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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of Copyright Basics
+by The US Copyright Office
+(#2 in our series by The US Copyright Office)
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
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+Title: Copyright Basics
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+Author: The US Copyright Office
+
+Release Date: July, 2003  [Etext #4292]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on December 30, 2001]
+
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+Produced by George Davis.
+
+Copyright Basics (Circular 1)
+
+U.S. Copyright Office - Library of Congress
+
+Copyright  Basics
+September 2000
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright Basics
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(See Format Note at end of document.)
+
+Table of Contents
+
+  + What Is Copyright?
+  + Who Can Claim Copyright
+  + Copyright and National Origin of the Work
+  + What Works Are Protected?
+  + What Is Not Protected by Copyright?
+  + How to Secure Copyright
+  + Publication
+  + Notice of Copyright
+    + Form of Notice for Visually Perceptible Copies
+    + Form of Notice for Phonorecords of Sound Recordings
+    + Position of Notice
+    + Publications Incorporating U.S. Government Works
+    + Unpublished Works
+    + Omission of Notice and Errors in Notice
+  + How Long Copyright Protection Endures
+  + Transfer of Copyright
+    + Termination of Transfers
+  + International Copyright Protection
+  + Copyright Registration
+  + Registration Procedures
+    + Original Registration
+    + Special Deposit Requirements
+    + Unpublished Collections
+  + Effective Date of Registration
+  + Corrections and Amplifications of Existing Registrations
+  + Mandatory Deposit for Works Published in the United States
+  + Use of Mandatory Deposit to Satisfy Registration Requirements
+  + Who May File an Application Form?
+  + Application Forms
+  + Fill-in Forms
+  + Fees
+  + Search of Copyright Office Records
+  + For Further Information
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+WHAT IS COPYRIGHT?
+
+Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United
+States (title 17, U.S. Code) to the authors of "original works of
+authorship", including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and
+certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both
+published and unpublished works. Section 106 of the 1976 Copyright Act
+generally gives the owner of copyright the exclusive right to do and to
+authorize others to do the following:
+
+  + *To reproduce* the work in copies or phonorecords;
+
+  + To prepare *derivative works* based upon the work;
+
+  + *To distribute copies or phonorecords* of the work to the public by
+    sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or
+    lending;
+
+  + To perform the work publicly, in the case of literary, musical,
+    dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures
+    and other audiovisual works;
+
+  + *To display the copyrighted work publicly*, in the case of literary,
+    musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and
+    pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual
+    images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; and
+
+  + In the case of *sound recordings, to perform the work publicly* by
+    means of a *digital audio transmission*.
+
+In addition, certain authors of works of visual art have the rights of
+attribution and integrity as described in Title 17, Chap 1, Section 106a
+(Circular 92) of the 1976 Copyright Act. For further information,
+request "Copyright Registration for Works of the Visual Arts"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ40.pdf].
+
+It is illegal for anyone to violate any of the rights provided by the
+copyright law to the owner of copyright. These rights, however, are not
+unlimited in scope.  Title 17, Chap 1 of the 1976 Copyright Act
+establish limitations on these rights. In some cases, these limitations
+are specified exemptions from copyright liability. One major limitation
+is the doctrine of "fair use", which is given a statutory basis in Title
+17, Chap1, Section 107 of the 1976 Copyright Act. In other instances,
+the limitation takes the form of a "compulsory license" under which
+certain limited uses of copyrighted works are permitted upon payment of
+specified royalties and compliance with statutory conditions. For
+further information about the limitations of any of these rights,
+consult the copyright law or write to the Copyright Office.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+WHO CAN CLAIM COPYRIGHT
+
+Copyright protection subsists from the time the work is created in fixed
+form. The copyright in the work of authorship *immediately* becomes the
+property of the author who created the work. Only the author or those
+deriving their rights through the author can rightfully claim copyright.
+
+In the case of works made for hire, the employer and not the employee is
+considered to be the author.  Title 17, Chap 1, Sec. 101 of the
+copyright law defines a "work made for hire" as:
+
+  + (1) a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her
+        employment; or
+
+  + (2) a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as:
+    + a contribution to a collective work
+    + a part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work
+    + a translation
+    + a supplementary work
+    + a compilation
+    + an instructional text
+    + a test
+    + answer material for a test
+    + a sound recording
+    + an atlas
+
+if the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them
+that the work shall be considered a work made for hire....
+
+The authors of a joint work are co-owners of the copyright in the work,
+unless there is an agreement to the contrary.
+
+Copyright in each separate contribution to a periodical or other
+collective work is distinct from copyright in the collective work as a
+whole and vests initially with the author of the contribution.
+
+
+Two General Principles
+
+  + Mere ownership of a book, manuscript, painting, or any other copy or
+    phonorecord does not give the possessor the copyright. The law
+    provides that transfer of ownership of any material object that
+    embodies a protected work does not of itself convey any rights in
+    the copyright.
+
+  + Minors may claim copyright, but state laws may regulate the business
+    dealings involving copyrights owned by minors. For information on
+    relevant state laws, consult an attorney.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+COPYRIGHT AND NATIONAL ORIGIN OF THE WORK
+
+Copyright protection is available for all unpublished works, regardless
+of the nationality or domicile of the author. Published works are
+eligible for copyright protection in the United States if *any* one of
+the following conditions is met:
+
+  + On the date of first publication, one or more of the authors is a
+    national or domiciliary of the United States, or is a national,
+    domiciliary, or sovereign authority of a treaty party,* or is a
+    stateless person wherever that person may be domiciled; or *A treaty
+    party is a country or intergovernmental organization other than the
+    United States that is a party to an international agreement.
+
+  + The work is first published in the United States or in a foreign
+    nation that, on the date of first publication, is a treaty party.
+    For purposes of this condition, a work that is published in the
+    United States or a treaty party within 30 days after publication in
+    a foreign nation that is not a treaty party shall be considered to
+    be first published in the United States or such treaty party, as the
+    case may be; or
+
+  + The work is a sound recording that was first fixed in a treaty
+    party; or
+
+  + The work is a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work that is
+    incorporated in a building or other structure, or an architectural
+    work that is embodied in a building and the building or structure is
+    located in the United States or a treaty party; or
+
+  + The work is first published by the United Nations or any of its
+    specialized agencies, or by the Organization of American States; or
+
+  + The work is a foreign work that was in the public domain in the
+    United States prior to 1996 and its copyright was restored under the
+    Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA). Request "Highlights of
+    Copyright Amendments Contained in the Uruguay Round Agreements Act
+    (URAA-GATT), [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38b.pdf], for
+    further information.
+
+  + The work comes within the scope of a Presidential proclamation.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+WHAT WORKS ARE PROTECTED?
+
+Copyright protects "original works of authorship" that are fixed in a
+tangible form of expression. The fixation need not be directly
+perceptible so long as it may be communicated with the aid of a machine
+or device. Copyrightable works include the following categories:
+
+  + (1) literary works;
+  + (2) musical works, including any accompanying words
+  + (3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music
+  + (4) pantomimes and choreographic works
+  + (5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works
+  + (6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works
+  + (7) sound recordings
+  + (8) architectural works
+
+These categories should be viewed broadly. For example, computer
+programs and most "compilations" may be registered as "literary works";
+maps and architectural plans may be registered as "pictorial, graphic,
+and sculptural works."
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+WHAT IS NOT PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT?
+
+Several categories of material are generally not eligible for federal
+copyright protection. These include among others:
+
+  + Works that have *not* been fixed in a tangible form of expression
+    (for example, choreographic works that have not been notated or
+    recorded, or improvisational speeches or performances that have not
+    been written or recorded)
+
+  + Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or
+    designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or
+    coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents
+
+  + Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts,
+    principles, discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a
+    description, explanation, or illustration
+
+  + Works consisting *entirely* of information that is common property
+    and containing no original authorship (for example: standard
+    calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures and rulers, and
+    lists or tables taken from public documents or other common sources)
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+HOW TO SECURE A COPYRIGHT
+
+Copyright Secured Automatically upon Creation
+
+The way in which copyright protection is secured is frequently
+misunderstood. No publication or registration or other action in the
+Copyright Office is required to secure copyright. (See following Note.)
+There are, however, certain definite advantages to registration. See
+"Copyright Registration." Copyright is secured *automatically* when the
+work is created, and a work is "created" when it is fixed in a copy or
+phonorecord for the first time. "Copies" are material objects from which
+a work can be read or visually perceived either directly or with the aid
+of a machine or device, such as books, manuscripts, sheet music, film,
+videotape, or microfilm. "Phonorecords" are material objects embodying
+fixations of sounds (excluding, by statutory definition, motion picture
+soundtracks), such as cassette tapes, CDs, or LPs. Thus, for example, a
+song (the "work") can be fixed in sheet music (" copies") or in
+phonograph disks (" phonorecords"), or both.
+
+If a work is prepared over a period of time, the part of the work that
+is fixed on a particular date constitutes the created work as of that
+date.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PUBLICATION
+
+Publication is no longer the key to obtaining federal copyright as it
+was under the Copyright Act of 1909. However, publication remains
+important to copyright owners.
+
+The 1976 Copyright Act defines publication as follows:
+
+"Publication" is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to
+the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease,
+or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group
+of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or
+public display constitutes publication. A public performance or display
+of a work does not of itself constitute publication.
+
+
+***
+
+NOTE:  Before 1978, federal copyright was generally secured by the act
+of publication with notice of copyright, assuming compliance with all
+other relevant statutory conditions. U. S. works in the public domain on
+January 1, 1978, (for example, works published without satisfying all
+conditions for securing federal copyright under the Copyright Act of
+1909) remain in the public domain under the 1976 Copyright Act.
+
+Certain foreign works originally published without notice had their
+copyrights restored under the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA).
+Request Circular 38B [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38b.pdf]
+and see the "Notice of Copyright" section of this publication for
+further information.
+
+Federal copyright could also be secured before 1978 by the act of
+registration in the case of certain unpublished works and works eligible
+for ad interim copyright. The 1976 Copyright Act automatically extends
+to full term (Title 17, Chap. 3, Sec. 304 sets the term) copyright for
+all works, including those subject to ad interim copyright if ad interim
+registration has been made on or before June 30, 1978.
+
+***
+
+
+A further discussion of the definition of "publication" can be found in
+the legislative history of the 1976 Copyright Act. The legislative
+reports define "to the public" as distribution to persons under no
+explicit or implicit restrictions with respect to disclosure of the
+contents. The reports state that the definition makes it clear that the
+sale of phonorecords constitutes publication of the underlying work, for
+example, the musical, dramatic, or literary work embodied in a
+phonorecord. The reports also state that it is clear that any form of
+dissemination in which the material object does not change hands, for
+example, performances or displays on television, is _*not*_ a
+publication no matter how many people are exposed to the work. However,
+when copies or phonorecords are offered for sale or lease to a group of
+wholesalers, broadcasters, or motion picture theaters, publication does
+take place if the purpose is further distribution, public performance,
+or public display.
