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diff --git a/42951-0.txt b/42951-0.txt index ce1e182..5501210 100644 --- a/42951-0.txt +++ b/42951-0.txt @@ -1,38 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Century of Inventions, by James White - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A New Century of Inventions - Being Designs & Descriptions of One Hundred Machines, - relating to Arts, Manufactures, & Domestic Life - -Author: James White - -Release Date: June 15, 2013 [EBook #42951] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW CENTURY OF INVENTIONS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lamé and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42951 *** Transcriber’s Notes: @@ -10210,366 +10176,4 @@ Plate 36, 43: Engraver added as with other plates. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A New Century of Inventions - Being Designs & Descriptions of One Hundred Machines, - relating to Arts, Manufactures, & Domestic Life - -Author: James White - -Release Date: June 15, 2013 [EBook #42951] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW CENTURY OF INVENTIONS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lamé and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - Transcriber's Notes: - - Italics have been transcribed as _italics_, small capitals as ALL - CAPITALS, superscripts as ^{text}. [sqrt] represents square root, [lb] - represents the pound-symbol, [***] an asterism, and [oe] the oe- - ligature. - - More Transcriber's Notes may be found at the end of this text. - - - - - A NEW - CENTURY OF INVENTIONS, - BEING - Designs & Descriptions - OF - ONE HUNDRED MACHINES, - RELATING TO - _ARTS, MANUFACTURES, & DOMESTIC LIFE_. - - - By JAMES WHITE, CIVIL ENGINEER. - - - Connoissons le principe-- - Nourrissons nous des Elemens. - - Girard Syn. fr. - - - Manchester: - - PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY LEECH AND CHEETHAM, WRIGHT'S-COURT, - MARKET-STREET. - - AND SOLD BY - - W. AND W. CLARKE, MARKET-PLACE; E. THOMSON, MARKET-STREET; - T. SOWLER, ST. ANN'S-SQUARE, MANCHESTER. - - G. WILSON, 49, ESSEX-STREET, STRAND; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, - AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON. - - AND BY THE PRINCIPAL BOOKSELLERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. - - 1822. - - -Entered at Stationers' Hall. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -It has been my lot, during a long and eventful passage through life, to -have my attention forcibly drawn to a multitude of Mechanical Subjects; -the present review of which permits me to hope, that in making them -publicly known, I should render an important service to the Arts and to -Society. But the manner of doing this has been so long a question with -me, that I have sometimes feared my ability would be extinct before I -could do it at all. The reasons, however, that urge me to make the -attempt acquire strength with the lapse of time: and whenever my -declining health bespeaks the approach of that "night in which no man -can work," I feel deep regret, that this tribute should not have been -thrown into the treasury of human knowledge while yet, by the favour of -a good Providence, the means of doing it were more fully at my disposal. - -I have determined therefore to publish these Inventions. Not because -they have been matured into a regular System of Mechanical truth; but -because they consist of _many_ distinct objects of immediate -application:--coupled with _some_ ideas of a more comprehensive nature, -that may probably extend the usefulness of this admirable study, in the -hands of Artists yet unborn. - -The form, or rather the title of this work, has but one example, that of -the illustrious Marquis of Worcester; whose name may, perhaps, prolong -the remembrance of mine: an event the rightful anticipation of which, I -confess, would give me pleasure. Not that I either covet or regard what -is commonly called popular applause: but the approbation of the wise and -good I do regard, and aspire to obtain; since that alone seems to fulfil -the adage--"Vox populi vox dei." - -On the subject of our respective Inventions, my views are somewhat -different from those of the Noble Marquis; whose description of his -labours, as the custom then was, seems chiefly calculated to excite the -desire of knowing them better: whereas my wish is to infuse, at once, -the knowledge of my subjects into every head capable of receiving it. - -This Work then, treats less of Theory than Practice. What are called -Principles in Mechanics, are, and must be, founded on numerous -suppositions; to present which to "the mind's eye" requires often a -_forest_ of signs, which some readers _will_ not, and others _can_ not -penetrate; so that, for many, Theory might as well not exist. This evil -is increased when, as it sometimes happens, these suppositions are laid -so far from reality, as to leave the result, though correctly deduced, -further from the truth than the point to which a sound understanding -unassisted by science, would have carried it. To this extreme -discrepance of views between theoretical and practical men, may be -ascribed their well-known antipathy to each other--in indulging which, -they are alike to blame! since no theory inconsistent with fact can be -complete; nor any fact be adduced, that a perfect theory will not -account for and confirm. - -Happily these discussions do not affect my present purpose. For although -I shall offer nothing contrary to sound theory, I do not consider that -as my subject; but make it my business to present rational methods of -producing useful effects.--In other words to describe these Inventions -as connected with immediate Practice. And if, hereafter, it should -become desirable to resume the discussion of any _principle_ relating to -these subjects, I shall cheerfully enter upon it; but hasten, mean -while, to do what seems more important--to place the subjects themselves -beyond the danger of being wholly lost, whatever may befall me in the -course of those events which are still among the secrets of Heaven. - -In the pursuit of knowledge, in general, it is often desirable to trace -it from its _upper_ source; and to know all the circumstances that have -attended its progress, down to the very moment when it falls under our -observation. Nor is it a matter of indifference to examine the minutest -form which talent assumed, in the young mind whose subsequent efforts -have engaged our attention, or gratified us with more varied and solid -productions. In this view I have presumed to think myself justified in -commencing this Work, by a succinct reference to those feeble efforts -which marked my first steps in this career. Young I then was, and my -musings puerile indeed! But they were original: they were the links of a -chain which time has not yet snapt asunder--and of which my honoured -Father saw the connection with my subsequent labours, long before I -thought, myself, of any thing but working for the purposes of amusement; -or, in the childish phraseology, of "playing at work." - -[Illustration] - -Should any reader then enquire what were my first avocations? the answer -would be, I was (in imagination) a Millwright, whose Water-wheels were -composed of Matches. Or a Woodman, converting my chairs into _Faggots_, -and presenting them exultingly to my Parents: (who doubtless caressed -the workman more cordially than they approved the work.) Or I was a -Stone-digger, presuming to direct my friend the Quarry-man, _where_ to -bore his Rocks for blasting. Or a Coach-maker, building Phætons with -_vaneer_ stripped from the furniture, and hanging them on springs of -Whalebone, borrowed from the hoops of my Grandmother. At another time, I -was a Ship Builder, constructing Boats, the sails of which were set to -a side-wind by the vane at the mast head; so as to impel the vessel in a -given direction, _across a given Puddle_, without a steersman. (See -Plate 2. Fig. 3.) In fine, I was a Joiner, making, with one tool, a -plane of most diminutive size, the [relative] perfection of which -obtained me from my Father's Carpenter a profusion of tools, and dubbed -me an artist, wherever his influence extended. By means like these I -became a tolerable workman in all the mechanical branches, long before -the age at which boys are apprenticed to any: not knowing till -afterwards, that my good and provident Parent had engaged all his -tradesmen to let me work at their respective trades, whenever the more -regular engagements of school permitted. - -Before I open the list of my intended descriptions, I would crave -permission to exhibit _two_ more of the productions of my earliest -thought--namely, an Instrument for taking Rats, and a Mouse Trap: -subjects with which, fifty years ago, I was vastly taken; but for the -appearance of which, here, I would apologize in form, did I not hope the -considerations above adduced would justify this short digression. If -more apology were needful.... Emerson himself describes a Rat-trap: and -moreover, defies criticism, in a strain I should be _sorry_ to imitate! -my chief desire being to instruct at all events, and to please if I can: -without, however, daring to attempt the elegant PROBLEM, stated and -resolved in the same words--"Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit utile -dulci." - -[Illustration] - -The town of Cirencester (my native place) is intersected by several -branches of the river Churn, whose waters are pure and transparent, and -whose banks, formerly, were much perforated by the industry of the Rats -that had made them their residence. These holes had generally two -openings; one at or near the surface of the ground, and the other near -the bottom of the river: so that the rats could range the fields from -the former, and dive into the water from the latter--where they were -often seen gliding along the bottom, either up or down the stream. The -Instrument for taking them in these circumstances, was no other than my -Father's Walking-stick, (represented at A. Fig. 1. Plate 2.) connected -with the curve B by the joint C; the curve having a string fastened to -it, which, passing through the body of the stick, rose to the hand at D, -for the purpose of closing the fork at the proper moment. The Machine, -thus constructed, was put over the rat's back while in the act of -diving; and by pulling the string C D, he was sufficiently pinched to be -drawn out of the water, where a Dog stood ready to dispatch him. - -On the Mouse-trap (Fig. 2. and 4.) more thought was bestowed. It -appeared adviseable (I remember) to lay the deceptive plan rather deep: -and to lull the little animal into a false security till the snare had -taken full effect; and even then to hide from her some of its horrors -till she was far enough from this vestibule of misery, _not_ to deposit -there any of those tokens of distress that might deter other mice from -following her example. The trap then, consisted of a _long_ passage, -formed spirally round the surface of a Cone, like the figures we have of -the Tower of Babel. This passage is uncovered in Fig. 4 to shew the -entrance E, and the subsequent gates F G H, &c. which like the valves of -a pump, gave easy entrance to the victim, but forbade her return. At the -length of a mouse from the outer gate E, was placed the first bait N, -say a small rind of cheese, well toasted to allure, but nailed down to -prevent its removal. Its position was further indicated by a train of -meal reaching from it to the outer gate E; which latter was nicely hung -on pivots inclined a little to the perpendicular, so as to open with -ease but never fail to close itself again. It had besides an horizontal -plate O, fixed to its bottom on the inside, so that if the mouse -attempted to open it that way, she trode on this plate and destroyed the -result of her own efforts. - -When, therefore, the little wretch had passed this barrier, she was in -reality taken: but unconscious yet of danger, she nibbled the first bait -with pleasure, and then skipped forward in search of more substantial -food: but to obtain this she must pass more of these faithless gates, F -G H, &c. which with progressive effort she opened, and at length found -the inner compartments replete with good things, on which she fed to -satiety, and then only began to think of her situation. Nor yet, with -_much_ alarm: for at the end of this labyrinth, so easy of access, she -hoped to find an easy exit. But alas, these hopes were illusive. -Instead of light, she found the _dark_ gallery O; the least evil of -which was to be too narrow for two mice abreast, since it overhung a -tremendous cavern, Q, that entirely occupied the Cone below, and was -filled with water deep enough to drown her, were she to fall, or be -jostled into it. And one of these disasters she could hardly escape! for -other mice would not fail to be beguiled into this cruel Bastille; to -reach the same spot; and finally, to plunge her into this watery grave. - -Having endeavoured to recollect the substance of these youthful attempts -to unite cause and effect, or to fulfil a given purpose by preconcerted -means, I now turn to things of greater importance, and more worthy to be -the theme of my readers' attention. The subjects to be presented will -observe a miscellaneous order; since they have not only originated at -different periods, but offer likewise different degrees of interest--to -_equalize_ which throughout the Work, appears a desirable attempt. As to -the _manner_ of treating each subject, it will be, generally, to -describe the Machines by a reference to the Figures; and then to add -some remarks on their date, construction, properties, and uses. - - - - - PART FIRST. - A NEW CENTURY OF - Inventions. - - - A - DYNAMOMETER; - OR, - _Machine for measuring Power and resistance while in Motion_. - -Dynamics being a science that relates to bodies in motion--comprehending -not their weight only, or their velocities only, but the product of the -one by the other; so the Dynamometer is a mean of measuring both these -circumstances together, and thus of making known the _momentum_ of a -power or resistance in motion. As this Machine has a connection more or -less intimate with almost every other, it seems entitled to the first -place in this collection. Its description follows: - -In Plate 3, Fig. 1 and 3, M M, represent two cheeks, standing parallel -to each other, and forming a cage or frame by means of the cross bars E -and the nuts F G. A P, Fig. 2, is the principal axis of the Dynamometer, -fixed to the wheel R N of which it is the centre of motion. It has a -square end A, formed to receive the wheels and other supplemental parts, -to be mentioned below. After the square A, comes a bearing E, to fit the -steps in the frame; and beyond the wheel R N is a cylindrical part O, -fitted to the hollow axis T of the wheel or frame I K, (Fig. 4); and in -fine the form P of this shaft fits and turns in the _cannon_ of the -axis B H, of the wheel C D; so as, when put together and connected with -the frame I K, to assume the form C R F G of the third figure. L P, Fig. -3 and 4, are two intermediate wheels (thus placed to balance each other -on the common centre T) whose axes turn on proper steps in the frame I -K; and which by their teeth connect the motion of this frame with that -of _both_ the wheels R N, and C D. - -Such are the parts of the Dynamometer properly so called; and they are -shewn as in their places in Plate 1, where the parts above described, as -far as visible, are marked with the same letters. Moreover, this figure -shews a scale-bason P, to receive the weights used to measure equable -powers, as will be seen hereafter. - -Plate 4 contains some of the auxiliary parts of this Machine. But before -we proceed to describe them, it may be proper to observe that the -_measuring power_, by the action of which at K, (Plate 1) the energy of -the _force_ is transmitted to the _resistance_, must, to meet every -case, be susceptible of change, according as the resistance or force to -be measured is uniform or convulsive. For example, in a mill grinding -corn, driven by a fall of water, the whole process is sensibly uniform, -and a weight at P is the proper measurer. But if it were desired to -measure the effect of a pump driven by water, or of a tilt hammer worked -by a Steam Engine, then the measuring power at P must be a spring: for -in these cases the _vis inertiæ_ of a weight would add to its force of -gravity when suddenly raised, or detract from it when the resistance -should suddenly give way. Whenever therefore, the force and resistance -are both _equable_, a weight will best measure them; and when _either_ -is convulsive, a spring: but a spring so equalized as to offer the same -resistance at every degree of tension it may have to sustain. - -In the 6th. and 7th. Figures, (Plate 4) these demands are fulfilled. The -first represents a barrel-spring, similar to that of a watch, but -_surrounded_ by a fusee, the increasing radii of which compensate for -the increased tension of the spring in the barrel G; so that the action -of the system on the chain is always the same. - -The 7th. Figure exhibits a spring adapted to heavier purposes. It is a -cylinder nicely bored and hermetically closed at bottom; in which works -a Piston P plunged in oil, which when forcibly drawn up forms a vacuum -in the cylinder, into which the atmosphere endeavouring to enter, acts -like a spring on the Piston; and preserves the same stress whatever be -the height of this Piston in the cylinder. - -This then, is also an _equalized Spring_, such as these experiments -require; but it is _not_ my invention. I first saw a vacuum used, as a -spring, by my noble Patron, the late Earl Stanhope: to whose mechanical -attainments, I owe this tribute of applause on the present occasion. - -In the three Figures of this Plate, 8, 9, 10, are shewn two of the means -I use for creating those factitious resistances that are sometimes -wanted in the process of measuring power. In Fig. 8, E H F, is a gripe -or brake, such as millers use to stop their wind-mills with; fixed under -L, it surrounds the wheel E H, and is then fastened to the end F of the -lever K L. The brake is thus pressed with greater or less force against -the wheel, as the weight I is placed more or less distant from the -fulcrum L of the lever. By these means a resistance of the equable kind -is produced, capable of being adapted to _any_ power it may be wished to -measure; which makes this Dynamometer a real _tribometer_ or measurer of -friction. - -The second kind of resistance brought forward in this Plate, is a -Pendulum P (Fig. 9 and 10,) set a vibrating by a pallet-wheel A B, -connected with the axis of resistance; and working in the pallets N. It -appears besides, in the Figure, that the times of vibration can be -changed by the mechanism T N R, which raises or lowers the ball P. This -then, is another resistance, such as we sometimes want: but it is also a -mean of finding the quantity of resistance that a vibrating body opposes -to motion, when oscillating in times _not_ those due to its length as a -pendulum. In other words it is a mean of measuring _vis inertiæ_ -itself--which an _astounding_ modern writer declares does not exist! - -I hasten to give a description of certain other parts relating to the -measuring system: and some methods of connecting with the Dynamometer -the several kinds of forces it may be desirable to examine. - -In Plate 5, Fig. 12, A X represents a Crank or Handle with a variable -radius, the intent of which is to adapt a man's strength to the velocity -and intensity of any resistance he may have to overcome. The manner is -this: B is a Screw pressing on the quadrant, and fixing the arm C X to -any required angle with the part A C: thus determining the virtual -radius of the handle. - -Fig. 14, shews a method of applying to the Machine the force of a man -pumping: for the catch N permits the handle O to rise alone, but carries -round the wheel R, at every downward stroke, while the fixed catch C -secures all the forward motion thus given. The same Figure shews, at B, -the force of a man in the act of _rowing_: for the catch M permits the -lever V M to recede when the man _fetches_ his stroke, and carries the -wheel round when he _takes_ it. An operation, by the bye, which I think -the best mode of employing human strength, if every possible advantage -is taken of the method. - -The 13th. Figure shews the last method I shall now offer of adapting -power to the Dynamometer. T S represents the Piston of a Steam Engine, -the rod of which is formed of _two_ bars, including between them the -chains F G and F D, the first of which is single, merely to carry back -the acting wheel; and the last double, to draw round the ratchet wheel -E, by the catch O, at every stroke of the Piston. - -I must obviate here an objection that may strike some readers. This -Piston T S, acts only one way, like that of an atmospheric engine, a -thing now quite out of date! I answer that this figure is chiefly -intended to give the _idea_; and shew a rotatory Steam Engine that -_might_ act without a fly. I will add, that it is my intention some day -to bring forward a method of using these suspended actions, better than -by a mere ratchet wheel: and especially without incurring danger from -the length of the ratchet teeth, or the blow they suffer at the -beginning of the strokes. But of this more hereafter. - -A short description will suffice for the mechanism of the 18th. figure -(Plate 6), which is intended to convert the alternate pressure of a -man's feet into rotatory motion, and then to measure his _power_. To do -this two catches A B, take into the teeth of the same wheel M, and each -catch carries an arm, P, embracing somewhat stiffly the boss of the -wheel. The treadles have a common centre at E, and are fastened to the -same rope going over a pulley, F, so as for the depression of the one to -raise the other. Again, the pulling bars C D, are connected with the -treadles, and from the form of the catches, it is evident (since the -levers move with some stiffness), that the first effect of an ascending -motion will be to draw the rising catch out of the teeth, and keep it -out until arrived at its greatest height; when the very beginning of -its descending motion will bring the catch into the teeth again, and -thus carry round the wheel at every downward movement of the treadle;--a -method this of making a ratchet work without rattling upon the wheel. - -The mechanism shewn in figure 19, is intended to produce another of our -factitious resistances; and it serves likewise to make experiments on -the resistance of the air. It is a fly, meeting with an _equable_ -resistance as does the fly in the striking train of a clock. The wheel -W, is put on the axis of resistance of the Dynamometer; and its teeth -geer in those of the vertical shaft L H. This latter is perforated from -above, and has an open mortice all along its body, which a small bar -penetrates, meeting at bottom the ring H, to which it is fastened by a -pin going through the mortice. Again, this ring H, is moved, downward, -by the rollers of the sliding bracket P, which has its motion from the -wheel and rack G: and finally, the leaves I K slide in the horizontal -frame; and when the machine turns _would_ obey the centrifugal force and -fly outward; but are withheld by the cords N O, which passing over the -pulleys N O, and under those L M, are then fixed to the frame above L. -When, now, this Machine is used, and the fly made to revolve swiftly, -the leaves I K, oppose a certain resistance to the rotatory motion; and -if _this_ be too feeble, the key G must be turned backward, which will -permit the ring H to rise, and the wings I K to recede from the centre. -But if this resistance is already too strong, the key G must be turned -forward, and the wings brought nearer: between which extremes, a point -will easily be found where the resistance of the air will _expend_ just -power enough to balance that brought into the Dynamometer through the -_power-axis_; and thus to keep the measuring weight in the position -required for any given experiment. - -There remains only one part to be described as belonging to this -Machine. It is represented in Plate 5, fig. 15, and is a graduated bar, -made to fit in the holes K, of the measuring cylinder I K Plate 1: and -to carry one of the arcs A A, which thus serves to extend, virtually, -the radius of that cylinder to any required dimension. - -It is now time to shew something of the manner of using this Dynamometer -in the measurement of forces. Let the object then be to measure the -power expended by a Horse in drawing a Carriage. - -To do this, we fix a Drum (see fig. 16,) of equal radius with the -measuring cylinder, on the power axis A; and a similar Drum to the -resisting axis H. After firmly fixing the Machine, we place the Carriage -at a distance behind it in the plane of the Drum H; and carry a rope -from that Drum to the Carriage: on the other hand, we fill the first -Drum A, with a coil of rope, to which the Horse is harnessed; and while -he travels in the plane of the Drum A, the scale P (Plate 1,) is loaded -with weights, until the Carriage follows the horse's motion without any -(or with little) agitation to the scale P: at which moment the _power_ -employed _is equal to one half the weight at P, multiplied by the space -gone through both by the Horse and the Carriage_. - -If it were now desired to find the power of a man turning a crank or -handle, we should take that given in the figure 12, and fix it to the -power-axis A. We should also take the fly-system shewn in fig. 19, and -place it on the axis-of-resistance H. Then causing the man to turn the -Machine, we should put _twice_ as much weight into the scale P, as his -strength was thought able to bear. Then if he thought the work too -heavy, we should draw inward the leaves of the fly, and take away part -of the weight P, until the man were satisfied he could work with -convenience: and when, as before, the weight P should overcome the -resistance of the fly I K, without either rising or falling, (sensibly) -then the _power_ expended would be _one half of the weight P, multiplied -by the space described by the man's hand in the act of turning the -handle_. - -It may occur to some of my readers that in these experiments the whole -effect is not actually _measured_: since the space described by the -horse or the man's hand, must be determined after the experiment. I -answer that these quantities, necessarily _variable_, must bear an -inverse proportion to the weight P: and in all cases, this weight -multiplied by that space, must give the _power_ or momentum required. -Besides, it is most easy to add a piece of mechanism that shall count -the number of turns, and express them _in space_, by the inspection of a -graduated scale. Nor need we stop here. The duration, in time, of any -experiment, may also be recorded by the Machine itself. These are things -so naturally connected with the subject, that I cannot feel it -necessary, with so much before me, to attempt exhausting them. But -_this_ I engage to do: if any serious difficulty should actually stop -any reader in this career of investigation, I will obviate such -difficulty at some convenient future period. And mean while those -persons who have aptitude for such subjects, will find in this Machine, -ample scope for extending their enquiries; and comparing many mechanical -realities with the deductions of Theory, thus amending and conciliating -the conclusions both of Theory and Practice. - -I have said above, that the weight or spring acting on the measuring -cylinder at K, _must_ be equalized: but in reference to _some_ -applications of this Machine to real use, I would modify that precept a -little. I should, indeed, always like the principal action to be of a -constant nature: with a supplementary part of less intensity, prepared -to add something to the former; and this, for the purpose of meeting -spontaneously the case of any unexpected addition of the moving power. -Thus in Plate 1, if P be a weight _nearly_ adapted to a given -resistance, I would (to prevent accident, from its being overraised by -any sudden jerk of the power,) hang one or more heavy chains under the -scale, which drawn from the ground to a certain length, would add a -known quantity to the measuring power; and transmit with a certain -softness to the work, the unequal action of the _mover_. - -One word on the _friction_ of this Machine. All friction must of course -be avoided as much as possible; but as it will be nearly the same in -every class of experiments, it is not of great importance. The same may -be said of the _vis inertiæ_ of the parts, _in convulsive motions_. The -parts would, of course, be made as light as a proper strength would -permit. My mechanical readers will easily supply these small items of -foresight; to anticipate the whole of which would make this Work -interminable. - - - OF A NEW KIND OF - BARREL SPRING, - _To lengthen the going of Clocks, Jacks, &c._ - -Although this invention does not properly constitute a _new Spring_, yet -it produces effects both new and important. It protracts almost -indefinitely the action of a barrel Spring, and thus reduces -considerably the number of wheels in a clock or other spring-driven -machine. This effect is produced by _setting the two ends of the spring -at variance_; or making them _act one against another_: for as these -opposite tendencies can be made nearly equal, one end of the spring will -be wound up _almost_ as much as the other end runs down: thus prolonging -the effect in any desired proportion. It will be making known the -principle, to describe the _first motion_ of a clock founded upon it. - -In Plate 7, fig. 1, A is the spring barrel, to which is fixed a _wheel_, -B, of 96 teeth, working in C, a pinion of 17. E is another _wheel_ of 92 -teeth, working in F, a pinion of 22: both pinions being _fixed_ on the -same arbor, I G. The smaller wheel E, turns on a round part of the axis -H D; and is connected with its motion in the backward direction only, by -a ratchet wheel R, fixed on a square part of the same arbor. _As usual_, -this latter has a cylindrical boss within the barrel A, to which the -_inner_ end of the spring is hooked; as its outer end is, to the rim of -the barrel; and thus does the wheel B (when the clock is wound up) tend -to turn _forward_ as shewn by the arrow B; while the wheel E, tends to -turn _backward_ in the direction of E, the second arrow. But these -opposite tendencies are _not_ equal; because the wheel B is larger, and -acts _disadvantageously_ on C, the smallest pinion; while the wheel E is -smaller, and acts to _advantage_ on the larger pinion F: so that there -is a decided tendency in the whole to turn _backward_. Now, to find -precisely what is the effect of that tendency, we observe that when the -barrel and the larger wheel B, have made _one_ revolution round the -common axis H D, the pinions C and F will both have made 96/17 of a -revolution (being the quotient of the division of the wheel B by the -pinion C:) and since the larger pinion of 22 teeth, works in the smaller -wheel of 92 teeth; this latter wheel in the same time will have made -96/17 of 22/92 of a revolution, or 1,350 of a turn very nearly. The -difference then between this quantity and unity, namely the decimal -0,350, is what the spring has really _gone down_ during one turn of the -barrel. And as the whole number of coils in the spring are 10, the -number of turns of the barrel to uncoil it entirely, will be 10/0,350 or -10000/350 equal to 28,57 nearly: instead of _ten revolutions_ which it -would have been on the common principle. - -It is almost superfluous to add that this prolongation of the time might -have been greater, had I not been confined to the above numbers, for -want of others _more nearly alike_, and having a common difference, on -my engine. - -An important remark here presents itself, viz. that the best properties -of this invention are unattainable by the use of the common -_geering_--the friction of whose teeth would have absorbed the small -rotatory tendency thus retained; and in which system, also the working -diameters of the wheels could not have been defined with sufficient -exactitude. This then, is one of the cases in which (as I have observed -in a former work) my late Patent System of Geering has "given rise to -machines that could not have existed without it,"--which it does by -possessing exclusively the property of realizing (sensibly) the whole -calculated effect; and working without commotion or assignable friction. -It may please some of my readers to be informed that this System, and -the means of executing it in every dimension, will hold a prominent -place in some future page of this essay. - -Referring again to the figure 1, the teeth X X, Y Y, are there placed to -give a first idea of this principle: and they are unaccompanied by -others, to avoid the confusion of lines that would have arisen from -attempting to shew all the teeth, in their due position, on so small a -scale. These things will claim all our attention when the System itself -comes under examination. - -The above representation of this Machine may leave a technical -difficulty on the minds of clock makers relative to the _winding up_ of -this spring; which, in the present state of things, will suspend, for -the time, it's action on the pendulum: for in order to effect it, (in a -reasonable number of turns) the introduction of the key _must_, by a -proper check-piece, be made to stop the wheel B, and leave it again at -liberty when the key is taken out: in which case ten turns of the key -will effect the winding, although the Machine should be calculated to -_give out_ forty turns in the uncoiling of the spring. But if the wheels -B and E had changed places; that is, if E had been fixed to the barrel -A, and B been connected with the ratchet wheel R, then the act of -winding up would have taken place in the opposite direction; or in that -which tends to _keep up_ the motion of the pendulum, in which case, -however, the machinery of the clock must have borne the _whole_ stress -of the spring during the act of winding, instead of the small portion it -sustains when the two ends counteract each other. - -But I anticipate another objection to this method of employing a barrel -spring: which is the inequality of stress, when the spring is much or -little wound. The answer is, that many clocks and watches are made to go -well without fusees; either by modifying the thickness of the springs, -or employing only a few of the middle coils. My Invention may, perhaps, -help to nurse this System to perfection: if not, its influence will be -the more confined, but in no wise destroyed. - - - OF - A PARALLEL MOTION, - _Being a combination of the Crank with the Epicycloid_. - -A B, Plate 7, fig. 2 and 3, is a ring or wheel fixed to the frame C D; -and having all round it's inside, teeth directed to the centre. F is a -wheel of half the diameter, and exactly half the number of teeth of the -wheel A B. It turns on a Crank-arm, E F, whose radius is equal to one -quarter of the diameter of the fixed wheel A B--in the centre of which -the axis of this Crank finds it's due position. The latter, therefore, -so conveys the wheel F round the inside of the fixed wheel A B, that the -teeth of both are constantly _geering_ to a proper depth: and a stud -being fixed on the face of the wheel F, opposite the middle of any -tooth, a, directly over the centre of the Crank E, this stud describes -the perpendicular diameter of the large wheel: and will either receive -motion from the rod R of a Steam Engine Piston, so as to give the fly I -K, a rotatory motion; or communicate to a Pump-piston a reciprocating -motion, drawn from the rotatory one of the fly, when _that_ is the -effect desired to be produced. - -This Invention will be remembered, as having procured me a remunerating -Medal from the late Napoleon Bonaparte, then first Consul of the French -Republic. That period, however, (1801) was not the real date of this -production, although then first made _public_. I have proof, on the -contrary, of its existence with me several years before; and it is -generally ascribed to me by the publicists. I might quote in particular -Doctor Gregory: who likewise mentions its having been executed by -Messrs. Murray and Wood, of Leeds, subsequently to it's exhibition at -Paris. The Doctor commits, however, a small error in calling me an -Anglo-American; but this is accounted for by my then living in a country -where to be an Englishman was itself a crime! and where some kind -friends, wishing to hide me from the relentless decrees of the day, felt -justified in using this sort of pious fraud in my favour: a resource -from which, though I did _not_ authorize it, I reaped no small -advantage; and still think of with gratitude, though not with unmixed -approbation. - -I think it a duty more imperious than agreeable, to expostulate a little -with Messrs. Lanz & Betancourt, on their apparent partiality in giving -an account of this Machine. In their work on the construction of -machines, art. 97, page 37, they make M. de la Hire the inventor of it, -by the terms in which they introduce his treatise on Epicycloids: and -they leave me the thread-bare merit of having "_presented a model_ of -this movement at the last exposition but one," &c. Now, although I do -not attach great importance to this kind of misrepresentation, I cannot -but observe, that neither my Machine or their description of it can be -called a Theorem! nor especially a theorem relating solely to the -Epicycloid, as M. de la Hire's was. These Gentlemen knew that he -insisted principally on the application of this curve to the teeth of -wheels, _with which my Invention has nothing to do_. On the contrary, my -Machine is a combination of two curves at least, on which de la Hire -says absolutely _nothing_. Is this then inadvertency? or is it uncandid -nationality? I hope, the former. - -A further remark on the utility of this System as a first motion, may be -of use in this place. It respects the _geering_ of the fixed and -moveable wheels A B, and F, on the _perfection_ of which depends the -truth of the statement, that the stud, a, describes a diameter of the -large wheel. Now, perfection is too much to be expected from common -teeth when of the necessary strength; so that my Patent Geering is an -indispensable complement to this Invention: as by its use, the principle -is made practically true; this line becoming really straight, and this -motion, under proper circumstances, being unattended with noise or -commotion. In a word, I cannot move a step in this mechanical field, -without meeting with instances where the new System shews its -superiority to the old: whence it becomes a duty for me to commence the -consideration of this subject in the very next _part_ of this -publication. - - - OF - A SYSTEM OF CONCENTRIC PULLEYS, - _Already known as White's Patent Pulleys_. - -These Pulleys have been frequently described since I first entered my -_specification at the Patent Office_. The Authors of the Encyclopedia -Britannica; the Rev. Mr. Joyce, in his juvenile philosophy; and Dr. -Gregory in his mechanics, have all adverted to them. In the latter work, -I find the following quotation from my own description, thus introduced: - -A very considerable improvement in the construction of pulleys has been -made by Mr. James White, who obtained a Patent for his Invention, of -which _he_ gives the following description: "Fig. 4, Plate 7, _of this -work_, shews the Machine, consisting of two pullies, Q and R; the former -fixed, the other moveable. Each of these has six concentric grooves, -capable of having a line put round them, and thus of acting like as many -different pulleys having diameters equal to those of the grooves. -Supposing then, each groove to be a distinct pulley, and that all these -diameters were equal, it is evident, that if the weight 144 were to be -raised by pulling at S, till the pulleys touched each other, the first -pulley must receive the length of line as many times as there are parts -of the line hanging between it and the lower pulley. In the present -case there are 12 lines, b, d, f, &c. hanging between the two pulleys, -formed by its revolution about the six upper and six lower grooves. -Hence as much line must pass over the uppermost pulley as is equal to 12 -times the distance of the two. But, from an inspection of the figure, it -is plain that the second pulley R S, cannot receive the full quantity of -line by as much as is equal to the distance betwixt it and the first. In -like manner, the third pulley receives less than the first, by as much -as is equal to the distance between the first and the third; and so on -to the last which receives only 1/12 of the whole: for this receives -it's share of line n, from a _fixed_ point in the upper frame which -gives it nothing: while all the others in the same frame receive the -line partly by moving to meet it, and partly by the line coming to meet -them." - -"Supposing now these pulleys to be equal in size, and to move freely as -the line determines them, it appears from the nature of the system, that -the number of their revolutions, and consequently their velocities, must -be in proportion to the number of suspending parts, that are between the -fixed point above-mentioned, (n) and each pulley respectively. Thus the -outermost pulley would go twelve times round in the time that the pulley -under which the part n of the line passes, (if equal to it) would -revolve only once; and the intermediate times and velocities would be a -series of arithmetical proportionals of which, if the first term were -l, the last would always be equal to the whole number of terms. Since -then, the revolutions of equal and distinct pulleys are measured by -their velocities, and that it is possible to find _any_ proportion of -velocity on a single body running on a centre, viz. by finding -proportional distances from that centre; it follows, that if the -diameters of certain grooves in the same body be exactly adapted to the -above series, (the line itself being supposed inelastic and of no -magnitude) the necessity of using several pulleys in each frame will be -obviated, and with that some of the inconveniences to which the use of -the common pulley is liable." - -"In the figure referred to the coils of rope, by which the weight is -supported, are represented by the lines a, b, c, &c. a is the line of -traction commonly called the fall, which passes over and under the -proper grooves, until it is fastened to the upper frame just above n. In -practice, however, the grooves are not arithmetical proportionals; nor -can they be so, for the diameter of the rope employed must be deducted -from each term, without which, the small grooves to which the said -diameter bears a greater proportion than to the larger ones, will tend -to rise and fall faster than the latter, and thus introduce worse -defects than those which they were intended to obviate." - -"The principal advantage of this kind of pulley is, that it destroys -lateral friction, and that kind of shaking motion which are so -inconvenient in the common pulley; and lest, says Mr. White, (I quote -Dr. Gregory) this circumstance (of a long pin) should give the idea of -weakness, I would observe, that to have pins for pulleys to run upon, is -not the only, nor perhaps the best method: but that I sometimes use -centres fixed in the pulleys, and revolving on a short bearing in the -side of the frame, by which strength is increased, and friction much -diminished: for to the last moment of duration, the motion of the pulley -is circular, and this very circumstance is the cause of it's not wearing -out in the centre as soon as it would, assisted by the ever increasing -irregularities of a gullied bearing.--These pullies when well executed, -apply to Jacks and other Machines of that nature with great advantage: -both as to the time of their going and their own durability: and it is -possible to produce a System of pulleys of this kind, composed of six or -eight parts only, and adapted to the pocket, which by means of a skain -of sewing silk, would raise more than a hundred weight." - -There are several real and solid advantages attending the use of this -pulley; some of which are only hinted at in this description. I have -thought, therefore, it might be useful to introduce here an account of -some trials which the System underwent a few years ago at -Portsmouth,--at the request of an Officer of the Navy, who had -_re-invented_ it with some ingenious additions to my ideas. Not being at -present in correspondence with that Gentleman, I hardly think myself at -liberty to mention his name; but fully so to give an extract from the -report which followed these experiments--in which the superiority of -the System _in respect of power_, is made evident, although some less -favourable circumstances prevented its adoption on that occasion. - -"With a view to comparison, it was settled with Lieutenant S. that his -blocks should be made to correspond with the treble and double 16 inch -blocks of a 24 gun ship, which carry a 4-1/2 inch rope. The sheeves in -the new blocks are fixed upon the pin, revolving therewith, and are of -different diameters proportioned to the velocity of the parts of the -rope that pass over them; they are also reeved with a double rope so -that there are two grooves of each size, the diameter of the smallest -groove in this tackle being 2-8/12, and of the largest 15 inches. The -diameter of the sheeves of the common blocks would have been (as usually -made) 9-1/8 to the bottom of the grooves, but were reduced at the -request of Lieutenant S. in the treble block to 8-1/8, and in the double -block to 8-7/8, in order that the sum of the diameters of the sheeves in -each tackle should be the same. The Lieutenant intending in the first -instance, to have used a roller under the pin, for the purpose of -diminishing friction, but afterwards laying aside this idea on account -of it's complication, was the reason that he had not made his sheeves in -the same proportion with the common blocks: the weight and length of the -respective blocks are as follows: - - Weight. Length. - - Lieutenant S.'s treble blocks 131lbs. 24 Inches. - Common ditto 78 " 16 " - Lieutenant S.'s double block 73 " 21 " - Common ditto 60 " 16 " - Lieutenant S.'s single block 22 " 17 " - Common ditto 34 " 16 " - -"Lieutenant S.'s blocks were reeved with a 2-1/2 inch double rope, and -the common block with a 4-1/2 inch single rope, and both tackles -suspended from a beam, and their respective falls let over the single -blocks, so as to keep the weight applied as a power, just clear of the -weight to be lifted, thus forming a power of six to one; the following -experiments were made: - - Weight very Power required Power required - slowly lifted. with Lieutenant S.'s blocks. with the common blocks. - [lb]s. [lb]s. [lb]s. - 336 88 124 - 672 169 252 - 1344 312 448 - 2688 588 808 - 5376 1101 1344. - -"After reeving the common blocks with a 3-1/2 inch rope in lieu of a -4-1/2 inch rope, it was as follows: 5376 1101 1232. - -"It must be observed, that the double 2-1/2 inch rope in Lieutenant -S.'s blocks, is not of equal strength with the single 4-1/2 inch rope -first used in the common blocks; and that his blocks had an undue -advantage in the first experiment over the common blocks, in respect to -the pliability of the rope. The rope should therefore, be taken larger -in the one or smaller in the other case, on this account: The common -blocks were reeved in the last experiment, with a 3-1/2 inch rope, which -is as near as may be of the same strength as the double 2-1/2 inch rope. - -"In these experiments it was observable, that the tar was much more -squeezed out of the parts of the rope that passed over the smallest -sheeves in Lieutenant S.'s blocks, than out of those passing over the -larger sheeves, or out of those passing over the sheeves of the common -blocks; by which, as well as by the nature of the thing, we judge that -with blocks requiring such small sheeves, the ropes would be more -crippled and broken than by the common blocks, especially if any -constant strain or weight in motion, as on ship board, should be held by -them. In regard to our opinion of the merits of the blocks proposed by -Lieutenant S. compared with common blocks, we beg leave to submit, that -the mechanical principle of them is very inviting, and it is not to be -wondered that an ingenious person should pursue the idea; yet _allowing -there would be a saving of power_, which is attained in so great a -degree with the common blocks, but considering the greater complication, -weight, and expence of these blocks, and their greater disposition to -cripple the ropes, we do not perceive any application of them on ship -board, for which we could recommend them in preference to common blocks; -neither do we perceive any purposes on shore, for the services of the -dock yards in which to recommend their application in preference to the -other powers in use." - -To this account of the result of these experiments, I beg leave to add -what seems to be a great improvement of this System: namely, a method by -which the diameters of the larger pulleys are considerably lessened; and -thus the principal, if not the only objection, obviated. It has been -before observed, that the larger pulleys, as Q R, are the ultimate terms -of an arithmetical progression, beginning at unity; and that -consequently they cannot be very small, even though the first terms -should be so. If a first pulley were only one inch in diameter, the -_twelfth_ pulley would be twelve inches,--where we see a large and -inconvenient difference. But this evil I now obviate, by placing at the -beginning of the series, one or more _loose pulleys_, over which to -_reeve_ the cord, before the concentric or fixed grooves begin; thus -lowering the _ratio_ of the progression, and keeping the larger pulleys -within bounds. For example, the smallest fixed pulley (supposed as -before, to be one inch in diameter) I now make the _second_ of the -series instead of the first: and therefore, the second _fixed pulley_ is -to the first as 3 to 2, instead of being as 2 to 1; for the same reason, -the third fixed pulley is to the second as 4 to 3; and in a system of -12 pulleys, (with one loose one) the respective terms will be as -follows: - - Terms 1----2----3----4----5----6----7----8----9---10---11---12 - loose;2/2; 3/2; 4/2; 5/2; 6/2; 7/2; 8/2; 9/2;10/2;11/2;12/2 - -or 6 inches for the largest pulley, instead of 12 inches given by the -last progression. - -So likewise, if we take _two_ loose pulleys, (which will not add much to -the complication of the Machine) and make the third term 1 inch, the -fourth will become 4/3, shewing the _ratio_ of the progression to be -1/3, so that the series of 12 terms will stand thus: - - Terms, 1-----2----3---4----5----6----7----8----9---10---11---12 - loose;loose; 1; 4/3; 5/3; 6/3; 7/3; 8/3; 9/3;10/3;11/3;12/3; or, - -four inches for the largest groove in the concentric part of the System. - -Now we saw before, that the first and last pulley were in diameter to -each other, as 1 to 12; whereas, here, with only two loose pulleys, -these extremes are but as 1 to 4: dimensions much more convenient and -manageable. The 5th. figure of the Plate 7, is intended to shew -graphically, the effect of this modification of the principle. In that -figure, if the line a, be the diameter of the _first_ pulley, that of -the sixth pulley will be shewn by the line b c; but if the same line a -be made the _second_ pulley, the diameter of the sixth will be shewn by -the line e d; only 2/3 of the former. And in fine, if the same a, be the -third pulley, the sixth will have it's diameter reduced to the line f -g, only one half of what it was in the first case. In a word, the more -loose pulleys are put before the fixed ones begin, the nearer to -cylindrical will the general form become; and the more conveniently may -pulleys be used for general purposes. I might even assert, that if -_one_, or at most two loose pulleys had been used in the above-mentioned -experiments, the result would have been as favourable to the System, -with respect to the _weight of the tackle and stress on the ropes_, as -it was in respect of _power_; where it's advantages were important and -undeniable. - - - OF - A POWER-WHEEL, - _Turned by heated Air, Gas, &c._ - -This Wheel (see Plate 8, fig. 1,) is technically called a Bucket-wheel. -It is plunged almost entirely in water, oil, mercury (or other heavy -fluid) contained in the vessel A B. It's axis carries a _waved_ wheel a -b, on which rolls a friction-pulley p, running on a pin in the mortice -of the bar c d. This bar works the pump f; which by the descent of it's -_loaded_ Piston, drives _cold_ air (or gas) into the tube g, -communicating with _several_ collateral ones placed _across_ the vessel, -so as to convey the air to h, below and beyond the centre of the wheel. -A fire being made at F under this vessel, the water (or other fluid) is -brought to a proper heat; and if then the pump f, be made to give a -stroke or two, air will be forced from the tubes at h, which having been -heated in the passage, will bubble up into the buckets h, i, k, &c. and -turn the wheel so as to perpetuate it's own supplies from the Pump, and -furnish a surplus of _power_ for other purposes. This results from the -fact, that air (for example) in rising to the temperature of boiling -water, expands, under the pressure of the atmosphere, to about three -times the volume it occupied at the mean temperature: so that it resists -the entrance into the vessel as _unity_, and acts (when heated) as 3: -leaving a power of _two_, in the form of a rotatory motion. - -It will occur to many readers, that azotic gas or nitrogen, might be -used with advantage to turn this wheel: only adding to the Machine a -_long_ returning tube, leading from the top of the vessel, through air -or water, to the _suction valve_ of the pump f; and _that_ in order to -bring down the temperature of the gas from the heat it had acquired in -the vessel, to the mean temperature; at which this gas is said to occupy -only 1/7 of the space it fills when at the heat of boiling water. - -I have now to observe that this invention was _executed_ in 1794, of -which abundant proof remains. Since then, it has been proposed by other -persons, and is I think, patentized either in France or England: but a -different method is employed of introducing the cold _air_, namely an -inverted screw of Archimedes, whose manner of working I do not entirely -recollect. What I here wish to observe is, that this concurrence of idea -between others and myself, gives me no pain; since it would be more -strange if it did not happen, while so many active minds are ransacking -nature for the very purpose of unveiling her secrets. Only I think it -incumbent upon me to use every method, consistent with truth and honour, -to avoid being thought unjust enough to purloin other people's ideas, -and call them my own. - - - OF - AN EQUABLE PUMP, - _Or Machine for raising Water without interruption or concussion_. - -This Machine is represented in Plate 8, fig. 2 and 3. It is composed of -two barrels A B, both of them forming part of the column of water to be -raised; connected together by a crooked tube C, of equal diameter, out -of which the lower Piston-rod passes through a stuffing box into the -air: as does the upper Piston-rod at D, where the column leaves the Pump -to pass upward. The two Pistons fixed to the rods E and F, are of the -bucket kind; made as thin and light as possible; their valves opening -upwards and their motions being such, generally, that when one of them -is drawn up, the water rises through the other, _then descending_: But -here lies both the novelty and utility of this Machine; these upward and -downward motions are _not_ reciprocal: Both Pistons fall faster than -they rise, and thus leave an interval of time _when they both rise -together_; during which their valves, respectively, close by their own -weight _before_ the column of water falls upon them. In such manner, -indeed, that the column never _falls_ at all. By this important -arrangement, the work is constantly going on, and _no commotion_ occurs -to absorb _Power_ uselessly, or to destroy, prematurely, the Machine; -circumstances which _constantly_ attend every Pump Machine acting by -merely reciprocal motion. - -This non-reciprocity then, I produce by several methods; one of which -(perhaps the most easily understood) is that shewn in fig. 2: There, A B -are two friction-rollers, made as large as possible, rolling on the -curves C X, the ascending and descending parts of which are essentially -_unequal_. For example, the rising part of the curve occupies 2/3 of the -whole circumference; and the falling part 1/3 only; so that both curves -recede from the centre at the same time, during 1/6 of a revolution, at -the two opposite positions, A C and X Y. Applying then, these curves and -levers to the Pump-barrels represented in fig. 3, we obtain that -_continuity of uniform motion_, which is necessary to doing the greatest -quantity of work with the least power; and to securing the greatest -durability of the Machine. Having hinted at a _minimum_ of power, I must -add here that this Machine appears to promise that result, much more -credibly than any reciprocating pump whatever; especially if to this -continuity of motion we add a certain _largeness_ of dimension that -shall produce the required quantity of water, with the slowest possible -motion of each particle; and even here this _continuative_ principle -helps us much; since pistons and valves of the largest dimensions may be -used without introducing any convulsive, or (what is synonymous) any -destructive effects. - -One particular remains to be noticed in fig. 2. It relates to the means -by which the _perpendicularity_ of the motion in the Piston-rods is -secured. The arcs M are portions of cylinders having the bolts Z, for -their centres, and which, _rolling_ up and down against the -perpendicular plane O N, secure a similar motion to the bolts. The -_tenons_ P, are cycloidal, on their upper and lower surfaces; and work -in square or oblong holes in the plane N O, being kept _in_ their holes -by the action of the two springs on a pin let through these tenons: and -thus is the motion of the point Z of the levers M B, a perpendicular -one; and that of the friction rollers A B, very nearly so. - -My object in this work, is to make known the principles, and _some_ of -the forms of these Inventions, but my limits will not permit their being -dilated on; else I could give several more useful forms of this Machine: -but, to make room for other subjects, I must hasten forward--reserving -to some future period, many hints respecting the adaptation of those -ideas to particular cases. Those of my readers who love to speculate on -the doctrine of _permutations_, will anticipate how much may be done by -the _combination of a hundred Machines_ with each other: and they will -give me credit for detached items of knowledge--useful in themselves, -though too minute to be severally brought forward. Should, however, the -degree of patronage I have already experienced, be proportionably -extended as the work advances, _I can and will_ follow it up with many -useful hints, tending to shew the extent of some of my present subjects, -and the amplitude of the sphere in which they roll. - -It should be observed, in concluding this article, that the present -Machine was executed in France, in 1793, and also proposed to the -Government, as a substitute for the celebrated Machine of Marly. In the -report then published, it was preferred to the whole multitude of former -projects; but left _in equilibrio_ with _one_ modern Machine,--a -competition which prevented it's adoption for the moment--and indeed -till I was _glad to escape the notice_, instead of courting the favour -of the then rapidly succeeding governments. - - - OF - A SIMPLE MACHINE, - _For Protracting the Motions of Weight-Machinery_. - -Let A, Fig. 4 Plate 8, be the barrel-wheel of a Clock, or other Machine, -already in use, and driven by a weight; and let the _similar_ barrel B -be added to the former; the motion of both being connected by the -_unequal_ wheels C D. The rope or chain E F, is then led from the barrel -A under the pulley P to the barrel B: By which arrangement, when the -weight has occasioned _one_ revolution of the barrel and wheel A C, -_those_ B D, will have made a lesser portion of a revolution in the -ratio of the wheel C and D; (namely as 22 to 24,) and that motion will -have _taken up_ 11/12 of the line which the barrel A has _given off_. By -these means, the motion of the whole may be prolonged almost -indefinitely. This System may appear to some persons open to the -objection that the friction of the wheels C D, will absorb so much of -the power, as to leave the rotatory tendency too feeble for it's -intended purpose. But I again take refuge in the well proved property of -my patent geering,--of not impeding (sensibly) the motion of any Machine -in which it is used. - -Should it further be suggested, that this is only an awkward parody on -the _differential wheel and axle_, ascribed by Dr. Gregory (in the -introduction to his work, page 4,) to the celebrated George Eckhardt: I -would answer, that I made _that invention also_; though doubtless -_after_ Mr. Eckhardt; and especially after the date of the figure given -by the Doctor, as coming from China, "among some drawings of nearly a -century old;" Of course then, I do not pretend to priority of invention: -but _truth herself_ authorises me to say, that I did invent this Machine -also, _in the night between the 17th. and 18th. of January, 1788, and -drew it in bed by moonlight, that it might not escape me!