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diff --git a/42872.txt b/42872.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 28e7f5a..0000000 --- a/42872.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16303 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of America, Volume 6 (of 6), by Joel Cook - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: America, Volume 6 (of 6) - -Author: Joel Cook - -Release Date: June 4, 2013 [EBook #42872] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICA, VOLUME 6 (OF 6) *** - - - - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - -Transcriber's Note: - - Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have - been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - - Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. - - This book was printed in a 6-volume set and a 3-volume set. Although - this e-book was from the 6-volume set, the title page refers - to "Vol. III." The index references are to the 3-volume set. - - - - - FROM THE OHIO TO THE GULF. - - VOL. III. - - - - - [Illustration: _Pack Train on the Skaguay Trail, Alaska_] - - - - - _EDITION ARTISTIQUE_ - - The World's Famous - Places and Peoples - - AMERICA - - BY - JOEL COOK - - In Six Volumes - - Volume VI. - - MERRILL AND BAKER - New York London - - - - -THIS EDITION ARTISTIQUE OF THE WORLD'S FAMOUS PLACES AND PEOPLES IS -LIMITED TO ONE THOUSAND NUMBERED AND REGISTERED COPIES, OF WHICH THIS -COPY IS NO. ____ - - - Copyright, Henry T. Coates & Co., 1900 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - -VOLUME VI - - - PAGE - - PACK TRAIN ON THE SKAGUAY TRAIL, ALASKA _Frontispiece_ - - TYLER-DAVIDSON FOUNTAIN, CINCINNATI, OHIO 332 - - BRIDGE CROSSING THE MISSISSIPPI AT ST. LOUIS 396 - - CLOISTER OF MISSION, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO 442 - - GATEWAY, GARDEN OF THE GODS, COLORADO 466 - - SITKA, ALASKA, FROM THE SEA 500 - - - - -XIX. - -FROM THE OHIO TO THE GULF. - - The Ohio River -- Economy -- The Harmonists -- Columbiana -- - Wheeling -- Moundsville -- Marietta -- Parkersburg -- - Blennerhassett's Island -- Point Pleasant -- Maysville -- - Blue Grass -- Lexington -- Cincinnati -- Covington -- - Newport -- Dayton -- North Bend -- Carrolton -- Frankfort -- - Kentucky River -- Daniel Boone -- Louisville -- - Jeffersonville -- Bowling Green -- Mammoth Cave -- Nashville - -- Battle of Nashville -- Evansville -- Cairo -- Cumberland - River -- Tennessee River -- Forts Henry and Donelson -- - Battle of Shiloh -- Cumberland Mountains -- Cumberland Gap - -- Mount Mitchell -- Chattanooga -- Missionary Ridge -- - Lookout Mountain -- Chickamauga Park -- The Chickamauga - Battles -- Rosecrans against Bragg -- Battle Above the - Clouds -- Grant Defeats Bragg -- Knoxville -- Parson - Brownlow -- Greenville -- Andrew Johnson -- Roan Mountain -- - Land of the Sky -- Swannanoa River -- Buncombe -- Asheville - -- Biltmore -- Hickory-Nut Gap -- French Broad River -- Hot - Springs -- Spartansburg -- Cowpens -- King's Mountain -- - Charlotte -- Mecklenburg -- Salisbury Prison -- Guilford - Court House -- Chapel Hill -- Durham -- Raleigh -- Columbia - -- Aiken -- Augusta -- Chattahoochee River -- Atlanta -- Its - Siege and Capture -- Sherman's March to the Sea -- Rome -- - Anniston -- Talladega -- Birmingham -- Tuscaloosa -- Macon - -- Andersonville Prison -- Columbus -- West Point -- - Tuskegee -- Alabama River -- Montgomery -- Cotton - Plantations -- Selma -- Meridian -- Jackson -- Tombigbee - River -- Mobile and Its Bay -- Admiral Farragut -- Capture - of Mobile Forts -- The Pine and the Orange. - - -THE OHIO RIVER. - -The Ohio--the Indian "stream white with froth," the French _La Belle -Riviere_--is the greatest river draining the western slopes of the -Alleghenies. Its basin embraces over two hundred thousand square -miles, and it flows for a thousand miles from Pittsburg to the -Mississippi at Cairo. In the upper reaches the Ohio is about twelve -hundred feet wide, broadening below to twenty-four hundred feet, its -depth varying fifty to sixty feet in the stages between low and high -water, and it goes along with smooth and placid current at one to -three miles an hour, having no fall excepting a rocky rapid of -twenty-six feet descent in two miles at Louisville. From Pittsburg it -flows northwest about twenty-six miles at the bottom of a deep canyon -it has carved down in the table land, so that steep and lofty hills -enclose it. Then the river turns west and finally south around the -long and narrow "Panhandle" protruding northward from the State of -West Virginia. It passes through a thriving agricultural region, with -many prosperous cities on its banks, almost everyone having a great -railway bridge carrying over the many lines seeking the west and -south. In its whole course it descends some four hundred feet; its -scenery is largely pastoral and gentle, without the grandeur given by -bold cliffs, although much of the shores are beautiful, and its banks -in various places disclose elevated terraces, indicating that it -formerly flowed at much higher levels, whilst its winding route gives -a constant succession of curves that add to the attractiveness. - -Eighteen miles from Pittsburg is the town of Economy, where are the -fine farms and oil-wells of the quaint community of "Harmonists." -Georg Rapp, of Wurtumberg, believing he was divinely called to restore -the Christian religion to its original purity, established a colony -there on the model of the primitive church, with goods held in common, -which in 1803 he transplanted to Pennsylvania, settling in Butler -County. A few years later they removed to Indiana, but soon came back, -and founded their settlement of Economy in Beaver County in 1824. -Originally they numbered six hundred, and grew very rich, but being -celibates, their community dwindled until there were only eighteen, -who owned a tract of twenty-five hundred acres with valuable buildings -and much personal property, so that if divided it was estimated each -would have more than $100,000. The baby "Harmonist" then was over -sixty years old, and to perpetuate the community, in 1888 they began -accepting proselytes, who assumed all the obligations with vows of -celibacy, and thus the number was increased to fifty. Economy is a -sleepy village, its vine-covered houses built with gables towards the -street and without front doors, all being entered from side-yards. -They now labor but little themselves, their factories are silent, and -their noted brand of Pennsylvania "Economy whiskey" is no longer -distilled. Their church-bell rings them up at five o'clock in the -morning, they breakfast at six, and at seven the bell again rings for -the farmhands to go to work. At nine the bell summons them to lunch, -at twelve to dinner, at three to lunch again, at six to supper, and at -nine in the evening it finally warns the village to go to bed. They -have a noted wine-cellar, and none drink water, but they give all the -hands wine and cider, and present cake and wine to every visitor. At -the church service, the men sit on one side and the women on the -other, and when a "Harmonist" dies he is wrapped in a winding-sheet -and buried in the "white graveyard," no tombstone marking the grave. -They have recently suffered from litigation, others trying to get a -share of their wealth, but they live quietly, awaiting the final -summons, firm in their faith, and thoroughly believing its cardinal -principle that their last survivor will see the end of the world. - - -GOING DOWN THE OHIO. - -Having crossed the Pennsylvania western boundary, the Ohio River -separates West Virginia from the State of Ohio, passing a region which -seems mournful from the many abandoned oil-derricks displayed near the -banks for a long distance. The Ohio shore is Columbiana County, a name -fancifully compounded by an early State Legislature from "Columbus" -and "Anna;" and it is recorded that when the subject was pending one -member proposed to add "Maria," so that the euphonious whole would be -"Columbianamaria." His effort failed, however. At the various towns, -the railroads come out from the mountain regions of West Virginia, -bringing the bituminous coal for shipment. Ninety-four miles below -Pittsburg is Wheeling, the metropolis of West Virginia, a busy -manufacturing city of forty thousand people. Farther down, in the -midst of the flats adjoining the river, at Moundsville, is the great -Indian Mound, a relic of the prehistoric inhabitants of this region -standing up eighty feet high and being eight hundred and twenty feet -in circumference at the base. In this mound were found two sepulchral -chambers containing three skeletons. At Benwood, near by, one branch -of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses the river to Bellaire in -Ohio. The Muskingum River, coming out of the heart of the State, flows -in at Marietta, a stream thus named by the Delaware Indians when they -first came to this region, from the abundance of elk and deer who -could be approached near enough to see their eyes, Muskingum meaning -"elk's eyes." Marietta is the oldest town in Ohio, settled in 1788 by -a colony sent out by the "Ohio Company" of New England, which had been -granted many square miles of land along the river. This colony of -forty-seven Yankee pioneers marched over the Alleghenies, floated down -the Ohio on a flatboat which they called the "Mayflower," and landing -at the mouth of the Muskingum, their first act was writing a set of -laws and nailing them to a tree, and in this code naming their -settlement in honor of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France. A -company of troops in a little stockade fort protected them from the -Indians. Here they found a curious mass of ancient fortifications, -relics of the prehistoric mound-builders--a square enclosed by a wall -of earth ten feet high, having twelve entrances, a covered way, -bulwarks to defend the gateways, and other elaborate works, including -a moat fifteen feet wide defended by a parapet. Thirteen miles below, -the Little Kanawha River flows in at Parkersburg, and here the other -branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses on a massive bridge, -a mile and a half long, over the river and lowlands. This is the -entrepot of a great petroleum district which gives the town a large -trade, and they are said to be still striking in the Ritchie County -oilfield thousand-barrel wells. In the river two miles below is the -noted Blennerhassett's Island, where that gentleman, an Irishman of -distinction, built himself a splendid mansion and made a fine estate -in 1798. When Aaron Burr afterwards concocted his notorious -conspiracy, he induced Blennerhassett to invest his fortune in the -scheme. Whilst not convicted of treason, Burr's dupe was irretrievably -ruined and his house and estate fell into decay. - -The Great Kanawha flows in, the chief river of West Virginia, at Point -Pleasant, the Indian "rapid river," and it is now the outlet of one of -the leading coal-fields, the New River district, in its upper waters, -the navigation being maintained by an elaborate system of locks and -movable dams. At the mouth was fought the severest battle with the -Indians in the Ohio Valley, the tribes from beyond the river attacking -the troops, but being beaten off after great bloodshed. Huntington is -beyond, where the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway comes out to the Ohio, -after having passed Charleston, the West Virginia State capital, fifty -miles up the Kanawha. The Big Sandy River enters below, the boundary -of Kentucky, and beyond is the mouth of the Scioto on the Ohio bank, -where the terminus of the Lake Erie and Ohio Canal gave the start to -the city of Portsmouth, having twenty thousand people. Maysville, to -the westward on the Kentucky shore, is a leading hemp-market, and one -of the towns supplying the famous "Blue Grass Region." The river banks -here are very attractive and are backed by ranges of hills. Stretching -southward from the shores are extensive green parks, with few fences -and only occasional green fields, displaying majestic trees, one of -the best grazing districts in America, the wealth of the inhabitants -being in their flocks. Some distance back from the river the blue -grass begins, so named from its blue tinge when in blossom, the -district occupying ten thousand square miles in five Kentucky -counties, the soil being very rich and the extensive pastures lined by -hemp and tobacco fields. Stock farms abound, and Lexington is the -metropolis of the district, a thriving town of twenty-five thousand -people, about eighty miles south of the Ohio, an important horse and -cattle market, and also famous for its distilleries of the native -Bourbon whiskies. Here is the noted race-track of the "Kentucky -Horse-Breeders' Association," and in this district are raised the -greatest racing horses of America. Probably the leading stock farm is -at Ashland, a short distance out of town, where Henry Clay long had -his home. Lexington received its name from having been founded in 1775 -about the time of the battle of Lexington. It has a fine monument to -Henry Clay, who died in 1852, and it is also the seat of the -University of Kentucky, with eight hundred students. - - -THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. - -Sixty miles below Maysville the Licking River flows out of Kentucky, -and on the opposite Ohio shore, built upon the magnificent -amphitheatre of hills rising tier upon tier, and surrounded by -villa-crowned heights elevated five hundred feet as a background, is -Ohio's metropolis, Cincinnati, the Queen City. It spreads fourteen -miles along the river, one of the most important manufacturing and -commercial centres of the West, and is fronted by Covington and -Newport on the Kentucky shore, the Licking River dividing them. John -Cleves Symmes, a prominent American in the eighteenth century, bought -from the Government after the Revolution a large tract of land in Ohio -between the Great and Little Miami Rivers, known as "Symmes' -Purchase." His nephew and namesake was the noted author of the "Theory -of Concentric Spheres," which was called in derision "Symmes's Hole," -and he afterwards died on this tract, being buried there with a -monument surmounted, according to his pet theory, by a globe open at -the poles. The people interested in the land purchase decided to -establish a settlement opposite the mouth of the Licking, and they -gave it the pedantic name of Losantiville, a word ingeniously -contrived to describe its position by using the "L" signifying Licking -River, "os" the mouth, "anti" opposite, and "ville" a city. General -St. Clair, however, came along afterwards to establish a military post -in his campaign against the Indians, and being prominently identified -with the Society of the Cincinnati, he gave the place that name. It -was for many years a small collection of log cabins, and had only slow -growth until steamboating began on the Ohio, when it rapidly expanded, -receiving an additional impetus from the opening of the Miami Canal -connecting with Lake Erie in 1830 and from the great development of -the western railway systems after 1840. Its earlier inhabitants came -largely from the Atlantic States and Kentucky, but subsequently there -was a great German influx, so that a considerable district north of -the Miami Canal is their special home, and is familiarly known as -"Over the Rhine." The Civil War gave the city a serious set-back by -destroying its extensive Southern trade, but it has since greatly -grown, and now has a population of four hundred thousand. The -immediate advantage of location comes from having around it a district -of a hundred miles radius which is one of the most fertile in America. - -The Fountain Square at Fifth Street may be regarded as the business -centre of Cincinnati, this being an expansion of the street, having -upon a spacious esplanade the grand bronze Tyler-Davidson Fountain, -the gift of a prominent townsman, which was cast at the Royal Bronze -Foundry in Munich and is one of the noblest fountains existing. To the -northward is the granite United States Government Building which cost -$5,000,000, while farther inland is the red Romanesque City Hall, with -a lofty tower, erected at an expense of $1,600,000. The high hills -enclosing Cincinnati give grand outlooks, and upon them are the finest -parts of the city. They are reached by inclined-plane railways from -the lower grounds, as well as by winding roadways. Upon these hills to -the eastward is Eden Park, a fine pleasure-ground of over two hundred -acres containing the water reservoirs and an elaborate Art Museum, of -handsome architecture, surmounted by a red-tiled roof. The famous -Rookwood Pottery is also on these eastern hills. To the northward -is Mount Auburn, and beyond, the Clifton Heights with the Burnet -Woods Park, a fine natural forest. These high encircling hills, -diversified by ravines, give to suburban Cincinnati a singularly -picturesque and beautiful environment, being covered by attractive and -costly villas surrounded by lawns and gardens, making throughout a -most delicious park. The Spring Grove Cemetery, about five miles to -the northwest, covers a square mile, and is an appropriate home of the -dead, having elaborate monuments, of which the finest is the Dexter -Mausoleum, a Gothic chapel of grand proportions and splendid -decoration. Five great bridges span the Ohio in front of Cincinnati, -crossing over to the Kentucky shore at Covington and Newport, where -there are seventy thousand people, the United States military post of -Fort Thomas being upon the hills behind Newport. Up the Great Miami, -sixty miles to the northward, and at its confluence with Mad River, is -Dayton, a busy manufacturing and railway centre, having seventy -thousand people. It is the location of the Central National Soldiers' -Home, where there are several thousand old soldiers, the spacious -buildings, in an attractive park of seven hundred acres, standing -prominently on the hills sloping up from the Miami River to the -westward of the city. - - [Illustration: Tyler-Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati, O.] - - -CINCINNATI TO LOUISVILLE. - -North Bend on the Ohio River, fifteen miles from Cincinnati, was the -home of General William Henry Harrison, and upon a commanding hill is -his tomb, a modest structure of brick. The family mansion built in -1814, to which he brought his bride, is still preserved, and in it -were born his son John Scott Harrison and his grandson, President -Benjamin Harrison. To the westward the Great Miami River flows in at -the boundary between Ohio and Indiana. Some distance farther down, at -Carrolton, is the mouth of the Kentucky River, which named the "Blue -Grass State," a beautiful stream, having upon its banks, sixty miles -south of the Ohio, the Kentucky capital, Frankfort. The name of this -river comes from the Iroquois word _Kentake_, meaning "among the -meadows," in allusion to a large and almost treeless tract in the -southern part of the State from which the river flows, called by the -pioneers "the Barrens." To this region first came the famous hunter -Daniel Boone, who had been born in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in -1735, but went in early life to North Carolina. In 1769, being of a -roving disposition, he crossed the mountains with five companions and -penetrated the forests of Kentucky, the first white men who trod them. -He was captured by the Indians, but escaped, returning to North -Carolina after wandering and hunting through Kentucky over a year. He -finally moved with some others, all taking their families, into -Kentucky in 1773, settling on the upper Kentucky River, and building a -defensive fort there at Boonesborough in 1775. The Indians repeatedly -attacked the place and were repulsed, but finally, in 1778, they -captured Boone, taking him northward to Detroit. Again he escaped, -returning later in the year, having another combat with the Indians at -his fort and defeating them. For seventeen years afterwards he hunted -in Kentucky, and his name and exploits became a household word; but -there was a large migration into the region from Virginia and -elsewhere, and the increased population was crowding the old hunter -too much, so he went west in 1795 to Missouri, settling beyond St. -Louis. He had received large land grants in both States, and had -various legal conflicts, losing much of his property, but he lived in -Missouri the remainder of his life, dying there on his farm in 1820 at -the age of eighty-five. Being the founder of Kentucky, that State in -1845, as the result of a popular movement, brought back the remains of -the old hunter, and they were interred near Frankfort, alongside the -river he loved so well. - -The Ohio River flows westward past Madison, a thriving manufacturing -town on the Indiana bank, and then sweeps around a grand curve to the -south in its approach to the Kentucky metropolis, Louisville. The view -of Louisville and Jeffersonville, opposite in Indiana, is very fine, -as the visitor comes towards them down the river. The Ohio is a mile -wide, and the Kentucky hills which lined it above, here recede from -the bank, and do not come out to it again for twenty miles, leaving -an almost level plain several miles in width, and elevated some -distance above the water, upon which Louisville is built, spreading -along the shore for eight miles in a graceful crescent. The rapids at -the lower end of the city cover the whole width of the river, and go -down twenty-six feet in two miles, making a series of foaming cascades -in ordinary stages of water, but being almost entirely obliterated in -times of freshet, when the steamboats can pass down them. A long canal -cut through the rocks provides safe navigation around them. An -expedition of thirteen families of Virginia, under Colonel George -Rogers Clarke, floated down the Ohio on flatboats in 1778, and halting -at the falls, settled there, at first on an island, but afterwards on -the southern shore. This began the town which in 1780 was named by the -Virginia Legislature in honor of the French King Louis XVI., who was -then actively aiding the American Revolution. The Ohio River -steamboating began the city's rapid growth, which was further swelled -by the later development of railway traffic, and it now has two -hundred and fifty thousand population. There is a large southern trade -in provisions and supplies, and it is probably the greatest -leaf-tobacco market in the world, being also the distributing depot -for the Kentucky whiskies. There are, besides, other prominent -branches of manufacture. Its foliage-lined and lawn-bordered streets -in the residential section are very attractive and a notable feature. -The chief public buildings are the Court House and the City Hall, the -former adorned by a statue of the Kentucky statesman Henry Clay. Its -great disaster was a frightful tornado, which swept a path of -desolation through the heart of the city in March, 1900, killing -seventy-six persons and destroying property estimated at $3,000,000. -Its most famous citizen was George D. Prentice, poet, editor and -politician, whose monument, a Grecian canopy of marble, is in Cave -Hill Cemetery, prettily laid out on the hills to the eastward. The -city has an environment of pleasant parks, and three fine bridges span -the Ohio in front, crossing to the suburban towns of Jeffersonville -and New Albany over on the Indiana shore. Five miles east of -Louisville lived General Zachary Taylor, old "Rough and Ready," who -commanded the army of the United States in the conquest of Mexico, and -died while President in 1850. He is buried near his old home. - - -LOUISVILLE TO NASHVILLE. - -Southward from Louisville runs the railroad to Nashville, and -proceeding along it, Green River is reached, which, flowing northwest, -falls into the Ohio near Evansville. At the Green River crossing were -fought the initial skirmishes of the Civil War, in various conflicts -between the western armies of Generals Buell and Bragg in 1862. -Farther southwestward is Bowling Green, now a quiet agricultural town, -but then a location at the crossing of Barren River of great strategic -importance, it having been occupied and strongly fortified by the -Confederates in 1861, to defend the approach to Nashville. But after -the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson in February, 1862, the -Confederates being outflanked abandoned the town, retiring southward. -Between these places, and adjoining Green River, about ninety miles -south of Louisville, is the famous Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. This is -the largest known cavern in the world, extending for a distance of -nine or ten miles, the various avenues that have been explored having -a total length approximating two hundred miles. The carboniferous -limestones of Kentucky, in which the cave is located, occupy an area -of eight thousand square miles, and the geologists estimate that there -are probably a hundred thousand miles of open caverns beneath this -surface. There is a hotel near the cave entrance, and it has several -thousand visitors annually. Its mouth is reached by passing down a -rocky ravine through the forest, and is a sort of funnel-shaped -opening about a hundred feet in diameter at the top, with steep walls -fifty feet high. A hunter accidentally discovered the cave in 1809, -and for years afterwards it was entered chiefly to obtain nitre for -the manufacture of gunpowder, especially during the War of 1812, the -nitre being found in deposits on the cave floor, mainly near the -entrance, and owing its origin to the accumulation of animal remains, -mostly of bats, in which the cave abounds. It subsequently became a -resort for sight-seers, and yields its owners a good revenue. - -Upon entering the cave, the first impression is made by a chaos of -limestone formations, moist with water oozing from above, and then is -immediately felt what is known as "the breath" of the cave. It has -pure air and an even temperature of 52 deg. to 56 deg., and this is maintained -all the year round. In summer the relatively cooler air flows out of -the entrance, while in winter the colder air outside is drawn in, and -this makes the movement of "the breath," at once apparent from the -difference of temperature and currents of wind when passing the -entrance. For nearly a half-mile within are seen the remains of the -Government nitre-works, the vats being undecayed, while ruts of -cart-wheels are traceable on the floor. The Rotunda is then entered, a -hall seventy-five feet high and one hundred and sixty feet across, -beginning the main cave, and out of which avenues lead in various -directions. The vast interior beyond contains a succession of -wonderful avenues, chambers, domes, abysses, grottoes, lakes, rivers, -cataracts, stalactites, etc., remarkable for size and extraordinary -appearance, though they are neither as brilliant nor as beautiful as -similar things seen in some other caves. But their gigantic scale is -elsewhere unsurpassed. There are eyeless fish and crawfish, and a -prolific population of bats. In the subterranean explorations there -are two routes usually followed, a short one of eight miles and -another of twenty miles. Various appropriate names are given the -different parts of the cave, and curious and interesting legends are -told about them, one of the tales being of the "Bridal Chamber," which -got its name because an ingenious maiden who had promised at the -deathbed of her mother she would not marry any man on the face of the -earth, came down here and was wedded. Bayard Taylor wrote of this -Mammoth Cave, "No description can do justice to its sublimity, or -present a fair picture of its manifold wonders; it is the greatest -natural curiosity I have ever visited, Niagara not excepted." - -Seventy miles south of Bowling Green, at the Cumberland River, and -occupying the hills adjoining both banks, is Nashville, the capital -and largest city of Tennessee, having eighty thousand population. It -is in an admirable situation, and is known as the "Rock City," its -most prominent building, the State Capitol, standing upon an abrupt -yet symmetrical hill, rising like an Indian mound and overlooking the -entire city, its high tower seen from afar. In the grounds are the -tomb of President James K. Polk, who died in 1849 and whose home was -in Nashville, and a fine bronze equestrian statue of General Andrew -Jackson, the most famous Tennesseean, whose residence, the Hermitage, -was eleven miles to the eastward. Nashville has considerable -manufactures, but is chiefly known as the leading educational city of -the South. The most prominent institution is the Vanderbilt -University, attended by eight hundred students and endowed by -Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt with $1,000,000, his colossal statue, -unveiled in 1897, standing on the campus. The University of Nashville, -originally begun by charter of the North Carolina Legislature as an -Academy in 1785, has four hundred students in its Normal Department, -which trains teachers for Southern schools, and as many more in its -Medical Department. There are also the Fisk University, Roger Williams -University, and Central Tennessee College, all endowments for colored -students and having about thirteen hundred in attendance. The city has -various other educational institutions and public buildings, and in -the southwestern suburbs is the famous Belle Meade stock-farm, where -was bred Iroquois, the only American horse that was a winner of the -English Derby. Nashville was in the midst of the Civil War, and four -miles to the northward is a National Cemetery with over sixteen -thousand soldiers' graves. The great battle of Nashville was fought -just south of the city December 15 and 16, 1864. In November of that -year General Sherman had captured Atlanta, Georgia, to the southeast, -and the Confederate General Hood, who had lost it, marched in -Sherman's rear northward and began an invasion of Tennessee, advancing -upon Nashville and forcing General George H. Thomas to fall back -within its fortifications south of the Cumberland. For two weeks -little was done, the weather preventing, but Thomas suddenly attacked, -and in the two days' battle worsted Hood and put his army to flight, -pursuing them over the boundary into Alabama, where the remnants -escaped across the Tennessee River, a demoralized rabble. Hood's army -being thus destroyed, Sherman, who had been waiting at Atlanta, began -his famous march to the sea. - -The Ohio River below Louisville passes Evansville, the chief town of -southwestern Indiana, having sixty thousand people and a large trade. -A short distance beyond, the Wabash River flows in, the boundary -between Indiana and Illinois. Shawneetown in southern Illinois and -Paducah in Kentucky are passed, and the Ohio River finally discharges -its waters into the Mississippi at Cairo, the southern extremity of -Illinois, the town being built upon a long, low peninsula protruding -between the two great rivers, around which extensive levees have been -constructed to prevent inundation. The place has about twelve thousand -people and considerable manufacturing industry. All about is an -extensive prairie land, which in times of great spring freshets is -generally overflowed. - - -CUMBERLAND AND TENNESSEE RIVERS. - -A large portion of the waters brought down by the Ohio come from its -two great affluents flowing in almost alongside each other on the -southern bank, just above Paducah, the Cumberland and Tennessee -Rivers. The Cumberland has its sources in the Cumberland Mountains, -the eastern boundary of Kentucky, and flows for six hundred and fifty -miles, the whole length of that State, making a wide, sweeping circuit -down into Tennessee, where it passes Nashville, at the head of -steamboat navigation, two hundred miles from its mouth. For twenty -miles above their mouths, in their lower courses, these two great -rivers are rarely more than three miles apart. The Tennessee is twelve -hundred miles long from its head stream, the Holston River, rising in -the mountains east of Kentucky and Tennessee. It comes through East -Tennessee, makes a great bend down into Alabama, and then coming up -northward flows through Tennessee and Kentucky to the Ohio. It is -navigable for nearly three hundred miles to the Mussel Shoals at -Florence, Alabama, where canals and locks have improved the navigation -for twenty miles past the shoals, and it can also be navigated for -eight hundred miles above, excepting at very low stages of water. Its -name signifies "the river of the Great Bend," and it was also called -in early times the "river of the Cherokees." - -It was by the capture of Fort Donelson, near the mouth of the -Cumberland River, that General Grant gained his early fame in the -Civil War. The Confederates erected strong defensive works on the two -rivers in order to prevent an invasion of Western Kentucky and -Tennessee. The places selected were about forty miles south of the -Ohio--Fort Henry being built on the eastern bank of the Tennessee -River and Fort Donelson on the western bank of the Cumberland, twelve -miles apart, and connected by a direct road. A combined land and naval -attack was made on these forts in February, 1862, under command of -General Grant and Commodore Foote. Fort Henry was easily captured by -Foote's gunboats on February 6th after an hour's action, most of the -garrison retreating across the neck of land to Fort Donelson. Grant -then invested Fort Donelson, being reinforced until he had -twenty-seven thousand men, and he attacked so vigorously that after a -severe battle on the 15th he effected a lodgement in the Confederate -lines and severely crippled them. Part of the garrison escaped -southward during the night, and in the morning General Buckner, -commanding, asked for an armistice and commissioners to arrange a -capitulation. To this Grant made his noted reply, "No terms except -unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted; I propose to -move immediately upon your works." Having no alternative, Buckner -surrendered. The Union army captured fourteen thousand prisoners, a -vast amount of small arms and stores, and sixty-five cannon. Almost -immediately afterwards the Confederates practically abandoned Western -Kentucky and Tennessee, and Grant moved his army up the Tennessee -River, and by the middle of March it was encamped to the westward and -along the banks, near the southern Tennessee border, the lines -extending several miles from Shiloh Church to Pittsburg Landing. The -Confederates under A. S. Johnston and Beauregard were at Corinth, -Mississippi, about twenty miles to the southwest. The Union plan was -that General Buell, who was coming southwestward from Nashville, -should join Grant, and then an advance southward be made. The -Confederates, having learned of the plan, early in April decided to -attack Grant before Buell could join him, and on the morning of the -6th the onslaught began, the Union army being surprised. This was the -great battle of Shiloh, in which the Union forces were pushed back -with heavy loss on the first day. Buell arrived, however, crossing the -Tennessee that night and joining, so that next day, after a stubborn -battle, Grant recovered his position, and the Confederates retreated -to Corinth. In this battle the losses were about twenty-five thousand -killed, wounded and missing, including three thousand Union prisoners -taken. - -The Cumberland Mountains, dividing Virginia from Kentucky, and -extending farther southwest to separate East from Middle Tennessee, -are the main watershed between the upper waters and sources of the two -great rivers. This range is an elevated plateau rising about a -thousand feet above the neighboring country and two thousand feet -above the sea, the flat top being in some parts fifty miles across. On -both sides the cliffs are precipitous, being much notched on the -western declivities. Pioneer hunters coming out of Virginia discovered -these mountains and the river in 1748, giving them the name of the -Duke of Cumberland, the hero of Culloden, then the prominent military -leader of England. These explorers came through the remarkable notch -cut part way down in the range on the Kentucky-Tennessee boundary, -just at the western extremity of Virginia,--the Cumberland Gap. This -cleft, five hundred feet deep, is in some places only wide enough for -a road, and extends for six miles through the ridge. It was for over a -century the highway from southwestern Virginia into East Tennessee and -southeastern Kentucky, being previously the trail followed by the -Cherokees and other Indians in their movements east and west of the -mountains. Through it came Daniel Boone and his companions from North -Carolina into Kentucky, and the pass naturally became a great -battleground of the Civil War. It is now utilized as the route for a -branch of the Southern Railway from East Tennessee into Kentucky, -traversing the Gap at about sixteen hundred feet elevation. In one -place this road passes through a tunnel of over a half-mile, beginning -in Tennessee, going under the corner of Virginia, and coming out in -Kentucky. Iron is in abundance all about the Gap. During the war it -was fortified by the Confederates, but in June, 1862, they were -compelled to abandon it, and the Union troops took possession, being -in turn forced out the following September. In September, 1863, the -Union armies besieged and captured it, holding the Gap till the end of -the war. The great curiosity of Cumberland Gap was the Pinnacle Rock, -overhanging the narrow pass in a commanding position. This huge rock, -weighing hundreds of tons, fell on Christmas night, 1899, awakening -the village at the Gap as if by an earthquake, though no one was -injured. - - -CHATTANOOGA AND ITS BATTLES. - -The great Allegheny ranges, stretching from northeast to southwest, -attain their highest altitude in western North Carolina. They come -down southwestward out of Virginia in the Blue Ridge and other ranges, -forming a high plateau, having the Blue Ridge on the eastern side, and -on the western, forming the boundary between North Carolina and -Tennessee, the chain known in various parts as the Stony, Iron, Great -Smoky and Unaka Mountains, while beyond, to the northwest, the -Cumberland Mountains extend in a parallel range through East -Tennessee. There are also various cross-chains, among them the Black -Mountains. In these ranges are eighty-two peaks that rise above five -thousand feet and forty-three exceeding six thousand feet. The highest -mountains of the Blue Ridge in North Carolina are the Grandfather and -the Pinnacle, rising nearly six thousand feet. In the Great Smoky -Mountains, Clingman's Dome is sixty-six hundred and sixty feet high -and Mount Guyot sixty-six hundred and thirty-six feet. The highest -peak of all is in the Black Mountains, and it is the highest east of -the Rockies, Mount Mitchell rising sixty-six hundred and eighty-eight -feet. Between and among these ranges are the sources of Tennessee -River, in the Clinch River, the Holston and its North Fork, and the -French Broad, their head streams coming westward out of Virginia and -North Carolina through the mountain passes. The extensive mountain -region they drain in North Carolina and East Tennessee is a most -attractive district, noted as a health resort, and famous for the -sturdy independence of its people, while along the Tennessee and upon -the mountains near it were fought some of the greatest battles of the -Civil War. - -Upon the Tennessee River, at the head of navigation, and near the -junction-point of the three States, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia, is -Chattanooga, the Indian "crow's nest," now a busy manufacturing city -and a great railroad centre, served by no less than nine different -roads diverging in all directions, the iron, coal and timber of the -neighboring country having given it an impetus that has brought a -population of fifty thousand. This city has had all its development -since the Civil War, and is the seat of Grant University of the -Methodist Church, attended by six hundred students. It borders the -river winding along the base of the Missionary Ridge and the famous -Lookout Mountain. The battlefields upon them have been placed in -control of a Government Commission, who have laid out the Chickamauga -and Chattanooga Military Park, restoring all the roads used by troops -during the battles, and marking the points of interest and the -locations of regiments and batteries by tablets and monuments. There -are sixty miles of driveways on the field, which embraces over five -thousand acres of woodland cleared of underbrush and fifteen hundred -acres of open ground. Here have been identified and accurately laid -down the brigade lines of battle of seven distinct and successive -engagements in the series of terrific contests that were fought, all -of them being plainly marked. The fighting positions of batteries for -both sides have been indicated by the location of guns of the same -pattern as those used in the engagement. There are thus marked -thirty-five battery positions on one side and thirty-three on the -other, mounting over two hundred guns. The restoration to the -conditions existing at the times of the battles is almost complete, -both the Northern and Southern States that had troops engaged, -actively aiding the historical labor. Lookout Mountain rises to the -south of the city, its summit being over twenty-one hundred feet high, -and it commands a superb view, extending over seven States. -Inclined-plane railways ascend it, and there is a hotel at the top, -and also another railway along the crest of the ridge. Upon the summit -of this mountain, which is almost a plateau, the boundaries of the -three States come together, and it overlooks to the northward the -plain of Chattanooga and the windings of Tennessee River, traced far -to the southwest along the base of the ridge into Alabama. The -favorite post for the magnificent view from the mountain top is Point -Rock, a jutting promontory of massive stone reared on high, and -overhanging like a balcony the deep valley. Far beneath, the river in -its grand and graceful sweeping curves forms the famous Moccasin Bend, -which almost enfolds the city of Chattanooga, and then spreads beyond, -fringed with forest and field, a waving silvery gleaming thread, until -lost to view. - -Beyond Missionary Ridge is the battlefield of Chickamauga, the "river -of death," a stream flowing up from Georgia into the Tennessee, about -twelve miles east of Chattanooga. General Rosecrans commanded the -Union forces holding Chattanooga in 1863 and General Bragg the -opposing Confederates. The conflict began September 19th by the -Confederates attempting to turn Rosecrans' left wing and get -possession of the roads leading into Chattanooga, and it continued -fiercely for two days, when the Union forces withdrew, and the result -was a nominal victory for the Confederates on the field, although -Chattanooga and East Tennessee, the prize for which the battle was -fought, remained in possession of the Union forces. This was one of -the bloodiest battles of the war, thirty-four thousand being killed -and wounded on both sides out of one hundred and twelve thousand -engaged. Immediately after the battle, Rosecrans withdrew behind the -fortifications of Chattanooga, while Bragg moved up and occupied -positions upon Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, extending his -flanks to the Tennessee River above and below the city. He cut the -communications westward, and the Union army was practically blockaded -and in danger of starvation. Rosecrans was relieved and Grant took -command. He ordered Sherman to join him, coming up from the southwest, -and by the close of October had opened communication along the -Tennessee River and secured ample supplies. Bragg, who felt he was in -strong position, detached Longstreet with a large force to go -northeast in November and attack Burnside at Knoxville. Sherman's army -joined Grant on the 23d, and next day the battle began on Lookout -Mountain, continuing on the 25th on Missionary Ridge, and Bragg was -driven out of his position and his army pursued in disorder through -the mountains, over six thousand prisoners being taken. As the Union -forces ascended Lookout Mountain in the mist, this has been called the -"Battle above the Clouds." Burnside was afterwards relieved at -Knoxville, and these decisive victories, which broke the Confederate -power in Tennessee, resulted in Grant being made a Lieutenant General -the next year and placed in command of all the armies of the United -States. - -At the head of navigation for steamboats on the Tennessee River is -Knoxville, the chief city of East Tennessee, in a fine location among -the foothills of the Clinch Mountains, which are a sort of offshoot of -the Cumberland range. This was the spot where General Knox, then -Secretary of War, in the latter part of the eighteenth century made a -treaty with the Indians of the upper Tennessee, and the village which -grew there was named after him. It is the centre of the Tennessee -marble district, shipping hundreds of thousands of tons of this -beautiful stone all over the country. It also has coal and iron and -other industries, and a population of over forty thousand. Here are -the buildings of the University of Tennessee, with five hundred -students, and also an Agricultural College. Knoxville was the rallying -point of Union sentiment in East Tennessee during the Civil War, and -its most noted citizen was Parson William G. Brownlow, a Methodist -clergyman and political editor, whose caustic articles earned for him -the sobriquet of the "fighting Parson." He was Governor of Tennessee -and Senator after the war, and died in Knoxville in 1877. The famous -Davy Crockett was also a resident of that city. Twelve miles west of -Knoxville, at Low's Ferry, Admiral Farragut was born, July 5, 1801, -and a marble shaft marking the place was dedicated by Admiral Dewey in -May, 1900. A short distance above Knoxville the Tennessee River is -formed by the union of the Holston and French Broad Rivers. Following -up the Holston, we come to Morristown, and beyond to Greenville, -where, in sight of the railway, are the grave and monument of -President Andrew Johnson, who lived there the greater part of his -life, and died there in 1875. His residence and the little wooden -tailor shop where he worked are still preserved. High mountains are -all about, and to the eastward from Johnson City a narrow-gauge -railway ascends through the romantic canyon of Doe River, in places -fifteen hundred feet deep, up the Roan Mountain to Cranberry. This -line is known in the neighborhood, on account of its crookedness, as -the "Cranberry Stem-Winder." On the summit of Roan Mountain is the -Cloudland Hotel, at an elevation of more than sixty-three hundred -feet, the highest human habitation east of the Rockies, and having a -magnificent view. It is a curious circumstance that the boundary line -between Tennessee and North Carolina on the mountain top runs through -the hotel, and is painted a broad white band along the dining-room -floor, while out of the windows are views for a hundred miles in -almost every direction. - - -THE LAND OF THE SKY. - -We have come to the famous region in Western North Carolina, the -resort for health and pleasure, the "Land of the Sky," sought both in -winter and summer on account of its pure, bracing atmosphere and -equable climate, and where eighty thousand visitors go in a year. -Between the Unaka and Great Smoky range of mountains which is the -western North Carolina boundary, and the Blue Ridge to the eastward, -there is a long and diversified plateau with an average elevation of -two thousand feet, stretching two hundred and fifty miles from -northeast to southwest, and having a width of about twenty-five miles. -Various mountain spurs cross it between the ranges from one towards -the other, and numerous rivers rising in the Blue Ridge flow westward -over it and break through picturesque gorges in the Great Smoky -Mountains to reach the Tennessee River, the most noted of these -streams being the French Broad. From any commanding point along the -Great Smoky range there may be seen stretching to the east and south a -vast sea of ridges, peaks and domes. No single one dominates, but most -all of them reach nearly the same altitude, appearing like the waves -in a choppy sea, the ranges growing gradually less distinct as they -are more distant. The whole region seems to be covered with a mantle -of dark forest, excepting an occasional clearing or patch of -lighter-colored grass. Very few rocky ledges appear, so that the -slopes are smoothed and softened by the generous vegetation. The -atmosphere also tends to the same result, the blue haze, so rarely -absent, giving the names both to the Blue Ridge and the Great Smoky -Mountains. This haze softens everything and imparts the effect of -great distance to peaks but a few miles away. Thus the remarkable -atmospheric influence produces more impressive views than are got from -greater peaks and longer distances in a clearer air elsewhere. The -most elevated peak of the district, Mount Mitchell, rises four hundred -and twenty-five feet higher than Mount Washington in the White -Mountains. It was named for Professor Elisha Mitchell, who was an -early explorer, a native of Connecticut, and Professor in the -University of North Carolina, who lost his life during a storm on the -mountain in 1857, and is buried at the summit. From its sides the -beautiful Swannanoa River, the Indian "running water," flows eighteen -miles westward to fall into the French Broad at Asheville, the centre -and chief city of this charming region, whose fame has become -world-wide. - - "Land of forest-clad mountains, of fairy-like streams, - Of low, pleasant valleys where the bright sunlight gleams - Athwart fleecy clouds gliding over the hills, - 'Midst the fragrance of pines and the murmur of rills. - - "A land of bright sunsets, whose glories extend - From horizon to zenith, there richly to blend - The hues of the rainbow, with clouds passing by-- - Right well art thou christened 'The Land of the Sky.' - - "A land of pure water, as pure as the air; - A home for the feeble, a home for the fair; - Where the wild roses bloom, while their fragrance combines - With health-giving odors from balsamic pines. - - "The pure, healthful breezes, the life-giving air, - The beauteous landscapes, oft new, ever fair, - Are gifts that have come from the Father on high; - To Him be all praise for 'The Land of the Sky.'" - -In the early days of Congress, a North Carolina member, who was making -a long speech for home consumption, observed that several of his -colleagues, becoming tired, had gone out, whereupon he bluntly told -those who remained that they might go out too, if so inclined, as he -"was only talking for Buncombe." This member, whose remark has become -immortal as the title of a certain type of Congressional oratory, -represented the county of Buncombe, which embraces a large portion of -the "The Land of the Sky," and Asheville is the county-seat. This town -has a permanent population of twelve thousand, and is one of the most -elevated towns east of Denver, being at a height of nearly -twenty-three hundred feet above the sea. It is built in the -attractive valley of the French Broad River, surrounded by an -amphitheatre of magnificent hills, and commands one of the finest -mountain views in this country. The Swannanoa unites with the French -Broad just above the town in a charming locality; there are various -pleasant parks; and the tree-shaded streets are adorned by many fine -buildings. To Asheville come the Northerner for equable mildness in -winter and the Southerner for coolness in summer, the climate being -dry and bright, and most restorative in lung and other similar -troubles, while the whole surrounding region has had its scenic -attractions made available by improved roads and paths. About two -miles to the southeast is George Vanderbilt's noted chateau of -Biltmore, the finest private residence in the United States, built -upon the verge of a princely estate covering a hundred thousand acres -of these glens and mountains. The house, which commands magnificent -views, stands upon a terrace seven hundred feet long and three hundred -feet wide, and cost $4,000,000, while nearly as much more is said to -have been expended in constructing many miles of drives over the -estate and in landscape gardening and improvements, which in time will -make this one of the world's greatest show places. The building is an -extensive French baronial hall of the days of King Francis I., -elaborated from the chateaux of the Loire, exceedingly rich in every -detail, and having the general effect heightened by the free -employment of decorative sculpture. From the grand esplanade the -outlook is upon the "wild tumult of mountains stretching away in every -direction." There are various other fine houses in the Asheville -suburbs, and the locality is steadily improving through the -attractions it has for men of wealth who love a home amid the grandest -charms of Nature. Routes have been opened in various directions from -Asheville to develop the mountain district. One railroad goes for a -hundred miles through the gorges and valleys southwestward along the -base of the Great Smoky range. Another route is southeast through the -romantic pass of the Hickory-nut Gap, where the Rocky Broad River -penetrates the Blue Ridge, a splendid canyon of nine miles, with -cliffs rising fifteen hundred feet and having the remarkable Chimney -Rock built on high alongside the gorge, where it stands up an isolated -sentinel. Bald Mountain, rising opposite, is celebrated in Mrs. -Burnett's _Esmeralda_. Caesar's Head, to the southward, is an outlier -of these mountain ranges, bordering the lowlands; and standing on top -of its southern brow, upon a precipice rising almost sheer for fifteen -hundred feet, one can overlook the lower regions of South Carolina and -Georgia for more than a hundred miles away. - -The French Broad River, the chief stream of this charming region, got -its name from the early hunters who came up from the settled regions -of Carolina nearer the coast, and penetrating the mountains explored -it. The Cherokees called it Tselica, or "The Roarer," a not -inappropriate name. The hunters who came through the Blue Ridge by the -Hickory-nut Gap in colonial times followed down the Rocky Broad that -flowed out of it into this river, which was much larger, and as the -region beyond the mountains was then controlled by the French, they -named it the French Broad. It rises in the Blue Ridge range almost on -the South Carolina boundary, and nearly interlocks its headwaters with -those of the Congaree flowing out to the Atlantic. Its upper waters -wind for forty miles through a beautiful and fertile valley, but in -approaching Asheville the scenery changes, the hills press more -closely upon the stream, its course becomes more rapid, and after a -swift turmoil it plunges down the cataract at Mountain Island. Here a -knob-topped rock rises fifty to seventy feet high, the stream forcing -its way on either hand by a channel cut through the enclosing ridge, -and it descends a cataract of forty-five feet, running away through a -deep abyss. The river passes Asheville and flows in a most picturesque -gorge through the high mountains, everywhere disclosing new beauties, -the water rushing and roaring over ledges and boulders, going around -sharp bends, receiving gushing tributaries coming down the mountain -side or trickling over the face of some broad high cliff. Massive -rocks rise on high, and the road is often on a shelf cut into their -face, the river boiling along far down below. Then the valley -broadens, and here, in a lovely vale surrounded by the mountains, are -the North Carolina Hot Springs, a popular resort, with a climate even -milder in winter than at Asheville, as the Great Smoky range protects -it from the northern blasts. The curative properties of these springs -are efficacious in rheumatic and cutaneous diseases. Beyond, the bold -precipices overhang the road and river that are known as the Paint -Rocks, where the rushing torrent forces its way through a gorge -between the Great Smoky and Bald Mountains and then emerges in -Tennessee, to finally fall into the Tennessee River at the junction -with the Holston just above Knoxville. These rocks received their name -from Indian pictures and signs painted upon them. William Gillmore -Simms, the Carolina author, tells in _Tselica_ the legend of this -spot, founded on the tradition of the Cherokees that a siren lives on -the French Broad who allures the hunter to the stream and strangles -him in her embrace. Thus have the American aborigines reproduced in -their way on this beautiful river the romantic legends of the Lorelie -Rock on the Rhine, where, the ancient German legend tells us so -interestingly, there dwelt another beautiful siren whose seductive -music lured her lovers to the rock, when she drowned them in the waves -washing its base. - - -CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. - -Eastward from the Blue Ridge the extended line of the Piedmont Branch -of the Southern Railway parallels the base of the range on its route -from Washington southwest to Atlanta. The railroad from Asheville -southeast to Columbia and Charleston crosses it at Spartansburg in -South Carolina. This is a prosperous little town in a region of iron -and gold-mines, with also a development of mineral springs, attractive -as a summer resort to the people of Charleston and residents of the -South Carolina lowlands. Ten miles northeast of Spartansburg is the -Revolutionary battlefield of the Cowpens, getting its name from the -adjacent cow-pasture in the olden time. Here on a hill-range called -the Thickety Mountain, January 17, 1781, the British under Tarleton -were signally defeated. The railway passes through a rolling country, -and thirty-three miles farther northeast is King's Mountain, where the -previous battle was fought, October 7, 1780, in which the British -under Colonel Ferguson were also defeated and a large part of their -forces captured. Beyond, the boundary is crossed from South to North -Carolina and Charlotte is reached, having cotton factories and gold -mines and twelve thousand people, the county-seat of Mecklenburg, -where the famous resolutions were passed, May 20, 1775, demanding -independence. Farther northeast is Salisbury, where was located one -of the chief Confederate prisons during the Civil War, and the -National Cemetery now contains the graves of over twelve thousand -soldiers who died there in captivity. Beyond this, the Yadkin River is -crossed, and the route enters the tobacco district. Here is -Greensboro', and near it the Revolutionary battle of Guilford Court -House was fought March 15, 1781, when Lord Cornwallis defeated General -Greene. To the eastward is Chapel Hill, the seat of the University of -North Carolina, with three hundred students. Farther east is the great -tobacco town of Durham, with large factories and six thousand people -supported by this industry, whose education is cared for by Trinity -College, which has been munificently endowed by the tobacco princes -Colonels Duke and Carr. Twenty-five miles still farther east is -Raleigh, the capital of North Carolina, a city of fifteen thousand -inhabitants, built on high ground near the Neuse River. It has a -central Union Square from which fine streets diverge, and here is -located the impressive State House, modelled after the Parthenon. -Raleigh has various public institutions, and large cemeteries where -the dead of both armies who fell in the Civil War are buried. - -The Congaree River, flowing southeast out of the Blue Ridge, -intersects the extensive Pine Barrens of South Carolina, and here on -the railway route from Asheville via Spartansburg to Charleston is the -South Carolina State capital, Columbia. It is built on the bluffs -along the river, a few miles below its falls, and in a charming -location, the view of the valley from the grounds of the Executive -Mansion and Arsenal Hill being very fine. The South Carolina State -House is a magnificent building on which a large sum has been -expended, and in the grounds is a monument to the Palmetto Regiment of -South Carolinians who served with distinction in the war with Mexico. -It was here that the Nullification Ordinance was passed in 1832, and -the Secession Ordinance in December, 1860. General Sherman, on his -march from Atlanta to the sea in February, 1865, occupied Columbia, -when, unfortunately, the city was set fire and a large portion -destroyed. The Pine Barrens and sand hills of South Carolina stretch -southwestward from the Congaree to the Savannah River, and in this -region is the popular winter resort of Aiken, surrounded by vast -forests of fragrant pines growing in a soil of white sand, the town -being a gem in the way of gardens and shrubbery which, with the balmy -atmosphere, make it additionally attractive. While Aiken does not have -a large population, yet it has very wide streets to accommodate them, -the main avenue being two hundred and five feet and the cross streets -one hundred and fifty feet wide. Its attractiveness of climate is -condensed into the statement that the Aiken winter is "four months of -June." A few miles westward is the Savannah River, and here at the -head of navigation is Augusta, Georgia, on the western bank, a great -cotton mart and seat of textile factories, which have attracted a -population of thirty-five thousand, the city being known as the -"Lowell of the South." The Sibley Cotton Mill is regarded as being -architecturally the handsomest factory in the world. The whole -surrounding district is an almost universal cotton-field, thus -furnishing the raw materials for this industry. Near this mill stands -the tall chimney of the Confederate Powder Works, left as a grim -memorial of the Civil War. The various mills are served by canals -bringing the water for power from the Savannah River at a higher level -above the city, with an ample fall. Augusta is regarded as one of the -most beautiful of the Southern cities, having wide tree-embowered -streets and many ornate buildings, and it fortunately escaped injury -during the Civil War. It was laid out by General Oglethorpe, the -Georgia founder, on the same artistic plan as Savannah, and he named -it after the English princess, Augusta. The Savannah River, the -largest of Georgia, and forming the boundary with South Carolina, -rises in the Blue Ridge in close proximity to the headwaters of the -Tennessee and the Chattahoochee. Its initial streams, the Tugaloo and -Kiowee, unite in the Piedmont district to form the Savannah, which -then flows four hundred and fifty miles past Augusta and Savannah to -the sea. - - -ATLANTA AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD. - -The Chattahoochee was the Indian "river of the pictured rocks." Its -head-streams rise in the Blue Ridge in northeastern Georgia, and -flowing southwest and afterwards south, it forms the western boundary -of the State. Then uniting with the Flint River, the two make the -Appalachicola, which, crossing Florida, empties into the Gulf. The -Chattahoochee in its course passes, about seven miles from the Georgia -capital, Atlanta, the "Gate City," the metropolis of the "Empire State -of the South," and the chief Southern railway centre. Being largely a -growth of the railway system of the "New South," the city is -picturesquely situated on a hilly surface, elevated a thousand feet -above the sea, and is laid out in the form of a circle of about four -miles radius around the Union Passenger Depot, which is the central -point. The first house was built at this place in 1836, on an Indian -trail to the crossing of the Chattahoochee, whither a railroad was -projected, and for several years it was called, for this reason, -Terminus, being afterwards incorporated as the town of Marthasville, -and named after the Georgia Governor Lumpkin's daughter. In 1845, the -first railroads were constructed connecting it with the seaboard, and -soon becoming a tobacco and cotton-mart, it grew rapidly, and in 1847 -was incorporated as the city of Atlanta, having about twenty-five -hundred people. During the Civil War it was a leading Confederate -depot of supplies, but its great growth has come since, and largely -through the development of the railway system and manufactures, so -that now the city and suburbs, which are extensive, have a population -approximating two hundred thousand. Its State Capitol is an impressive -building, costing $1,000,000, and it has many imposing business and -public structures and fine private residences. Joel Chandler Harris, -_Uncle Remus_, is a resident of Atlanta. Its great historical event -was the memorable siege during the Civil War. The geographical -position of the city made it of vital importance to the Confederacy. -General Sherman, in his advance southward from Chattanooga in the -spring and early summer of 1864, steadily fought and outflanked the -Confederates, until in July they fell back behind the Chattahoochee -and took a line covering Atlanta, General Hood assuming command July -17th. Sherman crossed the Chattahoochee and then Hood retired to the -intrenchments around the city. For several weeks there were -manoeuvres and battles around Atlanta, until near the end of August, -when Sherman had got behind the city, cutting the railways supplying -it. On the night of September 1st, Hood evacuated Atlanta, and next -day Sherman entered. In this great siege and in the previous contests -from Chattanooga the losses of the two armies were sixty-six thousand -men, each army having been repeatedly reinforced. This capture sealed -the doom of the Confederacy, although there were subsequent battles -and movements around Atlanta until November. Then Sherman, reinforcing -General Thomas at Nashville, and leaving him to take care of Hood, ran -back all the surplus property and supplies to Chattanooga, broke up -the railway, cut the telegraph behind him, burnt Atlanta November -12th, and on the 15th started on his famous "March to the Sea," to cut -the Confederacy in two, capturing Savannah in December. The -destruction of Atlanta was almost complete, every building being burnt -excepting a few in the centre, and a number of scattered dwellings -elsewhere. After peace came, however, the restoration of Atlanta was -rapid and thorough, and it is now one of the most progressive and -wealthy Southern cities. It was Sherman's "March to the Sea" which -furnished the theme for one of the most inspiriting songs of the Civil -War, "Marching Through Georgia": - - "Bring the good old bugle, boys! we'll sing another song-- - Sing it with a spirit that will start the world along, - Sing it as we used to sing it fifty thousand strong, - While we were marching through Georgia. - - _Chorus_--"'Hurrah! Hurrah! we bring the Jubilee! - Hurrah! Hurrah! the flag that makes you free!' - So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the sea, - While we were marching through Georgia. - - "How the darkies shouted when they heard the joyful sound! - How the turkeys gobbled which our commissary found! - How the sweet potatoes even started from the ground, - While we were marching through Georgia.--_Chorus_, - - "So we made a thoroughfare for Freedom and her train, - Sixty miles in latitude--three hundred to the main, - Treason fled before us, for resistance was in vain, - While we were marching through Georgia."--_Chorus._ - -The railway leading north from Atlanta to Chattanooga exhibits, -throughout the line, relics of Sherman's protracted struggle with the -Confederates as he pressed southward, and they opposing him were -repeatedly outflanked and retired to new defenses. Long ranges of -hills cross the country from northeast to southwest, and on their -crests are the remains of massive breastworks and battlements which -time is gradually obliterating. Dalton, Resaca and Allatoona were all -formidable defensive works, and each in turn was outflanked. Rome, the -chief town on this route, now has seven thousand people and various -factories. To the westward of Atlanta the railway leads a hundred -miles to Anniston, Alabama, in the foothills of the Blue Ridge among -the rich beds of Alabama iron-ores, and then to Talladega, the Indian -"village on the border," where General Jackson fought one of his -severest battles with the Creeks. It is now a busy manufacturing town. -Beyond is the great industrial city of Birmingham with thirty-five -thousand people, founded in 1871, a phenomenal development of the "New -South," its industry being exhibited in enormous iron and steel -mills, foundries, and similar establishments. Near the city is its El -Dorado, the Red Mountain containing vast stores of hematite iron-ores, -with abundant coal and limestone, minerals which have made Alabama the -third iron-producing commonwealth in the United States, three-fourths -of it being made in the Birmingham district. Nearby is another iron -town of recent foundation, Bessemer, and a short distance to the -southwest the old Alabama city of Tuscaloosa, the seat of the -University of Alabama. This Indian word means the "Black Warrior," and -thus was named the river, Tuscaloosa being at the head of steamboat -navigation on the Black Warrior. The tradition is that before the -white man knew this region it was held by a proud and powerful Indian -tribe. When De Soto came along in 1540, searching for gold, he -encountered these Indians, whose sachem was the fearless and haughty -black giant Tuscaloosa. By stratagem De Soto captured the giant and -carried him off a hostage down to Mobile, whence he afterwards -escaped. This old city is shown on a French map of Louisiana published -in 1720. - -Southeast of Atlanta is Macon, at the head of navigation on Ocmulgee -River, a prominent cotton-shipping city, with twenty-five thousand -people. Here is the Wesleyan Female College with four hundred -students, founded in 1836, and said to be the oldest female college in -the world. To the southward, at Andersonville, was the great Stockade -Prison of the Civil War, where large numbers of captured Union -soldiers were confined, being so badly treated that thirteen thousand -of them died. Henry Wirtz, a Swiss adventurer, was in charge, and the -Confederate authorities in two official reports attributed the -excessive mortality to the bad management of the prison. A military -court after the close of the war convicted Wirtz of excessive cruelty, -and he was executed in November, 1865. The prison-grounds are now a -park, a memorial monument has been erected, and in an extensive -National Cemetery the dead soldiers are buried. Southward of Atlanta -is Columbus, with thirty-five thousand people and large cotton, -woollen and flour-mills, one of the chief manufacturing cities of the -Southern States. It stands on the Chattahoochee, which here rushes -down rocky rapids, providing an admirable water-power improved by a -massive dam. The river is navigable to the Gulf, and its steamboats -have a large trade. - - -ATLANTA TO MOBILE. - -Proceeding southwest from Atlanta, the route crosses the Chattahoochee -at West Point, another shipping port for the vast cotton plantations -of this region, whence steamboats take the cotton-bales down to the -Gulf. Beyond is Tuskegee in Alabama, where is located the famous -Industrial and Normal Institute for colored youth, conducted by -Booker T. Washington, the distinguished colored educationalist, who -was born a slave in Virginia. It was founded in a small way by him in -1881 to meet the needs of education, and particularly to provide for -the training of teachers for the colored race, and having greatly -grown, has sent out nearly four hundred of its graduates throughout -the South, where they are teaching others of their people. It has -seventy instructors and over a thousand students; its lands cover -nearly four square miles and there are forty-two buildings, many of -them substantial brick structures erected by the students, the -property being valued at $300,000. Great attention is given to manual -training, and this institution, entirely supported by donations and -requiring $75,000 annually for its expenses, is doing a great work in -furthering the advancement of the colored race in the South. - -A short distance westward, the Alabama River is formed by the union of -the Coosa and Tallapoosa, and coming down a winding course a few miles -from the junction, sweeps around a grand bend to then go away towards -the setting sun, and ultimately seek the Gulf. The story is that a -wearied Creek Indian, seeking quiet in the far-off land, wandered out -of the mountains to the fertile plains of this attractive region. -Charmed by the scenery and the beauties of the valley, when he reached -the bank of the river he gazed about him, and then struck his spear -into the earth, saying _Alabama_--"Here we Rest." At this grand bend -of the river, upon a circle of hills surrounded by rich farming lands, -is Montgomery, the capital of Alabama. There was an Indian village -here in remote times, and traders came to the place, so that gradually -a settlement grew, which in 1817 was made a town and named after the -unfortunate General Montgomery who fell in storming Quebec. The bluffs -rise to Capitol Hill, crowned with the State House, a small but -imposing structure, having from its elevated dome an extensive view. -Here was organized the Government of the Confederate States in -February, 1861, continuing until the capital was removed to Richmond -the following May. In the grounds there is a handsome Confederate -Monument. There are thirty thousand people in Montgomery, and it has a -large trade in cotton, gathered from the adjacent districts, shipped -down the river to Mobile and also by railroad to Savannah for export. -In the suburbs are many old-fashioned plantation residences, and the -adjacent country is largely a cotton-field, the great Southern staple -growing luxuriantly on the black soils of this region. The Alabama -people devote themselves chiefly to cotton-growing, and this industry -leads throughout the vast section of the South below the Tennessee -boundary. This great product is the leading foreign export of the -United States, and being indirectly the cause of the Civil War, it -brought to the Confederacy the sympathy of the nations of Europe, -which were the chief consumers. Cotton is said to have originated in -India, and in America was first cultivated for its flowers in -Maryland. It was not until about the beginning of the nineteenth -century, however, that the invention by Eli Whitney of the cotton-gin -enabled the seeds to be easily removed from the lint, and thus -enlarged the uses of cotton, so that a rapid increase was given its -growth and also its manufacture throughout the civilized world. Both -the seed and the lint are now used, the former producing valuable oil. - -The Alabama River flows a winding course from Montgomery southwest to -Mobile Bay, first going westward to Selma. It passes a region of the -finest cotton lands, where originally the old southern plantation -system reached its richest development, and where the modern plan of -smaller farms has been making some headway since the Civil War. Selma -is the _entrepot_ of what is known as the Alabama "Black Belt," built -on a high bluff along the river, and has cotton factories and other -industries, including large mills for crushing the cotton-seed and -producing the oil. To the westward, over the boundary of the State of -Mississippi, is Meridian, a manufacturing town of fifteen thousand -people, which has grown around a railway junction. This was the place -which General Sherman, in one of his rapid marches, captured in -February, 1864, and destroyed, the General reporting that his army -made "the most complete destruction of railways ever beheld." Farther -westward, on Pearl River, is Jackson, the capital of Mississippi, a -small city with an elaborate State House. The Alabama River flows -southwest from Selma and joins the Tombigbee River coming from the -north, the stream thus formed being the Mobile River. A few miles -below the junction it divides into two branches, of which the eastern -is called the Tensas, both then dividing into several others and -making a sort of delta, but meeting again in a common embouchure at -the head of Mobile Bay, the Mobile River being about fifty miles long. -The Tombigbee River is four hundred and fifty miles in length, and -rises in the hills of Northeastern Mississippi. The name is Indian, -and means the "coffin-makers," though why this name was given is -unknown. The Tombigbee became celebrated in politics in the early -nineteenth century, through a correspondence between the Treasury at -Washington and a customs officer at Mobile, wherein the latter, being -asked "How far does the Tombigbee River run up?" replied that "The -Tombigbee River does not run up; it runs down." He was removed from -office for his levity, and the controversy following, which became an -acrimonious partisan dispute, gave the river its celebrity. - - -MOBILE AND ITS BAY. - -When De Soto journeyed through Florida and to the Mississippi River, -he found in this region the powerful tribe of Mauvillians, and their -village of Mavilla is mentioned in early histories of Florida. From -this is derived the name of Mobile, on the western bank of the river -near the head of Mobile Bay, the only seaport of the State of Alabama, -about thirty miles from the Gulf of Mexico. This was the original seat -of French colonization in the southwest, and for a few years the -capital of their colony of Louisiana. It was settled at the beginning -of the eighteenth century. In 1710 the Sieur de Bienville transferred -the earliest French colony from Biloxi to Mobile Bay, and many of the -first settlers were French Canadians. In 1723, however, the seat of -the colonial government was removed from Mobile to New Orleans. In -1763 this region was transferred to England; in 1780 England gave it -to Spain; and in 1813 Spain made it over to the United States. The -city is laid out upon a plain having a background of low hills; its -broad and quiet streets are shaded with live oaks and magnolias; and -everywhere are gardens, luxuriant with shrubbery and flowers. There is -a population approximating thirty-five thousand, but the city does not -make much progress, owing to the difficulties of maintaining a -deep-water channel, though this has been better accomplished of late. -Cotton export is the chief trade. There are attractive parks, a -magnificent shell road along the shore of the bay for several miles, -and fine estates with beautiful villas on