+
+Publication is an important concept in the copyright law for several
+reasons:
+
+  + Works that are published in the United States are subject to
+    mandatory deposit with the Library of Congress. See discussion on
+    "Mandatory Deposit for Works Published in the United States."
+
+  + Publication of a work can affect the limitations on the exclusive
+    rights of the copyright owner that are set forth in Title 17, Chap 1
+    of the law.
+
+  + The year of publication may determine the duration of copyright
+    protection for anonymous and pseudonymous works (when the author's
+    identity is not revealed in the records of the Copyright Office) and
+    for works made for hire.
+
+  + Deposit requirements for registration of published works differ from
+    those for registration of unpublished works. See discussion on
+    "Registration Procedures."
+
+  + When a work is published, it may bear a notice of copyright to
+    identify the year of publication and the name of the copyright owner
+    and to inform the public that the work is protected by copyright.
+    Copies of works published before March 1, 1989, must bear the notice
+    or risk loss of copyright protection. See discussion on "Notice of
+    Copyright" below.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT
+
+The use of a copyright notice is no longer required under U. S. law,
+although it is often beneficial. Because prior law did contain such a
+requirement, however, the use of notice is still relevant to the
+copyright status of older works.
+
+Notice was required under the 1976 Copyright Act. This requirement was
+eliminated when the United States adhered to the Berne Convention,
+effective March 1, 1989. Although works published without notice before
+that date could have entered the public domain in the United States, the
+Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA) restores copyright in certain
+foreign works originally published without notice. For further
+information about copyright amendments in the URAA, request Circular 38
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38b.pdf] .
+
+The Copyright Office does not take a position on whether copies of works
+first published with notice before March 1, 1989, which are distributed
+on or after March 1, 1989, must bear the copyright notice.
+
+Use of the notice may be important because it informs the public that
+the work is protected by copyright, identifies the copyright owner, and
+shows the year of first publication. Furthermore, in the event that a
+work is infringed, if a proper notice of copyright appears on the
+published copy or copies to which a defendant in a copyright
+infringement suit had access, then no weight shall be given to such a
+defendant's interposition of a defense based on innocent infringement in
+mitigation of actual or statutory damages, except as provided in Title
+17, Chap. 5, Sec. 504 of the copyright law. Innocent infringement occurs
+when the infringer did not realize that the work was protected.
+
+The use of the copyright notice is the responsibility of the copyright
+owner and does not require advance permission from, or registration
+with, the Copyright Office.
+
+
+Form of Notice for Visually Perceptible Copies
+
+The notice for visually perceptible copies should contain all the
+following three elements:
+
+1. _The symbol_ (the letter C in a circle), or the word "Copyright," or
+the abbreviation "Copr."; and
+
+2. _The year of first publication_ of the work. In the case of
+compilations or derivative works incorporating previously published
+material, the year date of first publication of the compilation or
+derivative work is sufficient. The year date may be omitted where a
+pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with accompanying textual
+matter, if any, is reproduced in or on greeting cards, postcards,
+stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or any useful article; and
+
+3. _The name of the owner of copyright_ in the work, or an abbreviation
+by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative
+designation of the owner.
+
+Example: (the letter C in a circle symbol) 2000 John Doe
+
+The "C in a circle" notice is used only on "visually perceptible
+copies." Certain kinds of works--for example, musical, dramatic, and
+literary works--may be fixed not in "copies" but by means of sound in an
+audio recording. Since audio recordings such as audio tapes and
+phonograph disks are "phonorecords" and not "copies," the "C in a
+circle" notice is not used to indicate protection of the underlying
+musical, dramatic, or literary work that is recorded.
+
+
+Form of Notice for Phonorecords of Sound Recordings*
+
+* Sound recordings are defined in the law as "works that result from the
+fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds, but not
+including the sounds accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual
+work." Common examples include recordings of music, drama, or lectures.
+A sound recording is not the same as a phonorecord. A phonorecord is the
+physical object in which works of authorship are embodied. The word
+"phonorecord" includes cassette tapes, CDs, LPs, 45 r. p. m. disks, as
+well as other formats.
+
+
+The notice for phonorecords embodying a sound recording should contain
+all the following three elements:
+
+1. _*The symbol*_ (the letter P in a circle); and
+
+2. _*The year of first publication*_ of the sound recording; and
+
+3. _*The name of the owner of copyright*_ in the sound recording, or an
+abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known
+alternative designation of the owner. If the producer of the sound
+recording is named on the phonorecord label or container and if no other
+name appears in conjunction with the notice, the producer's name shall
+be considered a part of the notice.
+
+Example:  (the letter P in a circle symbol) 2000 A. B. C. Records Inc.
+
+
+NOTE:  Since questions may arise from the use of variant forms of the
+notice, you may wish to seek legal advice before using any form of the
+notice other than those given here.
+
+
+Position of Notice
+
+The copyright notice should be affixed to copies or phonorecords in such
+a way as to "give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright." The
+three elements of the notice should ordinarily appear together on the
+copies or phonorecords or on the phonorecord label or container. The
+Copyright Office has issued regulations concerning the form and position
+of the copyright notice in the Code of Federal Regulations (
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/title37/201/37cfr201.20.html] ). For more
+information, request  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ03.pdf] ,
+"Copyright Notice."
+
+
+-=Publications Incorporating U. S. Government Works=-
+
+Works by the U. S. Government are not eligible for U. S. copyright
+protection. For works published on and after March 1, 1989, the previous
+notice requirement for works consisting primarily of one or more U. S.
+Government works has been eliminated. However, use of a notice on such a
+work will defeat a claim of innocent infringement as previously
+described provided the notice also includes a statement that identifies
+either those portions of the work in which copyright is claimed or those
+portions that constitute U. S. Government material.
+
+Example: (the letter C in a circle symbol) 2000 Jane Brown. Copyright
+claimed in Chapters 7-10, exclusive of U. S. Government maps
+
+Copies of works published before March 1, 1989, that consist primarily
+of one or more works of the U. S. Government _*should*_ have a notice
+and the identifying statement.
+
+
+-=Unpublished Works=-
+
+The author or copyright owner may wish to place a copyright notice on
+any unpublished copies or phonorecords that leave his or her control. _
+Example: Unpublished work (letter C in a circle symbol) 1999 Jane Doe
+
+
+-=Omission of the Notice and Errors in Notice=-
+
+The 1976 Copyright Act attempted to ameliorate the strict consequences
+of failure to include notice under prior law. It contained provisions
+that set out specific corrective steps to cure omissions or certain
+errors in notice. Under these provisions, an applicant had 5 years after
+publication to cure omission of notice or certain errors. Although these
+provisions are technically still in the law, their impact has been
+limited by the amendment making notice optional for all works published
+on and after March 1, 1989. For further information, request Circular 3
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ03.pdf].
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+HOW LONG COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ENDURES
+
+
+Works Originally Created on or after January 1, 1978
+
+A work that is created (fixed in tangible form for the first time) on or
+after January 1, 1978, is automatically protected from the moment of its
+creation and is ordinarily given a term enduring for the author's life
+plus an additional 70 years after the author's death. In the case of "a
+joint work prepared by two or more authors who did not work for hire,"
+the term lasts for 70 years after the last surviving author's death. For
+works made for hire, and for anonymous and pseudonymous works (unless
+the author's identity is revealed in Copyright Office records), the
+duration of copyright will be 95 years from publication or 120 years
+from creation, whichever is shorter.
+
+
+Works Originally Created before January 1, 1978, But Not Published or
+Registered by That Date
+
+These works have been automatically brought under the statute and are
+now given federal copyright protection. The duration of copyright in
+these works will generally be computed in the same way as for works
+created on or after January 1, 1978: the life-plus-70 or 95/120-year
+terms will apply to them as well. The law provides that in no case will
+the term of copyright for works in this category expire before December
+31, 2002, and for works published on or before December 31, 2002, the
+term of copyright will not expire before December 31, 2047.
+
+
+Works Originally Created and Published or Registered before January 1,
+1978
+
+Under the law in effect before 1978, copyright was secured either on the
+date a work was published with a copyright notice or on the date of
+registration if the work was registered in unpublished form. In either
+case, the copyright endured for a first term of 28 years from the date
+it was secured. During the last (28th) year of the first term, the
+copyright was eligible for renewal. The Copyright Act of 1976 extended
+the renewal term from 28 to 47 years for copyrights that were subsisting
+on January 1, 1978, or for pre-1978 copyrights restored under the
+Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), making these works eligible for a
+total term of protection of 75 years.  Public Law 105-298
+[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d105:SN00505:
+|TOM:/bss/d105query.html| ], enacted on October 27, 1998, further
+extended the renewal term of copyrights still subsisting on that date by
+an additional 20 years, providing for a renewal term of 67 years and a
+total term of protection of 95 years.
+
+Public Law 102-307 [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-
+bin/bdquery/z?d102:SN00756:|TOM:/bss/d102query.html|] enacted on June
+26, 1992, amended the 1976 Copyright Act to provide for automatic
+renewal of the term of copyrights secured between January 1, 1964, and
+December 31, 1977. Although the renewal term is automatically provided,
+the Copyright Office does not issue a renewal certificate for these
+works unless a renewal application and fee are received and registered
+in the Copyright Office.
+
+Public Law 102-307 [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-
+bin/bdquery/z?d102:SN00756:|TOM:/bss/d102query.html|] makes renewal
+registration optional. Thus, filing for renewal registration is no
+longer required in order to extend the original 28- year copyright term
+to the full 95 years. However, some benefits accrue from making a
+renewal registration during the 28th year of the original term.
+
+For more detailed information on renewal of copyright and the copyright
+term, request "Renewal of Copyright"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ15.pdf] ; "Duration of
+Copyright" [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ15a.pdf]; and
+"Extension of Copyright Terms"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ15t.pdf].
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT
+
+Any or all of the copyright owner's _*exclusive*_ rights or any
+subdivision of those rights may be transferred, but the transfer of
+exclusive rights is not valid unless that transfer is in writing and
+signed by the owner of the rights conveyed or such owner's duly
+authorized agent. Transfer of a right on a nonexclusive basis does not
+require a written agreement.
+
+A copyright may also be conveyed by operation of law and may be
+bequeathed by will or pass as personal property by the applicable laws
+of intestate succession.
+
+Copyright is a personal property right, and it is subject to the various
+state laws and regulations that govern the ownership, inheritance, or
+transfer of personal property as well as terms of contracts or conduct
+of business. For information about relevant state laws, consult an
+attorney.
+
+Transfers of copyright are normally made by contract. The Copyright
+Office does not have any forms for such transfers. The law does provide
+for the recordation in the Copyright Office of transfers of copyright
+ownership. Although recordation is not required to make a valid transfer
+between the parties, it does provide certain legal advantages and may be
+required to validate the transfer as against third parties. For
+information on recordation of transfers and other documents related to
+copyright, request "Recordation of Transfers and Other Documents"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ12.pdf].