_ It was the -result of a previous _fit_ of close thinking: and of the conclusion I -_then_ drew, that in whatever way, _slowness_ of motion is obtained by -the connection of two movements, _power_ is invariably gained for the -same reason, and in the same proportion. The fact is, that all my ideas -respecting differential motions, have flowed from this source; as will -be evident to the attentive reader of these pages. - - - OF - AN INSTRUMENT - _For drawing Portions of Circles, and finding their Centres by - inspection_. - -It is a known property of _an angle_ such as g d f (plate 9 fig. 1) when -touching two fixed points g f, and gliding from one of these points to -the other, to describe a portion of a circle g d f. My object in this -instrument is to determine, by inspection, the radius of such circle in -all cases. - -To do this, I connect with the jointed rule m d n, another rule like -itself but shorter g e f, so as that the figure g d e f shall be a -perfect parallelogram: and I then say that knowing the distance of the -points d and e, (the distance d f being given) I know the radius of the -circle of which g d f is a portion. To prove this, a little calculation -is necessary: In the circles A B and a b (fig. 6) draw the lines E D; _f -d_, _d g_, _g f_, _g e_, and _g D_; and bearing in mind the known -equation of the circle, let _d n_ = _x_, _g n_ = _y_; and g D = a, the -absciss, ordinate, and radius respectively. The equation is 2ax - x² = -y²: from which we get _a_ = (y² + x²)/(2x) the denominator of this -fraction being the line _d e_. But further its numerator (_y_² + _x_²) -is equal to the square of the chord g d of the angle E D g, which chord -I call _c_. This gives _a_ = _c_²/(line _d e_); from which equation we -derive this proportion _a_ : _c_ :: _c_ : line _d e_; Putting then the -chord _c_ = 1 (one foot for instance) this proportion becomes _a_ : 1 :: -1 : 1/_a_; whence we draw this useful conclusion, that, whatever portion -of a foot is contained in the line _d e_, (expressed by a fraction -having _unity_ for its numerator) the radius of the circle will be -expressed _in feet_ by the denominator of that fraction. Thus if the -line _d e_, be 1 inch or 1/12 of a foot (and the line _g d_ or _d f_ be -1 foot) the radius of the circle will be 12 feet; and so for every other -fraction. Now in the instrument itself the two points _d_ and _e_, _are -connected by a micrometer-screw_ (not here drawn) of the kind described -in a subsequent article, and by which an inch is divided in 40,000 -parts, each of which therefore is the 1/3333.33, &c. part of a foot: so -that if the distance _d e_, were only _one_ of these parts, we should -produce a portion g d f of a circle of 3333.33, &c. feet radius--being -more than half a mile. - -I had omitted to observe, that the _points_ or studs, against which the -rulers m n slide, to trace the curve (_by a style in the joint d_,) that -these studs I say are fixed to a detached ruler o p, laid _under_ the -parallelogram on the paper, and having two _stump points_ to hold it -steady: _one_ of the studs being moveable in a slide, in order that it -may adapt the distance f g, to _any_ required distance of the points _d -e_: We note also that the dotted curve g d f is _not_ the very circle -drawn, but one parallel to it and distant one half the width of the -rulers. In fact the mortices of these rulers are properly the acting -lines, and _not their edges_. I expect, for several reasons, to resume -the subject of this instrument before the work closes. - - - OF - AN INCLINED HORSE WHEEL, - _Intended to save room and gain speed_. - -My principal inducements for giving this Wheel the form represented, by -a section, in fig. 3, (see Plate 9) were to save _horizontal room_; and -to gain speed by _a Wheel_ smaller than a common horse-walk,--and _yet_ -requiring less obliquity of effort on the part of the horse. With this -intention, the horse is placed _in a conical_ Wheel A B, more or less -inclined, and not much higher than himself: where, nevertheless, his -head is _seen_ to be at perfect liberty out of the cone as at C. The -horse then walks _in_ the cone, and is harnessed to a fixed bar -introduced from the open side where, by a proper adjustment of the -traces, he is made to act partly by his weight, so as to exert his -strength in a favourable manner. This Machine applies with advantage -where a horse's power is wanted, _in a boat or other confined place_: -and it is evident, by the relative diameters of the wheel and pinion A B -and D, (as well as by the small diameter of the wheel) that a -considerable velocity will be obtained at the source of power,--whence, -of course, the subsequent _geering_ to obtain the swifter motions, will -be proportionately diminished. - - - OF - A DIFFERENTIAL COMBINATION OF WHEELS, - _To count very high numbers, or gain immense power_. - -In fig. 2, of Plate 9, (which offers an horizontal section of the -Machine), A B is an axis, to the cylindrical part of which the wheels C -D are fitted, so as to turn with ease in either direction. Each of these -wheels, C and D, has two rims of teeth, _a b_, and _c d_; and between -those _b d_ are placed an intermediate pinion W, connected by it's -centre with the arm _x_, which forms a part of the axis A B. There is -likewise a fourth wheel or pinion Z, working in the outer rims _a c_ of -the wheels C and D. It appears from the figure itself, that the action -of this Machine depends on the greater or lesser _difference_ between -the motion _forward_ of the wheel C, and the motion _backward_ of the -wheel D; for if these opposite motions were exactly alike, the wheels -would indeed all turn, but produce no effect on the arm _x_, or the axis -A B: whereas _this_ motion is the very thing required. Since then the -motion of the bar _x_, and finger _g_ depends on the difference of -action of the wheels C and D on the intermediate pinion W, we now -observe, that in the present state of things, the rims _a_, _b_, _c_, -_d_, have respectively 99, 100, 100, and 101 teeth: and that when _one -revolution_ has been given to the wheel C, the rim _b_ of this wheel -has acted, by 100 of its teeth, on those of the intermediate pinion W; -insomuch that if the opposite wheel D had been immoveable, the arm _x_ -would have been carried round the common centre a portion equal to 50 -teeth, or one half of it's circumference (which effect takes place -because the pinion W _rolls_ against the wheels C and D, it's centre -progressing only half as fast as it's circumference.) But instead of the -wheel D standing still, it has moved in a direction opposite to the -former, a space equal to 99/100 of a revolution, and brought into the -teeth of the pinion W, 99/100 of 101 teeth; that is, 99 teeth, and 99 -hundredths of one tooth: so that the _account_ between the two motions -stands thus: - - The forward motion by the wheel C, is equal to 100,00 teeth. - And the backward motion by the wheel D, is 99,99 " - ------ - And the difference in favour of the forward motion is 00,01 of 1 - tooth. - -Or, dividing the whole circumference into 101 parts (each one equal to a -tooth of the rim _d_,) this difference becomes 1/100 part of 1/101 = -1/10100 of a revolution of the axis A B, for each revolution of the -wheel C. But we have observed, that the arm _x_ progresses only _half_ -as much, on account of the _rolling_ motion: whence it appears that the -wheel C, must make 20200 turns to produce _one_ turn of this axis A B. -And if, with 20 teeth in the pinion Z, we suppose the movement to be -given by the handle _y_, this handle must make _more_ than 20200 -revolutions, in the proportion of 99 (the teeth in the wheel) to 20, the -teeth in the pinion Z. Thus the said 20200 turns must be multiplied by -the fraction 99/20 which gives 99990 turns of the handle, for one of the -axis A B. And finally, if instead of turning this Machine by the handle -and pinion _y_ Z, we turned it by an endless screw, taking into the rim -_c_, of 100 teeth; the handle of such screw must revolve 2020000 times -to produce one single revolution of the axis A B; or to carry the finger -_g_, once round the common centre. - -The above calculations are founded on the very numbers of a Machine of -this kind I made in Paris: and of which I handed a model to a public man -nearly thirty years ago. I need not add that this kind of movement -admits of an almost endless variety: since it depends both on the -numbers of the wheels and their differences; nay, on the differences of -their differences. I might have gone to some length in these -calculations had I not conceived it more important to bring other -objects into view, than to touch at present the extensive discussions -_this subject_ invites and will doubtless suggest to many. Suffice it -now to say, that here is a simple Machine which gains power (or -occasions slowness), in the ratio of two millions and twenty thousand to -one; giving, (if executed in proper dimensions) to a man of ordinary -strength, the power _of raising, singly, from three to four hundred -millions of pounds_. It may be useful to observe that using this Machine -for an opposite purpose, that of _gaining speed_, _extreme rapidity_ may -be caused by a power acting very slowly on the axis A B; only in that -case, the _difference_ must be enlarged, and the diameters and numbers -of the wheels be calculated _on the principles of perfect -geering_--which is as easy in this Machine as in any other. - - - OF - A CRANE, - _Which combines_ VARIABLE POWERS _with speed and safety_. - -Doctor Gregory (in his Mechanics 2d. volume page 157,) thus introduces -the description of this Crane, and the observations with which he tags -that description. - -"The several Cranes described in this article, as preferable to the -common walking Crane, while they are free from the dangers attending -that Machine, lose at the same time one of it's advantages, that is, -they do not avail themselves of that addition to the moving power which -the weight of the men employed may furnish: yet this advantage has been -long since insured by the mechanists on the continent: who cause the -labourers to walk upon an inclined plane, turning upon an axis, after -the manner shewn in the figure referred to under the article -_foot-mill_,--where we have described a contrivance of that kind, well -known in Germany nearly 150 years ago. The same principle has been -lately brought into notice (probably without knowing it had been adopted -before) by Mr. Whyte, (White) of Chevening in Kent: His Crane is -exhibited,--fig. 2 and 4, Plate 10, _as it was described in the -Transactions of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts_." - -"A, Plate 9, fig. 4, (of this Work) is a circular inclined plane, moving -on a pivot under it, and carrying round with it the axis E. A person -walking on this plane at A, and pressing against a lever, throws off a -gripe or brake, and thus permits the plane to move freely, and raise the -weight G by the coiling of the rope F, round the axis E. To shew more -clearly the construction and action of the lever and gripe, _a plan_ of -the plane connected with them, is added in fig. 5, where B represents -the lever, and D the gripe: where it is seen that when the lever B is in -the situation in which it now appears, the brake or gripe D, _presses -against the periphery of the plane_; but when the lever B is driven out -to the dotted line H, the gripe D is detached, and the whole Machine -left at liberty to move: a rope or cord of a proper length, being -fastened to B, and to one of the uprights in the frame, to prevent this -lever from being pushed too far towards H, by the man working at the -Crane." - -"The _supposed properties_ of this Crane, (says Dr. Gregory) for which -the premium of forty guineas was adjudged by the society to the -Inventor, are as follows:" - -"'1. It is simple, consisting merely of a wheel and axle: - -"'2. It has comparatively little friction, as is obvious from the bare -inspection of the figure: - -"'3. It is durable from the two properties above mentioned: - -"'4. It is safe: for it cannot move but during the pleasure of the man, -and while he is actually pressing on the gripe lever: - -"'5. This Crane admits of an almost infinite variety of different -powers; and this variation is obtained without the least alteration of -any part of the Machine. If in unloading a vessel, there should be found -goods of every weight, from a few hundreds to a ton and upwards, the -workman will be able so to adapt his strength to each, as to raise it in -a space of time, (inversely) proportionate to it's weight, he walking -always with the same velocity as nature and his greatest ease may teach -him.'" - -"'It is a great disadvantage in some Cranes, that they take as long a -time to raise the smallest weight as the largest; unless the man who -works them turn or walk with such velocity as must soon tire him. In -other Cranes, perhaps, two or three powers may be procured; to obtain -which, some pinion must be shifted, or fresh handle applied or resorted -to. In this Crane on the contrary, if the labourer find his load so -heavy as to permit him to ascend the wheel without turning it, let him -only move a step or two towards the circumference, and he will be fully -equal to the task. Again, if the load be so light as scarcely to resist -the action of his feet, and thus to oblige him to _run_ through so much -space as to tire him beyond necessity, let him move laterally towards -the centre, and he will soon feel the place where his strength will -suffer the least fatigue by raising the load in question. One man's -weight applied to the extremity of the wheel would raise upwards of a -ton: and it need not be added that a single sheaved block (at the jib) -would double that power. Suffice it to say that the size of the machine -may be varied in any required degree, and that this wheel will give as -great advantage at any point of its plane as a common walking wheel of -equal diameter; as the inclination can be varied at pleasure, as far as -expediency may require. It may be well to observe that what in this -figure is the frame and seems to form a part of the Crane, must be -considered as part of the house in which it is placed; since it would be -mostly unnecessary should such cranes be erected in houses already -built: and with respect to the horizontal part, by walking on which, the -man who attends the jib, occasionally assists in raising the load, it is -not an essential part of this invention, when the crane and jib are not -contiguous: although, when they are, it would certainly be convenient -and economical.'" - -The Doctor continues: "Notwithstanding, however, the advantages which -have been enumerated, Mr. Whyte's (White's) Crane is subject to the -theoretical objection, that it derives less use than might be wished -from the weight of the man or men: for a great part of that weight -(_half_ of it if the inclination be 30 degrees,) lies directly upon the -plane, and has no tendency to produce motion. Besides, when this Crane -is of small dimensions, the effective power of the men is very unequal; -and the barrel too small for winding a thick rope: when large, the -weight of the materials, added to that of the men, put it out of shape -and give it the appearance of an unwieldy moving floor." - -The Doctor continues: "We know one large Crane of this construction, -which has an upright post near the rim on each side, to support it, and -keep it in shape; and as much as possible to prevent friction, each post -had a vertical wheel at it's top." (N. B. _I_ never saw, or heard, -before, of this monster.)--"We were informed this Crane was seldom used; -and that it was soon put out of order. Nor, moreover, is it every -situation that will allow the Crane-rope to form a right angle with the -barrel on which it winds; and when this angle is oblique, the friction -must be much increased. The friction arising from the wheels at the top -of the vertical _crutches_ might indeed be _got shut off_, by making the -inclined wheel very strong; but this would add _greatly_ to the friction -of the lower gudgeon of the oblique shaft, and _considerably_ increase -the expence of the Machine." - -"There remains then (says Dr. Gregory) another stage of improvement with -regard to the construction of Cranes, in which the weight of the -labourers shall operate without diminution, at the end of an horizontal -lever; and in which the impulsive force thus arising, may be -occasionally augmented by the action of the hands, either in pulling or -lifting"--and then follows the conclusion. "This step in the progress -has been lately effected by Mr. David Hardie, of the East India -Company's Bengal warehouse!" - -I cannot follow the author (whoever he be) of the glowing picture next -given of Mr. Hardie's Invention, (to which the obloquy thrown on my poor -abortion is clearly _the foil_) as my readers must already be anxious to -"get shut" of such unmitigated Bathos, bestowed on so trivial a theme. -With respect to my Crane, I shall only say that it fulfilled the -conditions required by the Society, _and obtained the Premium_: and if -on the one hand, the language in which, thirty years ago, I described -it, exhibits the impetuosity of youth, untempered with the moderation of -age, I will say on the other, that if impartial criticism, mechanical -acumen, or comprehensive _science_ are essential components of a -mechanical work _of high pretensions_,--these qualities were seldom more -wantonly abandoned or abused, than in the paragraphs above quoted: -except, perhaps, in the attack of the same work, on the labours and -character of the justly celebrated Watt, whose merits had this author -known how to appreciate, he _could not_ thus have attempted to lessen in -the public esteem. - -But to return, this _Diatribe_ begins by comparing my Crane to a foot -mill: and kindly supposes I did not know that its principle existed in -Germany 150 years ago. But the fact is, my object was nothing like that -of the author of the mill in question: the very figure of which, proves -that _he_ had no view to the variation of power by change of place on -the wheel: whereas _that_ is the principal use I make of this "unwieldy -moving floor," as the Doctor _heavily_ terms it. Again, this author -asserts that by making men walk on an _inclined_ plane, I derive less -use than might be wished from their weight; and yet! a page before he -told us that "the mechanists on the Continent had long since insured the -advantage of availing themselves of that addition to the moving power -which the weight of the men may furnish;" so that poor _I_ have the -merit of imitating them without knowing it, and yet of _not_ drawing the -same advantages as they from the self same principle! - -But again, "a great part of the weight of the man (_half_ of it, if the -inclination be 30 degrees) lies directly on the plane, and has no -tendency to produce motion," which _one sided truism_ is placed there to -give relief to the portentous _dictum_, which follows:--that "there -remains then another stage of improvement with regard to the -construction of Cranes, in which the weight of the labourers shall -operate without diminution at the end of an horizontal lever: and that -stage has been effected by Mr. D. H. of the East India Company's Bengal -warehouse." - -But is this conclusion definitive? are there no countervailing evils? -Will Dr. Gregory presume to say there is no _disadvantage_ attending -this advantage? Did the Doctor ever ascend an upright ladder? and did he -_prefer_ that, to going up an easy flight of stairs? was he ever in the -geometrical stairs of St. Paul's? or in any large _winding_ stair-case? -and if so did he prefer ascending close to the nucleus? or did he -quickly seek a point where the step was _wider than high?_ most -certainly the latter; and why then did he not perceive that if the -weight of my man is diminished one half on the plane, for the very same -reason, a given _elevation_ of his feet (on which his _fatigue_ depends) -will cause a circular motion twice as extensive; yet this is quite as -clear as the Doctor's _ex-parte_ proposition. - -But I must wade on a little further, trusting that my readers will exert -a little more patience to follow me: for this same dictum of the -Doctor's accuses indirectly, the Society of Arts of being a set of -blockheads, for remunerating an Invention with only _supposed_ -properties. I really wish these self-constituted judges of other -people's labours would utter their oracles with more regard to truth and -propriety! and above all, not mix up their passions (which alas! are not -always purified by science) with their judgement on the merits of other -men's inventions. Had the author of this article been wise enough to -proceed thus, he would not have _supposed_ me capable of offering -_suppositions_ for realities; nor the Society of Arts of rewarding as -genuine, _suppositious_ merit; and still less would he have emblazoned -the very properties he calls _supposed_, with _reality_ written in -glaring characters on every one of them! These properties are in fact -only the transcript of what the society required of the candidates: and -I therefore said my Crane is simple: Can this author say it is not? I -said it has little friction? will he say it has _much?_ I said it is -durable: Is it now possible to contradict this? I said it is safe: and -will Dr. G. say it is not, when it is moveable, _only during the wish of -the workman_: since _whatever_ suspends this wish, (whether accident or -design) the Crane becomes of itself _immoveable_. In fine, I observed, -that this Crane admits of an indefinite number of _powers_, without any -modification of it's parts; and can any one say these are _supposed_ -properties? If the Doctor or his coadjutors persist in saying so, I must -_suppose_ them actuated by improper motives; for truth will never bear -them out in these allegations. I take leave to add, that but for the -interests of truth, these strictures had never appeared. Even -self-defence would not have provoked one line of them: But I felt it -incumbent on me to deter, if possible, inadvertency as well as -malevolence, from infesting with the thorns of misrepresentation, the -paths which genius explores, in search of useful knowledge. - - - OF - A DIRECT AND DIFFERENTIAL PRESS, - _With two Powers: of which_ ONE _immense_. - -The effects intended to be obtained from this Press, are to introduce -two distinct powers; the one to raise and lower the pressing cap with -convenient speed; the other to _press_ with _very_ great force. In Plate -10, A B is a frame, the under part of which contains the goods to be -pressed. The toothed wheel C D turns the screw S, and that E F turns the -nut G H, _both the same way_. The long pinions I K, turn both these -wheels C D, and E F; and occasionally one only, as will be seen -presently. L M are two bevil wheels on the axes of the long pinions I K; -and N O, are two similar ones, on the power shaft P Q. This latter shaft -runs in two boxes R T, the _stems_ of which fit and turn in the gudgeons -of the long pinions, or rather suffer these to revolve round _them_: -being pinned on through a circular groove which connects them in the -perpendicular direction only. Finally, the rope and pulleys _indicated_ -at X Y Z, serve to raise both shaft and pinions; thus disengaging the -latter from the wheel E F, when the nut G H, is _not_ to be turned. We -may remark, that the parts M T O are _doubled_ in this machinery, at L R -N; merely to take away the side tendency from the screw S: as otherwise -_one half_ of this mechanism would produce the very same effect, and -leave the Machine the more simple. Supposing now, this Press charged -with goods in it's present position, - - The wheel C D, having 69 teeth; } with proportionate - that E F, " 70 " } diameters. - The pinions I & K, each 10 " - The wheels L N & M O equal; - -The thread of the screw S, 1 inch; and in fine, the crank V Q, having a -radius of 18 inches. - -In this state of things, the motion of the pressing cap W, is to the -motion of the handle V, as 1 to 52164; and, the power gained bears the -same proportion to the strength exerted: for when the handle has made -one revolution, the wheel C D has made 10/69 of a revolution, and the -screw _would have_ gone down 10/69 of a thread, or 10/69 of an inch: but -in the same time the wheel E F has turned the _nut_ 10/70 of a -revolution _in the same direction_; so that the latter has only gone -down 10/69 less 10/70 of an inch; that is, (reducing to a common -denominator) 700/4830 - 690/4830 = 10/4830 = 1/483 of an inch: Now to do -this, the handle Q V has described a circle of three feet in diameter, -or in round numbers 9 feet, or 108 inches; and to complete a descent of -the screw of one thread, (or one inch) the handle must move through a -space 483 times as great; that is, a space of 108 inches multiplied by -483 = 52164 inches: whence we see that the power gained is, as 52164 to -1: and reckoning a man's strength at 150lbs. (exclusive of friction) -that strength exhibits a pressure of _five millions two hundred and -sixteen thousand four hundred pounds_; or upwards of _two thousand three -hundred tons_: a result not unworthy to be mentioned with those of the -hydraulic press; to which it might be still further assimilated by other -proportions in the screw and nut wheels C D, E F. Adverting now, to the -second property of this Machine: namely the simple power intended to act -when the press is to be laden or discharged, the handle V should first -be turned _backward_, until the cap W has slackened upon the goods; and -the long pinions I K be raised by the mechanism X Y Z, which pinions, -then geering only in the wheel C D, will raise the cap 1 inch for every -turn of that wheel; or for every 69/10 turns of the handle V, say in -round numbers for every seven turns: here then is a power of 756 to 1; -very different from the former; yet produced by only a few inches motion -of the long pinions I K. - -We remark further, that the figure shews at G H _two_ of a system of -friction rollers, destined to lessen the resistance which the -turning-nut would otherwise oppose to the motion of the Machine. As to -the friction between the screw itself and the nut--see a future article, -in this _part_, tending to lessen or take away the friction of screws in -general. - - - OF - A PERISTALTIC MACHINE, - _For raising much Water to small heights_. - -Physicians will soonest understand the nature of this Machine, from the -name I have given it. It is perhaps the most simple of Water-Machines; -and certainly not the least efficient where it applies. It's name is -taken from the similarity of its action to the creeping of a worm, and -to some of the functions of animal life. Yet it might be explained to -the most unlettered housewife, when in the act of converting certain -long vessels into _chitterlings_; or making room for the materials of a -sausage or black pudding. To be serious: this Machine, in it's simplest -form, (see Plate 11) consists of a flexible tube C D, fig. 2, nailed to -the ground, and connected with a short tube of metal containing two -valves, A B, itself affixed to a box D, filled with water, or into which -water flows. This water runs through the valve A, and distends the tube -C D, on which rolls the body F, similar in form to a land roller. The -Machine acts in the following manner: When the roller is drawn to the -end D of the tube, the water fills the latter through the valve A; and -on the roller's return, this water is forced into the rising tube -through the valve B. - -The above is the simplest form of this mechanical trifle: But it has the -disadvantage of an inconstant vibratory motion, not only of the water -but the roller: which latter being heavy, would absorb considerable -power. To remedy this evil, I have given the principle a rotatory form -in fig. 1; where A B C is a spiral tube, duly fastened to the bottom of -a shallow tub D E. At B is seen a conical roller, having the middle of -the bottom of the tub for its summit and centre of gyration. The tube A -B C, occupies rather more than one circumference; so that the cone -presses during a small part of it's revolution on both spires at once: -by which means the Machine _would act_ without even one valve; though it -is better to place one, _under_ the opening A. Now, observe the -operation: as the cone rolls over the tube and round the common centre, -in the direction of the arrow R the water enters behind it, through the -opening A, (for the tub is plunged a few inches into the water) and is -forced by it's pressure into the ascending tube, which is a continuation -of that, A B C. It would be superfluous to add, that these tubes are -shewn in the figures _as cut open_, and presenting their inside to view; -which representation is adopted in order to shew more completely the -valves A and B of the 2d. figure. - -An objection may occur to some, at sight of this Machine: namely, that -the roller or cone B, would soon destroy the flexible tubes, by pressing -too hard on their _puckered texture_. But to obviate this difficulty I -have added, in fig. 3, a form of the tube (supposed of leather) which -insures a proper _position_ of the leather under these rollers; -accompanied by ledges A B, on which their surplus weight would bear, so -as to annul every excess of pressure on the tube. - -In many of the subjects I shall have to lay before my readers, the -_forms_ are so numerous as to leave some difficulty in judging where the -actual descriptions ought to end. This article itself, small as it is, -offers an example of this: for I could draw several corollaries from the -foregoing, that would offer new degrees of interest: but I am withheld -by the apprehended want of room in the plates. I must at least defer my -first intention, of _multiplying_ examples and shewing the influence of -FORM on mechanical results in general. It will, however, always be open -to me, to resume this subject when the principal object has been -achieved--that of making known the principles of these inventions, with -their most useful forms and properties. I observe, however, what has -just occurred to me, that this Machine would be somewhat more _durable_, -if the water-tube was pressed _between two rollers_, instead of being -contracted from one side, by the action of a single one. - - - OF - A DRAYMAN'S CANTER, - _Or inclined Plane with increased Power_. - -This Machine presents a simple method of increasing the power of the -inclined plane, as used by carters or draymen for loading their carts; -and called by them (in some counties) CANTERS. It admits of a gentle -declivity in those planes: and thus considerably increases their power. -The means consist in the transfer of the declivity from one end of the -Machine to the other. Thus (plate 11, fig. 4) when the cask is rolled up -from A to B, it is _wedged_ in that position by the wedge F; when _so -much_ of its weight is supported by the feet C, (for all the feet are in -pairs) that the end D of the Canter can be raised _with ease_ to E, so -as to _re_-form the plane, in the direction of C E; at which time the -feet D G drop into an upright position, and secure this new state of the -plane. The cask is now rolled back from B to E, where it is found twice -as _high_ as it was at B; and this man[oe]uvre may be repeated several -times according to the number of feet provided, and their length -respectively. The _power_ of an inclined plane, is as its length to its -height: and that power is doubled when the force is applied at the -circumference of a cask or other rolling body. So that, here, the power -being as 16 to 1, if a man can exert an energy of 200_lb._ the cask may -weigh 3200_lb._ and still be raised with ease on this _Canter_, which -therefore is three times as powerful as though the weight was raised -directly from A to F in the usual method. - -Should it be suggested, or thought, that this Machine applies only to -_rolling_ bodies, I would just say that it might apply, cæteris paribus, -as well to bodies sliding up the plane; or (using a small truck on the -Machine) it might serve in a cotton warehouse, for piling the bags, &c. -This System is doubtless susceptible of _discussion_, and may require to -be modified for different purposes: but it is by no means devoid of -practical capabilities. - - - OF - A PERPETUAL WEDGE MACHINE, - _Being a simple Method of gaining Power._ - -In Plate 12, fig. 5, let A B represent a wheel and axle, of which the -wheel A is divided into 100 teeth; (more or less) and let C represent a -second wheel with one tooth (or several) less than those of the first -wheel A. These two wheels are concentric, for the axis of the wheel A, -turns in the hollow centre of the wheel C; which latter wheel is fixed -to the frame of the Machine, not here represented. D is a pinion that -circulates round the wheel A and C in and along with the frame E as -impelled by the hand acting on the handle F. Thus the circulating pinion -is constantly occupied by means of its wedge formed teeth (of which one -is shewn at D), in bringing the unequal teeth _a b_ of the wheels A and -C _abreast of each other_: whence arises a _slow_ revolution of the -wheel A, and of the axis B round the common centre. For if the number of -the teeth on these wheels (A and C) differ only by unity or _one_, then -must the handle D revolve one turn about that common centre to occasion -1/100 part of a revolution of the wheel A, and of course 100 turns to -move the axis B once round that centre. And if further the wheel A be -three times the diameter of the axis B, the power gained _there_ would -be as 300 to 1, that is a power of 1_lb._ at a distance from the -centre, _only_ equal to the radius of the wheel A, would countervail a -weight of 300_lb._ suspended on the axis B: and supposing a man's -strength to be 100_lb._ he would raise (exclusive of friction) -30000_lb._ by this simple machine. - -To shew more fully the essential properties of this Machine, I have -represented only three teeth in all: one _b_ in the fixed wheel C; one a -little smaller _a_, in the wheel A, (since this wheel has _more_ teeth -than the former) and one D in the circulating pinion, whose form and -manner of acting justifies in my apprehension, the name I have given to -the Machine--a perpetual wedge Machine. I shall only add that there -would equally be motion if the teeth of the wheel A instead of being -more numerous than those of the wheel C were less numerous: but the -manner of action would be different and I think less perfect. - -This Machine is among the first inventions I carried into real practice -on coming to manhood. It must be about 40 years ago, and was first -constructed as a Crane at the request of the late Doctor Bliss, of -Paddington. It _may_ offer some difficulty as a _Power_ Engine from the -small diameters and the friction thence resulting: but for any Machine -where great _slowness_ is desirable, whether to express slow motion, or -to count high numbers, &c., it still appears to me a very good Machine. - - - OF - A DROPPING-WEIGHT-MOVER; - _Or Machine for lengthening the Time of going of a Clock, Jack, or - other Weight-Machine_. - -Suppose A B (plate 12, fig. 4) to be the first wheel of a Clock or other -Machine required to _go_ a long time without winding up. This wheel -works into the two pinions _c d_, both of which are connected by -ratchets with the axis E F of the wheel G H, _in one direction only_; -insomuch that whether the wheel A B turn forward or backward, the wheel -G H will always turn the same way. This process is well known in the -mechanical world; and I have merely adapted it to my present invention. -F and G are two tubes, or square vessels, of equal size, containing a -number of balls--the tubes so balanced against each other, that _one_ of -them is always heaviest by the weight of _half a ball_. Suppose for -example that the tube F contains six balls and the tube G five; and that -the tube G is so much heavier than F as only to be outweighed by half a -ball: _That_ half will then be the moving power; and the vessel F will -turn the wheel A B backward, raising the tube G at the same time. But -arriving at the bottom the mechanism m will let go the lowest ball in F, -and then the tube G which is at the top will preponderate and turn the -clock till it also gets to the bottom; when a similar mechanism at _n_, -will disengage one ball from it, by which subtraction the tube F will -resume the ascendency and perpetuate the motion. Thus may the _going_ of -any clock, jack, &c. be protracted to a period almost indefinite. Nor -need it, strictly speaking, be wound up at all. It is only taking care -to drop at proper intervals, an _equal number_ of balls into each tube, -and this reciprocation of movement will become perpetual. The figure of -this little Machine is unfortunately small: and the scapement is but -imperfectly shewn; It has however, only _one_ property that it is -essential to notice; which is that the detent _o_, shall suffer the -cross _m_ to turn only one quarter round at each discharge: and _this_ -is insured by the spiral ledge of the four ratchet teeth _m_, which by a -pin fixed to the side of the detent, draw the latter down into the -succeeding tooth as soon as the tube F begins to rise, so that there is -only one ball discharged at each descent of that tube. - - - OF - A MACHINE, - _To promote Evaporation, with or without Heat_. - -The vessel containing the liquid to be evaporated, (see Plate 12, fig. -6,) is long and shallow, and the liquid rises nearly to it's brim. In -this vessel is placed a _long_ hollow drum A B, covered with open -wire-work, or any kind of cloth of a very loose texture. This drum turns -slowly, on the hollow centre C, to which is fitted a stuffing box and -tube, connecting the drum A B, with the pump P; the latter worked by any -convenient power. The pump then, drives air, either hot or cold into the -drum, and thence through the interstices of it's texture; where it comes -in contact with the liquid at _an indefinite number of points_, breaks -the films formed by the liquid, and, saturated thereby, passes into the -open air; thus occasioning a rapid evaporation, which might be increased -either by heating the liquid or the injected air, or both, _ad libitum_. -The whole idea consists in the multitude of points of contact between -the liquid and the drying medium. - - - OF - A CUTTING OR GRATING MACHINE, - _For Green Roots, Tobacco, &c._ - -This Machine is composed of a perpendicular axis A B, fig. 7, driven -with considerable velocity by any proper _geering_. C D is a vessel -formed something like a shoe with the toe cut off: its entrance D is -concentric with the shaft A B, and a weight _m_, fastened to it's side, -_equilibrizes_ the weight of the eccentric part C. Around this vessel, -and concentrically with it, is placed a cylindrical _rasp_ or _grater_ E -F, consisting, here, of a number of _blades_ so grooved on one surface -as that by grinding them obliquely on the edge, each one shall form a -line of sharp teeth, which, combined with those of the other blades, -constitute a rasp similar to that used for powdering dye-woods; with -this difference however, that these blades have interstices between -them, through which the pulp escapes outwards, and thus the rasp is kept -clean at all times. When this Machine is used the roots are merely -thrown into the vessel D as into the hopper of a mill, and they are -pressed against the rasp _by their own centrifugal force_; which is made -as strong or weak as desired, by the greater or less velocity of the -Machine. - -This Machine owes its origin to the decree of the French Emperor, for -encouraging the making of sugar from beet-root. With the other -mechanicians of Paris I was called upon, by a house engaged in that -trade, to try my hand upon it; and this Machine was the result. It acts -fast and well; and from being less liable to clog, than most of the -others, is I believe superior; though _this_ was never proved by any -comparative experiment. If it were desired to _cut_ any substance with -this machine, the blades would be sharp knives, instead of being -toothed; and they would be placed obliquely to the circumference: but -the process of _grating_ is that for which it was exclusively designed. - - - OF - A SCREW, - _With greatly diminished Friction_. - -My readers will perceive, that I have altered the title given in the -prospectus to this Invention. It has been done in deference to the -opinions of some persons in high reputation in the mechanical world, who -hold that there can be no motion whatever without _friction_. For my own -part I am no believer in several sorts of friction: and must therefore, -require a new definition of friction, before I can flow with the stream. -As the question, however, is not yet before my readers, I shall wave the -discussion at present, and describe this invention, as introducing the -_rolling motion_ into the threads of a screw; thus taking away the -GREATEST PART of the friction on every supposition. - -In Plate 12, fig. 8, A is the screw, and B C the nut, bored large enough -to receive the screw, bodily, _without any penetration of their -threads_. Nevertheless, these threads are made to occupy the same -length, in both screw and nut, as though they did enter each other: so -that the two parts running parallel to each other, leave a _square -interstice_ _b_, all along both nut and screw: into which balls of -brass, or _soft_ iron are introduced, which at once restore the -screw-property without it's friction: a friction so considerable in the -common screw, that it always surpasses the effective power, since it -remains closed, (in a vice for example) while holding any object -squeezed with all the force a man can apply. I have mentioned the use of -soft balls: it is in order that they may _all_ act together, and work -themselves to a common bearing. It will appear by fig. 9, that the -_acting_ balls might, or perhaps ought to be, separated from each other -by a set of smaller ones; since in this case, the surface of the -touching balls move the same way, avoiding all friction between _them_; -and leaving the friction only between those surfaces that are exempt -from heavy pressure. These circumstances will be understood by -consulting the direction of the arrows in fig. 9; and I have added two -other sketches, to shew the principle in it's application to _square -threaded screws_, as at fig. 10; or to oblong threaded screws, whose -threads penetrate each other, in fig. 12. I have further, in fig. 8, -sketched one of the methods I propose for supporting the weight of the -descending balls, and returning them again into the nut. Considering the -balls as a _fluid_, I have provided a rising column of them, which the -working of the screw downward will fill: and the weight of the balls -themselves will return them into the nut, when the screw is drawn -upward. - - - OF - A SIMPLE AND POWERFUL - MICROMETER. - -This interesting Machine, see Plate 12, fig. 11, consists of a screw -divided into three parts, _a_, _b_, _c_; the first, _a_, is a mere -cylinder to _centre_ the screw at that end: _c_ is a screw of (suppose) -20 threads to the inch; and _b_ another screw of 21 to the inch. D E -represents the frame of the Machine, the part E being the _fixed_ nut of -the screw C, while the piece _f g_, forms the _moveable nut_ of the -screw C, carrying a finger _g_, along the graduated bar, E _g_ D. If -now, the screw be turned once round by the button H, it will have moved -_to the left_ 1/20 of an inch; while the nut and it's finger _g_ will -have progressed on it's screw 1/21 of an inch _to the right_: and the -difference 1/20 - 1/21 = 1/420 of an inch is what the nut _f_ has really -moved to the left, along the bar E g D. If therefore, the rim of the -button be divided into 100 parts, _one_ of these will represent 1/42000 -part of an inch by this Micrometer: and I need not add, that this minute -portion may be rendered still more minute at pleasure. The means of -doing this are evident: It is only making the screws _b_ and _c_ _nearer -alike_ in fineness, or number of threads per inch; as 29 and 30, 30 and -31, &c. - -I hope it will be understood, that I do not give any of these Machines -as the only examples I could furnish of the application of the -principles on which they are founded. This very Machine is not a -Micrometer _only_; it might be (if made in proper forms and dimensions) -a vice, a press, or other _power Machine_. It has been already hinted, -that change of form must remain to be considered hereafter. - -I have chosen to bring forward this Machine at an early stage of the -work, because it has, inadvertently perhaps, been ascribed to another -person. I refer to an article in the celebrated _programme_ of M. -Hachette, of Paris; with which is combined an essay on the composition -of Machines, by Messrs. Lanz and Betancourt. In the article D 3, at page -10 of that work, are the following words: - -"M. de Prony a trouvé une maniere de transformer le mouvement -circulaire, en un autre rectiligne dont la vitesse soit aussi petite que -l'on voudra;" and further on--"l'idée en est extremement simple, -heureuse; elle est d'ailleurs susceptible de plusieurs applications -utiles aux arts." And in page 11, are these words--"C'est ainsi que M. -de Prony est parvenu à une solution aussi simple qu'ingenieuse du -probleme qu'il s'etoit proposé." - -For the sake of my English readers, I subjoin a translation of these -passages: "Mr. de Prony has found (or invented) a manner of -transforming a circular movement into a rectilinear one, of which the -velocity shall be as small as may be desired;" and further on "This idea -is extremely simple and happy: and is besides, susceptible of several -useful applications to the arts." And in page 11, are these words--"Thus -has Mr. de Prony given a solution as simple as it is ingenious, of the -problem which he had proposed to himself." - -The above account appears in 1808, and M. de Prony does not prevent or -disavow it. Perhaps he had forgotten the circumstance: and perhaps he -did not know of this publication: but I solemnly declare that I shewed -HIM this Micrometer, executed, _fourteen years before!_ that is, while -he and M. Molard were making their report on the Machines proposed for -the Water-works at Marly. I certainly wish to accuse no body in this -affair: but if I did not state the fact as it is, I should, myself, be -stigmatized as a _plagiary!_ I am _forced_, therefore, to take my stand -on the adage--"Fiat justitia ruat c[oe]lum." - -In closing the first Part of this Work, I cannot but express my -gratitude for the unexpected _degree_ of support, with which my numerous -Subscribers have honoured me. I presume to offer these pages as a _fair_ -Specimen of what they may expect in the four succeeding Parts,--namely, -as it regards the execution: for the _materials_ of what remains, -include objects of greater importance than those preceding. If I have -been fortunate enough to raise any favourable expectations in the minds -of my present readers, I hope they will express those feelings; and thus -induce others to join in bringing to a useful close, a work which is at -least _intended_ to produce unmixed public utility. From criticism, I -expect candour: and should my intentions, though pure, be -misrepresented--should envious tongues or pens assail my labours, or -asperse my character, I will defend both, _after_ I can use my Book as -my shield--that is, after I have fulfilled my Engagements with my -Subscribers: of whom (in expectation of meeting them again _within_ -three months) I now respectfully take leave. - - J. W. - - _No. 5, Bedford-street,_ - - _Chorlton Row._ - - - - - SYNOPSIS, - (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) - OF THE - _CENTURY OF INVENTIONS_ - COMPOSING THIS WORK. - - -_Note. The objects with Numbers after them are those contained in the -present_ PART: _and the Numbers shew the Pages where they stand._ - - - A - - 1 Adding Machine; or Machine to cast up correctly large columns of - figures. - 2 Air Pump; essay towards completing the vacuum. - - B - - 3 Barrel Spring, to lengthen the going of Clocks and other spring- - driven Machines. 26 - 4 Boats (serpentine) for lessening the expence of traction. - 5 Bobbin or Lace (Machine for making) and for covering Whips, &c. - with great rapidity. - 6 Bowking Machine for Calico Printers. - 7 Bucket Wheels (a combination of) to raise water. - - C - - 8 Canals (open) as Hydraulic Machines of great force. - 9 Canter, or inclined Plane for Draymen. 72 - 10 Chain to act _equably_ on my wheels. - 11 Chocolate Mill (rotatory.) - 12 Cocks (_equilibrium_) to avoid leakage. - 13 Colour Mill for Calico Printers. - 14 Compasses (bisecting.) - 15 Cotton (Machine for batting.) - 16 Crane, combining _variable powers_ with speed and safety. - (rewarded by the Society of Arts.) 57 - 17 Crank (epicycloidal) or parallel motion. Rewarded by BONAPARTE. 30 - - D - - 18 Dash Wheel for Calico Printers, acting with greater rapidity than - usual. - 19 Differential Wheels for gaining immense power. 54 - 20 Doffing Machine, of great force for taking Cylinders from their - Mandrills. - 21 Draw-bench for my twisted pinions. - 22 Dynamometer, for measuring powers and resistances in motion. 15 - 23 Dynamometer, second kind. - - E - - 24 Engine for cutting my _Patent Wheels_ in small and middling - dimensions. - 25 Engine for cutting my large bevil Wheels and wooden Models, either - on my System, or the usual one. - N. B. These objects will occupy considerable space in the work. - 26 Engraving Machine for Calico Printers, being an important - application of my Cog or toothed Wheels. - 27 Engraving Machine for large patterns. - 28 Essay to _derive_ power from expanding Solids. - 29 Evaporation (Machine to promote.) 78 - 30 _Eyes_ (Machine for making rapidly.) - - F - - 31 Fire escape (on a retarding principle.) - 32 ---- (by breaking the fall.) - 33 Fires (Portable Engine to extinguish.) - 34 Fires (Watch Engine always ready for.) - 35 Flax (Machine for breaking) with rapidity. - 36 Forging Bar iron and steel (Machine for.) - 37 Friction (to prevent.) - 38 Friction (to prevent) Thoughts on. - - G - - 39 Geering and ungeering (Machine for). - 40 Do. Do. for swift motions. - 41 Grating or cutting green Roots, Tobacco, &c. (Machine for.) 79 - - H - - 42 Helico-Centrifugal Machine, for raising water in large quantities. - 43 Horse Wheel for saving room and gaining speed. 53 - 44 Horse Wheel (reciprocating) for Mangles, &c. - 45 Horse Wheel, with means for turning the Horse when he acts in two - directions. - 46 Horizontal Pump of large produce, driven by wind. - 47 Hot Air as _power_, while heating liquids, rooms, &c. - - L - - 48 Lamp for the Table; suspending the oil by it's weight. - 49 Lithographic, or Copper-plate Press, with several curious and - useful properties. - - M - - 50 Machine for clearing turbid liquors. - 51 Machine for driving Boats on Canals, under Tunnels, &c. without - disturbing the Water. - 52 Machine to assist in taking Medicine, Pills, &c. (Humani nihil - alienum.) - 53 Mangle (perpetual or rotatory). - 54 Marine-Level (two essays on a.) - 55 Micrometer for measuring very minute spaces. 83 - 56 Mirrors to collect Solar Heat, (method of forming.) - 57 Mover, by dropping weights. 76 - - N - - 58 Nails (Machine for moulding.) - 59 Nails (Machine for forging.) - - P - - 60 Pencyclograph, or Instrument for describing portions of Circles, - and finding their centres by inspection. 51 - 61 Peristaltic Machine, for raising _much_ water, to small heights. - 69 - 62 Persian Wheel modified, for raising water. - 63 Pitch-fork, for musicians, with variable tones. - 64 Power-wheel by heated Air. 43 - 65 Press, direct and differential. 66 - 66 Press (eccentric Bar.) - 67 Printing Machine (two coloured.) - 68 Protracting Motion (Machine for.) 49 - 69 Pullies (my Patent much improved.) 33 - 70 Pump (my equable.) 45 - 71 Pump, triple, in one column. - 72 Pump (portable) worked by pedals. - 73 Punch Machine for Engravers. - 74 Punch Machine on another principle. - 75 Do. rotatory, for my Engraving Machine. - - R - - 76 Reciprocating Motion, (long) for Mangles, &c. - 77 Reflector parabolico conical, or plano parabolical for light - houses, &c. - 78 Regulator: (not centrifugal) for Wind or Water Mills, Steam - Engines, &c. - 79 Retrographic Machine (Machine for Writing backwards) for - Engravers. - 80 Rotato-gyratory Churn. - - S - - 81 Screw, with greatly diminished friction. 81 - 82 Screws, (Machine for forging) &c. - 83 Spinning Machines, (my Patent), Eagles, &c. - 84 Spinning Machinery: another system, adapted chiefly to wool. - 85 Spring, to keep a door strongly closed, yet open easily. - 86 Steel Yard, differential: for weighing _vast_ weights with short - levers. - 87 Syphon, (mechanical) to expel part of the water at the highest - point. - - T - - 88 Tallow (Machine for cutting and trying.) - 89 Tea-table (commodious help for the.) - - V - - 90 Ventilator, rotatory, yet by pressure. - 91 Vessel (expanding) for Pumps, Steam Engines, &c. - - W - - 92 Washing Apparatus: for Hospitals, &c. _confining the offensive - matter until cleansed away_: thus promoting salubrity. - 93 Water-wheel, (horizontal) probably the best of the impulsive kind. - 94 The same, for high falls. - 95 Water-wheel, (inclined) employing the weight of the fluid. - 96 Water, (Machine for raising large quantities.) - 97 Weaving by Power: manner of driving the Shuttle, (executed A. D. - 1780.) - 98 Wedge Machine (perpetual.) - 99 WHEELS (my System of cog or toothed.) - 100 Windmill of great power. - - -ERRATA. - - Page 16, line 17, for fig. read plate. - " 22, " 4, for posistion, read position. - " 22, " 7, for 17, read 15. - " 22, " 9, for fig. read plate. - " 22, " 23, for fig. read plate. - " 24, " 16, for clylinder at P, read cylinder at K. - " 24, " 22, for fig. read plate. - " 26, " 16, for E, read C. - " 28, " 5, for diamenter, read diameters. - " 35, " 10, for inconvencies, read inconveniences. - " 36, " 8, for of pulley, read of the pulley. - " 40, " 25, for as, read of. - " 41, " 4, for loose 1; read loose -- - " 41, " 5, for pulleys, read pulley. - " 43, " 18, for furnish surplus, read furnish a surplus. - " 43, " 22, for occpied, read occupied. - " 46, " 17, for power, read motion. - " 49, " 22, for diffential, read differential. - " 55, " 21, } - " 55, " 24, } for 20,200, read 20200. - " 55, " 26, } - " 55, " 28, for 99,990, read ,99990. - " 58, " 23, for figures, read figure. - " 62, " 2, end the quotation marks at "lifting." - " 62, " 8, for gasping, read anxious. - " 63, " 7, for wishd, read wished. - " 64, " 2, for ladders, read ladder. - " 66, " 11, for occasionaly, read occasionally. - " 67, " 7, for G N, read L N. - " 68, " 2, for _two hundred_, read _three hundred_. - " 75, " 4, for 300[lb]s. read 100[lb]s. - " 82, " 16, for fig. 9, read fig. 10. - " 83, " 11, for an of inch, read of an inch. - - - - - PART SECOND. - A NEW CENTURY OF - Inventions. - - -INTRODUCTION. - -In the progress of a work like the present, no competent reason could -have been assigned for omitting to bring forward _my System of Toothed -Wheels_, the Patent for which has lately expired:--a System which a few -years ago, excited in this town, so much interest, aroused so much -animosity, and was treated with so much illiberality:--But which, also, -was fostered with so much public spirit, tried with so much candour, and -adopted with so much confidence. It was I say, incumbent on me to bring -the merits of this System into public view, had it only been to justify -myself for proposing, and my friends for adopting it. But stronger -reasons point now to the same measure. From the intimate connection the -System holds with the subjects of this essay, it _must_ be often -adverted to; and I have been already obliged to speak of it in terms -which can hardly have been understood by those readers who had not -previously considered the general Subject. I should therefore be still -in danger of filling these Pages with unintelligible assertions, did I -not begin by marking out the foundations on which my statements are -built; or by explaining to a certain degree, the _Principles_ of the new -System. Without then abandoning the tacit engagement I have taken with -my unlearned readers--not to entangle them in too much theory, I think -it indispensable to quote the Memoir I read before the Literary and -Philosophical Society of Manchester, in December, 1815; which small -work will form the basis of the _practical_ remarks I shall have to make -on the subject, as _this_ work proceeds. The Memoir is thus introduced -in the transactions of that learned body: - - -MEMOIR - -ON A NEW SYSTEM OF - -COG OR TOOTHED WHEELS, - -_By Mr. James White, Engineer._[1] - -COMMUNICATED BY T. JARROLD, M. D. - -(_Read December 29th, 1815._) - -[1] N. B. A Patent was taken out for the Invention some years ago. - -"The subject of this paper, though merely of a mechanical nature, cannot -fail to interest the Philosophical Society of a town like Manchester, so -eminently distinguished for the practice of mechanical science; unless -as I fear may be the case, my want of sufficient theoretic knowledge or -of perspicuity in the explication, should render my communication not -completely intelligible. To be convinced of the importance of the -subject, we need only reflect on the vast number of toothed wheels that -are daily revolving in this active and populous district, and on the -share which they take in the quantity and value of its productions; and -it is obvious that any invention tending to divest these instruments of -their imperfections, whether it be by lessening their expence, -prolonging their duration, or diminishing their friction, must have a -beneficial influence on the general prosperity. Now I apprehend that all -these ends will be obtained in a greater or less degree, by having -wheels formed upon the new system. - -I shall not content myself by proving the above theoretically, but shall -present the society with wheels, the nature of which is to turn each -other in _perfect silence_, while the friction and wear of their teeth, -if any exist, are so small as to elude computation, and which -communicate the greatest known velocity without shaking, and by a steady -and uniform pressure. - -Before I proceed to the particular description of my own wheels, I shall -point out one striking defect of the system now in use, without -reverting to the period when mechanical tools and operations were -greatly inferior to those of modern times. Practical mechanics of late, -especially in Britain, have accidentally hit upon better forms and -proportions for wheels than were formerly used; whilst the theoretic -mechanic, from the time of De la Hire, (about a century ago) has -uniformly taught that the true form of the teeth of wheels depends upon -the curve called an epicycloid, and that of teeth destined to work in a -straight rack depends upon the simple cycloid. The cycloid is a curve -which may be formed by the trace of a nail in the circumference of a -cart wheel, during the period of one revolution of the wheel, or from -the nail's leaving the ground to its return; and the epicycloid is a -curve that may be formed by the trace of a nail, in the circumference of -a wheel, which wheel rolls (without sliding) along the circumference of -another wheel. - -Let _A B_ (Plate 13, fig. 1.) be part of the circumference of a wheel _A -B F_ to which it is designed to adapt teeth, so formed as to produce -equable motion in the wheel _C_, when that of the wheel _A B F_ is also -equable. Also, let the teeth so formed, act upon the indefinitely small -pins _r_, _i_, _t_, let into the plane of the wheel _C_, near its -circumference. To give the teeth of the wheel _A B F_ a proper form, -(according to the present prevailing system) a style or pencil may be -fixed in the circumference of a circle _D_ equal to the wheel _C_, and a -paper may be placed behind both circles, on which by the rolling of the -circle _D_ on _A B_, will be traced the epicycloid _d_, _e_, _f_, _g_, -_s_, _h_, of which the circle _A B F_ is called the base, and _D_ the -generating circle. Thus then the wheel to which the teeth are to belong -is the base of the curve, and the wheel to be acted upon is the -generating circle; but it must be understood that those wheels are not -estimated in this description at their extreme diameters, but at a -distance from their circumferences sufficient to admit of the necessary -penetration of the teeth; or, as M. Camus terms it, where the -_primitive circles_ of the wheels touch each other, which is in what is -called in this country the _pitch line_. - -Now it has been long demonstrated by mathematicians, that teeth -constructed as above would impart equable motion to wheels, supposing -the pins, _r_, _i_, _t_, &c. indefinitely small. This point therefore -need not be farther insisted upon. - -So far the theoretic view is clear; but when we come to practice, the -pins _r_, _i_, _t_, previously conceived to be indefinitely small, must -have _strength_, and consequently a considerable _diameter_, as -represented at 1, 2; hence we must take away from the area of the curve -a breadth as at _v_ and _n_ = to the semidiameter of the pins, and then -equable motion will continue to be produced as before. But it is known -to mathematicians that the curve so modified will no longer be strictly -an epicycloid; and it was on this account that I was careful above, to -say that the teeth of wheels producing equable motion, _depended_ upon -that curve; for if the curve of the teeth be a true epicycloid in the -case of thick pins, the motion of the wheels will not be equable. - -I purposely omit other interesting circumstances in the application of -this beautiful curve to rotatory motion; a curve by which I acknowledge -that equable motions can be produced, when the teeth of the ordinary -geering are made in this manner. But here is the misfortune:--besides -the difficulty of executing teeth in the true theoretical form, (which -indeed is seldom attempted), _this form cannot continue to exist_; and -hence it is that the best, the most silent geering becomes at last -imperfect, noisy and destructive of the machinery, and especially -injurious to its more delicate operations. - -The cause of this progressive deterioration may be thus explained: -Referring again to fig. 1, we there see the base of the curve _A B_ -divided into the equal parts _a b_, _b c_, and _c d_; and observing the -passage of the generating circle _D_, from the origin of the curve at -_d_, to the first division _c_ on the base, we shall find no more than -the small portion _d e_, of the curve developed, whereas a second equal -step of the generating circle _c b_, will extend the curve forward from -_e_ to _f_, a greater distance than the former; while a third equal step -_a b_, will extend the curve from _f_ to _g_, a distance greater than -the last; and the successive increments of the curve will be still -greater, as it approaches its summit; yet all these parts correspond to -equal advances of the wheel, namely, to the equal parts _a b_, _b c_ and -_c d_ of the base, and to equal ones of rotation of the generating -circle. Surely then the parts _s g_, _g f_, of the epicycloidal tooth -will be _worn out_ sooner than those _f e_, _e d_, which are rubbed with -so much less velocity than the other, even though the _pressure_ were -the same. But the pressure is not the same. For, the line _a g_ is the -direction in which the pressure of the curve acts at the point _g_, and -the line _p q_, is the length of the lever-arm on which that pressure -acts, to turn the generating circle on its axis (now supposed to be -fixt;) but, as the turning force or rotatory effort of the wheels, is by -hypothesis uniform, the pressure at _g_ must be inversely as _p q_; that -is, inversely as the cosine of half the angle of rotation of the -generating circle; hence it would be infinite at _s_, the summit of the -curve, when this circle has made a semi-revolution. - -Thus it appears that independently of the effects of percussion, the -_end_ of an epicycloidal tooth must _wear out_ sooner than any part -nearer its base, (and if so, much more it may be supposed of a tooth of -another form;) and that when its form is thus changed, the advantage it -gave must cease, since nothing in the working of the wheel can -afterwards restore the form, or remedy the growing evil. - -Having now shewn one great defect in the common system of wheels, I -shall proceed to develope the principles of the new system, which may be -understood through the medium of the three following propositions. - -1. The action of a wheel of the new kind on another with which it works -or _geers_ is the same at every moment of its revolution, so that the -least possible motion of the circumference of one, generates an exactly -equal and similar motion in that of the other. - -2. There are but two points, one in each wheel, that necessarily touch -each other at the same time, and their contact will always take place -indefinitely near the plane that passes through the two axes of the -wheels, if the diameters of the latter, at the useful or pressing points -are in the exact ratio of their number of teeth respectively; in which -case there will be no sensible friction between the points in contact. - -3. In consequence of the properties above-mentioned, the epicycloidal or -any other form of the teeth, is no longer indispensable; but many -different forms may be used, without disturbing the principle of equable -motion. - -With regard to the demonstration of the first proposition, I must -premise an observation of M. Camus on this subject, in his Mechanics, -3d. part, page 306, viz. "if all wheels could have teeth infinitely -fine, their _geering_, which might then be considered as a simple -contact, would have the property required, [that of acting uniformly] -since we have seen that a wheel and a pinion have the same _tangential_ -force, when the motion of one is communicated to the other, by an -infinitely small penetration of the particles of their respective -circumferences." - -Now suppose that on the cylindrical surface of a spur-wheel _B c_, (fig. -3) we cut oblique or rather _screw-formed teeth_, of which two are -shewn at _a c_, _b d_, so inclined to the plane of the wheel, as that -the end _c_ of the tooth _a c_ may not pass the plane of the axes _A B -c_, until the end _b_ of the other tooth _b d_ has arrived at it, this -wheel will virtually be divided into an infinite number of teeth, or at -least into a number greater than that of the particles of matter, -contained in a circular line of the wheel's circumference. For suppose -the surface of a similar, but longer cylinder, stripped from it and -stretched on the plane _A B C E_ (fig. 4) where the former oblique line -will become the hypothenuse _B C_, of the right angled triangle _C A B_, -and will represent _all_ the teeth of the given wheel, according to the -sketch _E G_ at the bottom of the diagram. Here the lines _A B_ and _C -E_, are equal to the circumference of the base of the cylinder, and _A -C_ and _B E_ to its length; and if between _A_ and _B_, there exist a -number, _m_, of particles of matter, and between _A_ and _C_ a number, -_n_, the whole surfaced _A B C E_ will contain _m n_ particles, or the -product of _m_ and _n_; and the line _B C_, will contain a number = -[sqrt](_m_² + _n_²), from a well known theorem; whence it appears that -the line _B C_ is necessarily longer than _A B_, and hence contains more -particles of matter.[2] - -[2] It need hardly be observed, that whatever is true of the whole -triangle C A B, (fig. 4) is true of every similar part of it, be it ever -so small: and in fact, when the hypothenuse B C, is folded again round -the cylinder, from which we have supposed it stripped, the acting part -will be very small indeed; but it will still act in the way here -described, and give tendencies to the wheel it acts on, and to its axis, -precisely proportionate to the quantities here mentioned. - -It is besides evident, that the difference between the lines _B C_ and -_A B_, depends on the angle _A C B_; in the choice of which, there is a -considerable latitude. For general use however, I have chosen an angle -of obliquity of 15°, which I shall now assume as the basis of the -following calculations. The tangent of 15°, per tables, is in round -numbers 268 to radius 1000; and the object now is to find the number of -particles in the oblique line _B C_, when the line _A B_, contains any -other number, _t_. - -By geometry, _B C(x)_ = [sqrt](_r_² + _t_²) = [sqrt](1000² + 268²) = -1035 nearly; and this last number is to 268, as the number of particles -in the oblique line _B C_ is to the number contained in the -circumference _A B_, of the base of the cylinder. Hence it appears, that -a wheel cut into teeth of this form, contains (virtually) about four -times as many teeth, as a wheel of the same diameter, but indefinitely -thin, would contain. And the disproportion might be increased, by -adopting a smaller angle. - -Thus I apprehend it is proved, that the action of a wheel of this kind, -on another with which it geers, is perfectly uniform in respect of -swiftness; and hence the proof that it is likewise so, as to the force -communicated. - -Before I proceed to the second proposition, I ought perhaps to -anticipate some objections that have been made to this system of -geering, and which may have already occurred to some gentlemen present. -For example, it has been supposed that the _friction_ of these teeth, -is augmented by their inclination to the plane of the wheel; but I dare -presume to have already proved, that it is this very obliquity, joined -to the total absence of motion in direction of the axes, that _destroys_ -the friction, instead of _creating_ it. I acknowledge however, that the -_pressure_ on the points of contact, is greater than it would be on -teeth, parallel to the axes of the wheels, and I farther concede that -this pressure tends to displace the wheels in the direction of the axes, -(unless this tendency is destroyed by a tooth, with two opposite -inclinations.) But supposing this counteraction neglected, let us -ascertain the importance of these objections. First, with regard to the -increase of pressure on the point _D_ of the line _B C_, (representing -the oblique tooth in question,) relative to that which would be on the -line _B E_, (which represents a tooth of common geering:) let _A D_ be -drawn perpendicular to _B C_. If the point _D_ can slide freely on the -line _B C_, (and this is the most favourable supposition for the -objection,) its pressure will be exerted perpendicularly to this line; -and if the point _A_, moves from _A_ to _B_, the point _D_, leaving at -the same moment the point _A_, and moving in direction _A D_, will only -arrive at _D_ in the same time, its motion having been slower than that -of _A_, in the proportion of _A B_ to _A D_; whence by the principle of -virtual velocities, its pressure on _B C_ is to that on _A C_, as the -said lines _A B_ to _D A_. - -To convert these pressures into numbers, according to the above data; we -have _A C_ = 1000, _A B_ = 268, _B C_ = 1035; then from the similar -triangles _B A C_, _B D A_, it will be _B C_ : _A C_ :: _A B_ : _A D_ = -268000/1035 = 259 nearly. Therefore the pressure on _B C_, is to that on -_A C_, as 268 to 259, or as 1035 : 1000. - -To find what part of the force tends to drive the point _B_, in the -direction _B E_, (for this is what impels the wheels, in the direction -of their axes,) we may consider the triangle _B A C_ as an inclined -plane, of which _B C_ is the length, and _A B_ the height; and the total -pressure on _C B_, which may be represented by _C B_, (1035) may be -resolved into two others, namely, _A B_ and _A C_, which will represent -the pressures on those lines respectively, (268 and 1000.) Hence the -pressure on _B C_, is augmented only in the ratio of 1035 to 1000, or -about 1/29 part by the obliquity; and the tendency of the wheels to move -in the direction of their axes, (when this angle is used,) is the -268/1000 of the original stress, that is, rather more than one quarter. -But since the longitudinal motion of an axis can be prevented by a point -almost invisible applied to its centre, it follows that the effect of -this tendency can be annulled, without any sensible loss of the active -power. It may be added, that in vertical axes, those circumstances lose -all their importance, since whatever force tends to _depress_ the one -and increase its friction, tends equally to _elevate_ the other, and -relieve its step of its load; a case that would be made eminently -useful, by throwing a larger portion of pressure on the _slow-moving_ -axes, and taking it off from the more rapid ones. - -We now proceed to the second proposition. The truth of the assertions, -contained in this proposition, must, I should suppose, be evident, from -the consideration of two circles touching each other, and at the point -of contact, coinciding with their common tangent at that point. Let _A_ -and _B_ be two circles, tangent to each other, (fig. 3) in _e_. _A C_ is -the line joining the centres, and _D F_ the common tangent of the -circles at _e_; which is at right angles with _A C_; and so are the -circumferences of the two circles at the point _e_. For the circles and -tangent coincide for the moment. Hence then I conclude, 1st that a -motion (evanescently small) of the point common to the three lines, can -take place without quitting the tangent _D F_: and 2d. that if there is -an infinite number of teeth in these circles, those which are found in -the line of the centres, will _geer_ together in preference to those -which are out of it, since the latter have the common tangent, and an -interval of space between them. - -The truth of this proposition (or an indefinite approximation to truth,) -may be deduced from the supposition that the two circles do _actually_ -penetrate each other. To this end let _A B_ _a b_, in fig. 5, be two -equal circles, placed parallel to each other in two contiguous planes, -so as for one to hide the other, in the indefinitely small curvilinear -space _d f e g_. I say that if the arc _d g_ is indefinitely small, the -rotation of the two circles will occasion no more friction between the -touching surfaces, _g e f_ and _f d g_, than there would be between the -two circles placed in the same plane, and touching at the point n the -same common tangent. - -For draw the lines _D E_, _f d_, _d g_, _g f_, _g e_ and _g D_; and -adverting to the known equation of the circle, let _d n_ = _x_, _g n_ = -_y_ and _D g_ = _a_, the absciss, ordinate and radius of the circle; we -have 2 _a x_ - _x_² = _y_². From this equation we obtain _a_ = (_y_² + -_x_²)/2_x_, the denominator of this fraction (2_x_) being the width, _d -e_, of the touching surfaces _f d g_, and _f e g_ of the two circles. -But the numerator (_y_² + _x_²) is equal to the square of the chord _g -d_ of the angle _E D g_, which chord I shall call _z_; then we have _a_ -= _x_²/2_x_ from which equation we derive this proportion, _a_ : _z_ :: -_z_ : 2_x_ = _z_²/_a_. But in very small angles, the sines are taken for -the arcs without sensible error; and with greater reason may the chords; -if then we suppose the arc _d g_, or the chord _z_, indefinitely small, -we shall find the line _d e_ = 2_x_ = _z_²/_a_, indefinitely smaller; -that is, of an order of infinitessimals one degree lower; for it is well -known that the square of evanescent quantities are indefinitely smaller -than the quantities themselves. And to apply this, if the chord _z_ -represent the circular distance of two particles of matter found in the -screw-formed tooth _a c_, of the wheel _B c_, fig. 3, (referred to the -circle _a b_, fig. 5), that distance _z_ will be a mean proportional -between the radius _D g_ of such wheel, and the double versed sine of -this inconceivably small angle.