the hills in the suburbs. -The harbor entrance from the Gulf is protected on either hand by Fort -Morgan and Fort Gaines, while the remains can be seen of several -batteries on the shores of the bay, relics of the Civil War. Over on -Tensas River is a ruin, Spanish Fort, one of the early colonial -defenses, while in the city is the Guard House Tower, a quaint old -structure built in Spanish style. Mobile was held by the Confederates -throughout the war, not surrendering until after General Lee had done -so in April, 1865, although the Union forces had previously captured -the harbor entrance. This capture was one of Admiral Farragut's -achievements. Having opened the Mississippi River in 1863, Farragut, -in January, 1864, made a reconnoissance of the forts at the entrance -to Mobile Bay, and expressed the opinion that with a single iron-clad -and five thousand men he could take the city. Several months elapsed, -however, before the attempt was made, but in August he got together a -fleet of four iron-clads and fourteen wooden vessels, and on the 5th -ran past the forts at the entrance, after a desperate engagement, in -which one of his ships, the Tecumseh, was sunk by striking a torpedo, -and he lost three hundred and thirty-five men. During the fight, -Farragut watched it and gave his directions from a place high up in -the main rigging of his flagship, the Hartford. Shoal water and -channel obstructions prevented his ascending to the city, but in a few -days the forts surrendered, the harbor was held, and blockade-running, -which had been very profitable, ceased. - -Mobile Bay is one of the finest harbors on the coast of the Gulf of -Mexico. Its broad waters have low shores, backed by gentle slopes -leading up to forest-clad plateaus behind, a large surface being -wooded and displaying fine magnolias and yellow pines, while in the -lowland swamps and along the water-courses are cypress, and -interspersed the live oak, festooned with gray moss. But almost -everywhere Southern Alabama, like Florida, displays splendid pine -forests, reminding of Longfellow's invocation to _My Cathedral:_ - - "Like two cathedral towers these stately pines - Uplift their fretted summits tipped with cones; - The arch beneath them is not built with stones, - Not Art but Nature traced these lovely lines, - And carved this graceful arabesque of vines; - No organ but the wind here sighs and moans, - No sepulchre conceals a martyr's bones, - No marble bishop on his tomb reclines. - Enter! the pavement, carpeted with leaves, - Gives back a softened echo to thy tread! - Listen! the choir is singing; all the birds, - In leafy galleries beneath the eaves, - Are singing! Listen, ere the sound be fled, - And learn there may be worship without words." - -And in garden and grove, all about, there is a wealth of semi-tropical -flowers and shrubbery, with their rich perfumes crowned by the -delicious orange tree, whereof Hoyt thus pleasantly sings: - - "Yes, sing the song of the orange tree, - With its leaves of velvet green; - With its luscious fruit of sunset hue, - The finest that ever was seen; - The grape may have its bacchanal verse, - To praise the fig we are free; - But homage I pay to the queen of all, - The glorious orange tree." - - - - -THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. - - - - -XX. - -THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. - - The Father of Waters -- Its Drainage Area -- The Big Muddy - -- Sources of the Missouri -- The Great Falls -- Fort Benton - -- Sioux City -- Council Bluffs -- Omaha -- St. Joseph -- - Atchison -- Leavenworth -- Lawrence -- Topeka -- Osowatomie - -- John Brown -- Kansas Emigrants -- The Walls of Corn -- - Kansas City -- Wyandotte -- Chillicothe -- Florida -- Mark - Twain -- Muscatine -- Burlington -- Nauvoo -- Keokuk -- Des - Moines -- St. Louis -- Jefferson Barracks -- Egypt -- - Belmont -- Columbus -- Island No. 10 -- Fort Pillow -- The - Chickasaws -- Memphis -- Mississippi River Peculiarities -- - Its Deposits and Cut-Offs -- The Alluvial Bottom Lands -- - St. Francis Basin -- Helena -- White River -- Arkansas River - -- Fort Smith -- Little Rock -- Arkansas Hot Springs -- - Washita River -- Napoleon -- Yazoo Basin -- Vicksburg -- - Natchez Indians -- Natchez -- Red River -- Texarkana -- - Shreveport -- Red River Rafts -- Atchafalaya River -- Baton - Rouge -- Biloxi -- Beauvoir -- Pass Christian -- New Orleans - -- Battle of New Orleans -- Lake Pontchartrain -- The - Mississippi Levees -- Crevasses -- The Delta and Passes -- - The Balize -- The Forts -- South Pass -- Eads Jetties -- - Gulf of Mexico. - - -THE BIG MUDDY. - -The great "Father of Waters," with its many tributaries, drains a -territory of a million and a half square miles, in which live almost -one-half the population of the United States. The length of the -Mississippi River from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico is about -twenty-six hundred miles, the actual distance in a direct line being -but sixteen hundred and sixty miles. Its name comes from the Ojibway -words _Misi Sepe_, meaning the "great river, flowing everywhere," and -the early explorers spelled it "Mesasippi." The Iroquois called it the -Kahnahweyokah, having much the same meaning. The upper waters of the -Mississippi have already been described in a preceding chapter, and -taken in connection with its chief tributary, the Missouri, it is one -of the longest rivers in the world, the distance from the source to -the Gulf being almost forty-two hundred miles. The Dakotas called this -stream _Minni-shosha_, or the "muddy water," and its popular name -throughout the Northwest, from the turbid current it carries, has come -to be the "Big Muddy." The head streams rise in Idaho, the _Eda Hoe_ -of the Nez Perces, meaning the "Light on the Mountains," and in -Wyoming. The name of the Indian nation through whose lands its upper -waters flow--the Dakotahs--means the "Confederate People," indicating -a league of various tribes. The Mississippi drains practically the -whole country between the Appalachian Mountains on the east and the -"Continental Divide" of the Rockies on the west. - -The Missouri River is formed in southwestern Montana, by the union of -the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin Rivers. Its length from the source -of the Madison River in the Yellowstone National Park to its -confluence with the Mississippi above St. Louis is about three -thousand miles. The first exploration of the headwaters of the -Missouri was by the famous expedition of Captains Lewis and Clark in -1805, who ascended to its sources, and crossing the Rockies descended -the Snake and Columbia Rivers into Oregon. They found the confluence -of the three rivers making the Missouri, in July, and called it "the -Three Forks," at the same time naming the rivers after President -Jefferson and his Secretaries of State and the Treasury. The Missouri, -from the junction, first flows northward through the defiles of the -Rockies, and breaks out of the mountain wall in Prickly Pear Canyon, -at the Gate of the Mountains, where the rocky cliffs rise twelve -hundred feet. Forty miles northeast it goes down its Great Falls to a -lower plateau, having a total descent of nearly five hundred feet, the -stream contracting in the gorge to a width of three hundred yards, and -tumbling over repeated cascades, with intervening rapids. The Black -Eagle descends fifty feet, Colter's Falls twelve feet, the Crooked -Falls twenty feet, the Rainbow forty-eight feet, and the Great Falls -ninety-two feet, this series of rapids and cascades covering a -distance of sixteen miles. Lewis and Clark were the first white men -who saw these magnificent cataracts of the Upper Missouri, and they -named the different falls. The Black Eagle was named from the fact -that on an island at its foot an eagle had fixed her nest on a -cottonwood tree. It is recorded by a United States Engineer officer -who was there in 1860, that the eagle's nest then still remained in -the cottonwood tree on the island, being occupied by a bald eagle of -large size. Again in 1872 the nest and the old eagle were still there, -and from the longevity of these birds, it was then believed to be the -same eagle seen in 1805. The old eagle nest and cottonwood tree are -all gone now, and in their place are a big dam, power-house and huge -ore-smelter, worked by the ample water-power of the fall. The -flourishing town of Great Falls gets its prosperity from these -cataracts and is a prominent locality for copper-smelting, having -fifteen thousand people. At the head of river navigation, some -distance farther down, is the military post of Fort Benton. The river -then flows eastward through Montana, receives the Yellowstone at Fort -Buford and turns southeast in North Dakota, passing Bismarck, the -capital, and flowing south and southeast it becomes the boundary -between Nebraska and Kansas on the west, and South Dakota, Iowa and -Missouri on the northeast. Its course is through an alluvial valley of -great fertility, from which it gathers the sediment with which its -waters are so highly charged. Much of the adjacent territory in Dakota -and Montana is covered by the extensive reservations of the Indian -tribes of the Northwest, where the remnants now live a semi-nomadic -life under military guardianship and government control. The river -flows past Yankton, a supply post for these reservations, which being -the settlement farthest up-stream, was thus named Yankton, meaning -"the village at the end." Some distance below, the Big Sioux River -flows in, forming the boundary between Dakota and Iowa, and here is -Sioux City, where there are forty thousand people, much trade, and -important manufactures. - -Below here lived the Omahas, or "up-stream" Indians, and soon the -Missouri in its onward course flows between Omaha and Council Bluffs. -Here the bluffs bordering the river recede for some distance on the -eastern bank, making a broad plain adjoining the shore, whither the -Indians of all the region formerly came to hold their councils and -make treaties. A settlement naturally grew at the Council Bluffs, -which is now a city of twenty-five thousand people on the plain and -adjacent hills, with fine residences in the numerous glens -intersecting the bluffs in every direction. Three bridges cross the -Missouri to Omaha, on the western shore, two for railways, one of them -being the great steel bridge carrying over the Union Pacific, the -pioneer railroad constructed to the Pacific Coast. Omaha is the chief -city of Nebraska, the State receiving its name from the Nebraska -river, meaning the "place of broad shallow waters." Omaha has over one -hundred and fifty thousand people and is built on a wide plateau -elevated about eighty feet above the river, from which it gradually -slopes upward. It dates from 1854, but did not receive its impetus -until the completion of the Pacific Railway converged to it various -lines bringing an enormous trade. From its position at the initial -point it is known as the "Gate City." There are large manufactures and -its meat-packing industries are of the first importance, while its -enterprise is giving it rapid growth. The Union Pacific Railroad -pursues its route westward through Nebraska, up the valley of the -Platte River for several hundred miles, and at Fort Omaha, just north -of the city, is the military headquarters of the Department. - - -THE STATE OF KANSAS. - -Various great railways bound to the West cross the Missouri in its -lower course. The river flows between Kansas and Missouri, and here -are St. Joseph with sixty thousand people, immense railway and -stock-yards, and many factories; and Atchison with twenty thousand -population and large flouring-mills, where the Atchison railway system -formerly had its initial point, though now it traverses the country -from Chicago southwest to Santa Fe and the Pacific Ocean. Leavenworth, -a city of twenty-five thousand, has grown at the site of Fort -Leavenworth, one of the important early posts on the Missouri. To the -southward the Kaw or Kansas River flows in, the Indian "Smoky Water," -coming from the west, draining the greater part of the State which it -names. Upon this river is Lawrence, the seat of the Kansas State -University, having a thousand students, and of Haskell Institute, a -Government training-school for Indian boys and girls. Westward along -the Kansas River broadly spread the vast and fertile prairies making -the agricultural wealth of the State, and sixty-seven miles from the -Missouri, built on both sides of the river, is Topeka, the capital, -having thirty-five thousand people, large mills and an extensive trade -with the surrounding farm district. In this eastern portion of Kansas, -prior to the Civil War, was fought, often with bloodshed, the -protracted border contest between the free-soil and pro-slavery -parties for the possession of the State, that had so much to do with -bringing on the greater conflict. When Congress passed the bill in -1854 organizing Nebraska and Kansas into territories, an effort began -to establish slavery, and the Missourians coming over the border tried -to control. They founded Atchison and other places and sent in -settlers. At the same time Aid Societies for anti-slavery emigrants -began colonizing from New England, large numbers thus coming to -preempt lands. During four years the contests went on, Lawrence and -other towns being besieged and burnt. The first Free-State -Constitution was framed at Topeka in 1855, which Congress would not -approve, and the following year the pro-slavery Constitution was -enacted at Lecompton, which the people rejected. After the Civil War -began, Kansas was admitted to the Union in 1861 with slavery -prohibited. Among the free-soilers who went out to engage in these -Kansas conflicts was old John Brown. Near the Missouri border, to the -southward of Kansas River, is the little town of Osowatomie, in the -early settlement of which Brown took part. Here he had his fights with -the slavery invaders who came over from Missouri, finally burning the -place and killing Brown's son, a tragedy said to have inspired his -subsequent crusade against Harper's Ferry, which practically opened -the Civil War. A monument is erected to John Brown's memory at -Osawatomie. The New England emigration to Kansas in those momentous -times inspired Whittier's poem, _The Kansas Emigrants_: - - "We cross the prairie as of old - The Pilgrims crossed the sea, - To make the West, as they the East, - The homestead of the free! - - "We go to rear a wall of men - On Freedom's southern line, - And plant beside the cotton-tree - The rugged Northern pine! - - "We're flowing from our native hills - As our free rivers flow; - The blessing of our Mother-land - Is on us as we go. - - "We go to plant her common schools - On distant prairie swells, - And give the Sabbaths of the wild - The music of her bells. - - "Upbearing, like the Ark of old, - The Bible in our van, - We go to test the truth of God - Against the fraud of man. - - "No pause nor rest, save where the streams - That feed the Kansas run, - Save where our Pilgrim gonfalon - Shall flout the setting sun! - - "We'll tread the prairie as of old - Our fathers sailed the sea, - And make the West, as they the East, - The homestead of the free!" - -The Civil War ended all these conflicts, and since then Kansas has -been eminently peaceful. It is now the leading State of the corn belt -which broadly crosses the middle of the United States. Its vast corn -crops make the wealth of the people, and as they may be good or poor, -the Kansan is in joy or despair. One year the farmers will be -overwhelmed with debt; the next brings an ample crop, and they pay -their debts and are in affluence. Thus throbs the pulse as the -sunshine and rains may make a corn crop in the State that sometimes -exceeds three hundred millions of bushels; and then there are not -enough railway cars available to carry away the product. In a good -crop the cornstalks grow to enormous heights, sometimes reaching -twenty feet to the surmounting tassel, and a tall man on tip-toe can -about touch the ears, while a two-pound ear is a customary weight, -with thirty-five ears to a bushel. These vast cornfields, watched -year by year and crop after crop by the hard-working wife of a Kansas -farmer, caused her to write the touching lyric which has become the -Kansas national hymn, Mrs. Ellen P. Allerton's "Walls of Corn": - - "Smiling and beautiful, heaven's dome - Bends softly over our prairie home. - - "But the wide, wide lands that stretched away - Before my eyes in the days of May; - - "The rolling prairie's billowy swell, - Breezy upland and timbered dell; - - "Stately mansion and hut forlorn-- - All are hidden by walls of corn. - - "All the wide world is narrowed down - To walls of corn, now sere and brown. - - "What do they hold--these walls of corn, - Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn? - - "He who questions may soon be told-- - A great State's wealth these walls enfold. - - "No sentinels guard these walls of corn, - Never is sounded the warder's horn; - - "Yet the pillars are hung with gleaming gold, - Left all unbarred, though thieves are bold. - - "Clothes and food for the toiling poor; - Wealth to heap at the rich man's door; - - "Meat for the healthy, and balm for him - Who moans and tosses in chamber dim; - - "Shoes for the barefoot; pearls to twine - In the scented tresses of ladies fine; - - "Things of use for the lowly cot - Where (bless the corn!) want cometh not; - - "Luxuries rare for the mansion grand, - Booty for thieves that rob the land-- - - "All these things, and so many more - It would fill a book but to name them o'er, - - "Are hid and held in these walls of corn - Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn. - - "Where do they stand, these walls of corn, - Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn? - - "Open the atlas, conned by rule, - In the olden days of the district school. - - "Point to this rich and bounteous land - That yields such fruits to the toiler's hand. - - "'Treeless desert,' they called it then, - Haunted by beasts and forsook by men. - - "Little they knew what wealth untold - Lay hid where the desolate prairies rolled. - - "Who would have dared, with brush or pen, - As this land is now, to paint it then? - - "And how would the wise ones have laughed in scorn - Had prophet foretold these walls of corn - Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn." - -The Kansas River flows into the Missouri at Kansas City, the chief -settlement of the Missouri Valley, entirely the growth of the period -since the Civil War, through the prodigious development of the -railways. There are two cities where the Missouri is crossed by three -fine bridges, and having two hundred thousand people, the larger being -Kansas City in Missouri, on the southern river bank, and the other -adjoining is Kansas City or Wyandotte, the largest city in Kansas, -through which the Kansas River flows. The two cities are separated by -the State boundary between Kansas and Missouri. Next to Chicago, this -place has the largest stock-yards and packing-house plants, and does -an enormous trade in cattle, meats and grain, many railroads radiating -in all directions. The site was originally the home of the Wyandotte -Indians who were removed here from Ohio in 1843. The town of Wyandotte -had a small population prior to the Civil War, but the growth did not -begin until after the close of that conflict had stimulated railway -building and western colonization, and being on the trail from the -Missouri River to the southwest, this gave the first impetus. These -cities now have a rapid expansion, and are the greatest railway -centres west of the Mississippi River, their lines going to the Gulf -of Mexico and the Pacific through sections of country which are -rapidly populating and developing vast agricultural and mineral -products. - -The Missouri River traverses the entire State of Missouri in winding, -turbid current from west to east. It passes Jefferson City, the State -Capital, having about seven thousand people, and just below receives -the Osage River coming up from the southwest. At Chillicothe to the -northwest is buried Nelson Kneiss, who composed the music for Thomas -Dunn English's popular ballad of _Ben Bolt_; and at Florida, to the -northeast, was born in November, 1835, the humorist, Samuel L. -Clemens, _Mark Twain_. Captain Sellers, who furnished river news to -the New Orleans _Picayune_, had used this _nom-de-plume_, and dying in -1863, Clemens adopted it. Twenty miles above St. Louis the Missouri -flows into the Mississippi, contributing the greater volume of water -to the joint stream, the clear Mississippi waters, pushed over to the -eastern bank, refusing for a long distance below to mingle with the -turbid flood of the Missouri. - - -THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS. - -The Mississippi River below the Moline Rapids at Rock Island passes -various flourishing cities, including Muscatine and Burlington, the -former having considerable trade in timber and food products, while -Burlington, a much larger place, spreads back from the bluffs and is a -busy railroad city, fronted by a beautiful reach of the river. About -thirty miles below, on the Illinois shore, is Nauvoo, a small town -chiefly raising grapes and wine, but formerly one of the leading -settlements on the river. This town was originally built by the -Mormons under the lead of their prophet, Joseph Smith, in 1838, after -they had been driven from various places in New York, Ohio and -Missouri. Nauvoo flourished greatly, reaching fifteen thousand -population, but dissensions arose and the enmity of the growing -population elsewhere caused riots, in one of which, in 1844, Smith, -who had been arrested and taken to jail at Carthage, Illinois, was -killed. Brigham Young then assumed leadership, and in 1845 removed the -colony over to the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, finally migrating -to the Great Salt Lake in Utah, two years later. Below Nauvoo are the -Lower Rapids of the Mississippi, extending twelve miles to Keokuk, a -beautiful city built partly along the river, but mostly on the summit -of the bluffs, here rising one hundred and fifty feet. Keokuk was a -noted Indian chief, his name meaning the "watchful fox." Des Moines -River, forming the boundary between Iowa and Missouri, flows in at the -lower edge of the city, having come down from the northwest and -passing the Iowa State Capital, Des Moines, at the head of navigation, -where there is a population of sixty thousand and extensive -manufactures. This city has a magnificent Capitol, erected at a cost -of $3,000,000, and its prosperity is largely due to the extensive coal -measures of the neighborhood. It has grown around the site of the -former frontier outpost of Fort Des Moines, built in the early days -for protection against the Sioux. Below are Quincy, Hannibal and -Alton, the latter being just above the confluence with the Missouri, -and then the Mississippi River flows majestically past the levee at -St. Louis, the chief city on its banks, having two great railway -bridges crossing over to the Illinois shore. - -When the French held Louisiana, a grant was made in 1762 to Pierre -Ligueste Laclede and his partners to establish, as the "Louisiana Fur -Company," trading-posts on the Mississippi. Laclede in that year came -out from France to New Orleans, and in 1764, in order to open the fur -trade with the Indians on the Missouri, he ascended the Mississippi, -and on February 15th made the first settlement on the site of St. -Louis, building a house and four stores and naming the place in honor -of King Louis XV. of France. He had frequent journeys along the river, -and died upon one of them near the mouth of the Arkansas in 1778. The -post was made the capital of Upper Louisiana, but it grew very slowly, -having only a thousand people when Louisiana was ceded to the United -States in 1803. The development of steamboating and afterwards of the -railway systems, all the great lines seeking St. Louis, gave it rapid -growth subsequently, and its population now reaches seven hundred -thousand. It spreads with its vast railway terminals for nearly twenty -miles along the Mississippi, sweeping in a grand curve past the centre -of the city, which rises in repeated terraces as it extends westward -back from the river, the highest being two hundred feet above the -water-level. It has an enormous trade and extensive manufactures, -being the largest tobacco-making city in the world, and having one of -the greatest American breweries, the Anheuser-Busch Company. Its -Chamber of Commerce, of sandstone in Renaissance, is a noted building, -and its grand Court House, erected as a Greek cross, is surmounted by -a dome three hundred feet high. It also has a new and magnificent City -Hall. St. Louis been singularly free from fires, but its great -disaster was upon May 27, 1896, when a terrific tornado swept through -the city, killing three hundred people and destroying property valued -at $10,000,000. - -The chief institution of learning is Washington University, which has -fine new buildings in Forest Park on the western verge of the city, -and cares for seventeen hundred students. The park system is very -extensive, spreading partially around the built-up portions and -embracing twenty-one hundred acres. The chief of these are the Forest -Park, with fine trees and drives, the Tower Grove Park, Lafayette and -Carondelet Parks, and in the northern suburbs O'Fallon Park, having -adjacent the spacious Bellefontaine and Calvary Cemeteries. The gem of -the system, however, is the Missouri Botanical Garden of seventy-five -acres, the best of its kind in the country, which was bequeathed to -the city by Henry Shaw, a native of Sheffield, England, who came to -St. Louis, grew up with the city, and died there in 1889. The great -attraction of St. Louis is its splendid bridge crossing the -Mississippi, built by James B. Eads and completed in 1874 at a cost of -$10,000,000, carrying a railway across, with a highway on the upper -deck, being more than two thousand yards long, and resting on arches -rising fifty-five feet above the water. The railway is tunnelled -under the city for nearly a mile, and leads to the Union Station, -which is one of the largest in the world. The Merchants' Bridge, which -cost $3,000,000, brings another railway over, three miles above, and a -third bridge is projected. The vast aggregation of railways centering -at St. Louis also uses another bridge route north of the city, -crossing the Missouri just above its mouth and then the Mississippi to -Alton on the Illinois shore. The military post of St. Louis is -Jefferson Barracks down the river, an important station of the United -States army. - - [Illustration: Bridge Crossing the Mississippi at St. Louis] - - -DESCENDING THE MISSISSIPPI. - -The scenery of the Mississippi River changes below St. Louis, and it -loses much of the picturesqueness displayed by the bluff shores above. -The mass of the waters is larger, the shores lower, and the adjacent -regions more subject to overflow. There are many bends and islands, -and the Ohio River comes in at the end of the long low peninsula of -Cairo, further adding to the enormous current. The Southern Illinois -lowlands have long been known as Egypt, and upon these bottom lands -are grown prolific crops of corn. In one field in the great crop of -1899, covering over six thousand acres south of Ava, was raised six -hundred thousand bushels, the banner American cornfield of that year. -Twenty miles below Cairo is Columbus, on a high bluff upon the -Kentucky shore, having Belmont opposite in Missouri, this having been -the scene of General Grant's first battle in the Civil War. The -Confederates in 1861 had fortified Columbus and placed twenty thousand -men there to hold the Mississippi. Grant, in November, made an attack -upon Belmont, and broke up and destroyed their outpost camp in spite -of a heavy fire from Columbus, afterwards cutting his way out and -returning to Cairo. When in the next spring Forts Henry and Donelson -were captured, the Confederates found Columbus untenable and abandoned -it without a contest. Fifty miles below is Donaldson Point, and off it -the noted Island No. 10, for all these islands below Cairo were -numbered. The Union gunboats attacked Island No. 10 in March, 1862, -and carried on a bombardment and siege for a month, when it was -captured with New Madrid on the Missouri shore several miles farther -down, they being mutually dependent. The remains of earthworks are -still visible on the island, and also the canal cut to assist in the -investment. The Mississippi beyond, skirts the various bluffs of the -Chickasaw region on the eastern bank, while on the western shore are -broad alluvial lowlands, as the great river passes between Tennessee -and Arkansas. On the first Chickasaw bluff is Fort Pillow, another -Confederate stronghold, which, however, they were compelled to abandon -in June, 1862, as the Union army had got in their rear. Here -afterwards occurred the "Fort Pillow Massacre," in April, 1864, when -the Confederates under General Forrest attacked and captured it. - -All the region hereabout was inhabited by the Chickasaw Indians, who -were so called in their language because they were "swamp-dwellers" -and "eaters of the bog-potato." This tribe long ago removed to the -Indian territory, where they are now in a prosperous condition and -successful agriculturists. On the southwestern border of Tennessee is -what is known as the fourth Chickasaw bluff, and here is the city of -Memphis, the leading town between St. Louis and New Orleans. The bluff -shore rises about eighty feet above the river at the ordinary stage of -water, and is fronted by a wide levee extending for two miles and a -broad esplanade bordered by warehouses. It was here that De Soto in -1541, with his band of adventurous explorers searching for gold, came -and first saw the great river, their chronicler writing home "the -river was so broad that if a man stood still on the other side, it -could not be told whether he was a man or no; the channel was very -deep, the current strong, the water muddy and filled with floating -trees." Memphis is a handsome city, attractively laid out, the -residential section having spacious lawn-bordered avenues, and there -being an attractive park in the centre, the Court Square inhabited by -numerous squirrels and adorned by Andrew Jackson's bust. Memphis has -seventy thousand people, and a large trade both by river and railroad, -being a leading cotton-shipping port, whence steamboats take vast -amounts down to New Orleans for foreign export. Among its attractions -are the cotton compresses and cotton-seed oil mills. In the Civil War, -Memphis was captured by the Union gunboats in June, 1862, and held -afterwards. On the outskirts, a grim memorial of the great conflict, -is the National Cemetery, with fourteen thousand Union soldiers' -graves. - - -PECULIARITIES OF THE GREAT RIVER. - -The Mississippi below the mouth of the Ohio is an entirely changed -river. Above that stream, it is similar to most other inland -waterways, having tolerably stable banks and not much change in width. -Below Cairo, however, the deposits forming the banks are composed of -alternate layers of sand and mud or clay, the sand having been -deposited by running water, and the mud in comparatively still water, -so that the sand-layers are readily washed out, thus causing the banks -to cave whenever the current sets against them. Below the influx of -the Ohio, the river traverses alluvial bottom lands of inexhaustible -fertility, and usually stretching to a width of forty miles or more. -These alluvial lands have a general southern slope of about eight -inches to the mile, and stretch five hundred miles to the southward, -the river winding through them in a devious course for eleven hundred -miles, occasionally on the eastern side washing bluffs of one to three -hundred feet. The slope is sufficient to create high velocities in the -current, making a very unstable channel, constantly shifting laterally -and causing the river to develop into a serpentine form, one bend -following another continuously. The immediate river, wherever it may -be at the time, is confined by banks of its own creation, which, like -all sediment-bearing rivers, are highest near the stream itself. Thus -apparently following a low ridge through the bottom lands, the -resistless mass of muddy water sweeps onward with swiftness, eroding -its outer banks in the bends and rebuilding them on the opposite -points, frequently forming islands by its deposits, and as frequently -removing them, as the direction of flow may be modified by the -unending changes in progress. Chief among these changes is the -formation of "cut-offs." Two vast eroding bends covering several miles -of distance gradually approach each other until the water forces a -passage across the narrow neck. As the channel distance between these -bends may have been many miles around, the sudden "cut-off" makes a -cascade of several feet, through which the torrent rushes with a roar -heard far away. The sandy banks dissolve like so much sugar, in a -single day the course of the river is radically changed, and -steamboats pass where a few hours before was cultivated land. The -checking of the current at the upper and lower mouths of the abandoned -channel soon obstructs them with the deposits, and in a few years -forms a crescent-shaped lake, of which there are so many in the -bottoms adjacent to the river. The convex bank in a bend is built up -as rapidly by the deposits as the opposite concave bank washes off, so -that the river does not usually become any wider in the bends on -account of the process. The deepest water is always next to the -concave or wasting bank, where the most current flows. It is not an -unusual sight along this extraordinary river to see an ancient and -well-constructed house hanging over the caving bank, destined -ultimately to drop into the water. It may originally have been a mile -from the river in the centre of an old plantation, but the mighty -current sweeping around and into the bend has worn away the land, -often dissolving it by acres, and as it dropped in, has piled the -sediment on the opposite point, thus steadily moving the river over -without materially changing the width, until it is ready to engulf the -house. - -While the great river above the Ohio is generally bordered by -limestone bluffs, making stable conditions, yet below, the Mississippi -flows through a region wholly formed by its own deposits. It is said -the alluvial basin below Cairo was once an estuary of the Gulf of -Mexico, and that it has been raised in level, along with the entire -southern portion of the Continent, about a hundred feet, and then -filled in with the sediment the river carries down. This alluvial -region is sometimes as much as seventy miles wide; and when not -confined to the channel by levees, the natural course of a great -Mississippi flood is to spread entirely over the basin. These floods -will rise fifty feet, and the basin then becomes a great reservoir and -storage-ground for the surplus waters, though the levee system has -much restricted this. It is estimated that the annual discharge of the -Mississippi is twenty-one million millions of cubic feet of water, and -that it carries in a year four hundred millions of tons of solid -material down to the Gulf to be deposited; thus cutting away from its -banks a space equalling ten square miles of territory eighty feet -deep. It takes one-fourth the rainfall of its valley down to the Gulf, -or water equalling a depth of seven or eight inches over its whole -drainage area, and the solid matter annually carried along and -deposited there is equal to a body a mile square and three hundred and -sixty feet high. The flow of the river is from one to six miles an -hour in different stages and sections. The flood periods are in April -and June, the river being above the mid-stage usually from January to -August; and the lowest stage comes generally in October. - - -MEMPHIS TO VICKSBURG. - -Following down the great river, its winding and varying channel south -of Memphis becomes the boundary between the States of Mississippi and -Arkansas. To the westward the Arkansas shore is a lowland and the -interior largely swamps, with many bayous and lakes, the tributaries -of St. Francis River, which, rising in the Iron Mountain district of -Missouri, flows four hundred and fifty miles, generally southward, to -fall into the Mississippi just above Helena. This river passes through -a continuous swamp after entering Arkansas, spreads into numerous -lakes, and its extensive basin is one of the great reservoirs of -overflow relieving the Mississippi in time of flood. Its port of -Helena has a trade in timber brought out of the neighboring swamps and -forests. About one hundred miles below, the White River and the -Arkansas River flow in upon the western shore. Very curiously, these -rivers, having mouths about fifteen miles apart, join some distance -above, their waters commingling in the alluvial bottom land. The White -River is nine hundred miles long, rises in the Ozark Mountains of -Northern Arkansas, makes a long circuit through Missouri and then -comes southward, being navigable some four hundred miles to -Batesville, the seat of Arkansas College. The Arkansas River, next to -the Missouri, is the greatest Mississippi tributary, being nearly -twenty-two hundred miles long and having its sources in the Rockies in -Colorado, out of which it flows in a magnificent canyon. It comes for -five hundred miles eastward through plains that are largely sterile, -enters Kansas, turns southeast in the Indian Territory, and crosses -the State of Arkansas to its mouth, being navigable for eight hundred -miles. At the western border of the State the river is guarded by Fort -Smith, where an active town has grown around the former frontier post -on the verge of the Indian Territory, having large trade and a -population of fifteen thousand. - -In the centre of Arkansas, this great river, being about four hundred -yards wide, passes the State capital Little Rock, having thirty -thousand people, its largest city, with railways radiating in all -directions, and conducting an extensive cotton trade. Its State House -is attractive, and spreading magnolias pleasantly shade many of the -streets. A spur of the Ozark Mountains comes down to the westward of -Little Rock, and its foothills are thrust out towards the Arkansas -River. In ascending it through the lowlands from the Mississippi, the -original explorers met here the only elevations of land they had seen, -the first being a rocky cliff rising about fifty feet above the water, -which they called the "Little Rock," and on it the city has been -built, while two miles above another cliff, rising five hundred feet, -is called the "Big Rock." Southwest of Little Rock, in this spur of -the Ozark Mountains, is the famous Arkansas town of Hot Springs, -having ten thousand inhabitants and many visitors. It is located in a -narrow gorge between the Hot Springs Mountain on the east and West -Mountain, the wide Main Street being flanked on one side by -bath-houses and on the other by hotels and shops. There are over -seventy springs, rising on the western slope of the Hot Springs -Mountain above the town, and