+
+
+
+Termination of Transfers
+
+Under the previous law, the copyright in a work reverted to the author,
+if living, or if the author was not living, to other specified
+beneficiaries, provided a renewal claim was registered in the 28th year
+of the original term.* The present law drops the renewal feature except
+for works already in the first term of statutory protection when the
+present law took effect. Instead, the present law permits termination of
+a grant of rights after 35 years under certain conditions by serving
+written notice on the transferee within specified time limits.
+
+*The copyright in works eligible for renewal on or after June 26, 1992,
+will vest in the name of the renewal claimant on the effective date of
+any renewal registration made during the 28th year of the original term.
+Otherwise, the renewal copyright will vest in the party entitled to
+claim renewal as of December 31st of the 28th year.
+
+For works already under statutory copyright protection before 1978, the
+present law provides a similar right of termination covering the newly
+added years that extended the former maximum term of the copyright from
+56 to 95 years. For further information, request Circular 15a
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ15a.pdf] and Circular 15t
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ15t.pdf] .
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT PROTECTION
+
+There is no such thing as an "international copyright" that will
+automatically protect an author's writings throughout the entire world.
+Protection against unauthorized use in a particular country depends,
+basically, on the national laws of that country. However, most countries
+do offer protection to foreign works under certain conditions, and these
+conditions have been greatly simplified by international copyright
+treaties and conventions. For further information and a list of
+countries that maintain copyright relations with the United States,
+request "International Copyright Relations of the United States."
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38a.pdf].
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION
+
+In general, copyright registration is a legal formality intended to make
+a public record of the basic facts of a particular copyright. However,
+registration is not a condition of copyright protection. Even though
+registration is not a requirement for protection, the copyright law
+provides several inducements or advantages to encourage copyright owners
+to make registration. Among these advantages are the following:
+
+  + Registration establishes a public record of the copyright claim.
+
+  + Before an infringement suit may be filed in court, registration is
+    necessary for works of U. S. origin.
+
+  + If made before or within 5 years of publication, registration will
+    establish prima facie evidence in court of the validity of the
+    copyright and of the facts stated in the certificate.
+
+  + If registration is made within 3 months after publication of the
+    work or prior to an infringement of the work, statutory damages and
+    attorney's fees will be available to the copyright owner in court
+    actions. Otherwise, only an award of actual damages and profits is
+    available to the copyright owner.
+
+  + Registration allows the owner of the copyright to record the
+    registration with the U. S. Customs Service for protection against
+    the importation of infringing copies. For additional information,
+    request Publication No. 563 "How to Protect Your Intellectual
+    Property Right," from: U.S. Customs Service, P.O. Box 7404,
+    Washington, D.C. 20044. See the U.S. Customs Service Website at
+    [http://www.customs.gov] for online publications.
+
+Registration may be made at any time within the life of the copyright.
+Unlike the law before 1978, when a work has been registered in
+unpublished form, it is not necessary to make another registration when
+the work becomes published, although the copyright owner may register
+the published edition, if desired.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+REGISTRATION PROCEDURES
+
+Original Registration
+
+To register a work, send the following three elements _*in the same
+envelope or package*_ to:
+
+Library of Congress
+Copyright Office
+101 Independence Avenue, S.E.
+Washington, D.C. 20559-6000
+
+1. A properly completed application form.
+2. A nonrefundable filing fee of $30 (effective through June 30, 2002)
+   for each application.
+
+   _NOTE:_  Copyright Office fees are subject to change. For current
+   fees, please check the Copyright Office Website at
+   [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/] write the Copyright Office, or call
+   (202) 707-3000.
+
+3. A nonreturnable deposit of the work being registered. The deposit
+requirements vary in particular situations. The general requirements
+follow.
+
+Also note the information under "Special Deposit Requirements."
+
+  + If the work was first published in the United States on or after
+    January 1, 1978, two complete copies or phonorecords of the best
+    edition.
+
+  + If the work was first published in the United States before January
+    1, 1978, two complete copies or phonorecords of the work as first
+    published.
+
+  + If the work was first published outside the United States, one
+    complete copy or phonorecord of the work as first published.
+
+  + If sending multiple works, all applications, deposits, and fees
+    should be sent in the same package. If possible, applications should
+    be attached to the appropriate deposit. Whenever possible, number
+    each package (e. g., 1 of 3, 2 of 4) to facilitate processing.
+
+
+What Happens if the Three Elements Are Not Received Together
+
+Applications and fees received without appropriate copies, phonorecords,
+or identifying material will not be processed and ordinarily will be
+returned. Unpublished deposits without applications or fees ordinarily
+will be returned, also. In most cases, published deposits received
+without applications and fees can be immediately transferred to the
+collections of the Library of Congress. This practice is in accordance
+with Title 17, Chap. 4, Sec. 408 of the law, which provides that the
+published deposit required for the collections of the Library of
+Congress may be used for registration only if the deposit is
+"accompanied by the prescribed application and fee...."
+
+After the deposit is received and transferred to another service unit of
+the Library for its collections or other disposition, it is no longer
+available to the Copyright Office. If you wish to register the work, you
+must deposit additional copies or phonorecords with your application and
+fee.
+
+
+_Renewal Registration_
+
+To register a renewal, send:
+
+1. A properly completed application Form RE and, if necessary, Form RE
+Addendum, and
+
+2. A nonrefundable filing fee of $45 without Addendum; $60 with Addendum
+for each application. (See Note above.) Each Addendum form must be
+accompanied by a deposit representing the work being reviewed. See
+Circular 15, "Renewal of Copyright."
+
+
+  *NOTE*:  *Complete the application form using black ink pen or type.*
+  You may photocopy blank application forms. *However*, photocopied
+  forms submitted to the Copyright Office must be clear, legible, on a
+  good grade of 8-1/2 inch by 11-inch white paper suitable for
+  automatic feeding through a photocopier. The forms should be printed,
+  preferably in black ink, head-to-head so that when you turn the sheet
+  over, the top of page 2 is directly behind the top of page 1. *Forms
+  not meeting these requirements may be returned resulting in delayed
+  registration.*
+
+
+Special Deposit Requirements
+
+Special deposit requirements exist for many types of works. The
+following are prominent examples of exceptions to the general deposit
+requirements:
+
+  + If the work is a motion picture, the deposit requirement is one
+    complete copy of the unpublished or published motion picture _and_ a
+    separate written description of its contents, such as a continuity,
+    press book, or synopsis.
+
+  + If the work is a literary, dramatic, or musical work *published only
+    in a phonorecord*, the deposit requirement is one complete
+    phonorecord.
+
+  + If the work is an unpublished or published computer program, the
+    deposit requirement is one visually perceptible copy in source code
+    of the *first 25 and last 25 pages* of the program. For a program of
+    fewer than 50 pages, the deposit is a copy of the entire program.
+    For more information on computer program registration, including
+    deposits for revised programs and provisions for trade secrets,
+    request "Copyright Registration for Computer Programs"
+    [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ61.pdf].
+
+  + If the work is in a CD-ROM format, the deposit requirement is one
+    complete copy of the material, that is, the CD-ROM, the operating
+    software, and any manual(s) accompanying it. If registration is
+    sought for the computer program on the CD-ROM, the deposit should
+    also include a printout of the first 25 and last 25 pages of source
+    code for the program.
+
+In the case of works reproduced in three-dimensional copies, identifying
+material such as photographs or drawings is ordinarily required. Other
+examples of special deposit requirements (but by no means an exhaustive
+list) include many works of the visual arts such as greeting cards,
+toys, fabrics, oversized materials (request "Deposit Requirements for
+Registration of Claims to Copyright in Visual Arts Material"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ40a.pdf]); video games and other
+machine-readable audiovisual works (request Circular 61
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ61.pdf]); automated databases
+(request Circular 65  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ65.pdf] ,
+"Copyright Registration for Automated Databases"); and contributions to
+collective works. For information about deposit requirements for group
+registration of serials, request Circular 62 "Copyright Registration for
+Serials." [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ62.pdf] ,
+
+If you are unsure of the deposit requirement for your work, write or
+call the Copyright Office and describe the work you wish to register.
+
+
+Unpublished Collections
+
+Under the following conditions, a work may be registered in unpublished
+form as a "collection," with one application form and one fee:
+
+  + The elements of the collection are assembled in an orderly form;
+
+  + The combined elements bear a single title identifying the collection
+    as a whole;
+
+  + The copyright claimant in all the elements and in the collection as
+    a whole is the same; and
+
+  + All the elements are by the same author, or, if they are by
+    different authors, at least one of the authors has contributed
+    copyrightable authorship to each element. An unpublished collection
+    is not indexed under the individual titles of the contents but under
+    the title of the collection.
+
+
+  *NOTE*:  A *Library of Congress Catalog Card Number* is different from
+  a copyright registration number. The Cataloging in Publication (CIP)
+  Division of the Library of Congress is responsible for assigning LC
+  Catalog Card Numbers and is operationally separate from the Copyright
+  Office. A book may be registered in or deposited with the Copyright
+  Office but not necessarily cataloged and added to the Library's
+  collections. For information about obtaining an LC Catalog Card
+  Number, see the following homepage: [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pcn]. For
+  information on International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN), write to:
+  ISBN, R. R. Bowker, 121 Chanlon Road, New Providence, NJ 07974. Call
+  (877) 310-7333. For further information and to apply online, see
+  [http://www.bowker.com/standards/]. For information on International
+  Standard Serial Numbering (ISSN), write to: Library of Congress,
+  National Serials Data Program, Serial Record Division, Washington, D.
+  C. 20540-4160. Call (202) 707-6452. Or obtain information from
+  [http://www.loc.gov/issn/].
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+EFFECTIVE DATE OF REGISTRATION
+
+*A copyright registration is effective on the date the Copyright Office
+receives all the required elements in acceptable form*, regardless of
+how long it then takes to process the application and mail the
+certificate of registration. The time the Copyright Office requires to
+process an application varies, depending on the amount of material the
+Office is receiving.
+
+If you apply for copyright registration, you will not receive an
+acknowledgment that your application has been received (the Office
+receives more than 600,000 applications annually), but you can expect:
+
+  + A letter or a telephone call from a Copyright Office staff member if
+    further information is needed or
+
+  + A certificate of registration indicating that the work has been
+    registered, or if the application cannot be accepted, a letter
+    explaining why it has been rejected.
+
+Requests to have certificates available for pickup in the Public
+Information Office or to have certificates sent by Federal Express or
+another mail service cannot be honored.
+
+If you want to know the date that the Copyright Office receives your
+material, send it by registered or certified mail and request a return
+receipt.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CORRECTIONS AND AMPLIFICATIONS OF EXISTING REGISTRATIONS
+
+To correct an error in a copyright registration or to amplify the
+information given in a registration, file a supplementary registration
+form -- Form CA [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formca.pdf] -- with
+the Copyright Office. The filing fee is $65. (See Note above.) The
+information in a supplementary registration augments but does not
+supersede that contained in the earlier registration. Note also that a
+supplementary registration is not a substitute for an original
+registration, for a renewal registration, or for recording a transfer of
+ownership. For further information about supplementary registration,
+request Circular 8 "Supplementary Copyright Registration"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ08.pdf].
