast of Whitsontide very royally at Westminster, in the new hall which -he had lately built; the length whereof (say some) was two hundred and -seventy feet, and seventy-four feet in breadth; and when he heard men -say that this hall was too great, he answered and said, "This hall is -not big enough by the one half, and is but a bed-chamber in comparison -of that I mean to make." A diligent searcher (saith Paris) might find -out the foundation of the hall, which he was supposed to have built, -stretching from the river of Thames, even to the common highway. - -This palace was repaired about the year 1163 by Thomas Becket, -chancellor of England, with exceeding great celerity and speed, which -before was ready to have fallen down. This hath been the principal seat -and palace of all the kings of England since the Conquest; for here have -they in the great hall kept their feasts of coronation especially, and -other solemn feasts, as at Christmas and such like, most commonly: for -proof whereof, I find recorded, that in the year 1236, and the 20th of -Henry, III., on the 29th of December, William de Haverhull, the king's -treasurer, is commanded, that upon the day of circumcision of our Lord, -he caused six thousand poor people to be fed at Westminster, for the -state of the king, the queen, and their children; the weak and aged to -be placed in the great hall and in the lesser; those that were most -strong, and in reasonable plight, in the king's chamber; the children in -the queen's; and when the king knoweth the charge, he would allow it in -the accounts.[296] - -In the year 1238, the same King Henry kept his feast of Christmas at -Westminster in the great hall; so did he in the year 1241, where he -placed the legate in the most honourable place of the table, to wit, in -the midst, which the noblemen took in evil part: the king sat on the -right hand, and the archbishop on the left, and then all the prelates -and nobles according to their estates; for the king himself set the -guests. The year 1242 he likewise kept his Christmas in the hall, etc. -Also, in the year 1243, Richard, earl of Cornewall, the king's brother, -married Cincia, daughter to Beatrice, countess of Province, and kept his -marriage-feast in the great hall at Westminster, with great royalty and -company of noblemen: insomuch that there were told (_triginta millia_) -thirty thousand dishes of meats at that dinner. - -In the year 1256, King Henry sate in the exchequer of this hall, and -there set down order for the appearance of sheriffs, and bringing in of -their accounts: there were five marks set on every sheriff's head for a -fine, because they had not distrained every person that might dispend -fifteen pounds land by the year to receive the order of knighthood, -as the same sheriffs were commanded. Also, the mayor, aldermen, and -sheriffs of London, being accused of oppression and wrongs done by them, -and submitting themselves in this place before the king sitting in -judgment upon that matter, they were condemned to pay their fines for -their offences committed, and further, every one of them discharged of -assise and ward. - -In the years 1268 and 1269, the same king kept his Christmas feasts -at Westminster as before; and also in the same 1269 he translated -with great solemnity the body of King Edward the Confessor into a new -chapel, at the back of the high altar: which chapel he had prepared of a -marvellous workmanship, bestowing a new tomb or shrine of gold; and on -the day of his translation he kept a royal feast in the great hall of -the palace. Thus much for the feasts of old time in this hall. - -We read also, that in the year 1236, the river of Thames overflowing the -banks, caused the marshes about Woolwitch to be all on a sea, wherein -boats and other vessels were carried with the stream; so that besides -cattle, the greatest number of men, women, and children, inhabitants -there, were drowned: and in the great palace of Westminster men did row -with wherries in the midst of the hall, being forced to ride to their -chambers. - -Moreover, in the year 1242, the Thames overflowing the banks about -Lambhithe, drowned houses and fields by the space of six miles, so -that in the great hall at Westminster men took their horses, because -the water ran over all. This palace was (in the year 1299, the 27th of -Edward I.) burnt by a vehement fire, kindled in the lesser hall of the -king's house: the same, with many other houses adjoining, and with the -queen's chamber, were consumed, but after that repaired. - -In the year 1313, the 31st of Edward I., the king's treasury at -Westminster was robbed; for the which, Walter, abbot of Westminster, -with forty-nine of his brethren and thirty-two other, were thrown into -the Tower of London, and indicted of the robbery of a hundred thousand -pounds; but they affirming themselves to be clear of the fact, and -desiring the king of speedy justice, a commission was directed for -inquiry of the truth, and they were freed. - -In the year 1316, Edward II. did solemnize his feast of Penticost at -Westminster, in the great hall; where sitting royally at the table, with -his peers about him, there entered a woman adorned like a minstrel, -sitting on a great horse, trapped as minstrels then used, who rode -round about the tables, showing pastime, and at length came up to the -king's table, and laid before him a letter, and forthwith turning her -horse, saluted every one, and departed. The letter being opened, had -these contents:,--"Our soveraigne lord and king, hath nothing curteously -respected his knights, that in his father's time, and also in his owne, -have put forth their persons to divers perils, and have utterly lost, or -greatly diminished their substance, for honor of the said king, and he -hath inriched abundantly such as have not borne the waight as yet of the -busines, etc." - -This great hall was begun to be repaired in the year 1397 by Richard -II., who caused the walls, windows, and roof, to be taken down, and new -made, with a stately porch, and divers lodgings of a marvellous work, -and with great costs; all which he levied of strangers banished or -flying out of their countries, who obtained license to remain in this -land, by the king's charters, which they had purchased with great sums -of money; John Boterell being then clerk of the works. - -This hall being finished in the year 1398, the same king kept a most -royal Christmas there, with daily justings and runnings at tilt; -whereunto resorted such a number of people, that there was every day -spent twenty-eight or twenty-six oxen, and three hundred sheep, besides -fowl without number: he caused a gown for himself to be made of gold, -garnished with pearl and precious stones, to the value of three thousand -marks: he was guarded by Cheshire men, and had about him commonly -thirteen bishops, besides barons, knights, esquires, and other more -than needed; insomuch, that to the household came every day to meat ten -thousand people, as appeareth by the messes told out from the kitchen to -three hundred servitors. - -Thus was this great hall, for the honour of the prince, oftentimes -furnished with guests, not only in this king's time (a prodigal -prince), but in the time of other also, both before and since, though -not so usually noted. For when it is said, the king held his feast of -Christmas, or such a feast at Westminster, it may well be supposed to be -kept in this great hall, as most sufficient to such a purpose. - -I find noted by Robert Fabian (sometime an alderman of London), that -King Henry VII., in the 9th of his reign (holding his royal feast of -Christmas at Westminster), on the twelfth day, feasted Ralph Austry, -then mayor of London, and his brethren the aldermen, with other -commoners in great number, and after dinner dubbing the mayor knight, -caused him with his brethren to stay and behold the disguisings and -other disports in the night following, showed in the great hall, -which was richly hanged with arras, and staged about on both sides; -which disports being ended in the morning, the king, the queen, the -ambassadors, and other estates, being set at a table of stone, sixty -knights and esquires served sixty dishes to the king's mess, and as -many to the queen's (neither flesh nor fish), and served the mayor with -twenty-four dishes to his mess, of the same manner, with sundry wines -in most plenteous wise: and finally, the king and queen being conveyed -with great lights into the palace, the mayor with his company in barges -returned and came to London by break of the next day. Thus much for -building of this great hall, and feasting therein. - -It moreover appeareth that many parliaments have been kept there; for I -find noted, that in the year 1397, the great hall at Westminster being -out of reparations, and therefore, as it were, new built by Richard II. -(as is afore showed), the same Richard, in the mean time having occasion -to hold a parliament, caused for that purpose a large house to be built -in the midst of the palace-court, betwixt the clock tower and the gate -of the old great hall. This house was very large and long, made of -timber, covered with tile, open on both the sides and at both the ends, -that all men might see and hear what was both said and done. - -The king's archers (in number four thousand Cheshire men) compassed the -house about with their bows bent, and arrows knocked in their hands, -always ready to shoot: they had bouch of court (to wit, meat and drink), -and great wages of six pence by the day. - -The old great hall being new built, parliaments were again there kept -as before:[297] namely, one in the year 1399, for the deposing of -Richard II. A great part of this palace at Westminster was once again -burnt in the year 1512, the 4th of Henry VIII.; since the which time it -hath not been re-edified: only the great hall, with the offices near -adjoining, are kept in good reparations, and serveth as afore for feasts -at coronations, arraignments of great persons charged with treasons, -keeping of the courts of justice, etc. But the princes have been lodged -in other places about the city, as at Baynarde's castle, at Bridewell, -and White hall, sometime called York place, and sometime at St. James'. - -This great hall hath been the usual place of pleadings, and ministration -of justice, whereof somewhat shortly I will note. In times past the -courts and benches followed the king wheresoever he went, as well since -the Conquest as before; which thing at length being thought cumbersome, -painful, and chargeable to the people, it was in the year 1224, the 9th -of Henry III., agreed that there should be a standing place appointed, -where matters should be heard and judged, which was in the great hall at -Westminster. - -In this hall he ordained three judgment seats; to wit, at the entry -on the right hand, the Common Pleas, where civil matters are to be -pleaded, specially such as touch lands or contracts: at the upper end -of the hall, on the right hand, or south-east corner, the King's Bench, -where pleas of the crown have their hearing; and on the left hand, or -south-west corner, sitteth the lord chancellor, accompanied with the -master of the rolls, and other men, learned for the most part in the -civil law, and called masters of the chancery, which have the king's -fee. The times of pleading in these courts are four in the year, which -are called terms: the first is Hillary term, which beginneth the 23rd -of January, if it be not Sunday, and endeth the 12th of February; the -second is Easter term, and beginneth seventeen days after Easter day, -and endeth four days after Ascension day; the third term beginneth six -or seven days after Trinity Sunday, and endeth the Wednesday fortnight -after; the fourth is Michaelmas term, which beginneth the 9th of -October, if it be not Sunday, and endeth the 28th of November. - -And here it is to be noted, that the kings of this realm have used -sometimes to sit in person in the King's Bench; namely, King Edward IV., -in the year 1462, in Michaelmas term, sat in the King's Bench three days -together, in the open court, to understand how his laws were ministered -and executed. - -Within the port, or entry into the hall, on either side are ascendings -up into large chambers, without the hall adjoining thereunto, wherein -certain courts be kept, namely, on the right hand, is the court of the -Exchequer, a place of account for the revenues of the crown: the hearers -of the account have auditors under them; but they which are the chief -for accounts of the prince, are called barons of the Exchequer, whereof -one is called the chief baron. The greatest officer of all is called the -high treasurer.[298] In this court be heard those that are delators, -or informers, in popular and penal actions, having thereby part of the -profit by the law assigned unto them. - -In this court, if any question be, it is determined after the order of -the common law of England by twelve men, and all subsidies, taxes, and -customs, by account; for in this office the sheriffs of the shire do -attend upon the execution of the commandments of the judges, which the -earl should do, if he were not attending upon the princes in the wars, -or otherwise about him; for the chief office of the earl was to see the -king's justice to have course, and to be well executed in the shire, and -the prince's revenues to be well answered and brought into the treasury. - -If any fines or amerciaments be extracted out of any of the said courts -upon any man, or any arrerages of accounts of such things as is of -customs, taxes, and subsidies, or other such like occasions, the same -the sheriff of the shire doth gather, and is answerable therefore in -the Exchequer: as for other ordinary rents of patrimonial lands, and -most commonly of taxes, customs, and subsidies, there be particular -receivers and collectors, which do answer it into the Exchequer. This -court of the Exchequer hath of old time, and, as I think, since the -Conquest, been kept at Westminster, notwithstanding sometimes removed -thence by commandment of the king, and after restored again, as, namely, -in the year 1209, King John commanded the Exchequer to be removed from -Westminster to Northampton, etc. - -On the left hand above the stair is the Duchy chamber, wherein is kept -the court for the duchy of Lancaster by a chancellor of that duchy, and -other officers under him. Then is there in another chamber the office of -the receipts of the queen's revenues for the crown: then is there also -the Star chamber, where in the term time, every week once at the least, -which is commonly on Fridays and Wednesdays, and on the next day after -the term endeth, the lord chancellor, and the lords, and other of the -privy council, and the chief justices of England, from nine of the clock -till it be eleven, do sit. - -This place is called the Star chamber, because the roof thereof is -decked with the likeness of stars gilt: there be plaints heard of riots, -routs, and other misdemeanors; which if they be found by the king's -council, the party offender shall be censured by these persons, which -speak one after another, and he shall be both fined and commanded to -prison. - -Then at the upper end of the great hall, by the King's Bench, is a going -up to a great chamber, called the White hall, wherein is now kept the -court of Wards and Liveries, and adjoining thereunto is the Court of -Requests. Then is St. Stephen's chapel, of old time founded by King -Stephen. King John, in the 7th of his reign, granted to Baldwinus de -London, clerk of his Exchequer, the chapelship of St. Stephen's at -Westminster, etc. This chapel was again since, of a far more curious -workmanship, new built by King Edward III. in the year 1347, for -thirty-eight persons in that church to serve God; to wit, a dean, -twelve secular canons, thirteen vicars, four clerks, five choristers, -two servitors, to wit, a verger and a keeper of the chapel. He built -for those from the house of Receipt, along nigh to the Thames, within -the same palace, there to inhabit; and since that there was also built -for them, betwixt the clock-house and the wool staple, called the Wey -house. He also built to the use of this chapel (though out of the palace -court), some distance west, in the little sanctuary, a strong clochard -of stone and timber, covered with lead, and placed therein three great -bells, since usually rung at coronations, triumphs, funeral of princes, -and their obits. Of those bells men fabuled that their ringing soured -all the drink in the town: more, that about the biggest bell was -written,-- - - "King Edward made me, - Thirtie thousand and three; - Take me downe and wey me, - And more shall ye find me." - -But these bells being taken down indeed, were found all three not -to weigh twenty thousand. True it is, that in the city of Rouen, in -Normandie, there is one great bell, that hath such inscription as -followeth:-- - - "Je suis George de Ambois, - Qui trente cinq mil a pois, - Mes lui qui me pesera, - Trente six mil me trouera. - - "I am George of Ambois, - Thirty-five thousand in pois; - But he that shall weigh me, - Thirty-six thousand shall find me." - -The said King Edward endowed this chapel with lands to the yearly value -of five hundred pounds. Doctor John Chambers, the king's physician, -the last dean of this college, built thereunto a cloister of curious -workmanship, to the charges of eleven thousand marks. This chapel, or -college, at the suppression, was valued to dispend in lands by the year -one thousand and eighty-five pounds ten shillings and five pence, and -was surrendered to Edward VI.; since the which time the same chapel hath -served as a parliament house. - -By this chapel of St. Stephen was sometime one other smaller chapel, -called our Lady of the Pew, to the which lady great offerings were -used to be made: amongst other things, I have read, that Richard II., -after the overthrow of Wat Tyler and other his rebels, in the 4th of -his reign, went to Westminster, and there giving thanks to God for his -victory, made his offering in this chapel; but as divers have noted, -namely, John Piggot, in the year 1252, on the 17th of February, by -negligence of a scholar appointed by his schoolmaster to put forth -the lights of this chapel, the image of our lady, richly decked with -jewels, precious stones, pearls, and rings, more than any jeweller could -judge the price for, so saith mine author, was, with all this apparel, -ornaments, and chapel itself, burnt; but since again re-edified by -Anthonie, Earl Rivers, Lord Scales, and of the Isle of Wight, uncle and -governor to the Prince of Wales, that should have been King Edward V., -etc. - -The said palace, before the entry thereunto, hath a large court, and -in the same a tower of stone, containing a clock, which striketh every -hour on a great bell, to be heard into the hall in sitting time of the -courts, or otherwise; for the same clock, in a calm, will be heard into -the city of London. King Henry VI. gave the keeping of this clock, -with the tower called the clock-house, and the appurtenances, unto -William Walsby, dean of St. Stephen's, with the wages of six pence the -day out of his Exchequer. By this tower standeth a fountain, which at -coronations and great triumphs is made to run with wine out of divers -spouts. - -On the east side of this court is an arched gate to the river of Thames, -with a fair bridge and landing-place for all men that have occasion. On -the north side is the south end of St. Stephen's alley, or Canon row, -and also a way into the old wool staple; and on the west side is a very -fair gate, begun by Richard III. in the year 1484, and was by him built -a great height, and many fair lodgings in it, but left unfinished, and -is called the high tower of Westminster. Thus much for the monastery -and palace may suffice. And now will I speak of the gate-house, and of -Totehill street, stretching from the west part of the close. - -The gate-house is so called of two gates, the one out of the College -court towards the north, on the east side whereof was the bishop of -London's prison for clerks' convict; and the other gate, adjoining to -the first, but towards the west, is a gaol or prison for offenders -thither committed. Walter Warfield, cellarer to the monastery, caused -both these gates, with the appurtenances, to be built in the reign of -Edward III. - -On the south side of this gate, King Henry VII. founded an alms-house -for thirteen poor men; one of them to be a priest, aged forty-five -years, a good grammarian, the other twelve to be aged fifty years, -without wives: every Saturday the priest to receive of the abbot, or -prior, four pence by the day, and each other two pence halfpenny by the -day for ever, for their sustenance, and every year to each one a gown -and a hood ready made; and to three women that dressed their meat, and -kept them in their sickness, each to have every Saturday sixteen pence, -and every year a gown ready made. More, to the thirteen poor men yearly -eighty quarters of coal and one thousand of good faggots to their use, -in the hall and kitchen of their mansion; a discreet monk to be overseer -of them, and he to have forty shillings by the year, etc.; and hereunto -was every abbot and prior sworn. - -Near unto this house westward was an old chapel of St. Anne; over -against the which the Lady Margaret, mother to King Henry VII., erected -an alms-house for poor women, which is now turned into lodgings for the -singing men of the college. The place wherein this chapel and alms-house -standeth was called the Elemosinary, or Almonry, now corruptly the -Ambry,[299] for that the alms of the abbey were there distributed to -the poor. And therein Islip, abbot of Westminster, erected the first -press of book printing that ever was in England, about the year of -Christ 1471. William Caxton, citizen of London, mercer, brought it into -England, and was the first that practised it in the said abbey; after -which time, the like was practised in the abbeys of St. Augustine at -Canterbury, St. Alban's, and other monasteries. - -From the west gate runneth along Totehil street, wherein is a house -of the Lord Gray of Wilton; and on the other side, at the entry into -Totehill field, Stourton house, which Gyles, the last Lord Dacre of -the south, purchased and built new, whose lady and wife Anne, sister -to Thomas, the Lord Buckhurst, left money to her executors to build an -hospital for twenty poor women, and so many children, to be brought up -under them, for whose maintenance she assigned lands to the value of one -hundred pounds by the year, which hospital her executors have new begun -in the field adjoining. From the entry into Totehill field the street is -called Petty France, in which, and upon St. Hermit's hill, on the south -side thereof, Cornelius Van Dun (a Brabander born, yeoman of the guard -to King Henry VIII., King Edward VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth,) -built twenty houses for poor women to dwell rent-free: and near hereunto -was a chapel of Mary Magdalen, now wholly ruinated. - -In the year of Christ 1256, the 40th of Henry III., John Mansell, the -king's councillor and priest, did invite to a stately dinner the kings -and queens of England and Scotland, Edward the king's son, earls, -barons, and knights, the Bishop of London, and divers citizens, whereby -his guests did grow to such a number, that his house at Totehill could -not receive them, but that he was forced to set up tents and pavilions -to receive his guests, whereof there was such a multitude that seven -hundred messes of meat did not serve for the first dinner. - -The city of Westminster for civil government is divided into twelve -several wards; for the which the dean of the collegiate church of -Westminster, or the high-steward, do elect twelve burgesses, and as -many assistants; that is, one burgess, and one assistant, for every -ward; out of the which twelve burgesses two are nominated yearly, upon -Thursday in Easter week, for chief burgesses to continue for one year -next following, who have authority given them by the act of parliament, -27th Elizabeth, to hear, examine, determine, and punish, according to -the laws of the realm, and lawful customs of the city of London, matters -of incontinency, common scolds, inmates, and common annoyances; and -likewise, to commit such persons as shall offend against the peace, and -thereof to give knowledge within four-and-twenty hours to some justice -of peace, in the county of Middlesex. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[291] "Which is a goodly house, lately builded nigh to Ivy bridge, over -against the old Bedforde house, namely, called Russell house and Dacres -house, now the house of Sir Thomas Cecile, Lorde Burghley; and so on the -north side to a lane that turneth to the parish church of St. Martin in -the Fielde, and stretcheth to St. Giles in the Fielde."--_1st edition_, -pp. 370-1. - -[292] "I thinke custome."--_1st edition_, p. 376. - -[293] "Foundation of Westminster by Sebert, a Christian king, not onely -in word, but in deed."--_Stow._ - -[294] "One of her majesties chaplens."--_1st edition_, p. 381. - -[295] "Earle of Bridgewater."--_1st edition_, p. 382. - -[296] In the first edition, the passage relative to Henry II.'s command -to Hugh Gifford and William Browne, to distribute alms "according to -the weight and measure of the king's children" (see ante, page 83), is -inserted in this place. - -[297] "I find of record, the 50th of Edward III., that the chapter-house -of the abbot of Westminster was then the usual house for the commons in -parliament."--_Stow._ - -[298] "Of England."--_1st edition_, p. 387. - -[299] The corruption alluded to by Stow exists to the present day--the -Almonry being styled by the lower classes in Westminster, the Ambry. The -house said to have been Caxton's is also, we believe, still remaining, -though in a state of great dilapidation. - - - - -GOVERNORS OF THE CITY OF LONDON; AND FIRST OF ECCLESIASTICAL BISHOPS AND -OTHER MINISTERS THERE - - -Having thus run through the description of these cities of London -and Westminster, as well in their original foundations, as in their -increases of buildings and ornaments, together with such incidents of -sundry sorts as are before, both generally and particularly discoursed, -it remaineth that somewhat be noted by me touching the policy and -government, both ecclesiastical and civil, of London, as I have already -done for Westminster, the order whereof is appointed by the late -statute, even as that of London is maintained by the customs thereof, -most laudably used before all the time of memory. - -And first, to begin with the ecclesiastical jurisdiction: I read that -the Christian faith was first preached in this island (then called -Britaine) by Joseph of Arimathea, and his brethren, disciples of Christ, -in the time of Aruiragus, then governor here under the Roman emperor; -after which time, Lucius, king of the Britaines, sent his ambassadors, -Eluanus and Meduvanus, two men learned in the Scriptures, with letters -to Eleutherius,[300] bishop of Rome, desiring him to send some devout -and learned men, by whose instruction he and his people might be taught -the faith and religion of Christ. Eleutherius baptised those messengers, -making Eluanus a bishop, and Meduvius a teacher, and sent over with -them into Britain two other famous clerks, Faganus and Deruvianus, by -whose diligence Lucius, and his people of Britaine, were instructed in -the faith of Christ, and baptized, the temples of idols were converted -into cathedral churches, and bishops were placed where Flammines -before had been; at London, Yorke, and Carleon upon Uske, were placed -archbishops, saith some. The epistle said to be sent by Eleutherius -to king Lucius, for the establishing of the faith, ye may read in my -_Annals_, _Summaries_, and _Chronicles_, truly translated and set down -as mine author hath it, for some have curtailed and corrupted it, and -then fathered it upon reverend Bede, who never wrote word thereof, or -otherwise to that effect, more than this as followeth. - -In the year 156, Marcus Aurelius Verus, the fourteenth emperor after -Augustus, governed the empire with his brother Aurelius Comodus; -in whose time, Glutherius, a holy man, being pope of the church of -Rome, Lucius, king of Britaines, wrote unto him, desiring that by his -commandment he might be made Christian; which his request was granted -him; whereby the Britaines receiving then the faith, kept it sound and -undefiled in rest and peace until Dioclesian the emperor's time. Thus -far Bede, which may suffice to prove the Christian faith there to be -received here. And now of the London bishops as I find them. - -There remaineth in the parish church of St. Peter upon Cornhill in -London a table, wherein is written, that Lucius founded the same church -to be an archbishop's see, and metropolitan or chief church of his -kingdom, and that it so endured the space of four hundred years, until -the coming of Augustine the monk, and others, from Rome, in the reign -of the Saxons. The archbishops' names I find only to be set down by -Joceline of Furnes, in his book of British bishops, and not elsewhere. -Thean (saith he) was the first archbishop of London, in the time of -Lucius, who built the said church of St. Peter, in a place called -Cornhill in London, by the aid of Ciran, chief butler to King Lucius. - -2. Eluanus was the second, and he built a library to the same church -adjoining, and converted many of the Druids (learned men in the Pagan -law) to the Christian faith. - -3. Cadar was the third; then followed, - -4. Obinus. - -5. Conan. - -6. Paludius. - -7. Stephen. - -8. Iltute. - -9. Dedwin. - -10. Thedred. - -11. Hillary. - -12. Guidelium. - -13. Vodimus, slain by the Saxons. - -14. Theanus, the fourteenth, fled with the Britaines into Wales, about -the year of Christ 587. - -Thus much out of Joceline of the archbishops; the credit whereof I leave -to the judgment of the learned; for I read of a bishop of London (not -before named) in the year of Christ 326, to be present at the second -council, holden at Arles, in the time of Constantine the Great, who -subscribed thereunto in these words: _Ex provinciae Britaniae Civitate -Londiniensi Restitutus Episcopus_, as plainly appeareth in the first -tome of the councils, he writeth not himself archbishop, and therefore -maketh the matter of archbishops doubtful, or rather, overthroweth that -opinion. - -The Saxons being pagans, having