discharging daily five hundred thousand -gallons of clear, tasteless and odorless waters, of varying -temperatures, the highest 158 deg.. They contain a little silica and -carbonate of lime, but their beneficial effects in rheumatism, gout, -costiveness and other troubles are ascribed mainly to their heat and -purity. There is a large Government Hospital here for the army and -navy, the Springs being United States property. The waters flow into -the Washita River, which passes through a pleasant valley to the -southward and then goes off nearly six hundred miles down into -Louisiana to the Red River. At the mouth of Arkansas River on the -Mississippi is the town of Napoleon. - -The vast current of the Mississippi River, constantly augmented by -capacious tributaries, naturally finds outlets in times of flood -through the banks, and thus overspreads the extensive adjacent -lowlands. To the eastward, south of Memphis, and extending down almost -to Vicksburg, is the enormous Yazoo Basin, a lowland of many bayous -and lakes, making a region of excessive fertility, and its Choctaw -name has thus been naturally acquired, meaning "leafy." The river -originates in the bayous and sloughs springing from the eastern -Mississippi bank, which form the Tallahatchie River, and that stream, -uniting with the Yallabusha and the Sunflower, make the deep, winding -and very sluggish Yazoo, flowing nearly three hundred miles down to -the Mississippi, twelve miles above Vicksburg. The extensive bottom -lands of this Yazoo Delta compose about one-sixth of the State of -Mississippi, its entire northwestern portion, and being a rich -agricultural region are traversed by railways and have many -flourishing towns and villages. There is a perfect network of -waterways throughout this fertile delta, over thirty of the streams -being navigable for large steamboats, and it also has extensive -forests of valuable timber. The entire region is alluvial, the soil -having been deposited by the overflows of the Mississippi during past -ages, and now that this extensive basin is protected by an elaborate -system of levees from further overflows, almost the whole of it is -available for cultivation. There are nearly five millions of acres of -reclaimed lands here, and though less than one-fifth of this surface -is devoted to cotton, it is said to grow more of that great staple -than any other single district in the world. The malaria, often -prevalent along the Yazoo, led the Choctaws to call it the "river of -death." - -Both banks of the Mississippi below the Arkansas River are lined with -cotton plantations, giving a most interesting scene during the -harvesting of the fleecy crop in the autumn. The broad plantations -disclose the comfortable and often quaint planters' houses of the -olden time embosomed in trees, and as one progresses southward the -trees become more and more draped with the dark and sombre Spanish -moss, giving a weird appearance to the shores. The Yazoo flows in, and -the long and imposing range of the Walnut Hills rises on the eastern -bank to five hundred feet elevation. Here a planter named Vick made -the first settlement in 1836, and the city of Vicksburg has grown on -the summit and slopes of the hills, the lucrative traffic of the Yazoo -delta providing a chief source of its prosperity, making it the -largest city in the state of Mississippi, there being fifteen thousand -people. It presents a picturesque view from the river, but is chiefly -known abroad from its famous siege and capture by General Grant in -July, 1863. The Confederates, having lost Memphis and New Orleans, -made their last desperate stand to hold the Mississippi River at -Vicksburg, surrounding it with vast fortifications, crowning the hills -with batteries, not only along the river front, but up the Yazoo River -to Haines' Bluff. Several attempts were made to capture it in 1862, -Farragut's fleet running past, and Grant began operations in the -spring of 1863. After several battles, he appeared before the city in -May, assaulting and being repulsed, and then began the siege which -resulted in the surrender on July 4th. General Pemberton, commanding -Vicksburg, surrendered thirty-one thousand men, his previous losses -exceeding ten thousand. General Grant had similar losses, his forces -engaged in the siege and preliminary battles approximating seventy -thousand men. This siege greatly damaged the city, while in 1876 the -Mississippi, in one of its peculiar freaks, cut through a neck of land -opposite, took an entirely new channel, and left Vicksburg isolated on -an inland lake. The Government has since, at heavy expense, diverted -the Yazoo outflow past the city and restored the harbor. There are -beautiful views and romantic glens in the Walnut Hills, with many -traces of the old fortifications, while a favorite drive is to the -extensive National Cemetery, where seventeen thousand soldiers' graves -recall the terrific conflicts of the Civil War. - - -NATCHEZ TO NEW ORLEANS. - -When the Sieur de la Salle made his voyage of exploration down the -great Father of Waters from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of -Mexico, he found in the spring of 1682 an interesting Indian -settlement on the eastern bank a hundred miles below Vicksburg. This -settlement was under a bluff rising a hundred and fifty feet above the -river. Later, in 1699, Commander d'Iberville examined the Mississippi -delta, and having founded Fort St. Louis at Biloxi, heard of these -Indians, sought their friendship, and in 1700 came up and established -a trading-post at their village under the bluff. He described them as -numbering twelve hundred warriors, living in nine contiguous villages, -ruled by a chief of the "family of the suns," their highest caste, and -called the Natchez Indians, the word meaning "the hurrying men, -running as in war." The French kept up communication with them, and -regarded the tribe as the noblest of the many with whom they had been -brought in contact in America. These Indians had a religious creed and -ceremonies not unlike the "Fire Worshippers" of Persia. In their -"Temple of the Sun," the priests kept the sacred fire constantly -burning on the altar, their tradition being that the fire came -originally from heaven and had always been maintained. In 1713 the -Sieur de Bienville, who had succeeded his brother, d'Iberville, built -Fort Rosalie alongside the landing, and around it grew a town which -was the beginning of the city of Natchez. Unfortunately, just about -this time the Indians' sacred fire accidentally went out, and -attributing this to the coming of the white men, they became -dissatisfied and conflicts arose. There were repeated fights, and in -1729 they swooped down upon the settlement and massacred the French. -The following year troops came up from New Orleans, attacked and -scattered them, burning their villages, and the tribe ultimately -disappeared, the last small remnant of half-breed descendants -remaining in Texas until recently, when they joined the Creeks and -Cherokees. Now the city of Natchez has its business portion along the -narrow stretch of river-bank in front of the bluff, where some traces -yet remain of the earthworks of the old French fort. The greater part -of the city, however, is on the bluff, where the brow of the hill is a -wide-spreading park giving a splendid outlook. Also on the bluff is a -National Cemetery filled with soldiers' graves, the sad memorial of -the War. There is a large river-trade at Natchez, and twelve thousand -population, and in the cotton-shipping season, business along the -levee is very active. - -About seventy miles below, the Red River flows in, the last of the -great tributaries of the Mississippi. This stream is over fifteen -hundred miles long, draining a region of a hundred thousand square -miles, and gets its name from the red-colored sediment its waters -bring down. It originates in the extensive "Staked Plain" of northern -Texas, the "Lone Star State," its sources being at twenty-five hundred -feet elevation. Its flow is eastward, forming the Texan northern -boundary on the border of Oklahoma and the Indian Territory, and then -it turns south near the twin city of Texarkana, which stands on both -sides of the line between Texas and Arkansas. Coming into Louisiana it -passes Shreveport, a city of fifteen thousand people, with a large -trade in cotton and cattle, and then crosses the state to the -Mississippi. The special and curious feature of the Red River is the -formation of rafts. Its upper shores are heavily timbered, and vast -numbers of trees are engulfed by the current washing out the banks in -times of freshet, and they accumulate lower down, where the speed of -the water slackens. These rafts are formed many miles long, growing by -additions to the up-stream side, while the logs decay and are -gradually floated off and broken up on the lower extremity. This makes -the obstruction steadily move up-stream. In 1854, the great raft fifty -miles above Shreveport extended thirteen miles up the river and was -accumulating at the rate of nearly two miles annually. In colonial -times this raft was said to have been two hundred miles lower down the -river. Vegetation had taken root on the older portions, thus making a -floating forest, and the retardation of the waters above made a lake -over twenty miles long. In 1873, when the Government attacked it and -opened a navigable channel, this raft had grown to thirty-two miles -length, and the opening of the channel lowered the upper retarded -waters fifteen feet. Snag-boats have since patrolled the Red River, -pulling out thousands of trees every year, and breaking up the rafts, -to maintain navigation. The lower course of Red River is very crooked -and sluggish, through swamps and lowlands, and near its mouth part of -the current, particularly in times of freshet, is diverted into -Atchafalaya River, which flows for about two hundred miles southward -directly to the Gulf of Mexico. This stream is said to have originally -been the outlet of Red River to the Gulf, and such it seems again -coming to be, the Government having a very serious problem in dealing -with it. The Mississippi River in its earlier vagaries developed a -bend towards the west, which struck Red River, thus making it a -tributary, the former channel silting up. It was then named -Atchafalaya, meaning the "lost river." To improve navigation, some -time ago this old channel was opened, when to the general -astonishment, the Atchafalaya began absorbing the Red River waters and -developing a large river, which now carries a current more than -one-third the volume of the Mississippi, and as they all run together -at high-water stages, there is a fear that the whole Mississippi may -at some time conclude to go into the Atchafalaya, thus leaving New -Orleans on an arm of the sea. Extensive Government works are in -progress to prevent this diversion and maintain the old conditions. - -Below Red River, the Mississippi is all in Louisiana, its width barely -a half-mile, and its depth very great, in many places one to two -hundred feet, necessary to carry the vast flow of water. The banks are -throughout protected by levees, and on the last bluff rising alongside -the river, on the eastern bank, is the Louisiana state capital, Baton -Rouge, a quaint old city with ancient French and Spanish houses, -spreading over the bluff fifty feet above the water. There is a -population of about ten thousand, and overlooking the river are the -State House and the buildings of the Louisiana State University. -Below Baton Rouge, both banks of the Mississippi are bordered by -attractive gardens and extensive plantations, with sections of forest, -sombre moss-draped trees and rich vegetation, the whole of the -"coast," as the lower river banks are familiarly called, being lavish -in the display of semi-tropical luxuriance. The voyage down, skirting -the low shores and levees for a hundred and twenty miles, is most -picturesque, as the windings of the river make pleasant views. -Finally, a grand sweeping bend is rounded, where the city of New -Orleans is spread out upon both banks, the streets and buildings -stretching far inland upon the lowlands behind the great protective -embankments. - - -THE CRESCENT CITY. - -The Spanish in the sixteenth century made various evanescent -explorations of the Gulf coast and the entrances to the Mississippi, -but never gained a permanent foothold. La Salle descended the great -river to its mouth in 1682, took possession of the country for France -and named it Louisiana, in honor of his King Louis XIV. The first -colony planted in the Province by the French was at Biloxi Bay on the -Gulf coast, about eighty miles northeast of New Orleans, in February, -1699, by Commander d'Iberville. Biloxi is now a quiet town of five -thousand people, having a good trade and some manufactures. A short -distance to the westward is Beauvoir, which was the home of the -Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, where he died in 1889; and -about ten miles farther westward is the extensive Bay St. Louis, where -at Pass Christian is one of the most frequented pleasure-resorts on -the Gulf coast. The French built a fort at Biloxi, and for years -d'Iberville and his younger brother, the Sieur de Bienville, -maintained their colony under serious difficulties, de Bienville -finally deciding to change the location, and removing to Mobile bay. -After considerable exploration, however, he determined upon a -permanent location within the Mississippi River, and entering the -passes in 1718 he ascended to where he found the most eligible fast -land and founded the colony of New Orleans, naming it in honor of the -then Regent of France, the Duke of Orleans. Thus began the city, which -in 1721, being then described as "a village of trappers and gold -hunters," was made the capital of the French royal Province of -Louisiana. In 1732 it had about five thousand population, and after -the transfer of sovereignty to the United States it was chartered a -city in 1804, then having ten thousand. There are now two hundred and -seventy-five thousand people in New Orleans. - -This noted city is about one hundred and seven miles from the Gulf of -Mexico, and the older portion was built around the outer curve of a -grand crescent-shaped river bend, which gave it the popular -designation of the "Crescent City." It afterwards grew far up stream, -and stretched around another reverse bend, so that now the river -passes through in form much like the letter S. The surface descends -from the river by gentle slope towards a marshy region in the rear, -and is several feet below the level of high water, the levee being a -strong embankment about fourteen feet high and fifteen feet wide on -the surface, effectually protecting from overflow. Its magnificent -position near the mouth of the river, where an enormous interior -commerce, coming by railroad and steamboat, has to be transhipped to -ocean-going vessels, has made the prosperity of the city. Its event of -chief memory is the battle of January 8, 1815, when General Andrew -Jackson defeated the British under General Pakenham. The battlefield -was at Chalmette in the southern suburbs, on ground stretching from -the Mississippi River bank back about a mile to the cypress swamps. -The war with England had already been ended by a peace concluded at -Ghent December 24, 1814, but neither side then knew of it. The British -advanced from the eastward to attack the city, and a hastily -constructed line of breastworks formed of cotton bales was thrown up, -behind which Jackson's men were stationed to receive the attack. The -result was a most disastrous defeat, Pakenham, his second in command -and twenty-six hundred men falling, while the American loss was only -one hundred. A marble monument on the field commemorates the victory, -and a National Cemetery, with many graves of soldiers fallen in the -Civil War, now occupies a portion of the ground. In the Civil War, in -April, 1862, Admiral Farragut ran his fleet past the forts commanding -the river at the head of the Passes, and appearing before the city -compelled its surrender, when it was occupied by the accompanying land -forces under General Butler. - -There is, in the older town, so much of characteristic French and -Spanish survival, that New Orleans is a most interesting and -picturesque city, though it has not very much to show in the way of -elaborate architecture. The streets have generally French or Spanish -names, and there is a distinctive French quarter inhabited by Creoles, -where the buildings have walls of adobe and stucco, inner courts, -tiled roofs, arcades and balconies, the whole region being lavishly -supplied with semi-tropical plants. The chief business thoroughfare, -Canal Street, is at right-angles to the river bank, and borders the -French quarter. The levee for over six miles is devoted to the -shipping, and in its gathering of ocean vessels and river steamboats, -loading or unloading, is a most animated place, impressing the -observer with the idea that tributary to this great mart of trade is -the richest agricultural valley in the world. The hero of New Orleans, -General Andrew Jackson, has his equestrian statue in Jackson Square, -which was the old-time Place d'Armes, and adjoining is the French -Cathedral of St. Louis, built in the eighteenth century, but since -considerably altered. The chief institution of learning is Tulane -University, having fine buildings and a thousand students, the -benefaction of a prominent citizen. In Lafayette Square there is a -statue of John McDonough, whose legacy for school-houses has built and -equipped thirty spacious buildings, accommodating twenty thousand -pupils. Around Lafayette Square are various public edifices and -churches. - -New Orleans has two fine parks, the City Park and Audubon Park, both -displaying collections of live oaks and magnolias, which are -picturesque. The city cemeteries also have many good trees and are -attractive and peculiar. The soil being semi-fluid at a depth of two -or three feet, nearly all the tombs are above ground, some being -costly and beautiful structures. Most of them, however, are buildings -composed of cells placed one above another to the height of seven or -eight feet. The cell is only large enough to receive the coffin, and -as soon as the funeral is over, it is hermetically bricked up at the -narrow entrance. These cells are called "ovens," and bear tablets -appropriately inscribed. The Cypress Grove Cemetery, near the City -Park, is one of the most interesting. In Greenwood Cemetery, near by, -is a monument to the Confederate dead, and General Albert Sidney -Johnston is interred in Metairie Cemetery, which also has his -equestrian statue. In some cases the graves are in earthen mounds, -while occasionally, where the interment is in the ground, the -grave-digging is so arranged as to be completed just as the funeral -arrives, and the coffin thus gets placed and covered before there is -time for much water to ooze into the grave. The most uniquely -picturesque sight in the city is furnished by the old French Market, -near the levee, in the early morning, when business is in full tide, -and the mixed population in peculiar costume and language is seen to -advantage. A favorite resort of the people is Lake Pontchartrain, five -miles north, the spacious inland sea covering nearly a thousand square -miles, to which fine shell roads lead. - - -THE LEVEES AND THE DELTA. - -The whole country around New Orleans, and indeed the entire region -adjacent to the Mississippi and its bayous, would be overflowed in -times of freshet were it not for the elaborate systems of levees, -which are a special feature of the whole lower Mississippi Valley. The -work of constructing these extensive embankments began at the -foundation of the infant city of New Orleans, when a dyke a mile long -was projected to protect the settlement from overflow, and it was -built soon afterwards. In 1770 the settlements extended thirty miles -above and twenty miles below the city, the plantations being -protected by levees. By 1828, the levees, though in many places -insufficient, had become continuous nearly to the mouth of Red River. -The methods of construction were various, and the authorities -conflicting, but the Government took hold of the work in 1850, -beginning by giving the States the swamplands to provide a fund for -reclamation. When the Civil War began, the levees extended a thousand -miles along the river, and as far north as the State of Missouri. -During the war the system fell into decay, and afterwards much work of -restoration was necessary. The Mississippi River Commission now has -charge, under comprehensive methods, and large sums are devoted to the -purpose, aggregating over $4,000,000 annually from the General -Government and the States, there being continuous lines of levees from -Memphis nearly to the delta below New Orleans. Were the river left to -itself, in most of this region during the spring floods it would -overflow the banks by several feet, this being, however, prevented by -these massive earth entrenchments, through which there nevertheless -often breaks a destructive crevasse. The sediment brought down by the -river has been deposited most abundantly upon the banks, making their -front the highest surface, so that there is a gradual descent inland -and back from the river of about four feet to the mile. During the -floods, an observer standing alongside the levee has the water in the -river running high above him, and when the levee breaks the -bottom-lands are soon extensively overflowed. The estimate is that -these lands, reclaimed and protected by the levees, embrace thirty -thousand square miles of the most fertile soil in the world, about -one-sixth of it being under cultivation; and that there are altogether -twenty-six hundred miles of levees along the great river, and the -adjunct tributary bayous, lakes and other water-courses. For nine -months the water stage is low, so that very little attention is given -it, but when the spring comes, the melted snows of the Rockies and the -torrential rains come down usually in conjunction, bringing an -enormous flood, that rushes along, filling the river to the tops of -the embankments. Processes of decay and weakening are always going -on--rats and mice have their burrows, and millions of crawfish, with -claws like chisels, riddle the levees with holes. Then in some -unexpected place the dreaded alarm is sounded that the bank is giving -way and a crevasse impends. The water-soaked bank shows fissures and -help is implored--bells are rung, fleet horsemen arouse the -neighborhood, the people assemble and try to stop the break. But the -crumbling levee soon gives way, and the swollen and muddy current -pours through with a roar like Niagara, the waters spreading afar over -the lowlands, and thus by reducing the stream-level bringing relief to -the river, but converting the adjacent region for many miles into a -turbid lake and ruining the crops. - -Below New Orleans, as the river is descended, the thick forest -vegetation along the banks gradually disappears, giving place to vast -expanses of marsh and isolated patches of fast land bearing stunted -trees. The river banks grow less defined, and are finally lost in what -appears to be an interminable marsh with many waterways. This leads to -the delta, gradually built up from the sediment deposited by the -river, and demonstrating the eternal conflict and gradual encroachment -of the land upon the sea. Through the ages, this delta, steadily -constructed by the river, has been protruded into the Gulf of Mexico, -far beyond the general coast-line, and it is slowly advancing year -after year from the accumulated deposits. The delta divides into the -various channels or "passes" by which the waters seek the sea. These -are at first bordered by shore-lines of mud, which lower down dissolve -into consecutive lines of coarse grass growing from beneath the watery -surface, and then they are discernible only to the practiced eye of -the pilot by what appears to be a regular current flowing along in the -universal waste. This delta covers an area of fourteen thousand square -miles, and it divides into four separate passes, which are hardly much -more than outlet currents through the expanse of waters and marsh, -thus excavating deeper and navigable channels. There are lighthouses -at the entrances, and just inside the Northeast Pass is a spacious -mud-bank known as the Balize, where there once was a colony of -wreckers, but now are pleasant residences. Above the head of the -delta, and about seventy miles below New Orleans, located in eligible -positions at a bend, are Forts St. Philip and Jackson, the defensive -works of the river entrance, and below them the main ship channel goes -out to the Gulf through the South Pass, where the bar has been -deepened through the effective scouring produced by the famous Eads -Jetties on either side--one over two miles long and the other a mile -and a half. These jetties cost $5,000,000, and they maintain a channel -thirty feet deep. The twin lights marking their extremities can be -regarded as indicating as nearly as may be the mouth of the great -river, and beyond is the broad expanse of the Gulf of Mexico. Vast as -is the enormous outflow brought down by the Father of Waters, the -drainage of the whole broad centre of the Continent thus poured into -the Gulf, yet it has no appreciable effect upon the ocean into which -it flows. The Gulf easily swallows up all the Mississippi waters in a -way that reminds of Rossetti's dirge: - - "Why does the sea moan evermore? - Shut out from heaven it makes its moan, - It frets against the boundary shore; - All earth's full rivers cannot fill - The sea, that drinking, thirsteth still" - - - - -THE ROCKIES AND PACIFIC COAST. - - - - -XXI. - -THE ROCKIES AND PACIFIC COAST. - - The Lone Star State -- The Sunset Route -- Port Arthur -- - Galveston -- Houston -- Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Great Staked - Plain -- Austin -- San Antonio -- The Alamo -- David - Crockett -- James Bowie -- Sam Houston -- Cattle Ranches -- - Rio Grande River -- El Paso -- Arizona -- Tucson -- - Phoenix -- Prehistoric Cities -- Yuma -- Canyons of the - Colorado -- Colorado Desert -- Southern California -- San - Bernardino Valley -- San Diego -- Coronado Beach -- The - Early Missions -- Climate and Scenery -- Los Angeles -- - Santa Monica Bay -- San Gabriel Valley -- Santa Barbara -- - Monterey Bay -- Del Monte -- Santa Cruz -- Santa Clara - Valley -- San Jose -- Lick Observatory -- San Joaquin Valley - -- Stockton -- Gold Mining -- The Big Trees -- Yosemite - Valley -- Rocky Mountains -- The Atchison Route -- Indian - Territory -- Oklahoma -- Raton Pass -- Las Vegas -- Santa Fe - -- Albuquerque -- Mesa Encantada -- Flagstaff -- Mojave - Desert -- The Union Pacific Route -- Cheyenne -- Colorado -- - Denver -- Boulder Canyon -- Clear Creek Canyon -- Colorado - Springs -- Pike's Peak -- Manitou -- Garden of the Gods -- - Pueblo -- Veta Pass -- Cripple Creek -- Leadville -- Grand - Canyon of the Arkansas -- Marshall Pass -- Black Canyon of - the Gunnison -- Wyoming Fossils -- Utah -- Echo and Weber - Canyons -- Ogden -- Great Salt Lake -- Salt Lake City -- The - Mormons -- Promontory Point -- Nevada -- Virginia City -- - Comstock Lode -- Lake Tahoe -- Donner Lake -- Sacramento -- - The Northern Pacific Route -- Butte -- Anaconda Mine -- - Helena -- Idaho -- Spokane -- Columbia River -- Oregon -- - Snake River Canyon -- Shoshone Falls -- The Dalles -- - Cascade Locks -- The Great Northern Route -- The Canadian - Pacific Route -- Regina -- Moose Jaw -- Medicine Hat -- - Calgary -- Banff -- Mount Stephen -- Kicking Horse Pass -- - Rogers Pass -- Mount Sir Donald -- Glacier House -- Eagle - Pass -- Great Shuswap Lake -- Kamloops -- Thompson Canyon - -- Fraser Canyon -- Vancouver -- Victoria -- Gulf of Georgia - -- Alaska -- Fort Wrangell -- Sitka -- Juneau -- Treadwell - Mine -- Muir Glacier -- Lynn Canal -- Chilkoot and Chilkat - -- Skaguay and Dyea -- The Yukon River -- The Klondyke -- - St. Michaels -- Cape Nome -- Puget Sound -- Port Townsend -- - Everett -- Seattle -- Tacoma -- Mount Tacoma -- Mount St. - Helens -- Portland -- Crater Lake -- Mount Shasta -- Benicia - -- Mare Island -- Oakland -- University of California -- - Menlo Park -- Leland Stanford, Jr., University -- San - Francisco -- Point Lobos -- The Golden Gate. - - -THE LONE STAR STATE. - -Westward from the Mississippi River the "Sunset Route" to the Pacific -leads across the sugar plantations of Louisiana. This Southern Pacific -railway passes many bayous having luxuriant growth of bordering live -oaks, magnolias and cypress, hung with festoons of Spanish moss, -crosses the Atchafalaya River at Morgan City, and beyond, skirts along -the picturesque and winding Bayou Teche in a region originally peopled -by colonies of French Acadian refugees from Nova Scotia. Ultimately -the route crosses Calcasieu River at Lake Charles, and thirty-eight -miles beyond, goes over the Sabine River into the "Lone Star State" of -Texas, the largest in the Union. The name of Texas comes from a tribe -of Indians found there when La Salle made the first European -settlement on the coast at Fort St. Louis on Lavaca River in 1685, but -after the Spanish occupation in the eighteenth century the country was -long known as the New Philippines, that being the official -designation in their records. At the mouth of Sabine River is Sabine -Lake, where Port Arthur has been established as a prosperous railway -terminal, having access to the Gulf by a ship canal with terminating -jetties, deepening the channel outlet to the sea. Farther along the -coast is Galveston, the chief Texan seaport, built on the northeastern -extremity of Galveston Island, which spreads for thirty miles in front -of the spacious Galveston Bay, covering nearly five hundred miles -surface. The entrance from the sea is obstructed by a bar through -which the Government excavated at great expense a channel, flanked by -stone jetties five miles long. It is a low-lying city with wide, -straight streets, embowered in luxuriant tropical vegetation, while -the equable winter temperature makes it a charming health-resort. A -magnificent sea-beach spreads along the Gulf front of the island for -many miles. Galveston, in September, 1900, was swept by a most -terrific cyclone and tidal wave, destroying thousands of lives and a -vast number of buildings. - -Texas was a Province of Mexico, under Spanish and afterwards Mexican -rule, and its many attractions in the early nineteenth century brought -a large accession of colonists to the eastern portions from the -adjacent parts of the United States. The Americans became so numerous -that in 1830 the Mexican Congress prohibited further immigration, and -the result was a revolt in 1835, the organization of a Provisional -Government, a war which ended in the defeat of the Mexicans in the -battle of San Jacinto in 1836, and the final independence of Texas. -The people then sought annexation to the United States, but the State -was not admitted until 1845, the Mexican War following. Two men of -that time were prominent in Texas, Stephen F. Austin, who brought the -first large colony from the United States settling on the Colorado and -Brazos Rivers, and Sam Houston, who, after being Governor of -Tennessee, migrated to Texas, led the revolt, commanded their army, -and was made the first President of the independent State. The latter -has his name preserved in the active city of Houston on Buffalo Bayou, -a tributary of Galveston Bay, and about fifty miles northwest of -Galveston. Houston is a busy railway centre, handling large amounts of -cotton, sugar and timber, and is rapidly expanding, having sixty -thousand people. - -The Trinity River is the chief affluent of Galveston Bay, flowing down -from Northern Texas, and having upon its banks another busy railway -centre, Dallas, with fifty thousand people and an extensive trade. -About thirty miles above, on Trinity River, is the old Indian frontier -post of Fort Worth, now a town of forty thousand population and the -headquarters of the cattle-raisers of Northern Texas. For many miles -in all directions are the extensive cattle ranges, and to the north -and west spreads the "Great Staked Plain," a vast plateau elevated -nearly five thousand feet above the sea, covering some fifty thousand -square miles, and being surrounded by a bordering escarpment of -erosion to the lower levels, much resembling palisades. The stakes -driven by the early Spaniards to mark their way are said to have given -this plain its name, and it has now become an almost limitless cattle -pasturage. When Austin's American colony settled on the Colorado River -west of Houston, his name was given the town which was ultimately -selected as the State Capital, where there are now twenty thousand -people who look out upon the magnificent view of the Colorado -Mountains. Here is the Texas State University with seven hundred and -fifty students, and one of the finest State Capitols in the country, a -splendid red granite structure, which was built by a syndicate in -exchange for a grant of three million acres of land, the building -occupying seven years in construction and costing $3,500,000. Two -miles above the city an enormous dam seventy feet high encloses the -waters of Colorado River for the water supply and manufacturing power, -and thus makes Lake McDonald, twenty-five miles long. A heavy storm -and flood in the spring of 1900 broke this dam and let out the lake, -causing great loss of life and damage in the city. - -Eighty miles southwest of Austin is the ancient city of San Antonio, -known as the "cradle of Texas liberty," a Spanish town upon the San -Antonio and San Pedro Rivers, small streams dividing it into -irregular parts, the former receiving the latter and flowing into the -Gulf at Espiritu Santo Bay. There are sixty thousand people in San -Antonio, of many races, chiefly Americans, Mexicans and Germans, and -it is a leading wool, cattle, horse, mule and cotton market. The -Spaniards penetrated into this region in the latter part of the -seventeenth century and established one of their usual joint -religious-military posts among the Indians upon the plan of -colonization then in vogue. The Presidio or military station was -called San Antonio de Bexar, while during the early eighteenth century -there were founded various religious Missions, the chief being by -Franciscan monks, the Mission of San Antonio de Valero. There are four -other Missions in and near the city, dating from that early period, -their ancient buildings partly restored, but some of them also -considerably in ruins. To the eastward of San Antonio River was built -in a grove of the alamo or cottonwood trees in 1744 a low, strong, -thick-walled church of adobe for the Franciscans, called from its -surroundings the Alamo. When the Texans revolted, they held San -Antonio as an outpost with a garrison of one hundred and forty-five -men, commanded by Colonel James Bowie, the famous duellist and -inventor of the "bowie knife," who was originally from Louisiana. -Bowie fell ill of typhoid fever, and Colonel Travis took command. -Among the garrison was the eccentric David Crockett of Tennessee, who -had been a member of Congress, and joined them as a volunteer. General -Santa Anna marched with a large Mexican army against them, arriving -February 22, 1836, and the little garrison retired within the church -of the Alamo, which they defended against four thousand Mexicans in a -twelve days' siege. The final assault was made at daylight, March 6th, -a lodgment was effected, and until nine o'clock a battle was fought -from room to room within the church, a desperate hand-to-hand conflict -at short range, and not ceasing until every Texan was killed; but this -was not until two thousand three hundred Mexicans had fallen. Upon the -memorial of this terrible contest, at the Texas State Capital, is the -inscription: "Thermopylae had her messenger of defeat, but the Alamo -had none." This butchery caused a thrill of horror throughout the -United States. "Remember the Alamo" became the watchword of the -Texans, much aid was sent them, and the succor, coming from the desire -to avenge the massacre, contributed largely to their ability to defeat -the Mexicans in the subsequent decisive battle on San Jacinto River, -down near Galveston Bay, which was fought in April. The old Church of -the Alamo, since restored, is preserved as a national monument on the -spacious Alamo plaza. The name of Houston, the Texan leader, is given -to Fort Sam Houston, the United States military post on a hill north -of San Antonio. The old Alamo is the shrine of Texas; and as visitors -stroll around the place they are weirdly told how the spirits of the -departed heroes, Crockett, Bowie, Travis and others, when the storms -rage at night about the ancient building, wander through the sacristy -with the heavy measured tread of armed troopers. It was in the midst -of a storm that the Mexicans broke through a barred window and thus -gained entrance in the siege. On the southern border of San Antonio -are the extensive Fair Grounds, where Roosevelt's Rough Riders, -largely recruited from the neighboring Texan ranches, were organized -for the Spanish War in 1898. The most extensive Texas cattle ranches -are south and west of San Antonio, the largest of them, King's Ranch, -near the Gulf to the southward, covering seven hundred thousand acres, -and being stocked with three thousand brood mares and a hundred -thousand cattle. - - -ARIZONA. - -The railway from San Antonio goes westward across the cattle ranges to -the Rio Pecos, flowing for eight hundred miles down from the Rockies -in a region largely reclaimed by irrigation, and then falling into the -Rio Grande del Norte, the national boundary between Texas and Mexico. -This noble stream, the Spanish "Grand River of the North," comes out -of Colorado and New Mexico, and is eighteen hundred miles long. The -Southern Pacific Railway crosses the Pecos on a fine cantilever bridge -three hundred and twenty-eight feet high, and reaches the Rio Grande a -short distance beyond, following it up northwest and passing the -Apache Mountains, where at Paisano it crosses the summit grade at five -thousand and eight feet elevation, the highest pass on this route to -the Pacific coast. It finally reaches El Paso on the upper Rio Grande, -a town of twelve thousand people, having on the Mexican bank of the -river, with a long wooden bridge between, the twin town of Juarez, or -El Paso del Norte, the road over the bridge being the chief route of -trade into Mexico. The original Spanish explorer, Juan de Onate, named -this crossing "the Pass of the North" in 1598, and after long waiting -it has finally developed into an active town in cattle raising and -silver mining, and also a health-resort, its balmy atmosphere being -most attractive. The muddy river by its periodic inundations has made -a very fertile intervale, which has a population of sixty-five -thousand, and here are seen picturesque Mexican figures, the men in -peaked _sombreros_ and scarlet _zarapes_, and the women with blue -_rebozas_. Beyond, the route crosses the southwest corner of New -Mexico and enters Arizona, passing amid the mountain ranges to Tucson, -the chief town of the Territory, having six thousand people, a quaint -and ancient Spanish