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+MANDATORY DEPOSIT FOR WORKS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES
+
+Although a copyright registration is not required, the Copyright Act
+establishes a mandatory deposit requirement for works published in the
+United States. See the definition of "publication." In general, the
+owner of copyright or the owner of the exclusive right of publication in
+the work has a legal obligation to deposit in the Copyright Office,
+within 3 months of publication in the United States, two copies (or in
+the case of sound recordings, two phonorecords) for the use of the
+Library of Congress. Failure to make the deposit can result in fines and
+other penalties but does not affect copyright protection.
+
+Certain categories of works are exempt entirely from the mandatory
+deposit requirements, and the obligation is reduced for certain other
+categories. For further information about mandatory deposit, request
+Circular 7d "Mandatory Deposit of Copies or Phonorecords for the Library
+of Congress." [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ07d.pdf].
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+USE OF MANDATORY DEPOSIT TO SATISFY REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS
+
+For works published in the United States, the copyright law contains a
+provision under which a single deposit can be made to satisfy both the
+deposit requirements for the Library and the registration requirements.
+In order to have this dual effect, the copies or phonorecords must be
+accompanied by the prescribed application form and filing fee.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+WHO MAY FILE AN APPLICATION FORM?
+
+The following persons are legally entitled to submit an application
+form:
+
+  + *The author*.  This is either the person who actually created the
+    work or, if the work was made for hire, the employer or other person
+    for whom the work was prepared.
+
+  + *The copyright claimant*. The copyright claimant is defined in
+    Copyright Office regulations as either the author of the work or a
+    person or organization that has obtained ownership of all the rights
+    under the copyright initially belonging to the author. This category
+    includes a person or organization who has obtained by contract the
+    right to claim legal title to the copyright in an application for
+    copyright registration.
+
+  + *The owner of exclusive right(s)*.  Under the law, any of the
+    exclusive rights that make up a copyright and any subdivision of
+    them can be transferred and owned separately, even though the
+    transfer may be limited in time or place of effect. The term
+    "copyright owner" with respect to any one of the exclusive rights
+    contained in a copyright refers to the owner of that particular
+    right. Any owner of an exclusive right may apply for registration of
+    a claim in the work.
+
+
+  + *The duly authorized agent* of such author, other copyright
+    claimant, or owner of exclusive right(s). Any person authorized to
+    act on behalf of the author, other copyright claimant, or owner of
+    exclusive rights may apply for registration.
+
+There is no requirement that applications be prepared or filed by an
+attorney.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+APPLICATION FORMS
+
+For Original Registration
+
+Form PA  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formpai.pdf]
+  for published and unpublished works of the performing arts (musical
+  and dramatic works, pantomimes and choreographic works, motion
+  pictures and other audiovisual works)
+
+Form SE  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formsei.pdf]
+
+  for serials, works issued or intended to be issued in successive parts
+  bearing numerical or chronological designations and intended to be
+  continued indefinitely (periodicals, newspapers, magazines,
+  newsletters, annuals, journals, etc.)
+
+Form SR  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formsri.pdf]
+
+  for published and unpublished sound recordings
+
+Form TX  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formtxi.pdf]
+
+  for published and unpublished nondramatic literary works
+
+Form VA  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formvai.pdf]
+
+  for published and unpublished works of the visual arts (pictorial,
+  graphic, and sculptural works, including architectural works)
+
+Form G/DN  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formgdn.pdf]
+
+  a specialized form to register a complete month's issues of a daily
+  newspaper when certain conditions are met
+
+Short Form SE [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formses.pdf], and
+Short Form SE Group  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formseg.pdf]
+
+  specialized SE forms for use when certain requirements are met
+
+Short Form TX  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formtxs.pdf],
+Short Form PA  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formpas.pdf], and
+Short Form VA  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formvas.pdf]
+
+  short versions of applications for original registration. For further
+  information about using the short forms, request publication SL-7.
+
+Form GATT [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formgatt.pdf], and
+Form GATT/GRP  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formgatg.pdf]
+
+  specialized forms to register a claim in a work or group of related
+  works in which U. S. copyright was restored under the 1994 Uruguay
+  Round Agreements Act (URAA). For further information, request Circular
+  38b [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38b.pdf].
+
+
+***
+For Renewal Registration
+
+Form RE  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formrei.pdf]
+
+  for claims to renew copyright in works copyrighted under the law in
+  effect through December 31, 1977 (1909 Copyright Act) and registered
+  during the initial 28-year copyright term
+
+Form RE Addendum  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formrea.pdf]
+
+  accompanies Form RE for claims to renew copyright in works copyrighted
+  under the 1909 Copyright Act but never registered during their initial
+  28-year copyright term
+
+
+***
+For Corrections and Amplifications
+
+Form CA  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formca.pdf]
+
+  for supplementary registration to correct or amplify information given
+  in the Copyright Office record of an earlier registration
+
+
+***
+For a Group of Contributions to Periodicals
+
+Form GR/CP  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formgrcp.pdf]
+
+  an adjunct application to be used for registration of a group of
+  contributions to periodicals in addition to an application Form TX,
+  PA, or VA
+
+
+***
+How to Obtain Application Forms
+
+See "For Further Information" below.
+
+You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader (R)
+[http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.html] installed on your
+computer to view and print the forms accessed on the Internet. Adobe
+Acrobat Reader may be downloaded free from Adobe Systems Incorporated
+through links from the same Internet site from which the forms are
+available.
+
+Print forms head to head (top of page 2 is directly behind the top of
+page 1) on a single piece of good quality, 8-1/2-inch by 11-inch white
+paper. To achieve the best quality copies of the application forms, use
+a laser printer.
+
+
+***
+FILL-IN FORMS AVAILABLE
+
+All Copyright Office forms are available on the Copyright Office Website
+in fill-in version. Go to http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/ and follow
+the instructions. The fill-in forms allow you to enter information while
+the form is displayed on the screen by an Adobe Acrobat Reader product.
+You may then print the completed form and mail it to the Copyright
+Office. Fill-in forms provide a clean, sharp printout for your records
+and for filing with the Copyright Office.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+FEES
+
+All remittances should be in the form of drafts, that is, checks, money
+orders, or bank drafts, payable to:  Register of Copyrights.  Do not
+send cash. Drafts must be redeemable without service or exchange fee
+through a U. S. institution, must be payable in U. S. dollars, and must
+be imprinted with American Banking Association routing numbers.
+International Money Orders and Postal Money Orders that are negotiable
+only at a post office are not acceptable.
+
+If a check received in payment of the filing fee is returned to the
+Copyright Office as uncollectible, the Copyright Office will cancel the
+registration and will notify the remitter.
+
+The filing fee for processing an original, supplementary, or renewal
+claim is nonrefundable, whether or not copyright registration is
+ultimately made.
+
+*Do not send cash*.  The Copyright Office cannot assume any
+responsibility for the loss of currency sent in payment of copyright
+fees. For further information, request Circular 4 "Copyright Fees"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ04.pdf].
+
+
+
+  *NOTE*:  Copyright Office fees are subject to change. For current
+  fees, please check the Copyright Office Website at
+  http://www.loc.gov/copyright/, write the Copyright Office, or call
+  (202) 707-3000.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+SEARCH OF COPYRIGHT OFFICE RECORDS
+
+The records of the Copyright Office are open for inspection and
+searching by the public.  Moreover, on request, the Copyright Office
+will search its records for you at the statutory hourly rate of $65 for
+each hour or fraction of an hour. (See NOTE above.)  For information on
+searching the Office records concerning the copyright status or
+ownership of a work, request "How to Investigate the Copyright Status of
+a Work" [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ22.pdf], and "The
+Copyright Card Catalog and the Online Files of the Copyright Office"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ23.pdf].
+
+Copyright Office records in machine-readable form cataloged from January
+1, 1978, to the present, including registration and renewal information
+and recorded documents, are now available for searching on the Internet.
+These files may be examined through LOCIS (Library of Congress
+Information System). You may connect to LOCIS through the World Wide Web
+at [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/rb.html]
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
+
+*Information via the Internet*:  Circulars, announcements, regulations,
+other related materials, and all copyright application forms are
+available from the Copyright Office Website at
+http://www.loc.gov/copyright/.
+
+*Information by fax*:  Circulars and other information (but not
+application forms) are available from Fax-on-Demand at (202) 707-2600.
+
+*Information by telephone*:  For general information about copyright,
+call the Copyright Public Information Office at (202) 707-3000. The TTY
+number is (202) 707-6737. Information specialists are on duty from 8:30
+a. m. to 5:00 p. m. Monday through Friday, eastern time, except federal
+holidays. Recorded information is available 24 hours a day. Or, if you
+know which application forms and circulars you want, request them from
+the Forms and Publications Hotline at (202) 707-9100 24 hours a day.
+Leave a recorded message.
+
+*Information by regular mail*:  Write to:
+
+Library of Congress
+Copyright Office
+Publications Section, LM-455
+101 Independence Avenue, S.E.
+Washington, D.C. 20559-6000
+
+For a list of other material published by the Copyright Office, request
+Circular 2 "Publications on Copyright"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ02.pdf].
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The Copyright Office provides a free electronic mailing list, *NewsNet,*
+that issues periodic email messages on the subject of copyright.  The
+messages alert subscribers to hearings, deadlines for comments, new and
+proposed regulations, new publications, and other copyright-related
+subjects of interest.  NewsNet is not an interactive discussion group. To
+subscribe, send a message to listserv@rs8.loc.gov. In the body of the
+message say: SUBSCRIBE USCOPYRIGHT.  You will receive a standard
+welcoming message indicating that your subscription to *NewsNet* has
+been accepted.
+
+The Copyright Public Information Office is open to the public 8:30 a.m.
+to 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday, eastern time, except federal
+holidays. The office is located in the Library of Congress, James
+Madison Memorial Building, Room 401, at 101 Independence Avenue, S.E.,
+Washington, D.C., near the Capitol South Metro stop. Information
+specialists are available to answer questions, provide circulars, and
+accept applications for registration. Access for disabled individuals is
+at the front door on Independence Avenue, S.E.
+
+The Copyright Office is not permitted to give legal advice. If
+information or guidance is needed on matters such as disputes over the
+ownership of a copyright, suits against possible infringers, the
+procedure for getting a work published, or the method of obtaining
+royalty payments, it may be necessary to consult an attorney
+
+Library of Congress
+Copyright Office
+101 Independence Avenue, S. E.
+Washington, D.C. 20559-6000
+
+http://www.loc.gov/copyright/
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Rev: December 2000
+
+*Format Note*:
+
+This electronic version has been altered slightly from the original
+printed text for presentation on the World Wide Web.  For a copy of the
+original circular, consult the Circular 1 pdf version
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ01.pdf], or write to Copyright
+Office, 101 Independence Avenue S.E., Washington, D.C. 20559-6000.
+
+
+End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of Copyright Basics
+by The US Copyright Office
+
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of Copyright Basics
+by The US Copyright Office
+(#2 in our series by The US Copyright Office)
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before distributing this or any other
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+Title: Copyright Basics
+
+Author: The US Copyright Office
+
+Release Date: July, 2003  [Etext #4292]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on December 30, 2001]
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+[Portions of this header are copyright (C) 2001 by Michael S. Hart
+and may be reprinted only when these Etexts are free of all fees.]