chased the Britons, with the Christian -preachers, into the mountains of Wales and Cornewall; and having divided -this kingdom of the Britons amongst themselves, at the length, to wit, -in the year 596, Pope Gregory, moved of a godly instinction (sayeth -Bede), in the 147th year after the arrival of the Angles or Saxons in -Britaine, sent Augustine, Miletus, Justus, and John, with other monks, -to preach the Gospel to the said nation of the Angles: these landed -in the isle of Thanet, and were first received by Ethelbert, king of -Kent, whom they converted to the faith of Christ, with divers other of -his people, in the 34th year of his reign, which Ethelbert gave unto -Augustine the city of Canterbury. - -This Augustine, in the year of Christ 604, consecrated Miletus and -Justus bishops, appointing Miletus to preach unto the East Saxons, whose -chief city was London; and there King Sebert, nephew to Ethelbert, by -preaching of Miletus, received the Word of Life: and then Ethelbert king -of Kent, built in the city of London St. Paul's church, wherein Miletus -began to be bishop in the year 619, and sat five years. Ethelbert, by -his charter, gave lands to this church of St. Paul, so did other kings -after him. King Sebert, through the good life, and like preaching of -Miletus, having received baptism, to show himself a Christian, built a -church to the honour of God and St. Peter, on the west side of London, -which church is called Westminster; but the successors of Sebert being -pagans, expelled Miletus out of their kingdoms. - -Justus, the second bishop for a time, and then Miletus again; after -whose decease the seat was void for a time. At length Sigebert, son to -Sigebert, brother to Sebert, ruled in Essex; he became a Christian, -and took to him a holy man named Cedde, or Chadde, who won many by -preaching, and good life, to the Christian religion. - -Cedde, or Chad, was by Finan consecrated bishop of the East Saxons, and -he ordered priests and deacons in all the parts of Essex, but especially -at Ithancaster and Tilberie. - -This city of Ithancaster (saith Raph Cogshall) stood on the bank of the -river Pante, that runneth by Maldun, in the hundred of Danesey, but now -is drowned in Pante, so that nothing remaineth but the ruin of the city -in the river Tilberie (both the west and east) standeth on the Thames -side, nigh over against Gravesend. - -Wina, expelled from the church of Winchester by Cenewalche the king, was -adopted to be the fourth bishop of London, in the reign of Wolferus king -of Mercia, and sat nine years. - -Erkenwalde, born in the castle or town of Stallingborough in Lindsey, -first abbot of Crotesey, was by Theodore archbishop of Canterbury -appointed to be bishop of the East Saxons, in the city of London. This -Erkenwalde, in the year of Christ 677, before he was made bishop, had -built two monasteries, one for himself, being a monk, in the isle of -Crote in Surrey, by the river of Thames, and another for his sister -Edilburge, being a nun, in a certain place called Berching in Essex; -he deceased at Berching in the year 697, and was then buried in Paul's -church, and translated into the new church of St. Paul in the year 1148. - -Waldhere was bishop of London. Sebba king of the East Saxons at his -hands received the habit of monk, for at that time there were monks -in Paul's church, as writeth Radulphus de Diceto, and others. To this -bishop he brought a great sum of money, to be bestowed and given to the -poor, reserving nothing to himself, but rather desired to remain poor -in goods as in spirit, for the kingdom of heaven. When he had reigned -thirty years he deceased at Paul's, and was there buried, and lieth now -in a coffin of stone, on the north side of the aisle next the choir. - -Ingwaldus bishop of London was at the consecration of Tatwine archbishop -of Canterbury; he confirmed the foundation of Crowland in the year 716, -saith Ingulfus, and deceased in the year 744, as saith Hoveden. - -746. Engulfe bishop of London. - -754. Wichet, or Wigerus, bishop of London. - -761. Eaderightus, or Edbrithe, bishop of London. - -768. Eadgain, or Eadgarus, bishop of London. - -773. Kenewallth bishop of London. - -784. Eadbaldus bishop of London. - -795. Heatbright bishop of London, deceased 802, saith Hoveden. - -813. Osmond bishop of London; he was witness to a charter made to -Crowland in the year 833, saith Ingulphus. - -835. Ethelmothe bishop of London. - -838. Elbertus, or Celbertus, bishop of London. - -841. Caulfe bishop of London. - -850. Swithulfus bishop of London; he likewise was witness to a charter -of Crowland 851. - -860. Edstanus bishop of London; witness to a charter to Crowland 860. - -870. Ulsius bishop of London. - -878. Ethelwardus bishop of London. - -886. Elstanus bishop of London, died in the year 900, saith Asser; and -all these, saith the author of _Flores Historiarum_, were buried in the -old church of St. Paul, but there remaineth now no memory of them. - -900. Theodricus bishop of London; this man confirmed King Edred's -charter made to Winchester in the year 947, whereby it seemeth that he -was bishop of London of a later time than is here placed. - -922. Welstanus bishop of London. - -941. Brithelme bishop of London. - -958. Dunstanus, abbot of Glastonberie, then bishop of Worcester, and -then bishop of London; he was afterwards translated to Canterbury 960. - -960. Ealfstanus bishop of London; the 28th in number. - -981. Edgare bishop of London; he confirmed the grants made to Winchester -and to Crowland 966, and again to Crowland 970, the charter of Ethelred, -concerning Ulfrunhampton, 996. - -1004. Elphinus bishop of London. - -1010. Alwinus bishop of London; he was sent into Normandy in the year -1013, saith Asser. - -1044. Robert, a monk of Gemerisins in Normandy, bishop of London seven -years, afterwards translated from London to Canterbury. - -1050. Specgasius, elected, but rejected by the king. - -1051. William, a Norman chaplain to Edward the Confessor, was made -bishop of London 1051, sate 17 years, and deceased 1070. He obtained of -William the Conqueror the charter of liberties for the city of London, -as I have set down in my _Summary_, and appeareth by his epitaph in -Paul's church. 1070. Hugh de Orwell bishop of London; he died of a -leprosy when he had sitten fifteen years. - -1085. Maurice bishop of London; in whose time, to wit, in the year -1086, the church of St. Paul was burnt, with the most part of this city; -and therefore he laid the foundation of a new large church; and having -sat twenty-two years he deceased 1107, saith Paris. - -1108. Richard Beame, or Beamor, bishop of London, did wonderfully -increase the work of this church begun, purchasing the streets and lanes -adjoining with his own money; and he founded the monastery of St. Osyth -in Essex. He sat bishop nineteen years, and deceased 1127. - -1127. Gilbertus Universalis, a canon of Lyons, elected by Henry I.; he -deceased 1141, when he had sat fourteen years. - -1142. Robert de Segillo, a monk of Reading, whom Mawde the empress made -bishop of London, where he sat eleven years. Geffrey de Magnavile took -him prisoner at Fulham, and he deceased 1152. - -1153. Richard Beames, archdeacon of Essex, bishop of London ten years, -who deceased 1162. - -1163. Gilbert Foliot, bishop of Hereford, from whence translated to -London, sat twenty-three years, and deceased 1186. - -1189. Richard Fitz Nele, the king's treasurer, archdeacon of Essex, -elected bishop of London at Pipwel, 1189. He sate nine years, and -deceased 1198. This man also took great pains about the building of -Paul's church, and raised many other goodly buildings in his diocese. - -1199. William S. Mary Church, a Norman, bishop of London, who was one -of the three bishops that, by the pope's commandment, executed his -interdiction, or curse, upon the whole realm of England; but he was -forced, with the other bishops, to flee the realm in 1208; and his -castle at Stratford in Essex was by commandment of King John overthrown, -1210. This William, in company of the archbishop of Canterburie, and of -the bishop of Elie, went to Rome, and there complained against the king, -1212, and returned, so as in the year 1215 King John, in the church of -St. Paul, at the hands of this William, took upon him the cross for the -Holy Land. He resigned his bishoprick of his own voluntary in the year -1221, saith Cogshall. - -1221. Eustachius de Fauconbridge, treasurer of the exchequer (saith -Paris), chancellor of the exchequer (saith Textor and Cogshall), bishop -of London, 1223, whilst at Chelmesforde he was giving holy orders, a -great tempest of wind and rain annoyed so many as came thither, whereof -it was gathered how highly God was displeased with such as came to -receive orders, to the end that they might live a more easy life of the -stipend appointed to the churchmen, giving themselves to banquetting; -and so with unclean and filthy bodies (but more unclean souls) presume -to minister unto God, the author of purity and cleanness. Falcatius de -Brent was delivered to his custody in the year 1224. This Eustachius -deceased in the year 1228, and was buried in Paul's church, in the south -side, without, or above, the choir. - -1229. Roger Niger, archdeacon of Colchester, made bishop of London. In -the year 1230 (saith Paris), upon the feast day of the Conversion of St. -Paul, when he was at mass in the cathedral church of St. Paul, a great -multitude of people being there present, suddenly the weather waxed -dark, so as one could scantly see another, and a horrible thunder-clap -lighted on the church, which so shook it, that it was like to have -fallen, and therewithal out of a dark cloud proceeded a flash of -lightning, that all the church seemed to be on fire, whereupon such a -stench ensued, that all men thought they should have died; thousands of -men and women ran out of the church, and being astonied, fell upon the -ground void of all sense and understanding; none of all the multitude -tarried in the church save the bishop and one deacon, which stood still -before the high altar, awaiting the will of God. When the air was -cleansed, the multitude returned into the church, and the bishop ended -the service. - -This Roger Niger is commended to have been a man of worthy life, -excellently well-learned, a notable preacher, pleasant in talk, mild -of countenance, and liberal at his table. He admonished the usurers of -his time to leave such enormities as they tendered the salvation of -their souls, and to do penance for that they had committed. But when -he saw they laughed him to scorn, and also threatened him, the bishop -generally excommunicated and accursed all such, and commanded straitly -that such usurers should depart farther from the city of London, which -hither towards had been ignorant of such mischief and wickedness, least -his diocese should be infected therewithal. He fell sick and died at his -manor of Bishops hall, in the lordship and parish of Stebunheth, in the -year 1241, and was buried in Paul's church, on the north side of the -presbytery, in a fair tomb, coped, of grey marble. - -1241. Fulco Basset, dean of Yorke, by the death of Gilbert Basset, -possessed his lands, and was then made bishop of London, deceased on the -21st of May, in the year 1259, as saith John Textor, and was buried in -Paul's church. - -1259. Henry Wingham, chancellor of England, made bishop of London, -deceased in the year 1262, saith Textor, and was buried in Paul's -church, on the south side, without or above the choir, in a marble -monument, close at the head of Fauconbridge. - -1262. Richard Talbot, bishop of London, straightways after his -consecration deceased, saith Eversden. - -1262. Henry Sandwich, bishop of London, deceased in the year 1273, the -same author affirmeth. - -1273. John Cheshul, dean of Paul's, treasurer of the Exchequer, and -keeper of the great seal, was bishop of London, and deceased in the year -1279, saith Eversden. - -1280. Fulco Lovel, archdeacon of Colchester, elected bishop of London, -but refused that place. - -1280. Richard Gravesend, archdeacon of Northampton, bishop of London. -It appeareth by the charter-warren granted to this bishop, that in his -time there were two woods in the parish of Stebunhith pertaining to the -said bishop. I have since I kept house for myself known the one of them -by Bishops hall; but now they are both made plain of wood, and not to -be discerned from other grounds. Some have fabuled that this Richard -Gravesend, bishop of London, in the year 1392, the 16th of Richard II., -purchased the charter of liberties to this city; which thing hath no -possibility of truth, as I have proved, for he deceased in the year -1303, almost ninety years before that time. - -1307. Raph Baldocke, dean of Paul's, bishop of London, consecrated -at Lyons by Peter, bishop of Alba, in the year 1307; he was a great -furtherer of the new work of Paul's; to wit, the east end, called our -Lady chapel, and other adjoining. This Raph deceased in the year 1313, -and was buried in the said Lady chapel, under a flat stone. - -1313. Gilbert Segrave was consecrated bishop of London, and sat three -years. - -1317. Richard Newport, bishop of London, sat two years, and was buried -in Paul's church. - -1318. Stephen Gravesend, bishop of London, sat twenty years. - -1338. Richard Wentworth, bishop of London, and chancellor of England, -and deceased the year 1339. - -1339. Raph Stratford, bishop of London; he purchased the piece of ground -called No Man's land, beside Smithfield, and dedicated it to the use of -burial, as before hath appeared. He was born at Stratford upon Avon, and -therefore built a chapel to St. Thomas there: he sat fourteen years, -deceased at Stebunhith. - -1354. Michael Norbroke, bishop of London, deceased in the year 1361, -saith Mirimouth, sat seven years. - -1362. Simon Sudbery, bishop of London, sat thirteen years, translated to -be archbishop of Canterbury in the year 1375. - -1375. William Courtney, translated from Hereford to the bishoprick -of London, and after translated from thence to the archbishoprick of -Canterbury in the year 1381. - -1381. Robert Breybrook, canon of Lichfield, bishop of London, made -chancellor in the 6th of Richard II., sat bishop twenty years, and -deceased in the year 1404: he was buried in the said Lady chapel at -Paul's. - -1405. Roger Walden, treasurer of the exchequer, archbishop of -Canterbury, was deposed, and after made bishop of London; he deceased in -the year 1406, and was buried[301] in Paul's church, Allhallowes altar. - -1406. Richard Bubwith, bishop of London, treasurer of the exchequer, -translated to Salisbury, and from thence to Bathe, and lieth buried at -Wels. - -1407. Richard Clifford, removed from Worcester to London, deceased 1422, -as saith Thomas Walsingham, and was buried in Paul's. - -1422. John Kempe, fellow of Martin college in Oxford, was made bishop of -Rochester, from whence removed to Chichester, and thence to London; he -was made the king's chancellor in the year 1425, the 4th of Henry VI., -and was removed from London to York in the year 1426: he sat archbishop -there twenty-five years, and was translated to Canterbury; he was -afterwards made cardinal in the year 1452. In the bishop of London's -house at Fulham he received the cross, and the next day the pall, at the -hands of Thomas Kempe, bishop of London. He deceased in the year 1454. - -1426. William Gray, dean of York, consecrated bishop of London, who -founded a college at Thele in Hartfordshire, for a master and four -canons, and made it a cell to Elsing spittle in London; it had of old -time been a college, decayed, and therefore newly-founded. He was -translated to Lincoln 1431. - -1431. Robert Fitzhugh, archdeacon of Northampton, consecrated bishop of -London, sat five years, deceased 1435, and was buried on the south side -of the choir of Paul's. - -1435. Robert Gilbert, doctor of divinity, dean of York, consecrated -bishop of London, sat twelve years, deceased 1448. - -1449. Thomas Kempe, archdeacon of Richmond, consecrated bishop of London -at York house (now Whitehall), by the hands of his uncle John Kemp, -archbishop of York, the 8th of February, 1449; he founded a chapel of -the Trinity in the body of St. Paul's church, on the north side; he -sat bishop of London thirty-nine years and forty-eight days, and then -deceased in the year 1489, was there buried. - -1489. John Marshal, bishop of London, deceased in the year 1493. - -1493. Richard Hall, bishop of London, deceased 1495, and was buried in -the body of St. Paul's church. - -1496. Thomas Savage, first bishop of Rochester, then bishop of London -five years, was translated to York 1501, where he sat archbishop seven -years, and was there buried in the year 1507. - -1502. William Warrham, bishop of London, made keeper of the great seal, -sat two years, was translated to Canterbury. - -1504. William Barons, bishop of London, sat ten months and eleven days, -deceased in the year 1505. - -1505. Richard Fitz James, fellow of Merton college in Oxford, in the -reign of Henry VI., was made bishop of Rochester, after bishop of -Chichester, then bishop of London; he deceased 1521, and lieth buried -hard beneath the north-west pillar of the steeple in St. Paul's, under a -fair tomb of marble, over the which was built a fair chapel of timber, -with stairs mounting thereunto: this chapel was burned with fire from -the steeple 1561, and the tomb was taken down. - -1521. Cuthbert Tunstal, doctor of law, master of the rolls, lord privy -seal, and bishop of London, was thence translated to the bishopric of -Durham in the year 1529. - -1529. John Stokeley, bishop of London, sat thirteen years, deceased in -the year 1539, and was buried in the Lady chapel in Paul's. - -1539. Edmond Boner, doctor of the civil law, archdeacon of Leycester, -then bishop of Hereford, was elected to London in the year 1539, whilst -he was beyond the seas, ambassador to King Henry VIII. On the 1st of -September, 1549, he preached at Paul's cross; for the which sermon he -was charged before the council of King Edward VI., by William Latimer, -parson of St. Lawrence Poltney, and John Hooper, sometime a white monk, -and being convented before certain commissioners at Lambith, was for his -disobedience to the king's order, on the 20th day of the same month sent -to the Marshalsey, and deprived from his bishopric. - -1550. Nicholas Ridley, bishop of Rochester, elected bishop of London, -was installed in Paul's church on the 12th of April. This man by his -deed, dated the twelfth day after Christmas, in the 4th year of Edward -VI., gave to the king the manors of Branketrie and Southminster, and the -patronage of the church of Cogshall in Essex, the manors of Stebunheth -and Hackney, in the county of Middlesex, and the marsh of Stebunheth, -with all and singular messuages, lands, and tenements, to the said -manors belonging, and also the advowson of the vicarage of the parish -church of Cogshall in Essex aforesaid; which grant was confirmed by the -dean and chapter of Paul's, the same day and year, with exception of -such lands in Southminster, Stebunheth, and Hackney, as only pertained -to them. The said King Edward, by his letters patents, dated the 16th -of April, in the said 4th year of his reign, granted to Sir Thomas -Wentworth, Lord Wentworth, lord chamberlain of the king's household, -for, and in consideration of his good and faithful service before done, -a part of the late received gift, to wit, the lordships of Stebunheth -and Hackney, with all the members and appurtenances thereunto belonging, -in Stebunheth, Hackney way, Shoreditch, Holiwell street, Whitechappell, -Stratford at Bow, Poplar, North street, Limehouse, Ratliffe, Cleve -street, Brock street, Mile end, Bleten hall green, Oldford, Westheth, -Kingsland, Shakelwell, Newinton street _alias_ Hackney street, Clopton, -Church street, Wel street, Humbarton, Grove street, Gunston street, -_alias_ More street, in the county of Middlesex, together with the marsh -of Stebunhith, etc. The manor of Hackney was valued at sixty-one pounds -nine shillings and fourpence, and the manor Stebunhith at one hundred -and forty pounds eight shillings and eleven pence, by year, to be holden -in chief, by the service of the twentieth part of a knight's fee. This -bishop, Nicholas Ridley, for preaching a sermon at Paul's cross, on the -16th of July, in the year 1553, was committed to the Tower of London, -where he remained prisoner till the 10th of April, 1554, and was thence -sent to Oxford, there to dispute with the divines and learned men of the -contrary opinion; and on the 16th of October, 1555, he was burned at -Oxford for opinions against the Romish order of sacraments, etc. - -1553. Edmond Boner aforesaid, being released out of the Marshalsey, -was restored to the bishoprick of London, by Queen Mary, on the 5th -of August, in the year 1553, and again deposed by Queen Elizabeth, in -the month of July 1559, and was eftsoones committed to the Marshalsey, -where he died on the 5th of September, 1569, and was at midnight buried -amongst other prisoners in St. George's churchyard. - -1559. Edmond Grindal, bishop of London, being consecrated the 21st of -December, 1559, was translated to York in the year 1570, and from thence -removed to Canterbury in the year 1575. He died blind 1583 on the 6th of -July, and was buried at Croydowne in Surrey. - -1570. Edwine Stands, being translated from Worcester to the bishoprick -of London, in the year 1570, was thence translated to Yorke in the year -1576, and died in the year 1588. - -1576. John Elmere, bishop of London, deceased in the year 1594, on the -3rd of June at Fulham, and was buried in Paul's church, before St. -Thomas chapel. - -1594. Richard Fletcher, bishop of Worcester, was on the 30th of December -in Paul's church elected bishop of London, and deceased on the 15th of -June, 1596: he was buried in Paul's church without any solemn funeral. - -1597. Richard Bancroft, doctor of divinity, consecrated at Lambeth on -Sunday, the 8th of May, now sitteth bishop of London, in the year 1598 -being installed there. - -This much for the succession of the bishops of London, whose diocese -containeth the city of London, the whole shires of Middlesex and -Essex and part of Hartfordshire. These bishops have for assistants in -the cathedral church of St. Paul, a dean, a chaunter, a chancellor, -a treasurer, five archdeacons--to wit, London, Middlesex, Essex, -Colchester, and St. Alban's, and thirty prebendaries; there appertaineth -also to the said churches for furniture of the choir in Divine service, -and ministration of the sacraments, a college of twelve petty canons, -six vicars choral, and choristers, etc. - -This diocese is divided into parishes, every parish having its parson, -or vicar at the least, learned men for the most part, and sufficient -preachers, to instruct the people. There were in this city, and within -the suburbs thereof, in the reign of Henry II. (as writeth Fitz -Stephens), thirteen great conventual churches, besides the lesser sort -called parish churches, to the number of one hundred and twenty-six, -all which conventual churches, and some others since that time founded, -are now suppressed and gone, except the cathedral church of St. Paul in -London, and the college of St. Peter at Westminster; of all which parish -churches, though I have spoken, yet for more ease to the reader I will -here again set them down in manner of a table, not by order of alphabet, -but as they be placed in the wards and suburbs. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[300] "Eleutherius died in the yeare 186, when he had sitten bishop 15 -yeares."--_Stow._ - -[301] "At Bartholomew's priory in Smithfield."--_1st edition_, p. 304. - - - - -PARISH CHURCHES - - -1. _In Portsoken ward, parish churches, three._ - - The hospital of St. Katherine, serveth for that liberty. - Trinity, in the Minories, for precinct thereof. - St. Bottolphe, by Aldegate, the only parish church for that ward. - -2. _In Tower street ward, four._ - - In the Tower, St. Peter, for the inhabitants there. - Alhallowes Barking, by the Tower. - St. Olave, in Hart street. - St. Dunstone in the East. - -3. _In Aldgate ward, three._ - - St. Katheren Christ's church. - St. Andrewes Undershafte. - St. Katheren Colman church. - -4. _In Lime street ward none. There was St. Mary at the Axe, and St. -Augustine in the Wall, both suppressed and united, the one to Alhallowes -in the Wall in Brode street ward, the other to St. Andrewe Undershaft in -Lime street ward._ - -5. _In Bishopsgate ward, three._ - - St. Bottolphes, without Bishopsgate. - St. Ethelburge, within the gate. - St. Helens', adjoining the nuns' priory. - -6. _In Brode street ward, six._ - - Alhallowes by the Wall. - St. Peter's the Poor. - St. Martin's Oteswitche. - St. Benet Fynke. - St. Bartilmew, by the Exchange. - St. Christopher, by the Stocks' market. - -7. _In Cornhill ward, two._ - - St. Peter, upon Cornehill. - St. Michaell, upon Cornehill. - -8. _In Langborne ward, seven._ - - St. Gabriel Fenchurch. - St. Dyones Backchurch. - Alhallowes, in Lombard street. - St. Edmond, in Lombard street. - Alhallowes Staning, at Mart lane end. - St. Nicholas Acon, in Lombard street. - St. Mary Wolnoth, in Lombard street. - -9. _In Billingsgate ward, five._ - - St. Buttolph, by Billingsgate. - St. Mary, on the hill. - St. Margaret Pattens. - St. Andrew Hubert, in Eastcheape. - St. George, in Buttolph lane. - -10. _In Bridge ward within, four._ - - St. Magnus, at the bridge foot. - St. Margaret, Bridge street. - St. Leonard Milkchurch, Fish street hill. - St. Benet Grasse church. - -11. _In Candlewike street ward, five._ - - St. Clement's, Eastcheape. - St. Mary Abchurch. - St. Michael, in Crooked lane, sometime a college. - St. Martin's Orgars. - St. Laurence Pountney, sometime a college. - -12. _In Walbrooke ward, five._ - - St. Swithen, by London stone. - St. Mary Woolchurch. - St. Stephen, by Walbrooke. - St. John, upon Walbrooke. - St. Mary Bothaw. - -13. _In Downegate ward, two._ - - Alhallowes, Hay wharf, in the Roperie. - Alhallowes the Less, in the Roperie. - -14. _In the Vintry ward, four._ - - St. Michael Paternoster, in the Royall, sometime a college. - St. Thomas Apostles. - St. Martin, in the Vintrie. - St. James, in Garlicke hith. - -15. _In Cordwainer street ward, three._ - - St. Anthonies, in Budge row. - Alde Mary church, new Mary church, or Mary le Bow. - -16. _In Cheap ward, seven, and a chapel._ - - St. Benet Sorhoge, or Syth. - St. Pancreate, by Sopar's lane. - St. Mildred, in the Poultrie. - St. Mary Colchurch. - St. Martin's Pomerie, in Ironmonger lane. - Alhallowes, Honie lane. - St. Laurence, in the Jury. - The Chapel in Guildhall, sometime a college. - -17. _In Coleman street ward, three._ - - St. Olave Upwell, in the Old Jurie. - St. Margaret, in Lothburie. - St. Stephen, in Coleman street. - -18. _In Bassings hall ward, one._ - - St. Michael, at Bassings hall. - -19. _In Cripplegate ward, six._ - - St. Mary Aldermanburie. - St. Alphage, sometime an hospital of Elsing. - St. Mary Magdalen, in Milk street. - St. Albon's, in Wood street. - St. Michael, in Hugen lane. - St. Giles, without Cripplegate. - -20. _In Aldersgate ward, six._ - - St. John Zachery. - St. Mary Staning. - St. Olave, in Silver street. - St. Leonard, in Foster Lane. - St. Anne, by Aldersgate. - St. Buttolph, without Aldgate. - -21. _In Faringdon ward within, the cathedral church of St. Paule, and -parish churches nine._ - - St. Peter's, at the Cross in Cheape. - St. Fauster, in Fauster lane. - Christ church, made a parish church of the Gray Friers - church, and of two parish churches, St. Nicholas - and St. Ewin, and also an hospital for poor children. - St. Mathew, in Fryday street. - St. Augustine, by Paules gate. - St. Faith, under Paules church. - St. Martin's, at Ludgate. - St. Anne, at the Blacke Friers. - St. Michael at Corne, by Paules. - Chapel of St. James, by Cripplegate. - -22. _In Bread Street ward, four._ - - Alhallowes, in Bread street. - St. Mildred's, in Bread street. - St. John Evangelist, in Fryday street. - St. Margaret Moses, in Fryday street. - -23. _In Queene hithe ward, seven._ - - St. Trinitie, in Trinity lane. - St. Nicholas, Cold abbey. - St. Nicholas, Olave. - St. Mary Mounthaunt. - St. Michael, at Queene hithe. - St. Mary, at Sommers hithe. - St. Peter's, at Paules wharf. - -24. _In Castle Baynard's ward, four._ - - St. Benet Hude, or hith, by Paules wharf. - St. Andrewe, by the Wardrobe. - St. Mary Magdalen, in Old Fish street. - St. Gregorie, by Paules church - -25. _In Faringdon ward without, seven._ - - St. Sepulcher's, without Newgate. - St. Andrew, in Oldborne. - St. Dunstone in the West. - St. Bartlemew, by the priory. - St. Bartlemew, the hospital. - St. Briget, or Brides, in Fleet street. - St. Parnell, in the Temple, for the students there. - -26. _In the borough of Southwark, and Bridge ward without, four._ - - St. Saviour's in Southwark, made of } - twain, viz., St. Mary Magdalen, and } Diocese - St. Margaret. } of - St. George the Martyr. } Winchester. - St. Thomas, the hospital. } - St. Olave, in Southwark. } - -Thus have ye in the twenty-six wards of London and borough of Southwark -parish churches to the number of one hundred and fourteen. - -_And in the suburbs adjoining, parish churches nine, as followeth_:-- - - St. Mary Magdalen, at Bermondsey, in the borough of - Southwark, diocese of Winton. - St. Mary Matfellon, Whitechapel. - St. Leonard, Shoreditch. - St. John Baptist, Clearken well. - St. Giles in the Field, sometime an hospital. - -_In the duchy of Lancaster_: - - St. Clement Danes, without Temple bar. - St. John Baptist, Savoy, an hospital. - -_In the city of Westminster, that liberty, as followeth_: - - The college of St. Peter, called Westminster. - -_Parish churches twain_: - - St. Margaret, a parish church, by Westminster. - St. Martin in the Field, by Charing cross. - -Thus have ye in the wards of London, and in the suburbs of the same -city, the borough of Southwark, and the city of Westminster, a cathedral -church of St. Paul, a collegiate church of St. Peter in Westminster, and -parish churches one hundred and twenty-three. - - - - -HOSPITALS IN THIS CITY, AND SUBURBS THEREOF, THAT HAVE BEEN OF OLD TIME, -AND NOW PRESENTLY ARE, I READ OF THESE AS FOLLOWETH: - - -Hospital of St. Mary, in the parish of Barking church, that was provided -for poor priests and others, men and women in the city of London, that -were fallen into frenzy or loss of their memory, until such time as they -should recover, was since suppressed and given to the hospital of St. -Katherine, by the Tower. - -St. Anthonies, an hospital of thirteen poor men, and college, with a -free school for poor men's children, founded by citizens of London, -lately by John Tate, first a brewer and then a mercer, in the ward of -Broad street, suppressed in the reign of Edward VI., the school in some -sort remaining, but sore decayed. - -St. Bartlemew, in Smithfield, an hospital of great receipt and relief -for the poor, was suppressed by Henry VIII., and again by him given to -the city, and is endowed by the citizens' benevolence. - -St. Giles in the Fields was an hospital for leprous people out of the -city of London and shire of Middlesex, founded by Matilde the queen, -wife to Henry I., and suppressed by King Henry VIII. - -St. John of Jerusalem, by West Smithfield, an hospital of the Knights of -the Rhodes, for maintenance of soldiers against the Turks and infidels, -was suppressed by King Henry VIII. - -St. James in the Field was an hospital for leprous virgins of the city -of London, founded by citizens for that purpose, and suppressed by King -Henry VIII. - -St. John, at Savoy, an hospital for relief of one hundred poor people, -founded by Henry VII., suppressed by Edward VI.: again new founded, -endowed, and furnished by Queen Mary, and so remaineth. - -St. Katherine, by the Tower of London, an hospital, with a master, -brethren, and sisters, and alms women, founded by Matilde, wife to King -Stephen; not suppressed, but in force as before. - -St. Mary within Cripplegate, an hospital founded by William Elsing, for -a hundred blind people of the city, was suppressed by King Henry VIII. - -St. Mary Bethelem, without Bishopsgate, was an hospital, founded -by Simon Fitzmary, a citizen of London, to have been a priory, and -remaineth for lunatic people, being suppressed and given to Christ's -hospital. - -St. Mary, without Bishopsgate, was an hospital and priory, called St. -Mary Spittle, founded by a citizen of London for relief of the poor, -with provision of one hundred and eighty beds there for the poor: it was -suppressed in the reign of King Henry VIII. - -St. Mary Rouncevall, by Charing cross, was an hospital suppressed with -the priories aliens in the reign of King Henry V.; then was it made a -brotherhood in the 15th of Edward IV., and again suppressed by King -Edward VI. - -St. Thomas of Acres, in Cheape, was an hospital for a master and -brethren (in the record called Militia); it was surrendered and sold to -the mercers. - -St. Thomas, in Southwark, being an hospital of great receipt for the -poor, was suppressed, but again newly founded and endowed by the -benevolence and charity of the citizens of London. - -An hospital there was without Aldersgate, a cell to the house of Cluny, -of the French order, suppressed by King Henry V. - -An hospital without Cripplegate, also a like cell to the said house of -Cluny, suppressed by King Henry V. - -A third hospital in Oldborne, being also a cell to the said house of -Cluny, suppressed by King Henry V. - -The hospital, or alms-house, called God's house, for thirteen poor -men, with a college, called Whitington college, founded by Richard -Whitington, mercer, and suppressed; but the poor remain, and are paid -their allowance by the mercers. - -Christ's hospital, in Newgate market, of a new foundation in the Grey -Fryers church by King Henry VIII.: poor fatherless children be there -brought up and nourished at the charges of the citizens. - -Bridewell, now an hospital (or house of correction), founded by King -Edward VI., to be a workhouse for the poor and idle persons of the -city, wherein a great number of vagrant persons be now set a-work, -and relieved at the charges of the citizens. Of all these hospitals, -being twenty in number, you may read before in their several places, -as also of good and charitable provisions made for the poor by sundry -well-disposed citizens. - - - - -NOW OF LEPROSE PEOPLE, AND LAZAR HOUSES - - -It is to be observed that leprous persons were always, for avoiding the -danger of infection, to be separated from the sound, etc.; God himself -commanding to put out of the host every leper.