settlement, which has considerable Mexican trade. -It was originally an appanage to the old Spanish mission of St. -Xavier, nine miles southward, and it now thrives on its cattle trade, -mining and magnificent climate, being also the location of the -Territorial University. - -To the northwest, in the well-irrigated valley of Salt River, is -Phoenix, the capital of Arizona, with fifteen thousand population, -the irrigation systems having produced great fertility in the adjacent -region. The Salt River is a tributary of the Gila, the latter flowing -out westward to the Colorado. In these Arizona valleys have been -disclosed the remains of several prehistoric cities, chiefly located -on a broad and sloping plain beginning at the confluence of the Salt -with the Gila, and stretching down to the Mexican boundary. At Casa -Grande is a famous ruin of a prehistoric temple with enormous adobe -walls, the Government having made a reservation for its protection. -These people were worshippers of the sun, and there have been -discovered the remains of many towns with large population, the Gila -Valley for ninety square miles disclosing these ruins, which are -relics of the Stone age. Irrigation canals made by these prehistoric -people, the oldest in the world, are also found throughout the region. -Extensive explorations of these ancient cities have been made, and -several have been named, among them Los Acequias, Los Muertos and Los -Animos, the last being the largest, and there being strong evidence -that it was destroyed by an earthquake which killed many thousands of -the inhabitants. The railway follows the Gila Valley westward to its -confluence with the Colorado, and here at the California boundary is -Yuma, another of the early Spanish missions to the Indians, situated -just north of the Mexican border, the Yuma Indians still living on a -reservation adjoining the Colorado, their name meaning "the sons of -the river." This town has its tragic history, for in 1781 the Indians -made a savage raid upon the mission, destroyed the buildings and -massacred the missionary priests. - -The Colorado and its tributaries drain nearly the whole of Arizona, -and it is one of the most remarkable rivers in the world. Its head -branches have their sources in Wyoming, Colorado and Utah, uniting in -the latter State, flowing four hundred miles across Arizona and -seventy miles into Mexico to discharge through a delta into the Gulf -of California. The river and most of its tributaries in Arizona pass -through canyons that are among the wonders of the world, exposing to -view geological strata of all the formations in their regular places -to the thickness of twenty-five thousand feet. At first, the Colorado -flows out of Utah and south into Arizona for one hundred and eighty -miles, passing through the Marble Canyon, so called from the limestone -walls, nearly four thousand feet deep. It then turns westward by -irregular course, flowing nearly two hundred and fifty miles through -the Grand Canyon, the most stupendous in existence, and having at -places six thousand feet depth and walls spreading at the surface five -or six miles apart. These huge walls are terraced and carved into -myriads of pinnacles and towers, often brilliantly colored, and far -down in the bottom the river is seen like a silvery thread of foam. -Major Powell, who first explored it in 1869, went through in a boat. -He calls it "the most profound chasm known on the globe," and believes -the river was running there before the mountains were formed, and that -the canyon was made by the erosion of the water acting simultaneously -with the slow upheaval of the rocks. The river has a rapid flow in the -canyon, winding generally through a lower chasm and having a descent -of five to twelve feet to the mile, sometimes with placid reaches, but -frequently plunging down rapids filled with rocks. The surrounding -country is largely volcanic, with lava-beds and extinct craters. When -the visitor first approaches the brink of the great chasm, he is -almost appalled with the sight. There seem to be scores of deep -ravines and enclosed mountains, the main wall opposite being miles -away, and the intervening space filled with peaks and ridges of every -imaginable shape and color, rising from the abyss below. There is a -trail down the side of the canyon, a steep and narrow path winding -along the face of the Grand View Gorge, giving startling glimpses into -ravines thousands of feet deep, and disclosing the massive -magnificence of this enormous abyss. Down goes the trail, one gorge -opening below another until the verge of the final gorge is reached, -in which the river runs at a depth of a thousand feet farther. -Everything is desolate, the vegetation sparse, and a few stunted trees -appearing, while the river, which seemed from above to be only a far -distant silvery streak down below, is expanded by the nearer view into -large proportions. This Grand Canyon of the Colorado is one of the -most wonderful constructions of nature in its stupendous size and -extraordinary character; with the myriads of pinnacles, towers, -castles, walls, chasms and profound depths it contains and the -gorgeous coloring given most of the surfaces. It is among the greatest -of the attractions that America, the land of wonders, presents to the -seeker after the picturesque. - - -SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. - -Beyond the California boundary the Southern Pacific Railway traverses -the broad Colorado desert. This is a barren, sandy wilderness, growing -nothing but yuccas and cactus, and is depressed far below the -sea-level. It is an inland salt-water lake that has mostly dried up, -the belief being that it was formerly an extension of the Gulf of -California. The railway route beyond passes between the San Jacinto -and San Bernardino Mountains, crossing the latter. These peaks rise -over eleven thousand feet, and beyond is the pleasant fruit-growing -San Bernardino Valley, originally settled by the Mormons in 1851. To -the southward is Riverside, in the fertile district where the seedless -navel oranges are successfully cultivated, the groves giving an -attractive exhibition of orange-growing. Here is the famous Magnolia -Avenue, one hundred and thirty feet wide and ten miles long, with its -double rows of pepper trees, and extending all the way through orange -groves. In its park is one of the finest cacti collections in -existence. Adjacent is Redlands, also a flourishing orange-growing -city, its sidewalks bordered by stately palms, rose-bushes, pepper -trees and century plants, while everywhere are orange trees in their -perpetual livery of brilliant green. Around it encircle the high San -Bernardino Mountains, thoroughly protecting the fertile valley. To the -southward the route then runs out to the Pacific Ocean bound to -Southern California, and following down the coast near San Juan passes -Dana's Point, over which, in the early Californian days, the hides -were thrown for shipment, as narrated by Dana in _Two Years Before the -Mast_. Ultimately it reaches the grand bay of San Diego, near the -Mexican boundary, which, next to San Francisco, is the best harbor on -the Pacific coast. - -Here, spreading along the shores of the beautiful bay, is the ancient -Spanish town of San Diego, long sleepy, but lately enjoying a "boom" -when it found itself becoming a popular watering-place. To the -northward is the old Mission of San Diego, the first settlement by -white men in California, noted for its prolific olive groves. In the -town of adobe houses lived "Ramona" of whom Helen Hunt Jackson has -written, and there are still preserved here the original church bells -sent out from Spain to the colony. The outer arm of San Diego Bay is -Coronado Beach, a narrow tongue of sand, stretching twelve miles -northward, and ending in spacious expansions known as the North and -South Beaches. Upon the South Beach is the famous watering-place of -Coronado, with its great hotel alongside the ocean, the tower -commanding an extensive view, and its spacious surrounding -flower-gardens being magnificently brilliant. There are Botanical -Gardens, a Museum and an interesting ostrich farm, with railways for -miles along the pleasant shores, and at Point Loma are the lighthouses -guarding the entrance from the sea, the uppermost, elevated five -hundred feet, being the highest lighthouse in the world. Down near the -Mexican boundary is the suburb of National City, surrounded by olive -groves, and the visitors sometimes cross over the border to visit the -curious Mexican village of Tia Juana, a name which being freely -translated means "Aunt Jane." Extensive irrigation works serve the -country around San Diego, and the great Sweetwater Dam, ninety feet -high, closing a gorge, makes one of the largest water reservoirs in -existence. - -This wonderful land of California into which we have come has a name -the meaning of which is unknown. One Ordonez de Montalva in 1510 -published a Spanish romance wherein he referred to the "island of -California, on the right hand of the Indies, very near the Terrestrial -Paradise." When Cortez conquered Mexico, his annalist, Bernal Diaz del -Castillo, gave this name, it is said in derision, about 1535, to the -lower peninsula of California, then supposed to be an island, it -having been discovered the previous year by the Spanish explorer -Ximenes. The Jesuit missionaries came in the seventeenth century to -the lower peninsula, and in the eighteenth century to California -proper. It is an enormous State, stretching nearly eight hundred miles -along the Pacific, and inland for a width of two hundred or more -miles. It is mainly a valley, between the Coast Range of mountains on -the west and the Sierra Nevada, meaning the "snowy saw-tooth -mountains," on the east. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers flow in -the central valley, which stretches north and south for five hundred -miles. To the southward the mountain ranges join, and below them is -the special and favored region of Southern California. When first -settled, there were established from San Diego up to Sonoma twenty-one -Jesuit Missions, whose ruins and old buildings are now found so -interesting, and these early establishments converted the Indians, of -whom it is said that the charming climate offered them no -inducements to develop savagery, so that when the conversion time came -they were easily made serfs for the Missions, and worked in a way that -few other Indians ever did. There are two California seasons, the -rainy and the dry, the former lasting from November to May, while -there is almost unchanging dry weather from May till October. The -rainy season, however, is not as in the tropics, where there are -deluges daily, but it means that then it will rain if ever, and there -are in fact days without rain at all. California is a land of climatic -attractiveness, where, as it has been well said, "it is always -afternoon." Through vast irrigation systems, despite the dry season, -much of the surface has been made a garden. Water runs everywhere -copiously down from the mountains, and the shrubbery of all parts of -the world has been brought hither and successfully grown. The region -presents an universal landscape of foliage and flowers, luxuriant -beyond imagination. In Southern California the wild flowers, of which -the golden poppy is one of the most prominent, are extraordinary in -their number, variety and brilliancy. "The greatest surprise of the -traveller," writes Charles Dudley Warner, "is that a region which is -in perpetual bloom and fruitage, where semi-tropical fruits mature in -perfection, and the most delicate flowers dazzle the eye with color -the winter through, should have on the whole a low temperature, a -climate never enervating, and one requiring a dress of woollen in -every month." - - [Illustration: _Cloister of Mission, San Juan Capistrano_] - - -LOS ANGELES AND SAN JOAQUIN. - -The metropolis of this land of sunshine, fruits and flowers, fifteen -miles back from the sea, is _La Puebla de la Nuestra Senora la Reina -de Los Angeles_, or "the City of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels;" a -lengthy title which the matter-of-fact Americans some time ago happily -shortened into Los Angeles. From it Los Angeles River flows south to -the sea at San Pedro Bay. The Spaniards founded the town in 1781, but -it had only a sleepy existence until 1880, when the railways came -along, and it became a centre of the pleasure and health-resorts, and -the extensive fruit growing of Southern California, expanding so -rapidly that it has seventy thousand people. Originally, the houses -were of adobe, but now it has many fine buildings and a magnificent -development of residences, the whole city being embowered in luxuriant -vegetation. In the neighborhood are petroleum wells and asphalt -deposits, while the adjacent district has many irrigation canals. Down -on the ocean shore is San Pedro, the port of Los Angeles, where the -harbor has been improved by a large outlay, and twenty miles away is -the beautiful mountainous island of Santa Catalina, a popular resort, -which is in reality an ocean mountain top. Santa Monica Bay, to the -southwest, is the coast bathing-place of Los Angeles, and near by is -the popular Redondo Beach, with its spacious Chautauqua Assembly -Building. Pasadena is a charming suburb of the city off to the -northeast, a perpetual garden and favorite place of residence. It is -in San Gabriel Valley, over which rises the great Sierra Madre Range, -eleven thousand feet high, the glossy green orange groves on its sides -gradually melting into the white snow-capped summits of this towering -mountain wall. A railway ascends Echo Mountain north of Pasadena, on -which is the Lowe Observatory. To the southeast is the old San Gabriel -Mission in the valley, surrounded by vineyards and orchards. - -San Buenaventura was another Mission, and is now a health-resort at -the coast outlet of Ventura valley, and beyond is Santa Barbara, the -"American Mentone," one of the most charming California resorts. The -old Spanish Mission, with its towers and corridors, is famous, and was -built in 1786, being well-preserved and having a few of the Franciscan -monks yet in charge. A curiosity of the neighborhood is _La Parra -Grande_, the "Great Vine," having a trunk four feet in diameter and -covering a trellis sixty feet square, its annual product being eight -thousand pounds of grapes. Farther along the coast is the charming Bay -of Monterey, with the Spanish town of Monterey on its southern shore. -In 1770 the Mission of San Carlo de Monterey was founded here, and it -was the Mexican capital of California until the American conquest in -1846, then depending chiefly on a trade in tallow and hides. It has -not grown much since, however, and the old adobe buildings have not -undergone change in a half-century. It is now a popular resort, having -the noted Hotel Del Monte, the "Hotel of the Forest," located in -spacious and exquisite grounds, the park embracing seven thousand -acres. Upon the northern side of Monterey Bay is Santa Cruz, its chief -town, also a summer-resort, having a background made by the Santa Cruz -Mountains. This was a Mission founded in 1791, and five miles -northward is the Santa Cruz grove of big trees, containing a score of -redwoods or sequoias, of a diameter of ten feet or more, the largest -being twenty-three feet. Within a hollow in one of these trees General -Fremont encamped for several days in 1847. To the northward is the -prolific fruit region, the Santa Clara Valley, where Mission Santa -Clara was founded in 1777. The city of this valley is San Jose, with -twenty thousand people, distantly surrounded by mountains, and, like -all these places, a popular resort. The Calaveras Mountains are to the -eastward, and here, on Mount Hamilton, twenty-six miles southeast, is -the Lick Observatory, at forty-two hundred feet elevation. It was -founded by a legacy of $700,000 left by James Lick, of San Francisco, -and is attached to the University of California, being among the -leading observatories of the world. It has one of the largest and most -powerful refracting telescopes in existence, the object-glass being -thirty-six inches in diameter. Mr. Lick is buried in the foundation -pier of this great telescope which he erected. There is a magnificent -view from the Observatory, which is exceptionally well located, its -white buildings, shining in the sunlight, seen from afar. - -Across the Coast Range of mountains, eastward from San Jose, is the -extensive San Joaquin Valley, noted as the "granary of California," -two hundred miles long and thirty to seventy miles wide between the -mountain ranges. It produces almost limitless crops of grain, fruits -and wines. Through this great valley the San Joaquin River flows -northward, and the Sacramento River southward in another valley as -spacious, and uniting, they go out westward to San Francisco Bay. We -are told that in the days when the earth was forming, the sea waves -beat against the slopes of the Sierra Nevada, but ultimately the -waters receded, leaving the floor of this vast valley of central -California stretching nearly five hundred miles between the mountain -ranges. The first comers among the white men dug gold out of its -soils, but now they also get an enormous revenue from the prolific -crops. Railways traverse it in all directions. The chief city is -Stockton, at the head of navigation on the San Joaquin, a town of -twenty thousand people, having numerous factories. Here in the slopes -and gulches of the Sierras, stretching far away, were the first -gold-mines of California, when the discoveries of the "Forty-niners" -set the world agog. Here, at Jackson, was tapped the famous "Mother -Lode," the most continuous and richest of the three gold belts -extending along the slope of the Sierras, and so-called by the early -miners because they regarded it as the parent source of all the gold -found in the placers. This lode is in some parts a mile wide, and -extends a hundred miles, being here a series of parallel fissures -filled with gold-bearing quartz-veins, while farther south they unite -in a single enormous fissure. The mineral belts paralleling it on both -sides are rich in copper and gold. The country all about is a mining -region with prolific "diggings" everywhere, and smokes arising from -the stamp-mills at work reducing the ores. Here are Tuttletown and -Jackass Hill, the home of "Truthful James," and the localities made -familiar by Bret Harte and Mark Twain. Here is Carson Hill, there -having been picked up on its summit the largest gold-nugget ever found -in California, worth $47,000. What this gold-mining has meant is shown -by the results, aggregating since California first produced the metal -a total of nearly $1,350,000,000 gold given the world. As the San -Joaquin Valley is ascended, it develops its wealth of grain-fields, -orchards and vineyards, and displays the grand systems of irrigation -which have contributed to produce so much fertility. - -Eastward from San Joaquin Valley are the famous groves of Big Trees, -the gigantic sequoias, which Emerson has appropriately called the -"Plantations of God." There are two forests of giants in Calaveras and -Mariposa Counties displaying these enormous trees, of which it is -significantly said that some were growing when Christ was upon the -earth. The Calaveras Grove, the northernmost, is at an elevation of -forty-seven hundred feet above the sea, upon a tract about two-thirds -of a mile long and two hundred feet wide, there being a hundred large -trees and many smaller. The tallest tree standing is the "Keystone -State," three hundred and twenty-five feet high and forty-five feet in -circumference. The "Mother of the Forest," denuded of its bark, is -three hundred and fifteen feet high and sixty-one feet girth, while -the "Father of the Forest," the biggest of all, is prostrate, and -measures one hundred and twelve feet in circumference. There are two -trees three hundred feet high, and many exceeding two hundred and -fifty feet, the bark sometimes being a foot and a half thick. This -grove, however, being less convenient, is not so much visited as the -Mariposa Grove to the southward. It is in Mariposa (the butterfly) -County, at sixty-five hundred feet elevation, and near the Yosemite -Valley. The tract of four square miles is a State Park, there being -two distinct forests a half-mile apart. The lower grove has a hundred -fine trees, the largest being the "Grizzly Giant," of ninety-four feet -circumference and thirty-one feet diameter, the main limb, at two -hundred feet elevation, being over six feet in diameter. The upper -grove contains three hundred and sixty trees, and the road between the -groves is tunnelled directly through one of them, which is -twenty-seven feet in diameter. Through this living tree, named -"Wawona," the stage-coach drives in a passage nearly ten feet wide. -These trees are not so high as in Calaveras Grove, but they are -usually of larger girth. The tallest is two hundred and seventy-two -feet, ten exceed two hundred and fifty feet, and three are over ninety -feet in circumference, while twenty are over sixty feet. Many of the -finest have been marred by fires. There are eight groves of these Big -Trees in California, these being the chief. - - -YOSEMITE VALLEY. - -Into the San Joaquin flows Merced River, coming from the eastward down -out of the Sierras through the famous Yosemite Valley. Most of its -waters are diverted by irrigation canals leading for many miles over -the floor of the broad San Joaquin Valley. The road to the Yosemite -leads eastward up the slope, crosses the crest, and at Inspiration -Point, fifty-six hundred feet elevation, gives the first view, then -steeply descending to the river bank, it enters the western portal. -Yosemite is a corruption of the Indian word "A-hom-e-tae," which means -the "full-grown grizzly bear," and is supposed to have originally -been the name of an Indian chief. This magnificent canyon, on the -western slope of the Sierra Nevada, is a deep gorge eight miles long, -traversed by Merced River, its nearly level floor being about -thirty-eight hundred feet above the sea-level. The enclosing rocky and -almost vertical walls rise from three thousand to five thousand feet -above the river, the space between varying from a half-mile to two -miles. Over the valley floor winds the beautiful green current of the -diminutive Merced, bordered by trees and vegetation, the surface being -generally grass-grown. The high vertical walls, the small amount of -_debris_ at their foot, and the character of the Yosemite chasm -itself, have led the geologists to ascribe its formation not to -erosion or glacial action, but to a mighty convulsion in the granite -rocks, whereby part of them subsided along lines of fault-crossing -nearly at right-angles. The observer, standing on the floor, can see -no outlet anywhere, the almost perpendicular walls towering on high in -every direction. - -The Valley is a Government Park, which also includes the watershed of -the streams flowing into it. Originally it was the home of the Digger -Indians, a tribe of Shoshones, and a rather low type, of whom a few -still survive. It was first seen by white men in 1851, when a -detachment of troops pursuing these Indians came unexpectedly upon it. -The attractions soon became widely known, and visitors were numerous, -especially after the opening of the Pacific Railways. Entering the -Valley, the most striking object is its northwestern buttress, the -ponderous cliff El Capitan, rising thirty-three hundred feet, at a -very narrow part, its majestic form dominating the view. There are two -vertical mountain walls almost at right angles, these enormous bare -precipices facing west and south. On the opposite side, forming the -other portal, rise the imposing Cathedral Rocks, adjoined by the two -slender Cathedral Spires of splintered granite, nearly three thousand -feet high. Over these rocks on their western side pours the Bridal -Veil Fall, about seventy feet wide, and descending vertically six -hundred and thirty feet. As the winds often make the foaming column -flutter like a white veil, its title has been appropriately given. -Adjoining El Capitan descends the Ribbon Fall, or the Virgin's Tears, -falling two thousand feet, but losing much of its waters as the summer -advances. Eastward of El Capitan are the peaks called the Three -Brothers, the highest also named the Eagle Peak, rising three thousand -feet. To the eastward of this peak and in a recess near the centre of -the Valley are the Yosemite Falls, one of the highest waterfalls in -the world. Yosemite Creek, which comes over the brink with a breadth -of thirty-five feet, descends twenty-five hundred feet in three leaps. -It pours down a vertical wall, the Upper Fall descending nearly -fifteen hundred feet without a break, the column of water swaying as -the winds blow with marvellous grace of motion, the eddying mists -fading into light summer clouds above. The Middle Fall is a series of -cascades descending over six hundred feet, and the Lower Fall is four -hundred feet high. This is one of the grandest features of the Valley, -but its vigor, too, dwindles as the season advances. There is a high -and splendid ice cone formed at the foot of the Upper Fall in the -winter. Alongside, upon a projection called Yosemite Point, at over -thirty-two hundred feet elevation, is given one of the best views of -the famous Valley. - -At the head of the Yosemite, it divides into three narrow tributary -canyons, each discharging a stream, which uniting form the Merced. The -northernmost is the Tenaya, and overshadowing it rises the huge North -Dome, more than thirty-seven hundred feet high, having as an outlying -spur the Washington Column. Opposite, and forming the eastern boundary -of the valley, is the South or Half Dome, of singular shape, towering -almost five thousand feet, and like El Capitan, at the other -extremity, being a most remarkable granitic cliff. Its top is -inaccessible, although once it was scaled by an adventurous explorer -by means of a rope attached to pegs driven into the rock. It is one of -the most extraordinarily formed mountains in existence, standing up -tall, gaunt and almost square against the sky, the dominating pinnacle -of the upper valley. Upon the southern side rises Glacier Point, -nearly thirty-four hundred feet, giving a splendid view over the -valley, having to the westward the Sentinel Dome, nearly forty-three -hundred feet high, ending in the conspicuous face of the Sentinel -Rock. Thus environed by vast cliffs, this grand valley displays -magnificent scenery. Within the upper canyons are also attractions, -that of the Merced River, the central gorge displaying the Vernal and -Nevada waterfalls. The Vernal Fall is seventy feet wide and descends -three hundred and fifty feet, having behind it the Cap of Liberty, a -picturesque cliff. Farther up the river is the Nevada Fall, a superb -cataract, having a slightly sloping descent of six hundred feet. Just -within Tenaya Canyon is the Mirror Lake, remarkable for its wonderful -reflections of the North and South Domes and adjacent mountains. Some -distance to the eastward is the Cloud's Rest, a peak rising more than -six thousand feet above the valley and nearly ten thousand feet above -sea-level, that is ascended for its splendid view of the surrounding -mountains and the enclosing walls of the valley, which can be plainly -seen throughout its length, stretching far away towards the setting -sun. This view of the Yosemite surpasses all others in its -comprehensiveness and grandeur. - - -THE ROCKIES - -The great "backbone" of the American Continent is the Rocky Mountains, -and the summits of its main range make the parting of the waters, the -"Continental Divide." Its name of the Rockies is appropriate, for on -these mountains and their intervening plateaus, naked rocks are -developed to an extent rarely equalled elsewhere in the world. The -leading causes of this are the great elevation and extreme aridity, -the scanty moisture preventing growth of vegetation, and the high -altitudes promoting denudation of the rock-material disintegrated at -the surface. Enormous crags and bold peaks of bare rocks, mostly -compose the mountains, while the streams flow at the bases of towering -precipices in deep chasms and canyons filled with broken rocks. Being -unprotected by vegetation, the winds sweep the hills clean of soil and -sand, the steep slopes of the valleys are strewn with fragments of the -enclosing cliffs, and the rivers are usually without flood-plains or -intervales, where soils may gather. In the extensive and -highly-elevated plateaus, the streams usually run in the bottoms of -deep canyons, their channels choked with _debris_. Added to this the -whole Rocky Mountain region has in the past been a scene of great -volcanic activity, many extinct volcanoes appear, broad plains are -covered with lava, and scoria and ashes are liberally deposited all -about. The aridity is not a feature of the Pacific coast ranges, -however, for the moisture from that ocean abundantly supplies water; -there are good soils, and in the northern parts usually dense forests. -The Rocky Mountain system extends from Mexico up to Alaska and the -Arctic Ocean, its greatest development being between 38 deg. and 42 deg. north -latitude, where the various ranges cover a breadth of a thousand -miles. The highest peak of the Rockies is Mount Logan, in British -America, on the edge of Alaska, rising nineteen thousand five hundred -and thirty-nine feet. In the United States these mountains rise from a -general plateau extending across the country, and reaching its maximum -elevation of about ten thousand feet in Colorado, whilst towards the -north the surface descends, entering Canada at an elevation of four -thousand feet. The plateau descends westward into the basin of the -Colorado River, then the surface rises in Nevada to six thousand feet, -and thence farther westward it gradually descends to the base of the -Sierra Nevada in California. To the eastward the plateau throughout -steadily descends in the long, undulating and generally treeless slope -of the Great Plains to the Mississippi, the many tributaries of the -Father of Waters carving their valleys down through its surface. There -are numerous mountain ranges, plateaus and parks, under different -names in this extensive mountain region, and the higher peaks in the -United States generally rise to thirteen to fifteen thousand feet -elevation. These mountains and the plains to the eastward compose the -vast arid region constituting fully two-fifths of the United States, -where irrigation is necessary to agriculture, and, in consequence, -less than ten per cent. of this large surface bears forests of any -value. We are told that so scant is the moisture, if the whole current -of every water-course in this district were utilized for irrigation it -would not be possible to redeem four per cent. of the land. Some of -this surface, however, bears grasses and plants that, to an extent, -make pasturage. The precious metals and other useful minerals are -found in abundance, and various parts of the region have been -developed by the many valuable mines, making their owners enormous -fortunes. - -Through this vast mountain district, over deserts and along devious -defiles, a half-dozen great railways lead from the Mississippi Valley -to the Pacific slope. The Southern Pacific Railway we have already -followed from New Orleans across to Southern California. Northward -from its route at El Paso a railway leads through New Mexico to the -next great transcontinental line, the Atchison system, coming from -Chicago by way of Kansas City and Santa Fe southwestward The main line -traverses Kansas, and branches go south into the Indian Territory and -Oklahoma. In the former are the reservations of the civilized tribes -of Indians originally removed from east of the Mississippi--the -Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws and Seminoles, with some -others--who number nearly two hundred thousand souls, most of them -engaged in agriculture. To the westward, south of Kansas and Colorado, -is the "Boomers' Paradise" of Oklahoma, or the "Beautiful Land," a -fertile and well-watered region, originally part of the Indian -reserved lands, but bought from them by the Government. People from -Kansas long had a desire to occupy this prolific land, and only with -great difficulty were they kept out. The portion first got ready was -opened to settlement by proclamation at noon on April 22, 1889, a -large force of troops being in attendance to preserve order. Over -fifty thousand people crossed the boundaries and entered the Territory -the first day, taking up farms and starting towns. The "Cherokee -Strip" along the northern line was subsequently obtained and opened to -settlement in September, 1893, when ninety thousand people rushed in. -These great invasions of the "Oklahoma boomers" became historic, -cities of tents springing up in a night; but while there then was much -suffering and privation from want of food and shelter, yet the new -Territory has since become a most successful agricultural community. - -The Atchison route, after crossing Kansas, enters Colorado, passing La -Junta and Trinidad, and then turning southward rises to the highest -point on the line, crossing the summit of the Raton Pass, at an -elevation of seventy-six hundred and twenty feet, by going through a -tunnel, and emerging on the southern side of the mountain in New -Mexico. The railway is then laid along the slope of the Santa Fe -Mountains, and on their side are Las Vegas Hot Springs, about forty of -them being in the group, their waters used both for bathing and -drinking, and having various curative properties. The Glorieta Pass is -subsequently crossed at seventy-five hundred feet elevation, and -beyond is Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. This is a curious and -antique town, the oldest in the United States next to St. Augustine in -Florida. It was an Indian pueblo or town in the very early times, and -in 1605 the Spaniards came along, captured it, reduced the Indians to -slavery, and worked the valuable gold and silver mines. In 1680 the -Indians revolted, expelled the Spaniards and destroyed their churches -and buildings, but they recovered control a few years later. There are -now about seven thousand people of all races, having a good trade, and -being chiefly employed in mining. It is a quaint old place, with -crooked and narrow streets and adobe houses surrounding the central -Plaza, on one side of which is the ancient Governor's Palace, a long, -low adobe structure of one story, wherein the Governors of Spanish, -Mexican and American rule have lived for nearly three centuries. It -contains various historical paintings and relics, and here General Lew -Wallace wrote _Ben Hur_ while Governor of New Mexico in 1880. - -Beyond Santa Fe is the Rio Grande River, which the railway follows -down through a grazing country past Albuquerque, its mart for wool and -hides. Turning westward an arid region is traversed, with an -occasional pueblo, and near Laguna is the famous Mesa Encantada, or -the "Enchanted Table Land." This eminence rises precipitously four -hundred and thirty feet above the surface, and is only accessible by -ladders and ropes. The summit gives evidence of former aboriginal -occupancy, and the tradition of the neighboring Acomas Indians is that -their ancestors lived upon it, but were forced to abandon the village -when a storm had destroyed the only trail and caused those remaining -on the summit to perish. To the westward the "Continental Divide" is -crossed at seventy-three hundred feet elevation, but with nothing -indicating the change, as it is on a plateau. The Navajo Indian -Reservation is crossed, Arizona entered and traversed, and at the -Flagstaff Station is the Lowell Observatory, and here the nearest -route is taken to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. There rises to the -northward the huge San Francisco Mountain, a fine extinct volcano, -while off to the southwest are the great United Verde Copper Mines, -among the largest in the world, and the town of Prescott, in a rich -mineral region. The Colorado River is crossed into California, and -then the railway traverses the wide Mojave Desert towards the Pacific -coast. - - -DENVER AND ITS SURROUNDINGS - -The Union Pacific Railway route across the Continent was the first -constructed, the Government giving large subsidies in money and land -grants. It was opened in 1869, and greatly encouraged travel to the -Pacific coast. The Union Pacific main line starts at Council Bluffs -and Omaha on the Missouri River and crosses Nebraska into Wyoming. -Here is Cheyenne, a leading cattle-dealers' town on the edge of the -Rockies, five hundred miles west of the Missouri, where there are -fifteen thousand people. Fort Russell, an Indian outpost at the verge -of the Black Hills, is to the northward. At Cheyenne, the main Union -Pacific line is joined by the Denver Pacific branch, which starts on -the Missouri River at Kansas City, traverses Kansas, passing Fort -Riley and the Ogden Monument there, marking the geographical centre of -the United States, and enters Colorado, and at Denver turns northward -to Cheyenne. - -Denver is the great city of the Rockies, whose snow-capped summits are -seen to the westward in a magnificent and unbroken line, extending in -view for one hundred and seventy miles from Pike's Peak north to -Long's Peak, with many intervening summits, most of them rising over -fourteen thousand feet. Denver stands on a high plateau, through which -the South Platte River flows, and it is at nearly fifty-three hundred -feet elevation. This "Queen City of the Plains" was settled by -adventurous pioneers as a mining camp in 1858, and through the -wonderful development of mining the precious metals has had rapid -growth, so that now there is one hundred and seventy thousand -population. It has many manufactures and some of the most extensive -ore-smelting works in the world, the annual output of gold and silver -being enormous. The high elevation and healthy climate make it a -favorite resort for pulmonary patients. There are many fine buildings, -and a noble State Capitol with a lofty dome, erected at a cost of -$2,500,000, and standing on a high hill, so that it gives a superb -outlook. The city was named in honor of General James W. Denver, who -was an early Governor of Kansas and served in the Civil War. He first -suggested the name of Colorado for the Territory (now a State), and -thus his name was given its capital. Denver has built for its -water-works, forty-eight miles south of the city, the highest dam in -the world, two hundred and ten feet, enclosing a gorge on the South -Platte to make an enormous reservoir holding an ample supply. - -Being so admirably located, Denver is a centre for excursions into one -of the most attractive mountain regions in America. The great Colorado -Front Range, or eastern ridge of the Rockies, stretches grandly across -the country and has behind it one range after another, extending far -westward to the Utah Basin. Towering behind the Front Range is the -Saguache Range, the chief ridge of the Rockies, which makes the -Continental Divide. Among these complicated Rocky Mountain ranges are -various extensive Parks or broad valleys, nestling amid the peaks and -ridges, which were originally the beds of inland lakes. Out of this -mountain region flow scores of rivers in all directions, the affluents -of the Mississippi to the east, the Rio Grande to the south, and the -Colorado and the Columbia westward. All of them have carved down deep -and magnificent gorges, two to five thousand feet deep, and in places -the wonderful results of ages of erosion are displayed in the peculiar -constructions of vast regions, and in special sections, where the -carvings by water, frost and wind-forces have made weird and fantastic -formations in the rocks on a colossal scale, as in the "Garden of the -Gods." These mountains and gorges are also filled with untold wealth, -and the mines, producing many millions of gold and silver, have -attracted the population chiefly since the Civil War, so that the -whole district around and beyond Denver is a region of mining towns, -which are reached by a network of railways disclosing the grandest -scenery, and in many parts the most startling and daring methods of -railroad construction. Whenever land can be reclaimed for agriculture -or grazing on the flanks of the mountains and in the protected valleys -and parks, it is done, so that the district has extensive irrigation -canals, in some parts diverting practically all the available flow of -water in the streams. This is particularly the case with the Upper -Arkansas River, such diversion of the headwaters in Colorado having -robbed the river of its water to such a degree that the people of -Kansas, whither it flows on its route to the Mississippi, are greatly -annoyed and have protracted litigation about it. - - -COLORADO ATTRACTIONS. - -Northwest from Denver is the picturesque Boulder Canyon, and here at -the mining town of Boulder is the University of Colorado, with six -hundred students. Beyond are Estes Park, one of the smaller enclosed -parks among the mountains, having Long's Peak on its verge, rising -fourteen thousand two hundred and seventy feet. Westward from Denver -is the Clear Creek Canyon, and the route in that direction leads -through great scenic attractions, past Golden, Idaho Springs and -Georgetown, where silver-mining and health-resorts divide attention, -the mountains also displaying several beautiful lakes. Beyond, the -railway threads the Devil's Gate, climbing up by remarkable loops, and -reaches Graymont at ten thousand feet elevation, having Gray's Peak -above it rising fourteen thousand four hundred and forty feet. In this -district is the mining town of Central City, while to the northwest is -the extensive Middle Park, of three thousand square miles area, a -popular resort for sportsmen. Southward from Denver the railway route -passes the splendid Casa Blanca, a huge white rock, a thousand feet -long and two hundred feet high, and crosses the watershed between the -Platte and the Arkansas, at an elevation of over seventy-two hundred -feet. Here, amid the mountains, seventy-five miles from Denver, upon a -plateau at six thousand feet elevation, is the famous city of Colorado -Springs, having twenty-five thousand people and being a noted -health-resort. It is pleasantly laid out, with wide, tree-shaded -streets, like a typical New England village spread broadly at the -eastern base of Pike's Peak. Here live large numbers of people who are -unable to stand the rigors of the climate on the Atlantic coast, and -it has been carefully preserved as a residential and educational city, -saloons being prohibited, with other restrictions calculated to -preserve its high character. The settlement began in 1871, but there -are no springs nearer than Manitou, several miles away in the spurs of -Pike's Peak. The climate of Colorado Springs is charming, and it has, -on the one hand, a magnificent mountain view, and on the other a -limitless landscape eastward and southward, across the prairie land. -Here are the Colorado College and other public institutions, and the -National Printers' Home, supported by the printers throughout the -country. In the pretty Evergreen Cemetery is buried the authoress, -Helen Hunt Jackson, who died in 1885. - -Probably the best known summit of the Rockies is Pike's Peak, rearing -its snowy top over Manitou, and about six miles westward from Colorado -Springs, to an elevation of nearly fourteen thousand two hundred -feet. As it rises almost sheer, in the Colorado Front Range, this -noble mountain can be seen from afar across the eastern plains. A -cog-wheel railway nine miles long ascends to the summit from Manitou, -rising seventy-five hundred feet. There is a small hotel at the top, -and a superb view over the mountains and glens and mining camps all -around. In 1806 General Zebulon Pike, then a captain in the army, led -an exploring expedition to this remote region and discovered this -noble mountain, which was given his name. Forests cover the lower -slopes, but the top is composed of bare rocks, usually snow-covered. -Below it a huge tunnel is being bored through the range to connect -Colorado Springs with the Cripple Creek mining district to the -westward. Manitou has a group of springs of weak compound carbonated -soda, resembling those of Ems, and beneficial to consumptive, -dyspeptic and other patients. They are at the entrance of the romantic -Ute Pass, a gorge with many attractions, which was formerly the trail -of the Ute Indians in crossing the mountains. Nearby, upon the Mesa, -or "table-land," is the "Garden of the Gods," a tract of about one -square mile, thickly studded with huge grotesque cliffs and rocks of -white and red sandstones, their unique carving being the result of the -erosive processes that have been going on for ages. They are all given -appropriate names, and its Gateway is a passage just wide enough for -the road, between two enormous bright red rocks over three -hundred feet high. Farther south on the Arkansas River is Pueblo, an -industrial city of thirty thousand people in a rich mining district, -where there is a Mineral Palace, having a wonderful ceiling formed of -twenty-eight domes, into which are worked specimens of all the -Colorado minerals. The route then crosses the Veta Pass at ninety-four -hundred feet elevation, whereon is the abrupt bend known as the "Mule -Shoe Curve," and beyond this it descends into the most extensive of -the Colorado Parks, the San Luis, covering six thousand square miles. -Sentineling its western side is the triple-peaked Sierra Blanca, the -loftiest Colorado Mountain, rising almost fourteen thousand five -hundred feet. The Rio Grande flows to the southward, and there is -Alamosa, and up in the mountains Creede, an extraordinary development -of recent silver mining, which began its career when the ore was -discovered in 1891, has seven thousand people, and has produced -$4,000,000 silver in a year. - - [Illustration: _Gateway, Garden of the Gods, Colorado_] - -Following up the Arkansas River from Pueblo, a route goes northward -behind and west of Pike's Peak into the Cripple Creek district, -situated at an elevation of nearly ten thousand feet among the -mountains, where in 1890 was a remote cattle ranch. The next year gold -was found there, a new population rushed in, and it has since become a -leading gold producer, its output of fourteen to twenty millions of -gold annually almost turning Colorado from a silver to a gold State. -There is now a population of twenty thousand, and the town has many -substantial buildings. Westward the route crosses the Continental -Divide and descends into the extensive South Park, covering two -thousand square miles, reaching Leadville beyond, renowned as a mining -camp that has developed into one of the highest cities of the world. -In the early Colorado days this was the great gold placer mining camp -of California Gulch. Afterwards it produced enormous quantities of -silver from the extensive carbonate beds discovered in 1876, and the -population expanded to thirty thousand, its name being changed to -Leadville. Of late, its gold mining has again become profitable, and -its population now is about fifteen thousand, the yield of silver, -which once reached $13,000,000 annually, being much reduced owing to -the decline in value. To the westward, the Colorado Midland Railway -crosses the Continental Divide by the Hagerman Pass, at eleven -thousand five hundred and thirty feet elevation, the highest elevation -of any railway route across the Rockies. It descends rapidly to Aspen, -where $8,000,000 of silver and gold are mined in a year. North of -Leadville is the noted Mountain of the Holy Cross, fourteen thousand -two hundred feet high, named from the impressive cruciform appearance -of two ravines crossing at right angles and always filled with snow. - -The Grand Canyon of the Arkansas is one of the most magnificent -gorges in the Rocky Mountains. This river above Pueblo forces its -passage through a deep pass known in the narrowest part as the Royal -Gorge, where the railway is laid alongside the boiling and rushing -stream, with rocky cliffs towering twenty-six hundred feet above the -line. It ascends westward, beyond the sources of the Arkansas, -crossing the Continental Divide by the Marshall Pass, at ten thousand -eight hundred and fifty-eight feet elevation, the route up there -showing, in its abrupt and bold curves, great engineering skill. The -Pass is always covered with snow, and the descent beyond it is to the -mining town of Gunnison. The Gunnison River is followed down through -its magnificent gorge, the Black Canyon giving a splendid display for -sixteen miles of some of the finest scenery of the Rockies. The river -is an alternation of foaming rapids and pleasant reaches, and within -the canyon is the lofty rock pinnacle of the Currecanti Needle. The -adjacent gorge of the Cimarron, a tributary stream, gives also a -splendid display of Rocky Mountain wildness, and below it the river -passes through the Lower Gunnison Canyon, bounded by smooth-faced -sandstone cliffs, and finally it falls into Grand River, one of the -head-streams of the Colorado. The combined magnificence of these -canyons and mountains makes the environment of the Colorado mining -region one of the most attractive scenic districts in America. The -railways have arranged a route of a thousand miles through the -mountains, starting from Denver, under the title of "Around the -Circle," which crosses and recrosses the Continental Divide, threads -the wonderful canyons, surmounts all the famous passes over the tops -of the Rocky ranges, and includes the most attractive scenery of the -district. - - -WYOMING FOSSILS. - -The Union Pacific Railway, westward from Cheyenne in Wyoming, -gradually ascends the slope and crosses the Continental Divide at -Sherman, the pass being elevated eighty-two hundred and forty-five -feet. Here, alongside the track, is the monument erected in memory of -Oakes and Oliver Ames of Massachusetts, to whose efforts the -construction of this pioneer railway across the Continent was largely -due. Upon the western slope of the mountains the descent is to the -Laramie Plains, an elevated plateau in Wyoming which is one of the -best grazing districts of the country. In the midst of the region on -the Big Laramie River is Laramie City, with ten thousand people, a -prominent wool and cattle mart. To the north and west high mountains -rise, out of which the river flows, and in this district is the great -fossil region of Wyoming. This state is the most prolific producer of -the skeletons of the enormous beasts that roamed the earth in -prehistoric times. About ninety miles northwest of Laramie City are -the greatest fossil quarries in existence, and the scientific hunters -from all the great museums have been finding rich treasures there. We -are told that in an early geological period Wyoming had numerous lakes -and swamps and a semi-tropical climate. These huge animals then -inhabited the lakes and swamps in large numbers. In dying, they sank -into the mud, and their bones were covered by other deposits and -became petrified. The extensive deposits of these bones are found -where are supposed to have been the mouths of great water-courses, the -huge animals, after death, having floated to where they are deposited -in such large numbers. The belief is that through the geological eras -these animals became covered with possibly twenty thousand feet of -rock. Afterwards, the process by which the Rocky Mountains were formed -tilted these rock beds, and the subsequent erosion of the strata -brought to light these bone-deposits, made millions of years ago. For -many years the scientists have been exhuming these skeletons, and have -recovered the bones of over three hundred different species. They are -of all sizes and characters, and here has been found the most colossal -animal ever discovered on the earth, a dinosaur, nearly one hundred -and thirty feet long, and thirty-five feet high at the hips and -twenty-five feet at the shoulders. The skeleton of this immense -creature, who is called a diplodocus, weighs twenty tons, and it is -believed that when living he weighed sixty tons, having a neck thirty -feet long and a tail twice that length. Yet his head was very small, -and the weight of the brain was not over five pounds. In comparison -with the mammoth, heretofore regarded as so large, this huge beast, -whose foot covered a square yard of earth, was in size as a horse is -compared to a dog. Such are the contributions Wyoming is making to our -great museums of science. - -To the southward of the Laramie Plains is the Colorado North Park, -among the mountains of that State, having an area of over two thousand -square miles. Beyond, the railway route goes westward among hills and -over the plateaus. This route is not as picturesque as some of the -other Pacific railways, but in crossing the Continent it discloses -very curious scenery. At places there are great Buttes, water-worn and -rounded, rising in isolated grandeur; the plains and terraces are -carved into elongated and wide depressions, as if abandoned rivers had -run through them; there are long and regular embankments, strange -hills of fantastic form, huge mounds, broken-down pyramids, vast -stone-piles, and the most strange and extraordinary fashionings of -nature, showing both water and fire to have been at work. Then the -route passes the snow-clad Uintah Mountains to the southward, and -crossing the Wahsatch range, enters Utah, traversing its remarkable -enclosed basin, where the waters have no outlet to the sea, but flow -into salt lakes which lose their surplus supplies by evaporation in -the summer. Beyond, is the wild and picturesque Echo Canyon, with the -green valley of Weber River and the Weber Canyon. Here is the gigantic -Castle Rock, a rugged stone-pile fantastically carved by nature, -having a giant doorway and all the semblance of a mountain fortress. -Here is also the "One Thousand Mile Tree," on the northern side of the -road, being that distance west of Omaha. In the Echo Gorge is the -Hanging Rock, where Brigham Young, as the Mormon Pilgrims journeyed to -their Utah home, is said to have preached the first sermon to them in -the "Promised Land." The old-time emigrant trail passes through these -canyons alongside the railway and the river. A remarkable sight within -the Weber Canyon is the Devil's Slide, where on the face of an almost -perpendicular red mountain, eight hundred feet high, there is inlaid a -brilliantly white strip of limestone about fifteen feet wide, all the -way from top to bottom, having enclosing white walls, the whole work -being as regularly constructed as if built by a stonemason. Beyond, we -come to Ogden, a busy industrial town of twenty thousand people, the -western terminus of the Union Pacific Railway, and having another -railroad leading thirty-seven miles southward to Salt Lake City. - - -GREAT SALT LAKE. - -In the centre of the Rockies, occupying a large portion of Utah and -adjacent States, is the "Great Basin," which, as remarked, has no -drainage outlet for its waters. The geologists tell us that in ancient -times this region was covered by two extensive lakes, one of them in -the Pleistocene era occupying the now desert interior basin of Utah. -This extinct lake, whose ancient shores can be distinctly traced, has -been named Lake Bonneville. When at its greatest expansion, it covered -twenty thousand square miles, and the waters were nearly a thousand -feet deep, overflowing to the northward into a branch of Shoshone -River through a deep pass, and going thence to the Pacific. The waters -of this lake, by climatic changes, gradually dwindled, the loss by -evaporation overcame the rainfall supply, the overflow ceased, and -then the lake dried up, revealing the desert bottom. Of its waters -there now remain the Great Salt Lake of Utah, about eighty miles long -and from thirty to fifty miles wide, very shallow, averaging only -twenty feet depth, and not over fifty feet in the deepest place, -having monotonously flat shores on the desert plateau, elevated -forty-two hundred feet above the sea. Its dimensions vary according to -the rainfall, the surface rising and falling in various periods of -years. Several streams flow in, among them the Jordan River, forty -miles long, draining Utah Lake to the southward. The waters are -densely salt, varying from fourteen to twenty-two per cent. as the -lake is high or low (compared with three to four per cent. in the -ocean), and it is estimated to contain four hundred million tons of -salt. Not a fish can live there excepting a small brine shrimp. A bath -in the lake is novel, as the density makes the body very buoyant, -easily floating head and shoulders above the water. - -To this desert region, after being driven from Nauvoo on the -Mississippi, Brigham Young brought his first Mormon colony by a long -journey across the plains and mountains, a band of one hundred and -forty-three persons, arriving in July, 1847, Utah then being Mexican -territory. They organized the State of Deseret, and it afterwards -became a Territory of the United States. By prodigious labors, -constructing irrigation canals to bring in the mountain streams, they -made the soil productive, and now it is one of the most fertile -valleys in the country. Almost the whole flow of the Jordan River is -thus used for irrigation. Colonies and proselytes were brought in from -various parts of the world, until two hundred thousand Mormons came to -Utah, and after protracted conflicts with the Government, polygamy was -declared illegal, and its discontinuance was ordered by proclamation -of the Mormon President. Twelve miles from the Great Salt Lake is the -Utah capital and Mormon Zion, Salt Lake City, where the Latter-Day -Saints and Gentiles together exceed fifty thousand. Its prosperity is -largely due to the extensive mining interests of the surrounding -country. The lofty Wahsatch Mountains are close to the city on the -northern and eastern sides, while to the south, seen over a hundred -miles of almost level plain, is a magnificent range of snow-covered -mountains, this being the perpetual and awe-inspiring view from all -parts of the city. The streets are wide and lined with shade trees, -the residences surrounded by gardens, and irrigation canals border all -the thoroughfares, so that the whole place is embosomed in foliage, -and the delicious green adds to its scenic attractiveness. The Temple -Block of ten acres, the sacred square of the Mormons, is the centre -from which the streets are laid towards the four cardinal points of -the compass. A high adobe wall surrounds it, and here is the great -Mormon Temple of granite, which was forty years building, and cost -over $4,000,000, having three pointed towers at each end, the loftiest -being surmounted by a gilded figure of the Mormon angel Moroni. Here -is also the Mormon Tabernacle, a huge oval-shaped structure, -surmounted by a roof rounded like a turtle-back, the interior -accommodating twelve thousand people. This is their great -meeting-place, and they also have a smaller Assembly Hall for -religious services. These are the chief buildings of Salt Lake City. -To the eastward in the suburbs is the military post of Fort Douglas, -where the troops are barracked that guard the Mormon capital. In the -earlier period, when there were fears of trouble, a large garrison was -kept at this extensive fortification to maintain government control. - - -OGDEN TO SACRAMENTO. - -Westward from Ogden in Utah the Union Pacific route to California is -continued upon the Southern Pacific system, that company having -absorbed the original Central Pacific road. It passes Corinne, the -largest Gentile city in Utah, and then through the Promontory -Mountains, on the northern verge of Great Salt Lake. It was at -Promontory Point on May 10, 1869, that the railway builders of this -original transcontinental line, coming both ways, met, and joined the -tracks. The last tie was made of California rosewood, trimmed with -silver, and the last four spikes were of silver and gold. The final -golden spike was driven with a silver hammer in the presence of a -large and silent assemblage. The locomotives coming from the East and -the West met, as Bret Harte has written: - - "Pilots touching--head to head - Facing on the single track; - Half a world behind each back!" - -Beyond, the Great American Desert, an alkaline waste, is crossed, the -State of Nevada is entered, the Humboldt River is followed for awhile, -and then Truckee River is ascended through the Pleasant Valley, -leading into the Sierra Nevada, the lower mountain slopes covered with -magnificent forests and the railroad protected from avalanches by -snow-sheds. The Humboldt River has no outlet. It spreads out in an -extensive sheet of water known as the "Carson Sink" and evaporates. At -Reno is the Nevada State University, and as this is a silver region -there are extensive smelting mills. Thirty-one miles southward is -Carson, the capital of Nevada, and twenty-one miles farther the famous -silver-mining town of Virginia City, with ten thousand people, built -half-way up a steep mountain slope and completely surrounded by -mountains. Virginia City stands directly over the noted Comstock Lode, -and here are the Bonanza Mines, which were such prolific producers in -the great silver days. This lode has produced over $450,000,000, -chiefly silver, and it is drained by the Sutro Tunnel, nearly four -miles long, which cost $4,500,000 to construct. Nearby, on the -California boundary, and at six thousand feet elevation, is the -beautiful Lake Tahoe, one of the loveliest sheets of water in the -world, twenty-two miles long, very deep, surrounded by snow-clad -mountains, and yet it never freezes, its outlet being the Truckee -River. In a region of many lakes, it is known as "the gem of the high -Sierras." To the westward of Reno is another lovely sheet of water, -Donner Lake, embosomed in the lap of towering hills, its name coming -from an early explorer, Captain Donner, who, with many of his party, -perished on its shores during a heavy snowstorm in 1846. The top of -the Sierra Nevada is crossed through a tunnel at Summit Station, -elevated seven thousand feet, and beyond there is a complete change -both in climate and vegetation, the descent being rapid and the -transition from arctic snows to sub-tropical flowers very quick. The -line is in many places carved out of the faces of startling -precipices, and here it rounds the famous beetling promontory known as -Cape Horn. Then, coming down among the orchards and vineyards, it -enters the wide and fertile Sacramento Valley, and almost at sea-level -comes to the capital of California, the city of Sacramento, built on -the eastern bank of Sacramento River just below the mouth of the -American River. It is a busy city with thirty thousand people, and has -a large and handsome State Capitol. - - -TRANSCONTINENTAL ROUTES. - -The Northern Pacific Railway, the next route northward, after -following up the Yellowstone River to Livingston, at the entrance to -Yellowstone Park in Montana, ascends the Belt Mountains, crossing them -through Bozeman Tunnel at an elevation of nearly fifty-six hundred -feet. This range is an outlying eastern spur of the Rockies. The road -passes the mining town of Butte, there being forty thousand people in -the neighboring settlements. Here are many gold, silver and copper -mines, including the great Anaconda Mine, which was sold in 1898 to -the company at present working it for $45,000,000, the product of the -mine being silver and copper. The Butte copper output is two hundred -and fifty million pounds annually, and the smelting-works at Anaconda -are the largest in the world. At Three Forks, not far away, is the -confluence of the Madison, Jefferson and Gallatin Rivers, forming the -Missouri. Beyond is Helena, the capital of Montana, built in the -Prickly Pear Valley near the eastern base of the main Rocky Mountain -range and having fifteen thousand population. This is in another rich -mining district, and the "Last Chance Gulch," running through the -city, has yielded over $30,000,000 gold, while all around are gold, -silver, copper and lead-deposits. Twenty-four miles from Helena, the -main range of the Rockies is crossed by the Mullen's Pass tunnel at -fifty-five hundred and fifty feet elevation. At Gold Creek in the -valley beyond, the last golden spike of the Northern Pacific Railway -was driven in September, 1883, uniting the tracks which had advanced -from the east and west and met there. President Henry Villard made -this the occasion of great festivity, bringing many train-loads of -distinguished men to the ceremony, and shortly afterwards the company, -which was heavily in debt, went into a Receivership. The railroad -follows the Missoula and Pend d'Oreille (the "earring") Rivers, which -unite in Clark's Fork, a tributary of the Columbia River, and enters -Idaho, "the gem of the mountains," or, as called by the Nez Perces, -_Edah-hoe_; finally coming to Spokane in Washington State. This busy -manufacturing town of over twenty thousand people was burnt in 1889, -but has entirely recovered from the calamity. The Spokane River -descends one hundred and fifty feet in two falls within the town, -furnishing an admirable water-power. To the southwest is the -confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers, and beyond, the railway -penetrates the defiles of the Cascade Mountains, the northern -prolongation of the California Coast range, the Northern Pacific line -finally terminating at Tacoma on Puget Sound. - -The great Columbia is the chief river draining the western slopes of -the Rockies. It has a broad estuary, and in May, 1792, Captain Robert -Gray of Boston, coasting along the shore in his bark "Columbia -Rediviva," discovered it, was baffled more than a week before he could -cross the shallow bar at its mouth, and gave it the name of his -vessel. The Spaniards marked his discovery on one of their maps -without any head to the river, recording alongside in Spanish _y-aun -se ignora_--meaning "and it is not yet known" where the source of the -river is situated. The famous Danish geographer, Malte-Brun, reading -this, made the mistake of recognizing the word _ignora_ as Oregon, and -published it in the early nineteenth century as the name of the -country, to which it has stuck. Thus is Oregon, like California, a -name given without meaning. The Columbia is an enormous river, over -twelve hundred miles long, rising in Otter Lake, just north of the -Dominion boundary, making a long loop up into British America, then -coming down into the United States between the Rockies and the -Cascades with another broad western loop, and swinging around to the -southeast, finally turning westward to form the boundary between -Oregon and Washington State to the Pacific. The chief tributary is -Snake River, known also as Lewis Fork, which comes out of the western -verge of the Yellowstone Park, makes an extensive southern bend -through Idaho and is nine hundred miles long, being a most remarkable -river. West of the Rockies is an enormous area, estimated at two -hundred and fifty thousand square miles, that has been subjected to -volcanic action, being overflowed by what is known as the "Columbia -lava," in deposits from one-half mile to a mile in thickness. Through -this region the Snake River has carved out its extraordinary canyon in -places four thousand feet deep, and in some respects rivalling the -canyons of the Colorado. Down in the bottom of this gigantic fissure -can be seen the ancient rocky formation of the mountains, elsewhere -covered by the sheet of lava. The curious sight is also given of -various tributaries sinking under the strata of lava and ultimately -coming out through the sides of the canyon, pouring their waters down -into the main river far below. - -Within this canyon the Snake River goes over the noted Shoshone -Falls, a series of cataracts. The first one is the Twin Falls -descending one hundred and eighty feet, then the river goes down the -Bridal Veil of eighty feet descent, and finally it pours in grandeur -over the great Shoshone Falls, nearly a thousand feet wide, and -descending two hundred and ten feet, a most magnificent cataract. -After the confluence with the Columbia, the latter river leaves the -region of sands and lava for the rocks and mountains, and here are the -Dalles. These are mainly flagstones that make troughs and fissures, -and compress the channel. At first the river, a mile wide, goes over a -wall twenty feet high and stretching completely across, and the -enormous current is compressed not far below into a narrow pass only a -hundred and thirty feet wide and nearly three miles long, encompassed -by high perpendicular cliffs of such regular formation that they seem -as if constructed of masonry. The Dalles make crooked, trough-like -channels through which the waters wildly rush. The amazing way in -which the agile fish are able to ascend these rapids and cataract -through all the turmoil, seeking the quiet river reaches above, caused -the Indians to call the place the Salmon Falls. Here is the town of -the Dalles, the supplying market for the Idaho mining district, an -active manufacturing place with five thousand people. There are -various islands in these rapids, most of them having been used for -Indian burial-places and some having numerous graves. Below, the -Columbia presents very fine scenery in passing the defiles of the -Cascade Mountains, and to the southward is the noble form of Mount -Hood, rising over eleven thousand feet, displaying glaciers and having -snow-covered peaks all about. At the Cascade Locks the Columbia -descends another rapid, where huge rocks buffet the turbulent waters, -the whirling foaming torrent wildly rushing among them. Here the -descent is twenty-five feet, and the Government has improved the -navigation by a spacious ship canal a mile long, built at a cost of -$4,000,000. Enormous cliffs, some of grand and imposing form, environ -the river in passing through these Cascade Mountains, some rising -twenty-five hundred feet. We are told these mountains were first named -from the numerous cascades which pour in from tributary streams coming -over the cliffs and through the crevices of this tremendous chasm. -Often a dozen of these fairy waterfalls can be seen in a single river -reach, some dissolving into spray before half-way down, others -stealing through crooked crannies, and many being tiny threads of -glistening foam apparently frozen to the mountain side. Here is -Undine's Veil pouring over a broader ledge, and the Oneonta, Horse -Tail, La Tourelle and Bridal Veil cataracts, with the far-famed -Multnomah Fall, the most beautiful of all, eight hundred feet high, -descending with graceful gentleness over the massive cliffs a long and -filmy yet matchless thread of silver spray. Emerging, the Columbia -receives the Willamette River, coming up from the south on the western -verge of the Cascades, and then proceeds grandly by its broad estuary -to the Pacific. - -Near the Canadian border the Great Northern Railway crosses the -continent, surmounting the Rockies at the lowest elevation of any of -the transcontinental lines. Starting from St. Paul, it traverses the -Devil's Lake country in Montana, passes Fort Buford on the Upper -Missouri, and crosses the Rockies at fifty-two hundred feet elevation. -Beyond is the Kootenay gold district, and the road comes to Spokane, -crosses the Columbia River and surmounts the Cascades at thirty-three -hundred and seventy-five feet elevation, the mountain top being -pierced by a three-mile tunnel. Then traversing sixty miles of fine -forests, the railway terminates at Everett on Puget Sound. - - -THE CANADIAN PACIFIC ROUTE. - -The Canadian Pacific Railway, crossing the Continent in the Dominion -of Canada, west of Winnipeg traverses the prairies of Manitoba and -Assiniboia until they gradually blend into the rounded and -grass-covered foothills of Alberta, finally rising nearly a thousand -miles west of the Red River into the snow-capped peaks of the Rockies. -This is the garden region of the Canadian Northwest for wheat-growing -and cattle-grazing, and it stretches in almost limitless expanse a -fertile empire far northward to Edmonton and Prince Albert, with -branch railways leading up there, the rich black soils testifying the -wealth in the land. At Regina is the capital of the Northwest -Territory, three hundred and fifty-seven miles west of Winnipeg, the -headquarters of the Canadian "North West Mounted Police," a superb -body of one thousand picked men who control the Indians and maintain -order in the Northwest Territory. The Lieutenant-Governor residing -here is a potentate governing a wide domain spreading out to the -Rockies and up to the North Pole. The town which is his capital is -scattered rather loosely over the prairie. In early times a hardy -pioneer came to this frontier, and at the crossing of a little stream -west of Regina his cart broke down. The Cree Indians watched him mend -it, and afterwards spoke of the stream in their language as "The creek -where the white man mended the cart with a moose jawbone." This -elaborate name has since been contracted into Moose Jaw, a town where -a branch line comes into the Canadian Pacific up through Dakota from -St. Paul and Minneapolis. The route farther westward is in the land of -the Crees, and crosses the South Saskatchewan River at Medicine Hat, a -settlement which the matter-of-fact people call "The Hat" for short. -The Indians say that the Great Spirit had a breathing-place in the -river nearby, where it never was frozen even in the coldest winters. -He always appeared in the form of a serpent, and once, when a chief -was walking on the shore, the serpent came and told him if he would -throw his squaw into the opening as a sacrifice, he would become a -great warrior and medicine man. He was ambitious, but did not wish to -lose her, so he threw his dog in, but the indignant serpent demanded -the squaw. The Indian told her of the conditions, she consented to the -sacrifice, her dead body was thrown in, and after a night of vigil the -chief received from the serpent a warrior's medicine hat, handsomely -trimmed with ermine, and was always after victorious. Thus the -locality became the Medicine Hat, and the Indians watch the river in -severe winters, glad to find the spot is not frozen and that the Great -Spirit still has his breathing-place and remains with them. - -To the westward the snow-capped Rockies become visible, and here are -the reservations of the Blackfeet Indians, who were the most warlike -tribe of the region, and hunted the buffalo as far south as the -Missouri. The memory of Crowfoot, their leading chief, is preserved in -the name of the railway station. The Bow River, an affluent of the -Saskatchewan, is followed up to Calgary, the centre of the ranching -district of Alberta, a town at thirty-four hundred feet elevation, -having high mountains overhanging its western verge. Here are branch -railways north and south, leading along the eastern foothills of the -Rockies, which are filled with herds of cattle and horses, the roads -going up to Edmonton and down into the United States. The warm -"Chinook" winds from the Pacific coast, coming through the mountain -passes, temper the cold, making the balmy atmosphere favoring grass -and animals alike. The Pacific route follows the Bow River Valley into -the heart of the mountains, with magnificent snow-covered peaks all -about, their saw-like edges, gaunt crags and almost denuded surfaces -justifying their name of the Rockies. - - -BANFF. - -The display of mountain scenery along the Canadian Pacific line in -passing through the Rockies is the finest in North America, coming -largely from two causes, each contributing to the grandeur and -impressiveness of the view. The width of the Rocky Mountain ranges in -Alberta and British Columbia is not much over three hundred miles, -while in the United States they are scattered and spread over a -thousand miles of space with intervening tameness. The railway passes -also are lower in British Columbia, so that the adjacent peaks rise -higher above the valleys, making them really grander mountains for the -spectator, who is thus brought to the very bases of such stalwart -peaks as Mount Stephen and Mount Sir Donald, rearing their -snow-covered summits on high for a mile and a half above his head. -Both in concentration and elevation, as well as by the terrific -wildness of the Kicking Horse and Rogers Passes, by which the ranges -are crossed, the magnificence of this part of the Rockies is -displayed. Just within the eastern verge of the mountains are the -Banff Hot Springs, which, with their environment, make the "Canadian -Rocky Mountains Park." This reservation covers the Bow River Valley -and adjacent mountains. The winding river comes from its glacier -sources in the west through a broad deep fissure. This is crossed -almost at right angles by another valley, having the Spray River -coming up from the south through it to join the Bow, while to the -north the floor-level of this valley is higher, but without any -distinctive stream. These valleys and their enclosing peaks are all -formed on a scale of stupendous magnificence, yet so clear is the -atmosphere that distance is dwarfed, making the views perfect. Going -down to the river bank, where the deep, trough-like gorges come -together, it is found that the action of the waters has thoroughly -displayed the geological formation of these mountains, the enormous -rock strata standing up inclined from the perpendicular generally at -an angle of about 30 deg., being all tilted towards the eastward. Where -these strata-edges and ends are eroded, they are cut off almost -vertically, and thus they rise on high into sharp jagged peaks like -saw-teeth. Stunted firs cover much of the lower slopes, but the tops -are all bare, being rough, or denuded and smoothed rocks, snow-clad, -excepting where the slope is too steep to hold it. - -Along the winding canyon from the northwest rushes the Bow River, -sliding in noisy turmoil, with ample spray and silvery foam, down a -series of cascades, making a most beautiful cataract, then turning -sharply at a right angle to the northeast to go around the end of a -mountain. The bright green waters in full volume swiftly glide around -the bend and away through the narrow gap formed between two towering -cliffs into a deep gorge several miles