+[Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be used in any sales
+of Project Gutenberg Etexts or other materials be they hardware or
+software or any other related product without express permission.]
+
+*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.10/04/01*END*
+
+
+
+
+Produced by George Davis.
+
+Copyright Basics (Circular 1)
+
+U.S. Copyright Office - Library of Congress
+
+Copyright  Basics
+September 2000
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright Basics
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(See Format Note at end of document.)
+
+Table of Contents
+
+  + What Is Copyright?
+  + Who Can Claim Copyright
+  + Copyright and National Origin of the Work
+  + What Works Are Protected?
+  + What Is Not Protected by Copyright?
+  + How to Secure Copyright
+  + Publication
+  + Notice of Copyright
+    + Form of Notice for Visually Perceptible Copies
+    + Form of Notice for Phonorecords of Sound Recordings
+    + Position of Notice
+    + Publications Incorporating U.S. Government Works
+    + Unpublished Works
+    + Omission of Notice and Errors in Notice
+  + How Long Copyright Protection Endures
+  + Transfer of Copyright
+    + Termination of Transfers
+  + International Copyright Protection
+  + Copyright Registration
+  + Registration Procedures
+    + Original Registration
+    + Special Deposit Requirements
+    + Unpublished Collections
+  + Effective Date of Registration
+  + Corrections and Amplifications of Existing Registrations
+  + Mandatory Deposit for Works Published in the United States
+  + Use of Mandatory Deposit to Satisfy Registration Requirements
+  + Who May File an Application Form?
+  + Application Forms
+  + Fill-in Forms
+  + Fees
+  + Search of Copyright Office Records
+  + For Further Information
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+WHAT IS COPYRIGHT?
+
+Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United
+States (title 17, U.S. Code) to the authors of "original works of
+authorship", including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and
+certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both
+published and unpublished works. Section 106 of the 1976 Copyright Act
+generally gives the owner of copyright the exclusive right to do and to
+authorize others to do the following:
+
+  + *To reproduce* the work in copies or phonorecords;
+
+  + To prepare *derivative works* based upon the work;
+
+  + *To distribute copies or phonorecords* of the work to the public by
+    sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or
+    lending;
+
+  + To perform the work publicly, in the case of literary, musical,
+    dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures
+    and other audiovisual works;
+
+  + *To display the copyrighted work publicly*, in the case of literary,
+    musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and
+    pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual
+    images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; and
+
+  + In the case of *sound recordings, to perform the work publicly* by
+    means of a *digital audio transmission*.
+
+In addition, certain authors of works of visual art have the rights of
+attribution and integrity as described in Title 17, Chap 1, Section 106a
+(Circular 92) of the 1976 Copyright Act. For further information,
+request "Copyright Registration for Works of the Visual Arts"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ40.pdf].
+
+It is illegal for anyone to violate any of the rights provided by the
+copyright law to the owner of copyright. These rights, however, are not
+unlimited in scope.  Title 17, Chap 1 of the 1976 Copyright Act
+establish limitations on these rights. In some cases, these limitations
+are specified exemptions from copyright liability. One major limitation
+is the doctrine of "fair use", which is given a statutory basis in Title
+17, Chap1, Section 107 of the 1976 Copyright Act. In other instances,
+the limitation takes the form of a "compulsory license" under which
+certain limited uses of copyrighted works are permitted upon payment of
+specified royalties and compliance with statutory conditions. For
+further information about the limitations of any of these rights,
+consult the copyright law or write to the Copyright Office.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+WHO CAN CLAIM COPYRIGHT
+
+Copyright protection subsists from the time the work is created in fixed
+form. The copyright in the work of authorship *immediately* becomes the
+property of the author who created the work. Only the author or those
+deriving their rights through the author can rightfully claim copyright.
+
+In the case of works made for hire, the employer and not the employee is
+considered to be the author.  Title 17, Chap 1, Sec. 101 of the
+copyright law defines a "work made for hire" as:
+
+  + (1) a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her
+        employment; or
+
+  + (2) a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as:
+    + a contribution to a collective work
+    + a part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work
+    + a translation
+    + a supplementary work
+    + a compilation
+    + an instructional text
+    + a test
+    + answer material for a test
+    + a sound recording
+    + an atlas
+
+if the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them
+that the work shall be considered a work made for hire....
+
+The authors of a joint work are co-owners of the copyright in the work,
+unless there is an agreement to the contrary.
+
+Copyright in each separate contribution to a periodical or other
+collective work is distinct from copyright in the collective work as a
+whole and vests initially with the author of the contribution.
+
+
+Two General Principles
+
+  + Mere ownership of a book, manuscript, painting, or any other copy or
+    phonorecord does not give the possessor the copyright. The law
+    provides that transfer of ownership of any material object that
+    embodies a protected work does not of itself convey any rights in
+    the copyright.
+
+  + Minors may claim copyright, but state laws may regulate the business
+    dealings involving copyrights owned by minors. For information on
+    relevant state laws, consult an attorney.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+COPYRIGHT AND NATIONAL ORIGIN OF THE WORK
+
+Copyright protection is available for all unpublished works, regardless
+of the nationality or domicile of the author. Published works are
+eligible for copyright protection in the United States if *any* one of
+the following conditions is met:
+
+  + On the date of first publication, one or more of the authors is a
+    national or domiciliary of the United States, or is a national,
+    domiciliary, or sovereign authority of a treaty party,* or is a
+    stateless person wherever that person may be domiciled; or *A treaty
+    party is a country or intergovernmental organization other than the
+    United States that is a party to an international agreement.
+
+  + The work is first published in the United States or in a foreign
+    nation that, on the date of first publication, is a treaty party.
+    For purposes of this condition, a work that is published in the
+    United States or a treaty party within 30 days after publication in
+    a foreign nation that is not a treaty party shall be considered to
+    be first published in the United States or such treaty party, as the
+    case may be; or
+
+  + The work is a sound recording that was first fixed in a treaty
+    party; or
+
+  + The work is a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work that is
+    incorporated in a building or other structure, or an architectural
+    work that is embodied in a building and the building or structure is
+    located in the United States or a treaty party; or
+
+  + The work is first published by the United Nations or any of its
+    specialized agencies, or by the Organization of American States; or
+
+  + The work is a foreign work that was in the public domain in the
+    United States prior to 1996 and its copyright was restored under the
+    Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA). Request "Highlights of
+    Copyright Amendments Contained in the Uruguay Round Agreements Act
+    (URAA-GATT), [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38b.pdf], for
+    further information.
+
+  + The work comes within the scope of a Presidential proclamation.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+WHAT WORKS ARE PROTECTED?
+
+Copyright protects "original works of authorship" that are fixed in a
+tangible form of expression. The fixation need not be directly
+perceptible so long as it may be communicated with the aid of a machine
+or device. Copyrightable works include the following categories:
+
+  + (1) literary works;
+  + (2) musical works, including any accompanying words
+  + (3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music
+  + (4) pantomimes and choreographic works
+  + (5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works
+  + (6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works
+  + (7) sound recordings
+  + (8) architectural works
+
+These categories should be viewed broadly. For example, computer
+programs and most "compilations" may be registered as "literary works";
+maps and architectural plans may be registered as "pictorial, graphic,
+and sculptural works."
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+WHAT IS NOT PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT?
+
+Several categories of material are generally not eligible for federal
+copyright protection. These include among others:
+
+  + Works that have *not* been fixed in a tangible form of expression
+    (for example, choreographic works that have not been notated or
+    recorded, or improvisational speeches or performances that have not
+    been written or recorded)
+
+  + Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or
+    designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or
+    coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents
+
+  + Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts,
+    principles, discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a
+    description, explanation, or illustration
+
+  + Works consisting *entirely* of information that is common property
+    and containing no original authorship (for example: standard
+    calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures and rulers, and
+    lists or tables taken from public documents or other common sources)
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+HOW TO SECURE A COPYRIGHT
+
+Copyright Secured Automatically upon Creation
+
+The way in which copyright protection is secured is frequently
+misunderstood. No publication or registration or other action in the
+Copyright Office is required to secure copyright. (See following Note.)
+There are, however, certain definite advantages to registration. See
+"Copyright Registration." Copyright is secured *automatically* when the
+work is created, and a work is "created" when it is fixed in a copy or
+phonorecord for the first time. "Copies" are material objects from which
+a work can be read or visually perceived either directly or with the aid
+of a machine or device, such as books, manuscripts, sheet music, film,
+videotape, or microfilm. "Phonorecords" are material objects embodying
+fixations of sounds (excluding, by statutory definition, motion picture
+soundtracks), such as cassette tapes, CDs, or LPs. Thus, for example, a
+song (the "work") can be fixed in sheet music (" copies") or in
+phonograph disks (" phonorecords"), or both.
+
+If a work is prepared over a period of time, the part of the work that
+is fixed on a particular date constitutes the created work as of that
+date.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PUBLICATION
+
+Publication is no longer the key to obtaining federal copyright as it
+was under the Copyright Act of 1909. However, publication remains
+important to copyright owners.
+
+The 1976 Copyright Act defines publication as follows:
+
+"Publication" is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to
+the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease,
+or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group
+of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or
+public display constitutes publication. A public performance or display
+of a work does not of itself constitute publication.
+
+
+***
+
+NOTE:  Before 1978, federal copyright was generally secured by the act
+of publication with notice of copyright, assuming compliance with all
+other relevant statutory conditions. U. S. works in the public domain on
+January 1, 1978, (for example, works published without satisfying all
+conditions for securing federal copyright under the Copyright Act of
+1909) remain in the public domain under the 1976 Copyright Act.
+
+Certain foreign works originally published without notice had their
+copyrights restored under the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA).
+Request Circular 38B [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38b.pdf]
+and see the "Notice of Copyright" section of this publication for
+further information.
+
+Federal copyright could also be secured before 1978 by the act of
+registration in the case of certain unpublished works and works eligible
+for ad interim copyright. The 1976 Copyright Act automatically extends
+to full term (Title 17, Chap. 3, Sec. 304 sets the term) copyright for
+all works, including those subject to ad interim copyright if ad interim
+registration has been made on or before June 30, 1978.
+
+***
+
+
+A further discussion of the definition of "publication" can be found in
+the legislative history of the 1976 Copyright Act. The legislative
+reports define "to the public" as distribution to persons under no
+explicit or implicit restrictions with respect to disclosure of the
+contents. The reports state that the definition makes it clear that the
+sale of phonorecords constitutes publication of the underlying work, for
+example, the musical, dramatic, or literary work embodied in a
+phonorecord. The reports also state that it is clear that any form of
+dissemination in which the material object does not change hands, for
+example, performances or displays on television, is _*not*_ a
+publication no matter how many people are exposed to the work. However,
+when copies or phonorecords are offered for sale or lease to a group of
+wholesalers, broadcasters, or motion picture theaters, publication does
+take place if the purpose is further distribution, public performance,
+or public display.