[302] Whereupon I read, -that in a provincial synod holden at Westminster by Hubert, archbishop -of Canterbury, in the year of Christ 1200, the 2nd of King John, it -was decreed, according to the institution of the Lateran council, that -when so many leprous people were assembled, that might be able to build -a church, with a churchyard, for themselves, and to have one especial -priest of their own, that they should be permitted to have the same -without contradiction, so they be not injurious to the old churches, -by that which was granted to them for pity's sake. And further, it was -decreed that they be not compelled to give any tithes of their gardens -or increase of cattle. - -I have moreover heard, that there is a writ in our law, _de leproso -amovendo_; and I have read that King Edward III., in the 20th year of -his reign, gave commandment to the mayor and sheriffs of London, to make -proclamation in every ward of the city and suburbs, that all leprous -persons inhabiting there should avoid within fifteen days next, and -that no man suffer any such leprous person to abide within his house, -upon pain to forfeit his said house, and to incur the king's further -displeasure; and that they should cause the said lepers to be removed -into some out places of the fields, from the haunt or company of sound -people: whereupon certain lazar-houses, as may be supposed, were then -built without the city some good distance; to wit, the Locke without -Southwark in Kent street; one other betwixt the Miles end and Stratford, -Bow; one other at Kingsland, betwixt Shoreditch and Stoke Newington; and -another at Knightes bridge, west from Charing cross. These four I have -noted to be erected for the receipt of leprous people sent out of the -city. At that time, also, the citizens required of the guardian of St. -Giles' hospital to take from them, and to keep continually, the number -of fourteen persons leprous, according to the foundation of Matilde the -queen, which was for leprous persons of the city of London and the shire -of Middlesex, which was granted. More, the wardens, or keepers of the -ports, gates, or posterns of this city, were sworn in the mayor's court -before the recorder, etc., that they should well and faithfully keep the -same ports and posterns, and not to suffer any leprous person to enter -the said city. - -John Gardener, porter of the postern by the Tower, his oath before -the mayor and recorder of London, on Monday, after the feast of St. -Bartlemew, the 49th of Edward III.: That the gates and postern be well -and faithfully kept in his office and baylywicke, and that he should -not suffer any lepers or leper to enter the city, or to remain in the -suburbs; and if any leper or lepers force themselves to enter by his -gates or postern, he to bind them fast to horses, and send them to be -examined of the superiors, etc. - -Finally, I read that one William Pole, yeoman of the crown to King -Edward IV., being stricken with a leprosy, was also desirous to build -an hospital, with a chapel, to the honour of God and St. Anthony, for -the relief and harbouring of such leprous persons as were destitute in -the kingdom, to the end they should not be offensive to other in their -passing to and fro: for the which cause Edward IV. did by his charter, -dated the 12th of his reign, give unto the said William for ever a -certain parcel of his land lying in his highway of Highgate and Haloway, -within the county of Middlesex, containing sixty feet in length and -thirty-four in breadth. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[302] "Leviticus 13. Numbers 5. Leprose persons to be separated from the -sound."--_Stow._ - - - - -THE TEMPORAL GOVERNMENT OF THIS CITY, SOMEWHAT IN BRIEF MANNER - - -This city of London, being under the government of the Britons, Romans, -and Saxons, the most ancient and famous city of the whole realm, was at -length destroyed by the Danes, and left desolate, as may appear by our -histories. But Aelfred, king of the West Saxons, having brought this -whole realm (from many parts) into one monarchy, honourably repaired -this city, and made it again habitable, and then committed the custody -thereof to his son-in-law Adhered, earl of Mercia; after whose decease -the city, with all other possessions pertaining to the said earl, -returned to King Edward, surnamed the Elder, etc.: and so remained in -the king's hands, being governed under him by portgraves (or portreves), -which name is compounded of the two Saxon words, _porte_ and _gerefe_, -or _reve_. Porte betokeneth a town, and gerefe signifieth a guardian, -ruler, or keeper of the town. - -These governors of old time (saith Robert Fabian), with the laws and -customs then used within this city, were registered in a book called the -Dooms' day, written in the Saxon tongue; but of later days, when the -said laws and customs were changed, and for that also the said book was -of a small hand, sore defaced, and hard to be read or understood, it was -less set by, so that it was embezzled and lost. Thus far Fabian. - -Notwithstanding, I have found, by search of divers old registers and -other records abroad, namely, in a book sometime appertaining to the -monastery of St. Alban's, of the portgraves, and other governors of this -city, as followeth: - -First, that in the reign of King Edward, the last before the Conquest, -Wolfegare was portgrave, as may appear by the charter of the same king, -in these words: "Edward, king, greeteth Alfward, bishop, and Wolfegare, -my portgrave, and all the burgesses in London." And afterward that, in -another charter, "King Edward greeteth William, bishop, and Sweetman, my -portgrave." And after, that in another charter to the abbey of Chertsey, -to William, bishop, and Leofstane and Alsy, portgraves. In the reign of -William the Conqueror, William, bishop of London, procured of the said -Conqueror his charter of liberties, to the same William, bishop, and -Godfrey, portgrave, in Saxon tongue, and corrected in English thus: - -"William, king, greet William, bishop, and Godfrey, portgrave, and all -the burgeses within London, French and English. And I graunt that they -be all their law worthy that they were in Edward's dayes the king. And I -will that each child bee his father's heire. And I will not suffer that -any man do you wrong, and God you keepe." And then in the reign of the -said Conqueror and of William Rufus, Godfrey de Magnavile was portgrave -(or sheriff), as may appear by their charters, and Richard de Par was -provost. - -In the reign of King Henry I., Hugh Buche was portgrave, and Leofstanus, -goldsmith, provost, buried at Bermondsey. - -After them Aubrey de Vere was portgrave, and Robert Bar Querel provost. -This Aubrey de Vere was slain in the reign of King Stephen. It is to be -noted, also, that King Henry I. granted to the citizens of London the -shrivewick thereof, and of Middlesex, as in another place is showed. - -In the reign of King Stephen, Gilbert Becket was portgrave, and Andrew -Buchevet provost. - -After him, Godfrey Magnavile, the son of William, the son of Godfrey -Magnavile, by the gift of Maude, the empress, was portgrave, or sheriff -of London and Middlesex, for the yearly farm of three hundred pounds, as -appeareth by the charter. - -In the time of King Henry II., Peter Fitzwalter was portgrave; after -him John Fitznigel was portgrave; after him Ernulfus Buchel became -portgrave; and after him William Fitz Isabel. These portgraves are also -in divers records called vice-counties, vicounties, or sheriffs,[303] -as being under an earl; for that they then, as since, used that office -as the sheriffs of London do till this day. Some authors do call them -domesmen, aldermen, or judges of the king's court, - -William Fitz Stephen, noting the estate of this city, and government -thereof in his time, under the reign of King Stephen and of Henry II., -hath these words: - -"This city (saith he), even as Rome, is divided into wards; it hath -yearly sheriffs instead of consuls; it hath the dignity of senators and -aldermen; it hath under officers, and, according to the quality of laws, -it hath several courts and general assemblies upon appointed days." Thus -much for the antiquity of sheriffs, and also of aldermen, in several -wards of this city, may suffice. And now for the name of bailiffs, and -after that of mayors, as followeth: - -In the first year of King Richard I., the citizens of London obtained -to be governed by two bailiffs, which bailiffs are in divers ancient -deeds called sheriffs, according to the speech of the law, which called -the shire Balliva, for that they, like as the portgraves, used the same -office of shrivewicke, for the which the city paid to fee farm three -hundred pounds yearly as before, since the reign of Henry I., which also -is yet paid by the city into the Exchequer until this day. - -They also obtained to have a mayor, to be their principal governor and -lieutenant of the city, as of the king's chamber. - -1180. The names of the first bailiffs, or officers, entering into -their office at the feast of St. Michael the Archangel, in the year of -Christ 1189, were named Henry Cornhill and Richard Reynere, bailiffs or -sheriffs. - -Their first mayor was Henry Fitz Alwin Fitz Liefstane, goldsmith, -appointed by the said king, and continued mayor from the 1st of Richard -I. until the 15th of King John, which was twenty-four years and more. - -1190. The 2nd of Richard I., sheriffs, John Herlion, Roger Duke; mayor, -Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1191. The 3rd, sheriffs, William Haverill, John Bucknote; mayor, Henry -Fitz Alwin. - -1192. The 4th, Nicholas Duke, Peter Newlay; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1193. The 5th, Roger Duke, Richard Fitz Alwin; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1194. The 6th, William Fitz Isabel, William Fitz Arnold; mayor, Henry -Fitz Alwin. - -1195. The 7th, Robert Besaunt, John de Josue; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1196. The 8th, Gerard de Anteloche, Robert Durant; mayor, Henry Fitz -Alwin. - -1197. The 9th, Roger Blunt, Nicholas Ducket; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1198. The 10th, Constantine Fitz Arnold, Richard de Beaco; mayor, Henry -Fitz Alwin. - - * * * * * - -King John began his reign the 6th of April, 1199. - - * * * * * - -1199. The 1st of King John, sheriffs, Arnold Fitz Arnold, Richard Fitz -Bartilmew; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -King John granted the sheriffwicke of London and Middlesex to the -citizens thereof, as King Henry I. before had done, for the sum of three -hundred pounds yearly. Also he gave them authority to choose and deprive -their sheriffs at their pleasure. - -1200. The 2nd, sheriffs, Roger Dorsit, James Bartilmew; mayor, Henry -Fitz Alwin. - -1201. The 3rd, Walter Fitz Alis, Simon de Aldermanbury; mayor, Henry -Fitz Alwin. - -1202. The 4th, Norman Blundel, John de Glie; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1203. The 5th, Walter Browne, William Chamberlain; mayor, Henry Fitz -Alwin. - -Walter Brune, and Rose his wife, founded the hospital of St. Mary -without Bishopsgate, commonly called St. Mary Spittle. - -1204. The 6th, Thomas Haverel, Hamond Brond; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1205. The 7th, John Walgrave, Richard Winchester; mayor, Henry Fitz -Alwin. - -1206. The 8th, John Holland, Edmond Fitz Gerard; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1207. The 9th, Roger Winchester, Edmond Hardle; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1208. The 10th, Peter Duke, Thomas Nele; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -The king, by his letters patents, granted to the citizens of London -liberty and authority yearly to choose to themselves a mayor. - -1209. The 11th, Peter le Josue, William Blund; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1210. The 12th, Adam Whitley, Stephen le Grace; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1211. The 13th, John Fitz Peter, John Garland; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. - -1212. The 14th, Randolph Giland, Constantine Josue; mayor, Henry Fitz -Alwin. - -This Henry Fitz Alwin deceased, and was buried in the priory of the Holy -Trinity, near unto Aldgate. - -1213. The 15th, Martin Fitz Alis, Peter Bate; mayor, Roger Fitz Alwin. - -This year the ditch about London was begun to be made, of two hundred -and four feet broad, by the Londoners. - -1214. The 16th, Salomon Basing, Hugh Basing; mayor, Serle Mercer. - -1215. The 17th, John Travars, Andrew Newland; mayor, William Hardel. - - * * * * * - -King Henry III. began his reign the 19th of October, 1216. - - * * * * * - -1216. The 1st, sheriffs, Benet Senturer, William Bluntinars: mayor, -James Alderman for part, and Salomon Basing for part. - -1217. The 2nd, Thomas Bokerel, Ralph Eiland; mayor, Serle Mercer. - -1218. The 3rd, John Viel, John le Spicer; mayor, Serle Mercer. - -The forest of Middlesex and the warren of Staines were this year -disafforested. - -1219. The 4th, Richard Wimbledon, John Viel; mayor, Serle Mercer. - -1220. The 5th, Richard Renger, John Viel; mayor, Serle Mercer. - -1221. The 6th, Richard Renger, Thomas Lambart; mayor, Serle Mercer. - -1222. The 7th, Richard Renger, Thomas Lambart; mayor, Serle Mercer. - -Constantine Fitz Aluf raised great troubles in this city, and was hanged -with his nephew and other. - -1223. The 8th, John Travars, Andrew Bokerel; mayor, Richard Renger. - -1224. The 9th, John Travars, Andrew Bokerel; mayor Richard Renger. - -The king granted to the commonalty of London to have a common seal. - -1225. The 10th, Roger Duke, Martin Fitz William; mayor, Richard Renger. - -1226. The 11th, Roger Duke, Martin Fitz William; mayor, Richard Renger. - -This year the king confirmed to the citizens of London free warren -or liberty to hunt a certain circuit about the city, in the warren -of Staines, etc. And, also, that the citizens of London should pass -toll-free throughout all England, and that the keddles, or wears, in the -river of Thames and Medway should be plucked up and destroyed for ever, -etc. Patent, 16th Henry III. - -1227. The 12th, Stephen Bokerel, Henry Cocham; mayor, Roger Duke. - -The liberties and franchises of London were ratified; and the king -granted that either sheriff should have two clerks and two sergeants, -also that the citizens should have a common seal. - -1228. The 13th, Stephen Bokerell, Henry Cocham; mayor, Roger Duke. - -1229. The 14th, William Winchester, Robert Fitz John; mayor, Roger Duke. - -1230. The 15th, Richard Walter, John de Woborne; mayor, Roger Duke. - -1231. The 16th, Michael S. Helan, Walter de Bussell; mayor, Andrew -Bokerel, pepperer. - -1232. The 17th, Henry de Edmonton, Gerard Bat; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, -pepperer. - -1233. The 18th, Simon Fitzmary, Roger Blunt; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, -pepperer. - -1234. The 19th, Raph Ashwye, John Norman; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, -pepperer. - -1235. The 20th, Gerard Bat, Richard Hardle; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, -pepperer. - -1236. The 21st, Henry Cocham, Jordan of Coventrie; mayor, Andrew -Bokerel, pepperer. - -1237. The 22nd, John Toloson, Gervais the cordwainer; mayor, Andrew -Bokerel, pepperer. - -1238. The 23rd, John Codras, John Withal; mayor, Richard Renger. - -1239. The 24th, Roger Bongey, Raph Ashwye; mayor, William Joyner. - -This William Joyner builded the choir of the Grey Friers church in -London, and became a lay brother of that house. - -1240. The 25th, John Gisors, Michael Tony; mayor, Gerard Bat. - -This year aldermen of London were chosen, and changed yearly, but that -order lasted not long. Gerard Bat was again elected mayor for that year -to come, but the king would not admit him, being charged with taking -money of the victuallers in the precedent year. - -1241. The 26th, Thomas Duresme, John Viel; mayor, Reginald Bongey. - -1242. The 27th, John Fitzjohn, Raph Ashwye; mayor, Reginald Bongey. - -1243. The 28th, Hugh Blunt, Adam Basing; mayor, Raph Ashwye. - -1244. The 29th, Raph Foster, Nicholas Bat; mayor, Michael Tony. - -1245. The 30th, Robert of Cornehil, Adam of Bentley; mayor, John Gisors, -pepperer. - -1246. The 31st, Simon Fitz Mary, Laurence Frowicke; mayor, John Gisors, -pepperer. - -Simon Fitz Mary founded the hospital of Mary, called Bethlem without -Bishopsgate. Queene hithe let to farm to the citizens of London. - -1247. The 32nd, John Viel, Nicholas Bat; mayor, Peter Fitz Alwin. - -1248. The 33rd, Nicholas Fitz Josey, Geffrey Winchester; mayor, Michael -Tony. - -1249. The 34th, Richard Hardell, John Tholason; mayor, Roger Fitz Roger. - -1250. The 35th, Humfrey Bat, William Fitz Richard; mayor, John Norman. - -The king granted that the mayor should be presented to the barons of the -exchequer, and they should admit him. - -1251. The 36th, Laurence Frowike, Nicholas Bat; mayor, Adam Basing. - -1252. The 37th, William Durham, Thomas Wimborne; mayor, John Tolason, -draper. - -The liberties of this city were seized, the mayor charged that he looked -not to the assise of bread. - -1253. The 38th, John Northampton, Richard Pickard; mayor, Richard -Hardell, draper. - -1254. The 39th, Raph Ashwie, Robert of Limon; mayor, Richard Hardell, -draper. - -1255. The 40th, Stephen Doo, Henry Walmond; mayor, Richard Hardle, -draper. - -The mayor, divers aldermen, and the sheriffs of London, were deprived, -and others placed in their rooms. - -1256. The 41st, Michael Bockeril, John the Minor; mayor, Richard Hardle, -draper. - -1257. The 42nd, Richard Owel, William Ashwie; mayor, Richard Hardle, -draper. - -The king caused the walls of this city to be repaired and made with -bulwarks. - -1258. The 43rd, Robert Cornhill, John Adrian; mayor, Richard Hardle, -draper. - -1259. The 44th, John Adrian, Robert Cornhill; John Gisors, pepperer. - -1260. The 45th, Adam Browning, Henry Coventry; mayor, William Fitz -Richard. - -1261. The 46th, John Northampton, Richard Picard; mayor, William Fitz -Richard. - -1262. The 47th, John Tailor, Richard Walbrooke; mayor, Thomas Fitz -Richard. - -1263. The 48th, Robert de Mountpilier, Osbert de Suffolke; mayor, Thomas -Fitz Thomas Fitz Richard. - -The citizens of London fortified the city with iron chains drawn thwart -their streets. - -1264. The 49th, Gregory Rokesly, Thomas de Deford; mayor, Thomas Fitz -Thomas Fitz Richard. - -1265. The 50th, Edward Blund, Peter Angar; mayor, Thomas Fitz Thomas -Fitz Richard. - -The chains and posts in London were plucked up, the mayor and principal -citizens committed to ward, and Othon, constable of the tower, was made -custos of the city, etc. - -1266. The 51st, John Hind, John Walraven; mayor, William Richards. - -The earl of Gloucester entered the city with an army, and therein -builded bulwarks, cast trenches, etc. - -1267. The 52nd, John Adrian, Lucas de Batencourt; mayor, Alen de la -Souch. This Alen de la Souch, being a baron of this realm, and also -chief justice, was in the year 1270 slain in Westminster hall by John -Warren earl of Surrey. - -Thomas Fitz Theobald and Agnes his wife, founded the hospital of St. -Thomas of Acon in Westcheap. - -1268. The 53rd, Walter Harvy, William Duresm, Thomas Wimborn; mayor, Sir -Stephen Edward. - -A variance fell in London between the goldsmiths and the tailors, -wherethrough many men were slain. - -1269. The 54th, Thomas Basing, Robert Cornhill; custos, Hugh Fitz -Ottonis, custos of London, and constable of the tower.[304] - -1270. The 55th, Walter Potter, Philip Tailor; mayor, John Adrian, -vintner. - -1271. The 56th, Gregory Rocksley, Henry Waleys; mayor, John Adrian, -vintner. - -The steple of Bow church in Cheap fell down, and slew many people. - -1272. The 57th, Richard Paris, John de Wodeley; mayor, Sir Walter Harvy; -custos, Henry Frowike, pepperer, for part of that year. - - * * * * * - -Edward I. began his reign the 16th of November, 1272. - - * * * * * - -1273. The first sheriffs, John Horne, Walter Potter; mayor, Sir Walter -Harvy, knight. - -1274. The 2nd, Nicholas Winchester, Henry Coventry; mayor, Henry Walles. - -1275. The 3rd, Lucas Batecorte, Henry Frowike; mayor, Gregory Rocksley: -chief say-master of all the king's mints throughout England, and keeper -of the king's exchange at London. - -1276. The 4th, John Horn, Raph Blunt; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. - -1277. The 5th, Robert de Arar, Raph L. Fewre; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. - -1278. The 6th, John Adrian, Walter Langley; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. - -1279. The 7th, Robert Basing, William Maraliver; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. - -1280. The 8th, Thomas Fox, Raph Delamere; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. - -1281. The 9th, William Farindon, Nicholas Winchester; mayor, Gregory -Rocksley. - -This William Farindon, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs, was father to -Nicholas Farindon: of these two, Farindon ward took that name. - -1282. The 10th, William Maraliver, Richard Chigwel; mayor, Henry Walleis. - -This Henry Walleis builded the tun upon Cornhill to be a prison, and the -stocks to be a market house. - -1283. The 11th, Raph Blund, Anketrin de Betanil; mayor, Henry Walleis. - -1284. The 12th, Jordain Goodcheape, Martin Box: mayor, Henry Walleis. - -Laurence Ducket, goldsmith, murdered in Bow church, and the murderers -hanged. - -1285. The 13th, Stephen Cornhill, Robert Rocksley; mayor, Gregory -Rocksley; custos, Raph Sandwitch, and John Briton. - -It was ordained, that millers should have but one halfpenny for a -quarter of wheat grinding, and the great water conduit in Cheap was -begun to be made. - -1286. The 14th, Walter Blunt, John Wade; custos, Raph Sandwitch. - -Wheat was sold at London for sixteen pence, and for twelve pence the -quarter. - -1287. The 15th, Thomas Cros, Walter Hawtoune; custos, Raph Sandwitch. - -1288. The 16th, William Hereford, Thomas Stanes; custos, Raph Sandwitch. - -1289. The 17th, William Betain, John Canterbury; custos, Raph Sandwitch, -Raph Barnauars, and Sir John Britaine. - -This year a subsidy was granted, for the reparations of London bridge. - -1290. The 18th, Falke S. Edmond, Salamon Le Sotel; custos, Sir John -Briton, knight. - -1291. The 19th, Thomas Romain, William de Lier; custos, Sir John Briton, -knight, Raph Sandwitch. - -1292. The 20th, Raph Blunt, Hamo. Box; custos, Raph Sandwitch. - -1293. The 21st, Henry Bole, Elias Russel; custos, Raph Sandwitch. - -Three men had their right hands cut off at the Standard in Cheape, for -rescuing of a prisoner, arrested by a sergeant of London. - -1294. The 22nd, Robert Rokesley the younger, Martin Amersbery; custos, -Sir Raph Sandwitch. - -1295. The 23rd, Henry Box, Richard Gloucester; custos, Sir Raph -Sandwitch. - -1296. The 24th, John Dunstable, Adam de Halingbery; custos, Sir John -Briton. - -This year all the liberties of the city were restored, the mayoralty -excepted. - -1297. The 25th, Thomas of Suffolke, Adam of Fulham; custos, Sir John -Briton. - -1298. The 26th, Richard Resham, Thomas Sely; mayor, Henry Walleis. - -Certain citizens of London brake up the tun upon Cornhill, and took out -prisoners, for the which they were grievously punished. - -1299. The 27th, John Amenter, Henry Fingene; mayor, Elias Russel. - -1300. The 28th, Lucas de Havering, Richard Champs; mayor, Elias Russel. - -1301. The 29th, Robert Callor, Peter de Bosenho; mayor, Sir John Blunt, -knight. - -1302. The 30th, Hugh Pourt, Simon Paris; mayor, Sir John Blunt. - -1303. The 31st, William Combmartin, John Buckford; custos, Sir John -Blunt. - -1304. The 32nd, Roger Paris, John de Lincolne; custos, Sir John Blunt. - -Geffrey Hertilepole Alderman was elected to be recorder of London, and -took his oath, and was appointed to wear his apparel as an alderman. - -1305. The 33rd, William Cosine, Reginald Thunderley; custos, Sir John -Blunt. - -1306. The 34th, Geffrey Cundute, Simon Bilet; custos, Sir John Blunt. - -Seacoal was forbid to be burned in London, Southwark, etc. - - * * * * * - -Edward II. began his reign 7th of July, the year of Christ, 1307. - - * * * * * - -1307. The 1st, sheriffs, Nicholas Pigot, Nigellus Drury; mayor, Sir John -Blunt. - -1308. The 2nd, William Basing, James Botenar; mayor, Nicholas -Farringdon, goldsmith. - -1309. The 3rd, Roger le Paumer, James of St. Edmond; mayor, Thomas -Romaine. - -1310. The 4th, Simon de Corpe, Peter Blakney; mayor, Richard Reffam, -mercer. - -The king commanded the mayor and commonality, to make the wall of London -from Ludgate to Fleetbridge, and from thence to the Thames. - -1311. The 5th, Simon Merwood, Richard Wilford; mayor, Sir John Gisors, -pepperer. - -Order was taken, that merchant strangers should sell their wares within -forty days after their arrival, or else the same to be forfeited. - -1312. The 6th, John Lambin, Adam Lutkin; mayor, Sir John Gisors, -pepperer. - -1313. The 7th, Robert Gurden, Hugh Garton; mayor, Nicholas Farrindon, -goldsmith. - -Prices set on victuals:--a fat stalled ox, twenty-four shillings; a fat -mutton, twenty pence; a fat goose, two pence halfpenny; a fat capon, two -pence; a fat hen, one penny; two chickens, one penny; three pigeons, one -penny; twenty-four eggs, one penny, etc. - -1314. The 8th, Stephen Abingdon, Hamond Chigwel; mayor, Sir John Gisors, -pepperer. - -Famine and mortality of the people, so that the quick might unneath bury -the dead; horse-flesh, and dogs-flesh, was good meat. - -1315. The 9th, Hamond Goodcheap, William Bodelay; mayor, Stephen -Abendon. - -1316. The 10th, William Canston, Raph Belancer; mayor, John Wingrave. - -An early harvest, a bushel of wheat that had been sold for ten -shillings, was now sold for ten pence, etc. - -1317. The 11th, John Prior, William Furneis; mayor, John Wingrave. - -Such a murrain of kine, that dogs and ravens that fed on them were -poisoned. - -1318. The 12th, John Pontel, John Dalling; mayor, John Wingrave. - -1319. 