[3] - -[3] I ought perhaps to have introduced this reasoning on the 5th. figure -by observing, that every projection of every part of a screw, on a plane -at right angles with the axis of such screw, is a circle; and that -therefore the chord _z_, or the line _g d_, is the true projection of a -proportionate part of any line, _B C_, fig. 4, when wrapped round a -cylinder of equal diameter with the circle _a b_, fig. 5. - -I am aware that some mathematicians maintain, that the smallest portion -of a curve cannot strictly coincide with a right line; a doctrine which -I am not going to impugn. But however this may be, it appears certain -that there is no such mathematical curve exhibited in the material -world; but only polygons of a greater or less number of sides, according -to the density of the various substances, that fall under our -observation. I shall therefore proceed to apply the foregoing theory, -not indeed to the ultimate particles of matter, (because I do not know -their dimensions,) but to those real particles which have been actually -measured. Thus, experimental philosophy shews, that a cube of gold of -1/2 inch side, may be drawn upon silver to a length of 1442623 feet, and -afterwards flattened to a breadth of 1/100 of an inch, the two sides of -which form a breadth of 1/50 of an inch: so that if we divide the above -length by 25, we shall have the length of a similar ribbon of metal of -1/2 an inch in breadth, namely, 57704 feet; which cut into lengths of -1/2 an inch, (or multiplied by 24, the half inches in a foot) give -1384896 such squares, which must constitute the number of laminæ of a -half inch cube of gold, or 2769792 for an inch thickness. Let us suppose -then a wheel of gold, of two feet in diameter, the friction of whose -teeth it is proposed to determine. We must first seek what number of -particles are contained in that part of the tooth or teeth, that are -found in one inch of the wheel's circumference; this we have just seen -to be 2769792 thicknesses of the leaves, or diameters of the particles, -such as we are now contemplating. - -We shall now have this proportion, (see fig. 4) 268 (_A B_) : 1035 (_B -C_) :: 2769792 (no. of particles in one inch of circumference of base) : -_x_ = 10696771 particles in that part of the line _B C_, which -corresponds with _that_ inch of the circumference. Thus each of the -latter particles measured in the direction _A B_, is equal to the -fraction 1/10696771ths of an inch. And if that fraction be taken for the -arc _g d_, (fig. 5) then to find the length of the line _d e_, (on which -the friction of _this_ and all other geering depends) we must use this -analogy; 12 inch (rad. of wheel) : 1/10696771 of an inch (chord _g d_) :: -1/10696771 of an inch (_g d_) : _d e_, the line required = -1/1273050917917292 of an inch. This result is still beyond the truth, as -we do not know how much smaller the ultimate molecules of gold are. - -To advert now to some of the practical effects of this system, I would -beg leave to present a _form_ of the teeth, the sole working of which -would be a sufficient demonstration of the truth of the foregoing -theory. _A_, _B_, (fig. 6) are two wheels of which the primitive circles -or pitch-lines touch each other at _o_. As all the homologous points of -any screw-formed tooth, are at the same distance from the centres of -their wheels, I am at liberty to give the teeth a rhomboidal form, _o t -i_; and if the angle _o_ exists all round both wheels, (of which I have -attempted graphically to give an idea at _D G_,) in this case, those -particles only which exist in the plane of the tangents _f h_, &c. and -infinitely near that plane passing at right angles to it through the -centres _A_ and _B_, will touch each other; and there, as we have -already proved, no sensible motion of the kind producing friction, -exists between the points in actual contact. I might add, as the figure -evidently indicates, that if any such motion did exist, the angles _o_ -would quit each other, and the figure of such teeth become absurd in -practice; but on the other hand, if such teeth can exist and work -usefully (which I assert they can, nay that all teeth have in this -system a tendency to assume that form at the working points;) this -circumstance is of itself a practical evidence of the truth of the -foregoing theory, and of what I have said concerning it. - -It must have been perceived that I have in some degree anticipated the -demonstration of my third proposition, namely, that the epicycloidal or -any other given form of the teeth, is not essential to this geering. It -appears that teeth formed as epicycloids, will become more convex by -working; since the base of the curve is the only point where they suffer -no diminution by friction; whilst those of every other form, that -likewise penetrate beyond the primitive circles of the wheels, will also -assume a figure of the same nature, by the rounding off of their points, -and the hollowing of the corresponding parts of the teeth they impel; -and that operation will continue till an angle similar to that at _o_, -but generally more obtuse, prevails around both wheels; when all -sensible change of figure or loss of matter will cease, as the wheels -now before you will evince. - -On the right of the drawing, (fig. 6) the teeth of the wheel _B_ are -angular, (suppose square) and those of the wheel _C_ rounded off by any -curve _s_, _within_ an epicycloid. All that is necessary to remark in -this case is, that the teeth of the wheel _B_ must not extend _beyond_ -its primitive circle, whilst the round parts of those of the wheel _C_, -do more or less extend beyond its primitive circle; whence it becomes -evident, that the contact of such teeth, (if infinite in number) can -_only_ take place in the plane of the common tangent at right angles to -_A B_; also that if these teeth are sufficiently hard to withstand -ordinary pressure, without indentation in these circumstances, there is -no perceptible reason for a sensible change of form; since this contact -only takes place where the two motions are alike, both in swiftness and -direction. A fact I am going to mention may outweigh this reasoning in -the minds of some, but cannot invalidate it. I caused two of these -wheels made of brass, to be turned with rapidity under a considerable -resistance for several weeks together, keeping them always anointed with -_oil_ and _emery_, one of the most destructive mixtures known for -rubbing metals; but after this severe trial, the teeth of the wheels, -_at their primitive circles_ were found as entire as before the -experiment. And why? Certainly for no other reason than that they worked -without sensible friction. - -Hitherto nothing has been said of wheels in the conical form, usually -denominated _mitre and bevel geer_. But my models will prove, that they -are both comprehended in the system. The only condition of this unity of -principle is, that the axes of two wheels, instead of being _parallel_ -to each other, be always found in _the same plane_. With this condition, -every property above-mentioned, extends to this class of wheels, which -my methods of executing also include, as indeed they do every possible -case of geering. - -Being afraid of trespassing on the time of the society, I have -suppressed a part of this paper, perhaps already too long; but I hope I -may be indulged with a few remarks on the application of those wheels to -practical purposes. And first, as to what I have myself seen; these -wheels have been used in several important machines to which they have -given much swiftness, softness or precision of motion as the case -required. They have done more; they have given birth to machines of no -small importance, that could not have existed without them. In rapid -motions they do all that band or cord can perform, with the addition of -mathematical exactness, and an important saving of power. In spinning -factories these properties must be peculiarly interesting; and in -calico-printing, where the various delicate operations require great -precision of motion. In clock-making also, this property is of great -importance in regulating the action of the weight, and thus giving full -scope to the equalizing principle whatever it be. I may add, it almost -annuls the cause of anomaly in these machines, since a given clock will -go with less than 1/4 of the weight usually employed to move it. Another -useful application may be mentioned; in flatting mills, where one roller -is driven by a pinion from the other, there is a constant combat between -the effort of the plate to pass equally through the rollers, and the -action of the common geering, which is more or less convulsive. Whence -the plate is _puckered_, and the resistance much increased, both which -circumstances these wheels completely obviate; and many similar cases -might be adduced. - -I shall only add, that my ambition will be highly gratified if, through -the approbation of this learned society, I may hope to contribute to the -improvement and perfection of the manufactures of this county; and if -the invention be found of general utility to my much loved country." - -Subsequently to the reading of the above paper, I had occasion to -execute many wheels on this principle; and their appearance, and use, -excited on the one hand much interest, and on the other much opposition. -I had even to complain of real injury in that contest: against which I -defended myself with a warmth that I thought _proportionate_ to the -attack.--But all this was local and temporary: and writing now for a -more enlarged sphere, and perhaps for a more extended period, I feel -inclined to lay aside every consideration, but those immediately -connected with the influence of this work on the public prosperity. I -shall therefore avoid all reference to the names either of my friends -or my opponents. My friends will live in a grateful heart, as long as -memory itself shall last; my enemies, if I have any, will be -forgiven--or, at worst, forgotten; and my System is henceforward left to -wind its way into public notice and usefulness, by its own intrinsic -merits. - - * * * * * - -CERTAIN OBSERVATIONS which I was induced to make on occasion of a -re-print of the above Memoir, may assist in introducing what remains to -be said on the subject. They commence thus: - -The foregoing little work, which first brought this subject into public -notice in this town, was not the only method employed to develope its -principles, and urge its adoption. A second paper was read, at the next -meeting of the society, and some time after, a third, at the Exchange -Dining Room; on both which occasions new modes of reasoning were -pursued, and new kinds of proof adduced. On the first, a model was -exhibited of two screw-formed teeth (connected with proper centres) -exactly like those represented in fig. 6; by the action of which on each -other, it became manifest that teeth of this angular shape _do_ work -together without inconvenience, and therefore, that all sensible -friction is, in this case, done away. - -On the latter occasion (the lecture at the Exchange) two other methods -were brought forward, to corroborate the principles before stated: (see -Plate 14, fig. 1.) The first was a kind of transparency, in which _a -line of light_ represented the place of contact of two wheels working -together; by the partial and _variable_ obscuration of which, the -successive action of every portion of the teeth was clearly shewn. The -second method consisted of two pair of wheels, _made from loaf sugar_, -the teeth of which were cut one pair in the usual form, and the other on -the new principle. Here, the difference in the effects of the two -methods was so great, that the common teeth were almost immediately worn -or broken down, by the very same kind of impulse that the new wheels -sustained without injury: and with a loss of matter almost -imperceptible, since many thousand revolutions of the wheels took place -without detaching so many _grains_ of sugar! - -These _Observations_ include likewise the following remarks: - -In adverting to a few of the difficulties we have encountered, it will -appear curious that one of them should spring from a most useful -property of the system: but the paradox is thus explained. As there is -no method more effectual for giving the teeth _a perfect form_, than -working the wheels together, (covering them with an abrasive substance) -we have most frequently chosen to depend on that important property; and -have therefore set the wheels at work as they came from the foundry, -instead of chipping the teeth, as is usual when common wheels are -expected to act well in the first instance. But our wheels being then -full of asperities, their action would be of course imperfect and noisy, -till time had smoothed and equalized the touching surfaces: a state of -things that might well stagger the opinion of a candid observer -unacquainted with the system. Happily however we can now appeal to the -fact of many wheels having _become silent_, that were once referred to -with triumph, as proofs of a radical defect in the principle. It may not -be improper to add here, that if highly finished wheels were -_particularly desired_, we would engage to cut them in metal on this -principle, with all the perfection of surface given to common wheels by -the first masters. - -In the use of bevel wheels of this description (with singly inclined -teeth) there is doubtless a tendency to approach toward or recede from -each other; the extent of which (for cylindrical wheels) has been -already determined. This tendency goes, so far, to give a _bend_ to the -shaft; and, if this be _very weak_, to create a degree of friction on -the teeth as the wheels revolve. It is therefore desirable that the -shafts should be rather too strong than too weak; since the principle -can only exist entire, when the wheels in working, are kept in the same -planes which they occupy when at rest. This is too evident to be further -insisted on. - -But a greater, or at least a more frequent cause of friction in the -wheels is the motion, endwise, of the shafts, arising from a want of -solidity in the bearers, and especially of connection between them; for -whenever these _are strongly connected_, and the shafts well fitted to -their steps, all circular commotion is ipso facto destroyed; while the -longitudinal tendency produced by the teeth on the shafts _is certainly -an advantage_: because it prevents the shaking that often arises from -their vibration, endwise, when lying on unsteady bearers, or on bearers -between which they have too much liberty. - -A few words will make known the process of reasoning by which I arrived -at the idea that forms the basis of this invention. I had been -conferring with a well-known mechanical character, (to whom the art is -greatly indebted)--and hearing his observations on the advantage derived -from having two equal cog wheels connected together, with the teeth of -the one placed opposite the _spaces_ of the other; so as to reduce the -_pitch_ one half, and the friction still more; (since the latter follows -the ratio of the double _versed sines_ of the half-angles between the -teeth respectively:)--and no sooner had I left that gentleman, than my -imagination thus whispered--"What that gentleman says is both true and -important." "But if _two_ wheels thus placed, produce so good an effect, -_three_ wheels (_dividing the original pitch into three_), would produce -a better: and _four_, a better still: And _five_ a better than _that_. -And for the same reason, an indefinite number of such wheels would be -indefinitely better! We must then cut off the corners of all those -teeth, and we shall have one screw-formed line, that will represent an -indefinite number of teeth, and approach indefinitely near to _absolute -perfection!_" Thus did this Invention originate: and it soon appeared to -me, to be the nearest approach of material exactitude to mathematical -precision, that is to be found in the whole circle of practical -mechanics. For not only is the _relative motion_ of the touching points -of two wheels (that is their _friction_), less than the distance between -two of the nearest particles of matter, but it is as many times less -than that distance, as that distance is less than the half diameter of -any wheel whose teeth are thus formed. - -I assert therefore that these teeth, placed in proper circumstances, do -work without _sensible friction_ at their pitch lines: as although by -means of mathematical abstraction, it may be possible to _assign_ a -degree of friction between them, that degree cannot be realized on a -material surface: and I fear not the friction on _mathematical -surfaces_, if my material surfaces do not suffer from it. I take leave -then to repeat, that no _friction_ can justly be said to arise from a -motion, too short to carry a _rubbing_ particle from one particle of a -_rubbed_ surface to the next! and this is precisely the case in the -present instance. - -Continuing to reflect on this important subject, I soon perceived that -the _screw-formed_ line would give the teeth a tendency to slide out of -each other; and to drive the shafts of the wheels endwise in opposite -directions; but even that evil is not great: for, confining the -obliquity within 15 degrees, that tendency is only about one quarter of -the useful effort; and a _stop_ acting on the central points of the -axes, will annul this tendency _without any sensible loss of power_. We -need not even have recourse to this expedient when any good reason -opposes it: for this tendency can be destroyed altogether by using _two -opposite inclinations_: giving the teeth the form of a V on the surface -of the wheels--a method which I actually followed on the very first pair -I ever executed, which I believe are now in the Conservatory of Arts at -Paris. - -A circumstance somewhat remarkable deserves to be here noticed. In the -specification of a Patent which I have seen in a periodical work since -my return from Paris, _for things respecting steam engines_, and dated, -if I recollect right, in 1804 or 5, this V formed tooth is -introduced--as an article of the specification, yet having no connection -whatever with its other subjects; nor being attended with the most -distant allusion to the _principle_ of this _geering_. The fact is that -I had these V wheels in my _Portique_, in 1801, when that exhibition -took place in which my Parallel motion appeared and was rewarded by a -Medal from Bonaparte: so that _two_ of my countrymen at least, engineers -like myself, appear to have taken occasion from that exhibition, to draw -my inventions from France to England--a thing by no means wrong in -itself nor displeasing to me: who was then totally precluded from -holding any communication of that kind with my native country. - -It would be repeating the statements contained in the foregoing memoir, -to say more on the general principles of this System. I request -therefore, my readers to give that paper an attentive perusal; and to -accept the following recapitulation of its contents: - -1. To cut teeth of this form in any wheel is, virtually, to divide it -into a number of teeth as near to _infinite_, as the smallness of a -material point is to that of a mathematical one. - -2. By the use of these teeth, and the _multitude_ of contacts succeeding -each other thence arising, all perceptible noise or commotion is -prevented. (This of course supposes _good execution_, or long-continued -previous working.) - -3. For the same reasons, all sensible abrasion is avoided: for we have -proved that the passage of any point of one wheel, over the -corresponding point of another, is indefinitely _less_ than the distance -between the nearest particles of matter. (This supposes the action -confined to the pitch line of the wheel; and this it will be in all -common cases--since the teeth wear each other in preference, within and -without that line; _which therefore must remain prominent_.) - -4. From the foregoing it appears that the teeth of two wheels working -together tend constantly to assume a form more and more perfect: as -they abrade each other _while imperfect_, and cannot wear themselves -_beyond perfection_. - -5. For a similar reason the division of the teeth cannot remain unequal: -for those that are too far distant from a given tooth will be _attacked -behind_, and those that are too near before; so that the division also -will finally become perfect. - -But it must be remembered that these _recoveries_ of form are in their -nature _very slow_; since the nearer the teeth come to perfection the -slower is their approach to it: so that in thus dwelling on these -properties, we do not advise the making of _bad_ wheels that they may -become _good_; but only wish to destroy an _honest prejudice_ that has -already much impeded the progress of the System; namely, that it -requires great nicety to adjust them so as to work together at all: -which is--(to say the least) a very great error. - -In Plate 14, fig. 1, I have shewn the apparatus presented at the -Exchange, as mentioned in page 110 preceding. _A B_ is the stand; _C D_ -is a disk turning on the centre _E_; _b a_ is the transparent line cut -through the stand, and representing the place of contact of two wheels -geering together. It is there seen, (supposing the disk to turn in the -direction of the arrow) that the action of the teeth, is always -progressive _along_ the transparent line _a b_; whether the single or -double obliquity _G_ or _F_ be used. In reality, the lower end of any -tooth _c_, does not uncover the line _a b_, till the upper point of the -succeeding tooth _d_ has begun to cover it; whereas, observing a few of -the common teeth represented at _H_, as directed to the centre of the -disk, _they_ would be seen to pass the line _a b_ all at once; and thus -to represent, with a certain exaggeration, the transient manner of -acting of the common geering. - -Some knowledge of the nature of this geering may be gathered from its -very appearance: see fig. 5 Plate 14. To represent these teeth properly, -no light must appear between them. The tops of the teeth offer a -continued circular line, similar to what it would be if there were no -teeth at all: and the latter are distinguished only by a different -shading of their front and lateral surfaces. The reason (as has been -already observed) is, that they are necessarily so placed, as that the -_last_ end of any tooth shall not quit the plane of the centres, until -the _first_ end of the succeeding tooth arrives at it; which principle -precludes the possibility of any space remaining between the teeth, that -an eye directed _parallelly_ to the axes could penetrate. Such a space -indeed would introduce a portion of the properties of the old geering, -which it is the object of this System to avoid. As this wheel then -_appears_ in fig. 5, _so it acts_: that is equally and perpetually. - -It were well also to observe the appearance of these wheels on their -edges; or in the planes which, as wheels they occupy. The 4th. figure -of this Plate is outlined with some care, in order to shew the varying, -and seemingly anomalous form which the teeth assume as they approach the -boundaries of the figure. Although cut as obliquely to the axis there, -as any where else, the receding cylindrical surface, thus seen, appears -to take this obliquity away; and the _very_ outward teeth seem nearly -parallel to the axis of the wheel. But this is only appearance: and we -give here _one_ example of it, that we may not be obliged to lose much -time hereafter, in drawing correctly, wheels on this principle--a -process indeed which in many cases, would be found very difficult, if -not impossible. - -We have already adverted to the oblique tendencies of these wheels, when -used with a single inclination of the teeth; from which, among other -things, it follows that, in the act of urging the shafts endwise, they -tend also to bend these shafts: for which reason the shafts require to -be stronger than those of common wheels--that is, when the effort bears -any proportion to their stiffness--a circumstance which, in light rapid -movements, is of small moment. And in heavier works, when it is -desirable to get rid of these tendencies altogether, we have peremptory -means of avoiding the very appearance of this evil. - -Suppose then (fig. 2 and 3, plate 14) _a b_ to be a straight rack on -this principle; driven by the wheel or pinion _c_. The motion, backward, -of the pinion, tends, clearly, to urge the pinion endwise towards _d_, -and the rack sideways towards _a b_. But either of these motions is -prevented by fixing to the pinion, or the rack, a _cheek_ _e f_, to -support them against this lateral pressure. But then, exclaims a -doubting friend, you introduce _friction_: and it is true: there is now -a real rubbing of the _ends_ of the teeth against this cheek; but the -pressure there being only one quarter of what it would be on the front -of straight teeth, we avoid (on a rough estimate) three quarters of the -friction; while preserving _all_ the constancy and smoothness of motion -which the system gives; and which after all, is the most important part -of the business. - -This idea then applies among other things to the racks of slide-lathes; -giving a regular motion to the _rest and cutting tool_, thereby adding -to the perfection of the turning process: and many other cases might be -adduced. - -But instead of using a rack and pinion, as thus described, _two wheels_, -of any desired proportions might have been thus treated, and the result -would have been the same. _They_ would have worked with perfect -smoothness, under about one quarter of the friction attendant upon -common wheels in similar circumstances. There are cases therefore, in -which it would be expedient thus to employ the System. I cannot but -observe likewise, that this method of using _cheeks_ to prevent any side -motion in spur wheels, might also be applied to bevel-wheels, to prevent -the _angular_ tendency which the obliquity of their teeth gives them: -and that I prefer such a method of obviating this evil (where it is -one) to any attempt at using teeth in the V form, on bevel wheels. Still -however, as before observed, this counteraction of the oblique -tendencies is not always necessary. It may be dispensed with in all -light and rapid movements; especially in the use of perpendicular -shafts; and where the _driven_ wheels are small and distributed round a -central wheel in positions nearly opposite each other: of all which -cases we shall see examples in the spinning machinery to be described -hereafter. - - - OF - THE CUTTING ENGINE, - _To form Spur-wheels, on my late Patent principle_. - -The figures of this Engine (see Plates 15 and 16,) are drawn to a scale, -from the Machine itself, now before me. The scale of the objects on -Plate 15, is one inch and three quarters to the foot; and that of the -objects on Plate 16, one inch and one third. These were convenient -proportions for introducing this object into the present work; but the -size itself of the Machine is arbitrary. I did not make it according to -my ideas of the _best_ dimensions: but bought it as a common cutting -Engine, and gave it those other properties that my System required. - -The first remarkable deviation from the usual form is in the shaft or -axis of the dividing plate. See fig. 1 and 2 of the Plates 15 and 16. -The dividing plate _a b_, is concentric with, and fixed to an axis _A B_ -made as perfectly cylindrical as possible, so as _both to slide and -turn_ in the bars _C D_, and _E F_ composing the frame. These bars are -_bushed_, to fit the axis _A B_, either with a contracting ring of -brass, as usual in some mathematical instruments; or with _type metal_, -cast around the axis into _rough_ holes in those bars:--which metal, -closing upon the axis makes a good centre; and will last a long time. My -Engine is made in this manner; and has been renewed in this part only -twice in several years. This frame _C D E F_ of the Engine, is strongly -connected with the feet _G G H H_, by means of the nuts _E F_ in the -plan: and by these feet it is fixed to its bench or table, as will be -seen in Plate 16. - -Figure 2 of the present Plate, represents the plan of the Machine, but -turned upside down; so that the feet _G H_ screwed _under_ the lower -plate _E F_, are wholly visible. In this figure, also, is shewn at _c -d_, the edges (without the bottom) of the horizontal slide which carries -the _stand_ for the cutter frame represented in fig. 4. This stand is -indicated by the dotted lines of this figure 2, as situated _under_ the -arm _D_ of the bar _C D_; but it is better shewn in fig. 5, where _e f_ -marks the slide in which the cutter frame (fig. 4) moves up and down, by -means of the screw and handle _e f_. In general I avoid dwelling much on -these smaller parts, because they exist, probably in a more perfect -state, in most other machines. In this fig. 5, _g h_ shews the screw -that moves this stand nearer to, or further from the axis _A B_ of the -Engine, according to the diameter of the wheels: which is also a common -process in Machines of this kind, on which therefore much need not be -said. But a somewhat greater importance attaches to the _cutter frame_ -represented in the 4th. figure: which is a kind of small _lathe_ whose -_spindle_ _n o_, carries the cutter _n_, _outside the frame_, for the -purpose of changing the former without displacing the latter. The cutter -(of any proper section) is placed in or near that line which is a -continuation of the centre of the fixing screw _o p_. It is _in_ that -line for wheels whose teeth can be finished with once cutting: but -_near_ it for those whose teeth must be cut at twice. In this same -figure, _i k_ represent the _ends_ of the standards that form the -vertical slide _e f_ of fig. 5; and the separate figure _p q_, shews the -_back_ of the cutter frame _l m_, the flat part of which, _p_, presses -correctly on these uprights _i k_, and thus fixes this instrument at -_any desired height_, and to _any given angle_ with the perpendicular: -the _use_ of which arrangement we shall soon have occasion to exemplify. - -Turning now to fig. 3 of this Plate, we there see the main shaft _A B_, -broken off at _B_: and the letters _a b_ again shew the dividing plate -of figs. 1 and 2: under this Plate is seen an _alidade_ or moveable -index, shewn by section only at _c_, and in elevation at _d e_; where it -clips the plate as far as _n_ and carries a boss _between n and e_, on -which the dividing index _e f_, turns; and to which it is strongly fixed -by a nut _o_, when the proper number to be cut is determined. Moreover, -this boss forms, itself, _the nut_ of a thumb-screw _s_, which, carrying -a circular plate at its lower end, clothed with leather or any soft -substance, connects strongly, without injuring the plate, the moveable -index with any point of it, as determined by the dividing index _e f_. -This brings us into the midst of things, as it respects the _use_ of -this Engine; for the former index _c d_, is furnished with a small -roller, _p_, the motion of which all the foregoing objects must obey, -when they have been fastened together by the thumb-screw _s_. We turn -then to the figures 1 and 2 of Plate 16, in order to shew those parts -in action: after remarking only that the form _p q r_ of this fig. 3, is -that of the moveable index shewn before at _c d_; requiring only, to -become complete, that the part _q_ should be sufficiently lengthened to -make the arc _r q_ a complete semi-circle--for purposes that will -shortly be explained. - -In the two figures of Plate 16, the Machine is shewn as placed on its -bench or table, accompanied by the parts which give it a distinctive -character, and in fact embody the System. In addition to the parts -already described, we first remark the circular rim _c d_, fixed to the -ends of the bar _E F_; and made perfectly concentric with the main shaft -_A B_, and the dividing plate _a b_. This rim is shewn in section only, -at _v_ fig. 2. Its section resembles an L, and thus forms a basis for -certain _plates_ that will soon appear; and receives the screws by which -these plates are fastened to it. This being sufficiently clear, we now -proceed to describe the table and the connection of its mechanism with -the foregoing. - -In Plate 16, _K L_ is the table: to which the Engine is screwed through -its feet _G H_. _I_, is a square bar of wood, sliding in a mortice -through the top of the table; and connected by a joint with the lever _M -N_--itself moving round a pin at _O_, and carrying a friction roller, -_P_, which pressed by the spiral _Q_, as turned by the handle _R_, -raises the bar _I_, and with it the main axis _A B_ of the plate, _and -of course the wheel to be cut, centered as usual on this axis above B_. -Finally, _p q r_, in both figures, is the moveable index first shewn in -fig. 3 of Plate 15; prepared to be _drawn round_ by a weight _W_, -hanging to the cord _x_, passing over the pulley _y_, and tied to the -_right_ end of the arc _q r_, when _this_ is to move to the left; or to -its _left_ end, when the motion is to be toward the right:--these -motions depending on the right or left-handed direction of the _teeth_ -which it might be wished to cut on the Machine. - -Between the two figures 1 and 2 of this Plate, there appears a diagram, -the base of which is nothing more than a part of the rim _c d_ supposed -straightened, and placed there that its use may be the easier -understood. On the rim is seen a right angled triangle _e g f_, against -which the roller _p_ will lean by the action of the weight _W_ on the -cord _x_, and the arc _q r_ of the moving index _p q r_. So THAT when, -by the handle _R_, the spiral _Q_ depresses the lever _M N_, by means of -its roller _P_, _then the bar I raises the axis A B of the Engine, and -the weight W turns it at the same time_, as much as the small roller _p_ -permits by rolling up the side _e f_ of the plate _e g f_. And thus may -a _screw-formed tooth_ be cut in any wheel centered above _B_ in the -usual manner. - -Thus then, in describing this Machine, the manner of using it has been -also shewn: for the _cutter_, in this Machine, (to cut spur wheels) is -always _fixed_; and _all_ the motion is composed of the _rotatory and -longitudinal movements of the principal axis, which carries the wheel -along with it_. The cutter I say is fixed, at a proper height just above -the wheel, and at an angle to the perpendicular, equal to that it is -wished the teeth should form at it's pitch line. This inclination as -before observed is 15 degrees; and the tangent of 15° is in round -numbers 268, when the radius is 1000. That is, in our present figure, -the basis _e g_ of the plate _e g f_, occupies 268 divisions of a scale, -of which the height _g f_ contains 1000. It appears then, that to cut a -tooth with 15 degrees inclination, _by this Plate_, the wheel _receiving -that tooth_, must be _just as large as the rim itself_; for the surface -of the wheel would _turn_ more, with a given elevation, if it were -_larger_ than the rim; and would turn _less_, by the same elevation, if -it were smaller. In a word the whole theory of this operation, is now -clearly seen. The smaller the wheel to be cut, the longer, horizontally, -must be the Plate; or in other words, _as the diameter of the wheel is -to that of the rim, (c d) so is the length e g of the Plate to the -length required_. Now this height _f g_, is _always the same_; all -change therefore, in the plates, takes place on the horizontal length: -and this length is most easily found by the foregoing RULE OF THREE. If -then, instead of the triangle _e f g_, I had used the triangle _e´ f´ -g´_ it would have followed at once, that to produce an inclination of 15 -degrees, I must have taken a wheel of just _half_ the diameter of the -rim; for the plate _e´ f´ g´_ is just _twice_ as long as that _e f g_. -To prove this, let us _suppose_ the diameter of a wheel wanted, to equal -one half that of the rim _c d_: then the _rule_ will stand thus: - -1 is to 2, as 268 is to ...536, the length of the plate according to the -theory; which is precisely the length it is drawn to compared with -_that_ _e f g_, namely twice as long. Thus the four triangles, drawn to -the right and left in this diagram, represent the plates for the wheels -of the following diameters respectively: - - No. 1, a wheel _equal to the plate rim_ _c d_; - 2 do. do. to 1/2 do. - 3 do. do. to 1/3 do. - 4 do. do. to 1/4 do. - -A small anomaly, _of form_, may be mentioned here to prevent mistakes. -The shaded triangle _e f g_ in the Plate, _looks_ higher than the rest: -but if higher, it is also _longer_ in the same proportion; and the -roller _p_ never reaches the bottom: so that the _effect_ of this Plate -is the same as though it resembled the others in every respect. In -general the effect of the Plates depends on their length _compared with -their height_: and indeed they must be made _higher_ than the thickness -of the wheel to be cut, that the latter may disengage itself from the -(fixed) cutter both above and below. - -It is proper to observe, that for every _pair_ of wheels there must be a -_pair_ of plates; one leaning to the right and the other to the left, -(see the diagram) but, as before said, the degree of obliquity _must_ be -different in each pair, except in the case of equal wheels, when the -_same_ plate serves for both; only turning it to the right for one -wheel, and to the left for the other. Nor does this offer any -difficulty, as the plates are made of _common tin plate_: which is -easily brought to fit the rim, whichever way it is applied. I shall now -add another example of the process for finding the length of the plates: -and to that end repeat that the _plate rim_ _c d_, is 22 inches in -diameter, or 11 inches radius. Supposing then that we wished to cut a -pair of wheels, _one_ of them being 1 inch in diameter and the other 12 -inches; _both_ to have teeth inclined 15 degrees to the axes; (as -without _that_ they could not work together) to do this we must _effect_ -these two proportions: - - (1) 1/2 inch (radius of small wheel) is to 11 inches, (radius of - plate rim) as 268 parts (of which the height of the plate is 1000) - to another number, which is the length of the plate sought: measured - on a scale of parts of the same magnitude. - - (2) 6 inches, radius of the large wheel; is to 11 inches radius of - plate rim; as 268 parts (as before) is to another number, which is - the length sought for this second plate. - - Both proportions being effected, the first plate is 5896 parts. - And the second 491.33 do. - -The one of course, to be directed toward the right hand, and the other -toward the left, on the plate rim; where note, that if the height (1000 -parts) is found so numerous as to create confusion, let 100 parts be -assumed; when the _length_ of the plate will become 26.8 or 26 and 8/10 -instead of 268, and the operation will be so much the more simple. - -It should be added that this process admits of being further simplified: -since the product of 11 inches, radius of the plate rim, multiplied by -268 (tangent of 15 degrees, or _length of the plate for a wheel equal in -diameter to the plate rim_) since this product, I say, is a _constant -number_, namely: 2948--which, divided by the _half diameter_ of any -wheel, gives, at once the length of the plate adapted to that operation, -in parts of which the height contains 1000; or supposing the height to -be 100 only, this constant number becomes (nearly enough for practice) -295. In a word, on a height of plate of 100 _parts_, when wishing to cut -a wheel of 4 inches in diameter, I merely divide 295 by 2, and get for -_the length of my plate_ 147.5 parts of which the aforesaid height is -100. - -It may possibly be suggested that this method of using _plates_ to -determine the obliquity of the teeth is a homely method, giving some -trouble in the execution, and leaving a certain degree of roughness in -that execution. The fact is allowed; but this method has the advantage -of a _very general_ application, which many a better looking apparatus -would not present. - -Besides, for _most_ uses, these teeth require chiefly that the obliquity -should be correct, and _not_ that the surface should be licked like -those of a gewgaw. In fine, the principle of this Machine once known, -its best form will occur to the reflecting mechanician according to the -_quality_ of the work he has in view: And in fact, in the hands of a -well known _artist_, this form has been already varied so as to produce -effects much higher wrought than could be drawn from the Machine above -described: which latter however in point of generality, still preserves -the advantage. - - - OF - A DOOR-SPRING, - _To keep a Door strongly closed, yet suffer it to be opened easily_. - -That "necessity is the mother of invention," is a remark none the less -true, for having become a trite proverb; I could mention the time, -place, and circumstance which gave birth to this little Invention: but -such detail would be superfluous. A certain door was, and is still, most -inconvenient, from the stiffness of the spring, and the noise it -occasions in a place where silence ought to prevail: which state of -things suggested to my mind the Machine represented in fig. 5, of plate -17. - -_A B C_ in that Plate, is a horizontal section of the door, door jambs, -&c. The door spring now in use, is a barrel-spring, with an arm carrying -a small roller which presses in a gutter-formed plate, screwed to the -door. My door spring is on a different principle. The roller is fastened -in and by a small frame to the door, and the arm is fixed to the axis of -the spring, which passes up through the top of the barrel. This spring -is _much_ weaker than the former, insomuch as only just to close the -door by its elasticity; but when the door is shut, there is a sharp bend -in the arm that wedges itself against the roller, and _decuples_ at -least the force of the spring, as tending to keep the door closed. When -therefore it is desired to open the door, by pressing the door itself, -a good push is necessary, but only for an instant: for as soon as the -bent part of the arm is forced off the roller, there remains only the -small resistance of the spring to be overcome; which latter, when -suffered to act in shutting the door, will _not_ shut it with that noise -a stronger spring would occasion; and yet, when arrived at its first -position, it will keep the door as strongly closed as ever. And should -it be wished to avoid the necessity of pushing hard against the door, -even at first, there is a sliding button and stem _B_ put through it, -which, if pressed from the other side, with the force only of the -spring, will raise the latter beyond the roller, and thus open the door -with perfect facility: and this same process will take place in pulling -the door open by the hook _D_ from the inside: yet still the door when -closed will be as firmly so as before; the spring-bar acting in the -latter position, as much like an invincible _stay_ as the workman shall -have desired--this property depending clearly on the _nearness_ of the -bend to a right angle. - -This device may appear to some an object too inconsiderable to be justly -dignified with the name of an invention. But if I should sometimes fall -into such an error as this, I intend to compensate for any thing too -trivial by giving in other cases, Inventions of ample size and number. I -might even mention the Cutting Engine given in this part, where several -Inventions are compressed into one, or rather presented as _one_, of -which several examples will occur. - - - OF - A DRAW-BENCH, - _For making my twisted Pinions_. - -The pinion wire of clock and watch makers is well known. I am not wholly -acquainted with the manner in which it is drawn: but I have made my -pinion wire, of brass, in lengths of about a foot, by the Machine -described below. - -A common Draw-bench (not here represented) is worked in the usual -manner: but the instrument which forms the pinion (see Plate 17, fig. 1) -is of a peculiar construction. It consists of a plate _A B_, -containing--1st. a guide tube _a_, (fig. 2) to centre and conduct the -blank wire;--2d. a ring _b c_, with _nine_ grooves cut on one of its -surfaces, directed to the centre, and in which are _well_ fitted the -cutters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9; and 3d. a ring _d e_, formed into nine -spirals exactly like each other, answering to the cutters, and destined -to urge them _equally_ toward the common centre whenever this circle _d -e_, is turned by the endless screw _C D_, in the direction of the arrow. -In fig. 2, _f g_ is merely a top piece to cover at the same time the -cutters and the ring _d e_; which latter is thus duly centered. The -points of the cutters 1, 2, 3, &c. are formed like the spaces of pinion -teeth; and in the other direction, are sloped 15 degrees to the common -axis, as taken at their pitch line. - -The third figure represents the drawing clams, or pinchers, with a piece -of blank wire _d_ in them, tapered off to give easy entrance to the -cutters. These clams have a cylindrical part of about a foot long, in -which is cut a winding groove _a b_, whose use is to _turn_ the wire in -the act of drawing; for which purpose also the _swivel_ _e f_ is -provided. The method I employ to _trace_ this groove to the obliquity -required, is to measure the circumference of the cylinder, and call that -268; and then, to make its length, in the cylindrical part, equal to -1000 of the same divisions. But this is right, _only_ when the _pinion_ -to be drawn is of equal diameter with the clam-cylinder _a b_: so that -if it is wished to draw pinions of a smaller diameter, I further say: -diameter of clam-cylinder _is to_ diameter of pinion, at the pitch line; -As 1000 (present length of clam-cylinder) _is to required length of -ditto_. Thus, for example, if the diameter of the pinion were only 1/4 -that of the clam-cylinder, the _length_ of the latter would be only 250 -of the 1000 divisions, before found: and so in proportion for smaller -diameters. - -The figure shews this groove receiving a guide screw or stud _a_, which, -placed in the fixed headstock _a c_, turns the clams _d_, with the wire, -just enough to give the teeth an inclination of 15 degrees, thus -adapting them to the wheels of which the proportions have been already -given; where note, that the real dimensions of this pinion Machine are -_twice_ as large as those of the figures 1 and 2: but the size of every -thing is of course _variable_, according to the pinions required to be -produced. - - - OF - A GEERING CHAIN, - _Formed to work in the Patent Wheels_. - -This Chain is shewn in fig. 4 of Plate 17. The links are formed to an -angle, in the middle, similar to that of the wheels at their pitch line; -of which the obliquity, for the V wheels, is greater than 15 degrees; -since the thickness of the wheel, is necessarily divided between the -right and left handed slope. Be this slope what it may, the chain and -wheels must of course be alike, measured at the pitch line of the -wheels; and _then_, as the chain geers with a straight _line_ of -pinions, they work together without sensible friction on the teeth, and -with nearly the same steadiness of motions as wheels would work -together. Moreover, if the drum be of a pretty large diameter, its -action will likewise be nearly _equable_. The degree of precision -depends, however, on the fineness of the pitch, and the largeness of -diameter in the drum; since every chain bending round a cylinder _must_ -form a polygon of a _greater or less_ number of sides, dependent on -these circumstances. I repeat then, that while the chain works on the -pinions in a tangent to them all, there is no necessary friction between -them; nor yet on the pins of the chain, but only at the drums which -actuate and return the latter:--I shall dismiss the subject, by -observing, that I have used the term _drum_, because of the similarity -of this chain-motion to that produced by bands, where drums are -generally the _movers_. But here, this supposed drum is a wheel of -proper diameter, cut into teeth similar to those of the pinions; and -placed at the same height on its spindle. I have reason to think that -this chain, carefully made, would be an useful addition to the _bobbin -and fly frame_, applied both to the bobbins and spindles, instead of the -bands now in use; which, though a convenient resource, give a result -equally uncertain and imperfect. - - - OF - A SERPENTINE BOAT OR VESSEL, - _To lessen the Expence of Traction, &c._ - -The present description of this Machine, will consist, chiefly, of a -translation from my own specification, given at Paris with the -application for a _Brevet_, or Patent, obtained in the year 1795, and -which is thus introduced. - -"It is a well-known fact, that the longer any Boat or Vessel is, in -proportion to its width, the less power it requires to convey a given -load, from one place to another. But these lengths cannot be extreme, -without introducing a degree of _weakness_, that would offer great -danger in the use of such vessels. If then a Boat of a given volume, be -divided into several long and narrow ones, the head of each adapted with -a certain exactness to the stern of its forerunner, they will (with the -trifling difference arising from the asperities of their surfaces) _all_ -move through the water with the same ease as any single one; and carry, -unitedly, the same weight as did the large Boat before it was divided. -This idea constitutes the principle of my Serpentine Vessel." - -"This Invention is not to be considered as an imitation of the -well-known man[oe]uvre of towing one vessel in the _wake_ of another: -for the resistance of the vessels thus towed, remains nearly, though not -quite the same as if drawn along separately. But here, by the adaptation -of the _prow_ of one Boat to the _poop_ of another, the first alone -suffers resistance from the water--which, although it enters between the -_joints_, strikes _only_ the first--and from this it follows, that the -_resistance_ of these vessels, in passing from one place to another, -_bears no necessary proportion to the weight they carry_." - -"Thus then, I obviate the necessity of having _broad_ vessels to carry -the heaviest burdens; for I disseminate the load over an indefinite -_length_: by which method also, my vessel rides in shallower water, and -depends less for its passage, on the state of the rivers or the seasons. -Besides, they require a much less number of horses, or exertion of -_power_, to transport a given quantity of goods; admitting at the same -time, a greater swiftness of motion. And finally, if these vessels -travel through different towns on the same voyage, the goods of each -town may be lodged in the same _part_, and merely detached in passing, -so as to lose _no_ time in unloading them." - -"Fig. 1 of Plate 18, shews the _plan_ of several forms which I give to -the articulations or separate parts of these vessels: so as to connect -them strongly, yet leave them, as a whole, in some degree flexible. The -form _A B_, is, for the first boat, a straight line across to form the -_stern_, and for the second an obtuse angle terminated by a semi-sphere -or vertical semi-cylinder, which enters a hollow and similar figure in -the first Boat--which latter, in this case, forms the _Head_ of the -whole Serpentine Vessel." - -"These two parts or joints, of which we have been speaking, are held -together by a rope _c d e f_, which, fastened to the second part at _c_, -passes over two pulleys _e d_, in the head, to the small capstan _f_, by -which, both parts are bound together as tightly as may be judged proper. -If it were thought necessary, the spaces _A B_ might be underlined with -a piece of leather or metal, _not_ to prevent the water from entering -between the Boats, but to prevent its _striking_ those which follow the -others through the water--a precaution less urgent in the other kind of -joint we are about to describe." - -"_C D_, in this same figure, presents another form of the head and stern -of two contiguous Boats or _parts_; (which, to save room, are both -supposed to be _broken off_ at some point between their ends:) where as -in the former case, the Boats are connected so as to remain horizontally -flexible. These forms are semi-cylindrical, the stern concave, and the -_head_ convex, to the same radius; and the motion takes place around a -bolt and pulley _p_, reeved with a rope coming from one side of the -first Boat near _C_ and led again to a small windlass or capstan placed -on the other side near _D_. _E F_, is another modification of the same -kind of joint: the centre of which is a bolt or stud _q_, (better seen -at _q_ in the 2d. figure) over which a triangular frame falls from the -preceding Boat, and thus connects them instantaneously; leaving a -certain flexibility in the horizontal direction." - -"Finally, _G H_ shews a simple mean of connecting these Boats, on the -supposition that both ends of each are formed alike to an obtuse angle -in the middle of their breadth. It is a kind of hook _r s_, mounted in a -frame turning on centres in the _preceding_ Boat, and reaching over into -the succeeding one; where it finds a hollow _step_ of metal which -receives and fits it, so as to hold these neighbouring Boats with -sufficient tightness, but still with a certain degree of flexibility. -Many other methods might be suggested, by which to form these joints; -and almost _any_ might be made to answer the purpose. I shall therefore -leave this branch of the subject, observing only, that the second figure -of Plate 18, is an _elevation_ of the same things: which, generally, are -marked with the same letters as far as they are visible." - -"The third figure presents the same objects in perspective; to which are -now added _two_ masts _I K_, placed obliquely on that Boat which forms -the Head of the whole vessel. This obliquity is useful when the boat is -drawn from one side only; but is injurious where the traction takes -place indifferently on both sides: so that I should not, _now_, advise -the use of this method--which indeed, I have avoided in fig. 4 of this -Plate." - -"In every case, each of the masts carries a pulley near _I_ _K_, over -which passes a rope, the ends of which are fastened to the masts by -proper brackets, near the deck: and to the middle of this rope is -fastened the track rope _L_, by which the horses draw the Boat along. By -these means the vessel is _steered_ either to or from the land: for if -the knot of the track rope is brought near the mast _I_, the Boat (which -as before observed is the head of the whole vessel) veers towards the -horses; and the contrary when the knot is drawn towards the mast _K_: -both which effects are rendered the more prompt and decisive, by the use -of the _lee boards_ _K M_, the nature and use of which are already fully -known." - -"But there are cases in which, from its great length, this Serpentine -Boat would require a particular direction, for some intermediate point -between its extremities; as although, in theory, every separate part -ought to pass through the same water, yet in canals or rivers much bent, -_this_ may not invariably take place; and _then_ a rudder would be -useful, even in the middle of the vessel. I have therefore placed a pair -at _P R_, fig. 3. Their motion is a vertical revolution, round a -horizontal centre; and as they are formed obliquely to the sides of the -Boat, when one of them is plunged into the water, it tends to drive the -Boat in a sidewise direction: and if at any time it should be desired to -stop the whole vessel, _both rudders_ would be plunged at once into the -water, when they would greatly contribute to that effect." - -"The fourth figure in this Plate 18, presents a general view of the -vessel, comprising five articulations, (or Boats) besides the head and -stern--which latter would fit each other without any intermediate parts, -and form a Boat alone. Nor do these five parts by any means limit the -useful number: but the Plate would not have contained more, unless on a -scale too small to be distinctly understood." - -"Returning now to fig. 1, we observe the ropes _A D F H_ and _B C E G_, -which are supposed fixed to the stern Boat, and carried to the capstans -represented in the _Head_. These ropes consolidate the whole fabric, and -act, occasionally, as a kind of _muscle_, to govern the larger -evolutions. These ropes pass in the brackets placed near the joints _A -B_ and _C D_, &c. being _under_ the gang ways, of which a portion -appears at _S_ fig. 3, hung upon hinges, that they may be turned up when -the Boat is used in narrow water." - -To the above specification were added the following remarks, which still -apply to this kind of vessel, navigating on canals and inland rivers: -"this vessel admits of the use of every kind of _mover_; such as men, -horses, wind, or the steam engine; the latter of which I propose to -apply to it in a manner equally simple and effectual; especially so as -_not_ to injure the banks of any canal, &c. by acting against and -disturbing the water." - -I need not repeat that this Invention dates as high as 1795: as the -_Brevet_ was issued in that year. It may be added that four _parts_ of -such a Boat were executed about the same time; namely, the head, the -stern, and two intermediate _pieces_: making together a length of 100 -feet; and these, loaded to a certain depth with stones, were drawn _up_ -the river Seine by a single horse _on a trot_--which would likewise have -taken place had the Boat been ten times as long; since, as before -mentioned, _the resistance of this kind of vessel bears no given -proportion to the Load it carries_. - - - OF - A MACHINE - _For destroying, or lessening Friction_. - -I think it may be assumed that _friction_ is fully expressed by the word -_rubbing_: and that where rubbing cannot be found, friction does not -exist; especially that _kind_ of friction which opposes the motion of -machinery--in which respect, the subject is chiefly thought interesting -to mechanicians. It would be abandoning my intended plan in this work, -to treat largely of friction, or any other accident in practical -mechanics; but having already declared myself "no believer in several -sorts of friction," I am in a measure bound to introduce my description -of the two following articles, by a short reference to the general -subject. I offer then the following remarks, more as hints for the -consideration of learned experimenters, than as conclusions sufficiently -proved to become rules in practice. What I cannot help urging strongly -is, that _rolling_ is not _rubbing_. If it were, I would ask in what -direction it takes place? Is it in that of the plane rolled over? or in -that of the radii of the rolling body? If in the former, it would indeed -_glide_ over that plane, and occasion or suffer _real_ friction; but -this, I think, is not pretended. If this motion is in the latter -direction, (that of the radii of the rolling body) it is indefinitely -_short_, compared with the progressive motion of the rolling body, so -that the _power_ of the latter, to overcome any resistance in that -direction, is _infinite_. Whenever therefore, in experiments of this -kind, a finite resistance is perceived, it must, I should think, be -ascribed to other causes, and not to _friction_. In my wheels for -example, (see a former article) where there is a real and deep -_penetration_ of the surfaces, I have proved that the friction between -the teeth is _less_ than the distance between two of the last particles -of matter: and surely, when penetratration is purposely made as small as -possible (by the use of _smooth_ rollers) the friction thence arising -must be still more imperceptible. But I hear it answered, that _this_ -friction is both known and measured! and certain celebrated experiments -are adduced to prove it. But what I most wonder at is, that a person so -truly learned as the author of those experiments, should have adopted so -remarkable a misnomer; in which to all appearance, indentation has -usurped the name of friction. Nor let this surprise, surprise any body: -nor especially, offend this learned author himself; for I am persuaded -that the sole act of placing these wooden rollers, on these surfaces of -wood, must indent them both sufficiently to account for all the facts -observed; and still more so when loaded with weights of 100, 500, or -1000lbs. No friction, therefore, is requisite in accounting for the -resistance of these rollers to horizontal motion. Nay, I submit, whether -a resistance, arising from indentation alone, would not prove to be -"directly as the pressures and inversely as the diameters of the -rollers?" To me the subject presents itself under three aspects: either -the whole indentation takes place on the rollers, when they are very -soft and the _rulers_ very hard; or the latter, when _they_ are very -soft and the rollers very hard: or, which is most likely, this -indentation takes place on both bodies at once; so as to produce a -_surface of contact_, intermediate between the _straight surface_ of the -_rulers_, and the _cylindrical_ surface of the rollers. But in either -case, the _place_ of resistance to horizontal motion, must be _out of -the line of direction_ of the roller's centre of gravity: and thus would -the roller present more or less resistance, independently of every thing -that can be called friction: and which degree of resistance will -continue to exist as long as the place of contact is made to change on -the rulers--for thus to change this place of contact is to renew this -indentation; which process will elicit a resistance equal to what would -be observed were the roller (without indentation) forced _up_ a plane, -inclined to the horizon in the same angle as a line, drawn from the -centre of the roller to the extreme edge of the _surface of contact_, -makes with the perpendicular. - -I cannot possibly enter at length into this subject, as it makes no part -of my engagement to the public: but I would observe that _this_ -resistance is, _a fortiori_, something besides friction, since _greasing -the surfaces_ "did not cause any sensible diminution of it;" whereas it -made a difference of _one half!_ in some others of the experiments -alluded to.[4] Were I asked the reason, I should answer, because -friction had little or nothing to do with it; and I would say further, -that greasing or oiling these surfaces would most likely _increase_, -instead of diminishing, their resistance to horizontal motion: namely by -_softening them_, and making them more susceptible of change of figure: -which opinion gathers strength from _another_ fact adduced, viz: that -"rollers of elm produced a friction (or resistance) of about 2/5 -_greater_ than those of lignum vitæ:" but why? because elm is relatively -_soft_ and lignum vitæ hard--the only cause that appears sufficient to -account for the facts observed. - -[4] See Dr. Gregory's Introduction to his Mechanics. Vol. II. - -I must now leave these remarks to persons having more means and leisure -than myself, to pursue the subject; wishing only, that _useful truth_ -may result from them: and that this unbelief of mine "in several special -kinds of friction," may at least be found to have _some_ reasonable -ground to rest upon. - -But I may be opposed in some of my statements by the fact, that friction -rollers, with centres, have been used with little advantage; and _often_ -laid aside. This I acknowledge; and go a step further. Friction is by no -means of so much consequence as it was once thought to be: and is _not_ -the source of the greatest defalcations that occur in the use of power. -Yet, to get rid of it, in some cases, would be of considerable -importance; and the subject deserves at least the attention of every -intelligent mechanician. - -Those who have used friction rollers, know that it is a thing of great -difficulty, to place their axes exactly parallel to _that_ which they -are intended to support: and even, if rightly placed at first, that a -small degree of abrasion, greater on one pivot than another, will soon -destroy that parallelism; and thus introduce a _growing_ friction, -capable, at length, of rendering the whole completely useless: for -although the original friction is _lessened_ by being transferred to a -slower-moving axis, yet the latter still resists in some degree, say 1/4 -of the whole; (its pivots being 1/4 of its whole diameter) so that the -cohesion, or something else, between the main shaft and the friction -roller, (thus resisted) must be sufficient to _drag round_ the latter, -against about 1/4 of the original friction; which in a word it cannot do -without some _relative_ motion between those surfaces, the friction -roller lagging behind the main shaft, until its own friction is overcome -by _another_. And thus it is, that a friction roller of this kind, does -not make so many revolutions on its pivots, as its diameter compared -with that of the main shaft, would imply; for example, if the shaft were -4 inches in diameter and the friction roller 8 inches, the latter would -_not_ complete one revolution against _two_ of the former. There would -thus remain a difference spent in _real_ friction, in addition to that -on the axis of the friction roller. Besides this, we have the want of -parallelism above mentioned; which occasions a rubbing, in the direction -of the shafts, small indeed in quantity, but for that reason very -_powerful_ in bringing on a change of form, and thereby hastening the -common destruction. Both these accidents, therefore, make friction -rollers, in general, an unsatisfactory and perishable expedient: and it -is to make them _less so_, if not entirely to cure these evils, that the -two following articles are designed. - -In fig. 6 of Plate 17, _A B_ is an axis which it is desirable to divest -of its _friction_. To do this, as nearly as may be, I connect with it -two rings of hard metal _C D_, formed as truncated cones; and under the -shaft, in the same vertical plane, I place two smaller shafts _E F_, -carrying on their tops, other two cones, similar to the former. The -summits of each pair of cones meet of course in the points _a b_ of the -main shaft; and, on the principle of bevel geer, every contiguous part -of the touching cones moves with the same velocity: so that there is no -sensible _rubbing_ between them--for, 1st. the pivots _c d_, are hard -and pointed, and run on the hardest _steps_ that can be obtained; and, -2ndly. the tendency of the cones _u_ toward each other, is repelled -without friction by the cylinders _e f_, attached to them, and which -_lean_ right and left against each other, turning with the same -velocity, without causing any friction, or any _creeping_, between the -two pairs of cones _e C_, and _f D_. All the weight therefore, of the -shaft _A B_, (which of course is kept in place in the other direction by -proper side cheeks, &c.) rests on the points of the vertical shafts _E -F_, accompanied by no sensible tendency of these points to quit the -places assigned to them. - - - OF - A SECOND MACHINE, - _To avoid or diminish Friction_. - -In Plate 17, figs. 7 and 8, offer a mechanism different from the -preceding, though intended to produce a similar effect. Referring to -_that_ cause of friction which consists in the want of parallelism -between a principal shaft and its friction rollers, I here introduce a -form for the latter, which admits of this consideration being in a -measure neglected. These friction rollers are only portions of -cylinders; and they have _no_ shafts. They turn simply on a sharp edge, -placed in a prismatic box _A B_, in a well formed angle of which, they -move to and fro, without _rubbing_. When at rest, these axes _D C D_, -(fig. 7 and 8) are drawn against the right hand side of the box, by -small weights _E_; and the shaft is carried by one or the other of them, -according as they are, or are not, within reach of its radius. Thus, in -the present position of the shaft, (see fig. 7) the second arc _C_ -supports it, the third having fallen behind the first, so as not to be -seen: and the first arc _D_ being on the point of taking up the load. In -short there are _six_ spaces, either _left_ or _cut_ on the shaft, -opposite the three arcs _D C D_. 1st. _one_ space, of 1/3 of the -circumference, left concentric with the real centre of the shaft, -opposite the first arc _D_, followed by 2/3 of a circumference _cut an -eighth of an inch lower_. 