+
+Publication is an important concept in the copyright law for several
+reasons:
+
+  + Works that are published in the United States are subject to
+    mandatory deposit with the Library of Congress. See discussion on
+    "Mandatory Deposit for Works Published in the United States."
+
+  + Publication of a work can affect the limitations on the exclusive
+    rights of the copyright owner that are set forth in Title 17, Chap 1
+    of the law.
+
+  + The year of publication may determine the duration of copyright
+    protection for anonymous and pseudonymous works (when the author's
+    identity is not revealed in the records of the Copyright Office) and
+    for works made for hire.
+
+  + Deposit requirements for registration of published works differ from
+    those for registration of unpublished works. See discussion on
+    "Registration Procedures."
+
+  + When a work is published, it may bear a notice of copyright to
+    identify the year of publication and the name of the copyright owner
+    and to inform the public that the work is protected by copyright.
+    Copies of works published before March 1, 1989, must bear the notice
+    or risk loss of copyright protection. See discussion on "Notice of
+    Copyright" below.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT
+
+The use of a copyright notice is no longer required under U. S. law,
+although it is often beneficial. Because prior law did contain such a
+requirement, however, the use of notice is still relevant to the
+copyright status of older works.
+
+Notice was required under the 1976 Copyright Act. This requirement was
+eliminated when the United States adhered to the Berne Convention,
+effective March 1, 1989. Although works published without notice before
+that date could have entered the public domain in the United States, the
+Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA) restores copyright in certain
+foreign works originally published without notice. For further
+information about copyright amendments in the URAA, request Circular 38
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38b.pdf] .
+
+The Copyright Office does not take a position on whether copies of works
+first published with notice before March 1, 1989, which are distributed
+on or after March 1, 1989, must bear the copyright notice.
+
+Use of the notice may be important because it informs the public that
+the work is protected by copyright, identifies the copyright owner, and
+shows the year of first publication. Furthermore, in the event that a
+work is infringed, if a proper notice of copyright appears on the
+published copy or copies to which a defendant in a copyright
+infringement suit had access, then no weight shall be given to such a
+defendant's interposition of a defense based on innocent infringement in
+mitigation of actual or statutory damages, except as provided in Title
+17, Chap. 5, Sec. 504 of the copyright law. Innocent infringement occurs
+when the infringer did not realize that the work was protected.
+
+The use of the copyright notice is the responsibility of the copyright
+owner and does not require advance permission from, or registration
+with, the Copyright Office.
+
+
+Form of Notice for Visually Perceptible Copies
+
+The notice for visually perceptible copies should contain all the
+following three elements:
+
+1. _The symbol_ (the letter C in a circle), or the word "Copyright," or
+the abbreviation "Copr."; and
+
+2. _The year of first publication_ of the work. In the case of
+compilations or derivative works incorporating previously published
+material, the year date of first publication of the compilation or
+derivative work is sufficient. The year date may be omitted where a
+pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with accompanying textual
+matter, if any, is reproduced in or on greeting cards, postcards,
+stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or any useful article; and
+
+3. _The name of the owner of copyright_ in the work, or an abbreviation
+by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative
+designation of the owner.
+
+Example: (the letter C in a circle symbol) 2000 John Doe
+
+The "C in a circle" notice is used only on "visually perceptible
+copies." Certain kinds of works--for example, musical, dramatic, and
+literary works--may be fixed not in "copies" but by means of sound in an
+audio recording. Since audio recordings such as audio tapes and
+phonograph disks are "phonorecords" and not "copies," the "C in a
+circle" notice is not used to indicate protection of the underlying
+musical, dramatic, or literary work that is recorded.
+
+
+Form of Notice for Phonorecords of Sound Recordings*
+
+* Sound recordings are defined in the law as "works that result from the
+fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds, but not
+including the sounds accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual
+work." Common examples include recordings of music, drama, or lectures.
+A sound recording is not the same as a phonorecord. A phonorecord is the
+physical object in which works of authorship are embodied. The word
+"phonorecord" includes cassette tapes, CDs, LPs, 45 r. p. m. disks, as
+well as other formats.
+
+
+The notice for phonorecords embodying a sound recording should contain
+all the following three elements:
+
+1. _*The symbol*_ (the letter P in a circle); and
+
+2. _*The year of first publication*_ of the sound recording; and
+
+3. _*The name of the owner of copyright*_ in the sound recording, or an
+abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known
+alternative designation of the owner. If the producer of the sound
+recording is named on the phonorecord label or container and if no other
+name appears in conjunction with the notice, the producer's name shall
+be considered a part of the notice.
+
+Example:  (the letter P in a circle symbol) 2000 A. B. C. Records Inc.
+
+
+NOTE:  Since questions may arise from the use of variant forms of the
+notice, you may wish to seek legal advice before using any form of the
+notice other than those given here.
+
+
+Position of Notice
+
+The copyright notice should be affixed to copies or phonorecords in such
+a way as to "give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright." The
+three elements of the notice should ordinarily appear together on the
+copies or phonorecords or on the phonorecord label or container. The
+Copyright Office has issued regulations concerning the form and position
+of the copyright notice in the Code of Federal Regulations (
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/title37/201/37cfr201.20.html] ). For more
+information, request  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ03.pdf] ,
+"Copyright Notice."
+
+
+-=Publications Incorporating U. S. Government Works=-
+
+Works by the U. S. Government are not eligible for U. S. copyright
+protection. For works published on and after March 1, 1989, the previous
+notice requirement for works consisting primarily of one or more U. S.
+Government works has been eliminated. However, use of a notice on such a
+work will defeat a claim of innocent infringement as previously
+described provided the notice also includes a statement that identifies
+either those portions of the work in which copyright is claimed or those
+portions that constitute U. S. Government material.
+
+Example: (the letter C in a circle symbol) 2000 Jane Brown. Copyright
+claimed in Chapters 7-10, exclusive of U. S. Government maps
+
+Copies of works published before March 1, 1989, that consist primarily
+of one or more works of the U. S. Government _*should*_ have a notice
+and the identifying statement.
+
+
+-=Unpublished Works=-
+
+The author or copyright owner may wish to place a copyright notice on
+any unpublished copies or phonorecords that leave his or her control. _
+Example: Unpublished work (letter C in a circle symbol) 1999 Jane Doe
+
+
+-=Omission of the Notice and Errors in Notice=-
+
+The 1976 Copyright Act attempted to ameliorate the strict consequences
+of failure to include notice under prior law. It contained provisions
+that set out specific corrective steps to cure omissions or certain
+errors in notice. Under these provisions, an applicant had 5 years after
+publication to cure omission of notice or certain errors. Although these
+provisions are technically still in the law, their impact has been
+limited by the amendment making notice optional for all works published
+on and after March 1, 1989. For further information, request Circular 3
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ03.pdf].
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+HOW LONG COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ENDURES
+
+
+Works Originally Created on or after January 1, 1978
+
+A work that is created (fixed in tangible form for the first time) on or
+after January 1, 1978, is automatically protected from the moment of its
+creation and is ordinarily given a term enduring for the author's life
+plus an additional 70 years after the author's death. In the case of "a
+joint work prepared by two or more authors who did not work for hire,"
+the term lasts for 70 years after the last surviving author's death. For
+works made for hire, and for anonymous and pseudonymous works (unless
+the author's identity is revealed in Copyright Office records), the
+duration of copyright will be 95 years from publication or 120 years
+from creation, whichever is shorter.
+
+
+Works Originally Created before January 1, 1978, But Not Published or
+Registered by That Date
+
+These works have been automatically brought under the statute and are
+now given federal copyright protection. The duration of copyright in
+these works will generally be computed in the same way as for works
+created on or after January 1, 1978: the life-plus-70 or 95/120-year
+terms will apply to them as well. The law provides that in no case will
+the term of copyright for works in this category expire before December
+31, 2002, and for works published on or before December 31, 2002, the
+term of copyright will not expire before December 31, 2047.
+
+
+Works Originally Created and Published or Registered before January 1,
+1978
+
+Under the law in effect before 1978, copyright was secured either on the
+date a work was published with a copyright notice or on the date of
+registration if the work was registered in unpublished form. In either
+case, the copyright endured for a first term of 28 years from the date
+it was secured. During the last (28th) year of the first term, the
+copyright was eligible for renewal. The Copyright Act of 1976 extended
+the renewal term from 28 to 47 years for copyrights that were subsisting
+on January 1, 1978, or for pre-1978 copyrights restored under the
+Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), making these works eligible for a
+total term of protection of 75 years.  Public Law 105-298
+[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d105:SN00505:
+|TOM:/bss/d105query.html| ], enacted on October 27, 1998, further
+extended the renewal term of copyrights still subsisting on that date by
+an additional 20 years, providing for a renewal term of 67 years and a
+total term of protection of 95 years.
+
+Public Law 102-307 [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-
+bin/bdquery/z?d102:SN00756:|TOM:/bss/d102query.html|] enacted on June
+26, 1992, amended the 1976 Copyright Act to provide for automatic
+renewal of the term of copyrights secured between January 1, 1964, and
+December 31, 1977. Although the renewal term is automatically provided,
+the Copyright Office does not issue a renewal certificate for these
+works unless a renewal application and fee are received and registered
+in the Copyright Office.
+
+Public Law 102-307 [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-
+bin/bdquery/z?d102:SN00756:|TOM:/bss/d102query.html|] makes renewal
+registration optional. Thus, filing for renewal registration is no
+longer required in order to extend the original 28- year copyright term
+to the full 95 years. However, some benefits accrue from making a
+renewal registration during the 28th year of the original term.
+
+For more detailed information on renewal of copyright and the copyright
+term, request "Renewal of Copyright"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ15.pdf] ; "Duration of
+Copyright" [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ15a.pdf]; and
+"Extension of Copyright Terms"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ15t.pdf].
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT
+
+Any or all of the copyright owner's _*exclusive*_ rights or any
+subdivision of those rights may be transferred, but the transfer of
+exclusive rights is not valid unless that transfer is in writing and
+signed by the owner of the rights conveyed or such owner's duly
+authorized agent. Transfer of a right on a nonexclusive basis does not
+require a written agreement.
+
+A copyright may also be conveyed by operation of law and may be
+bequeathed by will or pass as personal property by the applicable laws
+of intestate succession.
+
+Copyright is a personal property right, and it is subject to the various
+state laws and regulations that govern the ownership, inheritance, or
+transfer of personal property as well as terms of contracts or conduct
+of business. For information about relevant state laws, consult an
+attorney.
+
+Transfers of copyright are normally made by contract. The Copyright
+Office does not have any forms for such transfers. The law does provide
+for the recordation in the Copyright Office of transfers of copyright
+ownership. Although recordation is not required to make a valid transfer
+between the parties, it does provide certain legal advantages and may be
+required to validate the transfer as against third parties. For
+information on recordation of transfers and other documents related to
+copyright, request "Recordation of Transfers and Other Documents"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ12.pdf].