13th, Simon Abindon, John Preston; mayor, Hamond Chickwel, -pepperer. - -John Gisors late mayor of London, and many other citizens, fled the city -for things laid to their charge. - -1320. The 14th, Renauld at Conduit, William Produn; mayor, Nicholas -Farindon, goldsmith. - -1321. The 15th, Richard Constantine, Richard Hackney; mayor, Hamond -Chickwell, pepperer. - -1322. The 16th, John Grantham, Richard Elie; mayor, Hamond Chickwell, -pepperer. - -Fish and flesh market established at the Stocks in the midst of the city. - -1323. The 17th, Adam of Salisbury, John of Oxford; mayor, Nicholas -Farindon, goldsmith. - -Of this Nicholas Farindon, and of William Farindon, and of William -Farindon his father, read more in Farindon ward. - -1324. The 18th, Benet of Fulham, John Cawson; mayor, Hamond Chickwell, -pepperer. - -1325. The 19th, Gilbert Mordon, John Cotton; mayor, Hamond Chickwell, -pepperer. - -The citizens of London took the bishop of Exeter, and cut off his head -at the Standard in Cheape. - -1326. The 20th, Richard Rothing, Roger Chaunteclere; mayor, Richard -Britaine, goldsmith. - -This Richard Rothing is said to new build the parish church of St. James -at Garlicke hith. - - * * * * * - -Edward III. began his reign the 25th of January, the year 1326. - - * * * * * - -This King Edward granted, that the mayor should be justice for the -gaol delivery at Newgate, that the citizens of London should not be -constrained to go out of the city of London to any war. More he granted, -that the liberties and the franchises of the city should not after -this time for any cause be taken into the king's hands, etc. More, -he granted by his letters patents, dated the 6th of March, that no -Escheater should be in the city, but the mayor for his time. - -1327. The 1st sheriffs, Henry Darcie, John Hauton; mayor, Hamond -Chickwell, pepperer. - -This year the walls of London were repaired. - -1328. The 2nd, Simon Francis, Henry Combmartin; mayor, John Grantham. - -1329. The 3rd, Richard Lazar, William Gisors; mayor, Richard Swandland. - -This year, the king kept a great justing in Cheape, betwixt Sopars lane -and the great Crosse. - -1330. The 4th, Robert of Elie, Thomas Whorwode; mayor, Sir John Pultney, -draper. - -1331. The 5th, John Mocking, Andrew Auberie; mayor, Sir John Pultney, -draper. - -1332. The 6th, Nicholas Pike, John Husbond; mayor, John Preston, draper. - -This year was founded Elsinges' spittle, by W. Elsing, mercer, that -became first prior of that hospital. - -1333. The 7th, John Hamond, William Hansard; mayor, Sir John Pultney, -draper. - -1334. The 8th, John Hingstone, Walter Turke; mayor, Reginald at Conduct, -vintner. - -1335. The 9th, Walter Motdon, Richard Upton; mayor, Nicholas Woton. - -1336. The 10th, John Clark, William Curtis; mayor, Sir John Pultney, -draper. - -This Sir John Pultney founded a college in the parish church of St. -Laurence, by Candlewicke street. - -1337. The 11th, Walter Nele, Nicholas Crane; mayor, Henry Darcy. - -Walter Nele, bladesmith, gave lands to the repairing of the high ways -about London. - -1338. The 12th, William Pomfret, Hugh Marbeler; mayor, Henry Darcy. - -The king granted that the sergeants of the mayor, and sheriffs of -London, should bear maces of silver and gilt with the king's arms. - -1339. The 13th, William Thorney, Roger Frosham; mayor, Andrew Aubery, -grocer. - -1340. The 14th, Adam Lucas, Bartemew Maris; mayor, Andrew Aubery, -grocer. - -1341. The 15th, Richard de Barking, John de Rokesley: mayor, John of -Oxenford, vintner. - -1342. The 16th, John Louekin, Richard Killingbury; mayor, Simon Francis, -mercer. - -The price of Gascoyn wines at London, four pence, and Rheinish wine, six -pence the gallon. - -1343. The 17th, John Steward, John Aylesham; mayor, John Hamond. - -1344. The 18th, Geffrey Wichingham, Thomas Leg; mayor, John Hamond. - -1345. The 19th, Edmond Hemenhall, John of Gloucester; mayor, Richard -Leget. - -1346. The 20th, John Croyden, William Cloptun; mayor, Geffrey -Winchingham. - -1347. The 21st, Adam Brapsen, Richard Bas; mayor, Thomas Leggy, skinner. - -King Edward won Calais from the French. - -1348. The 22nd, Henry Picard, Simon Dolseby; mayor, John Louekin, -fishmonger. - -A great pest. Sir Walter Mannie, knight, founded the Charterhouse by -Smithfield, to be a burial for the dead. - -1349. The 23rd, Adam of Bury, Raph of Lym; mayor, Walter Turk, -fishmonger. - -1350. The 24th, John Notte, W. Worcester; mayor, Richard Killingbury. - -1351. The 25th, John Wroth, Gilbert of Stenineshorpe; mayor, Andrew -Aubery, grocer. - -1352. The 26th, John Pech, John Stotley; mayor, Adam Francis, mercer. - -This mayor procured an act of parliament, that no known whore should -wear any hood or attire on her head, except red or striped cloth of -divers colours, etc. - -1353. The 27th, William Wilde, John Little; mayor, Adam Francis, mercer. - -This Adam Francis was one of the founders of the college in Guildhall -chapel, etc., Henry Fowke was the other. - -1354. The 28th, William Tottingham, Richard Smelt; mayor, Thomas Leggy, -skinner. - -Aldermen of London were used to be changed yearly, but now it was -ordained that they should not be removed without some special cause. - -1355. The 29th, Walter Foster, Thomas Brandon; mayor, Simon Francis, -mercer. - -1356. The 30th, Richard Nottingham, Thomas Dossel; mayor, Henry Picard, -vintner. - -This Henry Picard feasted the kings of England, of France, Cypres, and -Scots, with other great estates, all in one day. - -1357. The 31st, Stephen Candish, Bartilmew Frostling; mayor, Sir John -Stody, vintner. - -This John Stody gave tenements to the vintners in London, for relief of -the poor of that company. - -1358. The 32nd, John Barnes, John Buris; mayor, John Louekin, -stock-fishmonger. - -1359. The 33rd, Simon of Benington, John of Chichester; mayor, Simon -Dolseby, grocer. - -1360. The 34th, John Denis, Walter Berny; mayor, John Wroth, fishmonger. - -1361. The 35th, William Holbech, James Tame; mayor, John Peche, -fishmonger. - -1362. The 36th, John of St. Albans, James Andrew; mayor, Stephen -Gondish, draper. - -1363. The 37th, Richard Croyden, John Litoft; mayor, John Not, pepperer. - -1364. The 38th, John de Mitford, Simon de Mordon; mayor, Adam of Bury, -skinner. - -1365. The 39th, John Bukulsworth, Thomas Ireland; mayor, John Louekin, -fishmonger, and Adam of Bury, skinner. - -1366. The 40th, John Warde, Thomas of Lee; mayor, John Lofkin, -fishmonger. - -This John Lofkin builded the parish church of St. Michael in Crooked -lane. - -1367. The 41st, John Turngold, William Dikeman; mayor, James Andrew, -draper. - -1368. The 42nd, Robert Cordeler, Adam Wimondham; mayor, Simon Mordon, -stock-fishmonger. - -This year wheat was sold for two shillings and six pence the bushel. - -1369. The 43rd, John Piel, Hugh Holdich; mayor, John Chichester, -goldsmith. - -1370. The 44th, William Walworth, Robert Geyton; mayor, John Barnes, -mercer. - -1371. The 45th, Adam Staple, Robert Hatfield; mayor, John Barnes, mercer. - -This John Barnes gave a chest with three locks, and one thousand marks -to be lent to poor young men. - -1372. The 46th, John Philpot, Nicholas Brembar; mayor, John Piel, mercer. - -1373. The 47th, John Aubery, John Fished; mayor, Adam of Bury, skinner. - -1374. The 48th, Richard Lions, William Woodhouse; mayor, William -Walworth, fishmonger. - -1375. The 49th, John Hadley, William Newport; mayor, John Ward, grocer. - -1376. The 50th, John Northampton, Robert Laund; mayor, Adam Staple, -mercer. - -The Londoners meant to have slain John duke of Lancaster: Adam Staple, -mayor, put down, and Nicholas Brembar elected. Also the aldermen were -deposed, and others set in their places. - - * * * * * - -Richard II. began his reign the 21st of June, in the year 1377. - - * * * * * - -1377. The 1st sheriffs, Nicholas Twiford, Andrew Pikeman; mayor, Sir -Nicholas Brembar, grocer. - -John Philpot, a citizen of London, sent ships to the sea, and scoured it -of pirates, taking many of them prisoners. - -1378. The 2nd, John Boseham, Thomas Cornwalis; mayor, Sir John Philpot, -grocer. - -This Sir John Philpot gave to the city, lands for the finding of -thirteen poor people for ever. - -1379. The 3rd, John Helisdon, William Barat; mayor, John Hadley, grocer. - -1380. The 4th, Walter Doget, William Knightcoate; mayor, William -Walworth, fishmonger. - -This William Walworth arrested Wat Tyler the rebel, and was knighted. He -increased the parish church of St. Michael in Crooked lane, and founded -there a college. Other aldermen were also knighted for their service in -the field. - -1381. The 5th, John Rote, John Hend; mayor, John Northampton, draper. - -1382. The 6th, Adam Bamme, John Sely; mayor, John Northampton, draper, -or skinner, as I find in record. - -1383. The 7th, Simon Winchcombe, John More; mayor, Sir Nicholas Brembar, -grocer. - -John Northampton, late mayor of London, was committed to perpetual -prison, and his goods confiscated. - -1384. The 8th, Nicholas Exton, John French; mayor, Sir Nicholas Brembar, -grocer, knighted with William Walworth. - -1385. The 9th, John Organ, John Churchman; mayor, Sir Nicholas Brembar, -grocer. - -The foresaid John Churchman new-built the custom-house, near to the -Tower of London, and did many other works for the commodity of this city. - -1386. The 10th, W. Standone, W. More; mayor, Nicholas Exton, fishmonger. - -This year the citizens of London, fearing the French, pulled down houses -near about their city, repaired their walls, and cleansed their ditches, -etc. - -1387. The 11th, William Venor, Hugh Forstalfe; mayor, Nicholas Exton, -fishmonger. - -Sir Nicholas Brembar, late mayor of London, was this year beheaded. - -1388. The 12th, Thomas Austin, Adam Carlhul; mayor, Nicholas Tuiford, -goldsmith, knighted with W. Walworth. - -1389. The 13th, John Walcot, John Lovenay; mayor, William Venor, grocer. - -1390. The 14th, John Francis, Thomas Vivent; mayor, Adam Bamme, -goldsmith. - -This Adam Bamme provided from beyond the seas corn in great abundance, -so that the city was able to serve the country. - -1391. The 15th, John Shadworth, Henry Vamer; mayor, John Hend, draper. - -This mayor was for displeasure taken, sent to Windsor castle, and the -king made wardens of the city, etc. - -1392. The 16th, Gilbert Maghfield, Thomas Newington; mayor, William -Stondon, grocer. - -1393. The 17th, Drew Barintin, Richard Whitington; mayor, John Hadley, -grocer. - -Faringdon ward was by parliament appointed to be divided into two wards, -to wit, infra and extra. - -1394. The 18th, William Branston, Thomas Knoles; mayor, John Froshe, -mercer. - -1395. The 19th, Roger Elles, William Sevenoke; mayor, William More, -vintner. - -1396. The 20th, Thomas Wilford, William Parker; mayor, Adam Bamme, -goldsmith. - -1397. The 21st, John Wodcoke, William Askam; mayor, Richard Whitington, -mercer. - -1398. The 22nd, John Wade, John Warnar; mayor, Drew Barentin, goldsmith. - - * * * * * - -Henry IV. began his reign the 29th of September, the year 1399. - - * * * * * - -1399. The 1st sheriffs, William Waldern, William Hende; mayor, Thomas -Knoles, grocer. - -1400. The 2nd, John Wakel, William Ebot; mayor, John Francis, goldsmith. - -1401. The 3rd, William Venor, John Fremingham; mayor, John Shadworth, -mercer. - -The conduit upon Cornhill was this year made of an old prison house -called the Tun. - -1402. The 4th, Richard Marlow, Robert Chicheley; mayor, I. Walcote, -draper. - -1403. The 5th, Thomas Falconer, Thomas Poole; mayor, W. Ascham, -fishmonger. - -1404. The 6th, William Bouth, Stephen Spilman; mayor, John Hend, draper. - -This John Hend was a new builder of the parish church of St. Swithen, by -London stone. - -1405. The 7th, Henry Barton, William Grome; mayor, John Wodcocke, mercer. - -This mayor caused all the weirs in the river of Thames, from Stanes to -the river of Medway, to be destroyed, and the trinkes to be burned, etc. - -1406. The 8th, Nicholas Wooton, Gefferey Brooke; mayor, Richard -Whitington, mercer. - -This year a great pestilence in London took away more than thirty -thousand people. - -1407. The 9th, Henry Pontfrackt, Henry Halton, mercer; mayor, William -Sandon, grocer. - -1408. The 10th, Thomas Ducke, William Norton; mayor, Drew Barentine, -goldsmith. - -This Drew Barentine built a part of the Goldsmiths' hall, and gave them -lands. - -1409. The 11th, John Law, William Chichley; mayor, Richard Marlow, -ironmonger. - -A great play at Skinners' well, which lasted eight days, and was of -matter from the Creation of the world; the most part of all the great -estates of England were there to behold it. - -1410. The 12th, John Penne, Thomas Pike; mayor, Thomas Knoles, grocer. - -This Thomas Knoles began anew to build the Guildhall in London, etc. - -1411. The 13th, John Rainwel, William Cotton; mayor, Robert Chichley, -grocer. - -1412. The 14th, Raph Lovinhinde, William Sevenocke; mayor, William -Waldren, mercer. - - * * * * * - -Henry V. began his reign, the 20th of March, the year 1412. - - * * * * * - -1413. The 1st sheriffs, John Sutton, John Michell; mayor, William -Cromar, draper. - -Sir John Oldcastle assembled a great power in Fickets field, by London, -which power was overcome and taken by the king and his power. - -1414. The 2nd, John Michell, Thomas Allen; mayor, Th. Falconer, mercer. - -This mayor caused the postern called Moregate to be built, and he lent -to the king ten thousand marks upon jewels, etc. - -1415. The 3rd, William Cambridge, Alen Everard; mayor, Nicholas Wotton, -draper. - -1416. The 4th, Robert Whittington, John Coventrie; mayor, Henry Barton, -skinner. - -This Henry Barton ordained lanthorns with lights to be hanged out on the -winter evening betwixt Hallontide[305] and Candlemasse. - -1417. The 5th, H. Read, John Gidney; mayor, Richard Marlow, ironmonger. - -1418. The 6th, John Brian, Raph Barton, John Parnesse; mayor, William -Sevenoke. - -This William Sevenoke, son to William Rumsched of Sevenoke in Kent, was -by his father bound an apprentice with Hugh de Bois, citizen and ferrer -of London, for a term of years, which being expired in the year 1394, -the 18th of Richard II., John Hadley being mayor of London, and Stephen -Spilman, chamberlain of the Guildhall, he alleged that his master -had used the trade or mystery of a grocer, and not of a ferrer, and -therefore required to be made free of the grocers' company, which was -granted. This William Sevenoke founded in the town of Sevenoke a free -school, and alms houses for the poor. - -1419. The 7th, Robert Whittington, John Butler; mayor, Richard -Whittington, mercer. - -This mayor founded Whittington college. - -1420. The 8th, John Butler, John Wels; mayor, William Cambridge, grocer. - -1421. The 9th, Richard Gosseline, William Weston; mayor, Robert -Chichley, grocer. - -This mayor gave one plot of ground, thereupon to build the parish church -of St. Stephen upon Walbrooke. - - * * * * * - -Henry VI. began his reign the 31st of August, the year 1422. - - * * * * * - -1422. The 1st sheriffs, William Eastfield, Robert Tatarsal; mayor, -William Waldern, mercer. - -This year the west gate of London was begun to be built by the executors -of Richard Whitington. - -1423. The 2nd, Nicholas James, Thomas Windford; mayor, William Cromer, -draper. - -1424. The 3rd, Simon Seman, John Bywater; mayor, John Michel, fishmonger. - -1425. The 4th, William Melreth, John Brokell; mayor, John Coventrie, -mercer. - -1426. The 5th, John Arnold, John Higham; mayor, John Reinwell, -fishmonger. - -This mayor gave tenements to the city for the discharge of three wards -in London for fifteens, etc. - -1427. The 6th, Henry Frowicke, Robert Oteley; mayor, John Gidney, draper. - -1428. The 7th, Thomas Duffehouse, John Abbot; mayor, Henry Barton, -skinner. - -1429. The 8th, William Russe, Raph Holland; mayor, William Eastfield, -mercer. - -Raph Holland gave to impotent poor, one hundred and twenty pounds, to -prisoners eighty pounds, to hospitals forty pounds, etc. - -1430. The 9th, Walter Chartesey, Robert Large; mayor, Nicholas Wootton, -draper. - -Walter Chartesey, draper, gave to the poor one hundred pounds, besides -twenty pounds to the hospitals, etc. - -1431. The 10th, John Aderley, Stephen Browne; mayor, John Wels, grocer. - -This John Wels, a great benefactor to the new building of the chapel by -the Guildhall, and of his goods the standard in West Cheape was made. - -1432. The 11th, John Olney, John Paddesley; mayor, John Patneis, -fishmonger. - -1433. The 12th, Thomas Chalton, John Ling; mayor, John Brokle, draper. - -1434. The 13th, Thomas Barnewell, Simon Eyre; mayor, Roger Oteley, -grocer. - -1435. The 14th, Thomas Catworth, Robert Clopton; mayor, Henry Frowicke, -mercer. - -1436. The 15th, Thomas Morsted, William Gregorie; mayor, John Michel, -fishmonger. - -1437. The 16th, William Hales, William Chapman; mayor, Sir William -Eastfield, mercer. - -This Sir William Eastfield, knight of the Bath, a great benefactor to -the water-conduits. - -1438. The 17th, Hugh Diker, Nicholas Yoo; mayor, Stephen Brown, grocer. - -Wheat sold for three shillings the bushel; but this man sent into -Prussia, and caused to be brought from thence certain ships laden with -rye, which did great relief. - -1439. The 18th, Philip Malpas, Robert Marshal; mayor, Robert Large, -mercer. - -Philip Malpas at his decease gave one hundred and twenty pounds to poor -prisoners, and every year for five years four hundred and three shirts -and smocks, forty pairs of sheets, and one hundred and fifty gowns of -frieze to the poor, to poor maids' marriages one hundred marks, to -highways one hundred marks, and to five hundred poor people in London -every one six shillings and eight pence, etc. - -1440. The 19th, John Sutton, William Wetinhall; mayor, John Paddesley, -goldsmith, master of the works of money in the Tower of London. - -1441. The 20th, William Combis, Richard Rich; mayor, Robert Clopton, -draper. - -1442. The 21st, Thomas Beamont, Richard Morden; mayor, John Hatherley, -ironmonger. - -1443. The 22nd, Nicholas Wilforde, John Norman; mayor, Thomas Catworth, -grocer. - -1444. The 23rd, Stephen Forstar, Hugh Witch; mayor, Henry Frowicke, -mercer. - -This year Paul's steeple was fired with lightning, and hardly quenched. - -1445. 24th, John Darby, Godfrey Fielding; mayor, Simon Eyre, draper. - -This Simon Eyre built the Leaden hall in London, to be a common garner -for the city, etc. - -1446. The 25th, Robert Horne, Godfrey Bolaine; mayor, John Olney, mercer. - -1447. The 26th, William Abraham, Thomas Scot; mayor, John Sidney, -draper. - -1448. The 27th, William Catlow, William Marrow; mayor, Stephen Browne, -grocer. - -1449. The 28th, William Hulin, Thomas Caninges; mayor, Thomas Chalton, -mercer. - -This year Jack Cade, a rebel of Kent, came to London, entered the city, -etc. - -1450. The 29th, I. Middleton, William Deere; mayor, Nicholas Wilforde, -grocer. - -Soldiers made a fray against the mayor the same day he took his charge -at Westminster. - -1451. The 30th, Matthew Philip, Christopher Warton; mayor, William -Gregory, skinner. - -1452. The 31st, Richard Lee, Richard Alley; mayor, Godfrey Fielding, -mercer, of council to Henry VI. and Edward IV. - -This year was a great fray at the wrestling. - -1453. The 32nd, John Waldron, Thomas Cooke; mayor, John Norman, draper. - -This John Norman was the first mayor that was rowed to Westminster by -water, for before that time they rode on horseback. - -1454. The 33rd, John Field, W. Taylor; mayor, Stephen Forstar, -fishmonger. - -This Stephen Forstar enlarged Ludgate, for the ease of prisoners there, -etc. - -1455. The 34th, John Yong, Thomas Olgrave; mayor, William Marrow, grocer. - -The mercers' servants made a riot upon the Lombards and other strangers. - -1456. The 35th, John Steward, Raph Verney; mayor, Thomas Caning, grocer. - -1457. The 36th, William Edwards, Thomas Reiner; mayor, Godfrey Boloine, -mercer. - -This Godfrey Boloine gave one thousand pounds to poor householders in -London, etc. - -1458. The 37th, Ralph Joceline, Richard Medham; mayor, Thomas Scot, -draper. - -1459. The 38th, John Plommar, John Stockar; mayor, William Hulin, -fishmonger. - -1460. 39th, Richard Fleming, John Lambard; mayor, Richard Lee, grocer. - - * * * * * - -Edward IV. began his reign the 4th of March, in the year 1460, after the -account of the Church of England. - - * * * * * - -1461. The 1st sheriffs, George Ireland, John Locke; mayor, Hugh Witch, -mercer. - -1462. The 2nd, William Hampton, Bartholomew James; mayor, Thomas Cooke, -draper, made knight of the Bath in the 5th of Edward IV. and had great -troubles after. - -1463. The 3rd, Robert Baslet, Thomas Muschampe; mayor, Matthew Philip, -goldsmith, made knight of the Bath the 5th of Edward IV., and after in -the field, the 10th of Edward IV. - -1464. The 4th, John Tate, John Stone; mayor, Raph Joceline, draper, -knight of the Bath, and also in the field. - -1465. The 5th, Henry Waver, William Constantine; mayor, Raph Verney, -mercer. Henry Waver, one of the sheriffs, made knight of the Bath. - -1466. The 6th, John Browne, Henry Brice; mayor, John Yong, grocer, made -knight in the field. - -This year began the troubles of Sir Thomas Cooke, and other aldermen, as -ye may read in my Summary. - -1467. The 7th, Thomas Stalbroke, Humfrey Heyford; mayor, Thomas -Oldgrave, skinner. - -1468. The 8th, Symon Smith, William Hariot; mayor, William Taylor, -grocer. - -This mayor gave tenements to discharge Cordwainer street ward of -fifteens. - -1469. The 9th, Richard Gardener, Robert Drope; mayor, Richard Lee, -grocer. - -This year the Tower of London being delivered to the mayor and his -brethren, they delivered King Henry from thence. - -1470. The 10th, Sir John Crosbie, John Ward; mayor, Sir John Stockton, -mercer. - -Thomas the Bastard Fauconbridge, with a riotous company, set upon this -city at Aldgate, Bishopsgate, the Bridge, etc., and twelve aldermen, -with the recorder, were knighted in the field by Edward IV., to wit, -John Stockton, mayor, Raph Verney, late mayor, John Yong, later mayor, -William Tayler, late mayor, Richard Lee, late mayor, Matthew Philips, -late mayor, George Ireland, William Stoker, William Hampton, since -mayor, Thomas Stolbroke, John Crosbie, and Bartlemew James, since mayor, -with Thomas Urswike, recorder. - -1471. The 11th, John Allin, John Shelley; mayor, William Edward, grocer. - -The water-conduit at Aldermanburie, and the standard in Fleet street -were finished. - -1472. The 12th, John Browne, Thomas Bedlow; mayor, Sir William Hampton, -fishmonger. - -This Sir William Hampton punished strumpets, and caused stocks to be set -in every ward to punish vagabonds. - -1473. The 13th, Sir William Sokar, Robert Belisdon; mayor, John Tate, -mercer. - -This year the sheriffs of London were appointed each of them to have -sixteen serjeants, every serjeant to have his yeoman, and six clerks, to -wit, a secondary, a clerk of the papers, and four other clerks, besides -the under-sheriff's clerks. - -1474. The 14th, Edmond Shaw, Thomas Hill; mayor, Robert Drope, draper. - -This Robert Drope increased the water-conduit upon Cornhill, etc. - -1475. The 15th, Hugh Brice, Robert Colwich; mayor, Robert Basset, salter. - -This Robert Basset corrected the bakers and other victuallers of this -city. - -1476. The 16th, Richard Rawson, William Horne; mayor, Sir Raph Joceline, -draper, knight of the Bath. - -By the diligence of this mayor the walls of the city were repaired. - -1477. The 17th, Henry Collet, John Stoker; mayor, Humphrey Hayford, -goldsmith. - -1478. The 18th, Robert Harding, Robert Bifield; mayor, Richard Gardener, -mercer. - -Robert Bifield, sheriff, was fined by the mayor, and paid fifty pounds -toward the water-conduits. - -1479. The 19th, Thomas Ilam, John Warde; mayor, Sir Bartholomew James, -draper, made knight in the field by Edward IV. - -Thomas Ilam newly built the great conduit in West Cheape. - -1480. The 20th, Thomas Daniel, William Bacon; mayor, John Browne, mercer. - -1481. The 21st, Robert Tate, William Wiking; mayor, William Hariot, -draper. - -1482. The 22nd, William Whit, John Mathew; mayor, Edmond Sha, goldsmith. - -This Edmond Sha caused the postern called Cripplesgate to be newly -built, etc. - - * * * * * - -Edward V. began his reign the 9th of April, in the year 1483. - - * * * * * - -Richard III. began his reign the 22nd of June, in the year 1483. - - * * * * * - -1483. The 1st sheriffs, Thomas Norland, William Martin; mayor, Robert -Bilisden, haberdasher. - -1484. The 2nd, Richard Chester, Thomas Brittaine, Raphe Austrie; mayor, -Thomas Hill, grocer, Sir William Stoaker, draper, John Ward, grocer. - -Three sheriffs and three mayors this year by means of the sweating -sickness, etc. Thomas Hill appointed by his testament the water-conduit -in Grasse street to be built. - - * * * * * - -Henry VII. began his reign the 22nd of August, in the year 1485. - - * * * * * - -1485. The 1st sheriffs, John Tate, John Swan; mayor, Hugh Brise, -goldsmith. - -This Hugh Brise was keeper of the king's mints at London. - -1486. The 2nd, John Percivall, Hugh Clopton; mayor, Henry Cellet, mercer. - -The cross in Cheap was new built in beautiful manner. - -1487. The 3rd, John Fenkell, William Remington; mayor, Sir William -Horne, salter. - -This William Horne made knight in the field by Henry VII., gave to the -repairing of highways betwixt London and Cambridge five hundred marks, -and to the preachers at Paul's cross, etc. - -1488. The 4th, W. Isaack, Raph Tilney; mayor, Robert Tate, mercer. - -1489. The 5th, William Caple, John Brocke; mayor, W. White, draper. - -1490. The 6th, Henry Cote, Robert Revell, Hugh Pemberton; mayor, John -Mathew, mercer. - -1491. The 7th, Thomas Wood, William Browne; mayor, Hugh Clopton, mercer. - -Hugh Clopton built the great stone bridge at Stratford upon Haven in -Warwickshire. - -1492. The 8th, William Purchase, William Welbecke; mayor, William -Martin, skinner. - -A riot made upon the Esterlings by the mercers' servants and other. - -1493. The 9th, Robert Fabian, John Winger; mayor, Sir Raph Astrie, -fishmonger, made knight by Henry VII. - -Robert Fabian, alderman, made _Fabian's Chronicle_, a painful labour, to -the honour of the city, and the whole realm. - -1494. The 10th, Nicholas Alwine, John Warner; mayor, Richard Chawry, -salter. - -1495. The 11th, Thomas Knesworth, Henry Somer; mayor, Henry Colet, -mercer. - -1496. The 12th, Sir John Sha, Sir Richard Haddon; mayor, Sir John Tate, -the younger, mercer. - -The king made this mayor, Robert Shefield, recorder, and both the -sheriffs, knights, for their good service against the rebels at Black -Hith field. - -1497. The 13th, Bartlemew Read, Thomas Windout; mayor, W. Purchase, -mercer. - -All the gardens in the Morefield were destroyed, and made plain ground. - -1498. Thomas Bradbury, Stephen Jeninges; mayor, Sir John Percevall, made -knight in the field by King Henry VII. - -1499. The 15th, James Wilford, Thomas Brond; mayor, Nicholas Alwin, -mercer. - -This Nicholas Alwin gave to three thousand poor people in London twelve -pence the piece, and to three thousand in the town of Spalding, the -like, etc. - -1500. The 16th, John Hawes, William Steede; mayor, W. Remington, -fishmonger. - -1501. The 17th, Lawrence Ailmer, Henry Hede; mayor, Sir John Sha, -goldsmith, made knight in the field by Henry VII. - -This Sir John Sha caused his brethren the aldermen to ride from the -Guildhall unto the water's side, where he took his barge to Westminster; -he was sworn by the king's council: he commonly in the afternoons kept a -court alone, called before him many matters, and redressed them. - -1502. The 18th, Henry Kebel, Nicholas Nines; mayor, Bartlemew Reade, -goldsmith. - -1503. The 19th, Christopher Hawes, Robert Wats, Thomas Granger; mayor, -Sir William Capell, draper, made knight by Henry VII. - -This Sir William caused a cage in every ward to be set for punishing of -vagabonds. - -1504. The 20th, Roger Acheley, William Brown; mayor, John Winger, grocer. - -1505. The 21st, Richard Shore, Roger Grove; mayor, Thomas Knesworth, -fishmonger. - -This Thomas Knesworth appointed the water-conduit at Bishopsgate to be -built, etc. - -1506. The 22nd, William Copenger, Thomas Johnson, William Fitzwilliams, -merchant-tailor, after of council to Henry VIII.; mayor, Sir Richard -Haddon, mercer. - -1507. The 23rd, William Butler, John Kirkby; mayor, William Browne, -mercer, for part, Lawrence Ailmer, draper. - -1508. The 24th, Thomas Exmew, Richard Smith; mayor, Stephen Jeninges, -merchant-tailor. - -This Stephen Geninges built the greatest part of St. Andrewes church -called Undershaft. He built a free-school at Ulfrunehampton in -Staffordshire, etc. - - * * * * * - -Henry VIII. began his reign the 22nd of April, the year 1509. - - * * * * * - -1509. The 1st sheriffs, George Monoxe, John Doget; mayor, Thomas -Bradbury, mercer, for part, Sir William Caple, draper. - -1510. The 2nd, John Milborne, John Rest; mayor, Henry Keble, grocer. - -This Henry Keble gave one thousand pounds toward the new building of his -parish church of Aldermary. - -1511. The 3rd, Nicholas Shelton, Thomas Mirfine; mayor, Roger Achiley, -draper. - -This Roger Achiley provided corn for service of this city in great -plenty. He caused the same to be stowed up in the common garner called -Leaden hall. - -1512. The 4th, Robert Aldarnes, Robert Fenrother; mayor, Sir William -Copinger, fishmonger, for part, Richard Haddon, mercer, for the rest. - -Sir W. Copinger gave half his goods to his wife, and the other half to -the poor that had most need. - -1513. The 5th, John Dawes, John Bridges, Roger Bafford; mayor, W. -Browne, mercer, and John Tate, mercer. - -This John Tate new built the church of St. Anthonies hospital in London. - -1514. The 6th, James Yarford, John Monday; mayor, George Monoux, draper. - -1515. The 7th, Henry Warley, Richard Grey, W. Bayly; mayor, Sir William -Butler, grocer. - -1516. The 8th, Thomas Seimer, John Thurstone; mayor, John Rest, grocer. - -1517. The 9th, Thomas Baldrie, Raph Simondes; mayor, Sir Thomas Exmew, -goldsmith. - -Sir Thomas Exmew made the water-conduit in London wall by Mooregate, etc. - -1518. The 10th, John Allen, James Spencer; mayor, Thomas Mirfin, skinner. - -1519. The 11th, John Wilkenson, Nicholas Partrich; mayor. Sir James -Yarford, mercer. - -From this time the mayors of London, for the most part, have been -knighted by courtesy of the kings, and not otherwise. - -1520. The 12th, Sir John Skevington, John Kyme; mayor, Sir John Bruge, -draper. - -1521. The 13th, John Breton, Thomas Pargetor; mayor, Sir John Milborne, -draper. - -This Sir John Milborne founded fourteen alms houses by the Crossed -Fryers church, etc. - -1522. The 14th, John Rudstone, John Champneis; mayor, Sir John Mundy, -goldsmith. - -1523. The 15th, Michael English, Nicholas Jenines; mayor, Sir T. Baldry, -mercer. - -1524. The 16th, Raph Dodmer, William Roch; mayor, Sir W. Bayly, draper. - -1525. The 17th, John Caunton, Christopher Askew; mayor, Sir John Allen, -mercer. - -1526. The 18th, Stephen Peacocke, Nicholas