2ndly. another third of a circumference -opposite the second arc _C_, beginning where the first ends, and -followed by 2/3 of a circumference cut an eighth of an inch lower: and -3rdly, another space of 1/3 in circumference, opposite the arc _D_, -followed by a similar space of 2/3 cut an eighth of an inch lower. By -these means the shaft is never without _a concentric bearing_: and the -better to secure this property these arcs _left_, may be each of them -_more than one third of a circumference_ in length, so as to avoid the -least _drop_ at each change of roller; and even to give the shaft a -support from two rollers at once, during a good part of its revolution. - -In using this mechanism, the vessel _A B_, would be filled, to a certain -level, with oil or water, to prevent any blow from the returning -arcs--which latter might be made to fall on a lining of leather, to -avoid still further all commotion: and thus, even were these rollers not -placed _quite_ parallel to the shaft, this imperfection would be -corrected by the frequent _renewal_ of these movements, and the -consequent absence of _lateral_ friction between the arcs and the shaft. -It may be observed that either of the above methods of destroying -friction is not confined to the vertical direction: but may be so used -as to receive the pressure caused, in any direction, by the action of a -wheel or other agent. And with respect to the best use of each method -respectively, I would propose the former for light and swift motions, -and the latter for slow-going shafts, heavily laden: it being well -understood that the shafts must be kept in their places, in the less -essential directions, by proper steps, at the discretion of the person -who employs these Machines. - -Finally, I consider it as a matter of course, that _all_ the surfaces -coming into contact in these operations, should be _as hard and -impenetrable as possible_. For if, by neglecting this precaution, any -_change of form_ occurred, what is said above could not be practically -true: But these properties can be realized, with only those degrees of -hardness that are _often_ employed in the mechanical world. Thus _a die_ -of hardened steel, bears almost unimpaired, the strokes and pressure it -suffers in the coining-press. A chisel, _stands_ thousands of blows and -cuts hard metal, without sensibly giving way. The _knife-edges_ which -carry a heavy pendulum, suffer it to vibrate many years without wearing -out; and the fulcrums of scale-beams, bear enormous weights, for almost -an indefinite period, without any injurious effect. I request therefore, -that these facts, may be put into the scale, when my foregoing -statements are _tried_: whether as applied to these anti-attrition -machines, or to my late patent wheel work, _or both combined_: for I -foresee the use of these friction rollers, cut into teeth on that -principle, to insure the proportionality of their respective motions. - - - OF - AN EQUILIBRIUM COCK, - _To prevent abrasion and leakage_. - -In the common form of this useful instrument, no method seems to have -been devised for preventing the _plug_ from being _pressed aside_, by -the weight of the liquid: which provision nevertheless would have -diminished the wear and tear of the touching surfaces, and secured much -longer the perfection of the instrument. This property would be -particularly desirable in cocks which convey a fluid from a great -height; and still more so in those used for containing steam or any -other fluid under a _high_ pressure. I can hardly persuade myself that I -have stood so long alone in my ideas upon this subject; but not having -seen any thing _published_ on the subject, under a name implying the -above mentioned property, I venture to give this as my invention--which -indeed it is, even should other persons have pursued and embodied the -same idea. - -Fig. 9, 10 and 11 of Plate 17, represents one of the forms of this -equilibrium Cock. It consists of a square plug case or chamber _a b_, -with a hole _c d_ bored transversely through it, exactly across its -centre: and to this chamber is fixed by the flanches _e f_, the -bifurcated water-passage _g h_, forming one body at _i_. The plug of -this instrument admits of various forms and proportions; of which I -have shewn two in the figures 9 and 11. The first _m n_, receives the -fluid through the two openings _c d_, which correspond, in one position -of the plug, with the double water-passage before mentioned. And -further, the plug itself is bored lengthwise in its under end _n_, so as -to form the spout of the cock: or otherwise (see fig. 9) this spout is -taken in a double form from the _outer_ surface of the plug at _b a_, so -as to present two streams, thus producing, I think, an instrument of -somewhat greater solidity. All that seems important is, that whatever be -the pressure of the fluid from without, it be made _equal_ on both sides -of the plug, so as to occasion no friction between it and the chamber. -The principle is indeed so effectual, that one might distribute steam -pressure of the greatest strength or even gunpowder pressure, without -_much_ resistance to the operator, and without injuring the mechanism by -oft repeated action. - - - OF - A MACHINE - _To communicate and suspend Motion_. - -In Plate 19, figs. 3 and 4, shew this mechanism in two directions. It is -composed of two wheels _C D_, cut (or cast) into teeth of a peculiar -kind, that both _geer_ with one another, and at the same time, include -the chord or round strap _A B_, by which they are driven. These teeth -can be better represented by a figure than in words; and will I suppose -be understood from figures 3 and 4: They are divided, on the rim of each -wheel by a _space_ too small to admit a tooth of the other wheel: but -then, _every-other_ tooth is cut away in a sloping direction on each -side of the wheel, from the bottom of the tooth to its top on the -opposite side: so that while these teeth are working in each other they -offer two grooves, in the form of a V, which coming together surround -the chord and press it in four points, either to drive the wheels by the -cord, or to pull the chord by the wheels, according to the use it may be -wished to make of this mechanism. In fig. 4 the cord is seen at _A B_, -passing among the teeth of the wheels; and in fig. 3 it is shewn at _C_, -as a mere circle, in the centre of a lozenge formed by the teeth whose -points _now_ geer together. Fig. 5 is a sketch belonging to this -subject, which shews something of the manner of using this _round -strap_ as a _mover_: for by carrying it (either in a horizontal or -vertical plane) _by a line slightly curved_, from one machine to -another, it will drive them all and give the means of stopping any _one_ -at pleasure. Suppose then, _A B C D_ fig. 5, to be four machines placed -as above mentioned. If I wish to stop the machine _B_, I merely draw -back the pressure wheel _E_, and the cord ceases to lay hold on the -machine as shewn by the dotted line: but when I want to _set it on_ -again, I do it by bringing back the wheel _E_ to its present position. -And thus at a small expence, I could _geer_ a considerable factory, in a -way which I think as durable as it appears economical. The principal -objection, perhaps, is that this cord is liable to wear out soon, by -such incessant action; but then the pressure on it needs not be great; -and of friction properly speaking there is _very_ little: Besides which, -the cords would be made of a peculiar texture, perhaps of leather, sewed -edge to edge and covered like a whip, _by one of the machines I shall -bring forward hereafter_. - -It so happens that many of my Inventions are of a generic nature, and -thus apply to cases which, appearing different, have nevertheless some -common properties. The _rule of contraries_ especially applies to many -of them,--of which this is an example. It offers a good method of -driving a boat through a tunnel, or other confined space, either by the -force of steam or any convenient power. To this end a rope laid along -the side of such canal, and fixed at each end, or at several -intermediate points, might be led between a pair of wheels like those -above described; which duly turned, would drive the boat the distance -required with the least possible expence of _power_, and _without_ the -defect of agitating the water.--But I must not anticipate too much on my -intended subjects. - - - OF - A MACHINE - _To set on, and suspend, rapid Motions_. - -This Invention is under the protection of a Patent. It is applied to the -spindles of my spinning machinery called Eagles, from their analogy to -the machines named _Throstles_. It is in my opinion an excellent -machine; as it secures a mathematical equality of twist to _any_ number -of spindles from permitting the use of geering to turn them, which could -not have been done without some means of stopping a single spindle. This -mechanism (see Plate 19 fig. 1 and 2) consists of a toothed pinion _A_ -soldered to the box _B C_, (partly cut down in the figure to shew its -contents) and with it running loose on the lower part of the spindle _E -D_. In this box are placed two weights _M N_, like that _M_ fig. 2, -which both together, fill the box loosely, and, rising above it, are -pinned at _O P_ through the spindle. They are moreover kept from -quitting the latter by the ring shewn in section at _q q_, which holds -them _loosely_, yet prevents their flying away or hurting any one. When -now the spindle _E D_, turns swiftly, the centrifugal force of the two -weights _M N_, projects them from the centre as far as possible; and -they lay hold, by friction, of the cylindrical surface of the box _B C_, -and thus _keep_ the revolutions of the spindle to the same number of -turns per minute, as the pinion _A_ receives from the driving wheel. -But when the spindle is stopped and held by the fly as usual, then the -centrifugal force ceases to act, and the box _B C_ does _not_ wear out -much, by its further revolutions. And when as before, the spindle is -again let loose, _that_ friction which takes place on the bottom of the -box sets the spindle running again, when the centrifugal force comes to -its aid, so as to unite again the box and the spindle, thus renewing -that valuable property of all spinning machinery, the mathematical -correctness of its movements. - - - OF - A MACHINE - _For forging Screws, Beads, &c._ - -The effect which this Machine is intended to produce, is analogous to -several culinary or officinal processes that might be named. It is -called _rolling_: but not in the same sense in which that word is used -in manufactories, where _rollers_ form or modify the body acted on. Here -this body itself _rolls_ between two surfaces moving different ways and -receives from them the desired impressions, and this idea I have -extended to _screws_; proposing to _finish_ them on some metals and in -some dimensions; and to _rough them out_ in others. The Machine is -represented in figs. 6 and 7 of Plate 19, where fig. 7 shews the _faces_ -of the arcs _A B_ of fig. 6. By the form and connection of the arms _A -C_ and _B D_, these arcs move opposite ways: and since they are grooved -obliquely as shewn in fig. 7, if a prepared cylinder of soft metal _a_, -be put between them, and the handle _C_ be sharply pressed into the -position _A E_, the cylinder _a_ will be made to _roll_, and the grooves -of fig. 7 be impressed on it so as to meet and form the screw in -question. The only conditions are, that the arc _B A_ be at least equal -in length to the circumference of the screw, when finished; and that the -grooves (fig. 7) be rightly sloped, and have the _form_ intended to be -given to the threads of that screw. It will occur of course, that the -opening between the arcs at the point where the blank cylinder is -introduced, must be larger than the distance between the arcs by the -whole depth of the threads to be impressed: which therefore will begin -to be formed at two opposite points the moment the screw _a_ begins to -roll. This however, might and would be otherwise, if it were thought -best to form the arcs _A B_ spirally; and let the deepening process be -gradual: in which latter case another consideration would occur, namely; -that the grooves themselves (see fig. 7) must diverge a little instead -of being parallel, so as to permit the screw to lengthen as the pressure -should displace a part of the metal. In all cases the upper surface of -the grooves should be _milled_ so as to lay hold of the soft metal, and -insure the rolling motion: and should this material be hot-iron, the -stroke should be taken in an instant, and the machine be kept cool by -every proper method, in the intervals of working. - -I need not add that this rolling process would be still easier -performed, if the impressions to be made were circular and _not_ -oblique: such as beads, balls, &c. but these considerations I leave to -my readers. - - - OF - A DIFFERENTIAL STEEL-YARD, - _To weigh vast Weights with short Levers_. - -Plate 19, figs. 8 and 9, offers two representations of this Machine--one -intended to shew its manner of acting, and the other _one_ of its -practical forms. By means of the first, (fig. 8) we may compare it with -the common steel-yard; and even shew the latter as a part of the former. -If a weight, or load to be weighed _M_, were suspended to the arm _A B_, -and the counter-weight _W_, placed at the point _C_, of the arm _A C_, -we should have a common steel-yard whose power would be as 5 to 1: for -the arm _A B_ is just 1/5 of the arm _A C_, and this is the principle on -which steel-yards are commonly made. But instead of this, my steel-yard -_G E B D C H_ fig. 8, is now infinitely powerful: so much so indeed, as -to be infinitely useless. If millions of pounds were now to be suspended -at _P_, they would not raise the weight _W_ one tittle, for they hang -_entirely_ on the point of suspension _A_. But although the Machine is -_now_ useless, it can be altered in a moment and made both useful and -commodious; only I thought its principle would be the better understood -from being thus shewn _in excess_. To make it a useful and powerful -Instrument, I only move the hanging bar _D G_, to _a b_; and the bar _E -B_ to _c d_, the lever _b d_ being similar to that _E G_. In this state -of things, the whole load _P_ is found at the point _o_ of the lever _B -H_, (for the lever-arms _c o_ and _d e_, and those _e b_, and _a o_ are -equal) and the power of this steel-yard is as the line _A C_ to the line -_A o_; that is as 20 to 1, instead of being as 5 to 1 which it before -was. But this is not _yet_ a powerful Machine; being chiefly intended to -shew the principle on which it acts--and to prove that however small the -distance _A o_, that distance, dividing the arm _A C_, gives the real -power of the steel-yard. And supposing now the arm _A C_ to be four feet -in length, and the distance _a D_, _B c_, and _A o_, to be 1/10 of an -inch, then the power of the weight _w_ to raise (or weigh) the load _P_ -is as 48 inches to 1/10 of an inch, or as 480 to 1: so that if the -weight _w_ were 10lbs. this steel-yard would weigh 4800lbs. or upwards -of two tons; and it is easy to see that this power can be almost -indefinitely extended. - -Fig. 9 of this Plate shews a real steel-yard made on this principle; the -power of which, under its present length, is as 40 to 1. In this Machine -all the centres are fixed: and the load is suspended on knife-edges, the -distances of which from each other and from the common centres are -invariable--as they _must_ be in all instruments of this nature. - - - OF - A RETROGRAPH, - _Or a Machine to write backwards, for Engravers_. - -This Machine is exhibited in the two figures 10 and 11 of Plate 19. It -is composed of a straight ruler _A B_, having an exactly dove-tailed -mortice made along it, to receive the rollers, (or slides) by means of -which the parallelogram _C D E_ _F_ slides up and down in this mortice. -This parallelogram is composed of four rulers _C D_, _D E_, _E F_, and -_F C_, connected by cannons or tubes fixed to every-other arm: and on -which the contiguous rulers turn very correctly. Through which moreover, -in two cases, _F D_ the drawing pencils are introduced, and under which -in other two cases, _C_ and _E_, the guide rollers already mentioned are -nicely fixed by the screws on which they turn. This is seen by an -elevation in fig. 10, where _p_ marks one of these rollers, and _o q_ -the end of the ruler supposed fixed to the paper by proper blunt points, -&c. At _r_ is seen one of the tubes which form the joints _C_ and _E_: -and _r t_, are, one the writing pen, and one the retrographic style or -pencil. Fig. 11 is a plan of the whole Machine: where if the hand -guiding the pen _D_ goes upward, the tracer _F_ rises too. But if the -pen or hand _D_ moves to the right, the tracer moves to the left at the -same moment. In a word this is to write backward in the sense of -engravers, who thus write that their letters may proceed forward after -_one_ impression. - -If it were desirable to give the engraver the same facility he has in -the use of a pen, the tracer _t_, fig. 10, would be terminated above as -a hollow conical cup, into which he would introduce a pointed style held -as a pen. In this case the tracer _t_, would be made as short or _low_ -as possible, to bring the style so much the nearer to the paper; and -thus to prevent all anomalous movements. - - - OF - AN EYE MACHINE, - _Or Machine for making the Eyes of Hooks and Eyes_. - -If it were enquired why this Machine is offered to the public without -the Hook Machine; the answer would be, this only is _finished_: and it -is wished to present nothing here that admits even a doubt of its -utility. The drawings given in Plate 20, figs. 1, 2 and 3, are more -intended to be useful in the construction of this Machine than complete -in _appearance_: so that nothing has been done by way of shading, but -what it was thought would the better distinguish the parts from each -other, and facilitate their assemblage in one effective Machine. The -Machine consists first of a slide _A B_, (worked by a lever-handle, a -crank, or any proper first motion.) It glides between two cheeks _C D_, -(see the _end_ view in fig. 1) connected with the several parts about to -be mentioned. This slide is marked _A B_ in all the three figures. It -carries (by means of the screws _a b_, coming through the slits _c d_, -in the main Plate _E F_) a plate _g_, the chief use of which is to -support a tumbler _e_, whose use is to throw the eye, when made, from -the machinery: which tumbler is kept to its work by the spring _i_, as -will be further explained presently. This slide itself has a peculiar -form at the end _B_, (fig. 2) which is shewn by dotted lines at _c d_ in -fig. 1. It is a slit, with the corners rounded off for the purpose of -working the springs _now_ to be described. These springs _m n_, (see -fig. 2) are fixed to a _cock_, itself screwed behind the main plate: and -they come through the latter to the _left-hand-ends_ of the small curved -mortices seen (with the springs) at _m n_ fig. 1. The slide _A B_ then, -with its forked end shewn by the dotted lines at _c d_, is destined to -take the springs _m n_ and carry them to _r s_, where they are _now_ -seen surrounded by the eye _almost_ formed: for in this motion these -springs take the wire (shewn by the lines dotted _across_ the Machine -and previously _cut_ by the sheers _u_) and meeting with the obstacles -_t v_, being the thicker parts of the clams _t v w_, they bend it into -the form _r s_--when the screws _a b_ lay hold of the sloping ends of -the clams _c t w v d_, and squeeze them together; by which operation the -hooks _t v_ finish the _eye_, by rolling its two ends round the springs -_m n_ now in the position _r s_. Where note, that the slit _c d_ of the -slide _A B_ is so formed as, when it has carried these springs _m n_ to -_r s_, to slide forward without doing any thing more to them, while -closing the clams. It performs, however, some other less important -operations, to which it is now necessary to allude: among other things -this slide works the sheers _u_ that cut the wire, and _that_, by means -of the doubly wedged hook _x_, which goes back with the plate _G_, doing -nothing: but which by the action of its springs fixed at _a_, falls -_under_ the sloping end of the sheers _u_; and, when the slide, by the -screw _b_, carries it to the right hand, raises the end _x_ of the -sheers _u_, and cuts the wire near _v_, to prepare it for the operations -already described. The part _y_ in the two figs. 1 and 2, is the other -cheek of the sheers fixed by screws to the main plate, and covered by a -small plate _z_, in which a _nick_ is cut to form a passage for the -wire, and present it to the sheers, that they may cut it to the proper -length, after having directed it right across the springs _r s_, then -placed by their elasticity at _m n_. It hardly need be added that a -_stop_ is placed at _o_, to determine the length of the wire so as to -form the eye complete, and not to admit more wire than is sufficient; -all which is regulated between the sheers and the _stop_, by proper -adjusting screws, which it is very easy to suppose or supply. - -Fig. 3 is intended chiefly to shew the mechanism by which the eye, when -finished, is thrown off the pin round which it is bent by the springs _m -n_. It consists of a _tumbler_ _e_, placed in a mortice in the end of -the plate _g_, and kept to a given position by the pressure of the -spring _i_. When the slide _A B_ is carried forward, toward _E_, to -perform the operations already noticed, this tumbler _e_, gives way to -the angle _G_ of the _doffing lever_ _m G_, (this lever being shewn also -between _c m_ & _d n_ in fig. 1) and rides towards _m_ without producing -any effect either on the plate _G_ or the lever _m G_: but when it has -once passed the said angle _G_, it cannot go again toward _F_ without -depressing smartly the end _G_ of that lever, and thereby raising the -end _m_, thus starting the eye from the stud _m_, round which it had -been bent by the processes above described. - -At the right of fig. 1 near _F_, is an object, the use of which is too -evident to need description. It is a double spring for the purpose of -keeping the _hooks_ _c t w v d_ pressed against the pins, near _t v_, -which determine the position of the said hooks; and the degree of _bend_ -first given to the wire by passing the points _t v_. - -There are some less important parts and operations left undrawn, in -order to prevent confusion in the figures: but they are such as would -strike any person having the above under his eye. In a word I have done -what I thought best to aid the construction of this Instrument:--which -is represented at two thirds of its natural size--but whose dimensions, -of course, would vary with that of the objects to be produced by it. - - - OF - A VENTILATOR, - _Rotatory yet by pressure_. - -By this title I wish to distinguish this Ventilator from all such as act -by the mere centrifugal force of the air: and to make this distinction -the more palpable, I would add that _this_ Machine acts like a pump, -that is by means of a space alternately contracted and expanded, into -which the air enters, and from which it is expelled _by force_ as water -is from a pump. The means are the following: _A B_ (fig. 4 of Plate 20) -is a hollow cylinder, of a diameter proportioned to the effect wanted to -be produced. _C_ is a cylinder closed at both ends, which fills that -just mentioned as far as the length goes, excepting _a play_ of about -1/8 of an inch. This interior cylinder revolves in the former; but _not_ -on its own centre. It revolves on an axis _E_ eccentric to itself, but -exactly concentric with the outer cylinder _A B_. The centre therefore, -of the inner cylinder _C_, describes a circle within the outer one, -which is always parallel to its circumference. On the axis _of motion_ -of this cylinder _C_, and outside of that _A B_, are fixed two cranks _E -F_ fig. 5, which exactly reach from its centre of motion to its centre -of figure: so that whatever circle the latter describes _in_ the large -cylinder, the former describe the same line _without it_. And hence any -slide or valve _D_, driven by these cranks, will always touch, or be -equally near, the circumference of that interior cylinder _C_. The valve -_D_ then, worked by the bars _G_ from without, forms a constant -separation between the right and left hand parts of the _lunular_ space -left between the fixed and moveable cylinders; and if the latter turns -from _C_ by _B_ to _D_, the right hand space _C B G_ is the _plenum_, -and the left hand space _C A D_ is the vacuum of this Instrument; or in -other words the air will flow _in_, through the passage _H_, and flow -_out_ through the passage _I_: and by a contrary motion of _C_, it would -do the contrary--but I prefer the first process because any pressure -within the valve _D_ is not liable, then, to press the valve upon the -drum _C_, and produce contact and friction; which in the second case it -might do. Suffice it to add, that the quantity of air displaced at each -revolution of _C_ round its centre of motion, is the difference between -the area of the drum _C_ and that of the cylinder _A B_: and that its -quantity at each part of the revolution is proportionate to the -curvilinear triangle _G B_, multiplied by the length of either cylinder. - -In the prospectus, this Machine was said to be good as "a gas meter," -which I still think it is. For such a purpose however, _friction and -eccentricity of weight_ should be obviated, by placing the axis _E_, _in -a perpendicular position_: when I doubt not it would measure flowing gas -better than many of the machines that have been proposed for that -purpose. - - - OF - A COMBINATION OF WHEELS - _To raise Water_. - -This _mode_ of raising water in its simplicity, is I think called the -Persian wheel. The buckets hang upon centres, dip in the _under_ water, -fill themselves there, and by meeting an obstacle above which turns the -buckets aside, they empty themselves into the upper _back_, from which -the water is conveyed to the general reservoir prepared for it. This -present Machine is such an extension of the above principle as to make -it applicable to considerable degrees of elevation, and to many -situations where a single wheel would be of no service. Having observed -that in every _train of wheels_, the circumferences of any two wheels, -have motions _towards_ each other, as well as _from_ each other; I -perceived that, in a vertical train, this circumstance might be laid -hold of to compose a machine for raising water. Be therefore, (Plate 21, -fig. 1) _A B C D_ four of a set of wheels thus intended: on the left of -the lowest wheel the buckets move _upward_, as indicated by the arrow; -while those at _B_ move downward, coming thus to meet the former. The -buckets _A_ are full, and those _B_ are empty; and as the latter, by the -motions of the _equal_ toothed wheels on which they are hung will -infallibly meet the former, and even plunge into them at _I K_ and _L_, -it is only to put a _clack_ of leather or a valve, in the bottom of -_all_ the buckets, and we have a machine that will raise water to the -top-most wheel, be it ever so high, and there the water will be poured -out into the vessel _M_, as in the common Persian wheel above alluded -to. On this principle the first change of buckets will take place at -_I_; where the lower bucket belonging to the wheel _B G_ will take the -water from the upper bucket of the wheel _A H_; when the bucket _I_ will -go down, nearly empty, by _H_ and fill itself again in the under water; -But the bucket of the wheel _B G_ having now _got_ the water, will rise -by _G_ to _K_, where another bucket belonging to the wheel _C F_ will -come empty, and plunging itself into _that_, take its water and go -upward by way of _C_ to _L_, where a similar change will take place and -the water from _L_ will rise by _E_ to _M_, into which vessel it will be -poured by the _canting_ of the bucket as seen in the figure. Thus it -appears that any number of toothed wheels geering together, surrounded -with buckets _valved_ at bottom, and receiving power from any one of -their number, will raise simply and effectually a quantity of water _not -small_ in proportion to the power employed, and by means that promise -great durability to the Machine. - - - OF - AN ECCENTRIC BAR PRESS, - _For clearing wetted goods of Water_. - -This press (see Plate 21, fig. 2) is indefinitely powerful. It was -invented for the use of my late beloved brother, then contractor with -government for cleansing the sea bedding. It is composed of a centre -piece _A_, strongly fixed to a post in the ground, the bars _A B_ _A C_ -being suspended above it, so as to remain horizontally moveable, while -describing 1/4 of a revolution round the general centre _A_. The -blankets (or other goods) are put into the space _s_, (on a net nailed -_under_ the bars) while in the position _A B_; and the whole is then -thrown with force towards _B C_; the length _A C_ being so calculated as -to cease pressing at the desired moment: for such is the _power_ of this -Machine, even without this projectile force, that were the stress not -moderated, nothing could remain whole under its operation. It is clear -however, that, when this operation _begins_ at _s_, the relative motion -of the jaws _s_ and _B_ is assignable, and even visible, as shewn by the -dotted circles; but as the whole approaches toward _B C_ that relative -motion becomes insensible, the circles parallel, and consequently the -power infinite: which is all I shall say on the theory of this Machine. - - - OF - A COLOUR MILL, - _For Calico Printers_. - -This Machine is delineated in fig. 3 of Plate 21. It has several -properties which I think important in the process of grinding colours, -either in a wet state or a dry. It consists of a frame _A B_, which has -a hollow centre, through which the axis of the bevel wheel _C D_ is -brought in such manner as to geer with the bevel pinion _P_, in whatever -position the frame _A B_ may be placed. The axis of the pinion _P_ -carries a vessel _of which_ _E F G_ _is a section_, and in which rolls a -well turned and heavy ball _H_, _upon_ the colour to be ground: which it -crushes in the line of direction of its centre, and to a greater or -lesser _width_ according to the diameter of the ball, as compared with -the section of the groove _E G_, in which it rolls. Now as the motion of -the vessel _E G F_, is oblique to the perpendicular, the contact between -it and the ball does _not_ take place in any great circle of the latter: -but is constantly varying by a twist in its motion dependent upon the -angle of the vessel's inclination to the horizon. From hence arises the -_impossibility_ of any colour remaining on the ball unground: and in -order likewise, that none may remain uncrushed in any part of the vessel -_E F G_, the frame _A B_ gives it constantly new positions, _one_ of -which is represented by the dotted lines _I K_: where it is seen that -the ball bears on a different line of the vessel's bottom than it did -before. This also adds still greater change of action to the ball -itself, and occasions (taking both these properties together) an -unbounded variety of effect, which necessarily brings every particle of -colour under the ball by the mere continuance of motion: and thus grinds -it all without any care on the part of the attendants. It may be added, -that this vibrating motion of the frame _A B_, is easily made to result -from an eccentric stud and proper connecting rods behind the frame; all -which is too easy to require further description. - - - OF - A DYNAMOMETER, - _Or a second Machine to measure power & resistance in motion_. - -In Plate 21 fig. 4, there is a representation of this Instrument. It is -composed of a frame _A B_, containing a strong shaft _C D_, on which are -placed the three following objects. First, a fixed pulley _E_, working -by a strap, the Machine whose resistance is to be measured. 2ndly, a -loose pulley _F_, receiving the power from the _mover_ whatever it be. -And 3rdly, a barrel _G_, which is the acting pulley, when the strap is -put on it from _F_ in the common method. But this barrel _G_ acts by -means of a barrel-spring within it, which is hooked by one end to the -boss of the shaft, and the other to the rim of the barrel, as is usual -for barrel-springs in general. Now the power produces the desired motion -by coiling this spring to the necessary degree: and to make that degree -_visible_, there is fixed to this barrel _G_ a spiral _s_, which as the -spring bends, drives _outward_ the stud _t_, and with it the _finger_ -_v_, which, pointing to the graduated scale, shews at once the number of -pounds with which the spring acts on the shaft _C D_ to turn it. By -these means the stress on the straps and on the Machine turned is known; -of which also the velocity is easily determined by counting the number -of revolutions performed by either of the pulleys _E F G_, which are -alike in diameter. - - * * * * * - -In ending the first part of this work, I gave my readers room to expect -_this part_ "within three months," and am happy now to fulfil that -engagement. Although these pages contain fewer errors than the -former--an apology is due for those that have crept in: to which I add -the promise that every thing shall be done to lessen them further in the -future parts, and wholly to correct them before the work closes. - - Page 100, line 2, for ":", read ::; - " 126, " 4, " "on its surface" read at its pitch line. - " 126, " 17, " "its height _f g_," read the length required. - " 129, " 16, " "2," read 4, - " " " 20, " "imperfect," read homely. - " 144, " 7, take away "_alone_." - " " " 8, for "usually" read chiefly. - " 146, " 23, for "the friction," read it. - " 147, " 1, for "nothing," read little or nothing. - In fig. 7 of Plate 19, slope the groove of both _faces_ the same way. - - * * * * * - -A few words seem wanting to complete the description of the Cutting -Engine above given. They relate principally to the cutter-frame and -cutters. Although, with a view to celerity, I have shewn the cutter -_out_ of the frame (fig. 4) yet a common frame, carrying the arbor on -points, may be used with propriety; and would often be an eligible -substitute for the frame above described. In cutting bevel wheels -however, either on this Machine or that to be described, there is a form -of the cutter frame which leaves less freedom of choice, as the cutter -itself _must_ have a peculiar form and position. To return to the cutter -for spur wheels, their form (or section) depends on the degree of -_finish_ which the wheels require. For _rough_ work they may be -cylindrical on the face, the sides being _under cut_, so as to leave -them thickest at the circumference--whence a certain coarseness of cut -ensues, but without _any injury_ to the spiral form. But, generally -speaking, the cutters are best, when made a little tapering towards the -edge, and toothed on both sides as well as on the circumference. The -teeth should be tolerably fine, but not very so, unless great -_smoothness_ of surface were required: and we have seen above that, in -this System, great smoothness is very seldom necessary, _provided the -obliquities be correct_. I may add, that those cutters used on common -engines, whose great rapidity compensates for the small number of their -teeth, would not answer here, on account of the twisting motion in the -wheel. But nothing prevents using cutters, so formed on the sides, as to -round off the teeth in the act of cutting--only the cutter must be so -thin as that its thickness, added to the aforesaid twist, may not make -the _spaces_ too wide. A little observation will render these things -familiar to an attentive observer: nor shall this work conclude before -all that I have gathered from long observation on this subject, be fully -known to my readers. - - J. W. - - _5, Bedford-street, Chorlton Row,_ - - _20th. November, 1822._ - - - - - PART THIRD. - A NEW CENTURY OF - Inventions. - - -It has been observed and regretted by a well-known writer, that "a -periodical work resembles a public carriage--which _must_ depart at the -usual hour, whether full or empty;"--and having undertaken to deliver -_this_ work at stated periods, I have found myself in a situation not -unsimilar: the consequence of which has been a too cursory view of some -of the subjects. I feel however, that _this_ is not a sufficient apology -for any essential defect: nor would it be more so to say that, although -verging to old age, I am still a young author. Yet I may claim the -privilege of supplying, in the latter parts of the work, what is most -deficient in the former; and thus of proving that I do not intentionally -neglect any thing that might make it practically useful. - -With these views I commence this third _part_: intending first to -continue the description of the Cutting Engine given at page 121, _and -here applied to Bevil Wheels_; and then to re-consider, shortly, one or -two other objects, that were too rapidly passed over in their proper -places. - -Plate 22, repeats at fig. 1, the first figure of Plate 15; by way of -shewing the additions required to extend this method of cutting teeth, -to Bevil Wheels. These additions are _first_, a disk _n n_, -concentrically fixed to the main axis _A B_ of the engine. And, -_second_, an inclined plane _o_, of _variable_ obliquity, connected by -a joint with the _forked_ sliding bar _p q_, by which the plane _o_ is -put in contact with the disk, at whatever distance the cutter-stand _e -f_ may be from the common centre, _which distance_ depends, of course, -on the diameter of the wheel to be cut; and to secure which is the -office of the fixing screw _r_, in the figure. - -It is now evident that for the disk _n n_, and the shaft _A B_ to rise, -the slide _p q_ and the cutter-stand _e f_ must recede: and _this_ more -or less according to the degree of obliquity of the inclined plane _o_, -that is according to the slope of the _bottom_ of the teeth in the wheel -_w_: see the dotted line _w p_. - -A circumstance presents itself, that should be here explained: when the -bevil of the wheel _w_, or the cone of which the wheel is a part, is -very obtuse, the cutter-stand _e f_, can not be driven back by the -action of the disk _n n_ on the plane _o_, without too great a stress -being applied from below, to the axis _A B_. (See the apparatus _I M O -N_, Plate 16, fig. 2.) In this case therefore, the handle _R_ is not -used: but a weight is suspended to the end _N_ of the lever _M N_, -sufficient to give the whole System _A B_, a tendency _to rise_; and the -operator now acts on the screw _g_, so as to draw back the plane _o_; by -which motion the disk _m n_ with it's axis _A B_ is _suffered_ to move -upward, and the wheel is cut, as desired. But on the other hand when the -wheels are portions of _acute_ cones, they are cut by means of the -aforesaid handle; by which the plane _o_ and the cutter-stand are -_forced_ backward as before intimated. - -We proceed now to describe the perpendicular part of the cutter stand _e -f_; which is made double, as shewn at _i k_ in fig. 4 of Plate 15; and -is also perforated at various heights to receive the bolt which forms -the centre of motion of the arm _m u_, the latter having a cylindrical -boss _u_, fitted into the _fork_ of the stand _e f_, and so graduated as -to determine the angle of it's obliquity to the horizon, or it's -parallelism to the dotted line _w p_, which indicates the slope of the -bottom of the teeth on the wheel. Finally, the cutter-frame _x_ is -fastened to this arm at right angles to it, and thus forms a right angle -(or nearly so) with the surface of the wheel: and is, moreover, directed -to the centre, produced, of the shaft _A B_. This latter fact is -strictly true, only when the teeth required are of so common a kind as -_not_ to require greater exactness: for in theory the sides of the -cutter (supposed cylindrical) must alternately direct to that -centre--namely, _that_ side which is actually cutting: so that a -provision must be made to shift the cutter spindle sideways, a distance -equal to it's diameter; this being no more than what is necessary in -every system of wheel cutting. - -We may also consider here, the form of the cutter itself, _v_, fig. 1. -It is slightly conical, (more or less so according to it's use) and of -no greater diameter than the smallest width of the _spaces_ between the -teeth of the wheel. A common disk-like cutter would not produce perfect, -nor even tolerable teeth on a bevil wheel. The reason of this will -appear by considering that a spiral line, either on a cone or it's base, -_turns_ more the further it is from the centre, and less the nearer it -comes to it. So that a _flat_ cutter placed at _any_ angle, is parallel -to the curve at _one_ place only; whence the propriety of using a cutter -of the kind represented in this figure. It is however true, that the -first opening of the spaces may be made with a common cutter; but it -should be very thin comparatively with the spaces required: and it's cut -would serve only as a _sketch_ of such space, serving principally to -permit the metal to escape while finishing the teeth with the cutter -just described. - -I proceed now to the examination of _the plates_, and the manner of -adapting their length to the process of cutting _spiral teeth on bevil -wheels_. But before entering on this subject, I would explain a kind of -inadvertency into which I fell at the close of my former description of -this Engine (see page 129). In my zeal to be candid in stating the -properties of my Machines, I have suffered it to _appear_ that I thought -this an "imperfect" one:--an expression which, although modified among -the errata, may still cause it to be looked upon as radically defective; -than which nothing could be further from the idea I wished to convey. I -intended merely to express the want of _absolute_ connection between the -two movements of the shaft--the rotatory and longitudinal motions. I -meant that the process by this Machine was not theoretically _certain_, -because dependent on the action of a weight (Plate 16, fig. 1 and 2) and -an _unforced obedience_ to the direction of the plates. But this small -remove from rigourous principle is in my opinion _much_ overballanced by -the facility of cutting _good wheels of all diameters_, by the sole -change of a morsel of tin, which leaves untouched every other part of -the Engine. - -Entering then on this branch of the subject, I first observe that if we -chuse for the teeth an inclination of 15 degrees (in imitation of the -cylindrical wheels) it can only be for one point of such wheels--as -observed above. This point therefore I have placed at _r_ in the middle -of the face. And supposing now that at this point the wheel _O_ were 4 -inches in diameter and the wheel _S_ two inches, these plates would be -found as before by these analogies: - -(1) _wr_, or 2 inches : 11 inches (rad. of plate rim) :: 26.8 : 294.8/2 -= 147.4 plate required. - -(2) _vr_, or 1 inch : 11 inches (rad. of plate rim) :: 26.8 : 294.8/1 = -294.8 2d. plate required. - -But it is plain that the conical face, _b C_, (common to both wheels) is -_broader_ than the supposed cylindrical ones _b e_ and _b d_: and -therefore that the above plates must be made longer (to furnish the said -obliquity) in the following proportions, namely: for the wheel _O_ in -the ratio of _b e_ to _b C_; and for the wheel _s_ in that of _b d_ to -_b C_: that is, these plates should be lengthened as the tabular -cosines of the angles _B A C_ and _D A C_ to radius (for _b e_ : _b C_ :: -_A B_ : _A C_; and _b d_ : _b C_ :: _A D_ : _A C_.) Thus then, - -(1) Cos. 63°27´ : radius :: 147.4 (present plate) : required plate _x_, = -147.4 r/Cos. 63°27´; and - -(2) Cos. 26°33´ : radius :: 294.8 (present plate) : required plate _y_, = -294.8 r/Cos. 26°33´. - -Now, by the tables, cosine 26°33´ = 894, and cosine 63°27´ (it's -complement) = 447, when radius is 1000: whence dividing the two -equations by _r_, and substituting these values of cosines 63°27´ and -26°33´ we shall find the two quantities _x_ and _y_, _equal_. Whence it -appears that for every _pair_ of bevil wheels, whose shafts lie at right -angles, _the same plate serves for both wheels_: only turning it once to -the right, and once to the left hand on the plate rim. - -And if now we _measure_ on a scale of _equal_ parts, the line _A r_ and -call it 100, we shall find the line _w r_ (near enough for practice) to -be 90, and the line _v r_ to be 45, and these numbers respectively, put -for rad. for cos. 26°33´, and for cos. 63°27´, will make the first -equation _x_ = 147.4 × 100/45 and _y_ = 294.8 × 100/90 or _x_ = 327.55 -and _y_ = 327.55, &c. confirming the above deduction that the _same -plate_ serves for both wheels; and giving, withal, the length of the -plate required. - -In performing this operation by actual measurement of the lines, I have -had in view to trace a path for those of my readers who may not have -the tables, or may be unaccustomed to use them. The process, generally, -is to take the diameter of any bevil wheel _O_ fig. 4, in the middle of -it's face; and _supposing_ it a spur wheel, to find it's plate by the -method above given: and then to multiply the length of that plate by the -line _A r_ and divide the product by the line _A w_, both measured on -the same scale of equal parts. - -It may be well to observe, likewise, that the same method of finding the -plates, applies to bevil wheels of every description or angle: but that -it does not give equal plates for every _pair_, except in the above case -of wheels placed at right angles to each other. - -I would just remark that by the figure near _B_, is shewn a _section_ of -the Machine on which I centre the wheels to be cut on this Engine. It is -an inverted cup _s t_, into which the _arbor_ is screwed in a _true_ -position; and this cup is fixed on the top of the shaft _A B_, by the -_three_ pressure screws near _s t_, which enter a triangular neck made -round the shaft, against the _upper_ slope of which, the screws press so -as to draw the cup downward in the act of centering it. This I say is my -present method; but it is in a measure accidental, the shaft not having -been perforated to receive arbors of the usual kind. Mine, however, have -their utility in the ease with which they are varied in size, and -changed on the Machine: but on their _comparative_ usefulness I give no -opinion. The other is the most solid method. - -In the description of my differential Steel-yard, (see page 163) I -stated that the load _P_ was wholly collected in the point _o_; and that -dividing the line _A C_ by the line _A o_, the power of the Machine was -known. But I should have shewn that this line (_A o_) is _equal to one -half the difference between the arms_ _A D_ _and_ _A E_. To do this, -here, (see Plate 23, fig. 4) I take the Machine in the state of infinite -power, before mentioned; and observe, that in moving the point of -suspension from _o_ towards _A_, I at once _lengthen_ the arm _A E_, and -_shorten_ the arm _A D_: by which process, (supposing each arm to have -been called _a_) that which I lengthen by any quantity _d_ becomes _a_ + -_d_, and that which I shorten by the same quantity becomes _a_ - _d_, -and the difference of these quantities, is 2_d_: so that the line _A o_ -is in reality one half the difference between the two arms _A D_ and _A -E_ as was required to be shewn. - -But we may go a step further: The two arms of the equibrachial lever _x -y_ may likewise be made _unequal_: and the line _s a_ be subdivided in -any ratio: which division will augment still more the power of this -Machine. If for example, we hang the load on the point _v_, halfway -between _a_ and _s_, that power will be doubled; for the line _c v_ -(representing the space moved through by the load in this case) is only -one half of _that_ _w s_, or _o q_, and might be still less at pleasure. -Thus the whole power of the Machine is _now_ found by dividing the -length of the long arm, beyond _D_, by the line _a v_, instead of the -former line _A o_, or dividing the _motion_ of it's extremity upward, by -the line _c v_, the motion downward, of the load _P_. - -It has been further suggested, that the description of my excentric Bar -Press was not sufficiently explicit. I have therefore added the figure 2 -of Plate 22, to assist in elucidating that description. I had, perhaps -made an undue use of the principle of virtual velocities by saying, too -concisely, (page 174) that "as the whole approaches toward _B C_, the -relative motion (of the cheeks _s_ and _B_) becomes insensible, the -circles parallel, and consequently, the power infinite." It is however -_vulgarly_ said that _power_ cannot be gained without losing -_time_--which implies that if time _is_ lost, power will be gained: and -the principle of virtual velocities says the same thing, though in more -appropriate terms--that if a small movement be given to a system of -bodies actually counterpoising each other, the quantity of motion with -which one body ascends, and the other descends perpendicularly, will be -equal: so that, as remarked in page 50, by "whatever means a slow motion -is obtained, dependent on that of a moving force, the power is great in -the same proportion." Now, in the eccentric Bar Press, (see fig. 2) this -is so in an eminent degree: for when the bars are in the position _A B_, -the distance of the cheeks is equal to _B s_; and they must move, -circularly, as far as _A f_, to bring them closer to each other by the -quantity _s a_: dividing therefore, the distance _B g_ by the line _s -a_, we find (near enough for practice) the power of the Machine within -the limits _A g B_. It is nearly as 10 to 1. In like manner this power -at _A e g_, is equal to the arc _e g_ divided by the line _f b_; and at -_A l n_ to the arc _l n_ divided by the line _d k_, namely by the -difference of the lines _k l_ and _m n_. From the above it appears that -the _nearing_ motion of the cheeks of the press, becomes slower and -slower as the bars _A_ and _C_ come nearer to the point _C_: insomuch -that the difference between the lines _m n_ and _o p_ is nearly -imperceptible, and _that_ between the lines _o p_ and _C q_ entirely so. -But according to the above process, the distance _p C_ should be divided -by this _imperceptible line_, to find the power of the press at the -point _C_; which therefore is _immense_. Another proof of this may be -drawn from the supposition (see fig. 3) that the small lever _a d_ is -turned round the centre _o_ by a bar _o C_ fixed to it, and of equal -length with the line _A C_ fig. 2. Fig. 3 shews that the lines or bars -_C d_, and _a C_ are moved endwise by the _circular_ action of the -points _a_ and _d_; and therefore (by statics) their motion is the same -as though caused by the perpendiculars _b o_ and _o c_ let down from the -centre _o_, on each of them. Hence the power of this Machine is found by -dividing the distance _o C_ by the sum of the lines _b o_ and _o c_; -which sum (when these lines _vanish_ by the union of the bars over the -centre) becomes infinitely small: the quotient of which division -therefore is infinitely great--as was to be shewn. - - - OF - A PUNCH MACHINE, - _For Engravers to Calico Printers_. - -The usual method of making Punches for engraving Copper Cylinders, -(otherwise than by the _milling_ system) is to _cut_ the desired pattern -on _a die_, and then to transfer that pattern by blows or pressure to -the punch, from which it is again transferred to the cylinder. My -Machine in this operation, unites motion to the needful pressure; and -thus renders the result more easy and complete. This effect I could the -better ensure, because the surfaces of _my_ punches are essentially -convex, or rather cylindrical; as will appear when my engraving Machine -comes to be described. Their convexity however, can be diminished at -pleasure--whence this Machine is capable of offering useful assistance -to a maker of flat punches. - -In Plate 23, _A B_ fig. 1 and 2, is the body of the Machine, with the -vibrating bar _C D_ laid upon it; reposing especially on the correct and -level parts of the body at _a b_; this bar contains the _die_ _c_, with -which it vibrates between the cheeks _B R_, as impelled by the screws _E -F_, it's centre of motion being the pin _P_, duly supported by the -strong shoulder _A_. In a line with the bar _C D_, is placed a second -_vibrator_ _G_, containing the steel _d_, that is to become a punch, -already rounded into the cylindrical shape it must have when finished. -This vibrator has it's centre of motion at _e_ fig. 1, and it need not -be added that the curvature of the punch depends on it's distance _e d_ -from that centre: for the centre of the long bar _C D_ is _so_ distant -as to have little influence on it's formation. Further, the cap or -bridge _H I_, which furnishes a centre for the smaller vibrator _G_, can -be brought forward to any useful position by the nuts _K L_: that cap -sliding horizontally between the cheeks _M N_ as directed by the small -_arms_ _m n_. This motion, then, taken from the nuts _K L_, serves to -impress the _work_ of the die on the steel prepared for the punch; and -this being done to a _first_ degree, both the handles _O Q_, are laid -hold of: and by turning the screws the same way one of them goes forward -and the other recedes, until the punch and die have been in contact over -half their surface. At this moment both screws are turned backward, and -the motions of the two vibrators reversed: by the repetition of which -alternate motions accompanied by the needful pressure, the whole pattern -is transferred from the _die_ to the punch--when the latter is taken out -of the Machine, and _filed up_ in the usual method. - -It should be observed, that the smaller vibrator _G_ can be displaced -with ease when the nuts _K L_ are withdrawn: and this should be -frequently done to examine the progress of the impression. Nor is there -any difficulty in re-entering the figures. In a word, the perfection of -this process depends more on _much_ motion than on violent pressure: -whence this facility of re-entering is a desirable property. This -Machine is usually laid on a bench or tressel, with a long mortice in -it, into which the feather _x_ of this Machine enters so as to be firmly -fixed. - - - OF - A DIFFERENTIAL PUNCH MACHINE - _For Engravers_. - -I was the rather induced to attend a second time to the differential -Steel-yard, because I had it in contemplation to apply that principle to -the present purpose; since, to make flat punches, is to some engravers a -more desirable thing than to make cylindrical ones. I am not fully -persuaded that it is even possible to transfer a large pattern, from a -flat die to a flat punch, by _any_ pressure acting simultaneously on the -whole surface. In those cases, if there is much _work_, the whole -surface _goes_ _down_; and the parts that form the pattern do not -_rise_. But, all that can be done in this case, is, I believe, feasible -by the Machine now to be described. - -Plate 23, gives in fig. 3 and 4, a representation of this Machine; _A B_ -and _C D_, are two _slides_, having wedge-formed ends above _A_ and -below _D_, well made, well steeled, and well tempered. One of these -slides contains the _die_ and the other the steel prepared for the punch -(see _B C_). These wedge-ended slides are _embraced_ by two levers _E -F_, _G H_, which are themselves connected by two stirrups _I K_ and _L -M_, better shewn at fig. 3. These latter are supposed in fig. 4 to be -broken at _L M_, to leave the levers _E F_ and _G H_ more visible. They -are formed, at the turning below, into wedge-like edges _a b_; well -hardened, that clip the _nicks_ _c d_ of the lower lever: and at the top -of the Machine their arms _e f_, pass through the caps _m n_, above -which they are _nutted_ like a common bolt, and made to press strongly -on the main lever _E F_. The stirrup placed to the right hand, presses -in particular, by it's cap _n_, on the moveable _step_ _o_, exactly in -the notch _q_: this step having a backward and forward motion -communicated by the regulating screw _p_. Before beginning to use this -Machine, I make all it's arms _A E_, _A g_, _D e_, _D d_, equal, when -it's power (see page 162) is infinite; and to put it in a working state, -I turn the screw _p_ backward, say one half round: which motion (if the -screw has 20 threads to the inch) makes a difference in the two arms _A -r_ and _A q_ of 1/40 of an inch, and the virtual centre of the Machine -is therefore 1/80 of an inch from the former point _A_, that is from the -_edge_ of the slide _A_ in this fig. 3. Supposing now, the whole working -lever _E F_ to be 3 feet, and the workman's force to be 100lbs. in each -arm, then by displacing the lever to any proper distance from _F_ -towards _f_, he will produce a pressure between the die and the punch of -200lbs. multiplied by 1440, the number of times that 1/80 of an inch is -contained in 18 inches.--That is, a pressure of two hundred and -eighty-eight thousand pounds! - -I have been seduced, by the anticipated brilliancy of this result, from -the regular course of description,--and the plate _w x_, _y z_, which -forms the base or frame of this whole Machine has not yet been spoken -of. But that plate is supposed screwed down to a horizontal bench, at or -near the height of a man's breast; the slides or cases are fastened to -it, and the man is supposed to _work_ the Machine nearly as he would a -die-stock in tapping a screw. This however is not indispensable; the -Machine might be placed vertically, and these motions given by any -proper mover; or a weight may be suspended to the arm _F_, so as to add -continuity to pressure. It is however important, that the position -should comport with the frequent extraction of the punch in order to -examine the progress of the work, or cut away any redundant metal. I -have before given it as my opinion that _much_ could not be expected -from mere pressure: but _this_ is a pressure of a peculiar kind, -consisting of immense powers with _very_ short motions. In this respect -it is _just_ what was wanted, as it can be renewed and repeated -frequently, without loss of time. And the more to facilitate this -delicate operation, the hollow slides or cases _B C_, are made slightly -pyramidical, to be furnished with _set-screws_ on the four sides, by -which to change the place of bearing; and thus to meet the case of a -flat punch with the advantage of impressing it by _portions_, so as to -have only to _finish_ it by brute pressure. - -The foregoing application of the principle of the differential -Steel-yard, is, I think, important, and founded on unobjectionable -principles; for although by changing alone the place of the step _o_, -we disturb a _little_ the parallelism of the stirrups _I K_, and _L M_; -we do it not enough to produce, any material change in the theoretical -result. With respect then to the lesser properties of this Machine, I -leave them with confidence in the hands of those whom they most -concern--who doubtless, will treat them with greater practical utility -than I could myself hope to do. - - - OF - A MACHINE - _For Moulding Nails._ - -This Machine offers, I think, a valuable application of a well known -Instrument: or rather of the principle on which it is founded. I allude -to _that_ parallel ruler which, by means of an additional joint, keeps -it's members not only parallel, but directly opposite each other. In my -Machine for moulding Nails, I wanted to give motions to the two plates -different, yet dependent on each other. Supposing then, (Plate 24 fig. -1, 2, 3, 4,) the upper plate _a b_, to be moved up and down by a lever, -a screw-press, or any other _first mover_, I connect the under plate _c -d_, with it by two (or four) _strong_ parallel rulers _e f_, in such a -manner, that when the plate _a b_ is drawn upward it shall extend the -arms of the ruler _almost_ to a straight line, as represented in fig. 4; -and then carry the under plate with it: and when it comes down again -(see fig. 3) it shall _not_ carry down the said under plate, until the -same arms are bent into the position _f g_; that is, till the two plates -touch each other: the use of which arrangement I will now explain. - -The under side of the upper plate _a b_, is _ground_ perfectly flat, and -bored at proper distances with holes to receive and hold the punches -which represent the shanks of the nails that are to be moulded. The -lower plate _c d_ is ground _true_ both on it's upper and under -surfaces; the first to fit the under surface of the upper plate, and the -under surface to impress a perfect plane on the sand below it. This -under surface, shewn in an inverted position at fig. 2, is moreover -covered with proper _prints_ 1, 2, 3, &c. to form the heads of the nails -in question, and with proper _gets_ (jets?) 3, 5, 6, &c. for conducting -the metal to every part of the surface. I mean models in relief of those -gets; and the under plate is further pierced with holes, placed exactly -like those in the upper plate, bored indeed from that (and through the -aforesaid _prints_ of the nail-heads) _after_ the parallel joints _e f_ -have been affixed. Now on another level plate with proper ledges, the -sand boxes or flasks, fig. 5 and 6, have been prepared; and have -received an obtuse pyramidical form at one stroke from a competent -press, the construction of which is easily conceived: or this might be -done by hand, if preferred. These boxes, in-fine, are successively -brought under the before described mechanism while in the state -represented in fig. 3, in which all the nail models are protruded -through the under plate as at 1, 2, 3. The moulder now gives a stroke -under the following circumstances:--Both the plates drop together and -the nail models pierce the sand while the under plate makes it's surface -perfectly level: but when _that_ motion is reversed, it is _not_ the -under plate which first rises, but the upper--by which the nail models -are drawn out of their holes _without disturbing the sand_, for this is -kept to it's place by the under plate: and when, by the continued motion -upward of the upper plate, the parallel joints are duly extended, and -the nail models quite extracted; then, and not till then, the under -plate leaves the compressed sand, in which are moulded as many _scores_ -of nails as the mould has been made for--and that, in a space of time -almost imperceptible. - -I shall conclude the subject by observing, that the counter flask or box -for closing this mould is made in the same way, by a smooth plate -prepared in the same manner; and which _must_ fit the former, because -they are both perfectly level surfaces. - - - OF - A FIRE ENGINE - _Giving_ POWER, _while heating Rooms, Liquids, &c._ - -This Machine, though conceived many years ago, can hardly yet be called -an invention--if material existence is necessary to justify that -appellation: _for I have never seen it in action_. It _may_ possibly be -one of those fascinating conceptions of which my noble friend the late -Earl Stanhope used to say--"'tis a _beautiful_ invention--but 'twill not -do;" yet I give it with some confidence, because of the great utility it -_would_ present, if it's chief properties should fulfil my expectations. - -The principal idea on which it is founded, is this: _to use, as power, -the expansion of that air which feeds the fire_; and _again_ to employ -it's heat heating liquids or rooms, or any similar purpose. The form I -have given to the Machine is by no means the only one it admits; nor -perhaps the best: but it was indispensable to give the idea (which I -hope is not an "airy nothing") "a local habitation and a name." - -It consists, then, of two cylinders, lying horizontally, of nearly equal -length, but of unequal capacity:--one of which _A B_, (Plate 24, fig. 7) -is an air pump with a valve in it's end _a_, and another in it's piston, -both opening _to the left_. The second cylinder _C D_, is the working -cylinder, as much larger than the former, as may belong to the principle -of motion already announced. This cylinder receives the piston _E_, -which fits it nicely, but is not stuffed in the present case. (It may -perhaps be made tight by some of the methods, used to _close_ metallic -pistons.) At all events, this piston is connected with that _c_, by a -frame _F G H I_, which embraces the whole Machine, in a horizontal -position, though here shewn in a vertical. These two cylinders are cast -in one piece, together with an upright cylinder, not bored _K_; the use -of which is to receive the _earthen_ chafing dish _L M_, with it's fire, -made (according to my present views) with _coak or charcoal_, and -lighted before it is introduced. It is needless to say, that this vessel -is let down into the cylinder _K_, by a kind of bucket handle entering -any _pair_ of holes in the dish. The top of this latter cylinder is -_ground_ to fit the flanch _A N_: It swings open on one of the bolts and -falls to again in a moment, to prevent loss of time in _firing_. The -_means_ of doing this I do not much insist on, from their extreme -facility. Nor do I make it a _condition_ to use this method at all. The -coak, (or perhaps the coal, or the wood) _might_ be introduced through -an upright tube furnished with two slides, one placed close above the -top _A N_, and the other at a proper distance above; so as for _one_ to -be always shut. This is nothing more than the System used for feeding -high pressure Steam Engines--only _this_ application is to dry -substances, which forms no insuperable obstacle. - -When now the Machine is _fired_, the pistons _E_, and _c_, are pushed -towards _b_ and _B_ respectively; the valve _d_ having been previously -opened, and the valve _c_ opening by this very motion--which thus clears -the large cylinder of it's included air, while the air in the pump _A -B_, is brought into contact with the fire; whence a _considerable -expansion_ ensues, and a _pressure_ is created tending at the same time -to drive the piston _c_ to the _right hand_, and that _E_ to the _left_: -but acting in the latter case on a larger area, the whole system moves -that way, and _all_ the air in the pump _A B_ is driven through the -fire: where, being much heated, it acquires great elasticity and -developes considerable _power_--which, by any of the known methods, may -be applied to any of the known purposes. - -I hope my readers will conclude here, that I allow for the disappearance -of the oxigen in this conflagration: but I expect the expansion of the -residue (together with what _new_ vapour may be developed) will more -than compensate for that loss of volume. By this motion then, the pump -_A B_ is again filled with cold air through the valve _a_; and the -piston _E_ flying _out_ of the cylinder _C D_, the hot air it contained -_rushes_ into the pipe _o_, and thence goes to perform _any heating -operation_ that may be desired. But further, this same recession of the -piston _E_ strikes the stem of the valve _d_ against the cover _e_, and -opens that valve; by which means the large piston is at liberty to reach -again it's _inner_ position _b_: where the bar _b_ closes it's valve _d_ -and prepares the Machine for a new stroke. For, as before, the pump or -cylinder _A B_, is full of cold air, and by the backward motion of it's -piston exposes that air to the fire in _K_: whence arises the renewal of -all the former phenomena. - -Many ideas, and doubtless some objections, will present themselves to -the readers of these pages; of which I shall probably anticipate _some_, -by noticing a few less important particulars. - -And first, is it not to be feared that the vertical cylinder _K_, and -the whole system _K C D E_ will become too hot--nay acquire a red heat, -and thus introduce danger? The answer, I think, is that the fire must be -_lessened_, or the Machine enlarged, until this danger disappears: for -by heating _air_ to any thing like a _red_ heat (without attaining it) -the expansion will be _immense_: and probably beyond our wants or -wishes. The chaffing dish then (if that is used) must be lessened, that -the air from _A B_ may partly circulate _round_ it, instead of going -wholly through the fire: thus cooling the vertical cylinder _K_, and -diminishing the intensity of the heat in the working cylinder. Further, -the two cylinders _C D_ and _K_, might be inserted in the bottom of a -boiler, and surrounded with water; through which also, may be conducted -the pipe _O_, so as to concur in the same effect of heating _that_ -water, while the steam thus accruing from the _double use_ of this heat, -may be made to drive an engine, heat a room, or fulfil any common -purpose. - -In a word, all our difficulties on this branch of the subject, seem to -lie in _excess of action_: and we need only mitigate the general effect, -to render this Machine useful, safe, and commodious. - -There is another objection that must be met, on pain of direct censure, -which is this: what will become of the ashes? (for _smoke_ is as yet out -of the question) my answer is--a recess, or several, must be found for -them beyond _o_; to do which will not be more difficult than to lodge -any other residue. But if this Machine fulfils my views in respect of -_power_, _this_ residue will be no burden. For example, if ever a farmer -should hereafter drive his _plough_ by such an engine as this, he will -manure his land furrow by furrow with the ashes--an idea which I must -not yet indulge, lest I should be thought fanciful beyond the due -proportion. - -But my mechanical impetus is not to be thus instantly checked. If what I -_hope_, can be realized, there are properties in this invention, for -locomotive engines, superior to any the steam engine itself can boast. A -light Machine: a light combustible: no water to carry; no steam to -condense, &c. &c. As however I have never _tried_ this felicitous -creation, I assert nothing. - -But again, this seems to be a really good method of distributing heat in -any useful direction: for there is an _impulsive force_ which not only -requires no _draught_ to make the fire burn, but will drive heat to -_any_ distance through pipes of _any_ form, and placed in _any_ -position. There is therefore, a certain utility attached to this -Machine, whatever may be it's merits as a _power engine_. Our present -methods--of destroying coals--are excellent! but our methods of making -them useful are defective in the extreme. If you have no draught in your -chimneys you are stifled with smoke. If you have much draught, you have -_little_ heat--for the chimney swallows it, and half your room is _in -Norway_. Use then an impulsive system, (of some kind) and you may _send_ -your caloric down into the cellar to be _drawn_ from thence as wanted, -for the upper apartments. - -But my subject pullulates as I proceed. This idea is by no means -exhausted. It is _not_ an indispensable feature of it, to heat rooms -with _the same air_ that fed the fire. For instance, if a fire were made -_under_ the vertical cylinder _K_, and led into and through it by a -proper pipe, _almost_ filling it--then the cold air of the pump _A B_ -would _pass round that pipe_ to the working cylinder _C D_, and there -impel it's piston _E_ as before. Not perhaps so strongly; but with an -air uncontaminated by burning, or by ashes--and therefore more congenial -with some uses of the Machine. In fact, air thus introduced might be -_perfectly fit for breathing_, and still get elasticity enough from this -passage, to _force_ heat to the bottom of any room we wished to have -warmed; whereas, by using only the levity of heated air to give it -motion, we scorch the tops of rooms and factories, and unmercifully -freeze the bottoms. I must beg leave to be a _little_ severe on this -point:--since for a thinking people, as strangers call us, we have been -extremely thoughtless in this respect: so that as much seems now to do -by way of introducing _comfort_ into our saloons, as was done about the -year 1200, when those chimneys were introduced that are now become a -kind of nuisance. In a word, and I am serious when I say it, the present -arrangement of our chimneys, is in my humble opinion, essentially -unphilosophical; and as such ought to be speedily discontinued or -greatly modified. - -In the above pages I have laid myself open to much animadversion, by a -kind of _cast_ for much honest fame. I have let the public into my -secret--_I have thought aloud_: And if the greater part of these -cogitations should prove to be imaginary, I shall only plead, that they -are drawn from the same source as the many useful Machines I am known to -have devoted to public utility. - - - OF - A ROTATO-GYRATORY CHURN. - -This title I confess, seems very ambitious, as applied to an utensil for -the dairy: but I had to express the combination of it's own axis, and -those of the leaves or wings about their respective axes, while gyrating -round the common centre. - -The principal shaft _A B_, fig. 8 and 9 of Plate 24, is the general -centre of rotation; and _a b_ are two lighter shafts carried round that -centre, and turning at the same time on their own centres by means of -the wheels _e f_ geering in the fixed wheel _c d_, (of which one half -only is drawn) and which forms part of the top of the churn. Each of the -shafts _a b_, carries four leaves or wings (better seen in fig. 9) -reaching from the top, nearly to the bottom of the vessel; and they run -in proper steps in the cross piece _m_, and also in proper collars in -the upper cross piece _g h_. In fine their wheels _e f_, and the fixed -wheel _c d_, which turns them, are furnished with teeth on my patent -principle; and therefore work without noise or commotion. Now, the -principal shaft _A B_, rests on the step _B_ at the bottom of the -vessel; and runs, at top, in a collar formed in the metallic bridge _i -k_, which, fixed to the outside rim of the cover, passes directly over -the centre of the Machine. When therefore, the cream is put into the -churn, (to do which the above mechanism is taken out) the mechanism is -re-placed as now represented; and the main shaft set in motion by _any -convenient power_: when the side shafts _a b_, turned by the fixed wheel -_c d_, give a backward motion to the wings _a b_, and create a great -agitation of the cream--for, it should be remarked, that this is not a -circular motion: but each fly produces a kind of vortex round it's own -centre, while progressing round the common centre. The consequence of -which, as above intimated, is, an unceasing agitation of the liquid, -and, I believe, the best of churning. This however, I state as a -mechanician, not having been initiated into the secrets of the dairy -properly so called. - -It may finally be observed, that the leaves or partitions _l n_, _fixed_ -to the sides of the churn, (beyond the reach of the moveable wings _a -b_) are destined to prevent still further any _general_ motion of the -butyraceous matter; and thus to accelerate the churning process: and -further these leaves, both fixed and moveable may be pierced with holes, -like the analogous parts of other utensils of this nature. - - - OF - A HELICO-CENTRIFUGAL MACHINE, - _For raising Water in great quantities_. - -The screw of Archimedes, is well known. When used to raise water it is -placed obliquely, in such a position as that it's _hollow threads_ -become _more_ oblique to the horizon than the axis of the screw itself: -observing which practice, some have said of this Machine, that it raises -water by letting it run down: But this cannot be true. The threads of -the screw merely _wedge_ themselves under the water, and make it _rise_ -in a direction parallel to the axis of the screw; at the highest end of -which it falls into the upper reservoir. - -I once placed a screw of this kind _upright_, and said (in thought) is -it then impossible to raise water by means of this screw thus placed? -The answer in a few minutes was--"not at all; there is a force would -make it easy: namely, the centrifugal force:" and this mental soliloquy -was the origin of this Invention, which, some thirty years ago, I shewed -to a public man, whom the lovers of the mechanical arts will long -remember. - -In Plate 25 fig. 1, _A B_ are two screws, perfectly like those used in -exhausting watery foundations; and named of Archimedes. They are placed -perpendicularly in the frame _C D_, so as to turn in the cross bars _a -b_, _c d_, fixed horizontally on the main shaft _E F_ of the Machine. At -the bottom of this shaft, _E F_, (which turns in a step on the _sill_ _G -D_) is a low cylindrical vessel, shewn by a section only at _e f_, which -dips into the under water nearly to the brim. It is used to carry, in -proper _steps_, the centres of the screws _A B_, and, being pierced with -many holes, to feed them amply, without exposing their motion to any -resistance from the stagnant water. These cylinders _A B_ are merely -indicated as screws by the _threads_, dotted between _h_ and _d_ and _e_ -and _g_, and their upper mouths are seen near _a b_, just under the -cross piece marked with these letters. These screws then, are turned by -the wheels _i k_, as actuated by the fixed wheel _m n_, in the same -manner as those of the churn before described; which in fact, is a -corollary from _this_ Machine, but of much later date. To return to the -Helico-centrifugal Machine--the screws _A B_ are terminated above by -circular plates _o p_ (marked with the same letters in fig. 2 and 3) -intended to receive the water from the mouths of the screw-threads _a -b_, and carry it _on_ to the plate _q q_, which insures it's further -progress into the _ring canal_ _r s_, also shewn by a section only, to -prevent confusion in the figure. Now what raises the water in these -upright screws, is, it's own _centrifugal force_, combined with the -revolution of the screws: for while this central force is urging the -water outward, the screws are bringing their sloping threads like -_wedges_, _against_ that tendency; and the consequence is, that the -water actually rises perpendicularly till it flows over the ledges or -rings _o p_, _on_ the plate _q q_, and thence into the ring canal _r s_, -from which it is conveyed to any place desired. - -If this Machine is well made and proportioned, I think it is one of the -best that can be used, to do much work by a given _power_: It gives no -_shock_ to the water; which, when once in motion, continues to rise, and -escapes when arrived at it's proper height: and, being spread over a -large surface, no part of it is raised higher than enough. The -perfection of the Machine depends on a due relation between the -centrifugal force, and the sine of the angle, which the threads of the -screw make with the horizon; and this may be modified by the diameter of -the wheels _i k_, as compared with that of the screws _A B_. - -The figures 2 and 3, are two views of the upper part of the Machine. -They shew, and mark with the same letters, the cross bar _a b_, the -inside of the screws, and the circular plates _o p_, together with the -circular conducting plate of which _q q_, fig. 1, is the section. Fig. 3 -shews the fixed wheel _m n_, the two screw-wheels _i k_, the cross piece -_a b_, and under them the plates _o p_ of the 1st. and 2d. figure. - -One other object claims our attention: The threads of the screws -(whether more or less numerous) should each be furnished with a valve at -bottom: that the water may _not_ run out when the Machine ceases -working. - - - OF - A FORGING MACHINE, - _For Bar Iron, Steel, &c. square or figured_. - -This Machine acts by pressure instead of percussion. But this pressure -is so instantaneous as to resemble a blow, and so often repeated as to -produce a considerable effect in a short time. The means are represented -in fig. 4 of Plate 25. - -There, _A_ is a mass of metal answering the purpose of an anvil, but -having two surfaces, situated at or nearly at right angles to each -other, on which the metal is alternately struck or compressed. The two -sides of this mass _A_, are perforated by two holes, properly _bushed_, -in which turn the crank shafts _B_, _C_: the latter furnished with the -bevil wheels _D_, _E_, which geer into and receive motion from two -_equal_ bevil wheels _F_, _G_, fixed on the main shaft _H I_, and to -which the power is applied. It is thus evident that the two crank shafts -_B_, _C_, will make the same number of revolutions; and that if one of -the rollers _K_, _L_, is placed on the excentric arm of one shaft, and -the other roller on the other (their position being as in the figure) -that then the rollers _K L_ will impinge alternately on any bar, held in -the angle _M_, and forge or extend it, and finally leave it reduced to -the same dimensions, in it's whole length, if, by hand or proper -machinery, the bar has been drawn or pushed along the angle _M_, in a -manner analogous to this motion at the tilt hammer. It is also clear, -that the size of the bar will be determined on a given Machine, by the -diameters of the rollers _K L_, compared with the distance of the shafts -from the angle _M_ of the anvil. - -It may be of use to observe, that the effect of this Machine is not -confined to square bars: since with unequal rollers _K L_, it will -produce flat bars; and with rollers properly grooved, (the piece _M_ -being formed accordingly) it will produce round iron or steel of better -texture (I presume) than when taken from the slitting-mill, and merely -passed through grooved rollers. I expect, at all events, a _rapid_ -effect, from four or five hundred turns of the cranks per minute. - -It will occur to every mechanical reader, that the mass _M_, which is -tempered and adjusted to the principal anvil _A_, may be still more -varied in form, so as to give other results besides those above -anticipated. Nor need it be said, that the shafts _B C_ might run in -steps capable of being _screwed up to their work_, even during the -process, should any such motion be expedient. These are details I do not -wish to dwell on in these descriptions--where I endeavour to make known -general and essential properties, leaving particular views and cases to -my reflecting readers. - - - OF - A RECIPROCATING HORSE WHEEL, - _For Mines, Mangles, &c._ - -I believe there is no better floor for a working horse to tread on, than -a plane of wood--on condition, of the horse being rough shod: I speak -however, on recollection of many years' standing. I then felt persuaded -that a horse wastes less effort by travelling on _this_ floor than on -any other; which is one of my reasons for the adoption of the present -Machine. It consists (Plate 26, fig. 1,) of a wheel _A B_, on which the -horse walks, as indicated by the sketch of him given in the figure. -Besides this, he is placed between two shafts _C D_, affixed to the -lever _E F_, the latter carrying round with it, at intervals, the drum -_G_, whose office it is to raise the weight _I_, whatever kind of -resistance that weight represents. This lever runs by means of it's -_cannon_ _L_, on a round part of the shaft common to it and to the drum -_G_. Moreover, there is a second drum _H_, destined to raise the weight -_K_, whatever kind of resistance _that_ represents. Both the drums, _G_ -and _H_, turn on round parts of the main shaft _M_, but are alternately -connected with it--first, the drum _G_, by the rising of the bolt _a_ -into it; and secondly, the drum _H_, by the falling of the cross piece -_b c_, between the studs _e d_ affixed to it. Now, this cross piece _b -c_, is part of a T-formed bar, that penetrates the centre of the shaft -as low as _f_, where it rests on a transverse lever _f g_, connected _to -the right_ with the bolt _a_ above mentioned, and forming a branch of -the bent lever _f g h_, which works the bolt _h i_ under the wheel. In -the present state of things, if the horse steps forward, he draws the -shafts _C D_, round the common centre; for the wheel is immoveable by -means of the bolt _i_, which _takes_ against some fixed object at _k_: -and thus will the weight _I_ be raised. And when this motion is -achieved, the handle _o_ is raised a few inches, which brings it into -contact with the obstacle _p_, and puts a stop to that motion of the -lever _E F_. At the same time the bolt _a_, is drawn out of the drum -_G_, and the cross piece _b c_ is let down between the studs of the drum -_H_, while, by the bent lever _f g h_, the bolt _h i_, which held the -wheel, is drawn back, and _then_ the horse, instead of progressing round -the centre of the wheel, is himself brought locally, to a stand; and -without even knowing it, (for he is blinded) he now treads round the -wheel in a backward direction, and raises the weight _K_, while the drum -_G_ permits the weight _I_ to descend by the uncoiling of the rope, till -_this_ operation has likewise produced the desired effect--when things -are again placed in the state first observed. One thing remains to be -noticed: It is, that both these motions _might_ have been produced by -acting from a fixed point on the central bar _b c f_, through the upper -gudgeon of the shaft, _instead_ of using the handle _o_, as before -directed. It is even easy to conceive how the Machine may itself be made -to perform these changes, and thus to produce the whole effect without -any personal care or attendance. - - - OF - AN EXPANDING VESSEL, - _For Steam Engines, Pumps, Blowing Machines, &c._ - -It is one of the simplest and most perfect operations of the mechanic -art, to form a _flat surface_: witness the process of grinding looking -glasses, and forming one plane from another. Nor is it, necessarily, -more difficult to place two surfaces parallel to each other, by means of -three or more _pillars_ with proper shoulders, or counternuts against -which to screw the plates from behind. It is therefore easy to compose -an expanding and contracting vessel, that shall become _a mover_ by the -force of any fluid, elastic or not, or shall act as a water or air pump, -when driven by a convenient power; or both together, when this -combination may be desirable. Thus, in Plate 26, fig. 2 and 3, _A B C D_ -is a box with four sides and four _jointed angles_--which, if one of -it's sides, _D A_, be fixed to a given position in the cage or frame _E -F G H_, will expand or contract according as the sides _A B_ and _D C_ -shall rise toward the perpendicular, or fall toward the horizontal -position. The dotted lines _A_ 2, _A_ 4, _A_ 6, &c. shew that the -successive capacities included in the vessel, are respectively as the -sines of the angles which those sides _A B_ and _D C_ make with the -horizon; so that, although this device furnishes an _unequable_ power, -yet it is equable enough for many purposes in the first few divisions -_D_ 3, _D_ 5, &c. and might be altogether _equalized_ in it's effect if -necessary. Let us suppose then, that the aperture 8, brings steam into -this vessel: The _lid_ _B C_ will rise to 6, 7, when, if the pipe 9, -communicating with a condenser, be opened, the steam in the vessel will -rush thither and be destroyed: when the atmosphere will press on the lid -_B C_, and cause the vessel to collapse with a power proportionate to -that area; for the sloping and parallel sides _A B_ and _C D_ -counterpoise each other; where note, on occasion of the _pressure_ which -I am now speaking of, that the ribs or bars _L M_, are used to -strengthen the sides of the vessel, and thus prevent it's fracture under -this pressure. - -From this manner of making these expanding vessels, it follows among -other things, that if the frame _E F G H_ were surrounded with wood or -any non-conducting substance, and made to communicate with a warm close -room, the atmosphere thus acting on the vessel would _not_ cool it, and -that therefore, an atmospheric engine, would, in this respect, be as -good as a steam-acting one. But steam might be introduced into this -outer case, and act as a spring to reciprocate the internal effect of -the same agent. - -The third figure of Plate 26, offers an end view of this cage or frame, -shewing the expanding vessel at _B C A D_, where the strengthening ribs -of fig. 2 are seen _endwise_ at 1, 3, 5, 7, &c. and moreover, _F G_ and -_H_ are the pillars or cross bars by which the parallelism of the two -end plates is effected and secured. - -There remains an important subject to be considered: How to make the -corner joints _D C_, and the end joints steam or water-tight as -required. The small figure 4 answers the question as far as _water_ is -concerned. _A_ is a strip of leather screwed more or less near to the -_edges_ of two contiguous sides of the vessel, so as to cover the joint -or hinge, and make it water tight whether the pressure come from within -or without. This figure also shews the grooves which receive the -stuffing to close the _ends_ of the vessel, by sliding against the -plates or cheeks _E F_, &c. fig. 2. The several members of the corner -joints themselves should be well fitted into each other: so indeed as -almost to close the vessel without _any_ stuffing. Nor need we in all -cases be anxious about this stuffing; for I think it very possible to -make this joint close enough for pumping or blowing without any such -provision. I observe, however, that the leather _A_, fig. 4, might give -place to a strip of thin metal, bent into the same form, (or nearly so) -the elasticity of which would leave play enough for the joints, on the -supposition of working only with a moderate degree of motion in the said -joints. - -I should not have given this idea so much attention, had I merely wished -to use it where the cylinder-motion now applies: But my present views go -further. I foresee the use of this Machine for _very low_ -pressures--and in _very large_ dimensions; and I can conceive a -proportion between it's length and height, that shall as it were annul -the effects of friction and leakage, compared with those of the -cylinder-formed piston. But I do not undertake, or hardly wish _now_, to -exhaust this subject: being more anxious to _deliver_ the idea to my -readers, than to announce all I intend to undertake by it's means. I -shall, therefore, merely finish the description of the other figures 5 -and 6 of this Plate. The first, is a small hand pump on this principle, -having a suction pipe _A_, and a rising pipe _B_, both having proper -valves and opening into the expanding vessel, as _worked_ by the handle -_C_, much in the manner of a common pump. It will therefore act by it's -expansive and contractile properties; and have one good quality we -should seek in vain elsewhere--It will _begin_ the motion of the water -with a _softness_ unknown in the use of pumps in general. - -In fine, the sixth figure shews a System of this kind applied to the two -objects, of _giving_ power, and _using_ it. The vessel _A B_, receives -the power from steam or any other agent; and the vessel _C_ blows a -fire, raises water, or does any analogous work, without requiring any -other _parts_ than those here displayed. - - - OF - A GOVERNOR, OR REGULATOR, - _For Wind-Mills, Water Mills, Steam Engines, &c._ - -This Instrument was first intended to regulate the grinding of a -wind-mill; and was used for that purpose in Kent, some time before my -departure for France, in 1792. It is founded on the doctrine of opposite -qualities--and is a practical combat between equal and unequal motions. -In wind-mills, the mechanism is exposed to all the variations of a -capricious element: and the common way of preventing these convulsive -motions from injuring the _flour_, was for a man to attend a lever -connected with the _bridge tree_, (which carries the upper stone) and by -it to bring the stones nearer together when the wind was strong--and -nearer still, when it was violent: and, contrariwise, to lift again the -upper stone when the wind assumed a milder movement. A process this, -which _nearly_ equalizes the degree of grinding, but not so nearly the -quality of the meal--for this is found to be more heated by great, than -by moderate velocities. At all events I thought a Machine like the -present, would regulate this process, as well as a man; and it was found -to do so--except, perhaps, in very extreme cases. - -This Governor, is represented in fig. 1 of Plate 27--the ground work of -which is the same as that of the third figure in Plate 3: for in reality -the present Machine claims the precedence of the Dynamometer; and may -therefore, well borrow a figure from it's description. _A_ is the -power-axis, receiving motion from any proper shaft of the mill. It is -turned _backward_ by that shaft, and therefore tends to raise the ball -_B_--an operation equivalent to bringing the mill-stones nearer -together. At the same time, the axis of resistance _C_, carries round a -pallet-wheel _D E_, and by the pallet _D_, sets the pendulum _F G_ a -vibrating, which therefore, by every stroke, _lets down_ the ball _B_, -and thus _raises_ the upper mill-stone. A _proper_ position of the -latter depends on the similarity of the motion of the power-axis _A_, -which winds up the ball _B_, and that of the axis _C_, which _lets it -down_. While these are equal, the weight _B_ remains stationary, and the -work goes on well. But if a gust of wind increases the speed of the -mover _A_, (the pendulum _F G_ confining the axis _C_ to it's usual -speed) the ball _B_ is immediately raised and the stones brought -closer--which is what the grinding process requires: And should that -gust increase in violence and become a hurricane, the intermediate -cylinder _M_, while producing _that_ effect, carries also with it the -cord _H I_, and thereby raises the bob _G_ of the pendulum, and thus -fits this movement to the increased speed of the mill: raising, -sometimes, the bob to the very centre _F_ of it's vibration, where it's -oscillations become rapid enough to _unwind_ all the excess of motion -which the hurricane had occasioned; until, the wind subsiding, the -pendulum acquires a medium length, and things go on moderately as -before. - -It may be observed, that the _present_ form of this Machine is not quite -so simple as it might have been made; nor is it so simple as it first -was. The required motions being much shorter than those of a -Dynamometer, the cylinder _M_, among other things, might be dispensed -with; and one of the intermediate wheels be likewise suppressed. And if -we advert to the retarding principle which resides in the pendulum, the -well known conical pendulum might be substituted for the present one; -since from it would arise a regular or equable resistance, opposed to an -equable effort. Some however, might _then_ consider the conical pendulum -as an ordinary centrifugal governor; and, as a mere retarding principle, -it may be thought too complex for the occasion: but I think on the -contrary, that it's use in this connection, would make this Machine one -of the best of regulators, as well for steam engines as for water and -wind-mills of every description: especially if fitted up with my Patent -Geering. - - - OF - A MACHINE - _For Forging Nails_. - -There is a strong analogy between this Instrument for forging Nails, and -the Machine heretofore given for forging Bar Iron, Steel, &c. The -process of _kneading_ the softened metal, by means of a pair of -alternating cranks, is the very same: but the acting bars or stampers -_A_, _B_, are an addition to the former method. Plate 27, at figs. 2 and -3, gives a representation of the present Machine; which forms the nail -almost instantaneously, by _many_ contacts of the stampers _a b_, (fig. -3) on one of which the figure of the nail is engraven--or rather _filed_ -across that stamper, for no _hollow_ figure is required by this System. - -The second stamper _c d_ fig. 3, whose place is at _A_ fig. 2, is quite -plain on it's face; being destined merely to keep the metal to it's -thickness--as the particular nail here intended, is a floor nail, -requiring a head on two sides only. As to the figured stamper _b a_, -fig. 3, it meets a similar form in the anvil, as at _e_: and it is by -the pressure of these _half matrices_, that the head is formed and the -bar separated from the nail. It may be noticed that the stampers _a b_, -_c d_, are shewn in the figures, as perfectly straight on the face: but -the kind of motion resulting from that of the cranks, would require a -gentle curve here, which a _first_ experiment will sufficiently -indicate. - -Some skill would doubtless be necessary in presenting the nail bar to -this Machine; but to make this operation the easier, there should be a -guage, moving toward the working point _e_, by a given quantity for each -nail: say that this guage comes forward at each time a distance equal to -half the length of a nail; and that the thickness of the nail bar is so -proportioned as to contain in that length, enough of metal for the nail -when finished. - -It remains to be observed, that the stampers or bars _A_, _B_, fig. 2, -are contained, in the direction of their width; by two plates like _f_, -connected with the anvil _e_, and leaving near _e_, an opening large -enough for the nail-bar to pass easily. - - - OF - A MECHANICAL ASSISTANT - _For the Tea Table_. - -I shall, perhaps, be laughed at by some unfeeling censor, for including -the tea table in the field of my mechanical speculations. But, in so -doing, I seriously mean to be not only attentive, but useful to the -ladies--who, I am _old_ enough to believe, deserve this service at my -hands. My object is to obviate for them the necessity of tediously -wielding a ponderous tea-pot, until real and painful fatigue ensues: -thus emphatically making a _toil_ of that pleasure they had hoped for in -administering comfort to others. - -This new method of tea-making admits the use of the common tea -urn--which is placed on the table near the left hand of the fair -distributor. This arrangement is given at figs. 4 and 5 of Plate 27. -There, _A_ is the Urn; and _B_ any common tea-pot, for whose spout, the -cock _a_, has been substituted; and the handle of which has been -slightly modified, so as to make it a proper centre of rotation. This -tea-pot is, of course, _opened_ before it is brought into the position -shewn in the figures. At _C b c_, is placed, first of all, on the table, -_a stand_ of metal, terminated upward by the stem _C D_ which forms a -vertical centre to the whole apparatus: and which is sufficiently fixed -to the table by standing on _three_ feet, _b c_, &c.; under which are -stretched small pieces of Caoutchouc (or India rubber), which, by their -adherence to the table, make the whole steady. By these means, the -tea-pot can be turned round, by a gentle effort, till it comes under the -cock of the urn, from which it receives the boiling water. And, finally, -the tea-board, which is itself circular, revolves on the same axle _C -D_, supported by the casters or rollers _e f_, and bringing successively -_all_ the tea-cups _m_, _n_, _o_, &c., to the spout of the tea-pot, -where they are filled without the smallest difficulty, as will appear by -a further inspection of the figures, and especially by an appeal to -experience. - -The above, I should presume, is all that need be _said_ upon the -subject. It remains for some rationally zealous friend of this social -repast, to put these (or other analogous) ideas in practice: in which -enterprize, should he succeed in pleasing the _ladies_, he may depend on -the approbation of every _lord_ who deserves the name. - - - OF - A COPPER-PLATE PRESS, - _With curious and useful Properties_. - -This Machine, as intimated in the Synopsis, was invented expressly for -the use of the lithographic art, as an improvement on the _roller press_ -used in Paris when that process was first introduced there. I have, -however, seen in England the description of a Machine which takes the -desired impression _without_ any rolling motion. This Machine, in that -description, carries a kind of scraper, or, as the calico printers would -say, a Doctor, which, pressing on a line only (while drawn over the -paper, or the paper under it), acts successively on every part of the -sheet, and, no doubt, gives a good impression. Of the relative -perfection of these methods, I do not presume to judge, as it is a -technical question; and _both_ Systems are, or have been, used. But, -when intense pressure, joined to much precision, and great economy of -power, are desirable, _this_ Invention appears to me superior to any -thing I have seen used for these purposes. - -In fig. 1 and 2, (see Plate 28), _A B_ are two horizontal planes of hard -wood or metal, connected, at a proper distance, by the pillars _C D_, -shewn in fig. 1 _only_. _E F_ are two _Sectors_ of a large cylinder, -united at the point _a_, either by a _good_ hinge or by a joint -composed of a _hollow_ prism fixed to the upper sector _E_, and of a -_solid_ one, more acute, fixed to the lower sector _F_; so that, in the -latter case, this joint works with an insensible degree of friction, and -thus occasions a great saving of power. - -In the working of this Press, the joint just mentioned, however made, -describes a straight line, parallel both to the floor _B G_ and the -ceiling _H A_, which have been already shewn to be parallel to each -other: and thus are the joint _a_ and the sectors _E F_ suspended to the -cap or ceiling _A H_ by a pair of triangular braces _I a K_, which slide -smoothly in two dove-tailed grooves _A m_. Moreover, to the lower sector -_F_ are fixed two working arcs _b c_, one on each side of the Press, and -whose radii are exactly equal to that of the upper sector _E_ (whose -circumference, therefore, is invisible in fig. 1.) Further, just above -these arcs, and in the middle of the slide _I K_, are placed, on proper -centres, a pair of grooved pulleys _P_, destined to _work_ the under -sector, without disturbing the motion of the upper one, which latter is -a rolling motion under the aforesaid ceiling _A H_. For the said -purpose, a metallic cord or chain is fixed at _m_ (fig. 1), which, -passing round _one_ of the pulleys _P_, is led to the end _n_ of the arc -_b c_, _n o_; and near _A_ is fixed a similar cord, which, carried round -the other pulley at _P_, is led to the angle _o_ of the same arc _b c_, -_n o_. By these means, the sector _F_ is fixed both in place and -position, as long as the slide _I K_ retains it's present position and -state. But, again, a system of similar cords, placed _under_ the -ceiling _A H_, near the edges of the upper sector _E_, determines the -place of that sector, in every case, _except_ a change of _position_; -for a _rolling_ motion can still have place, without occasioning any -other change. - -When, therefore, a pulling bar, a crank and fly, or any other prime -mover, applied at the joint _a_, carries that joint (say) toward the -pillar _D_, that motion takes place without any _rubbing_ of surface -either above or below; for, when the upper section has rolled under the -ceiling _A H_, into the position _n p q_, the lower section has rolled -upon the plate _s t_, into the position _q r s_: in such sort that the -analogous angles _o t_, _p r_ of both sectors are always found in the -same perpendicular line--or plane--_o t_, _p r_; the cause of which I -shall now endeavour to unfold. - -When a wheel, in general, _rolls_ on or against any fixed plane (and the -cords _m P_, _A P_, now act the part of a fixed plane), the point of -it's circumference the most distant from that plane, moves, in a -direction parallel to it, just _twice_ as fast as the centre of such -wheel, because it is twice as far from that plane, the virtual centre of -its motion: (an example of which is found in the wheel of a carriage, -whose top moves forward just twice as fast as it's axle-tree.) -Supposing, then, in the present case, the frame _I a K_, with the -pulleys _P_ to glide toward the right hand, the cord _A o_ fixed near -_A_, will turn the arc _b c_ to the right, twice as fast as the centre -of the pulley _P_ moves in that direction: and if this impulse had -acted on the joint _a_, _while fixed_ in position, the arc _b c_ would -have turned _too much by half_. But it so happens (if this expression -may be used), that the joint _a_ itself moves in that direction _once_ -as fast as the pulley-pin; so, that the motion remaining to the sector -_F_ is a _single_ motion, merely sufficient to keep the two sectors _E_ -and _F_ directly under each other, or within the same perpendicular -lines _p r_, _n q s_, &c. - -Thus, it appears, that the turning motion of the two sectors is the -same; and that a given point of the lower one will always _visit_ the -same point of the corresponding plane _s t_, independently of contact -with any substance lying on it; and that, therefore, the pressure, -though successive, is perpendicular, having _no_ tendency to displace or -_pucker_ the paper laid on it; besides which, it may be observed, that -the _power_ of this Press is immense, from the length of the radii of -the sectors _E F_, and the absence of any _rubbing_ motion. - -I observe, further, that _racks_, made with teeth on my principle, -either singly inclined with cheeks, as in Plate 14, or with teeth in the -V form, will produce a more certain effect than the cords and pulleys -above described, provided the arcs _b c_, and the upper sector _E_, be -prepared and toothed accordingly. - - - OF - A REFLECTOR - _For Lighthouses, &c._ - -The object of this Invention is to join economy of light with splendour -of effect. The means are the following:-- - -From the nature of reflecting curves, it follows that the smaller a -luminous point is, the more perfectly will its emanations be reflected; -for a _focus_ is a point of the smallest magnitude, if, indeed, it has -any dimensions. My idea, then, is to make a focus of a _line of light_ -very minute in it's _section_, but as large, in it's contents, as may be -desired: thus securing a considerable _fasces_ of luminous particles -while using them in an economical manner. To this end (see Plate 28, -figs. 3 and 4), I form my reflecting surface of two distinct parts, -having a section common to both, viz.--1st. a concave-parabolic-spindle, -represented at _A B C_, as cut by a vertical plane passing through it's -centre; and 2ndly, a parabolical bason _E D F G_ (represented in the -same manner) surrounding the former, and so placed as that these -surfaces have a common focus--namely, the _circular line_ of which _a b_ -is the section; the line itself being shewn by an elevation passing -behind the aforesaid _spindle_ _A B C_. This _linear_ focus, therefore, -may be two or three feet in diameter; thus imitating the tenuity of a -_punctual_ focus, while emitting a large quantity of rays. - -This LAMP, then, consists of an oil vessel, which is formed by the -outside of the parabolical bowl before-mentioned, surrounded, in it's -turn, by the cylindrical surface _P H_, _I Q_, this vessel communicating -with the wick-ring _a N_, _b O_, by a passage, _H I_, made as thin as -possible, in order to leave the light at greater liberty to pass -downward after reflection. (Where it is proper to add that the -_wick-ring_ is drawn too thick in the figure.) Now, it is well known -that all rays of light issuing from a point, and falling on the concave -surface of paraboloid belonging to that point as a focus, are reflected -from it in lines parallel to each other; and, therefore, a great part of -the particles emanating from the linear (or circular) focus _a b_, and -impinging on the surfaces _F G A B_, and _B C D E_, will be reflected -perpendicularly downward, as at _a_, 1 3; _b_, 2 4, &c. and this being -the case all round the common centre _B_, there will be formed a -cylinder of light of the diameter _H I_, diminished only by the shadows -of the wick-ring, the passage _H N O I_, and the pillar _B L_, when -_that_ is used, which is not indispensable. - -If this cylinder of light strikes on the plane mirror _K H_, placed at -an angle of 45° from their direction, these rays will be reflected -horizontally, and, preserving their cylindrical form, may serve as a -powerful _beacon_ to the benighted mariner; the more useful, because -susceptible of those temporary variations of direction and aspect, long -since employed to distinguish one station from another. - -But, if it were desired to illuminate a large space at sea, or -elsewhere, the aforesaid cylinder of rays would be received on a conical -surface _K L M_, which would give it the form of an immense sheet of -light, of a thickness (allowing for aberration) equal to the height of -_P L M_, of the same conical surface. - -I shall add only one idea--namely, that to light any round space, -building, theatre, &c., this system might be made very efficient by -throwing the sheet of light _M P_ higher or lower on the walls, &c.; or -(altering the angle of the cone _K L M_) by bringing it down to any -position in or below the horizon, as circumstances may direct. - -It would be superfluous to say that this Lamp might be furnished with -_all_ the advantages of the argand principle; or, the whole -_wick-apparatus_ might be superseded by a circle of _minute_, and very -numerous gas lights, forming, sensibly, the same linear focus; or a thin -circular _slit_ might produce a real ring of light, strengthened by all -the resources of this new and splendid discovery. - - - OF - A LONG PARALLEL MOTION, - _For Mangles, and other Reciprocating Machines_. - -In the year 1793 or 4, I received _a written problem_, desiring me to -give a plan of a _long_ Reciprocating Motion, that should be driven by -the pit-wheel of a common water-wheel, of given dimensions, and placed -in a given position. In a few days, I produced the drawing now -represented in Plate 29. Its object, as required, was to move the -cylinders _L M_, figs. 1, 2, 3, backwards and forwards, in the _long_ -grooves or gutters _N O_, for the purpose of crushing or bruising their -contents: but what those contents were I never knew. I, however, -produced this Machine, considering it as a general thing, and of a -nature to perform most operations of a similar kind. The Machine -consists--first, of a long rack _I K_, much like a narrow ladder placed -on it's edge, and in the teeth of which work those of a pinion _p_, -whose axis _q_ is connected with the wheel _r_, which receives it's -motion from the vertical wheel _s t_, which is the _pit-wheel_ in -question. This communication takes place by means of an universal joint -_x_, being a mean of permitting the pinion _p_ to vibrate from side to -side of the rack _I K_, when arrived at either end of it. For example, -the pinion _p_ now turns from left to right, and, being on the other -side of the rack, and _held_ by the chain _v_, it drives the slide _P Q_ -in the same right-handed direction, and, with the slide, the two heavy -cylinders _L M_ before-mentioned;--for, the said slide _P Q_ carries -across it's middle the axle-tree _S T_, which is the centre of both -these cylinders, and connects their motion with that of the slide now in -question. Further, there are rollers placed between the cheeks _V V_, -_on_ which the slide moves horizontally, as guided by other rollers, -placed at the points 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. Again, the ends of the axle-tree _S -T_ are furnished with two bow-like bridles, which, connected with the -pulling bars _Y_, are again fastened to the slide _P Q_, at the two ends -of the present figure. - -When, now, the pinion _p_ turns (see fig. 1 and 3), the rack, slide, and -cylinders roll in the grooves, till the end of the rack comes to that -pinion; which, finding no more teeth, swings round the _last_, and -taking a new position, reverts the motion, till the other end of the -rack comes to it, and occasions another return: _ad inf._ This will be -better seen at the third figure, which is an end elevation of a part of -the Machine.--There, _P_ shews the slide and _one_ of the teeth of the -rack (which teeth are longer than the rest, as seen near _L M_, in fig. -1.) In this figure, we see at _A_, a mass of brick-work, covered by the -_sleepers_ 5, 6, 7, &c., on which the long cheeks _V V_ repose. There, -also, the chains _v z_ are seen, connected with ring-bolts, which go -_through_ the bars _a b_, and are _nutted_ on the other side of the -spring-beams _c d_, in order to avoid the commotion which would -otherwise attend every change of motion in the slide and cylinders. For -this purpose, also, and especially to prevent any waste of power at -these moments, there are _mixti-linear_ wedges laid in the gutters, such -as are shewn at 6, which are formed so as to absorb the momentum of the -cylinders, in exact conformity to the time employed by the pinion _p_, -in swinging round the end tooth of the rack; and thus to save all the -power and time possible. - - - OF - A MECHANICAL SYPHON: - _Which expels Part of it's Water at the upper Level_. - -An ordinary Syphon acts by the pressure of the air on the _upper_ water, -which drives it into the ascending pipe, _because_ there is a (partial) -vacuum made there by the weight of the falling water in the descending -pipe; this being always longer than the first. Thus, in Plate 29, fig. -5, _A B_ shews the rising pipe of a Syphon, and _C D_ the falling pipe, -which is longer, and sinks to a lower level _D_, than that _A_ of the -water, which feeds the machine. _E_, in this figure, represents the -vessel containing the mechanism on which the new effect depends: and -which I shall now describe. - -_B_ and _C_, fig. 4, are, one the ascending pipe _A B_ of fig. 5, and -the other the descending pipe _C D_. They are surmounted by two -cylinders, of unequal capacities--this inequality bearing a given -proportion to the difference in the heights of the rising and falling -branches of the Syphon. In each of the cylinders works a piston _a_, -_b_, which, I think, need not be stuffed, but _well_ fitted. The large -piston has proper valves in it, to let the water pass upwards, at all -times; and the small piston has a valve _i_, opening upwards, by means -of the mechanism we are now describing; and closing itself merely by -the arrival of the piston into it's present position; for the screw _c_ -prevents the valve from rising higher: _e_, _f_, are two arcs belonging -to the lever _E_, and being circles round it's centre of motion. They -are cut into teeth, on my Patent principle, and work in the racks -similarly _toothed_, which give motion to the pistons _a b_, or receive -it from them. Further, behind the stand _F_, common to both levers, -vibrates, on a pin, another lever _g h_, the use of which is to _work_ -the aforesaid valve _i_ in the small piston; and this it does, by means -of the weight _h_, in the following manner:--The machine being supposed -in the present state, the Syphon will act, as usual, through the valves -of the large piston; and the water pressing on the small one, with a -power proportionate to the excess of it's column over that of the other -piston (_a_), will raise the latter as fast as the piston _b_ descends; -but the area of the piston _a_ being _larger_ than that of the piston -_b_, there will be a pressure within the vessel _b c d a_, that _must_ -expel (through any prepared aperture at the top) a quantity of water -equal to the difference of area between the two pistons, multiplied by -the stroke of both: the real quantity of which will ultimately depend on -the difference of level between the higher and lower water; or between -the lengths of the rising and falling branches of the Syphon, _B_ and -_C_. When, therefore, this stroke is made, the end _h_ of the lever _g -h_, which carries the ball, will touch the screw _d_, and stop the -descent of the valve _i_, which will thus be opened; when the water will -have free egress through the descending pipe _C_, and the piston _b_ -will then rise through that water by the weight of the piston _a_, the -valve _i_ being _kept open_ by the action of the weight _h_, until the -piston _b_ has risen to it's present position, when a new stroke is -prepared, for the same reason as before: and thus may water be carried -over a hill of (about) 30 feet above the level of any stream or pond, -and dropped into a _lower_ canal on the other side, with the condition -of leaving a part of that water upon the hill, proportionate to the -difference between the level from which the water is brought, and _that_ -to which it is carried. - - - OF - A FORCING MACHINE, - _For taking on and off the Cylinders of Calico Printers_. - -The two figures, 1 and 2, of Plate 30, are intended to make this Machine -known, assisted by the following description:--The first is a front view -of it, and the other a partial view from above. In the former, _A B_ is -the frame formed of, and firmly connected with the two columns _C D_, -which are fixed strongly to the ground, at such a distance below the -ends _C D_, as to place the aforesaid frame at the height of about two -feet, or higher, if convenient. - -In the two cheeks of the frame _A B_, are cast or bored two round holes -for receiving the gudgeons of the _swivel_ _E_, one of which gudgeons is -also seen at _E_, in fig. 2. This swivel turns in these holes; and it is -itself perforated with a round hole just large enough to receive freely -the body of the mandrel _F G_. This mandrel has now on it the cylinder, -which is to be taken off. _I K_ are, moreover, two ears or studs cast or -welded on to the top and bottom of the said frame _A B_, and at exactly -the same distance from the centres of the swivel _E_ before-mentioned. -These _ears_ receive the ring-formed ends of the bars _L M_; see also -the bar _L_, in fig. 2. To these bars is firmly fixed the cross-bar _N -O_, which forms the _nut_ of the screw _P_, by means of which the -operation of the machine is duly _prepared_; for, now the cup _Q_ (in -the centre of which the screw _P_ revolves against a proper shoulder) -receives the end _G_ of the mandrel, which it presses forcibly, while -the whole is in the position _E L_, of fig. 2; that is, when the two -centres _E_ and _R_ form one right line with the bar _L_, figs. 1 and 2. -To complete, then, the process of driving out the mandrel, the bars, -mandrel and cylinder are, at once, strongly made to describe the arcs _a -M b_, _a c_; the mandrel revolving round the centre _E_, which is that -of the swivel and the bars round the stud _R_. But, in thus revolving, a -given point of the mandrel describes the _quadrant_ _a M B_, and a -contiguous point of the bars _L M_ describes the quadrant _a c_; -insomuch, that the mandrel _must_ have been forced out of the cylinder -in direction _G F_ by the distance _c b_; where we observe that, at the -beginning of this motion, the two curves _a b_ and _a c_ coincide in -their movements, and only begin greatly to diverge from each other in -the latter parts of these motions (see _M b c_.) The power, then, of -this machine, when the cylinder sticks fastest to the mandrel, _is -infinite_: and this power becomes weaker, and the velocity greater -toward the end of the operation; that is, when the cylinder has -slackened on the mandrel, and no longer requires to be driven with the -same force as at the beginning. It may finally be observed, that the -bars _L M_ are suspended by an oblique bar or chain _S N_ to the ceiling -of the room just over the stud _R_ or _I_, which is their real centre of -motion, in the above-described process. - - - OF - A SYSTEM OF MACHINERY, - _For cutting and trying Tallow by Power_. - -The wheel _A B_, Plate 30, fig. 3, _was_ a horse-wheel, but may be a -_first motion_ of any given kind. It is placed on the ground-floor; and -over it's centre is another shaft, having on it's upper end a chopping -block _C_, which revolves with the wheel _A B_, as turned from below. In -this wheel, _A B_ geers a pinion _D_, driving the lateral shaft _D E_, -which has two functions: the first to work the lying shaft _F_, and by -means of the cams _G H_, to lift the contiguous stampers; and, by means -of the knives _I K_, to cut the tallow on the revolving block -before-mentioned. Over this block is fixed an oblique scraper, which -takes the tallow as soon as it is cut, and pushes it down an inclined -channel, placed at _C x_, into the boiler. The second use of the shaft -_E_ is to turn the _mill_ _M_, (better shewn at fig. 4), which is let -down into the boiler, in one stage of the process, and drawn out by the -tackle _N_, when not wanted. The use of this mill is to tear the fleshy -parts of the substance, while in the act of boiling, and thus to -disengage the tallow with so much the less heat, in order that it may be -so much the less coloured. Besides this machine, there is a grapple _L_ -to be first used, which stirs the tallow in the boiler by the rotatory -motion of the arm _x_. This position of the grapple would alone -indicate what I have yet to observe--namely, that the boiler is a kind -of ring, the section of which is the line 1, 2, 3, 4, and it's depth 1, -2, or 3, 4. To prevent, still further, the fat from being burnt or -coloured, the flue for the fire is conducted solely under the bottom of -the boiler, as shewn by the dotted lines in fig. 5: the smoke or heated -air being forced to make two revolutions under it, as indicated by the -arrows in this figure, where we see more particularly the fire-place _F_ -in close connection with the rising shaft of the chimney at _G_; and -this is so, because, with so great a length of horizontal flue, the fire -would not enter the chimney till it had been heated to a first degree. -There is, therefore, an opening into the chimney at _a_, and the fire, -in lighting, is suffered to escape directly from the fire-place into the -chimney; by which means, continued a few minutes, there is draught -enough created to make the fire take its useful course through the flue -afore-mentioned. I may just observe, reverting to fig. 3, that _O_ shews -the fire-place _in elevation_, and _p_ the entrance into the flue, which -last is double under the boiler, as shewn in fig. 5. Finally, the 4th -fig. shews an end view of the _tearing-mill_, before-mentioned; but here -on a larger scale, _A B_ being a part of the side of the boiler. - - - OF - A WASHING MACHINE, FOR HOSPITALS, - _Which confines the offensive Matter till cleansed away_. - -Doubtless, the salubrity of every place, where _many_ people are -collected, would be much increased, if all impure exhalations were -expelled as soon as formed; and this is especially true of those awful -but sublime receptacles, provided by Philanthropy, for the sick, the -wounded, and the dying! To assist in the work of purifying the -atmosphere of these doleful abodes, was the object (30 years ago) of the -VENTILATOR, presented in page 170 of this work. But, I conceive, that a -share of evil, quite as great, resides in the putrescent qualities -contained in or connected with the clothes, the bed-linen, the -dressings, &c., of the inmates of an hospital; to whose sacred claims on -the efforts of every good citizen, the present article is devoted. - -This Washing Machine (see Plate 31, figs. 1 and 2) is a triangular (or -square) box _A B_, furnished with a lid _a b_, so fitted, as, when -screwed down, to be hermetically closed.--And, N. B., to facilitate -_this_ operation, I use in it a particular kind of screw (invented for -the _hose_ of fire-engines), which I shall now describe. I take a common -screw, with it's nut, and cut away the threads of both, at two opposite -_quarters_ of their respective circumferences, so that the screw can -_enter the nut to the bottom without turning_; and the stuffing between -the shoulders is so well fitted, in thickness, as to secure the -penetration of the threads of the nut and screw the moment the latter -_begins_ to turn. There is thus a full quarter of a turn, in which the -nut and screw will press as strongly as though the threads had not been -cut away; and thus are _nine tenths_ of the time required to use a -common screw _saved by this simple process_: and thus, then, I close the -lid afore-mentioned. - -This Machine is further composed of a wheel _C D_, and a pinion _E_, to -turn it with, either by hand, or by any proper application of power. The -wheel turns the box _A B_, and thus agitates the contents in a way not -dissimilar to the operation of the dash-wheels of calico printers. But, -again, this wheel and vessel turn upon _two hollow gudgeons_ _c d_; one -of which is destined to convey cold water into the wheel from the -reservoir _F G_, to regulate which is the use of the cock _f_: the -stuffing box _e_ being made as _good_ as possible, in order to prevent -all leakage, either of air or water. The second hollow axis _d_ serves -two purposes: it gives a passage to the fetid matter of which the -expulsion is desired, and conveys it through the cock _g_ to the _sink_ -or _sough_ below _h_, _without any communication with the surrounding -atmosphere_. - -But we said this hollow gudgeon had a second use: it is to bring steam -into the revolving vessel _A B_, from any proper boiler beyond _K_, -when that part of the process requires it.--There are, moreover, two -partitions _C D_, _l m_, made near the ends of the vessel, and pierced -with many holes, in order to suffer the cold water to flow in, and the -dirty water to escape, without choking up the respective passages: and, -finally, at the eduction end of the Machine (see _n_, _o_, _p_, fig. 2), -there are placed three pipes, reaching from the angles of the box to the -hollow centre, and furnished, at those angles, with valves, opening -outwards; which thus form a kind of hydraulic machine to raise this -matter from those places to the hollow centre, and thus, after a certain -number of revolutions, to expel it entirely. - -The process, then, for cleansing the objects contained in the vessel _A -B_ (including the condition of cutting off all communication with the -ambient space,) is as follows:-- - -1st.--These objects are dropped into the vessel as soon as produced, and -the vessel is filled, one half or more, with cold water from the -reservoir _F G_. The things are then left to _steep_ in this bath for a -day or two, or what space of time the periodical mutations of the house -permit. By which operation _alone_, the miasmata are already much -confined by the water, even though the lid of the vessel should be but -partially shut: after which, this steeping operation may be continued, -with the accompaniment of a few turns of the handle (_E_) to fully -saturate every part of the mass. In the second place, a small stream of -water is let through the cock _f_, and the wheel _C D_ is kept turning -for a few hours, to discharge the cold water and the most offensive -matter, through the cock _g_, into the sink: and, thirdly, the -steam-cock _K_ is opened (that _g_ being shut), by which means steam is -brought into the vessel _A B_, and the whole soon raised to the boiling -temperature. This state of things is continued, as long as it is found -necessary; the motion, of course, being also continued, and even -accelerated, that the mass of objects may _fall_ from angle to angle, -and be thus _well washed_--that is, well _finished_, if _plain_ things; -and fully prepared for finishing, by hand, if of a nature to require -close attention. And, finally, in many cases, the warm process may now -be abandoned, and a new stream of cold water be injected, accompanied by -a due motion in the vessel, so as to _rince_ the contents; and thus -leave nothing to do for the laundresses, but to dry and mangle, or -_iron_ them; where, it is plain, that no inconvenience can have arisen -from this process, either to these persons, or to the other inmates of -the house.--Hence, then, this Machine _has the properties announced--of -confining the offensive matter until cleansed away_. - - - OF - A MACHINE, - _For propelling Boats, on narrow Canals, without disturbing the - Water_. - -The application of steam-power, to the motion of boats on narrow canals, -is, I believe, much impeded by the consideration that the agitation of -the water injures their banks, and would finally destroy them. On the -other hand, it is known, that to drive a vessel, by acting on a fleeting -medium, such as water, we must, at once, submit to lose about one half -of the whole power employed--that is, the power, armed with energy -enough to produce the required velocity, must go through twice the space -that constitutes the _way_ or progress of the vessel. This depends, -however, on the size of the floats or paddles employed, compared with -the section of the boat, as modified by the form of the prow; but it is -difficult to employ a paddle so large as to suffer more resistance from -the water than the boat itself; and, if they are found _just_ equal, the -_loss_ of power is exactly one half of the whole. These, then, are the -two difficulties which I hoped to avoid, by the method now to be -exhibited. - -The idea is this--To have a large and heavy wheel _A_ connected with a -_long_ shaft _B_, reaching from the boat to the shore, and, turning that -wheel _in_ the boat, to propel the latter, by means of it's rolling -motion, on the bank or track-way; or, in some cases, on a proper rack, -placed there for that purpose. - -The Machine itself is represented in figs. 3 and 4, of Plate 31; fig. 3 -being a stern-view, and fig. 4 a side-view, both of the machine and the -vessel. _C_ is an axis, placed along the vessel, and turned by _any_ -convenient power--as a horse, a steam-engine, &c. On this axis, -considered as the _first motion_, are fixed the two bevil wheels _b c_, -from which the long shaft _B A_ of the rolling wheel takes it's motion. -The use of the two wheels _b c_, is to drive the boat in the same -direction on whichever side of the boat the wheel _A_ may be placed; for -this, of course, must follow the track-way, which is sometimes to the -right and sometimes to the left of the vessel.--Between the two wheels -_c b_, is a sliding block (or catch-box) _d_, in which the shaft _A B_ -of the large wheel has it's lower pivot, and by which it's wheel _B_ is -almost instantaneously shifted from one to the other of the vertical -wheels _b c_: the catch-box _d_ being itself _worked_ by a lever, of -which the end only is seen at _e_, fig. 4. In fig. 3, there is further -shewn a rope or _stay_ _f_, which, fastened to the socket _s_, of the -rolling wheel _A_, and fixed in the middle of the boat, at the greatest -possible distance from it, serves to keep that shaft at or near an angle -of 90 degrees with the boat's side: so that (the vessel being _long_) it -becomes easy by means of the rudder, assisted, perhaps, by _lee-boards_ -to keep the _way_ of the boat in a line parallel to the shore, -notwithstanding the tendency to veer outward, given by the wheel _A_, -while acting on a point so far from the body of the vessel. - -I further observe, that, in order to shift the apparatus, with a certain -facility, from one side of the boat to the other, there is a mast _M_ -placed ahead of the mechanism just described, which rises as high as the -length of the main-shaft (but can be _lowered_ to pass a bridge, &c.), -and to the top of which is fixed the block _g_, through which a rope -passes from the foot of the mast to the above-mentioned socket of the -wheel _A_. By this rope the wheel is hauled up till nearly ready to fall -over the centre; when a push from below will complete that passage; and -the wheel _A_, being afterwards _lowered_ by the rope _h i_, will soon -find it's proper position on the other side of the boat, as before -anticipated. Where, it should also be remembered, that this shaft must -have a joint and socket, to permit it's being bent, to pass a bridge, -&c. - -Hitherto we have supposed this rolling wheel to act on the bank or -track-way solely by it's weight; but this is not our only resource; for -this wheel might be made of a moderate weight, and be pressed down by a -brace reaching along the boat, toward the head and stern (see _k l_, -fig. 3.), and _hauled taught_ through an eye of the socket _s_; by which -_man[oe]uvre_ (the points _k l_ being lower than the centre _A_ of the -wheel) the latter will be pressed forcibly downward, and cause that -cohesion there, from which the boat is ultimately to take her motion. - -And, as to the wheel _A_ itself, I have _not_ represented it in the very -form I should wish it to have, because it can be sufficiently described -in words. I should cast this wheel (if made at all in metal) as a -_shell_, the outside of which would be what is really seen in the figure -(at _A_), and the rim would have in it mortices, like those which are -made for iron wheels destined to receive wooden cogs, and geer with cogs -of iron. In fact, this would become a wooden-toothed-wheel, with its -teeth roughly formed and placed, so as to occasion a small expence, and -to be easily changed, when worn away by the friction on the track-way. -Thus would, I am persuaded, a very moderate weight in the wheel, and as -moderate a pressure from the braces _k l_, connect the wheel with the -road enough to produce the desired effect, with a trifling _loss_ of the -power employed. And thus might we navigate a narrow canal, with a great -saving of expence; not to mention that other advantage of avoiding -entirely that injury to the banks, which must attend every system of -propelling the boats, founded on the agitation of it's waters. - - - OF - A MACHINE, - _For working, swiftly, the Slide-valves of Steam-engines_. - -The Slide-valve is an excellent substitute for the _hand-geering_ of -steam-engines, from the simplicity of form which it introduces, and the -certainty of it's recurring effects. But it is, I believe deservedly, -reproached with being too sluggish in it's operation, at the very moment -when _activity_ would be most desirable--namely, at the beginning of the -strokes; insomuch, say some, that the _power_ of the engine is -materially lessened by it. The fact is, that the _excentric_ (usually -placed on the crank-shaft) is almost always moving, and with it the -slide-valves also; which thus open by _slow_ degrees, when they should -open by _rapid_ ones. - -Without discussing the question further, I cannot refrain from -introducing this application of the principle of my Parallel Motion, -given in page 237; which appears to me greatly calculated to obviate -these difficulties; and thus to leave the slide-valve in possession of -all it's own advantages, with the addition of those which have hitherto -belonged exclusively to the Hand-geering System. - -I have represented this Mechanism in figs. 5 and 6, Plate 31: where _A -B_ shew the crank-shaft of a steam-engine, working by means of -slide-valves, the place of the _excentric_ being at _a b_, in a line -with the pulling-bar _e f_. Instead, then, of the usual connecting -_frame_ between the excentric at _a b_, and the valve-lever at _g_, I -use for the above purpose, a lever _e f_ terminated by an arc _o_, -furnished (in the present instance) with _five_ teeth, and connected by -the joint _e_ with the valve-lever _g_, in the usual manner. In the arc, -which terminates this lever _to the right_, are the five teeth -above-mentioned; and, they geer in the _ten_ teeth of the wheel _c d_, -which will be seen (in fig. 6) to be on the same shaft with the -spur-wheel _m_, itself driven by the spur-wheel _n_, of twice the -diameter. This wheel _c d_, therefore, makes two revolutions for one of -the crank-shaft: and, supposing it to turn in the direction of the -arrow, it will first of all draw _upward_ the arc _o_, producing no -effect on the valve-lever at _g_; but, when the tooth _r_ is arrived at -_p_ (the tooth _p_ being then arrived at the entrance of the curve _q_), -the wheel _c d_ will begin to draw the arc _o_ along with it, round it's -own centre; and, the teeth of the arc being kept in it's teeth by the -similar curve _q_, the valve-bar will be drawn from _g_ to _h_, in the -course of _one quarter_ of a revolution of the crank-shaft _A B_. But, -now, the tooth _r_ of the arc _o_ will be found at _s_: and, therefore, -the further revolution of the wheel _c d_ will carry the arc _o_ -downward toward _t_, until the tooth _r_ has reached the point _t_; that -is, until the wheel _c d_ has made another half-revolution, and the -shaft _A B_ another quarter; when, as before, the arc _o_, conducted by -the curve _t r_, will again drive back the lever _e f_, till it comes -into it's present position: after which, their motions will be regularly -continued. It is, then, evident, that the slide-valves are thus opened -and shut, each during one _quarter_ of a turn of the crank-shaft _A B_; -and thus they remain stationary during another quarter, and that, in two -positions of said shaft diametrically opposite to each other. And thus -have we a simple mean, adaptable to every engine, of giving it much of -the advantage of the hand-geering system, while preserving _all_ that of -the slide-valve principle. And, were it desired to lengthen the -_interregnum_ of the opening motion, it would be done by making the -wheel _c d_ smaller, and the ratio of _n_ to _m_ (see fig. 6) larger in -the same proportion. - -I observe here, however, that care should be taken not to make the valve -motions _too_ rapid, nor the intervals between them too long; for, I -consider one of the best properties of this motion to be, that it acts -_like an excentric_; that is, slowly at first, most rapidly afterwards, -and finishes as slowly as it began; which is a _precious_ quality in all -reciprocating machines. - -Finally, I would remark, that the two last _rounds_ in the rack of the -arc _o_ might be rather larger than the intermediate ones, and turn, -moreover, on pins, so as to suffer less friction when rolling on the -conducting curves _q_ and _t_. There might also be a plate or cap -rivetted or screwed over all the teeth, so as to strengthen each one, by -the force of the whole, as is shewn in fig. 1, Plate 29; from which, as -before observed, this Mechanism is deduced. - - * * * * * - -The foregoing completes the Third Section of my work: and gives an -article beyond the twenty, first intended:--which I thought important -enough to claim this distinction. I now beg leave to add a remark or two -on the text and plates of this, and the Second Part, by way of clearing -up some obscurities, that might otherwise embarrass my readers. - -And, first, in fig. 1, of Plate 21, the receiving vessel _M_, -erroneously _appears_ to form part of the wheel _D E_; but is, in -reality, placed _before_ it, as in all similar cases.