+
+
+
+Termination of Transfers
+
+Under the previous law, the copyright in a work reverted to the author,
+if living, or if the author was not living, to other specified
+beneficiaries, provided a renewal claim was registered in the 28th year
+of the original term.* The present law drops the renewal feature except
+for works already in the first term of statutory protection when the
+present law took effect. Instead, the present law permits termination of
+a grant of rights after 35 years under certain conditions by serving
+written notice on the transferee within specified time limits.
+
+*The copyright in works eligible for renewal on or after June 26, 1992,
+will vest in the name of the renewal claimant on the effective date of
+any renewal registration made during the 28th year of the original term.
+Otherwise, the renewal copyright will vest in the party entitled to
+claim renewal as of December 31st of the 28th year.
+
+For works already under statutory copyright protection before 1978, the
+present law provides a similar right of termination covering the newly
+added years that extended the former maximum term of the copyright from
+56 to 95 years. For further information, request Circular 15a
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ15a.pdf] and Circular 15t
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ15t.pdf] .
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT PROTECTION
+
+There is no such thing as an "international copyright" that will
+automatically protect an author's writings throughout the entire world.
+Protection against unauthorized use in a particular country depends,
+basically, on the national laws of that country. However, most countries
+do offer protection to foreign works under certain conditions, and these
+conditions have been greatly simplified by international copyright
+treaties and conventions. For further information and a list of
+countries that maintain copyright relations with the United States,
+request "International Copyright Relations of the United States."
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38a.pdf].
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION
+
+In general, copyright registration is a legal formality intended to make
+a public record of the basic facts of a particular copyright. However,
+registration is not a condition of copyright protection. Even though
+registration is not a requirement for protection, the copyright law
+provides several inducements or advantages to encourage copyright owners
+to make registration. Among these advantages are the following:
+
+  + Registration establishes a public record of the copyright claim.
+
+  + Before an infringement suit may be filed in court, registration is
+    necessary for works of U. S. origin.
+
+  + If made before or within 5 years of publication, registration will
+    establish prima facie evidence in court of the validity of the
+    copyright and of the facts stated in the certificate.
+
+  + If registration is made within 3 months after publication of the
+    work or prior to an infringement of the work, statutory damages and
+    attorney's fees will be available to the copyright owner in court
+    actions. Otherwise, only an award of actual damages and profits is
+    available to the copyright owner.
+
+  + Registration allows the owner of the copyright to record the
+    registration with the U. S. Customs Service for protection against
+    the importation of infringing copies. For additional information,
+    request Publication No. 563 "How to Protect Your Intellectual
+    Property Right," from: U.S. Customs Service, P.O. Box 7404,
+    Washington, D.C. 20044. See the U.S. Customs Service Website at
+    [http://www.customs.gov] for online publications.
+
+Registration may be made at any time within the life of the copyright.
+Unlike the law before 1978, when a work has been registered in
+unpublished form, it is not necessary to make another registration when
+the work becomes published, although the copyright owner may register
+the published edition, if desired.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+REGISTRATION PROCEDURES
+
+Original Registration
+
+To register a work, send the following three elements _*in the same
+envelope or package*_ to:
+
+Library of Congress
+Copyright Office
+101 Independence Avenue, S.E.
+Washington, D.C. 20559-6000
+
+1. A properly completed application form.
+2. A nonrefundable filing fee of $30 (effective through June 30, 2002)
+   for each application.
+
+   _NOTE:_  Copyright Office fees are subject to change. For current
+   fees, please check the Copyright Office Website at
+   [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/] write the Copyright Office, or call
+   (202) 707-3000.
+
+3. A nonreturnable deposit of the work being registered. The deposit
+requirements vary in particular situations. The general requirements
+follow.
+
+Also note the information under "Special Deposit Requirements."
+
+  + If the work was first published in the United States on or after
+    January 1, 1978, two complete copies or phonorecords of the best
+    edition.
+
+  + If the work was first published in the United States before January
+    1, 1978, two complete copies or phonorecords of the work as first
+    published.
+
+  + If the work was first published outside the United States, one
+    complete copy or phonorecord of the work as first published.
+
+  + If sending multiple works, all applications, deposits, and fees
+    should be sent in the same package. If possible, applications should
+    be attached to the appropriate deposit. Whenever possible, number
+    each package (e. g., 1 of 3, 2 of 4) to facilitate processing.
+
+
+What Happens if the Three Elements Are Not Received Together
+
+Applications and fees received without appropriate copies, phonorecords,
+or identifying material will not be processed and ordinarily will be
+returned. Unpublished deposits without applications or fees ordinarily
+will be returned, also. In most cases, published deposits received
+without applications and fees can be immediately transferred to the
+collections of the Library of Congress. This practice is in accordance
+with Title 17, Chap. 4, Sec. 408 of the law, which provides that the
+published deposit required for the collections of the Library of
+Congress may be used for registration only if the deposit is
+"accompanied by the prescribed application and fee...."
+
+After the deposit is received and transferred to another service unit of
+the Library for its collections or other disposition, it is no longer
+available to the Copyright Office. If you wish to register the work, you
+must deposit additional copies or phonorecords with your application and
+fee.
+
+
+_Renewal Registration_
+
+To register a renewal, send:
+
+1. A properly completed application Form RE and, if necessary, Form RE
+Addendum, and
+
+2. A nonrefundable filing fee of $45 without Addendum; $60 with Addendum
+for each application. (See Note above.) Each Addendum form must be
+accompanied by a deposit representing the work being reviewed. See
+Circular 15, "Renewal of Copyright."
+
+
+  *NOTE*:  *Complete the application form using black ink pen or type.*
+  You may photocopy blank application forms. *However*, photocopied
+  forms submitted to the Copyright Office must be clear, legible, on a
+  good grade of 8-1/2 inch by 11-inch white paper suitable for
+  automatic feeding through a photocopier. The forms should be printed,
+  preferably in black ink, head-to-head so that when you turn the sheet
+  over, the top of page 2 is directly behind the top of page 1. *Forms
+  not meeting these requirements may be returned resulting in delayed
+  registration.*
+
+
+Special Deposit Requirements
+
+Special deposit requirements exist for many types of works. The
+following are prominent examples of exceptions to the general deposit
+requirements:
+
+  + If the work is a motion picture, the deposit requirement is one
+    complete copy of the unpublished or published motion picture _and_ a
+    separate written description of its contents, such as a continuity,
+    press book, or synopsis.
+
+  + If the work is a literary, dramatic, or musical work *published only
+    in a phonorecord*, the deposit requirement is one complete
+    phonorecord.
+
+  + If the work is an unpublished or published computer program, the
+    deposit requirement is one visually perceptible copy in source code
+    of the *first 25 and last 25 pages* of the program. For a program of
+    fewer than 50 pages, the deposit is a copy of the entire program.
+    For more information on computer program registration, including
+    deposits for revised programs and provisions for trade secrets,
+    request "Copyright Registration for Computer Programs"
+    [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ61.pdf].
+
+  + If the work is in a CD-ROM format, the deposit requirement is one
+    complete copy of the material, that is, the CD-ROM, the operating
+    software, and any manual(s) accompanying it. If registration is
+    sought for the computer program on the CD-ROM, the deposit should
+    also include a printout of the first 25 and last 25 pages of source
+    code for the program.
+
+In the case of works reproduced in three-dimensional copies, identifying
+material such as photographs or drawings is ordinarily required. Other
+examples of special deposit requirements (but by no means an exhaustive
+list) include many works of the visual arts such as greeting cards,
+toys, fabrics, oversized materials (request "Deposit Requirements for
+Registration of Claims to Copyright in Visual Arts Material"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ40a.pdf]); video games and other
+machine-readable audiovisual works (request Circular 61
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ61.pdf]); automated databases
+(request Circular 65  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ65.pdf] ,
+"Copyright Registration for Automated Databases"); and contributions to
+collective works. For information about deposit requirements for group
+registration of serials, request Circular 62 "Copyright Registration for
+Serials." [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ62.pdf] ,
+
+If you are unsure of the deposit requirement for your work, write or
+call the Copyright Office and describe the work you wish to register.
+
+
+Unpublished Collections
+
+Under the following conditions, a work may be registered in unpublished
+form as a "collection," with one application form and one fee:
+
+  + The elements of the collection are assembled in an orderly form;
+
+  + The combined elements bear a single title identifying the collection
+    as a whole;
+
+  + The copyright claimant in all the elements and in the collection as
+    a whole is the same; and
+
+  + All the elements are by the same author, or, if they are by
+    different authors, at least one of the authors has contributed
+    copyrightable authorship to each element. An unpublished collection
+    is not indexed under the individual titles of the contents but under
+    the title of the collection.
+
+
+  *NOTE*:  A *Library of Congress Catalog Card Number* is different from
+  a copyright registration number. The Cataloging in Publication (CIP)
+  Division of the Library of Congress is responsible for assigning LC
+  Catalog Card Numbers and is operationally separate from the Copyright
+  Office. A book may be registered in or deposited with the Copyright
+  Office but not necessarily cataloged and added to the Library's
+  collections. For information about obtaining an LC Catalog Card
+  Number, see the following homepage: [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pcn]. For
+  information on International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN), write to:
+  ISBN, R. R. Bowker, 121 Chanlon Road, New Providence, NJ 07974. Call
+  (877) 310-7333. For further information and to apply online, see
+  [http://www.bowker.com/standards/]. For information on International
+  Standard Serial Numbering (ISSN), write to: Library of Congress,
+  National Serials Data Program, Serial Record Division, Washington, D.
+  C. 20540-4160. Call (202) 707-6452. Or obtain information from
+  [http://www.loc.gov/issn/].
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+EFFECTIVE DATE OF REGISTRATION
+
+*A copyright registration is effective on the date the Copyright Office
+receives all the required elements in acceptable form*, regardless of
+how long it then takes to process the application and mail the
+certificate of registration. The time the Copyright Office requires to
+process an application varies, depending on the amount of material the
+Office is receiving.
+
+If you apply for copyright registration, you will not receive an
+acknowledgment that your application has been received (the Office
+receives more than 600,000 applications annually), but you can expect:
+
+  + A letter or a telephone call from a Copyright Office staff member if
+    further information is needed or
+
+  + A certificate of registration indicating that the work has been
+    registered, or if the application cannot be accepted, a letter
+    explaining why it has been rejected.
+
+Requests to have certificates available for pickup in the Public
+Information Office or to have certificates sent by Federal Express or
+another mail service cannot be honored.
+
+If you want to know the date that the Copyright Office receives your
+material, send it by registered or certified mail and request a return
+receipt.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CORRECTIONS AND AMPLIFICATIONS OF EXISTING REGISTRATIONS
+
+To correct an error in a copyright registration or to amplify the
+information given in a registration, file a supplementary registration
+form -- Form CA [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formca.pdf] -- with
+the Copyright Office. The filing fee is $65. (See Note above.) The
+information in a supplementary registration augments but does not
+supersede that contained in the earlier registration. Note also that a
+supplementary registration is not a substitute for an original
+registration, for a renewal registration, or for recording a transfer of
+ownership. For further information about supplementary registration,
+request Circular 8 "Supplementary Copyright Registration"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ08.pdf].