long. The smaller, but even -more swiftly-darting Spray River, dashes along rapids and joins the -Bow just at the bend. Such is the scene giving the central point of -beauty within this grand amphitheatre of high mountains, overlooked -from an elevated plateau above the waterfall, where the landscape is -finest. The Rocky Mountains Park includes about two hundred and sixty -square miles of streams, lakes and enclosing mountains, improved by -many miles of good roads and bridle-paths to develop its beauties. The -original attraction was the Banff warm sulphur springs, appearing -along the side and base of Sulphur Mountain, rising on the southern -bank of Bow River above the waterfall. The temperature of the waters -changes little from 90 deg., and they are extensively used for bathing, -being recommended for rheumatic troubles. One spring of copious flow -is a pool within a capacious dome-shaped cavern, hollowed out of a -mound of calcareous tufa. This is the crater of an extinct geyser, the -orifice at the top, which had been its vent, being availed of for -light and ventilation. High up among the mountains to the eastward is -the Devil's Lake, a beautiful crescent-shaped sheet of water much like -a river, eleven miles long, and enclosed by towering peaks. - - -BANFF TO VANCOUVER. - -Westward from Banff the main range of the Rockies is crossed at an -elevation of fifty-three hundred feet, the Continental Divide. The Bow -River Valley is followed up to Mount Stephen, which is encircled to -the northward. This splendid duomo-like mountain rises thirteen -thousand two hundred feet, being named after George Stephen, Lord -Mountstephen, the first president of the railway. In approaching, -there are passed scores of towering snow-clad peaks. At Laggan, among -them, at more than six thousand feet elevation, are three gems of the -mountains, the Lakes of the Clouds--Louise, Mirror and Agnes. At the -summit of the pass a rustic signboard bears the words "The Great -Divide," marking the backbone of the Continent, whence tiny rills flow -alongside the railway in both directions, a little brook leading -eastward down to the Bow, whose waters go out to Hudson Bay and the -Atlantic, while to the westward another diminutive stream is the head -of Wapta River, flowing into the Columbia and thence to the Pacific. -Three pretty green lakes start the Wapta or Kicking Horse River, its -northern branch coming from a huge glacier nine miles long, and its -volume expanding from a hundred cascades and brooks tumbling down from -the snowbanks and ice-fields all about. Then it crosses the flat floor -of a deep valley, which soon develops into a series of terrific -gorges, as with rapids and cataracts the stream suddenly drops into an -abyss and foams and roars deep down in an impressive canyon. The -railway repeatedly crosses this stupendous chasm in getting down the -Kicking Horse Pass, giving grand views of high mountains all around, -and after a scene of true alpine magnificence it comes out at the -broad valley of the Columbia. This river goes northward between the -Rockies and the Selkirks, the next western range, and turning westward -penetrates them and flows southward on their western flanks into the -United States. - -Our railway route next goes up the Beaver River gorge to cross the -Selkirks through the Rogers Pass at forty-three hundred feet -elevation, where Mount Sir Donald guards the Pass. It traverses a -region displaying grand scenery, mounting high above the streams, the -gorge filled with giant trees between Mounts Sir Donald and Hermit, -with frequent airy bridges thrown across the subsidiary ravines, down -which come sparkling cataracts. This narrow gorge has frequent -avalanches, so that much of the road is covered by ponderous -snow-sheds. This is the Rogers Pass, displaying savage grandeur, and -was first entered by white men from British Columbia under Major -Rogers in 1883, when the railway route was surveyed. It is also -reserved for a Canadian National Park. The Hermit Mountain overlooks -the pass from the north, while on the south side a range extends -westward to the ponderous and lofty pyramidal top of Mount Sir Donald, -rising ten thousand seven hundred feet, named for Sir Donald Smith, -Lord Strathcona, President of the Bank of Montreal. Alongside is the -great glacier of the Selkirks, whose waters flow into the deep valley -of the Illecillewaet River, the "Dancing Water," by which the railway -goes westward out of the mountains. Having crossed the summit of the -pass, the railway makes a short curve into this valley, and gives a -grand view of the great glacier covering all of its head. Here is the -Glacier House, on a flat surface of delicious greensward alongside the -line, having a silvery cascade pouring for a thousand feet down the -opposite mountain. Beyond, the Illecillewaet descends rapids and the -railway has a difficult task in getting down the steep and contorted -gorge by startling loops until, finally emerging from the mountain -fastness on the western slope of the Selkirks, it comes a second time -to the open Columbia Valley, the river now flowing with greater volume -southward towards the United States. Across the Columbia is the Gold -range, the third mountain ridge to be crossed. This is done by the -Eagle Pass, less difficult than the other passes through the Rockies, -the crossing being made at two thousand feet elevation, and the route -descending westward along Eagle River and several pleasant lakes that -make its source and cover the floor of the higher valley. This stream -leads into the Great Shuswap Lake, the largest body of water in -British Columbia, spreading its sinuous arms like an octopus among the -mountain ridges. This lake has over two hundred miles of coast-line, -and is drained westward by Thompson River. To the southward it has a -tributary flowing out of the long and slender Okanagan Lake, a sheet -of water among the mountains extending seventy miles and having -fertile shores. - -The Coast range of the Rockies is still beyond us, the fourth and last -ridge of these wonderful mountains, through which the Canadian Pacific -makes its way by going down the remarkable canyons of Thompson and -Fraser Rivers for nearly three hundred miles. At the junction of the -two forks of the Thompson is the town of Kamloops, its Indian name -meaning "the confluence." It is in a good ranching district, and like -all the settlements in British Columbia has quite an elaborate -"China-town." Beyond Kamloops the Thompson canyon is entered, a -desolate gorge almost without vegetation, through which a rapid -torrent rushes, the high steep shores being composed of a rotten rock -which water and frost have moulded into strange and fantastic shapes, -while the stream constantly burrows more deeply into it. The -mud-colored banks are thus carved into massive turrets, cones and -pyramids, with groups of impressive columns standing on high, having -colossal ranks of ghostly statues looking down from above. In one -place a grand semicircular group of cowled and hooded monks with their -backs to the river are kneeling apparently around a gigantic altar. -Almost every conceivable form has been wrought by the running waters -on these precipitous bluffs. Not a tree is seen, and all seems bleak -desolation. At the Black Canyon the scene is mournfully terrific, the -walls composed of an almost black sand, wherein the whirling river -rapids have scooped out immense amphitheatres mounting almost -perpendicularly for a thousand feet. Then a change comes, the steep -and barren walls developing varieties of color, being streaked with -creamy white, red, purple, yellow, maroon, dark brown and black in -richest form, as the waters have run the different hued soils over -them from top to bottom, the rushing river below being a bright -emerald. It is a picture of parti-colored desolation, the gaudy hues -and strange forms of these precipitous cliffs being the gorgeous -exhibition of a most beautiful desert. This remarkable canyon is -followed nearly a hundred miles until the Thompson flows into the -Fraser River. - -The Fraser Canyon is deep, and carries a larger river among higher -mountains. Its shores are steep, but are composed of firmer rocks, -along which the railway is constructed largely on galleries, with -frequent tunnels. Deep in the fissure are Indians spearing for salmon, -and an occasional Chinaman may be seen on a sand-bar washing out the -silt to find gold, as both these rivers bring down gold-bearing sands. -The rocky development of the Fraser and the magnitude of its canyon -increase as it plunges deeper among the higher Coast range mountains. -For thirty miles below North Bend, a place where enough flat land is -left on a terrace for a little railway station, is the most impressive -portion, and the final scene of grandeur on this route through the -Rockies. Almost perpendicular enclosing mountains tower above, and the -river is compressed by high walls of black rocks, so steep that the -road is placed upon a shelf hewn out along them. Through this deep, -contracted canyon the river winds, at times confined into such narrow -crooked straits that the water rushes in swiftly-moving massive -billows like the Niagara rapids. Tunnels pierce the jutting cliffs, -bridges and walls carry the railway along, and at intervals wild -cascades leap through fissures down the mountain sides. The -ever-present and industrious Indians are seen in most perilous -positions down by the river catching the bright-colored salmon, which -they hang upon rude drying-poles among the crags. There is a brief -little village, now and then, along this dreary canyon, where there -may be a sparse bit of flat terrace, enabling a few white people to -live in company with Indians and Chinamen, the "Joss House" of the -Celestial and his queer-looking cemetery, with its tall poles and -streamers to keep away the dreaded birds and evil spirits, being -conspicuous. Thus the river forces its passage through the Coast -range, until at Yale the mountains recede, the canyon gradually -broadens into a flat intervale between distant ridges, and there are -farms and pastures. As the railway emerges from the mountains, the -gleaming white dome of the isolated snow-capped Mount Baker is seen -glistening under the sunlight sixty miles away just beyond the United -States border. The Fraser River finally flows into the Gulf of -Georgia, after a course of six hundred miles through the mountains -from the northward, the chief river of British Columbia. It was named -for Simon Fraser of the Northwest Fur Company, who explored it to its -source amid incredible hardships and difficulties in 1808. The finest -timber grows throughout this region. The railway terminates at the -city of Vancouver, on Burrard Inlet, a fine harbor of the Gulf of -Georgia, founded in 1885, and having eighteen thousand people, with -considerable manufactures and an extensive trade. The lower Fraser -River is a great salmon-canning region, the shores having many -canning-factories, while at New Westminster, the chief town, are -large sawmills, the two products of this district being fish and -lumber, and the Chinese, who are numerous, doing most of the labor. - - -BOUND TO ALASKA. - -Westward from the Gulf of Georgia is Vancouver Island, stretching -parallel to the coast and nearly three hundred miles long, the larger -part of it being composed of mountains, some reaching an elevation of -over seven thousand feet. It has fine forests and valuable coal mines -at Nanaimo and Wellington, which furnish fuel supplies along the -Pacific coast. The redoubtable Spanish adventurer, Juan de Fuca, -discovered it in 1592, and his name was given the strait at its -southern extremity, separating the island from the United States. The -Spaniards held it until near the close of the eighteenth century, when -Captain George Vancouver came with a squadron and it was surrendered -to the English by the Spanish Governor Quadra, its name afterwards -being called for many years Quadra and Vancouver, after the two -officers. Upon a little harbor at the southeastern extremity in 1842, -the Hudson Bay Company established Fort Victoria, which has since -become the capital of the Province of British Columbia. This is a -pleasant city of twenty-five thousand population, having an extensive -Chinese quarter. To the westward is the important British naval -station and dockyard of Esquimalt, upon an admirable land-locked -harbor of large capacity. - -For over a thousand miles, a series of internal waters behind large -islands, with bays, straits and archipelagoes, lead northward from the -Gulf of Georgia to Alaska, making one of the most admirable scenic -routes in America. Their shores are high mountains covered with superb -forests, and the voyage over these waters is most attractive. From the -Gulf of Georgia the route passes through Discovery Passage, the -Seymour Narrows (where the tide rushes sometimes at twelve knots an -hour), Johnstone Strait, Broughton Strait, and Queen Charlotte Sound. -North of Vancouver Island there is a short passage on the open sea and -then Fitzhugh Sound is entered, opening into the Lama Passage and -Seaforth Channel to Millbank Sound, where there is another brief open -sea journey. Then various interior waters lead to Greenville Channel -and Chatham Sound. High mountains are everywhere, and deep, narrow -fiords run far up into the land, the journey displaying so much -magnificent scenery that the mind soon becomes satiated with the -excessive supply of unadulterated grandeur. In this region is the -Nasse River, where in the spring the Indians catch the Oulichan or -"candle-fish," which gives them light, this fish being so full of oil -that when dry and provided with a wick it burns like a candle. Just -beyond is the boundary of Alaska at fifty-four degrees forty minutes -north latitude, the famous "fifty-four forty or fight" boundary of -1843, when the United States claimed that Oregon extended up to the -Russian territory at that latitude, but afterwards abandoned the -claim. Alaska is a very large country, exceeding one-sixth the area of -the United States, and was bought from Russia by Secretary Seward in -1867 for $7,200,000, a price then deemed extravagant, but the purchase -has been enormously profitable. The name is derived from the Indian -_Al-ay-ek-sha_, meaning the "Great land." Besides its large extent of -main land, it includes some fifteen thousand islands, and its enormous -river, the Yukon, flowing into the Behring Sea, has a delta sixty -miles wide at its mouth, is three thousand miles long, and is -navigable for almost two thousand miles. Although Alaska's -productiveness seems just beginning to be realized, yet it has yielded -in gold and furs, fish and other products, since the purchase, over -$150,000,000. - - [Illustration: _Sitka, Alaska, from the Sea_] - -Within Alaska, the route of exploration continues through Clarence -Strait to the Alexander Archipelago, comprising several thousand -islands, many of which are mountainous, and about eleven hundred of -the larger ones have been charted. Here is Fort Wrangell, seven -hundred miles from Victoria, on one of the islands, a little -settlement named after Baron Wrangell, the Russian Governor of Alaska -in 1834. Upon landing, the visitors see the Indians and their -chief curiosity, the "totem poles," erected in front of their houses, -and carved with rude figures emblematic of the owner and his -ancestors. These poles are twenty to sixty feet in height, and two to -five feet in diameter. The natives are divided into clans, of which -the Whale, the Eagle, the Wolf and the Raven are the chief -representatives and are said to have been the progenitors. These are -also carved on the poles and show the intermarriages of ancestors, the -leading families having the most elaborate poles. Beyond Fort Wrangell -are Soukhoi Channel and Frederick Sound, leading into Chatham Strait, -having on its western side Baranoff Island, on the outer edge of which -is Sitka Sound. Here is Sitka, the capital of Alaska, in a -well-protected bay dotted with pleasant islands in front and having -snow-covered mountains for a high background. Alexander Baranoff -founded the town in 1804, the first Russian Governor of Alaska, and -there are now about twelve hundred inhabitants, mostly Indians. The -old wooden Baranoff Castle, which was the residence of the Russian -Governors, is on a hill near the landing-place. The main street leads -past the Greek Church, surmounted with its bulbous spire, having six -sweet-toned bells brought from Moscow, and adjoining it are various -old-time log houses built by the early Russians. The church is still -maintained by the Russian Government. The visitors buy curiosities and -invest their small change in the Indians who get up monotonous dances -or exciting canoe races for their amusement. It is a curious fact -that, owing to the _Kuro Siwo_, or Japanese warm current coming across -the Pacific, Sitka has a mild and most equable climate, the summer -temperature averaging 54 deg. and the winter 32 deg., the thermometer seldom -falling to zero. - -The Stephens Passage leads north from Frederick Sound, and into it -opens Taku Inlet, a large fiord displaying fine glaciers. Here at -Holkham Bay in 1876 began the first placer gold-mining in Alaska. Just -beyond is Gastineaux Channel, between the mainland and Douglas Island. -Upon its eastern bank, nine hundred miles from Victoria, is Juneau, -the largest town in Alaska, having fifteen hundred population, about -half of them whites; an American settlement, begun in 1880 under -Yankee auspices, and named after the nephew of the founder of -Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The people are mostly gold-miners. The little -white houses are on a narrow strip of comparatively level land along -the shore, having a high and precipitous mountain behind. Juneau deals -in furs and Chilkat blankets, the latter, when genuine, being made of -the hair of mountain-goats and colored with native dyes. It is also a -starting-point for the Klondyke and Yukon regions. Across the narrow -strait, upon Douglas Island, is the famous Treadwell gold-mine, having -three enormous ore-crushing mills, the largest in the world, -aggregating nearly eight hundred stamps. This is a huge mountain of -gold-ore which John Treadwell bought in 1882 from its owner for $430. -It has paid since then $9,000,000 in dividends, and now with increased -output crushes three thousand tons of ore daily, netting $4 gold per -ton, and pours into the laps of the Rothschilds, its present owners, -probably $2,000,000 annually from the enlarged product. The ore -actually in sight in the mountain is estimated to be worth five times -as much as was originally paid for the whole of Alaska. There is a -native Indian cemetery adjoining Juneau, having curious little huts -containing the cremated remains of the dead, with each one's personal -effects. - - -THE GREAT MUIR GLACIER. - -Passing west of Douglas Island and through Icy Strait to Glacier Bay, -a magnificent view is presented. Snow-covered mountains rise six and -seven thousand feet all around, and to the northwest is the imposing -Mount Fairweather range, elevated over fifteen thousand feet. Glacier -Bay extends forty-five miles up into the land, its width gradually -contracting from twelve to three miles. Small icebergs and floes cover -much of the surface, as they are constantly detached from the glaciers -descending into it. At the head of the bay is the greatest curiosity -of Alaska and the most stupendous glacier existing,--the Muir -Glacier,--named in honor of Professor John Muir, the geologist of the -Pacific coast, who first saw it in 1879 and thoroughly explored it in -1890. When Vancouver was here at the close of the eighteenth century -he wrote that a wall of ice extended across the mouth of the bay. The -belief is that the glacier once filled the entire bay and has -gradually receded. Near the middle of the bay is Willoughby Island, a -rock two miles long and fifteen hundred feet high, showing striated -and polished surfaces and glacial grooves from bottom to top. This -glacier far exceeds all the Swiss ice-fields put together, and it -enters the sea with a front one mile and a half wide and two to three -hundred feet high. Unlike the dirty terminal moraines of the Swiss -glaciers, this is a splendid wall of clear blue and white ice, built -up in columns, spires and huge crystal masses, displaying beautiful -caves and grottoes. It goes many hundreds of feet below the surface of -the water, and from its front, masses of ice constantly detach and -fall into the bay with noises like thunder or the discharge of -artillery. Huge bergs topple over, clouds of spray arise, and gigantic -waves are sent across the water. Every few minutes this goes on as the -glacier, moving forward with resistless motion, breaks to pieces at -the end. The field of ice making this wonderful glacier is formed by -nine main streams and seventeen smaller arms. It occupies a vast -amphitheatre back among the mountains, thirty to forty miles across, -and where it breaks out between the higher mountains to descend to -the sea is about three miles wide. The superficial area of this mass -of ice is three hundred and fifty square miles. It moves forward from -seven to ten feet daily at the edges and more in the centre, and in -August, when it loses the most ice, the estimate is that about two -hundred millions of cubic feet fall into the bay every day. It loses -more ice in the summer than it gains in the winter, and thus steadily -retrogrades. The visitors go up to its face, although it cannot be -ascended there, and then landing alongside approach it through a -lateral moraine, and can there ascend to the top and walk upon the -surface. The character and appearance of this famous glacier were much -changed by an earthquake in 1899. Among the attractions are the -mirages that are frequent here, which have been the origin of the -"Phantom City," which early explorers fancifully described as upon -Glacier Bay. Other huge glaciers also enter these waters, among them -the Grand Pacific, Hugh Miller and Gelkie Glaciers. - - -THE KLONDYKE AND CAPE NOME. - -Northward from the Gastineaux Channel stretches the grand fiord of the -Lynn Canal for sixty miles. Snow-crowned mountains surround it, from -whose sides many glaciers descend. At the upper end this Canal divides -into two forks--the Chilkoot and Chilkat Inlets, at 59 deg. north -latitude. This begins the overland route to the Klondyke gold region, -and upon the eastern inlet, Chilkoot, are on either bank the two -bustling little towns that have grown out of the Klondyke -immigration--Skaguay on the eastern and Dyea on the western shore. -Each of them has three to four thousand people, with hotels, -lodging-places and miners' outfitting shops. Dyea is the United States -military post, with a garrison, and here begin the trails across the -mountain passes to the upper waters of the Yukon. A railway is -constructed over White's Pass to Bennett Lake, and is now the chief -route of travel. Pyramid Harbor and Chilkat with salmon-canning -establishments are on Chilkat Inlet. Beyond White's Pass, which -crosses the international boundary, the land descends in British -America to the headwaters of the Yukon River, which are navigated -northwest to Dawson and Circle City and other mining camps of the -Klondyke region, where the prolific gold-fields have had such rich -yields, there having been $40,000,000 gold taken out in two years. The -Yukon flows a winding course westward to Norton Sound on the Bering -Sea, discharging through a wide-spreading delta. The port of St. -Michaels is to the northward. There are two routes to the Klondyke -from San Francisco--_via_ Skaguay and overland a distance of about -twenty-three hundred miles, and _via_ St. Michaels and up the Yukon -forty-seven hundred miles. - -The Alaskan coast beyond the Muir Glacier is bordered by the great St. -Elias mountain range, rising in Mount Logan to nineteen thousand five -hundred and thirty-nine feet, the highest of the Rockies, and in Mount -St. Elias nearer the coast to eighteen thousand and twenty-four feet. -From the broad flanks of St. Elias the vast Malaspina Glacier flows -down to Icy Bay on the Pacific Ocean. There are mountains all about -this region, which the official geographers are naming after public -men, among them being Mount Dewey. To the westward the vast Alaska -peninsula projects far out, dividing the Pacific Ocean from the Bering -Sea, terminating in the Fox Islands, of which Ounalaska is the port, -and having the Aleutian Islands spreading beyond still farther -westward. It is a remarkable fact, indicating the vast extent of the -United States, that the extremity of the Aleutian group is as far in -latitude westward from San Francisco as the Penobscot River and coast -of Maine are eastward. To the north is the Bering Strait, having the -Russian East Cape of Siberia projecting opposite to the Alaskan Cape -Prince of Wales to guard the passage into the Arctic Ocean. Here, upon -the southern shore of the protruding end of Alaska, and fronting -Norton Sound up almost under the Arctic Circle, is the noted Cape -Nome, the latest discovered gold-field, about a hundred miles -northwest of St. Michaels. Fabulous golden sands are spread out in -gulches and on the beaches, and Nome City has become quite a -settlement. This is the latest El Dorado to which such an enormous -rush of prospectors and gold-hunters was made in the early spring of -1900, many thousands filling up every available steamer that could be -got to sail northward. The prolific output of these gold-bearing sands -is said to exceed the Klondyke in its yield, and this will be the -golden Mecca until somebody crosses over into Siberia or goes up -nearer the North Pole, and finds there a new deposit of treasure. -Already it is said that Nome City spreads practically for twenty miles -along the sea-beach, and that the industrious miners are getting much -gold by dredging far out under the sea, and expect to secure fifty -millions annually from this remote but extraordinary region. - -Nome City, like everywhere else that the hardy American pioneer raises -the flag for discovery and settlement, has its newspaper, the _Gold -Digger_, and this enterprising publication thus poetically describes -the new El Dorado of the Arctic seas, the "Golden Northland": - - "High o'er the tundra's wide expanse, - Mount Anvil lifts its God-wrought crown, - Bold guardian of a shining shore, - That's ever garbed in golden gown. - - "Here nature, lavish with her store - To those of nerve and strong of hand, - Outpours a glittering stream of wealth - To all the miners of the land. - - "The ledge-ribbed hills on ev'ry side, - To feasts of ore invite mankind, - Nor Bering's waves may bar the way - To golden courses milled and mined. - - "The fresh'ning breezes from the Pole - Bear far the miners' joyous cry, - As point of pick turns back the sod - 'Neath which the glist'ning nuggets lie. - - "Here may the rover of the hills - Find fickle Fortune's long sought stream, - And revel in the boundless wealth - That's ever been his life-long dream. - - "O, tundra, beach and lavish stream! - O'er thee a world expectant stands; - With Midas measure may'st thou fill - The myriad eager, outstretched hands." - -Wonderful is our latest American Continental possession--the rich -territory of Alaska. Limitless are its resources, unmatchable its -possibilities. One of its admirers thus sounds its praises: "In -scenery, Alaska dwarfs the world. Think of six hundred and seventeen -thousand square miles of landscape. Put Pike's Peak on Mount -Washington or Mount Mitchell and it would hardly even up with Mount -Logan. All the glaciers of Switzerland and the Tyrol dwindle to -pitiful summer ice-wagon chunks beside the vast ice empires of Glacier -Bay or mighty Malaspina. Think of a mass of blue-green ice forty miles -long by twenty-five miles wide, nearly the size of the whole State of -Rhode Island, and five thousand feet thick, glittering resplendently -in the weird, dazzling light of a midnight sun. Imagine cataracts by -scores from one thousand to three thousand feet high; ocean channels -thousands of feet deep, walled in by snow-capped mountains; sixty-one -volcanoes, ten of them still belching fire and smoke; boiling springs -eighteen miles in circumference, used by hundreds of Indians for all -their cooking; schools of whales spouting like huge marine -fire-engines and tumbling somersaults over each other like big -lubberly boys, weighing one hundred to two hundred thousands of pounds -each; rivers so jammed with fish that tens of thousands of them are -crowded out of the water high up on the shore; and woods alive with -elk, moose, deer, bear, and all sorts and conditions of costly -fur-clad aristocrats of the fox, wolf, lynx and beaver breeds. Growing -country, this of ours." - - -PUGET SOUND TO SAN FRANCISCO. - -Captain George Vancouver, already referred to, who named Vancouver -Island, had among his officers a Lieutenant Puget. From him came the -name of Puget Sound, stretching eighty miles southward from Vancouver -Island and the Strait of Juan de Fuca into Washington State, ramifying -into many bays and inlets, and having numerous islands. The Sound -covers two thousand square miles and has eighteen hundred miles of -coast line, being a splendid inland sea with admirable harbors. Its -peculiar configuration makes very high tides, sometimes reaching -twelve to eighteen feet. At the entrance near the head of the Strait -of Juan de Fuca is the United States port of entry, Port Townsend, in -a picturesque situation with the large graystone Custom House on the -bluff, a conspicuous structure. Three formidable forts, Wilson, Casey -and Flagler, guard the entrance from the sea. Opposite, on the eastern -shore of the Sound, is Everett with a fine harbor, the terminal of the -Great Northern Railway. To the northwest, a sentinel outpost of the -Cascade Range, rises Mount Baker, nearly eleven thousand feet high. To -the southward, on the circling shores of Elliott Bay, is Seattle, -named after an Indian chief and founded in 1852, built on a series of -terraces rising above the water, the chief commercial city of Puget -Sound, and having sixty thousand population. On the southeastern arm -of the Sound, called Commencement Bay, is Tacoma, the terminal of the -Northern Pacific Railway, with fifty thousand people. Its Indian name -comes from its great lion, Mount Tacoma (sometimes called Rainier), a -giant of the Cascades, rising fourteen thousand five hundred and -twenty feet, and in full view to the southeast of the city. Fourteen -glaciers flow down its sides, the chief one, Nisqually Glacier, seven -miles long, on the southern slope, being considered the finest on the -coast south of Alaska. This mountain, like other peaks of the -Cascades, is an extinct volcano, its crater still emitting sulphurous -fumes and heat. Mount St. Helens, not far away, which was in eruption -in 1898, is regarded as the most active volcano in the range, its -massive rounded dome rising over nine thousand feet. Across on the -southwestern shore of Puget Sound is the capital of Washington State, -Olympia, with five thousand people. - -Portland, the chief town of Oregon, is but a short distance south of -Puget Sound, on the Willamette River, twelve miles from its confluence -with the Columbia, and at the head of deep-sea navigation, one hundred -and ten miles from the ocean. This is the leading business centre of -the Pacific northwest, having seventy thousand people and extensive -trade. It is finely situated, and from the heights on its western -border is given a most superb view of the Cascades, the range grandly -stretching over a hundred miles. The Mazama Club of earnest mountain -explorers at Portland have done much to make known to the world the -scenery and grandeur of these attractive mountains. Fifteen miles up -the Willamette, at Oregon City, are the Falls, where that river -descends forty feet in a splendid horseshoe cataract, displaying great -beauty and furnishing valuable power. To the southward is Salem, on -the Willamette, the capital of Oregon, having five thousand -population. The "Oregon trail," as the route from San Francisco into -this region was called, ascends the Rogue River, so named from the -Indians of the region, crosses the Siskiyou Mountain, and descends on -the southern side to the headwaters of the Sacramento. To the -eastward, near the California boundary, high up in the Cascades, is -the strangely constructed Crater Lake. It is at over sixty-two hundred -feet elevation, and occupies an abyss produced by the subsidence of an -enormous volcano, being six miles long and four wide. A perpendicular -rocky wall one to two thousand feet high entirely surrounds it, and -the water, without outlet or apparent inflow, is fully two thousand -feet deep and densely blue in color. In the centre is Wizard Island, -rising eight hundred and fifty feet, an extinct volcanic cone, thus -presenting one crater within another. The district containing this -wonderful lake has been made a reservation called the Oregon National -Park. Some distance to the southward, the whole country being -mountainous and the lower slopes covered with forests of splendid -pines, is the grand snow-covered dome of Mount Shasta, one of the -noblest of the Cascades (in California called the Coast Range), rising -fourteen thousand four hundred and forty feet, a huge extinct volcano, -having a crater in its western peak twenty-five hundred feet deep and -three-quarters of a mile wide. Beyond, the Sacramento Valley stretches -far away southward, passing Chico and Marysville, to Sacramento. It -was to the eastward, near Coloma, that the first discovery of -California gold was made in February, 1848, on the farm of Colonel -Sutter, the county having been appropriately named El Dorado. - - -SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND CITY. - -The San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, having united, flow westward -into Suisun Bay, thence by a strait to the circular and expansive San -Pablo Bay, which in turn empties into San Francisco Bay. On the strait -connecting Suisun and San Pablo Bays is Benicia, where lived the -famous pugilist John C. Heenan, the "Benicia Boy," and the immense -forge-hammer he wielded is on exhibition there. At the head of San -Pablo Bay is Napa, or Mare Island, the location of the Navy Yard. Upon -the mainland opposite is Vallejo, whence a railway runs up the fertile -Napa Valley, through orchards and vineyards and among mineral springs, -to Calistoga. Near here is the strange Petrified Forest, where there -are scattered upon a tract of four square miles the remains of a -hundred petrified trees. The Bay of San Francisco is a magnificent -inland sea, fifty miles long and ten miles wide, connected with the -Pacific Ocean by the strait of the Golden Gate, five miles long and a -mile wide. The bay is separated from the ocean by a long peninsula, -having the city of San Francisco on the inside of its northern -extremity. Over opposite, on the eastern shore of the bay, is Oakland, -the terminal of the Southern Pacific Railway routes from the East, a -city of fifty thousand people, named from the numerous live-oaks -growing in its gardens and along the streets. It has extensive -manufactures and a magnificent view over the expansive bay and city of -San Francisco and the distant Golden Gate, where the enclosing rocky -shores can be seen rising boldly, the northern side to two thousand -feet height. In the Oakland suburbs is Berkeley, where are some of the -College buildings of the University of California, founded in 1868 and -having twenty-three hundred students, many of them women. The -attractive grounds cover two hundred and fifty acres, and the -endowments exceed $8,000,000. South of Oakland is the pleasant -suburban town of Alameda. On the western shore of the bay, south of -San Francisco, is Menlo Park, a favorite place of rural residence for -the wealthy San Francisco people, having many handsome villas and -estates with noble trees. Here is Palo Alto or the "tall tree," taking -its name from a fine redwood tree near the railway, an estate of over -eight thousand acres, which is the location of the noted Leland -Stanford, Jr., University. This is the greatest educational endowment -in America, having a fund of over $30,000,000, the gift of Senator and -Mrs. Leland Stanford in memory of their only son. The University has -twelve hundred students, many being women. The buildings, which in a -manner reproduce the architecture of the ancient Spanish Missions, are -of buff sandstone, surmounted by red-tiled roofs, picturesquely -contrasting with the oaks and eucalyptus trees which are so numerous -and the many tropical plants that have been brought there. The Palo -Alto estate is one of the great California stock-farms. - -Two Franciscan monks in 1776 founded on this famous bay the Indian -Mission of San Francisco de Assis, often called the Mission Dolores, -and in course of time there started upon the shore, which had much -wild mint growing about, the village of Yerba Buena, named from it the -"good herb." Just about the time this lonely little village had got a -small Spanish population and built a few houses, Richard Henry Dana -came into the bay in 1835 on the voyage which he so pleasantly -recounts in _Two Years Before the Mast_. He then prophetically wrote: -"If ever California becomes a prosperous country, this bay will be the -centre of its prosperity. The abundance of wood and water; the extreme -fertility of its shores; the excellence of its climate, which is as -near to being perfect as any in the world; and its facilities for -navigation affording the best anchoring-grounds in the whole Western -coast of America, all fit it for a place of great importance." In the -summer of 1846, during the Mexican War, the American navy made various -important occupations on the California coasts, and a man-of-war came -into San Francisco Bay and took possession for the United States. The -next year the name of the village was changed to San Francisco. There -were about six hundred inhabitants here when gold was discovered in -1848, and most of them at once left for the gold-fields; but the -favorable location for trade soon attracted a large population and an -extensive commerce. The young city had the usual mishaps from fires, -suffering from a half-dozen serious conflagrations in its early -career; while the peculiar character of the population made it then so -lawless that twice the better element had to take summary control of -the municipal government by "Vigilance Committees," who did not -hesitate to promptly execute notorious criminals. There are now three -hundred and fifty thousand people, the heterogeneous population -including almost every nationality in the world. - -San Francisco is in a fine situation on the shore of the bay and the -steep hills to the westward, and is gradually spreading across the -peninsula towards the ocean. It is, in fact, built on a succession of -hills, of which a group extends westward from the bay, varying in -height from less than two hundred to over nine hundred feet. -Conspicuous among them are the Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, Park Peak, -the Mission Peaks and others. For the purpose of readily climbing -these hills, the cable street