Lambert; mayor, Sir Thomas -Seamer, mercer. - -1527. The 19th, John Hardy, William Holles; mayor, Sir James Spencer, -vintner. - -1528. The 20th, Raph Warren, John Long; mayor, Sir John Rudstone, draper. - -1529. The 21st, Michael Dormer, Walter Champion; mayor, Sir Raph Dodmer, -mercer. - -This year it was decreed that no man should be mayor of London more than -one year. - -1530. The 22nd, William Dauntsey, Richard Champion; mayor, Sir T. -Pargitor, salter. - -1531. The 23rd, Richard Gresham, Edward Altham; mayor, Sir Nicholas -Lambard, grocer. - -1532. The 24th, Richard Reynoldes, Nicholas Pinchon, John Martin, John -Prist; mayor, Sir Stephen Pecocke, haberdasher. - -1533. The 25th, William Forman, Sir T. Kitson; mayor, Sir Christopher -Askew, draper. - -1534. The 26th, Nicholas Levison, W. Denham; mayor, Sir John Chamneis, -skinner. - -1535. The 27th, Humfrey Munmoth, John Cootes; mayor, Sir John Allen, -mercer. By the king's appointment he was of his council. A man of great -wisdom, and also of great charity. - -The forenamed sheriffs, Munmouth and Cootes, put away twelve serjeants -and twelve yeomen, but were by a common council forced to take them -again. - -1536. The 28th, Robert Paget, William Boyer; mayor, Sir Raph Waren, -mercer. - -1537. The 29th, Sir John Gresham, Thomas Lewen; mayor, Sir Richard -Gresham, mercer. - -1538. The 30th, William Welkenson, Nicholas Gibson; mayor, William -Forman, haberdasher. - -1539. The 31st, John Feiry, Thomas Huntlow; mayor, Sir W. Holles, mercer. - -1540. The 32nd, Sir William Laxton, Martin Bowes; mayor, Sir William -Roch, draper. - -1541. The 33rd, Rowland Hill, Henry Suckley; mayor, Sir Michael Dormer, -mercer. - -1542. The 34th, Henry Habberthorne, Henry Amcotes; mayor, John Cootes, -salter. - -1543. The 35th, John Toleus, Richard Dobbes; mayor, Sir W. Bowyer, -draper, for part, Sir Raph Waren, mercer. - -1544. The 36th, John Wilford, Andrew Jude; mayor, Sir W. Laxton, grocer. - -1545. The 37th, George Barnes, Ralph Alley; mayor, Sir Martin Bowes, -goldsmith. - -1546. The 38th, Richard Jarveis, Thomas Curteis; mayor, Sir Henry -Hubbathorne, merchant-tailor. - - * * * * * - -Edward VI. began his reign the 28th of January, in the year 1546. - - * * * * * - -1547. The 1st sheriffs, Thomas White, Robert Charsey; mayor, Sir John -Gresham, mercer. - -1548. The 2nd, William Locke, Sir John Ailife; mayor, Sir Henry Amcotes, -fishmonger. - -1549. The 3rd, Richard Turke, John Yorke; mayor, Rowland Hill, mercer. - -1550. The 4th, Augustine Hind, John Lyon; mayor, Sir Andrew Jude, -skinner. - -1551. The 5th, John Lamberd, John Cowper; mayor, Sir Richard Dobbes, -skinner. - -1552. The 6th, William Gerard, John Maynard; mayor, Sir George Barnes, -haberdasher. - - * * * * * - -Queen Mary began her reign, the 6th of July, the year 1553. - - * * * * * - -1553. The 1st sheriffs, Thomas Ofley, William Huet; mayor, Sir Thomas -White, merchant-tailor. - -This Thomas White founded St. John's college, in Oxford. He gave to the -city of Bristow two thousand pounds. - -1554. The 2nd, David Woodrofe, William Chester; mayor, Sir John Lion, -grocer. - -1555. The 3rd, Thomas Leigh, John Machil; mayor, Sir William Gerard, -haberdasher. - -1556. The 4th, William Harper, John White; mayor, Sir Thomas Ofley, -merchant-tailor. - -1557. The 5th, Richard Malorie, James Aitham; mayor, Sir Thomas Curteis, -fishmonger. - -1558. The 6th, John Halse, Richard Champion; mayor, Sir Thomas Legh, -mercer. - - * * * * * - -Queen Elizabeth began her reign, the 17th of November, in the year of -Christ 1558. - - * * * * * - -1559. The 1st sheriffs, Thomas Lodge, Roger Martin; mayor, Sir William -Huet, clothworker. - -1560. The 2nd, Christopher Draper, Thomas Row; mayor, Sir William -Chester, draper. - -This year the merchant-tailors founded their notable free-school for -poor men's children, etc. - -1561. The 3rd, Alexander Avenon, Humfrey Baskervile; mayor, Sir William -Harper, merchant-tailor. - -1562. The 4th, William Alin, Richard Chamberlaine; mayor, Sir Thomas -Lodge, grocer. - -1563. The 5th, Edward Bankes, Rowland Heyward; mayor, Sir John White, -grocer. - -1564. The 6th, Edward Jackeman, Lionel Ducket; mayor, Sir Richard -Malorie, mercer. - -1565. The 7th, John Rivers, James Hawes; mayor, Sir Richard Champion, -draper. - -1566. The 8th, Richard Lambert, Ambrose Nicholas, John Langley; mayor, -Sir Christopher Draper, ironmonger. - -1567. The 9th, Thomas Ramsey, William Bond; mayor, Sir Roger Martin, -mercer. - -1568. The 10th, John Oleph, Robert Harding, James Bacon; mayor, Sir -Thomas Row, merchant-tailor. - -1569. The 11th, Henry Becher, William Dane; mayor, Alexander Avenon, -ironmonger. - -1570. The 12th, Francis Bernam, William Box; mayor, Sir Rowland Heyward, -clothworker. - -1571. The 13th, Henry Miles, John Braunch; mayor, Sir William Allin, -mercer. - -1572. The 14th, Richard Pipe, Nicholas Woodrofe; mayor, Sir Lionel -Ducket, mercer. - -1573. The 15th, James Harvy, Thomas Pullison; mayor, Sir J. Rivers, -grocer. - -1574. The 16th, Thomas Blanke, Anthony Gamage; mayor, James Hawes, -clothworker. - -1575. The 17th, Edward Osborne, Wolstane Dixie; mayor, Ambrose Nicholas, -salter. - -1576. The 18th, William Kimpton, George Barne; mayor, Sir John Langley, -goldsmith. - -1577. The 19th, Nicholas Backhouse, Francis Bowyer; mayor, Sir Thomas -Ramsey, grocer. - -1578. The 20th, George Bond, Thomas Starkie; mayor, Sir Richard Pipe, -draper. - -1579. The 21st, Martin Calthrope, John Hart; mayor, Sir Nicholas -Woodrofe, haberdasher. - -1580. The 22nd, Ralph Woodcock, John Alate; mayor, Sir John Branch, -draper. - -1581. The 23rd, Richard Martin, William Webbe; mayor, Sir James Harvie, -ironmonger. - -1582. The 24th, William Roe, John Hayden, Cuthbert Buckle; mayor, Sir -Thomas Blancke, haberdasher. - -1583. The 25th, William Masham, John Spencer; mayor, Edward Osborne, -clothworker. - -1584. The 26th, Stephen Slany, Henry Billingsley; mayor, Sir Thomas -Pullison, draper. - -1585. The 27th, Anthony Radclife, Henry Pranell; mayor, Sir Wolstane -Dixie, skinner. - -1586. The 28th, Robert House, William Elkin; mayor, Sir George Barne, -haberdasher. - -1587. The 29th, Thomas Skinner, John Katcher; mayor, Sir George Bond, -haberdasher. - -1588. The 30th, Hugh Ofley, Richard Saltenstall; mayor, Sir Martin -Calthorpe, draper, for part, and Richard Martin, goldsmith, for the rest -of that year. - -1589. The 31st, Richard Gurney, Stephen Some; mayor, Sir John Hart, -grocer. - -1590. The 32nd, Nicholas Mosley, Robert Broke; mayor, John Allot, -fishmonger, for part, Sir Rowland Heyward, clothworker, for the rest. - -1591. The 33rd, William Rider, Benet Barnham; mayor, Sir William Webb, -salter. - -1592. The 34th, John Garrard, Robert Taylor; mayor, Sir William Roe, -ironmonger. - -1593. The 35th, Paule Banning, Peter Hauton; mayor, Sir Cuthbert -Buckle, vintner, for part, Sir Richard Martin, goldsmith, for the rest. - -1594. The 36th, Robert Lee, Thomas Benet; mayor, Sir John Spencer, -clothworker. - -1595. The 37th, Thomas Low, Leonard Holiday; mayor, Sir Stephen Slany, -skinner. - -1596. The 38th, John Wattes, Richard Godard; mayor, Thomas Skinner, -clothworker, for part, Sir Henry Billingsley, haberdasher. - -1597. The 39th, Henry Roe, John More; mayor, Sir Richard Saltenstall, -skinner. - -1598. The 40th, Edward Holmeden, Robert Hampson; mayor, Sir Stephen -Some, grocer. - -1599. The 41st, Humfrey Welde, grocer, Roger Clarke, salter; mayor, Sir -Nicholas Mosley, clothworker. - -1600. The 42nd, Thomas Cambell, ironmonger, Thomas Smith, haberdasher, -William Craven, merchant-tailor; mayor, Sir William Rider, haberdasher. - -1601. The 43rd, Henry Anderson, girdler; William Glover, dyer; mayor, -Sir John Garrard, haberdasher. - -1602. The 44th, James Pemberton, goldsmith, John Swinerton, -merchant-tailor; mayor, Robert Lee, merchant-tailor. - - * * * * * - -Thus much for the chief and principal governors of this famous city; of -whose public government, with the assistance of inferior officers, their -charges for keeping of the peace, service of the prince, and honour of -this city, much might have been said, and I had thought to have touched -more at large; but being informed that a learned gentleman (James -Dalton, a citizen born), minded such a labour, and promised to perform -it, I have forborne and left the same to his good leisure, but he being -now lately deceased without finishing any such work (a common fault to -promise more than to perform), and I hear not of any other that taketh -it in hand, I have been divers times minded to add certain chapters -to this book, but being (by the good pleasure of God) visited with -sickness, such as my feet (which have borne me many a mile) have of late -years refused, once in four or five months, to convey me from my bed to -my study, and therefore could not do as I would. - -At length, remembering I had long since gathered notes to have -chaptered, am now forced to deliver them unperfected, and desire the -readers to pardon me, that want not will to pleasure them. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[303] "Since called shiriffes, and judges of the King's court, and have -therefore under-shiriffes, men learned in the law, to sit in their -courts. Domesmen, or judges of the King's court."--_Stow._ - -[304] The first edition has "mayor Hugh Fitz Thomas," and does not make -mention of "Fitz Ottonis." - -[305] Hallontide,--or, as it was more generally designated, All -Hallontide,--is the older designation of All Saints' day, the 1st of -November. - - - - -ALDERMEN AND SHERIFFS OF LONDON - - -There be in this city, according to the number of wards, twenty-six -aldermen; whereof yearly, on the feast day of St. Michael the Archangel, -one of them is elected to be mayor for the year following, to begin -on the 28th of October: the other aldermen, his brethren, are to him -assistants in councils, courts, etc. - -More, there is a recorder of London, a grave and learned lawyer, skilful -in the customs of this city, also assistant to the lord mayor: he taketh -place in councils and in courts before any man that hath not been mayor, -and learnedly delivereth the sentences of the whole court. - -The sheriffs of London, of old time chosen out of the commonalty, -commoners, and oftentimes never came to be aldermen, as many aldermen -were never sheriffs, and yet advanced to be mayor, but of late (by -occasion) the sheriffs have been made aldermen before or presently after -their election. - -Nicholas Faringdon was never sheriff, yet four times mayor of this city, -and so of other, which reproveth a bye word, such a one will be mayor, -or he be sheriff, etc. - -Then is there a chamberlain of London. A common clerk, or town clerk. A -common sergeant. - - - - -OFFICERS BELONGING TO THE LORD MAYOR'S HOUSE - - - Sword-bearer, } - Common hunt, } esquires, four. - Common crier, } - Water bailiff. } - Coroner of London. - Sergeant carvers, three. - Sergeants of the chamber, three. - Sergeant of the channel. - Yeoman of the channel. - Yeomen of the water side, four. - Under water-bailiff. - Yeomen of the chamber, two. - Meal weighers, three. - Yeomen of the wood wharfs, two. - The sword-bearer's man. } - Common hunt's men, two. } - Common crier's man. } gentlemen's men, seven. - Water-bailiffs' men, two. } - The carver's man. } - -Whereof nine of these have liveries of the lord mayor, viz., the -sword-bearer, and his man, the three carvers, and the four yeomen of the -water side; all the rest have their liveries from the chamber of London. - -Thus far after my notes delivered by an officer of the lord mayor's -house, but unperfected; for I remember a crowner, an under-chamberlain, -and four clerks of the mayor's court, and others. - - - - -THE SHERIFFS OF LONDON; THEIR OFFICERS - - -The sheriffs of London, in the year 1471, were appointed each of them -to have sixteen sergeants, every sergeant to have his yeoman, and six -clerks; to wit, a secondary, a clerk of the papers, and four other -clerks, besides the under sheriffs' clerks, their stewards, butlers, -porters, and other in household many. - - - - -OF THE MAYOR'S AND SHERIFFS' LIVERIES SOMEWHAT - - -To follow precedent of former time, the clerks of companies were to -inquire for them of their companies that would have the mayor's livery, -their money as a benevolence given, which must be twenty shillings at -the least put in a purse, with their names that gave it, and the wardens -to deliver it to the mayor by the first of December; for the which -every man had then sent him four yards of broad cloth, rowed or striped -athwart, with a different colour to make him a gown, and these were -called ray gowns, which was then the livery of the mayor, and also of -the sheriffs, but each differing from others in the colours. - -Of older times I read, that the officers of this city wore gowns of -party colours, as the right side of one colour and the left side of -another; as, for example, I read in books of accounts in the Guildhall, -that in the 19th year of Henry VI. there was bought for an officer's -gown two yards of cloth, coloured mustard villars (a colour now out of -use), and two yards of cloth, coloured blue, price two shillings the -yard, in all eight shillings. More, paid to John Pope, draper, for two -gown cloths, eight yards of two colours, _eux ombo deux de rouge_ (or -red), _medle bune_, and _porre_ (or purple) colour, price the yard two -shillings. These gowns were for Piers Rider and John Bukles, clerks of -the chamber. - -More, I read that in the year 1516, in the 7th of Henry VIII., it -was agreed by a common council in the Guildhall that the sheriffs of -London should (as they had been accustomed) give yearly rayed gowns -to the recorder, chamberlain, common sergeant, and common clerk, the -sword-bearer, common hunt, water-bailiff, common crier, like as to their -own offices, etc. - -1525. More, in the 16th of Henry VIII., Sir William Bayly, then being -mayor, made a request, for that clothes of ray (as he alleged) were evil -wrought, his officers might be permitted (contrary to custom) for that -year to wear gowns of one colour; to the which, in a common council, -one answered and said, "Yea, it might be permitted," and no man said, -"Nay," and so it passed. Thus much for party coloured and ray gowns have -I read: but for benevolence to the mayor, I find that of later time that -each man giving forty shillings towards his charges, received four yards -of broad cloth to make him a gown, for Thomas White performed it in -the 1st of Queen Mary; but Sir Thomas Lodge gave instead of four yards -of broad cloth, three yards of satin to make them doublets, and since -that the three yards of satin is turned into a silver spoon, and so it -holdeth. - -The days of attendance that the fellowships do give to the mayor at his -going to Paules were seven, as followeth:-- - - 1. Alhallowen day. - 2. Christmasse day. - 3. St. Stephen's day. - 4. St. John's day. - 5. New Year's day. - 6. Twelfth day. - 7. Candlemasse day. - -The 23rd of Henry VIII., these companies had place at the mayor's feast -in the Guildhall, in order as followeth; I speak by precedent, for I was -never feast-follower:-- - - 1. Mercers, the wardens, and seventeen persons, five messes. - 2. Grocers, the wardens, and sixteen persons, four messes. - 3. Drapers, the wardens, and twelve persons, four messes. - 4. Fishmongers, the wardens, and twelve persons, four messes. - 5. Goldsmiths, the wardens, and ten persons, three messes. - 6. Skinners, the wardens, and eight persons, three messes. - 7. Merchant-tailors, the wardens, and nine persons, three messes. - 8. Vintners, the wardens, and six persons, two messes. - 9. Ironmongers, the wardens, and four persons, four messes and a - half. - 10. Merchant-haberdashers, the wardens, and fourteen persons, four - messes and a half. - 11. Salters, the wardens, and eight persons, two messes and a half. - 12. Dyers, the wardens, and six persons, two messes. - 13. Leathersellers, the wardens, and eight persons, three messes. - 14. Pewterers, the wardens, and five persons, two messes. - 15. Cutlers, the wardens and five persons, two messes. - 16. Armourers, the wardens and three persons, one mess. - 17. Waxchandlers, the wardens and six persons, two messes. - 18. Tallow-chandlers, the wardens and three persons, two messes. - 19. Shiremen, the wardens and five persons, two messes. - 20. Fullers, the wardens and nine persons, two messes. - 21. Sadlers, the wardens and four persons, two messes. - 22. Brewers, the wardens and twelve persons, four messes. - 23. Scriveners, the wardens and six persons, two messes. - 24. Butchers, the wardens and seven persons, three messes. - 25. Bakers, the wardens and four persons, two messes. - 26. Poulterers, the wardens and one person, one mess. - 27. Stationers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 28. Inholders, the wardens and four persons, two messes. - 29. Girdlers, the wardens and four persons, two messes. - 30. Chirurgeons, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 31. Founders, the wardens and one person, one mess. - 32. Barbers, the wardens and four persons, two messes. - No Clothing. Upholders, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 34. Broiderers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 35. Bowyers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 36. Fletchers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - No Clothing. Turners, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 38. Cordwainers, the wardens and four persons, two messes. - 39. Painters-stainers, the wardens and five persons, two messes. - 40. Masons, the wardens and one person, one mess. - 41. Plumbers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 42. Carpenters, the wardens and four persons, two messes. - 43. Pouch-makers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 44. Joiners, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 45. Coopers, the wardens and one person, one mess. - No Clothing. Glaziers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - No Clothing. Linendrapers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - No Clothing. Woodmongers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 49. Curriers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - No Clothing. Foystors, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - No Clothing. Grey Tanners, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 52. Tilers, the wardens and one person, one mess. - 53. Weavers, the wardens and one person, one mess. - 54. Blacksmiths, the wardens, and one mess. - No Clothing. Lorimars, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 56. Spurriers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 57. Wiresellers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - No Clothing. Fruiterers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - No Clothing. Farriers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - 60. Bladesmiths, the wardens and two persons, one mess. - -These companies severally, at sundry times, purchased the king's -favour and license by his letters patents, to associate themselves -in brotherhoods, with master and wardens for their government: many -also have procured corporations, with privileges, etc.; but I read -not of license by them procured for liveries to be worn, but at their -governor's discretion to appoint, as occasion asketh, some time in -triumphant manner, some time more mourning like, and such liveries have -they taken upon them, as well before, as since they were by license -associated into brotherhoods, or corporations. For the first of these -companies that I read of to be a guild, brotherhood, or fraternity, -in this city, were the weavers, whose guild was confirmed by Henry -II. The next fraternity, which was of St. John Baptist, time out of -mind, called of tailors and linen-armourers of London; I find that King -Edward I., in the 28th of his reign, confirmed that guild by the name of -tailors and linen-armourers, and gave to the brethren there of authority -yearly to choose unto them a governor, or master, with wardens, etc. The -other companies have since purchased license of societies, brotherhoods, -or corporations, in the reigns of Edward III., Richard II., Henry IV., -Henry V., Henry VI., and Edward IV., etc. - - - - -SOMEWHAT OF LIVERIES WORN BY CITIZENS OF LONDON, IN TIME OF TRIUMPHS AND -OTHERWAYS - - -1236. The 20th of Henry III., the mayor, aldermen, sheriffs, and -citizens of London, rode out to meet the king and his new wife, Queen -Elianor, daughter to Reymond Beringarius of Aragon, earl of Provence and -Narbone. The citizens were clothed in long garments, embroidered about -with gold, and silk in divers colours, their horses finely trapped, to -the number of three hundred and sixty, every man bearing a golden or -silver cup in his hand, the king's trumpets before them sounding, etc., -as ye may read in my _Annales_. - -1300. The 29th of Edward I., the said king took to wife Margaret, sister -to Philip Le Beau, king of France; they were married at Canterbury. The -queen was conveyed to London, against whom the citizens to the number of -six hundred rode in one livery of red and white, with the cognizances of -their mysteries embroidered upon their sleeves, they received her four -miles out of London, and so conveyed her to Westminster. - -1415. The 3rd of Henry V., the said king arriving at Dover, the mayor of -London with the aldermen and crafts-men riding in red, with hoods red -and white, met with the king on the Blacke hith, coming from Eltham with -his prisoners out of France. - -1432. The 10th of Henry VI., he being crowned in France, returning -into England, came to Eltham towards London, and the mayor of London, -John Welles, the aldermen, with the commonalty, rode against him on -horseback, the mayor in crimson velvet, a great velvet hat furred, -a girdle of gold about his middle, and a bawdrike of gold about his -neck trilling down behind him, his three henxemen, on three great -coursers following him, in one suit of red, all spangled in silver, -then the aldermen in gowns of scarlet, with sanguine hoods, and all the -commonality of the city clothed in white gowns, and scarlet hoods, with -divers cognizances embroidered on their sleeves, etc. - -1485. The 1st of Henry VII., the mayor, aldermen, sheriffs, and -commonality, all clothed in violet (as in a mourning colour), met the -king at Shorditch, and conveyed him to Powles church, where he offered -his banners. - -Thus much for liveries of citizens in ancient times, both in triumphs -and otherwise, may suffice, whereby may be observed, that the coverture -of men's heads was then hoods, for neither cap nor hat is spoken of, -except that John Welles mayor of London to wear a hat in time of -triumph, but differing from the hats lately taken in use, and now -commonly worn for noblemen's liveries. I read that Thomas earl of -Lancaster in the reign of Edward II. gave at Christmas in liveries, to -such as served him, a hundred and fifty-nine broad cloaths, allowing to -every garment furs to fur their hoods: more near our time, there yet -remaineth the counterfeits and pictures of aldermen, and others that -lived in the reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV., namely alderman Darby -dwelling in Fenchurch street, over against the parish church of St. -Diones, left his picture, as of an alderman, in a gown of scarlet on -his back, a hood on his head, etc., as is in that house (and elsewhere) -to be seen: for a further monument of those late times, men may behold -the glass windows of the mayor's court in the Guildhall above the -stairs, the mayor is there pictured sitting in habit, party-coloured, -and a hood on his head, his swordbearer before him with a hat or cap -of maintenance: the common clerk, and other officers bare-headed, -their hoods on their shoulders; and therefore I take it, that the use -of square bonnets worn by noblemen, gentlemen, citizens, and others, -took beginning in this realm by Henry VII. and in his time, and of -further antiquity, I can see no counterfeit or other proof of use. -Henry VIII. (towards his latter reign) wore a round flat cap of scarlet -or of velvet, with a bruch or jewel, and a feather; divers gentlemen, -courtiers, and others, did the like. The youthful citizens also took -them to the new fashion of flat caps, knit of woollen yarn black, but so -light, that they were obliged to tie them under their chins, for else -the wind would be master over them. The use of these flat round caps so -far increased (being of less price than the French bonnet) that in short -time young aldermen took the wearing of them; Sir John White wore it in -his mayoralty, and was the first that left example to his followers; -but now the Spanish felt, or the like counterfeit, is most commonly of -all men both spiritual and temporal taken to use, so that the French -bonnet or square cap, and also the round or flat cap, have for the most -part given place to the Spanish felt; but yet in London amongst the -graver sort (I mean the liveries of companies), remaineth a memory of -the hoods of old time worn by their predecessors: these hoods were worn, -the roundlets upon their heads, the skirts to hang behind in their necks -to keep them warm, the tippet to lie on their shoulder, or to wind about -their necks, these hoods were of old time made in colours according to -their gowns, which were of two colours, as red and blue, or red and -purple, murrey, or as it pleased their masters and wardens to appoint -to the companies; but now of late time, they have used their gowns to -be all of one colour, and those of the saddest, but their hoods being -made the one half of the same cloth their gowns be of, the other half -remaineth red as of old time. And so I end, as wanting time to travel -further in this work. - -Now since that I have given you an outward view of this city, it shall -not be impertinent to let you take an insight also of the same, such -as a Londoner born discoursed about twenty years gone, for answer (as -it seemeth) to some objections that then were made against the growing -greatness thereof. The author gave it me, and therefore, howsoever I -conceal his name (which itself pretendeth not), I think I may without -his offence impart it to others, that they may take pleasure in the -reading, as I doubt not but he did in the writing. Long may they (that -list) envy, and long may we and our posterity enjoy the good estate of -this city. - - - - -A DISCOURSE OF THE NAMES AND FIRST CAUSES OF THE INSTITUTION OF CITIES -AND PEOPLED TOWNS AND OF THE COMMODITIES THAT DO GROW BY THE SAME; AND, -NAMELY, OF THE CITY OF LONDON - - WRITTEN BY WAY OF AN APOLOGY (OR DEFENCE) AGAINST THE OPINION OF - SOME MEN, WHICH THINK THAT THE GREATNESS OF THAT CITY STANDETH NOT - WITH THE PROFIT AND SECURITY OF THIS REALM - - -Cities and well-peopled places be called _Oppida_, in Latin; either _ab -ope danda_, or _ab opibus_, or _ab opponendo se hostibus_. They be named -also _Civitates a coeeundo_, and _urbes_, either of the word _urbare_, -because the first inclosure of them was described with the draught of a -plough, or else _ab orbe_, for the round compass that they at the first -had. - -In the Greek a city is termed ~polis~, either of the word ~polus~, -_multus_, or of ~poleino poleneon~,[306] _id est_, _habitare_, _alere_, -_gubernare_. - -In the Saxon (or old English) sometimes _Tun_, which we now call town, -derived of the word _Tynan_, to inclose or tyne, as some yet speak. -But forasmuch as that word was proper to every village and inclosed -dwelling, therefore our ancestors called their walled towns _Burh_ or -_Byrg_, and we now Bury and Borough, of the Greek word ~pyrgos~ (as I -think), which signifieth a tower or a high building. - -The walls of these towns had their name of _vallum_, because at the -first they were but of that earth which was cast out of the trench, -or ditch, wherewith they were environed. But afterward, being made of -matter more fit for defence, they were named _a muniendo moenia_. By -the etymology of these names, it may appear that common weals, cities, -and towns, were at the first invented, to the end that men might lead -a civil life amongst themselves, and be saved harmless against their -enemies; whereupon Plato saith, "_Civitates ab initio utilitatis causa -constitutae sunt_." Aristotle, 1. Politicorum, 2. saith, "_Civitas a -natura profecta est: homo enim animal aptum est ad coetus, et proinde -civitatis origo ad viuendum, institutio ad bene viuendum refertur._" -And Cicero, _lib. primo de Inventione_, in the beginning, saith, "_Fuit -quoddam tempus cum in agris homines passim bestiarum more vagabantur, -etc. quo quidem tempore, quidam (magnus, viz. vir et sapiens) dispersos -homines in agris, et tectis silvestribus abditos, ratione quadam -compulit in unum locum, atque eos in unamquamq; rem induxit utilem et -honestam. Urbibus vero constitutis fidem colere, et justitiam retinere -discebant, et aliis parere sua voluntate consuescebant_," etc. The same -man discourseth notably to the same effect in his Oration _Pro Sestio_, -a little after the midst thereof, showing that in the life of men -dispersed, _vis_, beareth all the sway; but in the civil life, _ars_ is -better maintained, etc. This thing well saw King William the Conqueror, -who in his laws, fol. 125, saith, "_Burgi et civitates fundata, et -edificata sunt, ad tuitionem gentium et populorum Regni, et idcirco -observari debent cum omni libertate, integritate et ratione_." And his -predecessors, King Ethelstane and King Canutus, in their laws, fol. 62 -and 106, had commanded thus: "_Oppida instaurantur_," etc. - -Seeing, therefore, that as Cicero, 2. _Officior._ saith, "_Proxime et -secundum Deos, homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt_;" and -that men are congregated into cities and commonwealths for honesty -and utility's sake, these shortly be the commodities that do come by -cities, commonalties, and corporations. First, men by this nearness -of conversation are withdrawn from barbarous feritie and force to a -certain mildness of manners, and to humanity and justice; whereby they -are contented to give and take right, to and from their equals and -inferiors, and to hear and obey their heads and superiors. Also the -doctrine of God is more fitly delivered, and the discipline thereof -more aptly to be executed, in peopled towns than abroad, by reason of -the facility of common and often assembling; and consequently such -inhabitants be better managed in order, and better instructed in -wisdom: whereof it came to pass, that at the first, they that excelled -others this way, were called _astuti_, of the Greek word ~asty~, which -signifieth a city, although the term be now declined to the worst -part, and do betoken evil, even as _tyrannus_, _sophista_, and some -such other originally good words are fallen; and hereof also good -behaviour is yet called _urbanitas_, because it is rather found in -cities than elsewhere. In some, by often hearing men be better persuaded -in religion, and for that they live in the eyes of others, they be -by example the more easily trained to justice, and by shamefastness -restrained from injury. - -And whereas commonwealths and kingdoms cannot have, next after God, any -surer foundation than the love and goodwill of one man towards another, -that also is closely bred and maintained in cities, where men by mutual -society and companying together, do grow to alliances, commonalties, and -corporations. - -The liberal sciences and learnings of all sorts, which be _lumina -reipublicae_, do flourish only in peopled towns; without the which a -realm is in no better case than a man that lacketh both his eyes. - -Manual arts, or handicrafts, as they have for the most part been -invented in towns and cities, so they cannot anywhere else be either -maintained or amended. The like is to be said of merchandise, under -which name I comprehend all manner of buying, selling, bartering, -exchanging, communicating of things that men need to and fro. Wealth and -riches, which are truly called _subsidia belli, et ornamenta pacis_, are -increased chiefly in towns and cities both to the prince and people. - -The necessity of the poor and needy is in such places both sooner to be -espied, and hath means to be more charitably relieved. - -The places themselves be surer refuges in all extremities of foreign -invasion, and the inhabitants be a ready hand and strength of men, with -munition to oppress intestine sedition. - -Moreover, forasmuch as the force of the wars of our time consisteth -chiefly in shot, all other soldiers being either horsemen or footmen, -armed on land, or mariners at the sea, it seemeth to me that citizens -and townsmen be as fit to be employed in any of these services, that on -horseback only excepted, as the inhabitants that be drawn out of the -country. - -Furthermore, even as these societies and assemblies of men in cities -and great towns are a continual bridle against tyranny, which was the -cause that Tarquin, Nero, Dionysius, and such others, have always sought -to weaken them: so, being well tempered, they are a strong fort and -bulwark, not only in the aristocracy, but also in the lawful kingdom or -just royalty. - -At once the propagation of religion, the execution of good policy, the -exercise of charity, and the defence of the country, is best performed -by towns and cities; and this civil life approacheth nearest to the -shape of that mystical body whereof Christ is the head, and men be the -members; whereupon both at the first, that man of God Moses, in the -commonwealth of the Israelites, and the governors of all countries, in -all ages since, have continually maintained the same; and to change it -were nothing else but to metamorphose the world, and to make wild beasts -of reasonable men. To stand longer upon this it were, _in re non dubia, -uti oratione non necessaria_; and therefore I will come to London. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[306] Sic in Stow; Strype corrects it into ~poleuo~. - - - - -THE SINGULARITIES OF THE CITY OF LONDON - - -Whatsoever is said of cities generally, maketh also for London -specially; howbeit, these things are particularly for our purpose to be -considered in it. The situation; the former estimation that it hath had; -the service that it hath done; the present estate and government of it, -and such benefits as do grow to the realm by the maintenance thereof. - -This realm hath only three principal rivers, whereon a royal city may -well be situated: Trent, in the north, Severn in the south-west, and -Thames in the south-east; of the which Thames, both for the straight -course in length reacheth furthest into the belly of the land, and for -the breadth and stillness of the water is most navigable up and down the -stream; by reason whereof London, standing almost in the middle of that -course, is more commodiously served with provision of necessaries than -any town standing upon the other two rivers can be, and doth also more -easily communicate to the rest of the realm the commodities of her own -intercourse and traffic. - -This river openeth indifferently upon France and Flanders, our mightiest -neighbours, to whose doings we ought to have a bent eye and special -regard; and this city standeth thereon in such convenient distance -from the sea, as it is not only near enough for intelligence of the -affairs of those princes, and for the resistance of their attempts, -but also sufficiently removed from the fear of any sudden dangers that -may be offered by them; whereas for the prince of this realm to dwell -upon Trent were to turn his back or blind side to his most dangerous -borderers; and for him to rest and dwell upon Severn were to be shut up -in a cumbersome corner, which openeth but upon Ireland only, a place of -much less importance. - -Neither could London be pitched so commodiously upon any other part -of the same river of Thames as where it now standeth; for if it were -removed more to the west it should lose the benefit of the ebbing and -flowing, and if it were seated more towards the east it should be nearer -to danger of the enemy, and further both from the good air and from -doing good to the inner parts of the realm; neither may I omit that none -other place is so plentifully watered with springs as London is. - -And whereas, amongst other things, corn and cattle, hay and fuel, be of -great necessity; of the which cattle may be driven from afar, and corn -may easily be transported. But hay and fuel, being of greater bulk and -burthen, must be at hand: only London, by the benefit of this situation -and river, may be sufficiently served therewith. In which respect an -alderman of London reasonably (as me thought) affirmed, that although -London received great nourishment by the residence of the prince, the -repair of the parliament and courts of justice, yet it stood principally -by the advantage of the situation upon the river; for when, as on a -time, it was told him by a courtier that Queen Mary, in her displeasure -against London, had appointed to remove with the parliament and term to -Oxford, this plain man demanded whether she meant also to divert the -river of Thames from London, or no? and when the gentleman had answered -"No," "Then," quoth the alderman, "by God's grace, we shall do well -enough at London, whatsoever become of the term and parliament." I -myself being then a young scholar at Oxford, did see great preparation -made towards that term and parliament, and do well remember that the -common opinion and voice was, that they were not holden there, because -provision of hay could not be made in all the country to serve for ten -whole days together, and yet is that quarter plentifully stored with hay -for the proportion of the shire itself. - -For proof of the ancient estimation of London, I will not use the -authority of the British history, nor of such as follow it (although -some hold it credible enough that London was first _Trinobantum -civitas_, or _Troja nova_, that famous city in our histories, and then -Ludstoune, and by corruption London, as they report), because they be -not of sufficient force to draw the gainsayers. Neither will I stand -much upon that honourable testimony which Gervas. Tilburiens. giveth to -London in his book, _De Otiis Imperialibus_, saying thus, concerning -the blessing of God towards it:--"_In Urbe London. exceptione habet -divulgatum id per omnes aeque gentes Lucani proverbium_: - - Invida fatorum series summisque negatum - Stare diu. - -"_Nam ea annis 354 ante Romam condita nunquam amisit principatum, nec -bello consumpta est._" - -But I will rather use the credit of one or two ancient foreign writers, -and then descend to later histories. Cornel. Tacitus, lib. 4. Annal., -saith, "_Londinum copia negociatorum, et comeatu maxime celebris_," and -Herodian, in the Life of Severus the emperor, saith, "_Londinum urbs -magna et opulenta_." Beda, lib. Ecclesiastic. 10. chap. 29, showeth -that Pope Gregory appointed two archbishops' sees in England, the one -at London, the other at York. King Ethelstane, in his laws, appointing -how many mint-masters should be in each city, allotteth eight to London, -and not so many to any other city. The penner of those laws, that are -said to be made by Edward the Confessor, and confirmed by William the -Conqueror, saith, "_London est caput Regni, et Legum_." King Henry I., -in the third chapter of his Laws, commandeth that no citizen of London -should be amerced above one hundred shillings for any pecuniary pain. -The great charter of England, that Helena for which there was so long -and so great war and contention, in the ninth chapter, saith, "_Civitas -London. habeat omnes suas Libertates antiquas_," etc. About the time of -King John London was reputed "_regni firmata Columna_," as Alexander -Neckham writeth; and in the beginning of the reign of Richard II. it was -called "_Camera regis_," as Thomas Walsingham reporteth. I pass over the -recital of the Saxon charter of King William the Conqueror, the Latin -charter of Henry I. and II., of Richard I., of John, and of Edward I., -all which gave unto the citizens of London great privileges, and of -Edward III., who reciting all the grants of his predecessors, not only -confirmed but also increased the same, and of the latter kings, who -have likewise added many things thereunto. Only I wish to be noted by -them, that during all this time, all those wise and politic princes have -thought it fit, not only to maintain London in such plight as they found -it, but also to adorn, increase, and amplify it with singular tokens -of their liberal favour and good liking. And whether there be not now -the same or greater causes to draw the like, or better estimation and -cherishing, let any man be judge, that will take the pains to compare -the present estate of London, yet still growing to better, with the -former condition of the same. - -It were too much to recite particularly the martial services that this -city hath done from time to time; neither do I think that they be all -committed to writing; only for a taste, as it were, I will note these -few following. - -Almost sixty years before the Conquest a huge army of the Danes (whereof -King Sweyne was the leader) besieged King Etheldred in London (than the -which, as the story saith, then he had none other refuge), but they were -manfully repulsed, and a great number of them slain. - -After the death of this Sweyne, his son Canutus (afterward king of -England) besieged London, both by land and water; but after much labour, -finding it impregnable, he departed; and in the same year repairing his -forces, he girded it with a new siege, in the which the citizens so -defended themselves, and offended him, that in the end he went away with -shame. - -In the dissension that arose between King Edward the Confessor and his -father-in-law, Earl Goodwin (which was the mightiest subject within -this land that ever I have read of), the earl with a great army came -to London, and was for all that by the countenance of the citizens -resisted, till such time as the nobility made reconciliation between -them. About seventy years after the Conquest, Maude, the empress, made -war upon King Stephen for the right of the crown, and had taken his -person prisoner; but, by the strength and assistance of the Londoners -and Kentishmen, Maude was put to flight at Winchester, and her brother -Robert, then earl of Gloucester, was taken, in exchange for whom King -Stephen was delivered: I dispute not whose right was better, but I -avouch the service, seeing Stephen was in possession. - -The history of William Walworth, the mayor of London, is well known; by -whose manhood and policy the person of King Richard II. was rescued, -the city saved, Wat Tiler killed, and all his straglers discomfited; in -reward of which service, the mayor and other aldermen were knighted. - -Jack Cade also having discomfited the king's army that was sent against -him, came to London, and was there manfully and with long fight -resisted, until that by the good policy of the citizens his company was -dispersed. - -Finally, in the 10th year of the reign of King Edward IV., and not many -days before the death of Henry VI., Thomas Nevill, commonly called the -bastard of Fauconbridge, armed a great company against the king, and -being denied passage through London, he assaulted it on divers parts; -but he was repulsed by the citizens, and chased as far as Stratford, -with the loss of a great many. - -Thus much of certain their principal and personal services in war -only, for it were infinite to repeat the particular aids of men and -money which London hath ministered; and I had rather to leave it to be -conjectured at, by comparison to be made between it and other cities, -whereof I will give you this one note for an example. In the 12th year -of the reign of King Edward II., it was ordered by parliament that every -city of the realm should make out soldiers against the Scots; at which -time London was appointed to send two hundred men, and Canterbury, being -then one of our best cities, forty, and no more: and this proportion -of five to one is now in our age increased, at the least five to one, -both in soldiers and subsidy. As for the other services that London hath -done in times of peace, they are to be measured by consideration of the -commodities, whereof I will speak anon. In the mean season, let the -estate and government of this city be considered, to the end that it may -appear that it standeth well with the policy of the realm. - -Caesar, in his Commentaries, is witness, that in his time the cities -of Britain had large territories annexed unto them, and were several -estates of themselves, governed by particular kings, or potentates, -as in Italy and Germany yet be; and that Mandubratius was king of the -Trinobants, whose chief city London is taken to have been. And I find -not that this government was altered either by Caesar or his successors, -notwithstanding that the country became tributary unto them: but that -it continued until at length the Britons themselves reduced all their -peoples into one monarchy; howbeit, that lasted not any long season, -for upon Vortiger their king came the Saxons our ancestors, and they -drave the Britons into Wales, Cornwall, and Bretagne in France, and -in process of war divided the country amongst themselves into an -heptarchy, or seven kingdoms; of the which one was called the kingdom -of the East Saxons, which having in manner the same limits that the -bishopric of London now enjoyeth, contained Essex, Middlesex, and a part -of Hertfordshire, and so included London. Again, it appeareth, that -in course of time, and about eight hundred years after Christ, Egbert -(then king of the West Saxons), _ut pisces saepe minutos magnus comest_, -overcame the rest of the kings, and once more erected a monarchy; the -which till the coming in of the Normans, and from thence even hitherto -hath continued. - -Now I doubt not (whatsoever London was in the time of Caesar), but -that under the heptarchy and monarchy it hath been a subject, and no -free city, though happily endowed with some large privileges, for -King William the Conqueror found a portreeve there, whose name was -Godfrey (by which name he greeteth him in his Saxon Charter), and his -office was none other than the charge of a bailiff or reeve, as by the -self-same name continuing yet in Gravesend, and certain other places, -may well appear: but the Frenchmen, using their own language, called -him sometimes a provost and sometime a bailiff: whatsoever his name and -office were, he was _perpetuus magistratus_, given by the prince, and -not chosen by the citizens, as it seemeth; for what time King Richard -I. needed money towards his expedition in the Holy Land, they first -purchased of him the liberty to choose yearly from amongst themselves -two bailiffs; and King John, his successor, at their like suit, changed -their bailiffs into a mayor and two sheriffs. To these Henry III. added -aldermen, at the first eligible yearly, but afterward by King Edward -III. made perpetual magistrates and justices of the peace within their -wards, in which plight of government it presently standeth. This, -shortly as I could, is the historical and outward estate of London; now -come I to the inward pith and substance. - -The estate of this city is to be examined by the quantity and by the -quality. - -The quantity therefore consisteth in the number of the citizens which -is very great, and far exceedeth the proportion of Hippodamus, which -appointed ten thousand, and of others which have set down other numbers, -as meet stintes in their opinions to be well governed; but yet seeing -both reason and experience have freed us from the law of any definite -number, so that other things be observed, let that be admitted: neither -is London, I fear me, so great as populous; for well saith one, "_Non -idem est magna civitas et frequens, magna est enim quae multos habet qui -arma ferre possunt_:" whatsoever the number be, it breedeth no fear of -sedition; forasmuch as the same consisteth not in the extremes, but in a -very mediocrity of wealth and riches, as it shall better appear anon. - -And if the causes of English rebellions be searched out, they shall be -found in effect to be these twain, ambition and covetousness; of which -the first reigneth in the minds of high and noble personages, or of -such others as seek to be gracious and popular, and have robbed the -hearts of the multitude; whereas in London, if any where in the world, -_honos vere onus est_, and every man rather shunneth than seeketh the -mayoralty, which is the best mark amongst them; neither hath there been -any strong faction, nor any man more popular than the rest, forasmuch -as the government is by a pattern, as it were, and always the same, how -often soever they change their magistrate. Covetousness, that other -sire of sedition, possesseth the miserable and needy sort, and such as -be naughty packs, unthrifts, which although it cannot be chosen, but -that in a frequent city as London is, there shall be found many, yet -bear they not any great sway, seeing the multitude and most part there -is of a competent wealth, and earnestly bent to honest labour. I confess -that London is a mighty arm and instrument to bring any great desire to -effect, if it may be known to a man's devotion; whereof also there want -not examples in the English history. But forasmuch as the same is, by -the like reason, serviceable and meet to impeach any disloyal attempt, -let it rather be well governed than evil liked therefore; for it shall -appear anon, that as London hath adhered to some rebellions, so hath -it resisted many, and was never the author of any one. The quality of -this city consisteth either in the law and government thereof, or in the -degrees and condition of the citizens or in their strength and riches. - -It is besides the purpose to dispute, whether the estate of the -government here be a democracy or aristocracy; for whatever it be, being -considered in itself, certain it is, that in respect of the whole realm, -London is but a citizen and no city, a subject and no free estate, an -obedienciary and no place endowed with any distinct or absolute power; -for it is governed by the same law that the rest of the realm is, both -in causes criminal and civil, a few customs only excepted, which also -are to be adjudged or forejudged by the common law. And in the assembly -of the estates of our realm (which we call parliament) they are but a -member of the commonalty, and send two burgesses for their city, as -every poor borough doth, and two knights for their county, as every -other shire doth; and are as straitly bound by such laws as any part of -the realm is, for if contribution in subsidy of money to the prince be -decreed, the Londoners have none exemption; no, not so much as to assess -themselves, for the prince doth appoint the commissioners. - -If soldiers must be mustered, Londoners have no law to keep themselves -at home; if provision for the prince's household be to be made, their -goods are not privileged. In sum, therefore, the government of London -differeth not in substance, but in ceremony, from the rest of the -realm, as, namely, in the names and choice of their officers, and in -their guilds and fraternities, established for the maintenance of -handicrafts and labourers, and for equity and good order to be kept in -buying and selling. And yet in these also are they to be controlled by -the general law; for by the statutes, 28 Edward III. chap. 10, and 1 -Henry IV. chap. 15, the points of their misgovernment are inquirable by -the inhabitants of the foreign shires adjoining, and punishable by such -justiciars as the prince shall thereunto depute: to conclude, therefore, -the estate of London, for government, is so agreeable a symphony with -the rest, that there is no fear of dangerous discord to ensue thereby. - -The multitude (or whole body) of this populous city is two ways to -be considered, generally and specially: generally, they be natural -subjects, a part of the commons of this realm, and are by birth -for the most part a mixture of all countries of the same; by blood -gentlemen, yeomen, and of the basest sort, without distinction, and by -profession busy bees, and travailers for their living in the hive of -this commonwealth; but specially considered, they consist of these three -parts,--merchants, handicraftsmen, and labourers. - -Merchandise is also divided into these three sorts,--navigation, by the -which merchandizes are brought, and carried in and out over the seas; -invection, by the which commodities are gathered into the city, and -dispersed from thence into the country by land and negotiation, which I -may call the keeping of a retailing or standing shop. In common speech, -they of the first sort be called merchants, and both the other retailers. - -Handicraftsmen be those which do exercise such arts as require both -labour and cunning, as goldsmiths, tailors, and haberdashers, skinners, -etc. - -Labourers and hirelings I call those _quorum operae non artes emuntur_, -as Tullie saith; of which sort be porters, carmen, watermen, etc. - -Again, these three sorts may be considered, either in respect of their -wealth or number: in wealth, merchants and some of the chief retailers -have the first place; the most part of retailers and all artificers the -second or mean place; and hirelings the lowest room: but in number they -of the middle place be first, and do far exceed both the rest; hirelings -be next, and merchants be the last. Now, out of this, that the estate of -London, in the persons of the citizens, is so friendly interlaced, and -knit in league with the rest of the realm, not only at their beginning -by birth and blood, as I have showed, but also very commonly at their -ending by life and conversation, for that merchants and rich men (being -satisfied with gain) do for the most part marry their children into the -country, and convey themselves, after Cicero's counsel, "_Veluti ex -portu in agros et possessiones_:" I do infer that there is not only -no danger towards the common quiet thereby, but also great occasion -and cause of good love and amity. Out of this, that they be generally -bent to travel, and do fly poverty, "_Per mare, per saxa, per ignes_," -as the poet saith: I draw hope that they shall escape the note of many -vices which idle people do fall into. And out of this, that they be -a great multitude, and that yet the greatest part of them be neither -too rich nor too poor, but do live in the mediocrity, I conclude with -Aristotle, that the prince needeth not to fear sedition by them, for -thus saith he: "_Magnae urbes magis sunt a seditione liberae, quod in eis -dominetur mediocritas; nam in parvis nihil medium est, sunt enim omnes -vel pauperes vel opulenti._" I am now to come to the strength and power -of this city, which consisteth partly in the number of the citizens -themselves, whereof I have spoken before, partly in their riches, and -in their warlike furniture; for as touching the strength of the place -itself, that is apparent to the eye, and therefore is not to be treated -of. - -The wealth and warlike furniture of London is either public or private, -and no doubt the common treasure cannot be much there, seeing that the -revenue which they have hardly sufficeth to maintain their bridge and -conduits, and to pay their officers and servants. Their toll doth not -any more than pay their fee farm, that they pay to the prince. Their -issues for default of appearances be never levied, and the profits of -their courts of justice do go to particular men's hands. Arguments -hereof be these two: one, that they can do nothing of extraordinary -charge without a general contribution; another, that they have suffered -such as have borne the chief office amongst them, and were become -bankrupt, to depart the city without relief, which I think they neither -would nor could have done, if the common treasure had sufficed to cover -their shame; hereof therefore we need not be afraid. The public armour -and munition of this city remaineth in the halls of the companies, as -it doth throughout the whole realm, for a great part in the parish -churches; neither is that kept together, but only for obedience to the -law, which commandeth it, and therefore if that threaten danger to the -estate, it may by another law be taken from them, and committed to a -more safe armoury. - -The private riches of London resteth chiefly in the hands of the -merchants and retailers, for artificers have not much to spare, and -labourers have need that it were given unto them. Now how necessary -and serviceable the estate of merchandise is to this realm, it may -partly appear by the practice of that peaceable, politic, and rich -prince, King Henry VII., of whom Polidore (writing his life) sayeth -thus: "_Mercatores ille saepenumero pecunia multa data gratuite juvabat, -ut mercatura ars una omnium cunctis aeque mortalibus tum commoda, -tum necessaria, in suo regno copiosior esset_." But chiefly by the -inestimable commodities that grow thereby: for who knoweth not that we -have extreme need of many things, whereof foreign countries have great -store, and that we may spare many things whereof they have need: or who -is ignorant of this, that we have no mines of silver or gold within -our realm, so that the increase of our coin and bullion cometh from -elsewhere; and yet nevertheless we be both fed, clad, and otherwise -served with foreign commodities and delights, as plentiful as with our -domestical; which thing cometh to pass by the mean of merchandise only, -which importeth necessaries from other countries, and exporteth the -superfluities of our own. - -For seeing we have no way to increase our treasure by mines of gold or -silver at home, and can have nothing without money or ware from other -countries abroad, it followeth necessarily, that if we follow the -counsel of that good old husband, Marcus Cato, saying, "_Oportet patrem -familias vendacem esse, non emacem_," and do carry more commodities in -value over the seas than we bring hither from thence, that then the -realm shall receive that overplus in money; but if we bring from beyond -the seas merchandise of more value than that which we do send over may -countervail, then the realm payeth for that overplus in ready money, -and consequently is a loser by that ill husbandry; and therefore in -this part great and heedful regard must be had that symmetry and due -proportion be kept, lest otherwise either the realm be defrauded of her -treasure, or the subjects corrupted in vanity, by excessive importation -of superfluous and needless merchandise, or else that we feel penury, -even in our greatest plenty and store, by immoderate exportation of our -own needful commodities. - -Other the benefits that merchandise bringeth shall hereafter appear -in the general recital of the commodities that come by London; and -therefore it resteth that I speak a word of retailers, and finally -show that much good groweth by them both. The chief part of retailing -is but a handmaid to merchandise, dispersing by piecemeal that which -the merchant bringeth in gross; of which trade be mercers, vintners, -haberdashers, ironmongers, milliners, and all such as sell wares growing -or made beyond the seas; and therefore so long as merchandise itself -shall be profitable, and such proportion kept as neither we lose our -treasure thereby, nor be cloyed with unnecessary foreign wares, this -kind of retailing is to be retained also. - -Now that merchants and retailers of London be very rich and great, -it is so far from any harm, that it is a thing both praiseworthy and -profitable; for "_Mercatura_ (saith Cicero), _si tenuis est, sordida -putanda est; sin magna est et copiosa, non est vituperanda_." And truly -merchants and retailers do not altogether _intus canere_, and profit -themselves only, for the prince and realm both are enriched by their -riches: the realm winneth treasure, if their trade be so moderated by -authority that it break not proportion, and they besides bear a good -fleece, which the prince may shear when he seeth good. - -But here, before I conclude this part, I have shortly to answer the -accusation of those men, which charge London with the loss and decay -of many (or most) of the ancient cities, corporate towns, and markets -within this realm, by drawing from them to herself alone, say they, both -all trade of traffic by sea, and the retailing of wares and exercise -of manual arts also. Touching navigation, which I must confess is -apparently decayed in many port towns, and flourisheth only or chiefly -at London, I impute that partly to the fall of the Staple, the which -being long since a great trade, and bestowed sometimes at one town and -sometimes at another within the realm, did much enrich the place where -it was, and being now not only diminished in force, but also translated -over the seas, cannot but bring some decay with it, partly to the -impairing of havens, which in many places have