--And, further, a -small deviation of the circular lines, in Plate 22, has set the plate -and it's description, in page 192, _at variance_; the difference between -the lines _o p_ and _C q_ being _not_ "imperceptible," as there stated. -I wish, then, that the dotted radius _A o p_, in the said fig. 2, may be -carried (or supposed) halfway between _p_ and _C_. Finally, in page 200, -line 8, the 24th Plate is incorrectly called the 25th. - -I shall conclude this Part, by an observation or two on the reception my -System of Toothed Wheels, as described in this work, has met with--not -intending to speak of the local difficulties I experienced at a former -period. But, _here_, the interests of truth force me to break silence. -The necessity I stood under of bringing out this work in Parts, has, at -least, had one advantage: it has given me an opportunity of watching the -workings of prejudice--not to say of envy,--and thus of neutralizing, in -some degree, the effects of either: from which, however, I claim nothing -but the _right_ of making my labours the more extensively useful, by -making them better known. I have, then, to say that, among _a few_ other -objections to the System, _this error_ has come from so respectable a -quarter, that it would be unjust to Science, and injurious to truth, to -let it pass unrefuted. It has been said, that "my wheels are a Chinese -Invention;" and _this_ proof has been adduced of it--namely, a -sugar-mill, from China, having it's cylinders _fluted in a spiral -direction_. Now, the fact is, it would have been difficult to give a -better proof that the wheels are NOT a "Chinese Invention;" for two -inventions are then only alike when they produce the same effect, by -similar means. But here the effects intended are totally different. A -sugar-mill acts in or near the plane of the centres; and one of it's -cylinders is not intended to drive the other independently of pressure -between them. This is so true, that the rollers of many sugar-mills are -not fluted at all. Besides this, my wheels exert no pressure in that -direction; and if they did, they would not be cog-wheels. In a word, -their action is _at right angles to the former_, and has an object of -quite a distinct nature. These, then, are by no means the same machine; -and, therefore, mine is not a "Chinese Invention." - -Here, however, I _beg_ not to be misunderstood! I should feel no regret -at appearing on the mechanical stage, a few hundred years after so -ancient and astonishing a nation as the Chinese! But, in this case, -truth did not permit me to sanction, by my silence, this flagrant -error. - -Finally, an opinion exists, _somewhere_, that these wheels _will_ never -be generally used, from the difficulty of making them; and this opinion -has been expressed, apparently, with no very amiable feeling. But, -amiable or hateful, the opinion is highly erroneous! It is so far from -fact, that, in a competent manufactory, they can be made more cheaply -than others now are; and _many_ persons are already calling for them -from every quarter; nor is any thing wanted to insure their immediate -prevalence but a _common_ degree of commercial energy. - - - - - PART FOURTH. - A NEW CENTURY OF - Inventions. - - - OF - A CUTTING ENGINE, - _For large Bevil Wheels and Models, on the Patent Principle_. - -One of the most prominent subjects of this essay, if not the most -important, is the System of Toothed Wheels, with which the second and -third Parts were introduced, and which still claims a share of my -readers' attention. As hinted a few pages backward, it seems not enough -for me to exhibit and describe the System, but I must defend it against -repeated objections, on pain of seeing it's utility delayed, and the -public deprived of it's real and solid advantages. I am _far_ from -wishing to impeach the _motives_ of those who still nourish or express -dissent, when they deign to bring reasons for so doing; but the mere -opinion--"it won't do"--expressed by a man of reputation, may impede, -for a time, the progress of an useful discovery, and thus produce a -public evil. This, then, is a result I am anxious to avert; as the -present System _has_ many points of excellence, against which no -insuperable objection _can_ be brought. Had I not declined, already, to -name either the friends or enemies of the System, I might here appeal to -persons who highly approve of it; and, indeed, who use it daily with -manifest advantage. But, I forbear. If, by means of the Engines already -given, and _that_ I am going to offer, it is proved, that the difficulty -of making these wheels is _trifling_, compared with their utility, one -important point will be gained: I shall not hear it repeated, "that the -System cannot succeed, _because of the difficulties of it's execution_." - -The present Cutting Engine is shewn in figs. 1, 2, 3, of Plate 32. It's -immediate use is to form the teeth of _wooden models_, for casting. -These are previously _built_ as usual, and _lagged_ with _bay-wood_, of -sufficient thickness to furnish the teeth, and leave a small thickness -of _that_ wood behind or under them.--_A B_, in fig. 2, represents a -wheel of this kind, ready for cutting;--mounted correctly on the centre -pin _C D_, which latter is so formed as to be _fixable_ in any position -on the table or bench _E F_. Under the wheel _A B_, there is a kind of -_index_ _a b_, put upon the said centre pin _C D_, which, by means of -the clamp and screw _b c d_, can be occasionally connected with the -wheel _A B_ so as to turn it, when it is itself turned by the means -hereafter to be mentioned. To proceed with the description: _G_ is a -slide, moving horizontally on the bench _E F_, as seen at _f e_ fig. 3; -this slide being the basis of the headstock _G H_, which contains the -_perpendicular_ slide _H I_, itself the support of the cutter-frame _K -L_, so constructed as to turn on it's bolt above _I_, and take any -proper position over the edge of the wheel or model _A B_. This slide, -then, with it's appurtenances _H I K L_, moves along the bench _E F_, as -seen in fig. 3 at _f e_: and what gives it this motion, is, the screw -_g_, furnished, purposely, with a left-handed thread, working in the -_half-nut_ contained in the small frame _h_, which contains also a -jointed _cap_, that can be lifted off in an instant, and the screw set -at liberty. Moreover, the second use of this screw _g_, is to _be_ thus -disengaged from it's nut, and lifted up to about _i_, where it serves to -push back the slide _G_ towards the wheel, without that loss of time it -would occasion if pushed back by the working of the screw. The letters -_M N_, shew another important part of the Machine, applying to the -cutting-process. It is an inclined plane, sloped to the same degree as -the bottom of the teeth of the wheel. (See the line _a k_.) This -inclined plane, then, is fastened, in any proper place, on the bench _E -F_, by the wedge _N_, _just_ like the puppet of a common turning lathe; -and it passes through an opening in the slide _G I_, or rather suffers -this to pass _over it_, as better seen at _M_, fig. 3. Furthermore, the -slide _I_ (fig. 2), after gliding down this inclined plane _M G_, will -have to be raised between each cutting: and that is the office of the -workman's hand acting on the lever _O P_, through the iron frame _Q M_, -which is shewn at fig. 3, in another direction; and marked with the -letters _Q l m_. In fine, the slide _G_ carries on each side of the -Machine a pulling bar _n_, connected with the said slide, and with a -smaller sliding piece _o_, the use of which is to hold a pin (seen in -the figure, but leaving no room for a letter of indication), which -_turns_ the wheel _A B_, by the plate _p_, as the slide _G_ recedes, and -the cutter-system _I K L_ descends on the inclined plane -before-mentioned. Having thus adverted to all the important parts of the -Machine, we turn to fig. 1, for the purpose of shewing _what_ the plate -(whose edge is seen at _o p_) means; and the effect it is intended to -produce. - -In that figure, let _B A c_ be the section of any wheel it is desired to -cut on this principle. The width of the face of such wheel is shewn by -the line _a b_; and _a c_ is called the _projection_ of that face, on -the base of the cone of which the wheel _A B_ is a portion; it's summit -being at _C_. The line _e d_, shews _one_ of the spiral teeth with which -the wheel is to be furnished; and I make it by this uniform process: The -pitch of the wheel, whatever it be, is set off from _e_ to _f_: and that -pitch is divided into _eight_ parts, (shewn here as _four_ on account of -their smallness) while the width of the face _f d_, is divided into -_nine_ parts, shewn here (for the same reason) by _four and a half_ -divisions. This latter division is more numerous than the former, that -the principle may be a little _overdone_; or that the teeth may overlap -each other by 1/9 of the pitch: To which purpose, beginning the spiral -line _e d_ at _e_, I move in the second circular line from _e_ to the -second radial line _C i_, and draw _that diagonal_ which forms the first -part of the curved line _e d_. From this second point, I go to the third -circular line, taking also the third radial line, and drawing the -diagonal. This I do until arrived at the fifth circular line, when I -find myself likewise at the fifth radial line _C d f_. These four spaces -thus gone over, represent the eight parts into which this part of the -face _a b_ _would have been_ divided, had the figure been larger: and -there remains a small division near _d_, equal to one half the others, -through which the curve _e d_ is prolonged by a similar process; and -this latter portion is what the successive teeth _overlap_ each other, -as before stated. - -Now, it will be seen below, that the needful _circular_ motion is given -to this wheel, by a movement that takes place in a direction parallel to -the base _a c B_ of this figure. The curve _e d_, must, therefore, be -transferred from the surface of the cone, to this base _a c B_. To do -this, I place a point of the compasses at _A_, and trace, with the -openings _A a_, _A c_, &c., the six _quadrants_ included in the space _a -c g h_, which are now the projections, on the base, of the circular -lines _a b f d_ on the surface of the said cone. Here, a slight -difficulty should be obviated: strictly speaking, this _projection_ -would be horizontal, and, of course, invisible in this position of the -wheel. But I have supposed the figure _a c g h_, turned ninety degrees -downward, round the horizontal line _a B_, so as to make one -representation suffice; and also to shew the connection of the lines _a -b g h_, with those _f d a b_. The curve _k l_, is thus a _copy_ of that -_e d_, only _shortened_ in the proportion of _a b_ to _a c_--that is, of -the side of the cone _a C_, to the half-base _a A_. - -To secure, then, the coincidence of the pitch, as set off on the -circumferences _a f_ and _a g_, we must divide a similar portion of both -into an equal number of parts, _e f_; and treat them, on the lines _a c -g h_, as we did on those _a b d f_; by which means we shall get the -curve _k l_, _the projection of that_ _e d_. And this curve _k l_, must -be made part of a _plate_ _k l m n_ (about 1/10 of an inch in -thickness), the use of which is as follows: - -This Plate _k l m n_, is no other than that marked _o p_ in fig. 2; and -it is there fixed to the index _a b_, directed to the central pin _C D_, -as it is in fig. 1 to the centre _A_--insomuch, that the _pin_ shewn in -fig. 2 near _o_, acting on the _sloping_ curve _k l_, will turn that -index (and with it the wheel) by the very motion which draws back the -slide _G_ (fig. 2), and lets down the slide _I_ on it's inclined plane -_G M_. - -We may remark, lastly, that as the present Machine is adapted to _large_ -models, it is not, now, provided with a dividing-plate, although the -means of so doing are self-evident. On the contrary, the division dots -are seen on the edge of the wheel _A B_, as is likewise one dot, near -_b_, on the clamp _b c_, from which a given distance is set off to each -of the dots on the wheel, so as to give the pitch required. By these -means, then, the wheel is divided and cut, in _good_, if not in -exquisite divisions; and all the teeth take their shape from the Plate -_o p_ (or _k l m n_ of fig. 1), and are thus good, in that respect also. - -To recapitulate the steps of this process--The workman stands behind the -Machine, near _E_; and, working the screw with his right hand, draws -back the slide _G_, (the _power_ then turning the cutter _r_ very -swiftly) by which means, the slide _I_ glides down the inclined plane -_M_, and the cutter, impinging on the sloping face of the wheel, cuts it -to the depth _r a_; the shape of the tooth (by the turning of the wheel) -being the spiral form _e d_ of fig. 1. It may be added, that the lifting -lever _O_ permits this descent of the bar _Q M_, because it is suffered -to fall lower than _now_ represented. Thus, when the slide _G_ is -arrived near _h_, the tooth is finished; and the cutter leaves the wheel -at _a_: after which, the cutter-frame and slide _I K L_ are raised by -means of the lever _O_--the screw _g_ taken out of it's _steps_, and the -slide _G_ pushed back by it, until the vertical slide _I_ rests again on -the inclined plane _M_, as it at first did. Nothing, now, remains to -prepare for cutting a new tooth, but to change the division-dot, by the -application of the gauge or compasses, from _b_ to the next point on the -wheel; to do which, of course, the clamp _b c_ must be loosened and -refastened by the thumb-screw _d_. I would just notice the 4th -figure--to say, it is a sketch of one quarter of a bevil wheel; intended -merely to shew the form and position of these teeth, and the general -appearance of the System. - -Finally, my readers will please to advert to what has been already said -on the _forms_ of these teeth, and their uses: and recollect especially -what was observed on the epicycloid, as applied to them. It will easily -be perceived, that to _put_ that form on one of these teeth would be an -almost hopeless attempt!--and, happily, it is not necessary. We can, -however, by using the cutter _r_ with various slopes, and going several -times through each _space_, cut _facets_ on the teeth, quite near enough -to the theoretical form to make them work _well_ together; and, as -before observed, nothing is wanting to make the teeth _perfect_, but to -run them together with the wheels placed in due position. - - - OF - A CENTRIFUGAL DASH-WHEEL, - _For Bleachers, Dyers, &c._ - -To form a true estimate of the value of any new machine, it is necessary -to examine the nature and operation of those that have been used before -for similar purposes. And this is the more needful here, because the -present _Dash-wheel_ is essentially good, both in it's properties and -effects. The only room left for improvement, seemed to respect the -_quantity_ of work done by it: and this is, the chief point of -comparison we shall establish in what follows:-- - -The third figure, in Plate 33, is a sketch of the common Wash or -Dash-wheel. The pieces of calico (or other goods) are put into it -through the round holes, dotted in the figure; and, by the revolution of -the wheel from right to left, are carried up from _a_ to _b_, or nearly -so; from whence they drop by their weight to _about_ the point _c_, -where they meet the angle formed by the circumference of the wheel and -one of the four arms or partitions, by which it is divided. If the wheel -go too fast, the line of falling becomes more like the curve _b d_, and -the goods strike the circumference too high, and in an oblique -direction;--whence the blow is reduced, and the washing becomes -imperfect. If, on the other hand, the wheel move too slowly, the pieces -_slide_ down the ascending partition (_a_) before it comes to the -vertex, and thus only fall from the axis to the lowest point of the -wheel;--whence, also, an inefficient stroke. Thus, do these wheels -require a moderate velocity: and they are reckoned to do their work best -when making from 22 to 24 turns, and giving, of course, four times that -number of strokes per minute. - -The produce of these wheels is thus circumscribed by a _natural_ cause -that cannot be altered--namely, by the law of falling bodies; and my -Invention has in view to _elude_ the shackles which confine this -process, and to produce a much greater effect in the same space,--the -same time,--and with the same expence of workmanship. - -To this end (see figs. 2 and 4, of the same Plate) I place two, four, or -more boxes _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, on as many wheels _e f_, toothed on my -Patent principle; the latter, in the present case, being about two feet -in diameter, and the boxes, in length, three quarters of that diameter: -and of _any_ convenient _width_, according to the size of the pieces. -The wheels _e f_ are mounted on the strong shafts _C D_, which run, -below, in the wheel _E_; and by which, also, they are turned round the -common centre, by means of the vertical wheel _F_. Further, in the -centre, and between the wheels _e f_, I place the bevil wheel _i_, of -half the diameter, in which the main shaft runs loosely, and which is -itself fixed to the upper frame work, so as not to turn at all. The -three _Patent_ teeth at _e i f_ shew that these wheels are to geer into -each other on that principle: and it is likewise seen that this whole -mechanism is included in a set of rails, of an octagonal form, for the -purpose of preserving the men from danger, while in the act of charging -and discharging the boxes. And here it is worthy of _some_ remark, that -this process must be _easier_, and more quickly performed, with these -_open_ boxes, than through holes made in the _vertical_ side of a -Dash-wheel, on the usual principle. - -To account, now, for the sloping position of the shafts _C D_, and the -consequent slope of the boxes, they are thus placed, in order that the -goods may not drag too much on the bottoms of the boxes, when passing -from one end of them to the other. Instead of this, they are, in fact, -_thrown_, by the centrifugal force, from the inner angle _h_ (fig. 2) to -some point _k_ up that side of the box which is then outwards; where -they strike, and then _fall_ into the contiguous angle under _k_, to be -again projected thence, after one revolution round the common centre; -for, it should here be remembered, that, by the given proportion of the -wheels, the circulating wheels _e f_ turn on their own axes exactly one -half round, for every whole revolution round the common centre _A B_. - -To elucidate this still further, I have outlined, at _A_ fig. 1, the -central wheel _i_, of fig. 2, together with _one_ of the excentric -wheels _B_, and the lines _a b_, _a b_, &c., representing the boxes, -are _supposed_ to be wires with the balls _b b_, &c. sliding on them, as -is usual in some experiments on the _Whirling Machine_--(See "FERGUSON'S -LECTURES,") Of these _wires_, I have given the true directions in 12 -positions of the wheel _B_: the epicycloid _b b b_, &c., shewing the -steps by which the ball _b_ is brought _toward_ the common centre, -during _three quarters_ of the revolution; and also the position of the -wire on which it slides: where it is evident that the ball _b_ has a -tendency to preserve it's station, at the _first_ end of the wire, until -the latter takes the position _b b c_, when it forms (or nearly) a -tangent to the curve, and is, at the same time, at right angles to the -_radius of motion_, _A b d_. From this moment, then, the ball is free to -leave the centre, and to fly off in a tangent with the velocity with -which the curve itself is generated at that point. We might, thus, -during the rest of it's flight, seek it somewhere in the line _b f g_; -but, as the wire _continues_ to change it's position, and _must_ turn -half round on it's own axis, by the time it arrives at _B b_, or -describes a quarter-circle on the common centre, it will again overtake -the ball--and, giving it a curvilinear direction, will finally carry it -to it's other extremity, at or near the point _B_--where it's motion -first began: and thus shall we give as many strokes to the ball, as -_half turns_ to the wheel _B_; or, in other words, as many _dashes_ to -the cloth, as we give turns to the boxes, round the common centre. - -By this process, then, substituted for that of the common Dash-wheel, we -can increase almost indefinitely, the number of passages of the cloth -from one end of the boxes to the other; and the force of the _dash_ will -be as the squares of those numbers; since (as FERGUSON expresses it) "a -double centrifugal force balances a quadruple power of gravity." If, -then, with four boxes we turn this machine 60 times in a minute, we -shall have 240 strokes in that time, instead of about 90 given by a -common Dash-wheel; and this difference might be more than doubled, if so -desired: for should, then, the stroke be found too severe, the boxes -might be shortened, so as to lessen it's violence, though preserving all -it's frequency. - -There are _two_ other objects that present enough analogy to this -_Washing_ process, to be here mentioned. The first is the operation of -_Fulling_, as applied to woollen cloths in general. That process, I -fear, is not performed at present in the best manner possible; and I -feel persuaded that the centrifugal motion might be applied to it with -advantage--whether as to quantity of produce, or perfection of effect: -and having thus said, I shall leave the idea to the riper judgment of my -manufacturing readers. - -The second object I shall just introduce is, that of _Kneading Dough_, -for bread, by the same centrifugal agency. It is well known, that an -ingenious _baker_, of Paris, invented, some time ago, a method of -_kneading_; which consists in letting the lump of dough fall -successively from the four sides of a square box, revolving on a -horizontal centre. As this idea seems to have succeeded _perfectly_, I -offer the Centrifugal System, as tending to quicken, almost -indefinitely, such a process; and I particularly recommend it to the -attention of Government, and of all _large_ establishments as a mean of -doing well and rapidly, _by power_, what is frequently done slowly and -ineffectually, by the usual methods. _Verbum sat._ - - - OF - AN HYDRAULIC LAMP - _For the Table_. - -I call this an Hydraulic Lamp, to distinguish it from the Hydrostatic -Lamps, commonly so named: and I think the distinction proper, because -this Machine acts in a different manner. It's principle will be seen in -a moment, by turning to the 5th figure, of Plate 33. If, there, we pour -oil (or any liquid) into the bent tube _A D G_ at _A_, the first effect -will be to raise it to _C_, in the rising branch _B C_; and from _C_ it -will trickle down the branch _C D_, leaving _the air, there, to occupy -it's own place_. Continuing to pour, slowly, more oil into _A_ the -trickling oil in _C D_ will ultimately fill the rising tube _E D_, -expelling the air before it; and, now, the weight to balance the column -in _A B_ will be _both_ the columns _B C_ and _E D_; whence, of course, -that column will rise as far above _C_ as _C_ is above _B_; that is, -half-way between _C_ and _A_. Here, _there would be_ a small deduction -to be made, if the height _B C_ were considerable; but, as it is only -supposed to be about a foot, the compression of the air in _C D_, &c., -(being about 1/3 of a foot or 1/90 of an atmosphere) may be neglected. -Continuing, then, to pour oil into _A_, we shall again fill, _not_ the -descending tube _E F_, but the rising tube _F G_; whose column will thus -be to be added to those _B C_ and _E D_; so that now the column _A B_ -will rise to _A_, and _there abide_, as long as the mouth _G_ is kept -full, or nearly so. - -The above is the principle of the Lamp announced in the title; whose -effect depends, then, on the number of _bends_ made in the tube _A D G_, -which number (whatever be the _form_) it would be well to make rather -greater than smaller, as the height _B C_, &c., might be so much the -less, compared with the whole height of the column _A B_; by which -means, also, a smaller difference in the level of the column _below_, -would _return_ the oil necessary for the consumption of the wick -_above_. - -I have given this idea what I think a better form in fig. 6. Instead of -the bent tube _A G_, of fig. 5, _this_ form supposes a series of -_air-tight cups_, embracing each other; one half of them with their -mouths opening _upwards_, and the other half with _theirs_ opening -_downwards_. They are shewn, by a section only, in this fig. 6; where _a -b c_, _c b a_, present the under cups, forming one piece with the outer -surface of the bottom vessel _d a c_, _c a e_: and, while speaking of -this part of the Machine, I would just indicate it's cover _d e f g_ put -on like the lid of a snuff-box, and carrying a case or tube _f g_, the -use of which will be mentioned in a moment. To proceed, then, the upper -vessel is shewn by the edges of it's cups seen immediately over the -_figures_ 1 2 3, 4 5 6, placed between the _letters_ _a b c_, &c.--These -inverted cups make also _one body_ with the moveable cover shewn between -_d_ and _e_, and to which is soldered the tube _h i_--which, sliding in -the case _f g_, keeps this inverted vessel steady. Where note: that -there is an _inner_ tube soldered into the tube _h i_, through which -alone the oil rises, and which can hardly be made too small, since it -has only to supply the consumption of a lamp--namely, a few ounces of -oil in a whole evening. We may, finally, take notice of the weight -placed _under_ _f g_, upon the said inverted vessel, and which helps to -counterpoise the oil in the rising tube _h i_; which tube, as before -observed, may be as many times _higher_ than the distance _a d_ or _e -a_, as there are rising columns between the cups _a b c_ and those 1 2 -3, &c. - -I am not wholly prepared to say what portion of the oil it might be best -to re-elevate by the pressure of the aforesaid weight _f g_; but, if it -were a considerable part of that contained in the central compartment _c -c_, _that_ column would be shortened in proportion; and the reservoir at -_i_ would, doubtless, feel the want of it to preserve it's level. I -think, therefore, it might be well to use, below, a _cup_ or two more -than sufficient, so as to raise the main column higher than actually -wanted; and to coerce this rising tendency, by a small stop-cock in the -rising branch, to be _gently_ opened at the will of the person using the -lamp. I cannot say I have exhausted this subject; either in these -respects, or as to it's technical capabilities. But I have fully _tried_ -this method of raising oil above it's level; and used, for some time, a -lamp made on this principle, and which is still in my possession: and, -at some future time, I intend to bring forward an Hydraulic Machine, -founded on the same principles. - - - OF - A MECHANICAL ESSAY, - _To derive Power from expanding Metals_. - -It is not supposed that this Essay can lead, immediately, to any result -of magnitude; but it is thought to be a subject capable of further -extension, and thus, finally, of future usefulness. Were this process -only sufficient to supply a single house with water, at a small expence, -the labour bestowed on it would not be altogether in vain. - -By General Roy's experiments, cast iron (and steel) expanded by 180° of -heat (or, by passing from the freezing to the boiling point of -FAHRENHEIT) 0.013 of an inch per foot. - -Supposing, then (Plate 34, fig. 1), the tubes _A B C_ to be 20 feet -long, their whole expansion will be 0.26 hundredths of an inch. But, as -the tubes are placed in the figure, the _half_ tubes _A D B D_ act -together on the sphere _D_, and, both together, drive it in the -direction _E D_, _more_ than as the above expansion, in the proportion -of the line _E D_ to that _A D_. Taking, then, one half only of the -above expansion = 0.13 hundredths of an inch, _that_ must be augmented -in the ratio of the sine of 60 degrees to radius, or in that of _A D_ to -_E D_. I, therefore, multiply this decimal 0.13 by the fraction -1000/866, which gives 1300 to be divided by 866, or very nearly 0.15 -for the expansion, in the direction _E D_, occasioned by the two half -bars _A D B D_: and the same is true at the other angles _F_ and _G_. - -Again, to find the expansion (and _contraction_) of the bars _a b c_, we -must compute their length as compared with the half tubes -above-mentioned; and that length is to 10 feet (the half tube _A D_ or -_B D_) as 866 is to 1000 = 11.54 nearly: the expansion of which is thus -found:--if 10 feet expand 0.13, what will 11.54?--Answer, 0.15. Now, as -the machine acts by the _heating_ of the pipes _A B C_ simultaneously -with the _cooling_ of the bars _a b c_, we must add the former expansion -to this _contraction_, which gives us 0.30, or _three tenths_ of an inch -for this combined effect at the three angles of the Machine. And, -_supposing_, now, any pair of bars to act directly against each other, -as at _H I K_; and that, further, the bars be stretched until the angle -with the horizon be only 2 degrees, then the vertical motion at _I_ will -be to the horizontal (arising from the expansion aforesaid) as 1000 to -35, the sine of 2; that will be, in round numbers, 28 times as great, or -28 _times three tenths of an inch_ = 8.4 inches, which is the _stroke_ -of this Machine in these dimensions. - -In this calculation, I have not forgotten that the vertical and -horizontal motions are _nearer alike_, when the bars are not drawn so -tight at _K H_; that is, when the joint _I_ is lowered. But it is -equally true that, when the joint _I_ rises still more, the difference -between these motions is _still greater_; so that, as a medium effect, I -think we may reckon on an _eight-inch stroke_ in the present case. - -The question now recurs, of what _strength_ are these strokes? Are they -sufficiently powerful to produce a useful effect with so _short_ a -motion? This I cannot say from experience; but, from the known strength -of iron and steel, their power, in these dimensions, must be _very -great_. A few more observations may occur in the course of the enlarged -description we shall give of the Machine itself. - -_A B C_ are three pipes of cast iron, well turned at the end, and having -conical points of iron, well steeled, let into them, so as to have no -tendency to _bend_. _a b c_ are three steel bars, placed in troughs, so -as to be heated or cooled by water poured into the latter. Or, these -troughs _may_ be exchanged for tubes, to admit heated or cooled air, -according to the means used to cause these mutations. In a word, -although I have represented these bars as contained in troughs, I intend -to finish my description, on the supposition that they are _tubes_, -because I intend to suppose the Machine worked by _air_ instead of -water. - -To proceed: at _d_ is an opening _under_ the tube _B_, into which air -enters, and _C_ is an opening _on_ the top of the tube which emits the -same air, the three pipes being made to communicate by means of a short -junction-pipe at each of the angles _D_ and _G_. Here, then, the -fire-place _f g_, fig. 2, must be noticed: the use of which is both to -heat and cool the Machine; and the following are the means:--This little -instrument contains fire in it's middle compartment, and that fire draws -_air_ into the part _f_, and drives it out of the part _g_. It also -_turns_ on a centre-pin, seen in the figure. This chaffing-dish, then, -is placed at _i d_, and there serves a double purpose. When it's pipe -_g_ conveys heated air into the pipes _B A C_ (and _out_ at _C_), it -heats those pipes and expands them; but, at the same time, the pipe _f_ -of this instrument draws cold air through the three tubes _a b c_, in -which are the steel bars that require to be _contracted_: both which -operations conduce alike to the above-described effect. By these means, -the weight _w_ is raised, and (for example) water sucked into the pump -_X_. But, turning the fire-place half round, we reverse this effect. The -_hot_ air is now drawn, out of the pipes _A B C_, and _cold_ air drawn -through them, by which they are _cooled_; while the hot air, from the -fire, is thrown through the pipe _g_ into the tubes _a b c_, and passing -through the chimneys _k l_, there heat the bars and expand them,--both -which operations concur in _letting down_ the weight _E_, and thus, in -forcing the water of the pump to whatever destination was previously -assigned it. - - - OF - A MACHINE, - _For Making Laces, Covering Whips, &c._ - -Many people, in these parts, have seen a certain machine, said to have -been invented by an inmate of that laudable institution the Liverpool -Asylum for Blind People; for the purpose of making laces, covering -whips, &c. I hope the similarity of name will not induce any reader to -suppose that I have had that machine in view, and am endeavouring to -cast it into the shade, or purposely to supersede it. If any person -should thus think, I have a _safe_ reply at hand. My own invention -(somewhat less perfect than it now is) was made, many years ago, on -purpose to serve _an Asylum for the Blind in Paris!_--a reflection with -which I shall, at once, close this, perhaps, unnecessary apology. - -This Machine is represented in Plate 34, at figs. 3 and 4. It consists -of a frame of wood or metal _A B_, on which are _mounted_ the following -objects:--1st, on the traverse _B_, a fixed tube, having for it's base -the horizontal plate _a b_, and rising perpendicularly to _near_ _c d_; -where it unites with a conical or trumpet-like vessel _c d_, _f e_; the -left side of which is shewn in perspective, and the right side in a -section only. To this _fixture_ is adjusted the spherical portion _g h_, -_h_, prepared to receive several cuts or slits 1 2 3 for the -bobbin-slides hereafter-mentioned, to slide up and down in. This leads -us to observe the upper fixture _C_, which is a cylinder, terminated -downward by a spherical _dome_ _i k_, _k_; also receiving the several -cuts 4, 5, 6, into which the aforesaid bobbin-slides pass from the -former slits 1, 2, 3, &c. Now it will be seen that the two spherical -parts thus fixed, are separated from each other by the circular and -horizontal slit _l m_, whose use is to permit the _pipes_ shewn in the -section at _n o_, to circulate _all round the machine_, while the -bobbin-slides and bobbins _k p_ are sometimes _above_ and sometimes -_under_ the said slit _l m_. - -Now, then, it becomes necessary to speak of the _cause_ of this passage -of the bobbin-slides from the under to the upper parts of the slits 1, -4, 2, 5, and _vice versa_. That cause is in the second dome _q r_, which -covers, as far as it rises, the inner dome _f i_, _k h_; and it consists -in a serpentine canal, of which a section is given to the left of _q_, -and at _s_, _in the section of the principal figure_. - -But to make this important piece of the Machine better known, I have -drawn it apart, in figure 4, on the _supposition_--that it is a portion -of _a cone instead of a sphere_: I say a cone drawn with the radii _t -q_, _t r_, according to the dotted line _t r_. The surface then of this -cone, is supposed straightened in the lateral figure; and the aforesaid -serpentine canal is shewn at _a b c d e_, having the rollers of the -bobbin-slides placed in that canal, at the same points _a b c_, &c. -Here also, certain dotted lines _f g_, _h i_, &c. shew the _relative_ -positions of the slits 1 4, 2 5, &c. of the principal figure, and also -of the horizontal slit _l m_: whence it appears, that the revolution of -the bent canal, _a b c_, &c. must some times drive the rollers towards -_g i_, &c. and sometimes towards _f h_, &c. while the _pipes_ _n o_ pass -undisturbedly round the Machine, in the horizontal slit _l m_ of both -figures. - -The question now arises, _how_ is the circular motion given to the outer -dome _q r_ of the principal figure? that dome is _screwed_ to the cone -_r v w r_, being itself of one piece with the hollow tube _v w_, on -which the wheel _x y_ is fixed. Now, this wheel _x y_, is driven by a -vertical wheel _z_, of _twice_ the diameter, for a reason we shall soon -disclose. - -It remains now, principally, to speak of the drawing-system of this -Machine, shewn, in small, at _c_, and of a natural size in fig. 5 of -this Plate. That Machine has also it's own tube _c x´_, working inside -of the fixed tube _a b_, &c. and terminated, at bottom, by the wheel -_x´_, which turns it by means of the second vertical wheel _x´ z_, fixed -on the same axis as the wheel _z_ before-mentioned, and of half it's -diameter. - -Supposing then, for the moment, that the mechanism _c_ derives from it's -circular motion, the property of drawing downward the threads from the -pipe _n o_, and the bobbin _p_; (being one of the _twelve pair_ -distributed round the Machine) we shall now set the Machine at work, for -the purpose of viewing it's operation a little more narrowly. Looking at -the two kinds of texture, indicated in the figure below the traverse -_B_, we see that on the left composed (in weavers' language) of a -straight _warp_, crossed by an oblique _weft_; and this I believe, is -the common texture of _round, small ware_, as usually woven: the slope -of the weft being less and less as the number of shuttles diminishes, -insomuch that with one shuttle that slope, _might_ become almost -invisible. But in the work made on this Machine, where, virtually, there -are as many shuttles as threads in the chain, the slope would become -very perceptible, too much so, perhaps, to give a desirable appearance -to the work; although the rapidity of execution, from the multitude of -crossings, would compensate for some imperfection of that kind. But, in -fact, this Machine is intended to make a diagonal or diamond texture, as -in the specimen to the right hand: and _that_ is the object of the _two_ -pair of wheels _x y_, with _z_; and _x´_ with _x´ z_ before mentioned. -Their effect is this: when the large vertical wheel _z_, has turned the -outer dome and the pins _n o_, once round the common centre, the smaller -vertical wheel _x´ z_, has turned the drawing-system _c_, just one half -as much round that centre, and thus sloped the threads coming from the -fixed slits in which the bobbins move, as much, in one direction, as the -_whole_ turn given to the pins _n o_, has sloped the other half of the -threads in the other direction, and the result has been the aforesaid -diagonal texture. - -There are a few other things to be observed by way of closing this -article. As the Lace, or Cord is made on the Machine by a turning -motion, it must be received below into a turning vessel, or it will be -twisted, and thus injured. The vessel _D_, is provided for that purpose; -and is turned by a cord from a pulley on the axis of the wheel _z_, -coming under two vertical pullies, and acting on an horizontal pulley _F -E_, connected with the said vessel; and if preferred, the draught itself -might be placed in, or above, the vessel _D_, but it would not, I think, -produce so perfect an article. - -With respect to the drawing Machinery _in_ the Machine at _c_, there is -shewn, a flat surface just under that Machinery. It's purpose is to -serve as a _mover_ for that System: To shew which, in a clearer manner, -is the use of the fifth figure. In this figure, the drawing rollers turn -in a frame _a b b_, and carry on one of their shafts a cog-wheel _c_ -_or_ _d_, by which they receive this motion from the pinion _e_; this -pinion being connected with the rowel _f g_, and running with it on a -stud _h_, more or less removed from the centre, as circumstances may -require. This rowel then, (for it's edge, formed as in the figure, is -_indented_ with sharp teeth across it's face) runs on the _flat surface_ -before indicated, at or near _e_, (fig. 3) and by the rotatory motion -received from the wheel _x´_, gives a drawing motion to the rollers, the -use of which has already been explained; namely, to draw down the -_goods_ as they are formed. It need hardly be observed further, that -_any kind of filling_ may be brought down twisted from _C_, to the -entrance of these rollers at _c_, and thus be included in the plaited -texture; and in fact, the rollers in fig. 5, are shewn (by the dotted -lines) as formed to receive an object of considerable diameter, as a -whip, &c. that it may be wished to cover. Where I remark, that this -lozenge form of the grooves _O_, is not given without a motive: the -grooves are thus formed (the cylinders being supposed capable of opening -by a springy movement) in order that, if desired, they may draw the body -downward, so much the faster, as it's diameter increases--and thus keep -the covering threads at the same angle in every case. I shall only add, -that these movements can be permanently determined by wheels, when the -rowel _f g_, acting on the horizontal surface _c_, has fixed the real -velocities of draught required for a given purpose. - -This Machine then, is capable of excellent results, and of a speed -almost inconceivable: since at every turn, if there are _twelve_ bobbins -_p_, and twelve pipes _n o_, it makes twenty-four passages of the -threads among each other, answering, in some cases, to an _inch_ in -length of the fabricated texture; so that, counting 120 turns per -minute, (which is moderate) we have 2880 passages, and 120 inches of -work in a minute; equal to 200 yards per hour--a quantity which does not -yet limit the produce of this Machine. - - - OF - A BATTING MACHINE, - _For Cotton, or_ FINE _Filaments in general_. - -This Machine is represented in figs. 1 2 3 of Plate 35. It is composed -of a frame _A B_, on which are placed two sets of rollers _a b_, _c d_, -round which is stretched an endless feeding cloth, on the upper surface -of which the Cotton is laid by the attendant. Across this frame _A B_, -is fixed a strong board _C D_, having a ledge or _bridge_ at each end, -over which are tightened the cat-gut strings 1 2, 3 4, &c. Moreover, -across this board, is fixed on proper bearings, (placed either straight -or diagonally) the axis _e f_, furnished with any proper number of _iron -fingers_ 7 8, &c. which _spring_ the cords 1 2, 3 4, &c. every time they -pass by them: where it may be observed, that by the varied _forms_ of -the ends of those fingers, the vibrations are made to be vertical, -horizontal, or oblique, at pleasure. In fig. 2, these fingers are seen -from one end of their axis _e f_--and in figs. 1 and 3, they are shewn -sideways: and in the latter figure, the strings are shewn as small -circles between _e_ and _f_, with the feeding cloth _a c_, stretched -under them. - -The following then, describes the effect of this Machine: The Cotton -being laid on this feeding cloth near _B_, is gently drawn under the -vibrating cords at _g h_: for while _this_ takes place by the action of -the handle at _e_, the pulley _f_ by the cord _i_, gives a slow motion -to the cylinder _B_, and by it to the feeding cloth _B A g h_. The -Cotton then passes under the strings toward _B A_, and is greatly -agitated in the passage; and when arrived at _A_, it falls into any -proper receptacle--whence it is taken to undergo the succeeding -operations of the factory. I would just mention, finally, that the axis -_e f_, though here supposed to be turned by the handle _e_, would, _of -course_, receive it's motion from a proper _power_; set on, or stopped -by the usual methods. - - - OF - A HORIZONTAL WIND MACHINE, - _For raising Water in large quantities_. - -This Invention has for it's object, to make a more abundant use of the -wind's agency, _at a given expence_, than is usually done: and the -means, generally, are to avoid a part of the expence lavished on the -foundations or fixtures of wind-mills, and _yet_ to carry _more sail_ -than that system admits of. Machines of this nature, are chiefly used in -low marshy countries, where there is much water to be raised, and little -solid ground to build on. My idea here, is to found the whole on the -water, and to make that element the medium, and as it were the _centre_ -of every motion. - -Let us then suppose already constructed, the _long_ and narrow boat _A -B_, figs. 4 and 5 of Plate 35:--and that there is contained in the -middle of it's width, a cylindrical _pipe_ of iron, (or a square wooden -box) of equal length, serving as a pump, by means of a spherical or -square piston _a_ or _b_, drawn from end to end by the means soon to be -described. The cost of such a pump-barrel would not be _great_, though -it should be of considerable length--(even 300 feet would not cost so -many pounds). Now, at each end of this vessel _A B_, there would be -raised a vertical part of equal size _C D_, surmounted by a caster, (_E -F_) turning, horizontally, on a hollow centre, _through_ which a rope -would pass from the aforesaid piston, (_a_ or _b_) to the boat or ship -_S_, which is the _primum mobile_ of the System. This boat would further -be made to carry as much sail as possible, and to encounter as little -resistance as possible from the water. It's properties of carrying sail, -might even be enlarged, by the use of one or more _out-riggers_, as is -done in various eastern countries. - -It would be proper, likewise, to give the vessel a rudder at each end, -and to reverse her motion by changing the sails, _without tacking_. This -is also represented in the two figures 4 and 5: and, in the present -case, the vessel is rigged with three masts, and three large sails -nearly square, yet somewhat _deeper_ on the lee side than to windward, -to make the sails the more governable, though as large as possible. -Supposing now, all these things arranged, and the rope _N O_ fastened to -or near the middle of the vessel, and to the aforesaid piston over the -pullies of the casters _E F_; _then_, if the vessel sails in the _long -ellipsis_ 1, 2, 3, 4, the _sum_ of the two portions of rope _N, O_, will -be always the same; and, the wind coming from _a_, in the direction of -the arrow, she will sail advantageously from 1 to 4, or the contrary, -carrying the piston from end to end of the pump; and thus exhausting it -at every passage; and filling it again from the _lower_ water. - -To recapitulate--and bring the several parts again to view; _S_, in -both figures, is the vessel, supposed of the best form for carrying -_much_ sail: _E F_ are two casters with their pullies; _p q_ are two -pullies at the bottom of the vertical barrels _C D_, _under_ which the -rope passes to the piston at _a_ or _b_, &c. In fine, _q r s_ are the -three sails, and _t v_ the two rudders, by which the vessel is steered -in either direction, so as to keep it's wind without causing _too much -stress_ on the rope _N O_. This consideration involves another, which -must now be cleared up: namely, _how_ can this mechanism be made to -produce the same effect in every direction of the wind? I answer, the -whole System must be _moored_ at one end _A_, in the strongest manner; -while the opposite extremity _B_, shall have liberty to veer round that -point, as a centre, through 90 degrees of a circle; _some one position_, -between which extremes, will suit every wind, _on this condition_, that -the vessel by it's rudders, keel, &c. be able to keep her ground, -although the wind should come from the _convex_ side of the ellipsis; a -thing by no means impossible, though less desirable than the state first -represented. - -Thus it appears, that I expect the favourable result of this System from -two sources: the first, (but _least_) from the length of this pump, -which permits much water to be raised without much agitation; and -second, from the _quantity of sail_ it is possible to carry by this -method, compared with the sails of a wind-mill. My idea is, indeed, that -since the power of the wind is so boundless, we ought to use it more -liberally than we do: and I am persuaded, that _ten times_ as much work -might be done _at a given expense_, by such means as these, as can be -done by the usual methods. - -Before I quit this subject, I would just observe, that there are _many_ -situations in which this powerful agent might be made useful, in -conjunction with water power, as applied, perhaps, to encreasing works, -and being itself incapable of proportionate extension. Thus, there are -_many_ water mills (used for various purposes) that are obliged to -_wait_ the re-filling of the mill pond; and which, therefore, lose much -time, although the _wheel_ would be capable of doing even more work than -is actually wanted. In fact, it _often_ happens, that the worse the -supply of water, the better is the wheel: for _this_ has been sometimes -thought a mean of making up the deficiency. In such a case then, a cheap -wind apparatus might double or triple the effect of the wheel, and the -produce of a given establishment. But it will be objected, that the wind -is an uncertain helper! and thus less fit to be resorted to. This I -acknowledge; but still say, that could it be used when only a _breeze or -a zephyr_, it's utility would be much extended; and _this_ is another -consequence of a system founded on the application of _much sail_ to a -given purpose. Still however, as nothing absolutely conclusive can be -said on so _variable_ a subject, I shall not now lengthen this -discussion. - - - OF - A FLAX-BREAKING MACHINE. - -It is important, in _most_ machines, to avoid oscillatory -motions:--which uniformly protract _the time_ of an operation, or -require a greater _power_ to perform it. This consideration has given -rise to the form and properties of the Machine I am about to describe. - -In Plate 36, figs. 1, 2 and 3, represent this production. The first is -an elevation; and the second is a plan, serving to shew the manner of -_feeding_ the Machine. To speak first of the second figure--_A B_ is a -pulley, (shewn at large in fig. 1, and marked with the same letters;) -it's use is to receive the endless cord _C D E_, which is composed of -three strands, like the apparatus of a peruke-maker; these strands being -divided at _F_, and passing there over three pullies placed at a proper -distance on the same shaft _F_. These pullies are gently turned by that -shaft, and carry with them the afore-mentioned triple cord, _to_ which, -in the passage _toward_ the Machine, have been _woven_ small handfuls of -flax, by the same process as the barber uses to fasten the hair of a -wig; one difference however obtains: the flax is knit to the cords at -it's _small_ end, and within a few inches of it, so that the root-ends -hang pendent, and when that part of the cord enters beyond the pulley -_E_, those ends hang round the large pulley _A B_, against the grooved -surface of the outer rim: The method of grooving this drum is better -shewn in fig. 3: and it should be noted, that the smaller drums _C D_, -are grooved in a similar form, their diameters being such as to divide -exactly, in _some_ ratio, the outer cylinder _E F_. In fig. 1, two -_portions_ of these handfulls of flax are represented by the waved lines -_m n_, drawn between the cylinders _C D_, and the section _E F_ of the -said outer cylinder; where it is evident, that if these cylinders had, -in that place, teeth like those of fig. 3, these handfulls of flax would -appear _bent_--which is indeed the process by which the wood is broken, -and the filament divested of it. It appears also by the figure 1, that -the cylinders _C D_, run on centres, fastened _only_ to the pins of the -cross piece _o p_, (shewn by dotted lines in fig. 2.) These cylinders I -say, are thus mounted, that there may be _no centres below_, to gather -up the flax or wood, and thus embarrass the motion of the Machine. - -Adverting then, a second time, to the second figure, the flax is -fastened in small handfulls, to that part of the endless cord that goes -_toward_ the Machine; namely, _F E_, and taken off from that part which -_comes from_ the Machine behind the pulley _A B_: so that the triple -cord before mentioned, there consists of _three cords_, and passes round -the separate pullies at _F_. The flax being thus taken off at _M_, is -handed to the charger at _N_, and _re-fixed_ to that cord by it's other -end--so as to be finished by a second passage. It would be superfluous -to add, that the waved form of the grooves in the cylinders, is intended -to break the flax at _every_ point of it's passage before those grooves -as conducted by the large pulley _A B_, (in the centre of which the main -shaft _turns_ without giving _it_ any of it's own motion) the said -pulley _A B_, being turned, as before stated, by the triple cord from -the _slow_ motion of the pullies _F_ in the figure. - - - OF - A BOWKING MACHINE, - _To accelerate and equalize that process_. - -Having heard it observed by some Calico Printers, that there is more or -less of _inequality_ in this process as usually performed; and that some -parts of the goods are exposed to be more acted on than the _inner_ -parts, I have thought the following Machine would be useful, both to -equalize and accelerate that operation. - -In figs. 4 and 5 of Plate 36, _A B_ is a hollow cylinder, running on two -gudgeons _C D_, with a very slow motion, and thus, requiring _very -little power_. One of these gudgeons _C_, is hollow, for the purpose of -receiving steam from a boiler, like those at present used. The cylinder -_A B_, is double, both around it's circumference, and at it's ends, (see -_a b_, _c d_, figs. 4 and 5). It is also furnished with one or more -doors _E_, through which to introduce the goods; and which doors are -afterwards closed with screws, like those mentioned in the article -"Washing Machine," of the third Part. The goods being put in, with the -usual doses of alkaline liquor, &c. the steam is introduced through the -gudgeon into the interstice _a b_, and thence through proper openings -into the body of the wheel, and between the cylindrical partitions _a -b_, _c d_, &c. By the steam, the water acquires a boiling heat; and by -the motion of the wheel, is carried up in the boxes _a b_, &c. to the -top, whence it falls through proper holes upon the goods; thus keeping -them _wet_, and steaming them at the same time. The figures shew the -division of the liquor into several jets 1, 2, 3, &c. which are -constantly falling on the goods, as the process requires. The 4th. -figure shews further, the effect of the turning motion of the cylinder -_A B_; namely, that of changing the position of the articles; and -offering, successively, every part thereof to the steam and flowing -liquid: and thus, I presume, must the Bowking process become more rapid -and equal, than that which takes place in a Bowking-keer, unaccompanied -with such a motion. - - - OF - A PRINTING MACHINE, - _For two Colours_. - -This Machine occupies a great part of Plate 37. It is represented in -figs. 1 and 2; the first being an inside view of one of the cheeks; and -the second, a view endwise--represented as broken in the middle, to gain -space in the Plate. As far as possible, both the parts are marked with -the same letters. - -To begin with fig. 1, _A B C_ is the cheek: being a kind of shallow -_box_ with edges to strengthen it and give it thickness for the _steps_ -_a b_, &c. These steps are strongly fixed to the screws that slide in -the boxes _A B_, and the nuts of which, are seen at _c d_. The screws -enter, besides, into the heads of the perpendicular levers _D F_, _E G_, -against which these nuts press to _set_ the cylinders, by their steps _a -b_, against the _bowl_ _H_. This pressure of those cylinders _a b_ is a -_modified_ effect: for the levers _D F_, _E G_, are drawn inward by the -pulling bars _I K_; which, meeting in the centre of the Machine, are -pressed downward by the hanging bar _L_, to which are suspended the -scales and weights _M_, these being more or less heavy according to the -wish of the _Printer_. It were well to mention a circumstance of some -importance connected with this subject:--If the bars _I K_ form -together an angle _very_ obtuse, the power of pressure is immense; and -the weights at _M_ might be the lighter: But, then, the _degrees_ of -pressure at different angles of the bars _I K_ would vary too much, if -any excentricity of the cylinders _a b_, occasioned any motion. It is -therefore best to use a sensible angle between the bars _I K_, together -with a weight at _M_, so much the heavier; by which means these motions -will be the more mild and manageable. Proceeding with the description: -_e f_ are two hooked screws, by which the pulling bars _I K_ are raised, -when necessary, so as to increase the _nip_ in any corner of the -Machine, without affecting the rest. It should be observed also, that -the steps _a b_, have dove-tailed slides screwed to them from under the -rim, and in it's thickness, to make them move more correctly, when -pressed horizontally by the nuts _c d_. The upper works of this Printing -Machine are not greatly different from those of the common one. In one -respect, however, I think them superior. The roller, prepared for the -returning blanket, is mounted in a frame _g_, (fig. 2) which moves on a -pin in the centre of the Machine, insomuch that _one_ screw and nut _h_, -suffices to regulate this return. This then, is an improvement, as the -printer has but one operation to perform instead of two. The use of the -piece-roller is the same as usual; and the goods are carried down on -stretching bars, &c. exactly in the same manner. - -But a more important property of this Machine remains to be noticed, The -two cylinders _a b_, are made to press diametrically across the centre -of the bowl _H_; so that it's shaft suffers no friction from that -pressure. And hence, this _two_-coloured Machine requires no more power -to work it, than a common machine for _one_ colour. - -A further property of this Machine deserves attention; but for want of -room on the Plate, we are obliged to describe it by means of _dotted_ -lines on the face of the present figure. At _a b_, and at _H_, we have -dotted _three_ toothed wheels, of which one is keyed on each of the -mandrels, while the central one is placed in a frame, forming part of _a -slide_ _N_, (fixed on the plate _N_ of fig. 2) and by which this wheel -is moved up and down at pleasure. Here it is evident, (see again fig. 1) -that if this central wheel rises, it will turn the mandrel _a_, -backward; and the mandrel _b_, forward: and this is a peremptory method -of increasing or lessening the distance between any two points on the -cylinders; or in other words, of fitting the colours of one cylinder -into those of the other--an operation which is thus performed by a -single movement; while in other machines it is necessary to go on both -sides of the machine to produce the same effect. In a word, this process -is completed in a few moments, by turning backward or forward a _nut_ -like that _h_, applied to the screw placed against the side of the -Machine, as at _P Q_. - -But we have another important property to speak of. The colours on the -two cylinders must be _fitted in_, laterally, as well as -longitudinally: and the Machine performs this by an easy method. At each -side of the Machine (see figs. 1 and 2) is fixed on a centre _i_, a -short lever _k l_, the bent end of which (_l_) rises just to the brass -step which carries the mandrel of the cylinder _a_, and is formed so as -to push that step _inward_, when it's end _k_ is pressed _outward_; -which latter motion is occasioned by the screw _m n_, which goes all -across the Machine, and performs the same office on either side as -wanted. This then, is another economy of time and pains; this setting -being usually done by passing round the Machine, from one side to the -other. - -Finally, _R S_ shews one of the cross-bars by which the two cheeks are -connected. They are formed as portions of a hollow cylinder, and screwed -to the cheeks through flanches, the breadth and form of which give -considerable strength to the Machine; which is further strengthened by -the bars _T V_ and _W X_, in it's upper parts. - -In the above description of this Machine, (in which the parts common to -other machines are omitted) I have endeavoured to avoid all invidious -comparison: and have only said what my additions appear to warrant, and -what, I am persuaded they will justify, when this Machine shall be -compared with others, placed in the same circumstances _for the sake of -liberal comparison_. - - - OF - A MACHINE - _For clearing turbid Liquors_. - -I confess, I again stand on a kind of forbidden ground; and am uncertain -to what _degree_ this Invention will justify it's title. Yet I think -myself safe in expecting it will produce an useful effect. But the fact -is, I never _fully_ proved it: the apparatus with which, more than -twenty years ago, I was trying the System, having broken in the -experiment--which I then had no opportunity of resuming. - -I had then, as formerly, asked myself a question, viz: "will not the -centrifugal force of a _heavier_ body, suspended (without chemical -action) in a _lighter_ fluid, increase the subsiding tendency, and -_quicken the clearing process_?". I then thought "yes," and do not yet -see why it should not. But not having any absolute _fact_ to build my -conclusions on, I must leave the whole matter to time and experience; -and crave the candour of my readers in favour of my somewhat bold -assumption. - -This Machine then, which _is to_ purify muddy liquors by motion, is thus -composed: a perpendicular axis _A_, (Plate 37, figs. 3 and 4) turns very -swiftly, surmounted by a conical cap _B C_, so formed, as to receive and -_lodge_ in it's thickness, four or more vessels _a b_, _f e_, which hang -on pins _c d_, near that centre and have the liberty of leaving it by -the centrifugal force, round the said pins, until lost in the thickness -of the cap above mentioned; where they turn on the common centre, -without suffering any resistance from the surrounding atmosphere. This -conical cap _B C_, &c. is made as light as possible, by protuberant -ledges, but it's solid _form_ would be restored by lighter substances -fixed between the arms, so as to add _little_ to the friction or -resistance of the whole mass. Any turbid liquor then, being introduced -into any pair of these vessels while in the position _g h_, fig. 3, and -put into swift motion, will have it's muddy particles thrown from the -centre, and (I presume) soon deposited at the greatest possible distance -from that centre: since, although the centrifugal force will add, in the -same degree, to the tendency outwards of the particles of the _liquid_, -and make them _gravitate_ more towards the circumference; _that_ force -will _not_ render the liquid less _fluid_--which, therefore, will suffer -the _clearing_ process to take place _sooner with motion than without -it_; and this is all I dare advance in the present state of my knowledge -on this subject. Thus have I again reckoned on the kind forbearance of -my readers, and risqued a little more of "the bubble reputation." - -My readers will supply one remark I had omitted--which is, that if -bodies heavier than the fluid, recede faster from the centre _by_ this -motion, than without it, _lighter_ bodies will approach toward the -centre, and be there collected for the same reason--another cause for -which, will doubtless be the pressure occasioned by this centrifugal -force in the revolving fluid. - - - OF - OPEN CANALS, - _As Hydraulic Machines_. - -I have said, and shall still say, much on the desirableness of making -use of a greater portion of that gigantic agent--WIND, than has yet been -customary. This article is another attempt to urge it's propriety. But -it will be of no use to those who cannot extend their views beyond the -present state of things, to that possible state which every successive -mechanical improvement appears to anticipate or promise. These -speculations of mine, suppose extensive means and extensive necessities: -and they promise results still more extensive. In a neighbouring -kingdom, where the country is, as it were, redeemed yearly from the -ocean's grasp, what would not it's inhabitants give for a security -against the encroaching tide? or the means of saving several months to -agriculture, by the speedy disembarrassment of it's fields from the -common destroyer of health and produce? It is even said, that in the -last winter, some _dykes_ in Holland were broken, and many lives lost by -inundation: and in our own country there is many a submerged spot, over -which there blows wind enough to drink up, or throw out, it's last -particle. I submit then, the present means, as capable, with proper -modifications, of forwarding every analogous purpose; and thus as -worthy to occupy the attention of every friend to rational improvement. - -If my 38th. Plate were considered as a _corner_ of any inundated -country, whose boundary were a dyke contiguous to this chosen spot, I -would propose building a long curvilinear canal _A B_, of which the -middle space should receive and contain the lower water; and the two -outside spaces the upper: especially the outer circle, which should -communicate with a few branches _C D_, leading to and through the dyke -before mentioned. In the two outside canals should float a pair of boats -(long and light) _E F_, joined together by one or more cross-beams _G_, -which would produce the double effect of connecting the boats so as to -make them _bear much sail, without oversetting_; and of carrying along -in the middle or lower canal a kind of _water-drag_ _H_, that should -take with it the under water, and raise it's level nearly to that of the -upper canals--into one of which it would enter through it's lateral -valves, and thence flow into the eduction canals _C D_ as before stated. -My idea will be better understood by referring to the small figs. 2 and -3, at the bottom of the Plate: for they are, _one_, the transverse -section of the canals with the boats, and the other a longitudinal view -of one of the vessels in it's canal, with the water-drag _H_ in the act -of making (what is technically called) a _boar_, of the lower water; and -raising it above the level of the valves _I K_, which open into the -canal. - -To recapitulate, _E F_ in fig. 2, are the two vessels seen sternwise, -with their sails _supposed_ very large: _G_ the beam that connects them; -_H_ the water-drag; and _O_ one of several valves which open _from_ the -lower water, and close when the drag is going over them. In fig. 3, _H_ -is the same water-drag, whose distance from the bottom is regulated by -the brace _b_: it's beam or shaft, being fixed to the crossbeam _G_, of -figs. 1, 2, and 3. - -Thus then, at _one_ passage of this double vessel along the curved canal -_A B_, all the water in it's middle compartment will be raised into it's -outer one: and be thrown into _the sea_ through the canals _C D_, &c. It -appears, near _E F_ in this fig. 1, that the vessels _E F_, have -friction pullies or wheels placed horizontally on their decks, to act -against the sides of the canal and prevent the lee-way: thus converting -the whole effort of the wind to a useful purpose. And here I observe, -that if the wind blows in, or nearly in the direction of the diagonal, -then, the vessel would go almost from one end to the other of the main -canal without tacking, and thus do an abundance of _work_ at each -return: for it is a common thing for ships to sail nine or ten knots an -hour! And here note, that the present curvilinear form is given to the -canal in order to take all winds, (tacking more or less often) whether -coming from the inside of the curve or from the outside. I cannot but -add that in this Machine--in that I have already given--or in those I -may yet give, there is much to be found that promises useful -application in many an important position. An example now strikes me. -The reservoir at the Manchester Water Works might furnish room for a -floating Machine, capable, on windy days, to do all the work of the -steam engine, and thus economize a good portion of the fuel it -consumes. - - - OF - A PORTABLE ENGINE, - _For extinguishing Fires_. - -This Machine (see Plate 38, fig. 4) is intended to be carried or -conveyed in a small cart, to the place where an incipient _fire_ may be -preluding to it's fearful horrors! It is, as to form, a common lifting -pump, inclosed in a vessel of air, whose spring perpetuates the _jet_ in -the usual manner. When used, it is held on two men's shoulders, by means -of a bar going through the ring _A_. Further, a rope is fastened to each -of the extreme rings _B C_: and a stick put through each of the second -rings _b c_. Two rows of men are then marshalled along the ropes; one -set to _hold-on_, and the other to pull in regular time, the piston _c_ -along it's pump, thereby sucking water through the pipe _D_, and forcing -it through the valve _v_ into the air vessel: from which it is forcibly -expelled through the directing pipe _E F_. Here it is clear, that this -small Machine is capable of an effect almost indefinite: since the rows -of men may be very numerous; there being always people enough at a fire. -To work the Engine by pulling, is nothing more than to repeat many a -nautical man[oe]uvre: and if only one man in the company should have -learn't to _sing the sailors' song_, they would soon produce--"a long -pull, a strong pull, and a pull altogether." To be serious, a hundred -men may as well work at this Machine, as ten; and the effect will keep -pace with the cause. In a word, there is scarcely any limit to the -abundance of water, that might be thrown on a fire by such an Engine as -this; of which I shall say nothing more, save that the bar of the piston -rod at _c_, is intended to be used for drawing it inward, by the efforts -of two men, at each interval in the effort of the working-men. A mere -inspection of fig. 4 will fully shew what here remains unsaid. - - - OF - A WIND MILL, - _With double Power_. - -This Mill produces a double power, merely because it uses two pair of -_sweeps_ or sails, both of which (though turning opposite ways) concur -in giving the same motion to the vertical shaft of the mill. _A B_ fig. -5, (Plate 38) is the shaft in question. It has on it two bevil wheels or -pinions _o_, _b_; bearing the same proportion to their respective -wheels: one of which (_o_) works in the wheel _C_, fixed to the _outer_ -shaft _a c_, and the other (_b_) in the second wheel _D_, which takes -it's motion from the inner shaft _E D_. This latter, then, is turned by -the front sweeps _F G_; which revolve, as usual, "_against the sun_," -while the other sweeps _H I_, are braced round the large shaft _a c_, -and turn _with the sun_--being sloped and _clothed_ for that purpose. -Now, lest any doubt should arise, whether these two sets of sails would -not injure each other's motion--I would remark, that one principal -effect of the front sail _on the wind_ would only be to turn it aside, -and _thus_ make it the _more fit_ to turn the other sails, which -_require_ to go the other way; and which, therefore, will rather be -favoured than otherwise, by the aforesaid effect on the direction of the -airy current. It may be useful to observe, that the two sets of arms can -be put, circularly, into any given position, by means of the