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+MANDATORY DEPOSIT FOR WORKS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES
+
+Although a copyright registration is not required, the Copyright Act
+establishes a mandatory deposit requirement for works published in the
+United States. See the definition of "publication." In general, the
+owner of copyright or the owner of the exclusive right of publication in
+the work has a legal obligation to deposit in the Copyright Office,
+within 3 months of publication in the United States, two copies (or in
+the case of sound recordings, two phonorecords) for the use of the
+Library of Congress. Failure to make the deposit can result in fines and
+other penalties but does not affect copyright protection.
+
+Certain categories of works are exempt entirely from the mandatory
+deposit requirements, and the obligation is reduced for certain other
+categories. For further information about mandatory deposit, request
+Circular 7d "Mandatory Deposit of Copies or Phonorecords for the Library
+of Congress." [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ07d.pdf].
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+USE OF MANDATORY DEPOSIT TO SATISFY REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS
+
+For works published in the United States, the copyright law contains a
+provision under which a single deposit can be made to satisfy both the
+deposit requirements for the Library and the registration requirements.
+In order to have this dual effect, the copies or phonorecords must be
+accompanied by the prescribed application form and filing fee.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+WHO MAY FILE AN APPLICATION FORM?
+
+The following persons are legally entitled to submit an application
+form:
+
+  + *The author*.  This is either the person who actually created the
+    work or, if the work was made for hire, the employer or other person
+    for whom the work was prepared.
+
+  + *The copyright claimant*. The copyright claimant is defined in
+    Copyright Office regulations as either the author of the work or a
+    person or organization that has obtained ownership of all the rights
+    under the copyright initially belonging to the author. This category
+    includes a person or organization who has obtained by contract the
+    right to claim legal title to the copyright in an application for
+    copyright registration.
+
+  + *The owner of exclusive right(s)*.  Under the law, any of the
+    exclusive rights that make up a copyright and any subdivision of
+    them can be transferred and owned separately, even though the
+    transfer may be limited in time or place of effect. The term
+    "copyright owner" with respect to any one of the exclusive rights
+    contained in a copyright refers to the owner of that particular
+    right. Any owner of an exclusive right may apply for registration of
+    a claim in the work.
+
+
+  + *The duly authorized agent* of such author, other copyright
+    claimant, or owner of exclusive right(s). Any person authorized to
+    act on behalf of the author, other copyright claimant, or owner of
+    exclusive rights may apply for registration.
+
+There is no requirement that applications be prepared or filed by an
+attorney.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+APPLICATION FORMS
+
+For Original Registration
+
+Form PA  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formpai.pdf]
+  for published and unpublished works of the performing arts (musical
+  and dramatic works, pantomimes and choreographic works, motion
+  pictures and other audiovisual works)
+
+Form SE  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formsei.pdf]
+
+  for serials, works issued or intended to be issued in successive parts
+  bearing numerical or chronological designations and intended to be
+  continued indefinitely (periodicals, newspapers, magazines,
+  newsletters, annuals, journals, etc.)
+
+Form SR  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formsri.pdf]
+
+  for published and unpublished sound recordings
+
+Form TX  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formtxi.pdf]
+
+  for published and unpublished nondramatic literary works
+
+Form VA  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formvai.pdf]
+
+  for published and unpublished works of the visual arts (pictorial,
+  graphic, and sculptural works, including architectural works)
+
+Form G/DN  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formgdn.pdf]
+
+  a specialized form to register a complete month's issues of a daily
+  newspaper when certain conditions are met
+
+Short Form SE [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formses.pdf], and
+Short Form SE Group  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formseg.pdf]
+
+  specialized SE forms for use when certain requirements are met
+
+Short Form TX  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formtxs.pdf],
+Short Form PA  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formpas.pdf], and
+Short Form VA  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formvas.pdf]
+
+  short versions of applications for original registration. For further
+  information about using the short forms, request publication SL-7.
+
+Form GATT [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formgatt.pdf], and
+Form GATT/GRP  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formgatg.pdf]
+
+  specialized forms to register a claim in a work or group of related
+  works in which U. S. copyright was restored under the 1994 Uruguay
+  Round Agreements Act (URAA). For further information, request Circular
+  38b [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38b.pdf].
+
+
+***
+For Renewal Registration
+
+Form RE  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formrei.pdf]
+
+  for claims to renew copyright in works copyrighted under the law in
+  effect through December 31, 1977 (1909 Copyright Act) and registered
+  during the initial 28-year copyright term
+
+Form RE Addendum  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formrea.pdf]
+
+  accompanies Form RE for claims to renew copyright in works copyrighted
+  under the 1909 Copyright Act but never registered during their initial
+  28-year copyright term
+
+
+***
+For Corrections and Amplifications
+
+Form CA  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formca.pdf]
+
+  for supplementary registration to correct or amplify information given
+  in the Copyright Office record of an earlier registration
+
+
+***
+For a Group of Contributions to Periodicals
+
+Form GR/CP  [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/formgrcp.pdf]
+
+  an adjunct application to be used for registration of a group of
+  contributions to periodicals in addition to an application Form TX,
+  PA, or VA
+
+
+***
+How to Obtain Application Forms
+
+See "For Further Information" below.
+
+You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader (R)
+[http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.html] installed on your
+computer to view and print the forms accessed on the Internet. Adobe
+Acrobat Reader may be downloaded free from Adobe Systems Incorporated
+through links from the same Internet site from which the forms are
+available.
+
+Print forms head to head (top of page 2 is directly behind the top of
+page 1) on a single piece of good quality, 8-1/2-inch by 11-inch white
+paper. To achieve the best quality copies of the application forms, use
+a laser printer.
+
+
+***
+FILL-IN FORMS AVAILABLE
+
+All Copyright Office forms are available on the Copyright Office Website
+in fill-in version. Go to http://www.loc.gov/copyright/forms/ and follow
+the instructions. The fill-in forms allow you to enter information while
+the form is displayed on the screen by an Adobe Acrobat Reader product.
+You may then print the completed form and mail it to the Copyright
+Office. Fill-in forms provide a clean, sharp printout for your records
+and for filing with the Copyright Office.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+FEES
+
+All remittances should be in the form of drafts, that is, checks, money
+orders, or bank drafts, payable to:  Register of Copyrights.  Do not
+send cash. Drafts must be redeemable without service or exchange fee
+through a U. S. institution, must be payable in U. S. dollars, and must
+be imprinted with American Banking Association routing numbers.
+International Money Orders and Postal Money Orders that are negotiable
+only at a post office are not acceptable.
+
+If a check received in payment of the filing fee is returned to the
+Copyright Office as uncollectible, the Copyright Office will cancel the
+registration and will notify the remitter.
+
+The filing fee for processing an original, supplementary, or renewal
+claim is nonrefundable, whether or not copyright registration is
+ultimately made.
+
+*Do not send cash*.  The Copyright Office cannot assume any
+responsibility for the loss of currency sent in payment of copyright
+fees. For further information, request Circular 4 "Copyright Fees"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ04.pdf].
+
+
+
+  *NOTE*:  Copyright Office fees are subject to change. For current
+  fees, please check the Copyright Office Website at
+  http://www.loc.gov/copyright/, write the Copyright Office, or call
+  (202) 707-3000.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+SEARCH OF COPYRIGHT OFFICE RECORDS
+
+The records of the Copyright Office are open for inspection and
+searching by the public.  Moreover, on request, the Copyright Office
+will search its records for you at the statutory hourly rate of $65 for
+each hour or fraction of an hour. (See NOTE above.)  For information on
+searching the Office records concerning the copyright status or
+ownership of a work, request "How to Investigate the Copyright Status of
+a Work" [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ22.pdf], and "The
+Copyright Card Catalog and the Online Files of the Copyright Office"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ23.pdf].
+
+Copyright Office records in machine-readable form cataloged from January
+1, 1978, to the present, including registration and renewal information
+and recorded documents, are now available for searching on the Internet.
+These files may be examined through LOCIS (Library of Congress
+Information System). You may connect to LOCIS through the World Wide Web
+at [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/rb.html]
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
+
+*Information via the Internet*:  Circulars, announcements, regulations,
+other related materials, and all copyright application forms are
+available from the Copyright Office Website at
+http://www.loc.gov/copyright/.
+
+*Information by fax*:  Circulars and other information (but not
+application forms) are available from Fax-on-Demand at (202) 707-2600.
+
+*Information by telephone*:  For general information about copyright,
+call the Copyright Public Information Office at (202) 707-3000. The TTY
+number is (202) 707-6737. Information specialists are on duty from 8:30
+a. m. to 5:00 p. m. Monday through Friday, eastern time, except federal
+holidays. Recorded information is available 24 hours a day. Or, if you
+know which application forms and circulars you want, request them from
+the Forms and Publications Hotline at (202) 707-9100 24 hours a day.
+Leave a recorded message.
+
+*Information by regular mail*:  Write to:
+
+Library of Congress
+Copyright Office
+Publications Section, LM-455
+101 Independence Avenue, S.E.
+Washington, D.C. 20559-6000
+
+For a list of other material published by the Copyright Office, request
+Circular 2 "Publications on Copyright"
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ02.pdf].
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The Copyright Office provides a free electronic mailing list, *NewsNet,*
+that issues periodic email messages on the subject of copyright.  The
+messages alert subscribers to hearings, deadlines for comments, new and
+proposed regulations, new publications, and other copyright-related
+subjects of interest.  NewsNet is not an interactive discussion group. To
+subscribe, send a message to listserv@rs8.loc.gov. In the body of the
+message say: SUBSCRIBE USCOPYRIGHT.  You will receive a standard
+welcoming message indicating that your subscription to *NewsNet* has
+been accepted.
+
+The Copyright Public Information Office is open to the public 8:30 a.m.
+to 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday, eastern time, except federal
+holidays. The office is located in the Library of Congress, James
+Madison Memorial Building, Room 401, at 101 Independence Avenue, S.E.,
+Washington, D.C., near the Capitol South Metro stop. Information
+specialists are available to answer questions, provide circulars, and
+accept applications for registration. Access for disabled individuals is
+at the front door on Independence Avenue, S.E.
+
+The Copyright Office is not permitted to give legal advice. If
+information or guidance is needed on matters such as disputes over the
+ownership of a copyright, suits against possible infringers, the
+procedure for getting a work published, or the method of obtaining
+royalty payments, it may be necessary to consult an attorney
+
+Library of Congress
+Copyright Office
+101 Independence Avenue, S. E.
+Washington, D.C. 20559-6000
+
+http://www.loc.gov/copyright/
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Rev: December 2000
+
+*Format Note*:
+
+This electronic version has been altered slightly from the original
+printed text for presentation on the World Wide Web.  For a copy of the
+original circular, consult the Circular 1 pdf version
+[http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ01.pdf], or write to Copyright
+Office, 101 Independence Avenue S.E., Washington, D.C. 20559-6000.
+
+
+End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of Copyright Basics
+by The US Copyright Office
+
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