impoverished those towns, -whose estate doth ebb and flow with them, and partly to the dissolution -of religious houses, by whose wealth and haunt many of those places were -chiefly fed and nourished. I mean not to rehearse particular examples of -every sort, for the thing itself speaketh, and I haste to an end. - -As for retailers, therefore, and handicraftsmen, it is no marvel if they -abandon country towns, and resort to London; for not only the court, -which is now-a-days much greater and more gallant than in former times, -and which was wont to be contented to remain with a small company, -sometimes at an abbey or priory, sometimes at a bishop's house, and -sometimes at some mean manor of the king's own, is now for the most part -either abiding at London, or else so near unto it, that the provision -of things most fit for it may easily be fetched from thence; but also by -occasion thereof, the gentlemen of all shires do fly and flock to this -city; the younger sort of them to see and show vanity, and the elder to -save the cost and charge of hospitality and house-keeping. - -For hereby it cometh to pass, that the gentlemen being either for a -good portion of the year out of the country, or playing the farmers, -graziers, brewers, or such like, more than gentlemen were wont to do -within the country, retailers and artificers, at the least of such -things as pertain to the back or belly, do leave the country towns, -where there is no vent, and do fly to London, where they be sure to -find ready and quick market. And yet I wish, that even as many towns in -the low countries of King Philip do stand, some by one handy art, and -some by another; so also that it might be provided here that the making -of some things might (by discreet dispensation) be allotted to some -special towns, to the end, that although the daintiness of men cannot -be restrained, which will needs seek those things at London, yet other -places also might be relieved, at the least by the workmanship of them. - -Thus much then of the estate of London, in the government thereof, in -the condition of the citizens, and in their power and riches. Now follow -the enumeration of such benefits as redound to the prince and this realm -by this city: in which doing I profess not to rehearse all, but only to -recite and run over the chief and principal of them. - -Besides the commodities of the furtherance of religion and justice, -the propagation of learning, the maintenance of arts, the increase of -riches, and the defence of countries (all which are before showed to -grow generally by cities, and be common to London with them), London -bringeth singularly these good things following. - -By advantage of the situation it disperseth foreign wares (as the -stomach doth meat) to all the members most commodiously. - -By the benefit of the river of Thames, and great trade of merchandise, -it is the chief maker of mariners, and nurse of our navy; and ships (as -men know) be the wooden walls for defence of our realm. - -It maintaineth in flourishing estate the countries of Norfolk, Suffolk, -Essex, Kent, and Sussex, which as they lie in the face of our most -puissant neighbour, so ought they above others to be conserved in the -greatest strength and riches; and these, as it is well known, stand not -so much by the benefit of their own soil, as by the neighbourhood and -nearness which they have to London. - -It relieveth plentifully, and with good policy, not only her own poor -people, a thing which scarcely any other town or shire doth, but also -the poor that from each quarter of the realm do flock unto it, and it -imparteth liberally to the necessity of the universities besides. It is -an ornament to the realm by the beauty thereof, and a terror to other -countries, by reason of the great wealth and frequency. It spreadeth the -honour of our country far abroad by her long navigations, and maketh our -power feared, even of barbarous princes. It only is stored with rich -merchants, which sort only is tolerable; for beggarly merchants do bite -too near, and will do more harm than good to the realm. - -It only of any place in this realm is able to furnish the sudden -necessity with a strong army. It availeth the prince in tronage, -poundage, and other her customs, much more than all the rest of the -realm. - -It yieldeth a greater subsidy than any one part of the realm; I mean -not for the proportion of the value of the goods only, but also for the -faithful service there used, in making the assess, for no where else -be men taxed so near to their just value as in London; yea, many are -found there, that for their countenance and credit sake, refuse not to -be rated above their ability, which thing never happeneth abroad in the -country. I omit that in ancient time the inhabitants of London and other -cities were accustomably taxed after the tenth of their goods, when the -country was assessed at the fifteenth, and rated at the eighth; when the -country was set at the twelfth, for that were to awake a sleeping dog; -and I should be thought "_dicenda, tacenda, locutus_," as the poet said. - -It only doth and is able to make the prince a ready present or loan of -money. - -It only is found fit and able to entertain strangers honourably, and to -receive the prince of the realm worthily. - -Almighty God (_qui nisi custodiat civitatem, frustra vigilat custos_) -grant that her majesty evermore rightly esteem and rule this city; and -he give grace, that the citizens may answer duty, as well towards God -and her majesty, as towards this whole realm and country. Amen. - - - - -AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING THE EXAMINATION OF SUCH CAUSES AS HAVE -HERETOFORE MOVED THE PRINCES EITHER TO FINE AND RANSOM THE CITIZENS OF -LONDON, OR TO SEIZE THE LIBERTIES OF THE CITY ITSELF. - - -These all may be reduced to these few heads; for either the citizens -have adhered, in aid or arms, to such as have warred upon the prince, or -they have made tumult, and broken the common peace at home; or they have -misbehaved themselves in point of government and justice; or finally, -and to speak the plain truth, the princes have taken hold of small -matters, and coined good sums of money out of them. - -To the first head I will refer whatsoever they have done, either in -those wars that happened between King Stephen and Maude the empress, -being competitors of the crown, or between King John and his nobles, -assisting Lewis, the French king's son, when he invaded the realm; for -it is apparent by all histories that the Londoners were not the movers -of these wars, but were only used as instruments to maintain them. The -like is to be said of all the offences that King Henry III., whose whole -reign was a continual warfare, conceived against this city, concerning -the bearing of armour against him; for the first part of his reign was -spent in the continuation of those wars that his father had begun with -Lewis; and the rest of his life he bestowed in that contention, which -was commonly called the Barons' wars: in which tragedy London, as it -could not be otherwise, had now and then a part, and had many a snub -at the king's hand for it: but in the end, when he had triumphed over -Simon Montford at Evesham, London felt it most tragical; for then he -both seized their liberties and sucked themselves dry; and yet Edictum -Kenilworth, made shortly after, hath an honourable testimony for London, -saying, "_Te London laudamus_," etc. As for the other offences that -he took against the Londoners, they pertain to the other parts of my -division. - -Next after this, against whom the Londoners did put on arms, followeth -King Edward II., who in the end was deprived of his kingdom, not by -their means, but by a general defection both of his own wife and son, -and almost of the whole nobility and realm besides. In which trouble, -that furious assault and slaughter committed by them upon the bishop of -Excester, then treasurer of the realm, is to be imputed partly to the -sway of the time wherewith they were carried, and partly to a private -displeasure which they had to the bishop. - -Finally cometh to hand King Richard II.; for these three only, in all -the catalogue of our kings, have been heavy lords to London, who also -had much contention with his nobility, and was in the end deposed. But -whatsoever countenance and aid the city of London brought to the wars -and uproars of that time, it is notoriously true that London never led -the dance, but ever followed the pipe of the nobility. To close up this -first part, therefore, I affirm, that in all the troublesome actions -during the reign of these three kings, as also in all that heaving in -and hurling out that afterward happened between King Henry VI. and King -Edward IV., the city of London was many times a friend and fautor, but -never the first motive or author of any intestine war or sedition. - -In the second room I place a couple of tumultuous affrays that chanced -in the days of King Richard I.; the one upon the day of his coronation -against the Jews, which, contrary to the king's own proclamation, would -needs enter the church to see him sacred, and were therefore cruelly -handled by the common people. The other was caused by William with the -long beard, who after that he had inflamed the poor people against the -richer sort, and was called to answer for his fault, took Bow church for -sanctuary, and kept it, castle-like, till he was fired out. - -Here is place also for the stoning to death of a gentleman, servant -to the half-brother of King Henry III., which had before provoked the -citizens to fury by wounding divers of them without any cause, 1257; -for the riotous fray between the servants of the goldsmiths and the -tailors, 1268; for the hurly burly and bloodshed between the Londoners -and the men of Westminster, moved by the young men upon an occasion of -a wrestling on St. James' day, 1221; and made worse by one Constantine, -an ancient citizen, for the brawl and business that arose about a -baker's loaf at Salisbury place, 1391; for the which, and some other -misdemeanours, King Richard II. was so incensed by evil counsel against -the Londoners, that he determined to destroy them and raze their city: -and for the fight that was between the citizens and sanctuary men of St. -Martin's, 1454, under King Henry VI.: and finally, for the misrule on -evil May-day 1519, and for such other like, if there have been any. - -To the third head may be referred the seizure of their liberties, for -a false judgment given against a poor widow, called Margaret Viel, -1246; the two several seizures in one year, 1258, for false packing in -collections of money and other enormities; and finally the seizure made -by King Edward I. for taking of bribes of the bakers, 1285. But all this -security in seizing and resuming of the liberties, which was in old time -the only ordinary punishment, was at length mitigated by King Edward -III. and King Henry IV., in their statutes before remembered. - -In the last place stand those offences, which I repute rather taken -than given, and do fall within the measure of the adage, "_Ut canem -caedas, cito invenias baculum_:" for King John, in the 10th of his reign, -deposed the bailiffs of London, because they had bought up the wheat in -the market, so that there was not to serve his purveyors. King Henry -III., his son, compelled the Londoners to pay him five thousand pounds, -because they had lent to Lewis, the French king, the like sum, of a good -mind to dispatch him out of their city and the realm, at such time as -the protector and the whole nobility fell to composition with him for -his departure. And the same king fined them at three thousand marks for -the escape of a prisoner out of Newgate, of whom they took no charge; -for he was a clerk, prisoner to the bishop of London, under the custody -of his own servants; and as for the place, it was only borrowed of the -Londoners to serve that turn. Hitherto of these things to this end, that -whatsoever misdemeanour shall be objected out of history against London, -the same may herein appear, both in its true place and proper colour. - - - - -FITZSTEPHEN'S DESCRIPTION OF LONDON - - -OF THE SITUATION OF THE SAME - -Amongst the noble and celebrated cities of the world, that of London, -the capital of the kingdom of England, is one of the most renowned, -possessing above all others abundant wealth, extensive commerce, great -grandeur and magnificence. It is happy in the salubrity of its climate, -in the profession of the Christian religion, in the strength of its -fortresses, the nature of its situation, the honour of its citizens, and -the chastity of its matrons; in its sports too it is most pleasant, and -in the production of illustrious men most fortunate. All which things I -wish separately to consider. - - -OF THE MILDNESS OF THE CLIMATE - -There then - - "Men's minds are soft'ned by a temp'rate clime," - -not so however that they are addicted to licentiousness, but so that -they are not savage and brutal, but rather kind and generous. - - -OF THE RELIGION - -There is in St. Paul's church an episcopal see: it was formerly -metropolitan, and, it is thought, will be so again, should the citizens -return to the island: unless perhaps the archiepiscopal title of St. -Thomas, and his bodily presence there, should always retain that dignity -at Canterbury, where it now is. But as St. Thomas has ennobled both -these cities, London by his birth, and Canterbury by his death, each of -them, with respect to the saint, has much to allege against the other, -and with justice too. As regards divine worship, there are also in -London and in the suburbs thirteen larger conventual churches, besides -one hundred and thirty-six lesser parochial ones. - - -OF THE STRENGTH OF THE CITY - -On the east stands the Palatine tower, a fortress of great size and -strength, the court and walls of which are erected upon a very deep -foundation, the mortar used in the building being tempered with the -blood of beasts. On the west are two castles strongly fortified; the -wall of the city is high and thick, with seven double gates, having on -the north side towers placed at proper intervals. London formerly had -walls and towers in like manner on the south, but that most excellent -river the Thames, which abounds with fish, and in which the tide ebbs -and flows, runs on that side, and has in a long space of time washed -down, undermined, and subverted the walls in that part. On the west -also, higher up on the bank of the river, the royal palace rears its -head, an incomparable structure, furnished with a breastwork and -bastions, situated in a populous suburb, at a distance of two miles from -the city. - - -OF THE GARDENS - -Adjoining to the houses on all sides lie the gardens of those citizens -that dwell in the suburbs, which are well furnished with trees, spacious -and beautiful. - - -OF THE PASTURE AND TILLAGE LANDS - -On the north side too are fields for pasture, and a delightful plain of -meadow land, interspersed with flowing streams, on which stand mills, -whose clack is very pleasing to the ear. Close by lies an immense -forest, in which are densely wooded thickets, the coverts of game, -stags, fallow-deer, boars, and wild bulls. The tillage lands of the city -are not barren gravelly soils, but like the fertile plains of Asia, -which produce abundant crops, and fill the barns of their cultivators -with - - "Ceres' plenteous sheaf." - - -OF THE SPRINGS - -There are also round London, on the northern side, in the suburbs, -excellent springs; the water of which is sweet, clear, and salubrious, - - "'Mid glistening pebbles gliding playfully:" - -amongst which, Holywell, Clerkenwell, and St. Clement's well, are of -most note, and most frequently visited, as well by the scholars from the -schools, as by the youth of the city when they go out to take the air in -the summer evenings. The city is delightful indeed, when it has a good -governor. - - -OF THE HONOUR OF THE CITIZENS - -This city is ennobled by her men, graced by her arms, and peopled by a -multitude of inhabitants; so that in the wars under King Stephen there -went out to a muster, of armed horsemen, esteemed fit for war, twenty -thousand, and of infantry sixty thousand. The citizens of London are -respected and noted above all other citizens for the elegance of their -manners, dress, table, and discourse. - - -OF THE MATRONS - -The matrons of the city are perfect Sabines. - - -OF THE SCHOOLS - -The three principal churches possess, by privilege and ancient dignity, -celebrated schools; yet often, by the favour of some person of note, -or of some learned men eminently distinguished for their philosophy, -other schools are permitted upon sufferance. On festival days the -masters assemble their pupils at those churches where the feast of the -patron saint is solemnised; and there the scholars dispute, some in the -demonstrative way, and others logically; some again recite enthymemes, -while others use the more perfect syllogism. Some, to show their -abilities, engage in such disputation as is practised among persons -contending for victory alone; others dispute upon a truth, which is the -grace of perfection. The sophisters, who argue upon feigned topics, -are deemed clever according to their fluency of speech and command of -language. Others endeavour to impose by false conclusions. Sometimes -certain orators in their rhetorical harangues employ all the powers -of persuasion, taking care to observe the precepts of the art, and to -omit nothing apposite to the subject. The boys of the different schools -wrangle with each other in verse, and contend about the principles of -grammar or the rules of the perfect and future tenses. There are some -who in epigrams, rhymes, and verses, use that trivial raillery so much -practised amongst the ancients, freely attacking their companions with -Fescennine licence, but suppressing the names, discharging their scoffs -and sarcasms against them, touching with Socratic wit the failings of -their schoolfellows, or perhaps of greater personages, or biting them -more keenly with a Theonine tooth. The audience, - - "well disposed to laugh, - With curling nose double the quivering peals." - - -OF THE MANNER IN WHICH THE AFFAIRS OF THE CITY ARE DISPOSED - -The artizans of the several crafts, the vendors of the various -commodities, and the labourers of every kind, have each their separate -station, which they take every morning. There is also in London, on -the bank of the river, amongst the wine-shops which are kept in ships -and cellars, a public eating-house: there every day, according to the -season, may be found viands of all kinds, roast, fried, and boiled, fish -large and small, coarser meat for the poor, and more delicate for the -rich, such as venison, fowls, and small birds. If friends, wearied with -their journey, should unexpectedly come to a citizen's house, and, being -hungry, should not like to wait till fresh meat be bought and cooked: - - "The canisters with bread are heap'd on high; - The attendants water for their hands supply:"--DRYDEN. - -Meanwhile some run to the river side, and there every thing that they -could wish for is instantly procured. However great the number of -soldiers or strangers that enters or leaves the city at any hour of -the day or night, they may turn in there if they please, and refresh -themselves according to their inclination; so that the former have no -occasion to fast too long, or the latter to leave the city without -dining. Those who wish to indulge themselves would not desire a -sturgeon, or the bird of Africa, or the godwit of Ionia, when the -delicacies that are to be found there are set before them. This indeed -is the public cookery, and is very convenient to the city, and a -distinguishing mark of civilisation. Hence we read in Plato's Gorgias, -"Juxta medicinam esse coquorum officium, simulantium et adulationem -quartae particulae civilitatis." There is, without one of the gates, -immediately in the suburb, a certain smooth field in name and in -reality. There every Friday, unless it be one of the more solemn -festivals, is a noted show of well-bred horses exposed for sale. The -earls, barons, and knights, who are at the time resident in the city, -as well as most of the citizens, flock thither either to look on or buy. -It is pleasant to see the nags, with their sleek and shining coats, -smoothly ambling along, raising and setting down alternately, as it -were, their feet on either side: in one part are horses better adapted -to esquires; these, whose pace is rougher but yet expeditious, lift up -and set down, as it were, the two opposite fore and hind feet together; -in another the young blood colts, not yet accustomed to the bridle, - - "Which upright walk on pasterns firm and straight, - Their motions easy, prancing in their gait."--DRYDEN. - -in a third are the horses for burden, strong and stout-limbed; and in -a fourth, the more valuable chargers, of an elegant shape and noble -height, with nimbly moving ears, erect necks, and plump haunches. In -the movements of these the purchasers observe first their easy pace, -and then their gallop, which is when the fore-feet are raised from -the ground and set down together, and the hind ones in like manner, -alternately. When a race is to be run by such horses as these, and -perhaps by others, which in like manner, according to their breed, are -strong for carriage, and vigorous for the course, the people raise a -shout, and order the common horses to be withdrawn to another part of -the field. The jockeys, who are boys expert in the management of horses, -which they regulate by means of curb-bridles, sometimes by threes, and -sometimes by twos, according as the match is made, prepare themselves -for the contest. Their chief aim is to prevent a competitor getting -before them. The horses, too, after their manner, are eager for the -race; their limbs tremble, and, impatient of delay, they cannot stand -still; upon the signal being given, they stretch out their limbs, hurry -over the course, and are borne along with unremitting speed. The riders, -inspired with the love of praise and the hope of victory, clap spurs to -their flying horses, lashing them with their whips, and inciting them by -their shouts. You would think with Heraclitus, that all things were in -motion, and that Zeno's opinion was altogether erroneous, when he said, -that there was no such thing as motion, and that it was impossible to -reach the goal. In another quarter, apart from the rest, stand the goods -of the peasants, implements of husbandry, swine with their long sides, -cows with distended udders, - - "Oxen of bulk immense, and woolly flocks." - -There, too, stand the mares fitted for the plough, the dray, and the -cart, of which some are big with foal, others have their frolicsome -colts running close by their sides. To this city, from every nation -under heaven, merchants bring their commodities by sea, - - "Arabia's gold, Sabaea's spice and incense, - Scythia's keen weapons, and the oil of palms - From Babylon's rich soil, Nile's precious gems, - Norway's warm peltries, Russia's costly sables, - Sera's rich vestures, and the wines of Gaul, - Hither are sent." - -According to the evidence of chroniclers London is more ancient than -Rome: for, as both derive their origin from the same Trojan ancestors, -this was founded by Brutus before that by Romulus and Remus. Hence -it is that, even to this day, both cities use the same ancient laws -and ordinances. This, like Rome, is divided into wards; it has annual -sheriffs instead of consuls; it has an order of senators and inferior -magistrates, and also sewers and aqueducts in its streets; each class -of suits, whether of the deliberative, demonstrative, or judicial kind, -has its appropriate place and proper court; on stated days it has its -assemblies. I think that there is no city in which more approved customs -are observed--in attending churches, honouring God's ordinances, keeping -festivals, giving alms, receiving strangers, confirming espousals, -contracting marriages, celebrating weddings, preparing entertainments, -welcoming guests, and also in the arrangement of the funeral ceremonies -and the burial of the dead. The only inconveniences of London are, -the immoderate drinking of foolish persons, and the frequent fires. -Moreover, almost all the bishops, abbots, and great men of England, are, -in a manner, citizens and freemen of London; as they have magnificent -houses there, to which they resort, spending large sums of money, -whenever they are summoned thither to councils and assemblies by the -king or their metropolitan, or are compelled to go there by their own -business. - - -OF THE SPORTS - -Let us now proceed to the sports of the city; since it is expedient -that a city be not only an object of utility and importance, but also a -source of pleasure and diversion. Hence even in the seals of the chief -pontiffs, up to the time of Pope Leo, there was engraved on one side of -the Bull the figure of St. Peter as a fisherman, and above him a key -stretched out to him, as it were, from heaven by the hand of God, and -around him this verse-- - - "For me thou left'st thy ship, receive the key." - -On the obverse side was represented a city, with this inscription, -GOLDEN ROME. It was also said in praise of Augustus Caesar and the city -of Rome, - - "All night it rains, the shows return with day, - Caesar, thou bear'st with Jove alternate sway." - -London, instead of theatrical shows and scenic entertainments, has -dramatic performances of a more sacred kind, either representations of -the miracles which holy confessors have wrought, or of the passions and -sufferings in which the constancy of martyrs was signally displayed. -Moreover, to begin with the sports of the boys (for we have all been -boys), annually on the day which is called Shrovetide, the boys of the -respective schools bring each a fighting cock to their master, and -the whole of that forenoon is spent by the boys in seeing their cocks -fight in the school-room. After dinner, all the young men of the city -go out into the fields to play at the well-known game of foot-ball. The -scholars belonging to the several schools have each their ball; and the -city tradesmen, according to their respective crafts, have theirs. The -more aged men, the fathers of the players, and the wealthy citizens, -come on horseback to see the contests of the young men, with whom, after -their manner, they participate, their natural heat seeming to be aroused -by the sight of so much agility, and by their participation in the -amusements of unrestrained youth. Every Sunday in Lent, after dinner, a -company of young men enter the fields, mounted on warlike horses-- - - "On coursers always foremost in the race;" - -of which - - "Each steed's well-train'd to gallop in a ring." - -The lay-sons of the citizens rush out of the gates in crowds, equipped -with lances and shields, the younger sort with pikes from which the -iron head has been taken off, and there they get up sham fights, and -exercise themselves in military combat. When the king happens to be near -the city, most of the courtiers attend, and the young men who form the -households of the earls and barons, and have not yet attained the honour -of knighthood, resort thither for the purpose of trying their skill. The -hope of victory animates every one. The spirited horses neigh, their -limbs tremble, they champ their bits, and, impatient of delay, cannot -endure standing still. When at length - - "The charger's hoof seizes upon the course," - -the young riders having been divided into companies, some pursue those -that go before without being able to overtake them, whilst others throw -their companions out of their course, and gallop beyond them. In the -Easter holidays they play at a game resembling a naval engagement. A -target is firmly fastened to the trunk of a tree which is fixed in the -middle of the river, and in the prow of a boat driven along by oars and -the current stands a young man who is to strike the target with his -lance; if, in hitting it, he break his lance, and keep his position -unmoved, he gains his point, and attains his desire: but if his lance -be not shivered by the blow, he is tumbled into the river, and his boat -passes by, driven along by its own motion. Two boats, however, are -placed there, one on each side of the target, and in them a number of -young men to take up the striker, when he first emerges from the stream, -or when - - "A second time he rises from the wave." - -On the bridge, and in balconies on the banks of the river, stand the -spectators, - - "well disposed to laugh." - -During the holydays in summer the young men exercise themselves in -the sports of leaping, archery, wrestling, stone-throwing, slinging -javelins beyond a mark, and also fighting with bucklers. Cytherea leads -the dances of the maidens, who merrily trip along the ground beneath -the uprisen moon. Almost on every holyday in winter, before dinner, -foaming boars, and huge-tusked hogs, intended for bacon, fight for -their lives, or fat bulls or immense boars are baited with dogs. When -that great marsh which washes the walls of the city on the north side -is frozen over, the young men go out in crowds to divert themselves -upon the ice. Some, having increased their velocity by a run, placing -their feet apart, and turning their bodies sideways, slide a great way: -others make a seat of large pieces of ice like mill-stones, and a great -number of them running before, and holding each other by the hand, draw -one of their companions who is seated on the ice: if at any time they -slip in moving so swiftly, all fall down headlong together. Others are -more expert in their sports upon the ice; for fitting to, and binding -under their feet the shinbones of some animal, and taking in their hands -poles shod with iron, which at times they strike against the ice, they -are carried along with as great rapidity as a bird flying or a bolt -discharged from a cross-bow. Sometimes two of the skaters having placed -themselves a great distance apart by mutual agreement, come together -from opposite sides; they meet, raise their poles, and strike each -other; either one or both of them fall, not without some bodily hurt: -even after their fall they are carried along to a great distance from -each other by the velocity of the motion; and whatever part of their -heads comes in contact with the ice is laid bare to the very skull. Very -frequently the leg or arm of the falling party, if he