wheels _C -D_, and will _retain_ that position if the proportions of the wheels to -the pinions _o b_, are the same for each pair--a result which it is easy -to insure. - -I shall dwell no longer on this subject, convinced as I am that nobody -will question the propriety of enlarging the scope of these operations. -It is a subject I especially recommend to our Batavian neighbours--the -more, as, without presuming to dictate on a subject they may think I -have not experience enough to judge of--I have only a hint to give to -their _Moolen Maakers_, to insure their attention to a subject so -intimately connected with the welfare of their never-forgotten -_Vaderland_. - - - OF - A WATCH ENGINE, - _To extinguish incipient Fires_. - -It is well known, that many ruinous _fires_ have originated so _slowly_, -that they might have been put out in a minute, had a _little_ water been -at hand--especially with the power of _throwing_ it to a short distance. -This fact makes it more desirable than it would at first appear, to have -small vessels full of water, furnished, in themselves, with the power of -forming _a jet_, without a moment's delay! and this is the purpose of -the _Watch Engine_, represented in fig. 6 of Plate 39. - -In that figure, _A B_ is a cylindrical vessel, with spherical ends, made -strong enough to bear (without danger) a pressure of several -atmospheres: and into which is introduced, by a _condenser_, (which -might be the very system _C p r_) a quantity of water sufficient to -occasion the aforesaid pressure. The valve _C_ being water-tight, -retains entirely this water; and the Machine is placed on it's three -feet, in a corner of the apartment it is wished to secure. It is seen in -the figure, that the valve-pipe _C p_, opens into the ejection pipe _p -q_, while the valve stem _p_ passes through a collar of leather, and -comes in contact with the lever _p R_ while in it's present position. -If, now, any part of the house or apartment should be found to be on -fire, this Instrument can be carried there instantaneously, by the pipe -_p q_, _as a handle_; and the jet be levelled at the point desired: -when, by taking the lever _p R_ in his hand, _with_ the pipe _p q_, the -bearer will open the valve _C_, and thus have an immediate supply of -water, in a state of impulse sufficient to quell a fire that might else -have become so violent as to mock every attempt to extinguish it! This, -then, is the object of the present simple tribute to public safety. - - - OF - A MACHINE - _For Engraving the Cylinders of Calico Printers by_ POWER. - -The principle of this Machine is as follows: When two equal toothed -wheels _a b_ (see Plate 39, fig. 1,) geer together, a given tooth of -either wheel _visits_ a given tooth of the other, once every revolution: -and will continue to do so as long as the wheels continue to revolve. -But, when the wheels are _unequal_, as _A B_ fig. 2, then _different_ -teeth in one wheel, visit the same tooth in the other, until, after a -certain number of turns, the revolutions of both wheels have a common -divisor. My System of equable Geering (see Part 2d. of this Work,) -justified me in applying this principle to Engraving; and is the chief -foundation of the Machine now to be described: for this System, as we -have seen, communicates the very same kind of motion that two touching -cylindrical surfaces would impart to each other by mere contact. The -punch, therefore, will not _scrape_ the cylinder, when brought into the -desired places of contact by the aforesaid process. Let us suppose then, -(fig. 2) that the wheels _A B_, are to each other in diameter and teeth, -as the numbers 2 to 3; and that a given tooth in the wheel _A_, (which -we have pointed out by a dot) now touches a certain spot on the wheel -_B_, marked by a dot like the former. When, now, this spot on the wheel -_B_ has made _one_ revolution, the wheel _A_ will have made 3/2, or -1-1/2 revolution: and the tooth first mentioned, will be found -diametrically opposite to the place where it touched the spot first -adverted to. And if, further, we give the wheel _B_ another turn, the -wheel _A_ will again have made 1-1/2 turn; and the tooth first mentioned -will again visit the spot with which it coincided at the beginning. - - To recapitulate--The 1st. turn of _B_ gave 1.5 turns of _A_, and - The 2d. turn of _B_ gave 1.5 turns of _A_: - --- - Sum. 2 turns of _B_ & 3.0 turns of _A_:-- - -which numbers are thus in the inverse ratio of the number of teeth in -the wheels respectively. - -Referring again to fig. 3, there we see a cylinder to be engraven, (_M_) -and a _porte-outil_ (or tool-bearer) _N_, connected by the wheels _A B_; -whose teeth are singly inclined, like those that were considered in Part -2d. It can hardly ever occur, that the circumference of a cylinder can -require to be divided into two parts only: but most often into a greater -number, as 9, 11, &c. and it so happens, (from these initial diameters 2 -and 3) that we must take _uneven_ numbers for our basis, in order to -reduce the System to any thing like regularity. And, this admitted, the -theory of this division will be as follows: - -Let the chosen (uneven) number of figures required round the cylinder be -called _m_: then must the number of teeth in the small wheel _A_, be -likewise _m_: when the number in the wheel _B_, will come out uniformly -_m_ + (_m_ ± 1)/2; in which formula every case of practice is included. -For suppose, any uneven number to be required, say 11: Then will the -cylinder-wheel _A_, have 11 teeth; and that of the _porte-outil_ (_B_) -11 + 12/2 = 17, or 11 + 10/2 = 16: either of which numbers, working with -the 11 teeth of the cylinder-wheel _A_, will divide the latter into 11 -parts, as was before stated. - -It must, however, be observed, that, as expressing a set of teeth -actually working, these numbers are fictitious; because the teeth would -be too coarse to work well. The numbers thus found, must, therefore, be -multiplied by 2, 3, or more, so as to bring the teeth to a _reasonable_ -size, say 1/8 of an inch thick, according to circumstances. - -As another example, take the following: suppose it were required to -engrave a cylinder of 4 inches diameter--or 12.56 in circumference, and -to put twenty-five figures round it, giving very nearly half an inch for -each figure. Then the cylinder wheel (_A_) must have 25 teeth; and the -porte-outil wheel 25 + 26/2 = 38: or, doubling both numbers to give the -teeth a proper strength, the cylinder-wheel would have 50 teeth, and the -porte-outil wheel 76. - -To proceed now, in stating the principles of this Machine, it is evident -(in this System of geering) that the diameters of the wheels must be in -exact proportion with the number of their teeth, _taken at the pitch -lines_; and that these pitch lines must be of the same diameters, -respectively, as the cylinder to be engraven, and the porte-outil taken -at the surface of the punch: which is saying, in other words, that the -length of the punch must be regulated _after_ the diameter of the -porte-outil wheel has been determined from it's number of teeth, -compared with those of the cylinder-wheel. But we shall return to this -topic after having described more fully the principal parts of the -Machine. - -In fig. 5, (which is a kind of transparent view of one end of the -Machine), _A B C_ is one of the stands or legs on which it rests; _a b_ -is a section of the frame or bench, which supports the _headstock_ _C -D_, one of which is bolted down at each end of the frame, (see also _C -D_ in fig. 3.) This figure shews the transverse form of the headstock, -with the centre (_c_) of the porte-outil; and _e d_ are the _two_ wedges -that go through the headstock to support the step of the cylinder, of -which the mandrel appears at _f_. This mandrel-centre is also covered -with a second step, over _f_, by which it is kept down by means of a -regulating screw _A_, (fig. 3) which finally determines the degree of -nearness of the cylinder to the porte-outil, and thus the depth of the -engraving:--that is to say, this regulating screw influences this depth -as far as the wedges (_e d_) permit: for by the screw _d_, these wedges -slide on each other so as to raise or let fall the steps _f_, by small -degrees; the position thus given being _confirmed_ by the said -regulating screw. It is needless to say that this operation takes place -at both ends of the Machine, (_C_ and _D_) and thus places the surface -of the cylinder in a line exactly parallel to the slide _n q_ of the -porte-outil. - -In fig. 3, all the parts thus adverted to, are given in a front -view--where we may observe, that the rope marked by dots at _R_, is a -loaded friction-drag, used to prevent the porte-outil from -_over-running_ the cylinder, when the punch is just emerging from -between them. - -The same figure 3, shews also the position of the frog _x_, in the -triangular slide of the porte-outil; the latter, as well as the -cylinder, borne by the headstocks _C D_. Moreover, the rack _w_, which -gives the end-motion to the punch, is here shewn, as going through the -frog, and connected with it in one direction by the catch _o_: and at -_n_, there is a spring, formed like a horse-shoe, the use of which is to -push the frog, by the catch _o_, _to the right_, whenever the rack is -_suffered_ to go that way, by the mechanism hereafter to be described. - -The _frog_, then, (so called because it seems to leap when the Machine -works) must now be adverted to: it consists of an under mass, formed -prismatically to fit exactly the slide _n q_, cut out of the porte-outil -_N_. This mass is capped by a thickness of steel, which completes the -passage for the rack _n w_, and offers, besides, a compartment for the -punch-clams _o_, and another (_x_) for a wooden or steel _bridge_, -being a portion of a cylinder, so formed, as to support the engraved -cylinder after the stress of the impression is passed, and thus to -equalize the depth of the engraving. The compartment for the punch-clams -at _o_, is terminated to the right hand by an obtuse angle near _x_, -which serves as a centre, when, by proper fixing screws in the rim near -_o_, it is found necessary to place the punch a little awry. The other -properties of this _frog_ will easily be supposed by my mechanical -readers. - -We come, then, to it's motion in the slide. _p r_ shews a wheel, running -loosely on the axis of the porte-outil; and having fixed to it a -concentric rim _r_, with _three or four waves_ in it's circumference. -Further, above _s_, is seen a lever, turning on a pin in the stud _s_, -and pressing against the right-hand end of the rack _w_, when driven to -the left by the waves _p r_, &c. This rack is cut into ratchet teeth as -at _w_, in which enters the catch _o_, as impelled by a proper spring -acting on it, (but not seen in the figure.) As long then, as the waved -wheel _p r_ can _turn_, with the porte-outil _N_, this last described -mechanism does nothing: but when _p r_ is _stopped_, it begins to work -usefully; for the lever _s_ then rides on the waves _p r_, and presses -the rack _w_ against the spring _n_, so that the catch _o_, takes into -some new tooth; by which means, when the spring _n_ unbends (by the -sinking of the lever _s_ into any wave _p_) the frog is itself carried -_toward the right hand_--which is the effect intended. But, in fine, -_how_ is this wheel _p r_ stopped and set agoing _a propos?_ Fig. 5 -will shew this, with the aid of a little imagination--since our fig. 5 -is a kind of transparency rather than a regular view. The wheel _m_, is -a crown wheel, near which the wheel _p r_ (fig. 3) turns, having a -spiral _g_ on it's hither surface, which runs between the teeth of the -wheel _m_ and turns it one tooth, in each of it's own revolutions: But -when, after a given number of these turns, the end of the spiral _g_ -meets with a _large_ tooth on _m_, it _lodges_ on it, and stops the -motion of the wheel _p_, and then the aforesaid waves _r_ perform the -task of driving the rack _w_ _backward_; after which the spring _n_ -changes the place of the frog, so as to make another line of impressions -round the cylinder. It remains then, only to be explained, how this -stoppage is itself stopped; which is thus: to the porte-outil is -fastened, near _g_, a small arm, which turns with it, and which in fig. -5 the dot _t_ represents. This arm, therefore, drives back the beak _t_, -(connected with the spring _v_) at every revolution of the porte-outil, -thereby working the small catch that hangs to that beak. This catch, -therefore, _slides_ on the edge of the crown wheel _m_, _but produces no -effect_, until it finds there, one small notch, so placed as to be acted -on by the catch _when this disengagement is wanted_--and, _then_, this -motion jogs forward the crown wheel _m_ just enough to take the large -tooth out of the way--when the spiral _g_ begins to move through the -common teeth of _m_, and thus ceases to act on the rack till the large -tooth again comes to stop the wheel _p_, and recommence the rack's -motions. And thus is the place of action of the punch changed after -_any_ number of it's contacts with the cylinder--that number being -doubled or trebled--or more--when necessary, by increasing accordingly -the number of _common_ teeth in the crown wheel _m_, before a _large_ -tooth occurs. - -A few practical remarks on this mode of engraving may here be added with -advantage. Theoretically speaking, the _punch_ should form a portion of -a cylinder, of equal radius with the porte-outil wheel, taken at it's -pitch line. But through the _relative_ weakness of some mandrels, a -certain spring takes place, which requires the punches to be more curved -than that wheel, and even considerably so. This also depends on the size -of the punch, and the fullness of the pattern. In a word, it depends -likewise on the method of employing the Machine--whether with _few_ -passages, and _considerable_ pressure, or with _light_ pressure, and -_many_ swift passages:--The latter System is in my opinion much the -best; since it brings the practice nearer to the theory of this Machine. -If, indeed, the cylinders and mandrels of Calico Printers, had been -originally made _thicker_, and thus strong enough to bear the pressure -without sensible deflexion, this would have been, from the first, a -perfect process: and the nearer these objects are brought to this state -of inflexibility, the nearer will it's effects approach to perfection; -for in all other respects it works with admirable precision. - -I may just add, that the facility with which the revolutions of this -Machine are _counted_, has induced some persons to dispense with the -rack movement: but for small patterns with numerous impressions, it is -doubtless better to use it--especially when employing the rapid and -light pressures just alluded to; and these will become additionally -interesting when the punches themselves acquire a more exact form--which -is the object of the _third_ Punch Machine, still remaining to be -described. - -It is not superfluous to add, that this Engraving Machine is dangerous -to the persons employed--and should therefore be guarded behind, _by a -fence-bar_, to prevent the hands or clothes from being drawn in. - - - OF - A HORIZONTAL WATER WHEEL, - _Probably the best of the impulsive kind_. - -In this title, I have repeated _that_ given in the prospectus: nor do I -think I have assumed too much in so doing. It will be seen in the course -of this description, on _what_ I found my opinion; which indeed, was -substantiated by the fact as soon as formed: the execution having -speedily followed the invention. The Machine, in it's different parts, -is represented in figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Plate 40. Fig. 1 is a plan of -the floor, _on_ which the upper water flows, to it's whole depth, when -the flood gates are opened: this floor being close over the wheel, as -seen in fig. 4, at _c d_. Further, _a b_, in both figures, is a circular -slit of the whole diameter, through which the water rushes at once on -_all_ the floats of the wheel; whose axis goes up into the building -through a kind of barrel, that prevents the water from escaping in any -other part than the aforesaid circular aperture. The wheel itself is -represented at _e f_, fig. 2; and fig. 4 is an elevation of it, with -it's shaft, and a few of the _floats_, to shew the manner of their -receiving the stroke of the water. A section of the ring-formed slit is -also given at _a b_, with two floats receiving the flowing water: and in -that elevation is also shewn two of the _swan-necks_ by which the -central part of the floor is supported on the framing, _without_ -stopping the watercourse. - -Finally, the slit or aperture _a b_, figs. 1 and 4, is fitted with a set -of cast iron curves, of which _six_ are shewn in the Plate, between _c_ -and _d_, and whose use is to turn aside the falling water to any desired -inclination; these instruments being moved at will by a proper chain of -bars, reaching from one to the other, and connected with eight or more -levers at proper intervals on the floor of the water chamber. - -Thus then, it appears that this Machine has two or three very important -properties: 1st. _all_ the water escapes in the _same_ direction, -(relatively to the motion of these wheels) and that direction concurs -with _that_ in which the wheel is made to turn. 2d. Every one of those -fluid prisms into which the stream is divided, is urged with the _same_ -velocity, because impelled by the same _head of water_. 3d. The velocity -of these jets is the greatest possible, because the water is carried as -low as possible before it is emitted; and falls as little as possible -after it has struck the wheel. 4th. In fine, the inclination of the -floats _may_ be made most perfect; and their form, being that of a -_boat_ slightly curved, is among the best forms possible for receiving -the utmost impulse from flowing water. - -Although by these means much is done in favour of the impulsive system, -it is allowed, that, in general, a wheel acting by impulse, is less -effective than a bucket-wheel acting by the weight of the water. But the -higher the fall is made, the more similar these effects become. Hence, a -_very_ high fall may be made to produce, by impulse, an effect equal to -that of the bucket-wheel. To meet, therefore, such a contingency as -this, I have given, in fig. 3, a cover to the water chamber of fig. 4, -intended to close it upward, and thus adapt it to a fall of _any_ -height; the water entering into this chamber from a large pipe _A_, of -the required length: and being compressed accordingly, the result is -forcible in proportion. - -A few _facts_ on the above subject will not be uninteresting. When this -wheel, fifteen or sixteen years _ago_, (for I have forgotten it's exact -date) was about to be put in motion at La Ferté in France, several -knowing ones took upon them to say "that it would not turn at all." But -who so astonished as they, when, at twelve feet diameter, and with less -than five feet fall, they saw it make fifty-four turns in the first -minute! I acknowledge, with pleasure, that these men soon expressed -their approbation with unsophisticated candour; for although an honest -prejudice had beset them, it was un-poisoned by that envy, I have more -than once had to deal with in a country we are accustomed to call -_better_! I therefore take leave, on this occasion, to say to my beloved -countrymen, "Go and do likewise." - - - OF - A NEW SPINNING MACHINE, - _Called, and being the_ PATENT _Eagle_. - -The Machine commonly used for continued Spinning, in low numbers, is -named a Throstle: and as my Invention acts in a similar manner, I have -presumed to call it an _Eagle_. My motive is no mystery. The Machine -spins more and better than a throstle: and reaches, especially, to a -fineness unknown in throstle spinning. It could not, therefore, justly -receive a meaner name, nor even an equal one. - -The present Machine then, is a superior kind of throstle, the -construction of which will be understood, by spinners, from the annexed -figures, 5 and 6 of Plate 40. As the principal difference between the -former machines and this, resides in the toothed wheel by which it's -spindles are turned, we shall begin this description by adverting to it: -_A B_ is that wheel, cut, at present, into 800 inclined teeth, and -working with pinions of 11 teeth, one of which, with it's spindle, is -shewn at _a b_, fig. 6. The revolutions, therefore, of these spindles to -_one_ of the wheel, are 72.7272, &c.; and since the latter, in spinning, -makes from 60 to 70 turns per minute, the spindles run at the rate of -5000 turns in that time, and _might_ do more if desired by the spinner. -In a word, the useful speed depends on the size and weight of the -spindles, the flyers, &c. - -Immediately above and below the wheel _A B_, are two rings of cast iron, -to which are screwed rims, either of wood or metal, destined to hold the -steps and bolsters of the spindles, as is usual in a throstle, with the -difference of the circular form, which the wheel of course requires; and -the relation of which, to the rollers, is shewn at _a b_, fig. 5, being -a plan of this Machine. Returning to fig. 6, the next object upward is -the _roller-beam_, (cast hollow for lightness) the form of which is that -of an octagon, with two brackets _c d_, by which it is fastened to the -pillars _E F_: these, in their turn, being connected with the top and -bottom cross-pieces (_G H_, _I K_) so as to make up the frame, properly -so called. All these parts are placed (in section) similarly to those -usually composing the throstle; and the copping motion is produced by -the curve _f_, driven by an endless screw on the shaft _h f_, and acting -on the slide _f g_, and through it on the ring of which the square _i_ -is a section: and on whose iron plate, in fine, the bobbins _drag_, as -they do in the throstle. In the Machine before us, the rollers are -driven by _two_ side-shafts _h f_, which take their motion either from a -train of spur wheels placed above the traverse _G H_, or by bevil wheels -from two small shafts, coming under that traverse from the central shaft -_L M_, to those _h f_, and acting on the rollers by means of the bevil -wheels _f m_, seen in the figures. Now, the rollers are contained in -eight heads--1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, each of which has it's _speed -wheels_ in the angles _n o_, &c. and receive their motion from six sets -of bevil wheels _q_, &c. which propagate the motion round each _half_ of -the Machine, from the points _m_ and _p_ respectively. - -Above this roller-beam, is the creel-ring _N O_, which (either in one or -_two_ rows) receives the sixty roving bobbins that supply the sixty -spindles, of which the Machine is composed: and whose threads pass under -the eight sets of rollers--one thread being suppressed in each of the -heads--1, 4, 5, 8, on account of the columns. (This, at least, is the -arrangement I prefer; but some of the Machines have been made with eight -threads in _all_ the compartments.) Finally, in this frame _G H_, _I K_, -is placed a ring _P Q_, (of glass or bright metal) over which the -rovings are thrown before they are put in the guides behind the rollers; -so that the _route_ of a thread in the act of being spun, is shewn in -fig. 5, by the line _P R_, _S b_, where it meets the bobbin on the -spindle _a b_, before mentioned. - -It may be observed here, to prevent ambiguity, that the guide-boards, -with their hooks, are placed below the octagon roller-beam _q n o_, &c. -_as they are in the common throstle_; being, each, 1/8 of the whole -circumference, and of a circular form on the outside, reaching, by these -hooks, to the point _S_, so as to hold the thread just over the centre -of the spindles as at _a b_, fig. 6. Considering this as a commonplace -subject, I have not attempted to _draw_ these boards, since their form -and position would occur to every constructor: and this is the reason -also, why I have given only the section of the copping ring _i_, fig. 6: -nor at all shewn the _top rollers_--nor the detail of the creel--on all -which topics, opinions vary considerably, while the things themselves -are really of minor importance. - -There is, however, in my Patent System, something which I think -important, and which, therefore, I have sketched near _Q_, fig. 6. If _w -x_ be there considered as _the second_ communication shaft, a wheel _z_ -is put on it, of that kind which is calculated to work in a certain -geering chain, called in French _chaine de Vaucanson_, (from the name of -it's inventor); and further, similar wheels (_y_) are connected with -_all_ the pins on the creel, round which the chain is carried from the -wheel _z_, till it comes to it again. The consequence is, that all the -wheels (_y_) are turned by that chain, so as to _untwist the roving_ -while the spinning rollers draw it off the bobbins: and this is so, -because, in my Patent System, the rovings are _over-twisted_, in order -to admit their being made _very fast_, without the danger of breaking. -This then, completes my Patent Eagle, formed, on the _right hand of the -figure_ so as to use _over-twisted roving_; and _on the left hand_, so -as to spin common roving in the usual manner. In both cases, the motion -of the spindles by geering, ensures a mathematical twist, and thus -produces yarn better than common; whence also it's fineness can be -carried _much_ farther than on a common throstle. It need hardly be -added, that these spindles are stopped and set in motion by the -mechanism described in my second Part, at fig. 1, Plate 19: and there -mentioned as "a Machine to set-on and suspend rapid motions." - - - OF - A SECOND SPINNING MACHINE, - _Adapted principally to Wool_. - -This Machine, represented in Plate 41, figures 1 and 2, may be called a -Spinning-card: whose use, however, I shall now suppose confined to -spinning coarse yarn, or rather rovings, to be re-spun on the common -machines, or on machines similar to my Eagle just described. It -consists, in reality, of an horizontal card _A B_, having it's flyer, -&c. adapted to perform, in a perpendicular position, what those several -parts do, in an horizontal one, on the common carding engine. All this -is so well known, that I have not thought it necessary to draw it in -these figures; but merely to say, that in this Machine, those operations -are performed on the left hand, as at _A_, where is introduced a broad -flat ribbon of wool, duly made on a preparing card, and laid on edge in -a box at _C_, from whence it is drawn by the feeding rollers, &c. _so as -to cover the whole of the central card_ _A B_. Now, round this central -card, are placed, _ten_ or more small fillet cards, 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. -being at different heights on the central one; by which arrangement, the -whole surface of the latter is stripped by these cards, and as much -filament collected on each, as is sufficient to form a thread or roving, -as before mentioned. But, further, these small cards have to be stripped -in their turn: and that is done by the circular combs _a b_, which -being placed _obliquely_ to the cards, receive motion from them, and -gather a regular mass of filament of a size fitted to become the yarn or -roving in question. Nor need this roving be re-drawn, by rollers, before -it is twisted: for it is the property of the bobbins _D E_, fig. 2, to -_draw mathematically_: and with _any_ speed that shall have been -determined. If we examine how this is done, we shall see at bottom, -_two_ wheels _F G_, (toothed on the patent principle) one of which -drives the spindles and flies, and the other the bobbins _D E_: the -wheel that drives the bobbin having a few teeth _more_ than that which -drives the spindles--whose pinion is the same in number as that of the -bobbin. Thus, therefore, the bobbin goes as much faster than the spindle -as is necessary to _take up_ all the wool furnished by the comb, and -_to_ the comb by the small card, which receives it from the central card -_A B_; where note--that the draught, by this difference of motion is -_not_ variable, but determined: since the heads of the bobbins _E D_, -are a hollow inverted truncated cone, on which the yarn cannot -remain--for in _winding_, it drives downward that which is already -wound, so as to fill the whole bobbin _from the head_--a reason for the -conical shape of the latter object. - -It will appear by the upper figure, (which is a plan of the central -card, and the small cards, 1 2, &c.) that the latter receive their -motion from the chain _H I_, by means of the train of wheels _K L_, -turning on studs in the upper cross-piece. Suffice it to add, that the -centres of these cards, of the combs, &c. are fixed to the rings by -proper cramps, as will be easily conceived. I have offered to sight, -_only_ the essential parts, to avoid confusion: and I presume to hope -every thing important will be thus seen without difficulty. - -In my present view of this Invention as a _preparing Machine_, I would -observe, that the central card is only considered as a _distributor_, -and that I should, _now_, add to it a System of machinery to make it a -_forced_ distributor. I had, indeed, prepared this very System to be -patentized many years ago: but the delays that occurred then, followed -by the _Restoration_, (which gave me an opportunity of coming to -England;) made me suspend this intention--respecting a method, perhaps, -the only thing wanted to make this Machine in all respects excellent. - -In the small figure 5, (Plate 41) _x y_ is supposed to be the section of -a central card, such as _A B_, fig. 2; and the horizontal lines between -_x_ and _y_, shew the height of the card teeth. Of these, I take out a -portion in several perpendicular lines round the card--say, at an inch -distance from each other: the intervals thus stripped, being about 1/16 -of an inch in width: and in all these upright slits, I introduce a blade -_x y_, (whose transverse section is like that of a card wire) and whose -edge is undulated as at _a b_. Finally, to these blades is given, (by a -proper Machine) a slow up-and-down motion, which makes them push off -the filament from the card wires at the highest points of the waves, and -suffer the wires to retain these filaments at the lowest points; whence -it follows, from the motion just mentioned, that these points of -reception and exclusion of filament, are constantly changing on the -surface of the whole card, and that, therefore, the card will never be -totally clogged with wool--as it is in the common process. It will be -seen that the use of this System need not interrupt _that_ of the common -_flyer_, (or stripping card) whose use is to keep the teeth in working -order, and to discharge a part of the obtruding filament. - -In terminating this article, I cannot resist the desire of recommending -this whole subject to any opulent English Manufacturer, whose zeal and -public spirit, are commensurate with the scope which these hints -embrace, and to which they tend, if duly appreciated. - - - OF - MY PARALLEL MOTION, - _As applied to_ HEAVY _Steam Engines._ - -While this Invention, as described in page 30 of the first Part, is -allowed to possess curious properties, and to be a _pretty_ thing, -opinions do not all concur in declaring it, essentially and generally, a -_good_ thing. Nor could I be unjust enough to insist that it is so, in -every kind and magnitude of application. I have, however, convinced -myself that it is susceptible of practical excellence, as a _first -motion_ to steam engines, whatever be their dimensions; and have, -therefore, presumed to re-produce it, with those modifications which are -required to make it so. In thus acting, I have again preferred the -_useful_ to the _agreeable_, and in some measure inverted the order of -my subjects. But I trust this deviation will be excused, in favour of -the motive and the result; on both which I feel a good degree of -confidence. - -To obviate the point of mechanical _weakness_ in this Parallel Motion, -(see Plate 41, fig. 3,) I have _doubled_ it's parts; and brought the -piston rod _a b_, to act, at once, on _two_ of the circulating wheels _c -d_, placed exactly opposite each other, and rolling, as before, on the -inside of the fixed wheels _f e_, so as to produce the rectilinear -motion, by the action of the piston rod _on them both_. And to make -their respective motions one, (as connected with the fly _B A_) this -latter is fixed to a shaft common to the two wheels _g h_, and by which, -therefore, the two other wheels _i k_, fixed to the crank shafts _m n_, -are kept in due position. Thus, then, is all winding or twisting motion -done away: and, therefore, can this System be employed in engines of -every required power. Nor need I add, (what will be generally allowed) -that much of the expence, and of the retardation, which a given engine -suffers from the beam, the connecting rod, &c. will thus be completely -obviated. - -I must, however, stop every gainsaying mouth, on the circumstance of -using _geering_ between the engine and the fly--a system which I -acknowledge to have been hitherto an evil; though, perhaps, a -_necessary_ evil--as giving (by a simple method) a _double_ speed to the -fly from a _single_ motion of the piston. At all events, in this shape, -I submit only to a very common difficulty--and might there rest my -apology. - -But I should have hesitated to go thus far, had I not foreseen that -_all_ the evil arising from _this_ use of wheels, can easily be avoided -by my geering:--by means of which I am bold to say, every vestige of -shake or _backlash_ may be destroyed; and this method of working a steam -engine be made as _silent_ as when a beam is used: in which case, -considerable advantages must accrue from this method. - -To come to the point:--the small figure 4, in Plate 41, relates to this -subject. My geering is there seen in three forms or applications--each -one intended to bring the above property into play. The part _n o_, -represents the manner in which two wheels with singly-inclined teeth, -work together when one of them is furnished with a cheek, as directed -in fig. 3 of Plate 14. But here, in addition to that, the teeth of both -wheels are sloped _more_ on one side than on the other, so as to assume -_a wedge-like form_: insomuch, that in beginning to work, (if not -_perfectly_ formed) the wheels would not occupy the same plane. For, in -fact, the _cheek screws_ press home the cheek _o_ against a number of -thin washers all round the wheel, and thus only draw the wedge-formed -teeth into each other as they become _bedded_, and successive -washers are taken away. Hence, a good degree of precision is -obtained--accompanied with little friction, and thus with great -durability. - -But we stop not here. The part _p q_ of this figure, shews a pair of -wheels doubly inclined--one of them only, being made in two halves, -which are connected together by screws and washers, like that just -described. Here then, _another_ degree of friction is got rid -of--namely, that of the cheek _o_: but still, a small degree remains, -(dependent on the double versed sine of the angle formed on the wheel's -circumference, by the _thickness_ of a tooth). This quantity, is indeed, -very minute; and brings, perhaps, the whole near enough to perfection. -To do, however, completely away with all _friction_, (see my preceding -statement)--as well in the wheel acting _backward_, as in that acting -_forward_, we must do what is shewn in the parts _r_ or _s_ of fig. 4: -we must have a _pair_ of V wheels on the same shaft, with the power of -turning one of them in reference to the other; and then connecting them -by proper screws, &c. to preserve the position thus given: by which -means, in a word, all shake or _backlash_ will be completely annulled. - - - - - PART FIFTH. - A NEW CENTURY OF - Inventions. - - - OF - AN ADDING MACHINE, - _Or Machine to Cast up large Columns of Figures_. - -This Machine is not, generally, an _arithmetical Machine_. It points -_lower_: and therefore promises more general utility. Though less -comprehensive than machines which perform all the _rules_ of arithmetic, -it is thought capable of taking a prominent place in the counting-house, -and there of effecting two useful purposes--to secure correctness; and -thus, in many cases, to banish contention. It is represented in figs. 1, -2, 3, and 4 of Plate 42, and in figs. 3 and 4 of Plate 43. - -There are two distinct classes of operations which may be noticed in -this Machine: the one that does the _addition_, properly speaking; and -the other that records it by figures, in the very terms of common -arithmetic. The first operation is the adding: which is performed by -means of an endless geering chain, stretched round the wheels _A B C D_, -(fig. 1) and _over_ the two rows of smaller pulleys _a b c d e f g h i_; -where, observe, that the chain is bent round the pulley _A_, merely to -shorten the Machine, as otherwise the keys 1 2 3, &c. to 9, might have -been placed in a straight line, and thus the bending of the chain have -been avoided. - -The chain, as before observed, _geers_ in the wheels _B_ and _D_, which -both have ratchets to make them turn one way only. Now, the keys 1 2, -&c. have pulleys at their lower ends, which press on the aforesaid chain -more or less according to the _number it is to produce_, and the depth -to which it is suffered to go by the bed on which the keys rest, when -pressed down with the fingers. Thus, if the _key_ 1 be pressed, as low -as it can go, it will bend the chain enough to draw the wheel _B_ round -_one tooth_--which the catch _E_ will _secure_, and which the wheel _C_ -will permit it to do by the spring _F_ giving way. But when the key 1 is -suffered to rise again, this spring _F_ will tighten the chain by -drawing it round the pulleys _A_ and _D_, thus giving it a circulating -motion, more or less rapid, according to the number of the _key_ -pressed. Thus, the key 5 would carry _five_ teeth of the wheel _B_ to -the left; and the catch _E_ would fix the wheel _B_ in this new -position: after which the spring _T_ would tighten the chain in the same -direction and manner as before. It is thus evident, that which-ever key -is pressed down, a given number of teeth in the wheel _B_, will be -_taken_ and secured by the catch _E_; and, afterwards, the chain be -again stretched by the spring _F_. It may be remarked, that, in the -figure, _all_ the keys are supposed _pressed down_: so as to turn the -wheel _B_, a number of teeth equal to the sum of the digits 1, 2, 3--to -9. But this is merely supposed to shew the increasing deflexion of the -chain, as the digits increase: for the fact can hardly ever occur. We -draw from it, however, one piece of knowledge--which is, that should the -eye, in computing, catch several numbers at once on the page, the -fingers may impress them at once on the keys and chain; when the result -will be the same as though performed in due succession. - -Thus then, the process of _adding_, is reduced to that of touching (and -pressing as low as possible) a series of keys, which are _marked_ with -the names of the several digits, and each of which is sure to affect the -result according to it's real value: And this seems all that need be -observed in the description of this process. It remains, however, to -describe the 5th. figure, which is an elevation of the _edge_ of the -keyboard, intended to shew the manner in which the two rows of keys are -combined and brought to a convenient distance, for the purpose of being -easily _fingered_. - -We now come to the other part of the subject--that of recording the -several effects before-mentioned. The principle feature in this part, is -the System of _carrying_, or transferring to a new _place of figures_, -the results obtained at any given one. This operation depends on the -effect we can produce by one wheel on another, placed near it, on the -same pin; and on the possibility of affecting the second, _much_ less -than the first is affected: Thus, in fig. 3 and 4, (Plate 42,) if _A_ be -any tooth of one such wheel, placed _out_ of the plane of the pinion -_B_, it will, in turning, produce no effect upon that pinion: but if we -drive a pin (_a_) into the tooth _A_, that pin will move the pinion _B_ -one tooth (and no more) every time this pin passes from _a_ to _b_. And -if we now place a second wheel (_F_) similar to _A_, at a small distance -from it, so as to _geer_ in _all_ the teeth of the pinion _B_, this -latter wheel will be turned a space equal to _one_ tooth, every time -the pin _a_ passes the line of the centres of the wheel and pinion _A -B_, (say from _a_ to _b_.) It may be added, likewise, that this motion, -_of one tooth_, is assured by the instrument shewn at _E D_, which is -called in French _a tout ou rien_, (signifying all or nothing) and -which, as soon as the given motion is _half_ performed, is sure to -effect the rest: and thus does this part of the process acquire, -likewise, a great degree of certainty--if indeed, certainty admits of -comparison. - -It is then, easy to perceive, how this effect on the different _places_ -of figures is produced: and it is clear, that with the chain motion just -described, it forms the basis of the whole Machine. There is, however, -one other process to be mentioned, and as the 2d. figure is before us, -we shall now advert to it. In adding up large sums, we have sometimes to -_work_ on the _tens_, sometimes on the _hundreds_; which mutations are -thus performed: The wheel _B_, (fig. 2) is the same as that _B_, fig. 1; -and it turns the square shaft _B G_, on which the wheels _k l_ slide. -The wheel _l_ is to our present purpose. It is _now_ opposite the place -of shillings; but by the slide _m_, it can be successively placed -opposite _pounds_, tens, hundreds, &c. at pleasure: on either of which -columns, therefore, we can operate by the chain first described--the -wheel _B_ being the common mover. - -We shall now turn to figs. 3 and 4 of Plate 43, which give another -representation of the carrying-mechanism, adapted especially to the -anomalous _carriages_ of 4, 12, and 20, in reference to farthings, -pence, shillings, and pounds, and _then_ following the decuple ratio. - -In fig. 3, _k l_ represent the two acting wheels of the shaft _B G_, -fig. 2; the latter _dotted_, as being placed _behind_ the former; these -wheels, however, are not our present object, but rather the carrying -system before alluded to; and described separately, in fig. 3 of Plate -42. _A_, in figures 3 and 4 (of Plate 43) is the first wheel of this -series. It has 12 teeth with _three_ carriage-pins (or plates) _a_, -which jog the carrying-pinion _B_, at every passage of 4 teeth; thus -shewing every _penny_ that is accumulated by the _farthings_. This is -so, because the farthings are marked on the teeth of this first wheel in -this order--1, 2, 3, 0; 1, 2, 3, &c. and it is in passing from 3 to 0, -that this wheel, by the carriage-pinion _B_, jogs forward the _pence -wheel_ _C_ one tooth: But this pence wheel is divided into 12 numbers, -from 0 to 11; and has on it only _one_ carrying-pin (or plate) _b_; so -that, here, there is no effect produced on the third wheel _D_, until 12 -pence have been brought to this second wheel _C_, by the first, or -farthing wheel _A_. Now, this third wheel _D_, is marked, on it's -_twenty_ teeth, with the figures 0 to 19, and makes, therefore, one -revolution, then only, when there have been twenty shillings impressed -upon it by twenty jogs of the carriage-pin _b_, in the second wheel _C_. -But when this wheel _D_ has made one whole revolution, it's single -_carriage-pin_ _c_, acting on the small _carriage-pinion_, like that _c -d_, (but not shewn) jogs forward, by one tooth, the wheel _E_, which -expresses _pounds_; and having _two_ carriage-pins _e f_, turns the -wheel called _tens of pounds_, one tooth for every half turn of this -wheel _E_: and as, on all the succeeding wheels, to the left from -_E_--(see fig. 2, Plate 42) there are two sets of digits up to 10, and -two carriage-pins; the decuple ratio now continues without any change: -and thus can we cast up sums consisting of pounds, shillings, pence, and -farthings, expressing the results, in a row of figures, exactly as they -would be written by an accountant. The opening, through which they would -appear, being shewn in fig. 1, at the point _w_, corresponding with the -line _x y_ of fig. 2 in the same Plate. - -I shall only remark, further, that the figures 3 and 4 in Plate 43, are -of the natural size, founded, indeed, on the use of a chain that I think -_too large_; being, in a word, the real chain _de Vaucanson_, mentioned -in a former article: and that the figures of Plate 42 are made to half -these dimensions, in order to bring them into a convenient compass on -the Plate. - -I would just repeat, that I have not attempted here an arithmetical -machine in general; but a Machine fit for the daily operations of the -counting-house; by which to favour the thinking faculty, by easing it of -this ungrateful and uncertain labour. Had I been thus minded, I could -have gone further, in a road which has been already _travelled_ by my -noble friend the late Earl Stanhope, (then Lord Mahon) but I took a -lower aim; intending in the words of Bacon--"to come home to men's -business and bosoms." - - - OF - A ROTATORY PUNCH MACHINE - _Adapted to my own Engraving Machine_. - -It is highly desirable, (not to say indispensable) in the use of my -engraving Machine, to have punches not only of the true cylindrical -form, but exactly of the proper length. (See the remarks on this -subject, in the description of that Machine). It is, therefore, a matter -of consequence, to be assured that both these circumstances unite; and -to unite them _without_ depending on personal skill, whenever the work -can be accomplished without such dependence: and this is the object of -the present rotatory Punch Machine. Adverting first to the length of the -punch: _that_ is insured by having a kind of slide on the Punch Machine, -formed like the _frog_ spoken of in the above article--Engraving -Machine. In the 5th. figure of Plate 43, this slide is shewn at _a_, and -it is at exactly the same distance from the centre of motion _A_, as the -bottom of the frog-plate fig. 3 Plate 39 is from _it's_ centre of -motion. Thus, the bottom of the punch is filed straight, once for all, -and being fixed in proper clams, as in the figures, the shaft _A_ is set -a-turning, by power--from which motion two uses are derived: first, the -cylindrical form is given to the punch by presenting to it, in it's -revolution, a _file_ duly wedged on the (now fixed) slide of the Machine -_B B_; against which it is kept turning, till, by a due depression of -the centre _A_, the radius is brought to the length required, and the -surface perfectly formed and smoothed. This being achieved, the cams _c -d_, are fixed to the slide _B B_, and to the turning body _A d_, so that -when the die _f_ is moved toward the left hand by the said cams, the -prepared punch gently presses on it, and begins to receive it's -impressions; which are gradually deepened by the set screws _g h_, fig. -6; till, at once, the proper radius is given, and the engraving -sufficiently transferred from the die to the punch--an operation which -this process is calculated to perform, rather by means of frequent and -gentle contacts, than by slow and heavy pressure. It need not be added, -that the motion of the slide _B B_ is reciprocated by the spring _C_, -against that _D_, after each forward motion given to it--as _begun_ by -the _cams_ _c d_, and continued by the contact of the die and punch, all -which a mere inspection of the figures will sufficiently explain. It is -likewise evident, that the figs. 5 and 6, shew, both, the same objects, -namely:--the regulating wedges _i k_, the upper set screws _g h_, and -the rollers _E_, on which the slide vibrates during the operation of the -Machine. - - - OF - A PORTABLE PUMP, - _To be worked by the Feet_. - -It is not solely because, to work with the feet is a good method of -employing the strength of men, that this device is presented to the -mechanical public; but it is with the view of _so_ employing the feet -and hands, that they may occasion a constant and _equable_ flow of -water. The means, (see Plate 44, fig. 1) are, to provide the man with -two supports _a b_ for his hands, and two pedals _c d_ for his feet, by -which the two rods _e f_ are worked; and by them, through the cords or -chains _g h_, the piston rods _i_ and _k_. Of the latter, the one which -answers to the lower pump _l_, goes through the upper piston, whose rod -is _i_: and the pistons are both constructed in the manner shewn in fig. -2; that is to say, the piston has no _body_, fitting the pump barrel: -but a triangular bar _x_, going diagonally across the pump barrel, -(which is square) and carrying two wings or valves _y z_; which, both -together, fill the barrel _when down_, and leave it as empty as possible -when up, by which motion the chains _a e_ are slackened. Further, these -pistons, with their rods, are heavy enough to raise the pedals, the -instant the man raises his feet in any degree: so that, by a proper -combination of the motions of his hands and feet, he can let down a -given piston, and begin again it's ascending motion before his effort -has wholly ceased on the other pedal. A mean this, of producing a -constant and equable rising motion in the column of water through the -pumps _k l_; and a mean also, of doing more work with a given fatigue, -than would be _possible_ in a pump whose motions were merely reciprocal, -and the water of which, in rising, would be subject to any unequable or -convulsive motions. - -In general, this portable pump was made (many years ago) with a view to -being easily carried to any field or garden, bordering on a river, and -worked on it's bank; the flexible suction pipe _p_ being thrown into the -river, or a well, as occasion might require. To this end, the whole -frame (as is evident from the figure) can be folded up into a kind of -_faggot_: and thus it's transport from place to place, be made perfectly -commodious. - - - OF - THE BISECTING COMPASSES. - -It _often_ happens, that from a central line, (in drawing for example) -we want to set off, quickly, many equal distances on each side; or -between two given lines we want a central line; to perform either of -which operations, is the use of the Instrument just mentioned. - -It is represented in Plate 44. figs. 3 and 4, where _A B_ is the central -_point_, being cylindrical in the greatest part of it's length, and -conical at _E B_. It slides correctly in two _cannons_ or swivels _E_ & -_A_, which also have two short axes or trunnions, on which _first_, the -double compass joints _C D_ turn; and second, the _two_ pairs of arms _F -G_. I have called these cannons, _swivels_, that I may shew their -construction, by referring to figure 1 in Plate 30--which describes the -swivel of the _forcing Machine_; and which will give a complete idea of -what is here intended. From this construction it will appear evident, -that the point _A B_, (Plate 44) will be always found in the middle, -between the two points, of the outer legs of the compasses; and _that_ -whether the question is to take two equal distances from a central -point, or to _bisect_ a given line or distance at one operation. The -point or style now _slides_ in the two swivels _A_ and _E_; but the -Instrument might be so constructed, as for it to follow the rising -motion of the middle joint (_E_), and thus to keep the three joints in -the same horizontal line: but I think a small perpendicular motion of -the said _style_, would be always desirable in the Machine, as a drawing -Instrument. - - - OF - A MUSICIAN'S PITCH-FORK, - _With variable Tones_. - -This device is shewn, in two positions, at figs. 1 and 2 of Plate 45. In -it's present application, it is intended to produce a whole octave on -the diatonic scale: and therefore, the unsupported ends of the fork are -just half as long as they would become if the sliding handle _A_, were -drawn to the bottom end of the branches _c d_. For, again, the fixing -screw _C_, and it's box _D_ are fastened to this sliding handle by one -or two screws, (_s_) so as to be always ready to press the branches -against the enclosed slide _A B_, at whatever place the intended tone -may be found. Now, the branches _a c_, _b d_, spring out of a common -trunk _c d_, which is pierced with a square hole, exactly fitting this -sliding handle _A B_; and the latter is marked, at proper distances, -with lines across it, each of which (placed opposite the mark _c d_) -gives such a length to the remaining branches _a b_, as to make them -sound the note desired. Thus, the line l, brought to _c d_, lengthens -the branches _a b_, to (nearly) 53 parts, from 50 at which they are -_now_ fixed; the whole length _a c_, being 100. This, and the following -divisions would, of course, follow any desired _temperament_, according -to the will of the tuner: but I have supposed them founded on the -equi-harmonic scale; and thus will the successive intervals to be set -off on the slide _B A_, be as follows: (while the corresponding notes -will be those expressed in the table.) - -In the state represented by the figures 1 and 2, the line a _B_, is -5000; being one half of the whole length _a b_, _c d_. - - To form the Sharp 7th. it becomes 5297 the distance _c d_ 1, being 297. - " greater 6th. " 5946 " 1-2, " 649. - " " 5th. " 6674 " 2-3, " 728. - " " 4th. " 7491 " 3-4, " 817. - " " 3rd. " 7937 " 4-5, " 446. - " " 2nd. " 8909 " 5-6, " 972. - " the fundamental note 10000 " 6-7, " 1091. - -The above lengths 1 2, 2 3, &c. have been measured off on the slide _A -B_, as nearly as possible, or at least with precision enough to give the -idea: and the rest I must leave the detail of, to those musical readers -who may feel interested in the subject. - - - OF - AN ESSAY, - _To obtain a Level at Sea_. - -I have done right in calling these attempts "essays": and if I had said -"immature attempts," they would have been better designated. Yet, having -promised them to my readers, I cannot now withhold them, although, from -want of opportunity of trial, I can do little more than _talk_ of their -supposed properties. - -The first essay, as shewn in fig. 3 of Plate 45, is a _mental deduction_ -from a device which I executed in 1801, and brought before the public at -the exhibition then given, by the French government, of the produce of -national _industrie_. It was, nothing more than a _pendulum_, made with -a view to lengthen, considerably, the going of a given clock, without -altering the wheels. To that end, the weight or bob, was a heavy bar _C -D_, suspended diagonally on two points _A B_, placed at a distance from -each other, exactly equal to the length of the said bar: and _that_ by -the double cross-bars _B C_ and _A D_, of a length sufficient to make -the whole assume a form exactly square: where it may be noted--that were -this figure _longer_ than high, the curve of vibration would have two -points of inflexion, and the bar _would not_ place itself horizontally -at last; and that were it narrower and _higher_, that curve would -assume a form more like, though still distant from, the arc of a circle. -In the present case, such was the effect of this disposition of things, -that the centre of gravity of the bar described, in vibrating, a curve -_E C D F_, the lower form of which, was so near to a _horizontal line_, -that the _times_ of vibration were immensely prolonged; so much indeed, -as to represent a common pendulum of several thousand feet in height; -and to give a proportionate slowness to any mechanism with which it -should have been connected. In fact, this line is so minutely different -from such horizontal line, that it is wholly included in the thickness -of the _drawn-line_ _C D_: nor becomes visible but near it's two ends _C -D_, when it begins to rise, and _then_ rises faster than that described -by a _short_ common pendulum. - -In fine, this curve itself is formed by continually bisecting the line -or bar _C D_, and drawing lines from it's centre of gravity, thus found -in one of it's positions, to the same in another position, till the -curve _E C D_, &c. arises from this process. - -It follows, then, from the nature of this curve, (or pair of curves) -that the time of vibration of this pendulum is the _longer_, the -_shorter_ the arcs are, in which it vibrates; and that, when the -vibrations have attained a certain _length_, compared with the height to -which the centre of gravity rises, the _time_ becomes considerably -shorter. I shall not now pursue this idea, because it is at once an -abstruse question, and at the same time one of uncertain utility--I -mean that it's use is problematical as a pendulum: since the _time_ of a -vibration depends on it's _length_, which cannot _easily_ be determined -by any invariable method. I shall, however, add two things on this -subject, by way of land mark; the one, that the balance-wheel of a watch -has power enough to drive this pendulum, heavy as it is;--and the other, -that I have _seen_ it make (for many hours together) vibrations of _half -a minute's duration!_ In a word, this is one of the subjects, which -untoward circumstances have prevented me from bringing to maturity--but -which I owe to my subscribers, and the public, in any, or every state, -to which I have brought them. - -I therefore, say nothing more of this Instrument as a pendulum: but an -inspection of the figure will shew, that it will not be useless as an -ELIPSOGRAPH--which it clearly is, since the intersection of the bars _A -D_ & _B C_; describes a true Ellipsis. It may be further shewn, that the -ends of the moveable bar _C D_, are the vibrating _foci_ of a second -ellipsis, like the first, which rolls under the other, so that the curve -itself is _that_ which the centre of one ellipsis _a b c_ would -describe, by rolling on the surface of another _e b d_. But, into these -considerations I cannot now enter, as my "Century of Inventions" is fast -becoming due, and time commands dispatch; I beg leave, therefore, to -pass to the relation this subject seems to bear to a "Marine Level." - -It must, however, be premised, that I scarcely expect either of these -methods to be correct enough for astronomical observations; as among -other things, they have the _nautical top_ to contend with: but if I am -fortunate enough to have suggested useful methods of procuring -_relative_ stability on board a rolling ship, so as to suspend the -better, a _nice_ instrument of astronomy; or so to counteract the -restless ocean, as to assist the victims of sea-sickness, I shall not -entirely have lost my labour. - -My first idea on this subject, is the following: If we had on -ship-board, a simple pendulum of several thousand feet high, it appears -_certain_ that the oscillations of the ship would be begun and ended, -before any single vibration could have been given to such a length of -pendulum--which therefore, would scarcely vibrate at all: and if the -natural _time_ of this compound pendulum (for we are not confined to -these small dimensions) were made to be much longer than those of the -ship _on it's meta-centre_, this pendulum would scarcely vibrate at all: -because it's several tendencies to take motion from the ship, would -extinguish each other before they had had time to produce any common -effect. - -Further, this result would probably be assisted by another property -belonging to this mechanism: see fig. 4. This diagonal suspension, as -repeated at _a b c d_, fig. 4, is of such a nature, that when it's -centres _a b_, are placed in any oblique position _e f_, (say by the -rolling of a ship) the suspended bar _c d_, immediately takes a position -of opposite obliquity _g h_, pointing _upward_ towards _i_, just as much -as the line _e b_ points _downward_; while the middle line _k l_ remains -level--whether caused by the slides _k l_, or the single slide _m_. - -I dare not assert any thing respecting the form this principle should -assume, in order to produce the most useful effects; but it appears that -the principal _weight_ of the apparatus should be placed in the centre -of gravity of the under bar _c d_. It would occur, of course, to every -mechanician applying this System to real use, that in this fig. 4, we -have only provided for one motion of the ship, the _rolling_ motion: and -that, in consequence, this System should be suspended _in_ another -similar one, acting longitudinally, so as to provide for the _pitching_ -motions of the vessel. In a word, I confess, with regret, that I leave -much _to do_, by way of bringing this idea to maturity--it being at this -late hour, more than doubtful, whether I shall myself ever be able to -resume the subject _at sea_, where alone it can be duly tried. - - - OF - A SECOND ESSAY, - _To procure a Marine Level_. - -This would seem to be a simpler process than the former: but how far it -may go beyond it in effect, I cannot say--having never had it in my -power to _try_ either of these ideas on ship-board. I therefore merely -present them to my readers, as themes for future thought and experiment. - -Plate 45, fig. 5 represents this System--which is founded on the idea of -deadening oscillatory motions at sea, by connecting the bodies to be -thus _guarded_, with _a stream of flowing liquid_, the horizontal -motions of which _must be_ subject to laws very different from those -which rule vibrating bodies merely suspended. - -The fluid used in this Machine (as oil, water, mercury, &c.) is to be -pumped up by appropriate mechanism, from the vessel into which it flows -at _x_, into a vessel placed a little above _z_; and to be let out by -the cock _y_, through a kind of strainer _s_, of sufficient collective -area to supply, with ease, the descending column _C_. The vessel and -tube _C D_ are made as thin and light as possible: and the upper part, -which is spherical, is inclosed in and suspended by the universal joint -_a b c_, like those used to suspend other bodies, as a compass, &c. -Moreover, the areas, at different heights, of the tube _C D_, are made -in the inverse ratio of the velocities of the spouting fluid, at each -given depth--so as to leave it but little tendency to press either -outward or inward, while thus obeying the law of gravity. By these -means, then, I think no vibrating motion will be excited in the falling -column: but that the liquid will continue to flow perpendicularly, so as -to preserve (nearly) the quietude of the vessel _C D_, and of any mirror -or instrument it may be wished to keep in a given position, by -connecting it with the perpendicular line thus obtained. - -I repeat, however, that I know not how far these methods may go towards -obtaining an artificial horizon, for astronomical uses. Indeed, I fear -they will fall short in this respect--but I think them still worth -trying, even for these--but especially for the purposes to which I have -already alluded. And, if success crowns _this publication_, to the -degree I am led to anticipate, I will not always leave so rich a -question, in this doubtful predicament. - - - OF - A FIRE-ESCAPE, - _On a retarding Principle_. - -This is a recollection from the specification of a Patent which I took -out above thirty years ago, and in which I huddled together as many -objects as a child would like to see in a box of play things. I perhaps -acted, then, according to the _words_ of a French proverb--"abondance de -bien ne nuit pas;" but in so doing, I fell into the charybdis of -_another_ French proverb--"qui trop embrasse, mal étreint," (a wide -embrace cannot be a strong one) and in so doing, paved the way to much -litigation--which happily did not occur. - -The intention of this Machine, as represented in Plate 46, fig. 2, was -to retard the fall of any _body_, or person, suspended to it, so as to -prevent any concussion on reaching the ground. The means are brought to -view in the perspective sketch given of the Machine. It is a kind of -_jack_, inclosed in a case, and supposed to be laid carefully aside in -the house represented in fig. 1 of this Plate. The Machine has a barrel, -much like that of the jacks used for roasting; round which a rope is -coiled, of sufficient length to reach the ground: and a wheel, connected -with this barrel, works in an endless screw, which turns a shaft also -like that of a common jack, but somewhat stronger; and finally, to this -shaft is fixed a small cross piece, carrying, on pins, two weights _y -z_, inclosed in the _fixed_ barrel _x_; by the centrifugal force of -which enough friction is created, to prevent the acceleration of the -falling body--whether a person or weight of any kind. - -There is, moreover, a jib _a_, fig. 1, fixed between some, or all, the -windows of the house whose inhabitants it is wished to guard from the -danger of fire; this jib having the property, from the form of it's -foot, of taking by the suspension of any weight to it, a position -perpendicular to the wall: Insomuch, that by the act of suspending the -Machine to the jib--engaging the wrist in the noose _n_, and perhaps the -foot in another loop of the same cord; a person may safely flee those -dangers from fire, of which so many persons become the unhappy victims. - -Since the 46th. Plate was engraved, it has occurred to me, that a method -should have been shewn for raising the cord _n_, (fig. 2) after each -descent. This operation might be performed by a handle put on the axis -of the Machine, accompanied by a ratchet on the wheel, just like the -similar parts of a jack for roasting. But, lest the inmates of a house -on fire, should not have presence of mind enough to perform this -operation, it might be better to have a spiral spring _in_ the Machine, -to be _wound up_ by the descending body, and of force sufficient to -raise again the cord after such descent. - - - OF - A SECOND FIRE-ESCAPE, - _By breaking the Fall_. - -This Machine is also shewn in Plate 46, at fig. 1. It consists of a -large truck, _A_, to be drawn rapidly to any _house on fire_, by one or -more horses. The carriage or frame part _B B_, is an _open_ square frame -_subtended_ by a first sheet of sack cloth, similar to the sacking of a -bed: and on this are laid five, or more, _air mattrasses_ made of sack -cloth, and varnished on the inside so as to be nearly air-tight; I say -_nearly_ so, for it is _not_ intended they should form a spring capable -of _returning_ any object thrown on them. On the contrary, each of the -mattrasses has, at one or both ends, a valve 1, 2, &c. opening -_outwards_, but kept closed by proper springs, so as to determine the -pressure at which the air shall escape; that pressure being carefully -graduated, so that the upper mattrass shall give way with ease, the -second with greater effort, and the successive ones with progressive -difficulty, until the under one remains totally closed, and stops the -falling body altogether. By these means, if enough mattrasses are used, -and they are _duly_ regulated, a person may jump from a house of three -or four stories without incurring any danger. As to the length and -breadth of this fire-escape, it should be ample enough to give the -sufferers confidence to take the leap, and as small as an easy passage -in the principal streets would require. - -One thing must be described in _words_--as the mechanism to which it -relates is fixed under the truck; and could not be seen in this -perspective figure. These mattrasses are filled with air by an -_horizontal air pump_, worked by a _crank_, which the axle itself of the -hind wheels of the truck forms: whence, by pinning this axle to either -of the hind wheels, the very motion of the carriage, as drawn by the -horses, would distend the mattrasses--which would thus be ready for use -the moment they arrived on the spot; and moreover, when there, this air -could be replenished, after using, by turning this axle, through the -wheels, _by hand cranks slipped on it's ends_ at the place of the -linch-pins. Or, in fine, this operation might be performed by an air -pump prepared for it alone, and placed in any convenient part of the -Machine. - - - OF - A ROTATORY CHOCOLATE MILL. - -Figures 1 & 2 of Plate 47, exhibit this Machine. It is, merely, an -attempt to effect, by power and a rotatory motion, what is done by hand -and a vibrating one. To understand this latter, my readers (who have not -seen chocolate made) will suppose a metallic rolling-pin, but -cylindrical held in both hands, and moved parallel to itself, over a -slab of marble, to and from the person employed; who holds the -instrument _fast_ when pushing it from him, and suffers it to turn _a -little_ every time he draws it towards him. He thus presents, sometime -or other, every particle of the chocolate to every part of the slab and -the roller: and this is also done by the Machine shewn in Plate 47. In -figs. 1 and 2, _A_ represents a cylinder of stone or metal, used instead -of the aforesaid slab; and _B_ a cylinder answering to the roller in -question. The latter is placed, by it's axis, on two forks _a b_, so as -to lean, by it's weight, obliquely against the cylinder _A_, which it -does less or more heavily as the forks, or stands _a b_, are placed -nearer or farther off from the general centre. Further, the motions of -these two