chance to light -upon either of them, is broken. But youth is an age eager for glory and -desirous of victory, and so young men engage in counterfeit battles, -that they may conduct themselves more valiantly in real ones. Most of -the citizens amuse themselves in sporting with merlins, hawks, and other -birds of a like kind, and also with dogs that hunt in the woods. The -citizens have the right of hunting in Middlesex, Hertfordshire, all -the Chilterns, and Kent, as far as the river Cray. The Londoners, then -called Trinovantes, repulsed Caius Julius Caesar, a man who delighted to -mark his path with blood. Whence Lucan says, - - "Britain he sought, but turn'd his back dismay'd." - -The city of London has produced some men, who have subdued many -kingdoms, and even the Roman empire; and very many others, whose virtue -has exalted them to the skies, as was promised to Brutus by the oracle -of Apollo: - - "Brutus, there lies beyond the Gallic bounds - An island which the western sea surrounds: - - * * * * * - - To reach this happy shore thy sails employ: - There fate decrees to raise a second Troy, - And found an empire in thy royal line - Which time shall ne'er destroy, nor bounds confine." - -Since the planting of the Christian religion there, London has given -birth to the noble emperor Constantine, who gave the city of Rome and -all the insignia of the empire to God and St. Peter, and Pope Sylvester, -whose stirrup he held, and chose rather to be called defender of the -holy Roman church, than emperor: and that the peace of our lord the -Pope might not, by reason of his presence, be disturbed by the turmoils -consequent on secular business, he withdrew from the city which he had -bestowed upon our lord the Pope, and built for himself the city of -Byzantium. London also in modern times has produced illustrious and -august princes, the empress Matilda, King Henry the Third, and St. -Thomas, the archbishop and glorious martyr of Christ, than whom no man -was more guileless or more devoted to all good men throughout the whole -Roman world. - - - - -INDEX - - - Abchurch lane, 196 - - Aeldgate, 29 ff. - - Aetheling street. _See_ Watheling street - - Alcestone, Manor of, 22 - - Aldemarie church, 226 - - Alder street, 30 - - Aldersgate (Aeldresgate, Ealdersgate), 27, 33 - - Aldersgate street, 272 - - Aldersgate ward, 271 - - Aldgate (Aeldgate), 27 - - Aldgate ward, 125 - - Alfred, King, 10 - - Alhallowes, Bread Street, Church of, 309 - - Allen, Sir John, 103 - - Allhallowes, _ad foenum_, 210 - - Allhallowes the Great, Grammar school at, 67, 175 - - Allhallowes the Less, Church of, 97, 210 - - Allhallowes the More, Church of, 210 - - Allhallows, Barking, Church of, 119 - - Allhallows, Church of (Stane church), 182 - - Allhallows Grasse church, 181 - - Allhallows, Honey lane, Church of, 243 - - Allhallows-in-the-Wall, Church of, 145, 158 - - Armourers' hall, 254 - - Askew, Sir Christopher and Lady, 270 - - Audley, Thomas, 81, 117 - - Augustine Friars, Church of, 159, 160 - - Augustine Papey, Church of, St., 132. _See_ Papey - - Austrie, Sir Raph, 222 - - Ave Mary lane, 34, 280, 303 - - Axe, The, 74 - - - Bacon house, 272 - - Bakers' hall, 121 - - Bakewell hall (Blakewell hall), 256 ff. - - Baldoke, Robert, 35 - - Bamme, Adam, 99 - - Barbers-Chirurgeons' hall, 282 - - Barbican, Burhkenning, 64, 271 - - Barnard's inn, 71 - - Barnes, John, 98 - - Basset family, The, 133 - - Basset, Robert, 30 - - Bassinges hall street, 248 - - Bassings family, The, 257, 258 - - Bassings hall ward, 255 - - Battailes inn, Abbot of, 371 - - Battle abbey, 22 - - Baynard's castle, 56 ff., 325 - - Beamore, Richard, 34 - - Beare lane, 121 - - Bear gardens, on Bank side, 87 - - Becket, Thomas, 43, 83, 96 - - Bedrisworth (Bury St. Edmonds), 32 - - Belinsgate, 185 - - Belinsgate (Belins gate), 17, 39, 41, 123. _See_ Billingsgate - - Belzettar's lane (Billitar lane), 126 - - Benbrige's inn, 137 - - Benet, Abbot of Wirrall, 9 - - Benonye Mittun, 250 - - Bermondes high street, 359 - - Bethlehem hospital, 97 - - Bevis markes, 133. _See_ also Buries markes - - Billingsgate ward, 185. _See_ Belinsgate - - Birchin lane, 278. _See_ Birchover lane - - Birchover lane, 75, 178, 182 - - Bishopsgate, 27, 30, 31 - - Bishopsgate ward, 148 ff. - - Bishops of London, List of, 424 ff. - - Blacke-friers stairs, 38 - - Blacke Fryers, 63 - - Blackesmiths' hall, 315 - - Blackfriars church, 11 - - Bladder street, 280 - - Blanch Apleton, Manor called, 135 - - Blethenhall (Bethnal-Bednal) green, 30 - - Blossoms inn, 243 - - Bollein, Godfrey, 101 - - Boniface, 336 - - Bordello, The, 360 - - Bosse alley, 187 - - Bourns serving the City, 12 - - Bow lane, 240 - - Bowyers' row, 75 - - Boyers' hall, 268 - - Bread street, 307 - - Bread street ward, 307 - - Brewers' hall, 266 - - Bricklayers' hall, 125 - - Bride lane, 351 - - Bridewell, 64, 351 ff. - - Bridge gate, 40 - - Bridgegate, 27 - - Bridgehouse, The, 142 - - Bridge ward within, 189 ff. - - Bridge ward without, 358 ff. - - Bridges of the city, 21 - - Bridges over the town ditch, 26 - - Broad street ward, 157 - - Brode street, 15, 158 - - Brooks serving the City, 12 - - Browne, Stephen, 100 - - Brune, Walter, 97 - - Buckles bury (Bucklesberrie), 74, 205, 232 - - Budge row, 74, 224 - - Bulmer, Bevis, 323 - - Burhkennings, watch-towers, 65, 66 - - Buries markes, 124, 133. _See_ Bevis markes - - Bush lane (Carter lane), 207 - - Butchers' alley, 279 - - Butchers' hall, 283 - - Buttolfe wharf, 23 - - Buttolph's gate, 22, 40, 186 - - - Cade, Jack, 25, 121, 137, 237 - - Caire-Lud, or Lud's town, 3 - - Cambridge heath, 30 - - Cambridge University, 66, 157, 347 - - Campeius, Cardinal, 304 - - Candlewick street, 74 - - Candlewick street ward, 194 ff. - - Carpenter, Jenken, 35 - - Carpenter, John, 99 - - Carpenters' hall, 158 - - Castle Baynard ward, 324 ff. - - Cavendish, John, 192 - - Caxton, 421 - - Cernet's Tower, 233 - - Champneis, Sir John, 121 - - Chancelar lane, 350 - - Charterhouse lane, 386 - - Chaucer, 130, 216, 334, 368 - - Cheape, The, 34, 240 ff. - - Cheape ward, 231 ff. - - Cheape, West, 74 - - Chequer alley, 208 - - Chester's inn (Strand inn), 71 - - Chichley, Robert, 100 - - Chichley, William, 122 - - Christ's hospital, 68, 286, 347 - - Churchman, John, 98 - - Clarkenwell (Clarkes' well), 16, 95 - - Clarkenwell, Priory of, 388 - - Clarkes' well, 12 - - Clement's inn, 71 - - Clement's well, 12, 16 - - Clifford's inn, 71 - - Clinke, The, 362 - - Clopton, Hugh, 101 - - Clothworkers' hall, 121 - - Coke, Edward, 147 - - Cold Harbrough, 211 - - Coleman street, 248 - - Coleman street ward, 248 - - Colet, John (Collet), 68, 102, 294, 295 - - Compter, The, 235, 265, 360 - - Conduits, 12, 18, 171, 190 - - Conyhope lane, 232 - - Cooke's row, 73 - - Cooks' hall, 276 - - Coopers' hall, 259 - - Copped hall (Skinners' hall), 206 - - Cordwainers' hall, 314 - - Cordwainer street ward, 224 - - Cordwayner street, 74 - - Cornehill, 74, 86 - - Cornhill ward, 168 - - Cornewallies, Mistress, 126 - - Coursitors' office, 390 - - Court of Arches, 227 - - Courtein (theatre), The, 377 - - Cowbridge, 26 - - Creed lane, 280 - - Cripplegate, 13, 32, 33 - - Cripplesgate ward, 260 ff. - - Crockers lane, 353 - - Cromwell, Thomas, 82, 161 - - Crooked lane, 193 - - Crosby place, 155 - - Crosley, Sir John, 155 - - Culver alley, 126 - - Curriers' hall, 266 - - Curriers' row, 158 - - Customers' key, 41, 123 - - Cutlers' hall, 219 - - - Danne, Margaret, 106 - - Day, John, 33 - - Distaffe lane. _See_ Mayden lane - - Ditch, The, without the wall of the city, 12, 19 - - Dixie, Sir Wolston, 105 - - Doctors' Commons, 328 - - Dolphin, The, 148, 378 - - Dowgate, 206 - - Downe gate, 39 - - Downegate ward, 206 ff. - - Drake, Sir Francis, 207 - - Drapers' company, 11, 134 _n._ - - Drapers' hall, 158, 162 - - Drury lane, 399 - - Ducke lane, 335 - - Dyers' hall, 212 - - - Eastcheape, 74, 194, 195 - - Eastfield, Wm., 100 - - Eayre (Eyre), Simon, 69, 101, 139 - - Ebgate, 39 - - Ebgate lane, 40, 191 - - Edington, William, Bishop of Winchester, 51 - - Edredes hithe, 221. _See_ Queen's hithe - - Edward, Earl of Derby, 81 - - Elbow lane, 207 - - Eldenese lane, 306 - - Elemosinary (Almonry, Ambry), Westminster, 421 - - Elie's inn, Bishop of, 344, 345 - - Elms, The, Smithfield, 46 - - Elsing Spittle, 97 - - Elsing, William, 97 - - Embroiderers' hall, 281 - - Erbar (Herber), The, 80, 205 - - Ethelred, Earl of Mercia, 10 - - Ethelwald, Bishop of Winchester, 82 - - Exchange, The, 50 - - - Fabian, Robert, 101 - - Fags' well, 12, 16 - - Falconar, Thomas, 99 - - Farringdon ward within, 277 ff. - - Farringdon ward without, 331 ff. - - Fauster's lane, 142 - - Fenchurch street, 15, 133, 180 ff. - - Fensburie field, 95 - - Fewter lane, 332, 348 - - Ficquetes Croft, 357 - - Filpot, John, 98 - - Finkes lane, 158, 164 - - Fish street hill, 190 - - Fisher, Jasper, 149 - - Fishmongers' hall, 191 - - Fishmongers' hall (six), 192 - - Fisher's folly, 149, 150, 378 - - Fitz Alewine, Henry, 174 - - Fitzmary, Simon, 97 - - Fitzosbert, William, 46, 228 - - Fitzstephens, William (William Stephanides), 1 - - Fitzwalter, Robert, 58 ff. - - Fleet dike, 14 - - Fleet (Fleete) bridge, 13, 26 - - Fleet (gaol), The, 97 - - Fleet street, 332, 349 - - Flower de Luce inn, 371 - - Foster, Agnes, 37, 106 - - Foster, Stephen, 37 - - Founders' hall, 254 - - Foxley, William, 55 - - Friday street, 288, 308 - - Frosh wharf, 41 - - Fruiterers' hall, 217 - - Fuller, John, 105 - - Furnival's inn, 71, 346 - - - Galley key, 121 - - Galley Row, 122 - - Garland, The, Little East Cheape, 189 - - Gates in the wall of the City, 27 - - Gayspurre lane, 260, 263 - - Gennings, Stephen, 102, 131 - - Gerrarde the Giant, 311 - - Gibson, Avice, 106, 376 - - _Gilda Teutonicorum_, 124 - - Giltspur street, 332 - - Girdlers' hall, 256 - - Gisors hall, 222 - - Golding lane, 270 - - Goldsmiths' company, 12 - - Goldsmiths' hall, 273 - - Goldsmiths' row, 265, 308 - - Goswel street, 30 - - Governors of the City of London, 422 - - Gower, John, 363 - - Grantham's lane, 208, 214 - - Gra street, 15 - - Grasse church market, 191 - - Grasse church street, 93 - - Grasse street, 75, 142 - - Gray's inn, 71 - - Gray's inn lane, 389 - - Gresham house, 159 - - Gresham, Sir John, 103 - - Gresham, Sir Thomas, 69, 104 - - Grey Friars Church, 283 - - Grocers' hall, 235 - - Guildhall, The, 60 ff., 99, 243, 244 - - Guildhalla Theutonicorum, 31, 208, 261 - - Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester, 42 - - Gutheron's (Guthurun's, Guthurons) lane, 49, 142, 281 - - - Haberdashers' hall, 260, 267 - - Hall, Edward, 103 - - Hampstead heath, 14 - - Harper, William, 104 - - Haunce merchants, 31, 208, 209 - - Haydon, John, 104 - - Herber (Erbar), The, 80, 205 - - High Oldborne, 392 - - High Oldborne hill, 16 - - Hill, Sir Rowland, 103 - - Hill, Thomas, 101 - - Hils, Richard, 103 - - Hinde, John, 99 - - Hog (Hogge) lane, 116, 150 - - Holy Trinity, Church of, 67, 315 - - Holy well, 12 - - Holywell, 17 - - Horsedown, 359 - - Horsemill, The, 139 - - Horsepoole, Smithfield, 12, 17, 338 - - Horseshew bridge over Walbrooke, 26 - - Hosier lane, 74 - - Hospitals, List of, 438 ff. - - Hound's ditch, 65, 116 - - Houses of Students in the Common Law, 70 ff. - - Hoxton, 378 - - Hubert of Burge, 47 - - Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 61 - - - Ilam, Thomas, 101, 237 - - Ingulphus, Abbot of Crowland, 67 - - Inner Temple, 71 - - Innholders' hall, 207 - - Ipres inn, 221 - - Ipres, William of, 221 - - Ironmongers' lane, 74, 232, 242 - - Ivie lane, 280, 306 - - - Jesus' Commons, 207 - - Jews' Garden, 270 - - Joiners' hall, The, 208 - - Jud, Sir Andrew, 103 - - - Keble, Henry, 102, 226 - - King's Bench prison, 366 - - King's Bench, The, 361 - - King's College, Cambridge, 326 - - Knesworth, Thomas, 156 - - Knighten Guild, or Portsoken ward, 110 ff. - - Knightriders' street, 74, 214, 220, 315 - - Knoles, Sir Robert, 98 - - Knoles, Thomas, 99 - - - Lady Mary Magdalen, Chapel or college of, 244 - - Lambe, William, 18, 104 - - Lambert, William, 104 - - Langborne ward, and Fennie About, 279 - - Langborne water, 15 - - Large, Robert, 100, 249 - - Laxton, Sir William, 103, 227 - - Lazar houses, 440, 441 - - Leaden hall market, 168 - - Leaden hall, The, 69, 101, 138 ff. - - Leaden porch, The, 138, 196 - - Leathersellers' Company, 155 - - Legat's inn, 62 - - Liberties of the Duchy of Lancaster, 393 - - Lichfield, William, 210 - - Lidgate (monk of Bury), 195, 334 - - Lime house (Lime host, Lime hurst, Lymehurst), 335, 375 - - Lime street ward, 136 - - Lincoln's inn, 71 - - Lion Tower, The, 45 - - Lion's inn, 71 - - Lions, Richard, 210 - - Lither lane, 332, 346 - - Little Bayly, 332 - - Little Britaine, 335 - - Little St. Helen, 154 - - Loder's well, 12, 16 - - Lofken, John, 97 - - Loke, The, 359, 372 - - Lollesworth (Spittle field), 150, 152 - - Lombard street, 74, 180 - - Lomsbery, 400 - - London bridge, 74, 21 ff. - - London stone, 22, 25, 201, 202 - - London, various names for, 9 - - London, Wall of, 7, 326 - - Long lane, 338 - - Long Southwark, 359 - - Longshampe, William, 28, 43 - - Lothbury (Lothberie or Loodberie) 75, 162, 248 - - Love lane (once Lucas lane), 188 - - Lovell, Sir Thos., 172 - - Lowlardes' tower, 330 - - Lud, King, 3 - - Ludgate, 27, 28, 36 - - Ludgate gaol, 18, 36, 37 - - Lumbard street, 15 - - - Magdalen College, Cambridge, 117 - - Malpas, Philip, 100, 137 - - Mampudding, Mother, 124 - - Marshalsey, The, 360, 366 - - Mart lane, 120, 135. _See also_ Marke lane - - Masons' hall, 255 - - Mauricius (Mauritius), 34, 290, 291 - - May, Richard, 105 - - Mayden lane, or Distar lane, 273, 307, 308 - - Mayors of the City, 444 ff. - - Mercers' chapel, The, 241, 242 - - Merchant Taylors' Grammar school, 68 - - Merchant Tailors' hall, 163 - - Mewse, The, 399 - - Mewsgate, 17 - - Middle Temple, 71 - - Milborne, Sir John, 102, 134 - - Milk street, 260, 264 - - Mincheon lane, 120 - - Minories, Abbey called the, 114 - - Monkswell street, 261, 268, 283 - - Monox, George, 102 - - Moore ditch, The, 20 - - Moorfield, 11, 380 - - Moorgate, 27 - - Moregate, Postern of, 31, 32 - - Morris, Peter, 18, 169 - - Mountfiquit, Tower of, 63 - - Mountgodard street, 306 - - - Needlers' lane, 232, 233 - - Nevill, Richard, Earl of Warwick, 81 - - New inn, 71 - - New street (Chancery lane), 350, 390 - - New Temple, 354 - - Newgate, 33 - - Newgate gaol, 18, 34, 97 - - Nicholas, Ambrose, 104 - - Noble street, 271 - - Norman, first canon regular in England, 127 - - Northampton (or Combarton), John, 192, 193 - - Northumberland house, 135, 276 - - - Offley, Sir Thomas, 104, 146 - - Offrem, John, 35 - - Old Bayly, 332 - - Old Change, 50 - - Old Exchange, 289 - - Old Fish street, 289. 309 - - Old Fish street hill, 317 - - Old Jurie, 74, 135, 236 - - Oldborne, 12 - - Oldborne conduit, 332 - - Oldbourne hill, 26 - - Oldborne bridge, 13, 26 - - Ormond place, 214, 221 - - Our Lady of Rouncivall, Priory of Charing Cross, 67 - - Our Lady of the Canons, Southwark, 24 - - Our Lady of the Pew, Chapel of, 419 - - Owens, gunfounders, 117 - - Oxford University, 13, 66, 157, 165, 347 - - Oyster gate, 40 - - - Paddington, 17 - - Painted Tavern lane, 214 - - Painterstainers' hall, 317 - - Panyar alley, 306 - - Papey, The, 132 - - Pardon churchyard, 293, 384, 385 - - Parish churches, List of, 434 ff. - - Paternoster lane, 217 - - Pater noster row, 75, 302 - - Patricksey (Batersey), 23 - - Patten, Wm., 104 - - Pattens' lane, 75 - - Paul's chain, 325 - - Paul's cross, 151, 296 - - Paul's Head Tavern, 328 - - Penticost lane, 279 - - Percivall, Sir John, and the Lady Thomasine, 101 - - Perillous pond, 17 - - Peter, of Cole Church, 22 - - Petty France, 148 - - Petty Wales, 123 - - Pewterers' hall, 180 - - Physicians, College of, 69, 330 - - Picard, Henry, 97 - - Pie corner, 332, 333 - - Plumbers' hall, 217 - - Pools serving the City, 12 - - Pope's head tavern, 279 - - Porta Contractorum (Criplesgate), 32 - - Porte pool, or Grayes inn lane, 389 - - Portsoken ward, 28, 110 - - Postern (gate), The, 27, 44 - - Postern out of Christ's Hospital, 33 - - Poultney, Sir John, 35, 97 - - Poultry, 75, 167 - - Powle's wharf, 39 - - Powlet, William, Marquis of Winchester, 81 - - Pudding lane (Rother lane), 189 - - Puddle wharf, 38, 325 - - - Queene hithe ward, 314 ff. - - Queenhithe (Queen's hithe or Queen's bank), 25, 39, 185, 320 ff. - - Queen's wardrobe, 65, 218 - - - Radcliffe (Ratcliffe), 377 - - Radclyffe, Free school at, 106 - - Radwell, 12, 17 - - Rahere, 333 - - Rainwell, John, 100 - - Ramsey, Mary, 106 - - Randolph, Barnard, 104 - - Rawson, Richard, 101 - - Red Cross street, 64, 270 - - Redman, Richard, Bishop of Ely, 81 - - Rich, Richard, 101 - - Richard de Berie, Bishop of Durham 83 - - Richborough (Richborrow), 6 - - Ripa Regina, 39. _See_ Queene hithe - - Rivers serving the city, 12 - - Roe, Sir Thomas, 149 - - Roo, Sir Thomas, 104, 135 - - Roode lane (once St. Margaret Pattens), 187, 188 - - Royal Exchange, The, 70, 104, 173, 180. _See_ Exchange - - Rudstone, Sir John, 278 - - Rus, William, 176 - - Russell, or Bedford house, 397 - - - Saddlers' hall, 281 - - St. Alphage, Church of, 264 - - St. Andrew, Church of, 347 - - St. Andrew Hubbert, East Cheap, Church of, 188 - - St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, Church of, 327 - - St. Andrew, Oldborne, Grammar school, 67, 175 - - St. Andrew Undershaft (St. Andrew the Apostle), Church of, 130 - - St. Anne in the Willows, Church of, 274 - - St. Anthonie Budgerow, Church of, 225 - - St. Anthonie, Hospital of, 165 - - St. Anthony's Grammar school, 67 - - St. Augustine Papey, Church of, 132, 146. _See_ Papey - - St. Bartholomew, Church of, 166 - - St. Bartholomew, Hospital of, 99, 285, 333 - - St. Bartholomew's Priory, Smithfield, 67 - - St. Benet Hude (or Hithe), Church of, 327 - - St. Bennet (commonly called Fink), Church of, 164 - - St. Buttolph, Church of, 115, 148, 186 - - St. Christopher, Church of, 167 - - St. Clements Danes, 397 - - St. Dionys, Church of (Backe church), 180 - - St. Dunstan's Grammar School, 67 - - St. Dunstan's hill, 123 - - St. Dunstan's in the West, Church of, 122, 349 - - St. Edmond, king and martyr, Church of, 181 - - St. Erkenwald's shrine in Powle's (Paul's) Church, 22 - - St. Ethelburge Virgin, Church of, 154 - - St. Faith under Paul's, Church of, 294 - - St. Fauster's (St. Foster's) church, 281 - - St. Gabriel Fen, Church of (Fan church), 180 - - St. George, Buttolph lane, Church of, 189 - - St. George, Southwark, Church of, 22 - - St. Giles', Cripplesgate, 268 - - St. Giles' Hospital, 97, 392 - - St. Helen, Church of, 154 - - St. James's park, 94, 402 - - St. John Evangelist, Church of, 313 - - St. John of Jerusalem, Priory of, 67, 181, 386 - - St. John upon Walbrooke, 205 - - St. John Zacharies Church, 271 - - St. John's College, Oxford, 103 - - St. Katherine, Church of, 129, 135 - - St. Katherine's, Hospital of, 113 - - St. Laurence, Jury, Church of, 246 - - St. Laurence, Poultney, Church of, 97, 196, 200 - - St. Leonard (Milke), Church of, 190 - - St. Leonard, Shoreditch, Church of, 379 - - St. Magnus, Church of, 190 - - St. Margaret Moyses, Church of, 314 - - St. Margaret (on the hill), 359 - - St. Margaret's, Westminster, 406, 411 - - St. Martin in the Vintry, Church of, 222 - - St. Martin (Pomary), Church of, 242 - - St. Martin Orgar, Church of, 200 - - St. Martin Orgar lane, 200 - - St. Martin Oteswich, 148 - - St. Martin's le Grand, College of, 13, 32, 67, 275 - - St. Marie Abchurch, 196 - - St. Marie at the Axe, Church of, 145 - - St. Marie Magdalen, Church of, 264 - - St. Marie (on the hill), 187 - - St. Marie Pellipar, 74, 145. _See also_ St. Marie at the Axe - - St. Mary Aldermanbury, Church of,262 - - St. Mary of Bethlehem, Hospital of 97, 148, 377 - - St. Mary Bothaw, 205 - - St. Mary Bow, 227 ff. - - St. Mary de Monte Alto, Church of, 318 - - St. Mary le Bow, Grammar school, 67 - - St. Mary Magdalen, Chapel of, 153, 372 - - St. Mary Overie, Southwark, Priory of, 67, 359, 362 - - St. Mary Sommerset, 196, 319 - - St. Mary Spittle, Hospital of, 31, 97 150 - - St. Mary Stayning, Church of, 273 - - St. Mary street, 132 - - St. Mary Wool Church, 203 - - St. Mary Woolnoth, Church of, 184, 279 - - St. Michael, Crooked Lane, Church of, 98, 196 - - St. Michael de Paternoster, Church of, 217 - - St. Michael, Wood street, 266 - - St. Michael th' Archangel, Church of, 175 ff. - - St. Michaell, Bassings hall, Church of, 259 - - St. Mildred the Virgin, Church of, 310 - - St. Nicholas Acon, Church of, 183 - - St. Nicholas, Church of, 283 - - St. Nicholas lane, 196 - - St. Nicolas Cole Abbey, 316 - - St. Olave, Church of, 120 - - St. Olave Upwell, Church of, 252 - - St. Pancrate, Church of, 232, 233 - - St. Paul's, 34, 50, 62, 63, 89, 108, 291 ff. - - St. Paul's Churchyard, 75 - - St. Paul's school, 67, 68, 102, 295 - - St. Peter, at Westminster, Church of, 22 - - St Peter, called _parva_, 319 - - St. Peter the Poor, Church of, 158, 159 - - St. Peter upon Cornhill, 174, 423 - - St. Peter's upon Cornhill, Grammar school, 67, 175 - - St. Peter's, Monastery at Westminster, 67 - - St. Saviour, Monastery of, Bermondsey, Southwark, 67 - - St. Sepulchers in the Bayly, Church of, 342 - - St. Sithes, Church of, 225, 233 - - St. Stephen upon Walbrooke, 15, 100, 203 - - St. Stephen, Westminster, Chapel of, 66, 418 - - St. Swithen, Church of, 201 - - St. Swithen's lane, 200 - - St. Thomas Apostle, Church of, 98, 220 - - St. Thomas, Hospital of, 368, 369 - - St. Thomas of Acon hospital, 241 - - St. Thomas of Acons, Grammar school at, 67, 175 - - Salisburie court, 353 - - Salters' hall, 310 - - Sanctuary, The, 94 - - Sarasen's Head, 343 - - Sargeants' inn, 354 - - Savoy, The, 395 ff. - - Scalding alley (formerly Scalding house or Scalding wick), 158, 167 - - Schools, and other houses of learning, 66 ff. - - Scrop's inn, 71 - - Seacole lane, 332 - - Sergeants' inn, 71 - - Serne's Tower, 48, 66 - - Sevenoke, William, 99 - - Shaft alley, 130 - - Shaw, Edmond, 33 - - Shaw, Edward, 101 - - Sheremoniers' lane (Sermon lane), 329 - - Shoe lane, 332, 347 - - Shoemakers' hall, 314 - - Shoreditch (Sors ditch, Sewer's-ditch), 30, 378, 379 - - Shorne, Benedict, 233 - - Sidon lane (Sything lane), 120 - - Single Woman's churchyard, The, 362 - - Skinners' hall, 206 - - Skinners' well, 12, 16, 86, 340 - - Smart's key, 41 - - Smithfield, East, 113 - - Snow hill (Snor hill), 332, 343 - - Somar's (Sommer's) key, 41, 186 - - Somerset, Edward, Duke of, 82 - - Somerset house, 173, 395 - - Soper's lane, 74 - - Sporiar lane, 121 - - Sprinckle alley (Sugarloaf alley), 126 - - Spurrier row, 303 - - Standard in Cheape, The, 18, 237 - - Staple inn, 71, 348 - - Star chamber, 418 - - Stationers' hall, 331 - - Stayning lane, 272 - - Steelyard, The, 208 - - Stepney (Stebunheath), 90 - - Stews, The, 360 - - Stikoneth, 105. _See_ Stepney - - Stinking lane, 279, 283 - - Stocke Fishmonger row, 191 - - Stocks, The, 202 - - Stocks market, The, 74, 97 - - Stodie, John, 97 - - Stokenewenton, Parish Church of, 104 - - Strand street, 397 - - Stratford at the Bow, 142 - - Straw, Jack, 193 - - Styleyard, The, 39 - - Suburbs without the walls, The, 374 ff. - - Sweyn, 21 - - - Tabard, The, 367 - - Tallow-chandlers' hall, 206 - - Tasel close, 150 - - Tate, John, 102, 166 - - Temple bar, 71, 173 - - Temple Church, 357 - - Thames street, 74, 325 ff. - - Thames, The, 13 - - Thavies inn, 71, 348 - - Theatre, The, 377 - - Theeves lane, 368 - - Thieving lane, 405 - - Thorne, Robert, 102 - - Three Cranes' lane, 214 - - Three needle street, 158 - - Timber hithe, 323 - - Tode well (Todwell), 12, 16 - - Totehill, 421 - - Tower ditch, The, 20 - - Tower hill, 45, 114 - - Tower of London, 42 ff., 54 - - Tower Royall, 65, 214, 218, 219 - - Tower street ward, 118 - - Towers on London Bridge, 56 - - Trinity lane, 317 - - Trinobants, The, 4 - - Troynovants, The, 4 - - Tun, The, 97, 169, 170 - - Turnagaine lane, 332 - - Turnebase (Turnebasse) lane, 224 - - Turnmill or Tremill brook, 14 - - Tyborn, 76 - - Tyler (Tighlar), Wat, 24, 65, 193, 197, 223 - - - Vintners' hall, The, 97 - - Vintry ward, 213 - - - Wakering, Sir John, 333 - - Walbrook ward, 200 ff. - - Walbrooke, 12, 108 - - Walworth, William, 98, 193, 361 - - Wall about the City of London, 7 - - Wallice, Henry, 97 - - Walter de Suffilde, Bishop of Norwich, 83 - - Wards on the east side of Walbrooke, 109 - - Wards on the west side of Walbrooke, 109 - - Water-gates on the Thames, 38 ff. - - Watheling (Atheling or Noble) street, 34, 224, 307, 309 - - Waxchandlers hall, 267 - - Weavers' hall, 255 - - Wells, John, 100, 245 - - Wells river (Turnemill brook, Fleete dike), 12 - - Wells serving the City, 12 - - West Cheaping, 236 - - Westminster Abbey, 406 ff. - - Westminster Hall, 412 ff. - - West, Nicholas, Bishop of Ely, 81 - - Wey house, The, 418 - - White Chappell, 116 - - White Crosse street, 269 - - White Friars' Church, 353 - - White hall, 391 - - White Lion Church, Southwarke, 360 - - White Lion, The, 366 - - White, Sir Thomas, 103 - - White Tower, The, 42 - - Whitechapel Church, 376 - - Whitington, Richard, 217 - - Whittington, William, 99 - - William de Haverhull, 83 - - Winchcombe, Oxfordshire, 13 - - Winchelsey, Robt., Archbishop of Canterbury, 83 - - Winchester's house, Bishop of, 362 - - Windgoose lane, 210 - - Wolfes gate, 39 - - Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal, 81, 128, 304 - - Wood street, 260, 265 - - Woodmongers' hall, 328 - - Worcester house, 217 - - Wrestlers, The, 136 - - -THE TEMPLE PRESS, PRINTERS, LETCHWORTH - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's Note - - -Superscript text is indicated with caret symbols, e.g. L^{TD}. Greek -has been transliterated and is marked with ~swung dashes~. - -Footnote 51 is referenced twice in the text. - -Entries in the table of contents do not all match the headings in the -text. - - -The following printing errors have been corrected: - -p. x "to empty" changed to "to "empty" - -p. xviii "S. Androwes" changed to "S. Androwes." - -p. 13 (note) "1st." changed to "1st" - -p. 17 "Glibert" changed to "Gilbert" - -p. 46 "recepit" changed to "receipt" - -p. 72 "default, of" changed to "default, of" - -p. 76 (note) "Liber Constitutions. Liber Horme." changed to "Liber - -Constitutionis. Liber Horne." - -p. 91 "kept a" changed to "kept at" - -p. 92 (note) "Decretat," changed to "Decretal." - -p. 107 "First, Through" changed to "First, through" - -p. 113 (note) "Rech Altherthuemer" changed to "Rechtsalterthuemer" - -p. 136 (note) "10s." changed to "10_s._" - -p. 162 (note) "p. 141" changed to "p. 141." - -p. 173 "Enchange" changed to "Exchange" - -p. 174 "expect the steeple" changed to "except the steeple" - -p. 189 "s a principal" changed to "is a principal" - -p. 231 (note) "16s." changed to "16_s._" - -p. 231 (note) "p. 207" changed to "p. 207." - -p. 243 "so called." changed to "so called," - -p. 260 "Kery lan" changed to "Kery lane" - -p. 264 "Rowlard" changed to "Rowland" - -p. 266 "ncroachments" changed to "encroachments" - -p. 269 "1546:" changed to "1546;" - -p. 287 (note) "Hountjoy" changed to "Mountjoy" - -p. 298 "buck,and" changed to "buck, and" - -p. 299 "chantry there," "chantry there;" - -p. 331 "low sheds" changed to "low sheds," - -p. 355 "partiarch" changed to "patriarch" - -p. 364 "he dieu" changed to "de dieu" - -p. 376 "h ll" changed to "hill" - -p. 382 "this our city." changed to "this our city."" - -p. 390 (note) "inn." changed to "inn."" - -p. 392 "fair buildings." changed to "fair buildings."" - -p. 407 "Richard, Bishop" changed to "Richard, bishop" - -p. 407 "younds" changed to "pounds" - -p. 411 "by thi" changed to "by this" - -p. 442 "French and English" changed to "French and English." - -p. 448 "Richard Handle" changed to "Richard Hardle" - -p. 454 "Sr John Pultney" changed to "Sir John Pultney" - -p. 461 "Waltar Chartesey" changed to "Walter Chartesey" - -p. 473 "mayor Sir William" changed to "mayor, Sir William" - -p. 480 "aldermen Darby" changed to "alderman Darby" - -p. 482 "maenia" changed to "moenia" - -p. 483 "caetus" changed to "coetus" - -p. 487 typography of the paragraph beginning "Nam ea annis" was -regularised. - -p. 493 "liberoe" changed to "liberae" - -p. 500 "proper colour" changed to "proper colour." - -p. 511 "Bassett, Robert" changed to "Basset, Robert" - -p. 511 "Benbridge's inn" changed to "Benbrige's inn" - -p. 511 "Bollein Godfrey" changed to "Bollein, Godfrey" - -p. 512 "Chesters' inn" changed to "Chester's inn" - -p. 512 "Crosley place, 155" changed to "Crosby place, 155" - -p. 512 "Crosley, Sir John" changed to "Crosby, Sir John" - -p. 513 "Elies' inn" changed to "Elie's inn" - -p. 513 "Gutuhrons" changed to "Guthurons" - -p. 513 "Stephanides,)" changed to "Stephanides)," - -p. 513 "208 261" changed to "208, 261" - -p. 513 "243, 244," changed to "243, 244" - -p. 514 "Horsepool" changed to "Horsepoole" - -p. 514 "Lomsberry" changed to "Lomsbery" - -p. 515 "Church of 130" changed to "Church of, 130" - -p. 515 "Oldeborne bridge" changed to "Oldborne bridge" - -p. 517 "Single- Woman's" changed to "Single Woman's" - -p. 518 "Waxchandler's hall" changed to "Waxchandlers hall" - -p. 518 "Wolfesgate, 39" changed to "Wolfes gate, 39" - -p. 518 "Noble) street 34," changed to "Noble) street, 34," - - -Many instances of inconsistent punctuation have not been changed. - -The following possible printing errors have not been changed: - -p. xi his memory, - -p. 11 reparing - -p. 62 where thither - -p. 158 Three needle street - -p. 196 John Merston. knight - -p. 259 Ienet and Agnes - -p. 356 mother's-jewels - -p. 462 and 463 respectively: Godfrey Bolaine and Godfrey Boloine - -p. 466: Raphe Austrie and Raph Astrie - -p. 488 straglers - -p. 514 "_See also_ Marke lane" refers to a non-existent entry - - -The book includes many inconsistent spellings, including: - -32d and 32nd - -Aeldresgate and AEldresgate - -Arcubus and Arches - -Bank's side and Bankside - -Bridwell and Bridewell - -clothworker and cloth-worker - -commonalty and commonality - -Cordewainers, Cordwainer and Cordwayner - -four-pence and four pence - -Howe, Howes and Howse - -Knight riders and Knightriders' - -Meduvanus and Meduvius - -Needlar's. Needelars and Needler's - -Sherington and Sherrington - -Surrey and Surry - -Totehil and Totehill - -Tunstal and Tunstall - -Turnebase and Turnebasse - -Walbrook and Walbrooke - -West Cheape and Westcheape - -Wokendon and Wokenden - - - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Survey of London, by John Stow - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SURVEY OF LONDON *** - -***** This file should be named 42959.txt or 42959.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/9/5/42959/ - -Produced by Henry Flower and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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