rollers _A_ and _B_, are connected by two equal (or nearly -equal) wheels _c d_, by which, when _A_ is turned, _B_ turns also; but -so as to give the surface of the latter _much less_ velocity than that -of _A_, though in the same direction. By these means, all the matter -adhering to both cylinders (for chocolate is made in an unctuous state) -is at one time or another, brought into intimate union, and ground -together; and thus is the usual problem resolved, on rotatory -principles: nor need we mention the several scrapers, &c. that would be -applied to gather up the paste to the middle of the rollers, when spread -abroad by the grinding process. - -It may not be useless, just to say here, that this is likewise a good -mill for grinding paint or oil colours. - - - OF - A ROTATORY MANGLE. - -I have insisted, often, on the propriety, mechanically speaking, of -doing every thing by rotatory motion; and thus of avoiding oscillation -wherever it is possible. The present Mangle is another attempt to employ -that principle. In Plate 47, figs. 3 and 4, is an under cylinder, turned -as usual by any convenient _power_. _B_ is a small cylinder not -connected with it, nor touching it, being intended merely to receive the -weight of the mangle-cylinder _D_, with the _goods_ rolled on it. _C_ is -an upper cylinder as heavy as necessary, or loaden through it's -_journals_ or centres, with sufficient weights to make it so. Again, the -motions of the two cylinders _A_ and _C_, take place in such a -direction, that any round body placed and pressed between them, would -receive from them the same motion; and thus, a roller of goods, there -introduced, will be _mangled_. This process is so performed, because the -cylinders have toothed wheels _a_, _b_, on their axes, but which do -_not_ geer together: These wheels being connected by an intermediate -wheel _c_, which makes them concur in producing the rolling effect above -mentioned. But, one thing remains to be observed: the wheels _a b_, -though drawn apparently equal, are not equal. The upper one _a_, has a -tooth or two _more_ than the under--so that the motion to the right hand -of the under surface of that cylinder, is not equal to the opposite -motion of the cylinder _A_. And hence, the cloth roller _D_, progresses -from _D_ towards _x_, between the cylinders _A C_, and finally falls out -at _x_, after as many turns of the whole, as the wheels _A C_ have been -calculated to give; and this, is according to the degree of mangling -required. - - - OF - A MACHINE, - _For driving the_ SHUTTLE _of_ POWER LOOMS. - -It is too late to bring this Machine into what might almost be called an -overstocked market of ingenuity--since many power Looms exist, work, and -seem to want nothing to make them perfect. But an idea of _forty years_ -standing, founded on a principle worthy of attention then, may perhaps -not be altogether vain at present: Besides--I have engaged in my -prospectus to present it to the public. I could, indeed, enter into -other parts of the Power Loom--which I had then begun to execute; but -such is the rapidity with which that Machine is now _striding_ to -perfection, that it would be superfluous. I merely then, fulfil my -promise. - -On the afore-mentioned occasion, I thought it of importance, that the -force employed to throw the shuttle, should be capable of being -regulated to any and every degree: and especially should be fully -_prepared_ to act, _before_ it's action began: and should, then, act -independently of every other impulse. - -In fig. 1 of Plate 48, _A_ is a wheel or pulley of about six inches in -diameter, from which two cords proceed in opposite directions (_B C_) -to the _pickers_, which drive the shuttles _D E_ in the usual method. -This pulley runs on an axis going through the bottom of the lathe, (or -beater) and it _might_ have a crank, behind, of a radius equal to _a b_: -but to shew the whole in one figure, I suppose the following mechanism -to be placed in the front of the lathe, and just _before_ the face of -this wheel or pulley _A_. _c d_ is a bar turning on the centre _c_, and -receiving at it's other end the pressure of a spring _e d_, which in -it's turn, is susceptible of different degrees of springiness, as -regulated by the screw _f_. On a stud _i_ in the wheel _A_, is put the -small bar _i d_, which forms also a turning joint in the bar _c d_: and -thus communicates the effort of the spring to the stud _i_, and thence -to the wheel _A_. Finally, this wheel has either under it, on the front -side of the lathe, or on it's axis, at the back, a pulley, by which it -can be turned, by means of one or other of the cords brought from the -_breast beam_ of the loom, round the pullies _x_ and _y_, to this wheel -_a b i_, according to the dotted lines. Supposing then, _one_ of these -cords to be tightened by the backward motion of the lathe, it will draw -the wheel _A_ about half round: when the stud _i_ will rise to the point -_b_, straining the spring to get over the centre: and as soon as it _is_ -over, the spring will _act_, and drive the picker and the shuttle with -the desired speed, independently of any other _mover_. And it is -evident, that now the opposite cord _x_ or _y_, will be tightened so -that when the lathe shall be again pushed backward to form the opening -for the shuttle the slide will be carried back over the centre _a_, and -re-produce another impulse in a contrary direction. - - - OF - AN AIR PUMP, - _Or_ ESSAY _towards completing the Vacuum_. - -The rapidity with which a vacuum is formed by an Air Pump, depends on -the _ratio_ between the contents of the receiver and those of the pump -barrels. If the latter be just equal to the contents of the former, -(which is a _very_ large proportion) the exhaustion will follow this -series:--there will _remain_ in the receiver after each stroke, the -first contents being 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64, 1/128, 1/256, -&c. But if the pump barrel contains _twice_ the volume of the -receiver--then the remaining air, after the strokes, will be 1/3, 1/9, -1/27, 1/81, 1/243, 1/729, 1/2187, 1/6561, &c. being much nearer to a -vacuum than on the former supposition. - -To meet this case, then, I have thought a water pump might be used: that -is, a barrel or vessel, _much_ larger than the receiver; and which by -the action of a smaller pump, placed on a lower level, might be -alternately filled with water and emptied so as in a few operations to -complete the exhaustion, very nearly. - -Thus, in fig. 2 of Plate 48, _A_ is a receiver, _B_ is a large vessel -that can be filled with water from the tub _C_ below; and _D_ is the -pump, worked by the handle _E_. It is a common water pump, (so much the -readier adopted, as requiring _little_ care in the execution.) The -question was to make this pump alternately _fill_ and _empty_ the vessel -_B_. Adverting first to the _filling_, _a c_ are two cocks, having each -a side-passage for the water; and these passages are _now_ so placed, as -by working the pump we suck water out of the tub _C_, and throw it into -the vessel _B_, through the valve _b_;--by which means all its air is -driven out through the lateral valve _e_. When this is done, the cocks -_c d_ (which are so made as to be worked by the same _mover_) are turned -into a new position, which opens the pipe _p_ to the pump _D_, and -_that_ _q_ to the returning spout _r_; by which means the water is drawn -_from_ the vessel _B_, and thrown into the tub _C_: so that the air is -again drawn out of the receiver _A_, through the inverted valve _s_, -into the vessel _B_, and another degree of exhaustion occasioned. This -being done, the cocks are again put into their present position; the air -expelled by the water through the valve _e_ as before, and a new stroke -prepared. It is scarcely needful to add, that if the vessel _B_ -contained ten times as much volume as the receiver _A_, the exhaustion -of the latter at each emptying of the vessel _B_ would follow this -ratio--1/11, 1/121, 1/1331, &c. thus approaching by rapid degrees to a -perfect vacuum. The water, or liquid, used for this purpose would of -course be as perfectly purged of air, as possible. - - - OF - AN INCLINED WATER WHEEL. - -The principal mechanical merit I conceive this Machine to possess, lies -in the facility it gives of taking a stream of water as _high_, and -discharging it as _low_ as possible: and both nearly in the direction in -which it naturally flows. Of the advantage it possesses in keeping the -water a long time from falling, I shall not now speak, as it would -require more discussion than this work comports; and, moreover, the -Plate confines us to a somewhat contracted representation, which I hope -my readers will excuse. - -Plate 48 fig. 3, _A B_ is the section of the wheel, and _C D_ a small -portion of it's circumference--which shews the form and position of the -floats _a b c_, &c. _E_ is a floor on which the upper water flows, and -from which it falls thinly on to the wheel--whose motion is purposely -made as slow as possible. The water then, occupies one half of the -wheel's circumference, falls by a gentle slope and finally leaves the -wheel at _d_, whether it there touches the lower water, or not. This -wheel is allowed to be incapable of _using_ to advantage a large stream -of water--but is doubtless fit to employ a small stream, _in the best -manner_. - - - OF - A VESSEL, - _To assist in taking Medicine, &c._ - -I have hesitated a moment to describe this method of helping the weak, -in body or mind, to conquer their aversion to medicine--several persons -having threatened me with a larger dose of ridicule than I am prepared -to swallow. But surely, if we can only conquer a child's timidity, so as -to induce him to take, speedily, what his health requires, we shall not -do a thing altogether laughable. We shall, perhaps, preserve a beloved -child to the solicitude of a mother! and perhaps--a citizen to his -country! If then, some laugh, _more_ will approve; and I therefore -continue the promised article. - -Fig. 4 of Plate 48, shews this cup, composed of an inner and an outer -vessel: the first to hold the medicine, and the latter a little tea, or -other proper liquid to wash it down. The cups have a spout common to -both; but the outer cup retains it's contents as long as the small -funnel _a_, is stopped with the thumb or finger. Thus then, the medicine -is first taken, while the liquid is retained in the outer vessel--but -the thumb being removed, the liquid also flows into the mouth, and in a -good measure removes the taste it was wished to disguise. - - - OF - AN AERO-HYDRAULIC MACHINE, - _For raising Water in large quantities_. - -The art of constructing Mills, or Machines to be driven by the wind, is -so well known, that the results are considered as being, very nearly, -what a perfect theory would require. It is, therefore, no part of my -purpose to discuss either the theory or practice of that art. But I -think _that a still wider grasp may be taken of this powerful agent_, so -as to secure a further degree of utility, even while following less -closely the abstract principles of mechanical philosophy. I enter then, -directly, on the description of another of my _wind Machines_, in order -to give an idea of the means I contemplate for _losing_ the importance -of those details in the magnitude of the general effect. - -This Machine (see Plate 49, fig. 1,) is capable of great results -_merely because it employs, at a small expence, a great mass of air in -motion_; whether _ill_ or _well_, is not the question: for as this -source of _power_ is almost indefinite, methinks we may draw from it -without reserve. The present method of so doing, consists in using _a -very large sail_, (_A B_) both to receive the impulse of the wind, and -to raise the water. This figure is _a section_ of the Machine _in it's -length_:--and it's _width_ (not represented) is as great as the occasion -may require. The sail is here shewn as placed over a lake or other sheet -of water which it might be wished to drain, (or which may serve as a -mill pond to drive any required Machines, by the water thus raised.) _C -D_ is the water in it's lower bed: and _E_, is a canal on a higher -level, into which a large quantity is thrown at each _man[oe]uvre_ of -the Machine, _a_ is the bank of the upper canal, to which is affixed the -_edge_ of the canvass, of which _a B A d_, is a section; and which -_might be_ large to immensity. At 1 2 3, &c. is a row of stakes as long -as the Machine; and they are capped transversely with round poles, on -which the sail rests when in it's lowest position. In this state, also, -the part _b_ of the sail, plunges into the water, which rises above it -in the prismatic form, _b r s_; a row of valves or clacks, (_b_) -permitting it to rise through them, but preventing it from again falling -that way. Thus, at every change, this prism of water, is sure to be -replenished; and if we suppose the triangle _b r s_ to have an area of -ten square feet, and the prism to be one hundred feet long, the water -there contained will be a thousand cubic feet--capable, however, of -being augmented or diminished at pleasure, by slackening or tightening -_the sail_ towards _A_. At _d_, is the weather-end of this sail, which -is supported when at rest, on the surface of the water, by the posts and -caps before mentioned. This end _d_, of the sail is connected with a row -of posts _C F_, placed more or less closely, as the prevailing strength -of the wind and the _size_ of the sail may require. The sail is held to -these posts by rolling pulley frames, of which _one_ is seen at _g_, and -is drawn up and down by the rope _g h_, acting at one end directly on -the rolling pulley-frame _g_, and the other on the sail _d_, after -having passed over a pulley (_F_) in the post itself: where note, that -this effect can be communicated by proper machinery, from any _one_ of -these posts (_C F_) to all collateral ones; so as to make the -man[oe]uvres general, _across the sail_, whatever be it's magnitude. - -The following then, is the operation. The wind blows (by supposition) in -the direction of the arrows in the figure: and the rolling pulley-frame -_g_ is quickly drawn up to _g_, where the hook _i_ holds it fast. By a -necessary consequence the wind fills the sail _d c r_, and stretches it -into the figure _d A B a_: in doing which it lifts the water _r s_, and -_pours_ it, in all the width of the sail, into the canal _E_; thus -raising a thousand cubic feet of water at each stroke. As soon as the -water is turned into the canal _E_, the hook _i_ is pulled outward, and -the rolling pulley _g_ is forced down, by the wind itself, to the -position k, when the wind blowing _over_ the sail, will give it a bent -form, (_k c a_) and soon bring the sail into it's present position on -the posts 1 2, &c.--when water will be again admitted by the valves at -_b_, and another stroke of the Machine be prepared. - -The above contains the basis of this idea. I do not expect it will -obtain at once universal assent: But if I knew the several grounds of -objection, I am persuaded the greatest number of them could be removed. -The first I anticipate, is the difficulty of turning this Machine to the -several winds that may blow over it. To this objection I would reply, -that in such a case, the canal _E_, should surround an area made large -enough for the sail, of some polygonal form, say an octagon, to -different sides of which the stretching cords of the sail should be -carried, so as to catch the prevailing winds--but the direction of which -need not be followed to a nicety; since an obliquity of a few degrees -would not prevent the effect. - -It might be added, that it is not indispensable that the canal _E_ -should be stationary. Made of wood, or metal, it _might_ turn round a -fixed centre, and be braced into the necessary positions with -ropes--when the posts only (_C F_) would have to be removed, or quitted -for others duly placed. These ideas are connected with immense effects; -and cannot, therefore, be lightly disposed of: they both deserve and -require serious attention. - - - OF - ANOTHER WIND MACHINE, - _Furnishing immense Powers_. - -This is the last of those conceptions I shall now bring forward, for -making _more_ than a common use of the WIND as a first-mover of -Machinery. Horizontal windmills are well known; and this is a horizontal -windmill--yet not like those already in use: for, here, the sails, very -large and numerous, are placed on a boat in the form of _a ring_, which -thus moves through the water without any other resistance than that -arising from the asperities of it's surface. - -In Plate 49, fig. 3, _B B_ is a section of the Vessel, placed in a -circular canal _D_, into which the lower water flows through proper -arches (_C C_) in the banks. The vessel is rigged with several narrow -horizontal sails, stretched on ropes between the oblique masts _a b_, _c -d_; and so placed, that the sails (being a little wider than the -interval between the ropes) can _open_ in one direction, but not in the -other; and they are shewn open at _c d_, and shut at _a b_, in the -figure. This, therefore, is a mill, that takes all winds; and although -it's uses might be various, we shall finish it's description as adapted -to raise water _by the centrifugal force_. As before hinted, the canal -_D D_ is circular; and has a bank, sloping outward, with a canal (_E_) -on it's top. When, therefore, the wind blows, the ring boat _B_ (held to -the centre by the ropes _f g_) revolves around it; and by one or more -water drags (_h_) which it carries, collects the water on and up the -bank, and finally drives it into the canal _E_, from which it flows in -_any_ destined direction. If for draining watery lands, it will be done -rapidly; if for irrigating, it will be done abundantly: if, in fine, for -driving any mill with the water thus raised, the machinery will be very -efficient, as working with ten or twenty times as much _sail_, as any -other windmill can carry. I add, merely on this occasion, that the sails -here mentioned, might be placed _obliquely_, instead of straight across -the ring vessel; (see the plan in fig. 2 of this Plate at _E F_) from -which disposition, nearly all the advantages of the _vertical_ mill -might be transferred to the horizontal; and with this remark I leave the -present interesting subject to the studious and candid reader. - - - OF - A CENTRIFUGAL MIRROR, - _To collect Solar heat_. - -My fiftieth and last Plate contains this idea: It is _not_ intended to -vie with the usual mirror, in correctness of form, or intensity of local -effect--but to offer, by the largeness of it's dimensions, some -properties which _better_ mirrors cannot present. It is _intended_ to -pave the way for the use of the Sun's rays in _Engines of Power_. For -this purpose, however, it must probably be transported to some tropical -climate, where "a cloudless sun" diffuses it's rays more constantly, and -less obliquely, than in our northern climes. - -This is the more necessary here, because this Mirror can only be used in -a horizontal position, and is in fact a fluid Mirror. Fig. 1, shews it -mounted on a steady frame _A B_, and having a strong axis on which it -can be turned, faster or slower, according to it's dimensions; and it -may or may not be floated on water, to lessen the stress on the axis. -The Mirror, properly speaking, is composed of mercury--contained in the -revolving vessel _C D_, whose motion should be given by proper machinery -in the most uniform manner possible. The mercury, thus turned, acquires -a concave surface, _a_, _b_, _c_; and receiving the parallel rays _d c_, -_e b_, and, _f a_, collects them into the focus _F_; in, or near which, -is placed the vessel where the effect is to become useful, and which of -course is _moveable_ so as to follow the sun's motion. Those of my -readers who have seen the machines used for fixing the sun's image in -the solar microscope, will be at no loss to conceive how our present -focal station must be _moved_ to adapt it to a _fixed_ mirror. I shall -only add further, that it is not necessarily an _exact_ movement that is -here wanted; since the vessel to be heated would have dimensions -somewhat large, and the focus itself be only brought to a moderate -degree of precision. In a word, the utmost heat wanted would be, what -could be usefully employed in heating water. It remains then to be -observed, that the source of power, in this Machine, is _magnitude of -parts_, more than precision of form: yet it may be mentioned, that the -form we thus procure in the revolving mercury, is a solid of revolution, -having the _logarithmic curve_ (_a_, _b c_) for it's section--a curve, -which in fact, comes indefinitely near to the parabolic figure which -_would be_ required, if greater precision were attempted. We finish -then, by observing, that the bottom itself of the revolving vessel might -be made concave, (like the dotted line under _that a b c_) in order to -avoid the necessity of using a large quantity of mercury, to form the -reflecting surface. - - - OF - A SECOND MIRROR, - _For collecting the Sun's rays_. - -This Mirror seems superior to the former, as depending on _fixed_ -materials. It likewise, produces the desired effect, by offering a _very -large surface_ to the sun, and directing the rays to a focus, nearly -enough to give the heat required for water, as before mentioned. - -To do this, a frame _A_ (Plate 50, fig. 2) holds the Mirror; and this -frame has a horizontal motion round the _post_ _B_, something like a -common windmill. In this frame and on two horizontal trunnions, turns -the Mirror _C D_: and one or both these trunnions are hollow, to admit -of a process we shall shortly mention. This Mirror itself is composed of -an air-tight ring _C D_, of a width proportionate to the diameter -adopted; and on which are fixed two _heads_, much like those of a -_tambourine_, (or the _under_ head might be made of some metallic -substance). The head _a b c_, is made of a fine texture, duly prepared -and varnished till it becomes air tight, and then there are stuck to it, -a number of small _hexagonal_ looking-glasses or mirrors of any kind, -(see fig. 7) which thus fill up the whole space, and prepare the Mirror -for the intended change of form. The method of giving this form, -consists in exhausting, more or less, this _tambourine_ of air, when, by -the pressure of the atmosphere, the heads will take the form _a b c_, -that is a _spherically concave form_--fit to reflect the sun's rays _as -correctly_ as this our object requires; and thus may some thousand small -images of the sun be brought to fall on the same spot, and an immense -heat be occasioned. The accounts we have of the destruction of the Roman -fleet by the _united_ mirrors of Archimedes, make this process appear -the more feasible--as whatever were the methods of uniting the _foci_ of -his mirrors, a similar effect _may be expected_ from this simple -process. - -My readers will perceive that this Machine has the advantages of the -universal joint, by which it can be directed to the sun in every -position; and even made to fix his ardours on any immoveable spot for a -good length of time. The persons to whom I particularly address these -ideas, will require no further details to conceive the less obvious -circumstances of this Invention. In general, we want no effect that -requires _optical precision_: but if we did, it could be obtained to a -good degree, by methods similar to these. - -I shall only add here, that this fig. 2 is given _as a section_--because -intended to represent a parallelogram, as well as a solid of revolution: -and thus (with proper mirrors) to make what now appears a spherical -focus, _a linear one_--fit to heat a cylindrical vessel with it's -contents; and thereby draw _power_ from the sun's heat, _without_ -running expense. I am serious when I say, that we can thus, practically, -collect the solar rays which fall on many hundred square feet of -surface; and produce by them, at any desired distance, effects to which -those obtained from _modern_ burning mirrors, are but as sparks to a -blaze. - - - OF - AN ENGRAVING MACHINE, - _For large Patterns_. - -This Machine supposes at once a _new kind_ of engraving, and admits of -patterns of _very large_ dimensions. This kind of engraving will be best -understood by persons acquainted with figure-weaving; and especially -with the manner of _mounting_ the looms for that purpose. In that -System, (see Plate 50, fig. 8) the patterns are drawn on ruled paper -divided into squares; and each of these squares represents a point in -the texture, composed of one or more threads each way; insomuch that -whenever that _square_ has any desired colour in it on the pattern, it's -threads are _taken_ by the person who prepares the loom; and they are -_missed_ in every case where nothing appears in that square, or a colour -not then wanted. Now, whatever be the dimensions of these elementary -points on the loom, they may be represented by squares of any convenient -size on the pattern: only remembering that the smaller they are, in -reality, the better will be the delineation. Thus in carpeting, for -example, an element of this kind may be a square of one tenth of an inch -and more; while one on a ribbon or a piece of silk, is often not the -hundredth part. And therefore, the perfection of this engraving depends -on the fineness of the points of which the figures are composed. For, in -a word, this System proceeds on the same principle. When any part of a -line requires a dot or mark to be made, the Machine strikes a blow -_there_; and when no impression is to be made, the Machine (by means -that will be shewn) suffers the cylinder to pass that place without -striking. The means of regulating this is committed to workmen who -merely know how to _read_ off the pattern _in it's length_, as it is now -read off _in it's width_ by the weaver. To describe the construction of -the Machine, (as exhibited in figs. 3 and 4 of Plate 50) _A_ is the -cylinder to be engraved; and _B_ is a worm-wheel _fixed_ to it's -mandril, and destined to turn it. This it does, slowly, by the endless -screw _a_, as turned by proper straps on the fast and loose pullies _b -c_, (figs. 3 and 4). _C_ shews a second wheel, concentric with that _B_, -but running loose on it's axis, which is a pin fitted into the end of -the mandril. This wheel, when the threads of the screw _a_ are _fine_, -requires a motion more rapid than the wheel _B_--to give which motion by -means of the latter, we use a pair of multiplying wheels _d_, which -geer, one in the larger bevil wheel cut near the edge of the wheel _B_; -and the other in a smaller bevil wheel cut or fixed on the inner face of -the wheel _C_--and whence this latter wheel receives a velocity of about -ten times the speed of _B_. The use of this wheel _C_, is to carry, -across the Machine, certain bars, of wood or metal, shewn in figs. 5 and -6, whose function is to carry short pins or studs 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. for -the purpose of determining the places _where_ the punch is to act, and -where it is not. To this end, _g h_ is a frame, which is raised by a -_cam_ or tappet _i_, fixed in the endless screw _a_, once every turn; -and _that_ through the medium of the little tumbler _i e f_, by which is -finally determined whether the stroke shall take place or not--for _m_ -being a section of the stud bar of figs. 5 and 6, it's pins, _when they -occur_, raise the end _f_ of the bent lever _f e i_; and when there is -no pin or stud in _m_, this lever is not raised, and the point _i_, does -_not_ come near enough to the cam to be laid hold of, in which case no -stroke is given. This then, is so whenever the studs fail in the bar -_m_; and these fail whenever the _pattern-reader_ has said to the -stud-setter, _miss_: and they occur whenever he has said _take_--both -which cases happen more or less often according to the state of the -squares in the pattern. - -To be a little more particular: in fig. 5 we see a part of the wheel _C_ -of fig. 3, and also a part of the stud bars _m m_, which _geer_ in the -wheel _C_, and which being conducted by the guides _n_, follow the -motion of that wheel, presenting at _f_, (fig. 3) a stud to raise the -lever _f e_, whenever the pattern requires it. It may be mentioned, that -these studs act _obliquely_ on the wing _f_ of this lever, and thus -_raise_ it as they pass under it. And further, these stud bars are made -and fitted to each other in the manner shewn at fig. 6. There is a -geering tooth under every stud hole, and the last stud hole of a given -bar has, fixed in it, a thin tube _a_, into which the stud enters the -same way as in any other place: but this tube whether studded or not -serves to lay hold of the succeeding bar _b_, by it's first hole--so, in -fine, as to make the bars endless; the attendant having nothing else to -do than to hook them to each other as the wheel _C_ draws them in. - -Thus then, are the strokes of the _hammer frame_, _g h_, conformed to -the pattern: for these bars have been studded before hand by one or more -readers and setters; and it is a merely mechanical process to put them -in while the Machine moves: from which, by the bye, they _fall out_ -after the passage into a proper box, and the studs out of them, to be -_composed_ again from the succeeding figures of the pattern. A dozen or -two of these bars might be prepared at _any_ time and place, and to -_any_ pattern, which they will thus transfer to a cylinder at _any_ -desired moment, without the further preparation of dies, punches, mills, -&c.--as used in other Machines. N. B. The strength of the blows thus -given by the hammer frame _g h_, is lessened or augmented by the -position of the point _i_ fixed to the bent lever _i e f_, and which -makes that lift higher or lower as required--which is a mean of -_shading_ offered by this Machine. But to mention it's other properties, -the endless screw _a_, (figs. 3 and 4) carries another endless screw -_o_, _more or less fine_, which turns at the same time the wheel _p_, -and, by that, the long screw _s s_, whose office it is to shift, slowly, -the punch carriers _k l_, along the Machine, from _k_ by _l_, towards -_s_. And here an observation occurs: this can only be so, when the -pattern permits the action of the punches _k_ or _l_, to take place -_spirally_ on the cylinder; that is, when the _sketches_ are distinct -enough _not_ to shew the anomaly that would occur were a _straight_ -pattern thus transferred to a set of spiral lines. But should it be -desirable to engrave patterns so correct as to require an exact parallel -motion round the cylinder, _then_ the motion of this screw must _not_ be -continual--but must intermit and be resumed, at every beginning of a new -line round the cylinder. I hope, I make myself understood: a pattern -drawn on _squares_, produces lines all parallel to the first; while the -spiral motion of the punch causes a slight deviation--which, in a word, -can either be suffered or avoided. At all events, this deviation is so -much the smaller as the punch motion is slower in both directions; and, -in _fine_ patterns, must be _very small_. One remark will close this -part of the subject: although a fine pattern, requires a great number of -blows, and thus a certain expence of time, each blow can be so much the -lighter and more frequent; so as to compensate, in some degree, for this -cause of delay. I add, that the levers shewn above and around fig. 6, -are intended to lift the hammer frame _g h_, equally at both ends: while -the screw _Z_ regulates the _depth_ to which it is permitted to fall. - -I observe, finally, that, according to the size of the intended pattern, -there are more or fewer of the punch bearers _k l_, connected, by their -nuts, with the screw _s s_; each of which thus engraves it's sketch, -similar to the collateral ones; and that were it wished to make _one_ -pattern of the whole length and circumference of the cylinder, a single -punch bearer would be required--since nothing else limits the extent of -a pattern engraved by this Machine. - - * * * * * - -Thus have I gone through my proposed "Century of Inventions," for every -imperfection in which I beg the indulgence of my numerous readers. And -here I can truly say I have _neglected_ nothing--although the precarious -state of my health may have sometimes veiled the evidence of my -descriptions. On the other hand, I did not even attempt many of the -lesser details of execution; as I wrote for those to whom they would -have been superfluous: but as to the objects themselves, I believe there -is not one that is without the pale of practical utility. In a word, -many of the subjects have been frequently executed, and _are in daily -use_: and as to those which remain to be tried, I engage, if called on, -to give them useful existence. And the better to convince candid minds -of the serious attention I have paid to these subjects, I shall add _the -scales_ on which they have been executed, or to which they are -drawn--those scales expressed by a fraction, shewing what proportion the -figures bear to the reality. Thus the scale of one inch to a foot will -be expressed by the fraction 1/12; that of two inches to a foot, by 1/6, -&c. that is, the figures, in these cases, will be (nearly) 1/12 or 1/6 -of the size of the Machines. This premised--and also that we shall -observe the alphabetical order, the following is the - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS. - - No. Scale Page. - - 1 ADDING MACHINE; or Machine to cast up large || | - Sums || 1/2 and 1 | 343 - 2 Air Pump: Essay to complete the Vacuum || 1/10 | 374 - 3 Barrel Spring, to lengthen the going of || | - Clocks, &c. || 1 | 26 - 4 Boats (serpentine) for lessening the expence of|| | - traction, &c. || 1/75 | 137 - 5 Bobbin or Laces, (Machine for making) covering || | - Whips, &c. || circa. 1/5| 284 - 6 Bowking Machine, for Bleachers || 1/24 | 299 - 7 Bucket or Persian Wheels, (a combination of) || | - to raise Water || 1/24 | 172 - 8 Canals (open) as hydraulic Machines || circa. | 307 - || 1/200 | - 9 Canter, or inclined plane for Draymen || 1/24 | 72 - 10 Chain to act equably on my Wheels || circa. 1 | 135 - 11 Chocolate Mill (rotatory) || 1/12 | 368 - 12 Cocks (equilibrium) to avoid leakage, &c. || ad. lib. | 153 - 13 Colour Mill, for Calico Printers || 1/12 | 175 - 14 Compasses (bisecting) || 1/2 | 353 - 15 Cotton-Machine for batting or _bowing_ || circa. | 290 - || 1/12 | - 16 Crane (rewarded by the Society of Arts) || 1/60 | 57 - 17 Crank, epicycloidal; or parallel motion || | - (rewarded by Bonaparte) || 1/8 1/12 | 30 - 18 Dash, or Wash Wheel, acting with greater || | - rapidity than usual || 1/24 | 271 - 19 Differential Wheels, for gaining great power || 1/4 | 54 - 20 Doffing Machine, to take cylinders from their || | - mandrels || 1/9 | 243 - 21 Draw Bench, for my twisted Pinions || 1/2 1/6 | 133 - 22 Dynamometer, for measuring power _in motion_ || 1/4 | 15 - 23 ------------ a second kind for do. || 1/3 | 177 - 24 Engine, for cutting my Patent Wheels || V. text |{121 - || |{183 - 25 Engine, for cutting large bevil Wheels and || | - Models || 1/12 | 263 - 26 Engraving Machine, being an important || 1/12 and | 317 - application of my Cog or Toothed Wheels || 1/14 | - 27 Engraving Machine, of a new kind, for large || | - patterns || 1/14 | 389 - 28 Essay to derive _power_ from expanding solids || 1/20 | 280 - 29 Evaporation (Machine to promote) || ad. lib. | 78 - 30 Eyes (Machine for making rapidly) || 1/2 | 166 - 31 Fire-Escape, on a retarding principle || 1/2 | 364 - 32 ------------ by breaking the fall || ad. lib. | 366 - 33 Fires (portable Engine to extinguish) || 1/24 | 311 - 34 ----- (watch Engine always ready for) || 1/6 | 315 - 35 Flax (Machine for breaking rapidly) || 1/24 | 296 - 36 Forging bar iron and steel (Machine for) || ad. lib. | 215 - 37 Friction (Machine to prevent) || ad. lib. | 144 - 38 ----------------- of another kind || ad. lib. | 150 - 39 Grating or cutting Green Roots, &c. (Machine || | - for) || circa. 1/6| 79 - 40 Helico-centrifugal Machine, for raising water || ad. lib. | 212 - 41 Horse Wheel, (inclined) to save room and gain || | - speed || 1/60 | 53 - 42 ------------ (reciprocating) for Mangles, &c. || 1/30 | 217 - 43 Hot Air as _power_, while heating rooms, &c. || ad. lib. | 203 - 44 Lamp (hydraulic) for the table || 1/6 | 277 - 45 Lithographic, or Copper-plate Press, with || | - curious and useful properties || 1/12 | 230 - 46 Machine to communicate and suspend Motion || ad. lib. | 155 - 47 ------- to set-on and suspend rapid Motions || 1/2 | 158 - 48 ------- for clearing turbid Liquors || ad. lib. | 305 - 49 ------- for driving Boats, without disturbing || | - the Water || ad. lib. | 251 - 50 ------- to assist in taking Medicine || 1/3 | 377 - 51 Mangle, perpetual or rotatory || 1/16 | 370 - 52 Marine Level (essay on a) || circa. | 357 - || 1/18 | - 53 ------------ (other essay on a) || ad. lib. | 362 - 54 Micrometer, to measure minute spaces || 1 | 83 - 55 Mirror, (centrifugal) to collect the Solar rays|| ad. lib. | 384 - 56 -----------------------------------------------|| | - of a different kind || ad. lib. | 386 - 57 Mover, by dropping weights || ad. lib. | 76 - 58 Nails (Machine for moulding) || 1/12 | 200 - 59 ----- (Machine for forging) || 1/10 | 226 - 60 Parallel Motion (double) for heavy Steam || | - Engines || ad. lib. | 338 - 61 Pencyclograph; or instrument for drawing || | - portions of large circles, and finding their || | - centres by inspection || ad. lib. | 51 - 62 Peristaltic Machine, for raising water || | 69 - 63 Pitch Fork for Musicians, with variable tones || circa. 1 | 355 - 64 Power Wheel, by heated Air, &c. || ad. lib. | 43 - 65 Press, direct and differential (power as 52000 || | - to 1) || ad. lib. | 66 - 66 Press (excentric bar)--power indefinite || ad. lib. | 174 - 67 Printing Machine (two coloured) || 1/12 | 301 - 68 Protracting Motion (Machine for) || 1/4 | 49 - 69 Pullies (my Patent) much improved || 1/6 1/12 | 33 - 70 Pump (equable) proposed 1794, for the Machine || | - of Marly || 1/24 | 45 - 71 ---- portable, worked by the hands and feet || 1/24 | 351 - 72 Punch Machine, for Engravers || 1/4 | 193 - 73 ----- Machine (differential) for ditto || circa. 1/7| 196 - 74 ------------- rotatory, for my Engraving || | - Machine || 1/6 | 349 - 75 Reciprocating or long Parallel Motion || ad. lib. | 237 - 76 Reflector, for Light Houses, &c. || ad. lib. | 234 - 77 Regulator (not centrifugal) for Wind and Water || | - Mills, Steam Engines, &c. || 1/4 | 223 - 78 Retrographic Machine, for Engravers || ad. lib. | 164 - 79 Rotato-gyratory Churn || 1/10 | 210 - 80 Screw, with greatly diminished friction || ad. lib. | 81 - 81 Screws (Machine for forging) || 1/3 | 160 - 82 Spinning Machines (my Patent) || circa. | 329 - || 1/17 | - 83 ----------------- adapted chiefly to Wool || 1/12 | 334 - 84 Spring, to keep a door closed yet open easily || ad. lib. | 131 - 85 Steelyard (differential) of great power || 1/8 | 162 - 86 Syphon (mechanical) to expel part of the Water || | - at the highest point || ad. lib. | 240 - 87 Tallow (Machine for cutting and _trying_) || 1/80 | 245 - 88 Tea Table (mechanical assistant for) || 1/8 | 228 - 89 Valves (slide) Machine for working || ad. lib. | 255 - 90 Ventilator, rotatory, yet by pressure || 1/12 | 170 - 91 Vessel (expanding) for Pumps, Steam Engines, || | - &c. || ad. lib. | 219 - 92 Washing Apparatus, for Hospitals, &c. || ad. lib. | 247 - 93 Water Wheel (horizontal) probably the best of || | - the impulsive kind || 1/52 | 326 - 94 The same, for high falls || ib. | 326 - 95 Water Wheel (inclined) using the weight of the || | - water || ad. lib. | 376 - 96 Water (aero-hydraulic Machine for raising) || 1/200 or | 292 - || 1/300 | - 97 Weaving by Power (manner of driving the || | - shuttle, executed A. D. 1780) || 1/12 | 372 - 98 Wedge Machine (perpetual) || 1/12 | 74 - 99 WHEELS (my System of Cog or Toothed) || all | 90 - || dimensions| - 100 Windmill of _double power_ || 1/220 | 313 - - -ERRATA. - - Page. - 1, line 27, after System, read of. - 4, " 27, for them, read it. - 10, " 16, for vestuble, read vestibule. - 15, " 10, for parralel, read parallel. - 15, " 13, after centre, read of. - 42, " 7, after was, _dele_ on. - 43, " 1, for Plate 2, read Plate 8. - 49, " 1, after _A_, read Fig. 4. - 70, " 7, for ionical, read conical. - 100, " 2, after _A C_ for :, read ::. - 102, " 16, for _z_/_a_, read _z_²/_a_. - 126, " 4, for on it's surface, read on it's pitch line. - 126, " 17, for it's height _f g_, read the length required. - 129, " 16, for 2 inches, read 4 inches. - 164, " 10, for other two cases in _C_ & _E_, read in other two - cases _C_ & _E_. - 188, " 17, after _b C_ twice, for :, read ::. - 196, " 20, for fig. 2, read Fig. 4. - 200, " 8, for Plate 25, read Plate 24. - 203, " 11, after heat, read for. - 208, " 6, for is, read are. - 209, " 8, for arrangements, read arrangement. - 246, " 19, after which, read last. - 272, " 23, for wheel, read bevil wheel. - 273, " 21, for axis, read axes. - 287, " 19, for _z´_, read _z_. - 289, " 1, after down, read twisted. - 294, " 7, for two, read too. - 311, " 8, for carried, read used. - 335, " 10, for bobbin, read bobbins. - 340, " 8, for edged formed, read wedge formed. - 350, " 8, for Fig. 3, read Fig. 6. - 357, " 18, for light, read double. - 374, " 12, after 1/27 read, 1/81, 1/243, 1/729, &c. - 375, " 20, for 1/14641 read 1/1331. - 387, " 9, for makes, read make. - - - [***] If, in the following List of Names, it has been thought just - to mark those of the _first_ promoters of this Work, it has not been - to lessen the Author's obligations to the rest--who, almost - uniformly, have given him their Names with the same spontaneous - kindness, and thus ensured his lasting gratitude. - - -ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. - - Abel, S. _Bury_ - Addison, G. W. _Huddersfield_ - Adshead, James, _Stayley Bridge_ - Agnew, Robert M. D. _Manchester_ - Ainger, A. _London._ - Ainsworth, G. Stayley Bridge - Ainsworth. Richard _Bolton_ - Akroyd, James _Halifax_ - Akroyd, Jonathan _Do._ - Allen, T. & Sons, _Huddersfield_ - Andrew, James _Manchester_ - Andrew, Thomas _Do._ - Antrobus, P. & Nephew, _Bollington_ - Appleton, Ogden & Co. _Manchester_ - Appleton, Plant & Co. _Do._ - Armistead, J. & J. _Leeds_ - Armitage, Cyrus _Ashton_ - Ashton, Benjamin _Hyde_ - Ashton, George _Manchester_ - Ashton, James _Hyde._ - Ashton, John Junr. _Do._ - Ashton, Joseph _Do._ - Ashton, Robert _Do._ - Ashton, Samuel Jun. _Do._ - Ashwell, James _Nottingham_ - Aston, William _Birmingham_ - Atkinson, George _Burnley_ - Atkinson, Joseph _Manchester_ - Atkinson, Thomas _Do._ - Axon, Charles _Stockport_ - Aydon, Isaac _Wakefield_ - - Babbage, ---- F. R. S. _London._ - Bailey, ---- _Halifax_ - Bailey, William _Holborn, London._ - Baird, J. & R. _Glasgow._ - Baldwin, J. & J. _Halifax._ - Barclay, John & Co. _Paisley._ - Barge, John & Co. _Manchester._ - Barker, ---- _Do._ - Barnes, John _London._ - Bartholomew, J. & Co. _Glasgow._ - Barton, H. _Manchester_ - Bassett, Thomas _Bury_ - Bates, John _Bradford_ - Bayley, Abel Stayley _Bridge_ - Beaumont, Thomas _Huddersfield_ - Beckton, Joseph _Manchester_ - Beecroft, Heath & Co. _Kirkstall_ - Beeston, Thomas _Leeds_ - Beilby & Knotts, _Birmingham_, 3 Copies - Bellhouse, David _Manchester_ - Bennet, ---- H. M. Dock Yard, _Chatham_ - Bentley, Richard _Bolton_ - Berthonneau, ---- _Paris_ - Bevan, R. _Wigan_ - Bewley, ---- _Manchester_ - Binns, A. _Stockport_ - Binyon, A. _Manchester_ - Birley, Captain H. H. _Do._ - Birley, Richard _Do._ - Birtles, ---- _Do._ - Blackie and Pollock, _Glasgow_ - Bonsall, Thomas _London_ - Booth and Co. _Park Iron Works, Sheffield_ - Booth, John _Manchester_ - Booth, George _Stockport_ - Bowes and Kilham, _Leeds_ - Bowler, James _Manchester_ - Bowman, James _Do._ - Bradbury, J. L. _Do._ - Bradley, J. _Warwick_ - Branthwaite, F. and J. _London_ - Bramah, Francis _Do._ - Bramley, R. _Leeds_ - Bransome, ---- _Manchester_ - Branthwaite, James _Do._ - Brearley, James _Bolton_ - Briarley, Benj. _Blackburn_ - Briden, John _Birmingham_ - Bridson, Ridgway _Bolton_ - Brindley, ---- _Rochester_ - Brook, Jonas and Brothers _Meltham_ - Brooke, John _Shepley Hall_ - Brooke, John and Sons _Huddersfield_ - Brooke, ---- _Dewsbury_ - Brooks, S. R. _American Consul, Manchester_ - Broom, Sons and Home, _Kidderminster_ - Brotherton, J. _Salford_ - Brown, Baldwin L.L.D. _London_ - Brown, S. H. Halifax - Brown, Thomas _Barnsley_ - Brown, Thomas _Manchester_ - Buchan, Laurence _Do._ - Buchanan, A. _Glasgow_ - Buckley, John _Todmorden_ - Burford, D. and Co. _London_ - Burn, John _Manchester_ - Burton, George _Middleton_ - Burton, John _Warwick_ - Bury, James _Manchester_ - Bury, John _Pendle-hill_ - Bury, Thomas _London_ - Bury, Thomas _Salford_ - Busk, R. _Leeds_ - Butterworth, Thomas _Oldham_ - - Carruthers, John _Manchester_ - Carter, Benjamin _Huddersfield_ - Carter, John _Elland_ - Cartledge, Joseph and Sons _Halifax_ - Casey, Thomas _London_ - Cawood, John _Leeds_ - Chadwick, William _Oldham_ - Challinor, Thomas _Manchester_ - Chapman, Samuel _Ashton_ - Chappé, Paul _Manchester_ - Cheetham, Daniel _Stockport_ - Cheetham, John _Ditto_ - Cheetham, Joseph _Ditto_ - Cheetham, Josiah _Ditto_ - Church, William L. L. D. _London_ - Clare, Peter _Manchester_ - Clark, John Jun. and Co. _Glasgow_ - Clark, Richard Shalford, _Surrey_ - Clayton, D. _Poynton_ - Clement, ---- _Paris_ - Clogg, R. _Manchester_ - Clunie, John L. L. D. _Pendleton_ - Clymer, George _London_ - Cocker, Jonathan _Salford_ - Cogger, Thomas _London_ - Colden, D. C. _New York_ - Collinge, Charles _London_ - Colman, J. M. _Norwich_ - Colquhoun, James _Sheffield_ - Compton, Joseph _Manchester_ - Cook, James _Glasgow_ - Cooke, Thomas _Dewsbury_ - Cooper, Thomas Willis _London_ - Copley, Barrow & Co. _Manchester_ - Cort, & Co. _Leicester_ - Cottam, George _London_ - Coupland, R. & F. _Leeds_ - Cousen, James & Sons _Bradford_ - Cowan, John _Bolton_ - Cox, James _Manchester_ - Cox, Robert _Do._ - Craig, William _Do._ - Crawshaw, Jonathan _Wakefield_ - Crighton, J. & T. _Manchester_ - Crossley, John & Sons, _Do._ - Cryer, Jonathan _Bolton_ - Cussons, Thomas _Oldham_ - Cutfield, ---- H. M. Dock Yard, _Chatham_ - - Dacca Twist Company, _Manchester_ - Daglish, John Orrell, _near Wigan_ - Daglish, Robert _Do._ - Dalton, John F. R. S. _President of the Manchester Philosophical - Society._ - Darwell, ---- _Wigan_ - Darwin, ---- _Soho Rolling Mills, Sheffield_ - Day, George _Wandsworth_ - Dean, John _Bolton_ - Denison, Samuel _Leeds_ - De Volvic Comte Chabrol, _Paris_ - Dewer, Robert _London_ - Dewhirst, William _Halifax_ - Dickinson, ---- _New York_, 3 Copies - Dickson, Jonathan _London_ - Dimbleby, William _Liverpool_ - Dobson, J. & B. _Bolton_ - Dockray, David _Manchester_ - Dollond, G. _London_ - Donkin, Bryan _London_ - Douglas, John _Manchester_ - Drew, James _Do._ - Dugdale, A. _Do._ - Dunlop, James & Sons, _Glasgow_ - Dunn, William _Do._ - Dutfoy, ---- _Paris_ - *Dyer, I. C. _Manchester_, 2 Copies - Dyson, Joseph _Halifax_ - Dyson, William _Leeds_ - - Eccles, Bannister & Co. _Blackburn_ - Eckersley, J. & W. _Wigan_ - Edge, Thomas _London_ - Edington, James _Glasgow_ - Edwards, John _Manchester_ - Elliot, Thomas _Do._ - Elsworth, William _Preston_ - Embden, S. _London_ - Escher, ---- _Switzerland_ - Evans, John _London_ - *Ewart, Peter _Manchester_ - Ewing, John _Glasgow_ - - Fairbairn, ---- _Manchester._ - Fairweather, John _Do._ - Farey, Joseph, jun. _London._ - Farrer, John _Halifax_ - Fauld & Woodiwiss, _Barnsley_ - Faulkner, John _Manchester_ - Fawcett, Richard _Bradford_ - Fawcett, William _Liverpool_ - Fenton & Murray, _Leeds._ - Fielden, Brothers, _Todmorden_ - Fielding, H. & Brothers, _Manchester_ - Fishwick and Sons _Burnley_ - Flackton, Joseph _Do._ - Fletcher, Benjamin _Wigan._ - Fort, Richard _London._ - Fowden, William _Manchester._ - Fraser, James _London._ - Frost, John _Manchester._ - Furniss, P. _Halifax._ - - Gallemore, Jesse _Manchester._ - Gallemore, William _Sheffield_ - Galloway, A. _London_ - Galloway, William _Manchester_ - Garnett, John _Liverpool_ - Garnett, John _Oldham_ - Garnett, W. & S. _Bradford_ - Garside, John _Stockport_ - German, William _Wigan_ - Gill, ---- _London_ - Gillett, John _Pendleton_ - Girdwood. C. & Co. _Glasgow_ - Goldie, James _London_ - Goodier, John _Manchester_ - Gore, Henry _Do._ - Gott, B. _Leeds_ - Gough, N. _Manchester_ - Goulding, & Son _London_ - *Grant, William _Manchester_ - *Grant, John _Do._ - *Grant, Daniel _Do._ - *Grant, Charles _Do._ - Gray, Benjamin _Do._ - Green, John _Do._ - Greenway, Charles _Do._ - Greenup, W & G _Halifax_ - Greenwood, Luke _Huddersfield_ - Greg, John _Manchester_ - Grimshaw, John Jun. _Belfast_ - Grimshaw, Brothers _Belfast_ - - Hadwen, John & Co. _Halifax_ - Hall, John _Dartford_ - Hancorne, Edward _London_ - Handiside, N. _Glasgow_ - Hansard, T C _London_ - Hardie, D _Liverpool_ - Hardy & Andrew _Stockport_ - Harding, Maver and Leopard, _London_ - Harrison, Abel Stayley Bridge - Harrison, John _Manchester_ - Harrison, John and Co. _Chorley_ - Haslam, S. H. _Manchester_ - Heath, George, _London_ - Heath, Robert _Manchester_ - Henwood, W. _H.M. Dock Yard, Portsmouth_ - Heron, I. H. _Manchester_, 2 Copies - *Hewes, Thomas _Do._ - Heywood, John _Stockport_ - Hibbert, J. _Godley_ - Hick, Benjamin _Bolton_ - Hickling, Thomas _Birmingham_ - Higgins, Wm. _Salford_ - Hill, Edwin _Birmingham_ - Hilton, Samuel and Co. _Chorley_ - Hind, Roger _Preston_ - Hindley, Charles _Dukenfield_ - Hirst, John jun. _Halifax_ - Hirst, ---- _Marsden_ - Hodgson, Henry _Burnley_ - Hodgson, William _Birmingham_ - Holdbrook, B. _Warwick_ - Holgate, Massey and Co. _Burnley_ - Holmes, James _Kidderminster_ - Holmes, John _Paisley_ - Holt, Birch and Co. _Manchester_ - Holt, David _Manchester_ - Holt, Luke _Halifax_ - Holtzapffell, Deyerlein and Co. _London_ - Hoomans, Pardoe and Co. _Kidderminster_ - Hope, William _Liverpool_ - Hopwood and Pollard, _Burnley_ - Hopwood, William _Stockport_ - Hordern, Rev. P. M. A. _Cheetham Library_ - Horton, Thomas _Tipton_ - Horrocks, G. _Manchester_ - Horrocks, Miller and Co. _Preston_ - Horrox and Son, _Manchester_ - Horsfield, Thomas _Hyde_ - Hough, William _Manchester_ - Houlden, John _Leicester_ - Houldsworth, Henry _Glasgow_ - Houldsworth, Thos. Esq. M. P. _Manchester_ - Houtson, James _Do._ - Howard, Apelles _Stockport_ - Howard, Daniel _Stayley Bridge_ - Howard, John _Leeds_ - Howard, John _Stockport_ - Howard, John _Warrington_ - Howard, J. and N. _Ashton_ - Howard, Thomas _Hyde_ - Howard, William _London_ - *Hoyle, Thomas _Manchester_ - Hughes, William _Salford_ - Hull, John _Manchester_ - Hulse, Joseph _Alfreton_ - Humphries, Robert _Glasgow_ - Hutchinson, John _Manchester_ - Hutton, James _Leeds_ - Huzzie, William _Glasgow_ - Hyde, John _Manchester_ - - Jackson, M. _London_ - Jackson, William _Oldham_ - James, James _Birmingham_ - Jenkinson and Bow, _Salford_ - Jones, George _Birmingham_ - Jones, James _Do._ - Jones, John _Bolton_ - Jones, Joseph, jun. _Oldham_ - Jones, William _Manchester_ - Johnson, G. _London_ - Johnson, Owen _Birmingham_ - Jordon, Francis _Liverpool_ - Joule, Benjamin _Salford_ - - Kay, Alexander _Manchester_ - Kelly, W. and S. _Leicester_ - Kennedy, James _Manchester_ - *Kennedy, John _Do._ - Kenworthy, John _Ashton_ - Kilburn, James _Leeds_ - King, ---- _Manchester_ - Kirk, Benjamin _Do._ - Kirkland, Thomas _Mansfield_ - Knight, Samuel _Manchester_ - - Lane, ---- _Manchester_ - Lane, Joseph _Stockport_ - Lane, William and Sons _Manchester_ - Landless, William _Burnley_ - Latham, John _Manchester_ - Lawson and Walker, _Leeds_ - Lee, G. A. _Salford_ - Lees, Henry _Ashton_ - Lees, Jerry _Manchester_ - Lees, Jonathan _Do._ - Lees, Samuel _Oldham_ - Leese, Joseph _Manchester_ - Lewis, F. _Do._ - Lightoller, T. _Charley_ - Lillie, ---- _Manchester_ - Lloyd, Lionel _Do._ - Lobley, Matthew _Leeds_ - Lockett, Garnett and Co. _Manchester_ - Lockwood, Joseph _Huddersfield_ - Lockwood, ---- _Leeds_ - *Lomas, William Strangeways, 2 Copies - Lomas, George _Bolton_ - Longman and Co. _London_ - Longsden, P. and J. _Manchester_ - Longworth, N. _Bolton_ - Lonsdale, Daniel _Manchester_ - Lowe, John _Shepley Hall_ - Lowe, George _London_ - Lucas, Jonathan _Charleston_ - Lumb, Joseph _Leeds_ - Lupton, Jonathan _Leeds_ - - M'Andrew, William _Glasgow_ - M'Arthur, Duncan _Do._ - M'Connell, James _Manchester_ - Machan, Luke _Sheffield_ - M'Murdo, G. Soho, _Manchester_ - M'Naught, John _Glasgow_ - M'Naught, Patrick _Do._ - Macray, James _Manchester_ - Malum, George _London_ - Malam, J. _Do._ - Manchester Exchange Library - ---- New Library - Manwaring, George _London_ - Marriott, Christopher _Manchester_ - Marsden, William _Salford_ - Marsland, Henry _Manchester_ - Marsland, James _Burnley_ - Marshall, James _Stockport_ - Marshall, Isaac _Birmingham_ - Marshall, W. and T. _Bradford_ - Maskray, James _Manchester_ - Mason, John _Bradford_ - Mattinson, J. _Huddersfield_ - Matterface, A. _London_ - Maudsley, Henry _London_ - Mawson and Bown, _Bradford_ - Mayer, Joseph _Stockport_ - Melling, John _Bolton_ - Mellor, James _Manchester_ - Mellor, Thomas _Ashton_ - Middleton, John _London_ - Miller, John _London_ - Millington, John F. R. S. _Do._ - Milne, William _Edinbro_ - Milne, E. _Manchester_ - Milne, W. _Do._ - Milne and Turner, _Halifax_ - Monks, Samuel _Bolton_ - Monteith, H. and Co. _Glasgow_ - Montgomery, Robert _Johnston_ - Moore, Daniel _Birmingham_ - Moore, Joseph _Leeds_ - Moore, S. M. _Manchester_ - Mosedale, William _Do._ - Moss, Thomas _Wigan_ - Mottershead, Samuel _Manchester_ - Munday, Thomas _Preston_ - Muntz, G. F. _Birmingham_ - Murdock, Wm. Soho, _Do._ - Murdock, William _Manchester_ - Murgatroyd, John _Halifax_ - Murray, George _Manchester_ - Napier, David _Glasgow_ - Naylor, Benjamin _Manchester_ - Neild, William _Do._ - Neilson, John _Glasgow_ - Nelson, William _Manchester_ - Newton, Samuel _London_ - Newton, Scott, Chambers and Co. _Thorncliffe Iron Works_ - Nichols, Benjamin _Manchester_ - Norris, H. _Bolton_ - - Occleshaw, William _Manchester_ - Ogden, John _Do._ - Olliver, G. _Do._ - Ormrod, Richard _Do._ - Orrell, John _Stayley Bridge_ - Oswald, James and Co. _Glasgow_ - Ousey, Judson _Stayley Bridge_ - Outram, G. for _Glasgow Foundry Co._ - - Paget, J. and W. _Loughborough_ - Paley, John _Preston_ - Palmer, R. _London_ - Park and Sons, _Wigan_ - Parker, F. _Sheffield_ - Parker, Samuel _London_ - Parkes, Josiah _Manchester_ - Parkin, Jonathan _Leeds_ - Parkinson, Adam _Manchester_ - Park Mills Co. _Stockport_ - Parry, Thomas _Manchester_ - Patten, Thomas and Co. _Cheadle_ - Pearson, Barwise _Chester_ - Peel and Co. _Manchester_ - Peel, G. Soho, _Do._ - Penn, John _Deptford_ - Pennington, Richard _Manchester_ - Percival, William _Stockport_ - Perkins, Jacob _London_ - Perrier, George _Do._ - Petrie, A. and Co. _Rochdale_ - Phillips, Nathaniel _Manchester_ - Phipson, J. W. _Birmingham_ - Pollard, Jonathan _Manchester_ - Poole, M. _London_ - Pooley, John _Manchester_ - Pope, Henry _Do._ - Pope, Henry, jun. _Do._ - Potter, John _Do._ - Powell, John _Do._ - Proctor, James and Sons _Leeds_ - Proctor, John _Do._ - Pullan and Sons _Do._ - - Raby, Richard _Leicester._ - Radcliffe, James _Stockport._ - Radford, Joseph _Manchester._ - Railton, Robert _Blackburn._ - Ramsbotham, Henry _Todmorden._ - Ramsden, John _Halifax._ - Ransome, James _Manchester._ - Rathbone, R. _Liverpool._ - Rawson & Saltmarshes, _Halifax._ - Ready, Thomas _Peckham Academy._ - Reid, John & Co. _Manchester._ - Rennie, George _London_ - Richardson, ---- _Wigan._ - Rickards, Charles _Manchester._ - Roberts, Brother & Co. _Burnley._ - Roberts, Richard _Manchester._ - Rose, John _Leeds._ - Rothwell, P. jun. _Bolton._ - Rothwell, Richard _Manchester._ - Roughton and Woodhouse, _Coventry_ - Rowlands, R. _Glasgow_ - Royston, Charles _Halifax_ - Rushforth, Joseph _Elland_ - Rushton, J. _Liverpool_ - Rushton, William jun. _Do._ - Ruth ---- _Patricroft_ - - Sadler, James _Mansfield_ - Samuels, John _Manchester_ - Sandford, Benjamin _Do._ - Sandford, William _Leeds_ - Sandiford, James _Manchester_ - Satterthwaite, E. _Belfast_ - Sells, John _Manchester_ - Sells, Henry _Do._ - Schlumberger, Grosjean & Co. _Muhlhausen_ - Schofield, Joseph _Manchester._ - Scholes, Varley & Co. _Do._ - Sharp, William _Salford._ - Sharp, James _Paisley._ - Shaw, Joseph _Sheffield._ - Shaw, Joseph and Sons, _Leeds._ - Sheffield Coal Co. _Park._ - Sherbrook, T. _Leeds._ - Sherratt, John _Salford._ - Sherriff, ---- _London._ - Shuttleworth, J. _Manchester_ - Sidebotham, John _Hyde_ - Sidebotham, Samuel _Stockport_ - Simpson, Richard _Manchester_ - Sinclair, John _Atherstone_ - Sior, ---- _Somers Town_ - Slater, Thomas _Salford_ - Sleddon, Francis _Preston_ - Smith, Alexander _Birmingham Gasworks_ - Smith, Alexander _Manchester_ - Smith, Benjamin _Do._ - Smith, E. & C. _Chesterfield_ - Smith, Henry _Birmingham_ - Smith, Joseph _Manchester_ - Smith, O. H. _Chelsea_ - Smith, Thomas _Burnley_ - Smith, Thomas _Leeds_ - Snodgrass, Niel _Glasgow_ - Solly, R. H. _London_ - Spencer, John _Burnley_ - Spooner, Ralph _Bolton_ - Stables, W. W., and H. H. _Huddersfield_ - Stamtin, H. _Carron Wharf London_ - Stansfield, Briggs and Co. _Halifax_ - Stansfield, John _Todmorden_ - Starkey, Buckley and Co. _Huddersfield_ - Steel, Thomas and Son, _Stockport_ - Stirk and Horsfield _Leeds_ - Stock, Aaron _Wigan_ - Stocks, Benjamin _Manchester_ - Stockton, Joseph _Do._ - Stone, James _London_ - Strutt, A. R. _Derby_ - Strutt, William _Do._ - Stuart, John _Manchester_ - Sturges, John and Co. _Bowling Iron Works_ - Sutcliffe, John and Nephews _Halifax_ - Swindells, John _Manchester_ - Swire, Samuel _Ashton_ - Sykes, Richard _Edgely_ - - Tattersall and Crooke _Burnley_ - Taylor, Josiah Holborn, _London_ - Taylor, Benjamin _Glasgow_ - Taylor, J. and J. _Manchester_ - Taylor, Phillip _London_ - Taylor and Shatwell _Manchester_ - Taylor, William _Preston_ - Taylor, W. G. _Bolton_ - Taylor and Wordsworth _Leeds_ - Taylor, Edward _Warwick_ - Telford, Thomas F. R. S. _London_ - Tennant, C. and Co. _Glasgow_ - Thackray, Jonathan _Sheffield_ - Thomson, R. jun. _Glasgow_ - Thompson, M. _Bradford_ - Thompson, Samuel _Bolton_ - Thompson, Thomas _Do._ - Thompson, Thomas _Newcastle_ - Throp, William _Blackburn_ - Tilley, J. _London_ - Tipping, G. _Manchester_ - Tomlinson and Co. _Oldham_ - Tongue, William _Birmingham_ - Townend, G. and W. _Manchester_ - Townend, William _Do_ - Travis, James _Halifax_ - Turner, Thomas _Nottingham_ - Twigg, Joseph jun. _Paisley_ - - Unwin, Samuel and Co. _Mansfield_ - - Vanhouse, James _Peckham_ - Varley, John _Manchester_ - Vaudrey, John _Stayley-bridge_ - Vickers, William _Manchester_ - - Wade, Joseph _Bradford_ - Waddington, David _Manchester_ - Wainwright, Benjamin _Stayley-bridge_ - Wakefield, John _Manchester_ - Walker, Benjamin _Leeds_ - Walker, Henry, _Salford_ - Wareing, J. and W. _Stayleybridge_ - Watson, Peter _Manchester_ - Watson, William _Glasgow_ - Weight, Joseph _Manchester_ - Weight, Hezekiah _Do._ - Weir, Edward _London_ - Weir, Charles Alexander _Kent Water works_ - Welch, Thomas _Manchester_ - Wentworth, H. _Wandsworth_ - Wentworth, James _Deptford_ - Westley, W. K. _Leeds_ - Wharton, Joseph _Manchester_ - Wharton, William _Do._ - Whitacre, John _Huddersfield_ - White, John _Glasgow_ - Whitehead, John _Halifax_ - Whitfield, William _Birmingham_ - Whyatt, George _Manchester_ - Wigan, R. _Do._ - Wilder, O. _London_ - Willans, Thomas _Leeds_ - Williams, John _London_ - Willoughby, J. _Birmingham_ - Wilkinson, James _Leeds_ - Wilkinson, James _Stayleybridge_ - Wilkinson, George _Middleton_ - Wilson, George _London_ - Wilson, William jun. _Nottingham_ - Wilson and Co. _Leicester_ - Wolfenden, Richard _Manchester_ - Wolfenden, Stones and Kirkham _Manchester_ - Wood, Alexander _Do._ - Wood, John _Huddersfield_ - Wood, John _Manchester_ - Wood, John _Stockport_ - Wood, George _Manchester_ - Wood and Harrop _Ashton_ - Wood, Robert _Leeds_ - Woodcock and Harrison _Leeds_ - Worswick, John _Manchester_ - Wright, John _Oldham_ - Wright, Joseph _Ashton_ - - Yates, Thomas _Manchester_ - Young, Joseph _Do._ - Young and Smith, _Sheffield_ - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 1._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 2._ - -_J. W. inv. (cir. 1770.) & delin. 1899_ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 3._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 4._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 5._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 6._ - -_J. White Inv. et del._ - -_Eng.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 7._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 8._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 9._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 10._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 11._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 12._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 13._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Eng.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 14._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 15._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 16._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 17._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Eng.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 18._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Eng.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 19._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Eng.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 20._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 21._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engraved by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 22._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Eng.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 23._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 24._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 25._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 26._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 27._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 28._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 29._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 30._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 31._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 32._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 33._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 34._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 35._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 36._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 37._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 38._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 39._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 40._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 41._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 42._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 43._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 44._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 45._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 46._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 47._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 48._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 49._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - -[Illustration: _Pl. 50._ - -_J. White inv. et del._ - -_Engr.^{d} by Leech & Cheetham._] - - - - -Transcriber's Notes: - -This text follows the text of the orignal work as much as possible. -Inconsistencies in grammar, punctuation, capitalisation, hyphenation, -etc. have been retained, except as mentioned below. Where the author -consistently or regularly uses unusual spelling of words, this has been -retained. Examples are it's for its, wave for waive, guage for gauge, -scapement for escapement, enterprize, rince for rinse, boar for bore, a -mean for a means, absciss for abscissa, keer for keir or kier, mattrass -for mattress, oxigen, vaneer, etc. - -The author uses both comma and period as decimal point and thousand -separator. Despite the confusion this might cause, this has not been -changed. - -Changes made to the text: -Minor punctuation errors (mainly missing periods) have been corrected -silently. - -The errata have already been changed in the text. The following -corrections have been made to the corrections in the errata: - - - plate has been changed to Plate for consistency; - - ,99990 has been changed to 99990; - - on page 374 the entire series has been corrected in addition to the - corrections given in the errata; - - the correction to page 188 line 17 should be made to page 188 line - 2; - - some corrections are listed more than once; - - some errors mentioned in the errata were not present in the text. - -Footnotes have been moved to directly under the text they refer to. - -Some tables have been re-arranged. - -In some formulas, brackets have been added for better readability and to -avoid ambiguity. - -Corrections made (apart from the errata): - -Page vi: befal changed to befall - -Page 24: dfficulty changed to difficulty; clylinder changed to cylinder; -equallized changed to equalized as elsewhere - -Page 26: consitute changed to constitute - -Page 33: philosohpy changed to philosophy - -Page 36: as to the the time changed to as to the time; thepocket changed -to the pocket - -Page 38: Lieutenat changed to Lieutenant - -Page 39: pasing changed to passing - -Page 51/52: proporportions changed to proportions - -Page 56: 2,020000 changed to 2020000 (cf. correction of other numbers -page 55, and written-out number in text next paragraph) - -Page 58-59: '" changed to "' - -Page 61: unweildy changed to unwieldy; shut of changed to shut off - -Page 63: difinitive changed to definitive - -Page 73: as we llto changed to as well to; theplane changed to the plane - -Synopsis: parobolico changed to parabolico - -Page 90: Opening quotes added before The subject of this paper ... to -match closing quotes on page 108 - -Page 96: indispensible changed to indispensable as elsewhere; whould -changed to would; circumferencies changed to circumferences - -Page 101: circumferencies changed to circumferences - -Page 102: arces changed to arcs; quantites changed to quantities - -Page 118: side ways changed to sideways as elsewhere - -Page 123: once cutting changed to one cutting - -Page 134: circumferenceof changed to circumference of; inproportion -changed to in proportion - -Page 138: passsing changed to passing; staight changed to straight - -Page 139: beween changed to between - -Page 145: penetratration changed to penetration - -Page 152: reallized changed to realized as elsewhere - -Page 155: representented changed to represented - -Page 161: intead changed to instead - -Page 170: prouced changed to produced - -Page 187: opinon changed to opinion; chuse changed to choose; 174.4 -changed to 147.4 - -Page 188: 63 27´ changed to 63°27´; y changed to y = - -Page 191: closing quote added after ... same proportion. - -Page 200: dependant changed to dependent as elsewhere - -Page 203: "tis ... changed to "'tis ... - -Page 286 some times changed to sometimes - -Page 289 (if changed to if - -Page 307: analagous changed to analogous; disembarassment changed to -disembarrassment - -Page 311: mens' changed to men's - -Page 337: cloged changed to clogged - -Page 339: ackowledge changed to acknowledge - -Page 340: preceeding changed to preceding; a pair of of changed to a -pair of - -Page 353: contruction changed to construction - -Page 357: withold changed to withhold - -Page 372: esspecially changed to especially - -Page 387: sherical changed to spherical - -List of subscribers: De Volvic Comte Chabrol changed to De Volvic, Comte -Chabrol; Edward Hancome/Hancorne: the source was not clear, it could be -either, but Hancorne looks more likely - -Plate 36, 43: Engraver added as with other plates. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's A New Century of Inventions, by James White - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW CENTURY OF INVENTIONS *** - -***** This file should be named 42951-8.txt or 42951-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/9/5/42951/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lamé and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A New Century of Inventions - Being Designs & Descriptions of One Hundred Machines, - relating to Arts, Manufactures, & Domestic Life - -Author: James White - -Release Date: June 15, 2013 [EBook #42951] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW CENTURY OF INVENTIONS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lamé and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42951 ***</div> <div class="tnbox"> <p>Please see <a href="#TN">Transcriber’s Notes</a> at the end of this text.</p> @@ -14315,387 +14275,6 @@ Plate 36, 43: Engraver added as with other plates.</p> </div><!--TN--> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's A New Century of Inventions, by James White - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW CENTURY OF INVENTIONS *** - -***** This file should be named 42951-h.htm or 42951-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/9/5/42951/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lamé and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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