railway and its peculiar "grip" were -invented and first put into successful operation, and a British -visitor writes of San Francisco that "one of its most characteristic -sights is the cable cars crawling up the steep inclines like flies on -a window-pane." The country around is treeless, with little fertile -land, owing to the copious rivers of sand which steadily flow over it, -being blown from the seashore by the strong westerly trade-winds. Thus -have naturally come the historical San Francisco "sand lots," the -scene of public meetings and not infrequent disturbances in former -times. An immense amount of grading, cutting down hills, filling -gullies, and reclamations of overflowed lands was necessary in -building the city; and over $50,000,000 has been expended in improving -the site which, as nature fashioned it, was so illy fitted for a city. -The great charm is the spacious bay environed by mountains, furnishing -such an admirable harbor, and across it the ferry steamers ply in all -directions. Upon it, guarding the Golden Gate entrance, are Alcatraz -Island, Goat Island and Angel Island, strongly fortified, while Fort -Mason is on the heights north of the city, overlooking the famous -strait. The charming waters of the noble bay are thus rhythmically -described by Ada Abbott Dunton: - - "How beautiful the waters of the Bay - Lie shimmering, gem-embossed and turquoise-blue, - Rippling and twinkling! Emerald shores in view - Reflected from its surface. This calm day - Utters no note of discord. Far away - And overhead, the tireless, winged sea-mew - Skims languidly the air, sun-warmed anew - And freshly blown with each succeeding day. - - "O San Francisco Bay! Upon thy shore, - What wondrous argosies are anchored here! - What giant masts are silhouetted fair - 'Gainst the eternal blue which bendeth o'er, - As though a Titian hand were carving clear, - Majestic monuments in upper air." - -The great "Ferry Depot," an ornamental structure with a high tower, is -the centre of the San Francisco harbor front, whence the steamboats -ply across the spacious bay. From this, the chief business highway, -Market Street, stretches far southwest to the Mission Peaks, rising -over nine hundred feet and nearly four miles away. Northward, Kearney -Street with the leading stores extends past Telegraph Hill, rising -almost three hundred feet and giving a magnificent outlook from the -summit. Upon Market Street, in Yerba Buena Park, is the magnificent -City Hall, completed in 1896 at a cost of over $4,000,000 and -containing a library of one hundred thousand volumes. There is a -Branch Mint of the United States which coins much of the gold mined on -the Pacific Slope. The ancient church of the Mission Dolores, built of -adobe is still preserved with the little churchyard. Upon Nob Hill are -many of the finest residences, while to the northwestward is the -Presidio, originally the Mexican and now the United States Military -Reservation, adjoining the Golden Gate for some four miles, and a park -of almost three square miles where troops are garrisoned. Here the -military band plays in the afternoon and the walks and drives afford -beautiful views. The Chinese Quarter of San Francisco, where there is -a population of about fifteen thousand, is a characteristic feature, -the inhabitants swarming in tall tenements divided by narrow alleys. -Its attractions, however, are of a kind usually prepared with a view -to induce contributions from visitors. - - -THE GOLDEN GATE. - -The Golden Gate Park, a half-mile wide, stretches from the city three -miles to the ocean shore, the western extremity being mainly the -sand-dunes of the coast, while the eastern portions have been -reclaimed, improved and planted with trees. Here are tasteful -monuments. The author of the _Star-Spangled Banner_, Francis Scott -Key, is commemorated by Story, and the Spanish discoverer of the -Pacific Ocean, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, by Linden, unveiled in 1898. -Here also rises Strawberry Hill, an eminence giving an unrivalled -outlook. Adjoining the park are the great cemeteries of the city, -Laurel Hill and the Lone Mountain, with others, the Presidio being to -the northward. To the westward, on the ocean front, is the historic -landmark of the coast--Point Lobos, or the "wolves"--having on its -elevated surface the Sutro Heights, where the sandhills have been -converted into a fine estate and garden, and out in the sea, a cable's -length from shore, are the celebrated Seal Rocks, which are nearly -always covered with seals basking in the sun. Some are very large, and -their movements are quite interesting, their curious barking being -distinctly heard above the roar of the surf. To the northward of Point -Lobos is the ocean entrance to the Golden Gate. The portals are a mile -apart, and seen from the sea its guardian heights rise two thousand -feet on the left hand, stretching up to the peak of Tamalpais to the -northward. On the right hand the heights are lower, but still lofty. -The slopes are bare and sandy, and between them within the strait can -be distinctly seen the island fortress of Alcatraz, guarded on the one -hand by Goat Island and on the other by the high green slopes of Angel -Island. Up on the Presidio proudly floats high above the shore the -American flag standing out in the breeze. Behind it is the great city. -This Golden Gate seen from within, looking westward, is a narrow pass, -giving a vista view of the broad Pacific, its waves rolling towards us -thousands of miles from the distant shores of China and Japan. - - * * * * * - -Here ends this pleasant recital. The desire has been to give an idea -of the vast and wonderful land we live in, and to impress the noble -and patriotic thought of Thoreau's so essential to all of us: "Nothing -can be hoped of you, if this bit of mould under your feet is not -sweeter to you than any other in the world." We have travelled over -this broad land of ours from the tropics to the Arctic Sea, and from -the Atlantic to the Pacific, and as our journey closes, with Whittier -can sing: - - "So shall the Northern pioneer go joyful on his way; - To wed Penobscot's waters to San Francisco's Bay; - To make the rugged places smooth, and sow the vale with grain; - And bear, with Liberty and Law, the Bible in his train: - The mighty West shall bless the East, and sea shall answer sea, - And mountain unto mountain call, Praise God, for we are free!" - - - - -THE END. - - - - -INDEX. - - - Abenaqui Indians, iii. 191, 256. - - Abercrombie, General James, ii. 285. - - Absecon Island, N. J., i. 192. - - Academy of Music, New York City, ii. 41. - - Acadia, iii. 261. - - Acadians, iii. 292. - - Acadie, iii. 261, 275. - - "Accommodation," the, ii. 431. - - Acker, Wolfert, ii. 142. - - Acoaksett, iii. 139. - - Acomas Indians, iii. 460. - - Acushnet River, iii. 139. - - "Adam and Eve" stoves, i. 223. - - Adams, Charles Francis, iii. 61. - - Adams, John, iii. 27, 61. - - Adams, John Quincy, i. 26, 279; iii. 27, 61, 232. - - Adams, Samuel, iii. 39, 43, 65. - - Adams Temple, Quincy, Mass., iii. 27. - - Adam's Island, N. Y., ii. 215. - - "Adder Cliff," Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 174. - - Addison, N. Y., ii. 367. - - Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 272. - - "Adirondack Mountain Reserve," ii. 314. - - Adirondack Sanitarium, N. Y., ii. 322. - - "Adventure," the, ii. 121. - - Aertsen, Huyck, ii. 72. - - Agassiz Association, ii. 247. - - Agassiz, Louis J. R., iii. 59, 71. - - Agawam, iii. 78, 167. - - Agawam River, iii. 169. - - Agmaque Indians, ii. 340. - - Agricultural Department Buildings, Washington, D. C., i. 32. - - Aiken, S. C., iii. 363. - - _Alabama_, iii. 372. - - Alabama River, iii. 374. - - Alameda, Cal., iii. 515. - - Alameda, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374. - - Alamo, Texas, iii. 432. - - Alamosa, Col., iii. 467. - - Alaska, iii. 500. - - Albany, N. Y., ii. 204. - - Albany Academy, ii. 206. - - Albany and Van Rensselaer Iron Works, ii. 215. - - Albany Medical College, ii. 206. - - "Albany Regency," ii. 219. - - Albemarle Canal, i. 78. - - Albemarle Sound, i. 345. - - Alberta, Canada, iii. 485. - - Albion, R. I., iii. 117. - - Albuquerque, N. M., iii. 459. - - Alcatraz Island, Cal., iii. 518. - - Alcazar Hotel, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374. - - _Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher_, iii. 133. - - Alcott, A. Bronson, iii. 69. - - Alcott, Louisa M., iii. 69. - - Aldrich Court Building, New York City, ii. 30. - - Aleutian Islands, Alaska, iii. 507. - - Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, iii. 500. - - Alexandria, Virginia, i. 41. - - Alexandria Bay, ii. 414. - - Algonquin Indians, ii. 294. - - Alhambra Cascade, N. Y., ii. 349. - - Alice Falls, Vt., ii. 306. - - Allegheny City, Pa., i. 329. - - Allegheny Mountains, i. 35; iii. 347. - - Allegheny Park, Allegheny City, Pa., i. 329. - - Allegheny River, i. 321, 335. - - Allen, Ethan, ii. 290, 303, 304. - - Allentown, Pa., i. 231. - - Allerton, Ellen P., iii. 390. - - Alliance, O., i. 402. - - Allickewany, i. 157. - - Alligators, i. 359, 384. - - Altamaha River, i. 357. - - Alton, Ill., iii. 394. - - Altoona, Pa., i. 311. - - Alvan Clark & Co., Cambridge, Mass., iii. 60. - - "Always Ready," ii. 339. - - Amagansett, N. Y., ii. 92. - - Amelia Island, Fla., i. 369. - - Amelia River, i. 369. - - "American Como," ii. 276. - - "American Mentone," iii. 445. - - American Museum of Natural History, New York City, ii. 57. - - _American Notes_, i. 287. - - American Philosophical Society, i. 163. - - American Surety Building, New York City, ii. 31. - - American Tract Society Building, New York City, ii. 35. - - American University of the Methodist Church, i. 41. - - American Waltham Watch Company, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 64. - - Ames, Oakes, iii. 470. - - Ames, Oliver, iii. 470. - - Ames Building, Boston, Mass., iii. 43. - - Amesbury, Mass., iii. 81. - - Amherst, Baron Jeffrey, ii. 228, 289, 419; iii. 315. - - Amherst College, Amherst, Mass., iii. 176. - - Amherst Island, Canada, iii. 317. - - Amherst, Mass., iii. 176. - - Amherst, N. H., iii. 80. - - Amityville, N. Y., ii. 91. - - Ammonoosuc River, iii. 189 - - _Among the Hills_, iii. 218. - - Amoskeag Falls, N. H., iii. 79. - - Ampersand Mountain, N. Y., ii. 322. - - Amsterdam, N. Y., ii. 336. - - Anaconda Mine, Butte, Montana, iii. 479. - - Anacostia River, i. 9. - - Anastasia Island, Fla., i. 372. - - "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company," iii. 44. - - Anderson, Major Robert, i. 350. - - Andersonville, Ga., iii. 370. - - Andiatarocte, ii. 278. - - Andover, Canada, iii. 287. - - Andover, Mass., iii. 77. - - "Andover Hill," Andover, Mass., iii. 78. - - Andover Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass., iii. 77. - - Andre, Major John, ii. 141, 146, 147, 158. - - Andros, Sir Edmund, i. 198; ii. 8; iii. 163. - - Androscoggin River, iii. 245. - - "Angel at the Sepulchre," ii. 213. - - Angel Island, Cal., iii. 518. - - Anheuser-Busch Brewing Company, iii. 395. - - Annapolis, Md., i. 86. - - Annapolis Basin, Canada, iii. 289. - - Annapolis River, iii. 290. - - Annapolis Royal, Canada, iii. 290. - - Ann Arbor, Mich., i. 452. - - Ann Arundel Town, Md., i. 87. - - Annisquam, Mass., iii. 93. - - Anson, Admiral George, iii. 314. - - Ansonia, Conn., ii. 265. - - Anthony, Susan B., ii. 245. - - Anthony, Theophilus, ii. 173. - - Anthony the Trumpeter, ii. 152. - - "Anthony's Nose," N. Y., ii. 150. - - Anthony's Nose, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280. - - Anticosti, Canada, ii. 511. - - "Antidote Against Pharisaic Teachers," iii. 106. - - Antietam, battle of, i. 40, 104. - - "Anti-Rent War," ii. 201. - - Antony's Gate, Yellowstone Park, i. 489. - - Apo-keep-sinck, ii. 174. - - Aponigansett, iii. 139. - - Apopka Mountains, Fla., i. 382. - - Apostle Islands, Lake Superior, i. 459. - - Appalachian System, i. 36. - - Appalachian Valley, i. 123. - - Appalachicola, Fla., i. 391. - - Appalachicola River, i. 391. - - Apple Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33. - - Appledore, Isle of Shoals, iii. 231. - - Appomattox, Va., i. 56. - - Appomattox Court House, Va., i. 56. - - Appomattox River, i. 62. - - Aquidneck, iii. 99. - - "Arcadia of the White Hills," iii. 215. - - Ardoise Mountain, Canada, iii. 296. - - Arichat Island, Canada, iii. 306. - - "Ark," the, i. 84. - - Arkansas College, Batesville, Ark., iii. 404. - - Arkansas River, iii. 404. - - Arlington House, Washington, D. C., i. 101. - - Arlington National Cemetery, Washington, D. C., i. 14. - - "Arm of Gold," iii. 305. - - Armistead, General W. K., i. 133. - - Armory Hill, Springfield, Mass., iii. 167. - - Armstrong, Captain Jack, i. 304. - - Armstrong, Colonel John, i. 336. - - Armstrong, General John, ii. 180. - - Arnold Arboretum, Mass., iii. 49. - - Arnold, General Benedict, ii. 25, 115, 141, 146, 147, 158, 217, - 308; iii. 252, 282. - - Arnold, Governor Benedict, iii. 138. - - "Around the Circle," iii. 470. - - Arpeika Island, Fla., i. 388. - - Arthur, Chester A., ii. 42, 213. - - Arthur Kill, ii. 15. - - "Artisan's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27. - - "Artist's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27. - - Arverne, New York, ii. 85. - - Asbury Park, N. J., i. 193. - - Ascutney Mountain, Vt., iii. 180. - - Asheville, N. C., iii. 355. - - Ashland, Ky., iii. 330. - - Ashland, Va., i. 108. - - Ashland, Wis., i. 459. - - Ashley River, i. 349. - - Ashtabula, O., i. 415. - - Ashton, R. I., iii. 117. - - Ashuelot River, iii. 179. - - Aspen, Col., iii. 468. - - Assabet River, iii. 67. - - Assiniboine River, i. 479. - - Assiscunk Creek, N. J., i. 199, 200. - - Astor Fur Company, i. 453. - - Astor House, New York City, ii. 34. - - Astor, John Jacob, i. 453; ii. 29, 46, 334. - - Astor Library, New York City, ii. 38. - - Astor Place, New York City, ii. 38. - - "Astor Place Opera House," New York City, ii. 38. - - Astor, William B., ii. 29, 47, 180. - - Atchafalaya River, iii. 412. - - Atchison, Kansas, iii. 386. - - Athenaeum, Boston, Mass., iii. 40. - - Athenaeum, Providence, R. I., iii. 111. - - Athens, N. Y., ii. 367. - - Atlanta, Ga., iii. 365. - - "Atlantic," the, iii. 300. - - Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Mass., iii. 45. - - Atlantic City, N. J., i. 192. - - Auburn, Me., iii. 246. - - Auburn, N. Y., ii. 358. - - Auburn Prison, N. Y., ii. 358. - - Auditorium, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. - - Audubon Park, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. - - Augusta, Ga., iii. 364. - - Augusta, Me., iii. 252. - - Augustinian College, Villa Nova, Pa., i. 280. - - Aukpaque, iii. 287. - - Ausable Chasm, Vt., ii. 305. - - Ausable Forks, Vt., ii. 305. - - Ausable Lakes, N. Y., ii. 314. - - Ausable River, ii. 305. - - Austin, Stephen F., iii. 430. - - Austin, Texas, iii. 431. - - Avalon, i. 83. - - - Babylon, N. Y., ii. 91. - - "Back Bay Fens," Boston, Mass., iii. 49. - - Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307. - - "Baden-Baden of America," i. 297. - - "Bad Lands," North Dakota, i. 482. - - Bailey, General J. W., iii. 182. - - Baird, Spencer F., i. 27. - - Baker, Captain, iii. 195. - - Baker River, iii. 195. - - Baker's Falls, N. Y., ii. 231. - - Baker's Island, Me., iii. 272. - - Balcony Falls, Virginia, i. 54. - - Bald Eagle Mountain, Pa., i. 308. - - Bald Eagle Valley, Pa., i. 308. - - Bald Head Cliff, Me., iii. 241. - - Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174. - - Balize, Northeast Pass, La., iii. 423. - - Ball, Mary, i. 50. - - Ballston Spa, New York, ii. 219. - - _Baltimore American_, i. 95. - - Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, i. 91. - - Baltimore, Baron of, i. 83. - - Baltimore, Lord, i. 83, 87, 88. - - Baltimore, Md., i. 88. - - Banana River, i. 379. - - Bancroft, George, i. 87; ii. 277; iii. 61, 118. - - Bancroft House, Worcester, Mass., iii. 118. - - Banff Hot Springs, Canada, iii. 489. - - Bangor, Me., iii. 260, 267. - - Banks, General Nathaniel P., iii. 64. - - Bantam Lake, Conn., ii. 263. - - "Baptismal Font," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. - - Baranoff, Alexander, iii. 501. - - Baranoff Castle, Sitka, Alaska, iii. 501. - - Baranoff Island, Alaska, iii. 501. - - Bar Harbor, Me., Mount Desert Island, iii. 269, 271. - - Barre, Charlotte, ii. 430. - - Barlow, Joel, i. 25. - - Barnegat Bay, N. J., i. 193. - - Barnum, P. T., i. 278; ii. 25, 101. - - Barrack Hill, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 452. - - Barrington, Canada, iii. 300. - - Barron, Commodore James, i. 171. - - Bartholdi, sculptor, ii. 11. - - Bartlett, Josiah, iii. 214. - - Bartram, John, i. 176. - - "Bartram's Garden," Philadelphia, Pa., i. 176. - - Bash-Bish Falls, Conn., ii. 262. - - "Basin," Baltimore, Md., i. 88. - - Bates College, Lewiston, Me., iii. 246. - - Batesville, Ark., iii. 404. - - Bath, Me., iii. 253. - - Bath, N. Y., ii. 214. - - Bath Mineral Springs, Bristol, Pa., i. 198. - - Baton Rouge, La., iii. 413. - - Battenkill, N. Y., ii. 238. - - Battery, Charleston, S. C., i. 349. - - Battery Park, New York City, ii. 24. - - "Battle above the clouds," iii. 352. - - "Battle Monument," Baltimore, Md., i. 90. - - Battle Monument, West Point, N. Y., ii. 162. - - Battles-- - Antietam, i. 40, 104. - Belmont, iii. 398. - Bennington, ii. 300. - Brandywine, i. 151. - Bull Run, i. 102. - Bunker Hill, iii. 56. - Cedar Mountain, i. 125. - Chancellorsville, i. 104. - Charles City Cross Roads, i. 119. - Chippewa, ii. 395. - Cold Harbor, i. 108, 119, 120. - Concord, iii. 66. - Cross Keys, i. 125. - Cowpens, iii. 361. - Fair Oaks, i. 118. - Fallen Timbers, i. 424. - Fort Donelson, iii. 344. - Frazier's Farm, i. 119. - Fredericksburg, i. 104. - Gaines's Mill, i. 119. - Germantown, i. 181. - Gettysburg, i. 130. - Guilford Court House, iii. 362. - Harlem Heights, ii. 60. - King's Mountain, iii. 361. - Lackawaxen, i. 261. - Lake Erie, i. 423. - Lexington, iii. 66. - Long Island, ii. 79. - Lookout Mountain, iii. 351. - Lundy's Lane, ii. 395. - Malvern Hill, i. 119. - Mine Run, i. 106. - Minisink, i. 261. - Missionary Ridge, iii. 351. - Monmouth, ii. 22. - Nashville, iii. 341. - New Orleans, iii. 416. - North Anna, i. 108. - Oriskany, ii. 345. - Paoli, i. 281. - Princeton, i. 215. - Queenston Heights, ii. 395. - San Jacinto, iii. 430, 433. - Savage Station, i. 119. - Shiloh, iii. 345. - South Mountain, i. 40, 103. - Ticonderoga, ii. 290. - Trenton, i. 213. - - Baudouin, Pierre, iii. 247. - - "Bauerie," New York City, ii. 40. - - Bay de Chaleurs, Canada, ii. 401, 503. - - Bay of Fundy, iii. 276. - - Bay of Monterey, Cal., iii. 445. - - Bay of Quinte, Canada, ii. 409. - - Bay of San Francisco, Cal., iii. 514. - - Bay of St. Paul, Canada, ii. 492. - - Bay St. Louis, La., iii. 415. - - Bayonne, N. J., ii. 15. - - Bayshore, N. Y., ii. 91. - - Bay View, Mass., iii. 93. - - Beacon Hill, Boston, Mass., iii. 29. - - Bear Island, N. Y., ii. 198. - - Bear Mountain, Mass., ii. 254. - - Bear Mountain, Pa., i. 233. - - Beaufort, S. C., i. 353. - - Beauport, Canada, ii. 480. - - Beauregard, General Peter G. T., i. 102. - - "Beautiful Fount," Pa., i. 308. - - "Beautiful Land," iii. 458. - - Beauvoir, La., iii. 415. - - Beaver River, i. 402. - - Beaver Tail Light, R. I., iii. 99. - - Beckman, William, ii. 179. - - Bedeque Bay, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304. - - Bedford, Pa., i. 306. - - Bedloe's Island, N. Y., ii. 10. - - Beech Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. - - Beecher, Catharine, ii. 92. - - Beecher, Edward, ii. 92. - - Beecher, Harriet, ii. 74, 263. - - Beecher, Henry Ward, ii. 73, 77, 242, 243, 250, 259, 262, 263, - 305, 467. - - Beecher, Lyman, ii. 92, 74, 112, 263. - - Beehive geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 499. - - Beekman, Johannes, ii. 208. - - Beeren Island, N. Y., ii. 198. - - Belfast, Me., iii. 260, 267. - - Bellamont, Earl of, ii. 121. - - Bellamy, Edward, iii. 171. - - Belle Isle, Va., i. 114. - - Belle Meade stock farm, Louisville, Ky., iii. 341. - - Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. - - Bellefonte, Pa., i. 308. - - Bellevue Avenue, Newport, R. I., iii. 131, 137. - - Bellows Falls, Vt., iii. 180. - - Belmont, Miss., iii. 398. - - Belt Mountains, Montana, iii. 479. - - Belvidere, N. J., i. 247. - - Bemis's Heights, N. Y., ii. 216. - - _Ben Bolt_, iii. 392. - - Benedict, Zadoc, ii. 264. - - Benefit Street, Providence, R. I., iii. 112. - - _Ben Hur_, iii. 459. - - "Benicia Boy," iii. 514. - - Benicia, Cal., iii. 514. - - Bennett, James Gordon, ii. 77. - - Bennett Lake, Alaska, iii. 506. - - Bennington, Vt., ii. 300. - - Benwood, W. Va., iii. 327. - - Berdan Horseshoe Mill, ii. 215. - - Beresford, Lady, ii. 37. - - Bergen Hill, N. J., ii. 14. - - Bergen Point, N. J., ii. 15. - - Bering Strait, Alaska, iii. 507. - - Berkeley, Cal., iii. 515. - - Berkeley, Bishop George, i. 509; iii. 132. - - Berkeley House, Harrison's Landing, Va., i. 63. - - Berkeley plantation, i. 63. - - "Berkshire Coffee House," ii. 231. - - Berkshire County, Mass., ii. 242. - - Berkshire Hills, Mass., ii. 242. - - Berlin, Conn., iii. 160. - - Bermuda Hundred, i. 61. - - "Bermuda of the North," ii. 124. - - Bernard, General Simon, i. 77. - - Berry Pond, Mass., ii. 248. - - Bessemer, Ala., iii. 269. - - Beth-Lechem, i. 227. - - Bethlehem, Pa., i. 226. - - Bethlehem Junction, N. H., iii. 189. - - Bethlehem Steel Company Works, Bethlehem, Pa., i. 226. - - Bethesda Spring, Waukesha, Wis., i. 464. - - Beverley, Mass., iii. 77. - - Beverley, Robert, i. 72. - - Beverly Cove, N. Y., ii. 158. - - Beverly House, Beverly Cove, N. Y., ii. 158. - - Beverly, N. J., i. 196. - - "Bible House," New York City, ii. 40. - - Biddeford, Me., iii. 241. - - Bienville, Sieur de, iii. 275, 410. - - Big Bushkill Creek, Pa., i. 253. - - Big Clear Pond, N. Y., ii. 323. - - Big Eddy, Pa., i. 270. - - "Big Eye," ii. 274. - - Big Horn River, i. 483. - - Big Indian Valley, N. Y., ii. 192. - - Big Laramie River, iii. 470. - - "Big Muddy," iii. 382. - - Big Round Top, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 129. - - Big Sandy River, iii. 329. - - Big Sioux River, iii. 385. - - "Big Sleep," i. 389. - - Big trees, iii. 449. - - Billings, Frederick, ii. 303. - - Billings Library, Burlington, Vt., ii. 303. - - Biloxi, La., iii. 414. - - Biltmore, N. C., iii. 357. - - Bimini, i. 361. - - Bingham, William, i. 298. - - Binghamton, N. Y., i. 298. - - Biorck, Rev. Ericus Tobias, i. 150, 171. - - Bird Isles, Canada, iii. 318. - - Birmingham, Ala., iii. 368. - - Birmingham Falls, N. Y., ii. 307. - - Biscayne Bay, Fla., i. 378, 380, 394. - - Bismarck, North Dakota, i. 481. - - "Bitter-nut Hickory," ii. 357. - - Black Bay, Lake Superior, i. 455. - - "Black Belt," iii. 373. - - Black Canyon, British Columbia, iii. 495. - - Black Canyon, Col., iii. 469. - - Black Hawk, Indian Chief, i. 278, 466. - - "Black Hawk War," i. 466. - - Black Mountain, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - "Black Nuns," ii. 433. - - Black River, Ohio, i. 421. - - Black River, N. Y., ii. 352. - - "Black River," N. Y., ii. 417. - - "Black Swamp," i. 423. - - "Blackbeard," pirate, iii. 235. - - Blackfeet Indians, iii. 487. - - Blackman, Adam, ii. 103. - - Blackstone, Rev. William, iii. 29, 115, 131. - - Blackstone, Mass., iii. 117. - - Blackstone River, iii. 108, 115. - - Blackwell's Island, N. Y., ii. 66. - - Blaine, James G., iii. 252. - - Blair, Thomas, i. 312. - - Blair's Gap, Pa., i. 312. - - Blairsville, Pa., i. 317. - - Blennerhassett's Island, Ohio River, iii. 328. - - "Blessing of the Bay," iii. 31. - - Block Island, R. I., ii. 124. - - Blockade Mountain, Pa., i. 248. - - Blok, Captain Adraien, ii. 90; iii. 158. - - Bloody Brook, battlefield, iii. 177. - - "Bloody Morning Scout," ii. 281. - - "Bloody Pond," Lake George, N. Y., ii. 281. - - Blooming Grove Creek, Pa., i. 265. - - "Blooming Grove Park Association," i. 266. - - Blooming Grove Township, Pa., i. 265. - - "Blue Grass Region," iii. 329. - - Blue Hill, Me., iii. 266. - - "Blue Hills of Milton," Mass., iii. 26. - - "Blue Hills of Southington," Conn., ii. 110; iii. 160. - - "Blue Laws," iii. 163. - - Blue Mountain, N. Y., ii. 324. - - Blue Mountain Lake, N. Y., ii. 324. - - Blue Ridge Mountains, i. 36, 123, 231, 248. - - Blue Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20. - - Blue Spring, Fla., i. 386. - - Bluff Point, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308. - - Blythe, Samuel, iii. 244. - - Board of Trade Building, Chicago, Ill., i. 437. - - "Board Walk," Atlantic City, N. J., i. 193. - - Bogardus, Anneke Jans, ii. 28, 210. - - "Bohemian," the, iii. 242. - - Bolton, Lake George, N. Y., 279. - - Bonanza Mines, Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478. - - Bonaparte, Jerome, i. 92. - - Bonaparte, Joseph, i. 204. - - Bonaparte Park, Bordentown, N. J., i. 204. - - Bonaventure Cemetery, Savannah, Ga., i. 357. - - "Bone Yards," i. 385. - - Bones, Brom, ii. 144. - - Bonney, Anne, iii. 237. - - Bonsecours Market, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. - - "Boomers' Paradise," iii. 458. - - Boon Island, iii. 238. - - Boone, Daniel, iii. 334. - - Booth, John Wilkes, i. 93. - - Booth, Junius Brutus, i. 93. - - Borden, Joseph, i. 203. - - Bordentown, N. J., i. 203. - - Borough of Richmond, N. Y., ii. 15. - - Boscawen, Admiral Edward, iii. 315. - - Boston and Albany Railroad, iii. 169. - - Boston Common, Boston, Mass., iii. 34. - - Boston Corner, Mass., ii. 262. - - Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 31. - - Boston, Mass., iii. 29. - - "Boston Massacre," iii. 42. - - "Boston of Canada," ii. 407. - - Boston Public Library, Boston, Mass., iii. 46. - - Boter-Berg, ii. 163. - - Botolph's Town, iii. 30. - - Boulder, Col., iii. 464. - - Boulder Canyon, Col., iii. 464. - - Boulle, Helen, ii. 421. - - Bouquet River, ii. 312. - - Bourbon whiskies, iii. 330. - - Bourgeoys, Marguerite, ii. 429, 433, 440. - - Bourse, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 169. - - Bout, Jan Eversen, ii. 72. - - Bow River, iii. 487, 490. - - Bowditch, Nathaniel, iii. 75. - - Bowdoin College, Me., iii. 247. - - Bowdoin, James, iii. 145. - - Bowdoin (2d), James, iii. 247. - - Bowery, New York City, ii. 35. - - Bowie, Colonel James, iii. 432. - - "Bowie-knife," iii. 432. - - Bowling Green, Ky., iii. 338. - - Bowling Green, New York City, ii. 25. - - Bowling Green Building, New York City, ii. 30. - - "Boxer," the, iii. 244. - - Bozeman Tunnel, Montana, iii. 479. - - _Bracebridge Hall_, ii. 208. - - Braddock, General Edward, i. 42. - - Braddock's defeat, i. 320. - - Bradford, William, ii. 30. - - Bradford, Governor William, iii. 16, 39. - - Brady's Bend, Pa., i. 336. - - Bragg, General Braxton, iii. 350. - - Brainerd the Puritan, i. 307. - - Bramhall's Hill, Portland, Me., iii. 242. - - Brandywine, battle of, i. 151. - - Brandywine Creek, Pa., i. 281. - - Brandywine Creek, Del., i. 151. - - Brandt, Joseph, i. 261; ii. 337, 340. - - "Bras d'Or," iii. 305. - - Brattle, Colonel, iii. 178. - - Brattleborough, Vt., iii. 178. - - _Brazil_, iii. 71. - - Breakneck Hill, N. Y., ii. 163. - - Breed's Hill, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 56. - - Bremer, Fredrika, iii. 68. - - Brenton's Point, R. I., iii. 130. - - Breuckelen, ii. 72. - - Brewer Fountain, Boston, Mass., iii. 36. - - Brewster, Elder, iii. 7. - - Brewster, Mass., iii. 21. - - "Bridal Chamber," Mammoth Cave, Ky., iii. 340. - - "Bridal of Pennacook," iii. 83. - - "Bridal Veil," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363. - - Bridal Veil Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. - - Bridal Veil Fall, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. - - "Bridge of Sighs," i. 326. - - Bridger Lake, i. 504. - - Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 100. - - Bridgewater, Canada, iii. 300. - - Brighton Beach, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82. - - Brighton, Mass., iii. 49. - - "Brimstone Corner," Boston, Mass., iii. 39. - - Bristol, R. I., iii. 123. - - Bristol, Pa., i. 198. - - Bristol Neck, R. I., iii. 120. - - Broad Mountain, Pa., i. 189, 232. - - Broad Street, Newark, N. J., ii. 19. - - Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158. - - Broadway, New York City, ii. 26. - - Broadway, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221. - - Brock, General Sir Isaac, ii. 395, 416. - - Brocken Kill, N. Y., ii. 151. - - Brockville, Canada, ii. 415. - - Brodhead's Creek, Pa., i. 252. - - Bronx River, ii. 64. - - Bronx Park, Greater New York, ii. 63. - - Bronx, the, Greater New York, ii. 63. - - "Brook Farm," West Roxbury, Mass., iii. 49. - - "Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education," iii. 50. - - "Brook Farm Phalanx," iii. 50. - - Brookfield, Mass., iii. 170. - - Brookline, Mass., iii. 49. - - Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 71. - - Brooklyn Bridge, N. Y., ii. 69. - - Brooklyn Heights, N. Y., ii. 73. - - Brooklyn Institute, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79. - - Brooks, Maria, ii. 400. - - Brooms, ii. 336. - - "Brother Jonathan," ii. 97. - - Broughton Strait, iii. 499. - - Brown, Captain John, ii. 264. - - Brown, George, ii. 408. - - Brown, George L., iii. 198. - - Brown, John, ii. 319; iii. 388. - - Brown, Moses, iii. 114. - - Brown University, Providence, R. I., iii. 112. - - Brownlow, William G., iii. 351. - - Browning, Robert, ii. 292. - - Brumidi, fresco painter, i. 16. - - Brunswick, Ga., i. 369. - - Brunswick, Me., iii. 246. - - Brush Mountain, Pa., i. 311. - - Bryan, Clark W., ii. 266. - - Bryant, William Cullen, i. 100; ii. 95, 191, 245, 258, 259, 326. - - Bryn Mawr College, Pa., i. 280. - - Buchanan, James, i. 283, 292. - - Buck Island, Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 321. - - "Buck Tail rift," i. 222. - - "Buckeye State," i. 414. - - Buckingham, Canada, ii. 447. - - Buckner, General Simon B., iii. 344. - - Bucyrus, O., i. 404. - - Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 375. - - Buffalo Bayou, Texas, iii. 430. - - Buffalo Creek, N. Y., ii. 375. - - Buford, General John, i. 129. - - _Building of the Ship_, i. 140. - - Bulkley, Peter, iii. 67. - - Bull Run, battles of, i. 102. - - "Buncombe," iii. 356. - - Bunker, Elihu S., ii. 109. - - Bunker Hill, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 56. - - Bunker Hill Monument, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 56. - - Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Washington, D. C., i. 24. - - Burgoyne, General John, ii. 216, 291. - - Burial Hill, Mass., iii. 13. - - "Buried valleys," i. 249, 253. - - Burke, Edmund, ii. 218; iii. 93, 293. - - Burlington, Iowa, iii. 393. - - Burlington, N. J., i. 199. - - Burlington, Vt., ii. 302. - - Burlington College, Burlington, N. J., i. 202. - - Burnet Woods Park, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333. - - Burnett, Mrs., iii. 358. - - Burns, Robert, i. 340. - - Burnside, General Ambrose E., i. 105; iii. 111. - - Burr, Aaron, i. 216; ii. 14, 17, 60; iii. 328. - - Burr, Rev. Aaron, i. 216. - - Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, iii. 497. - - Burritt, Elihu, iii. 166. - - Burrows, William, iii. 244. - - Bush River, i. 88. - - Bushkill, Pa., i. 254. - - Bushnell Park, Hartford, Conn., iii. 162. - - Butler, Benjamin, i. 59, 61, 348; iii. 252, 417. - - Butler, Governor, i. 70. - - Butte, Montana, iii. 479. - - "Butterfly of the Sea," iii. 12. - - Buttermilk Channel, N. Y., ii. 72. - - Buttermilk Falls, N. Y., ii. 154. - - "Butternuts," i. 354. - - Buzzard's Bay, Mass., iii. 20, 139. - - By, Colonel, ii. 449. - - Byllinge, Edward, i. 152, 199. - - Byram River, ii. 96. - - Byrd, William, i. 63, 72, 78. - - Byrds, the, i. 63. - - Bytown, Canada, ii. 449. - - - "Cabin John Bridge," i. 41. - - Cabinet Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20. - - Cabot, John, iii. 4. - - "Cacique of Garde," i. 369. - - Cackamensi, i. 195. - - Cacouna, Canada, ii. 494. - - Caesar's Head, N. C., iii. 358. - - Cairo, Ill., iii. 342. - - Calais, Me., iii. 275. - - Calaveras Grove, Cal., iii. 449. - - Calfpasture River, i. 54. - - Calgary, Canada, iii. 487. - - Calhoun, John C., i. 26, 350; ii. 107. - - California climate, iii. 443. - - California Gulch, Col., iii. 468. - - Callowhill, Hannah, i. 198. - - "Call Rock," Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 174. - - Caloosahatchie River, i. 387. - - Calvary Cemetery, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. - - Calvert, Cecilius, i. 83. - - Calvert, Leonard, i. 84. - - Calvert, Sir George, i. 83. - - Cambria Steel Works, Johnstown, Pa., i. 314. - - Cambridge, Mass., iii. 58. - - Camden, Me., iii. 266. - - Camden, N. J., i. 191. - - "Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company," i. 206. - - Camden Mountains, Me., iii. 265. - - Camel's Hump, Vt., ii. 301. - - Cameron, Simon, i. 285. - - Cammerhoff, Bishop, i. 230. - - "Camp Pine Knot," Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 324. - - Campbell, Hon. Hugh, i. 279. - - Campbell, Thomas, i. 241; ii. 147. - - Campbell's Ledge, Pa., i. 236, 241. - - Campobello Island, New Brunswick, iii. 274. - - Campus Martius, Detroit, Mich., i. 451. - - Camsoke, iii. 306. - - Canada Creek, N. Y., ii. 342. - - Canaderioit, ii. 278. - - "Canadian Boat Song," ii. 442. - - "Canadian Rocky Mountain Park," iii. 489. - - Canal Street, New York City, ii. 37. - - Canandaigua, N. Y., ii. 366. - - Canandaigua Lake, N. Y., ii. 355. - - Canda, Charlotte, ii. 78. - - "Candle-fish," iii. 499. - - "Cania-de-n'-qua-rante," ii. 275. - - Canister River, ii. 366. - - Canister Valley, N. Y., ii. 367. - - Cannon Mountain, N. H., iii. 193. - - Canonicus, Indian chief, ii. 116; iii. 16, 99. - - Canonsburg, Pa., i. 333. - - Canopus Valley, N. Y., ii. 150. - - Canso, Canada, iii. 304. - - Canso Strait, Canada, iii. 304. - - Canton, O., i. 402. - - Cap of Liberty, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. - - Cape Ann, Mass., iii. 86. - - Cape Blomidon, Canada, iii. 294. - - Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 305. - - Cape Canso, Canada, iii. 301. - - Cape Charles, Va., i. 4. - - Cape Chatte, Canada, ii. 405, 509. - - Cape Cod, Mass., iii. 18. - - "Cape Cod Ship Canal," iii. 20. - - Cape Diamond, Canada, ii. 457, 466. - - Cape Elizabeth, Me., iii. 242. - - Cape Eternity, Canada, ii. 502. - - Cape Fear River, i. 347. - - Cape Gaspe, Canada, ii. 510. - - Cape Hatteras, N. C., i. 345. - - Cape Henlopen, Del., i. 145. - - Cape Henry, Va., i. 4. - - Cape Horn, iii. 478. - - Cape May, N. J., i. 145, 193. - - Cape Neddick, Me., iii. 240. - - Cape Nome, Alaska, iii. 507. - - Cape North, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307. - - Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, iii. 507. - - Cape Romano, Fla., i. 394. - - Cape Rosier, Canada, ii. 510; iii. 267. - - Cape Sable, Fla., i. 394. - - Cape Sable Island, Canada, iii. 300, 301. - - Cape Sambro, Canada, iii. 300. - - Cape Tourmente, Canada, ii. 492. - - Cape Tragabizonda, iii. 86. - - Cape Trinity, Canada, ii. 501. - - Capitol, Albany, N. Y., ii. 205. - - Capitol, Annapolis, Md., i. 87. - - Capitol, Atlanta, Ga., iii. 366. - - Capitol, Columbus, O., i. 403. - - Capitol, Indianapolis, Ind., i. 409. - - Capitol, Richmond, Va., i. 110. - - Capitol, Springfield, Ill., i. 410. - - Capitol, the, Washington, D. C., i. 12. - - Capitol Hill, Montgomery, Ala., iii. 372. - - Capitol Square, Albany, N. Y., ii. 205. - - "Captain's Hill," Duxbury, Mass., iii. 18. - - Carbondale, Pa., i. 269. - - Carey House, Alexandria, Va., i. 42. - - Carillon, Canada, ii. 446. - - Carleton, Sir Guy, ii. 308; iii. 301. - - Carlisle, Pa., i. 291. - - Carnegie, Andrew, i. 327, 328. - - Carnegie Library and Museum, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327. - - Carondelet Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. - - Carr, Colonel, iii. 362. - - Carrituck Falls, Me., iii. 248. - - Carrolton, Ky., iii. 334. - - Carson, Nevada, iii. 478. - - Carson Hill, Cal., iii. 448. - - "Carson Sink," Nevada, iii. 478. - - Carter Dome, N. H., iii. 212. - - Carter, John, i. 72. - - Carters, the, i. 61. - - Cartier, Jacques, ii. 220, 293, 400, 423, 458, 491, 509. - - Carver, John, iii. 8. - - Casa Blanca, Col., iii. 464. - - Casa Grande, Arizona, iii. 436. - - Cascade Lakes, N. Y., ii. 317. - - Cascade Locks, iii. 484. - - "Cascades," St. Lawrence River, ii, 419. - - Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. - - Cascadilla Creek, N. Y., ii. 360. - - Cascadilla Hall, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362. - - Cascapedia River, ii. 503. - - Casco Bay, Me., iii. 242. - - Casino, Newport, R. I., iii. 137. - - Casino, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374. - - Castine, Me., iii. 261. - - Castle Garden, New York City, ii. 25. - - Castle geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500. - - Castle Head, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 270. - - Castle Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. - - Castle Rock, Cayuga Lake, N. Y., ii. 360. - - Castle Rock, Utah, iii. 473. - - Castle of St. Louis, Canada, ii. 468. - - Cataraqui River, ii. 410. - - Catasauqua, Pa., i. 232. - - Catfish geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 502. - - Cathedral, Catholic, Quebec, Canada, ii. 472. - - Cathedral of All Saints, Albany, N. Y., ii. 211. - - Cathedral of Christ Church, Montreal, Canada, ii. 439. - - Cathedral of St. James, Montreal, Canada, ii. 438. - - Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City, ii. 57. - - Cathedral of St. Louis, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. - - Cathedral of St. Patrick, New York City, ii. 53. - - Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174. - - Cathedral of the Church of England, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473. - - Cathedral Rocks, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. - - Cat Indians, i. 414, 422. - - Catlin Lake, N. Y., ii. 236. - - Catlin's, George, paintings, i. 29. - - Catskill flags, i. 259. - - Catskill Mountains, ii. 184. - - Catskill, N. Y., ii. 184. - - Cattapeuk, i. 69. - - Caughnawaga, Canada, ii. 420, 442. - - "Cauldron," the, ii. 450. - - Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville, Ky., iii. 337. - - Cave of Luray, Va., i. 126. - - "Cavern Gorge," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. - - Cayuga Indians, i. 304; ii. 337. - - Cayuga Lake, N. Y., ii. 354, 359. - - Cazenovia Lake, N. Y., ii. 352. - - Cecil, Lord, i. 83. - - Cedar Brook, i. 54. - - Cedar Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 231. - - Cedar Mountain, Va., battle of, i. 125. - - "Cedars," St. Lawrence River, ii. 419. - - Cemetery Hill, Brattleborough, Vt., iii. 178. - - Cemetery Ridge, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 128. - - Centennial Exposition, i. 179. - - Central City, Col., iii. 464. - - Central Falls, R. I., iii. 114. - - "Central Gorge," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363. - - Central National Soldiers' Home, Dayton, O., iii. 333. - - Central Park, New York City, ii. 55. - - Central Tennessee College, Ky., iii. 341. - - "Centre Church," New Haven, Conn., ii. 111. - - Centre Harbor, N. H., iii. 221. - - Centre Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158. - - Chadd's Ford, Del., i. 151. - - Chambly Canal, N. Y., ii. 311. - - Champ de Mars, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. - - Champlain Market, Quebec, Canada, ii. 477. - - Champlain Steps, Quebec, Canada, ii. 475. - - Chancellorsville, Va., battle of, i. 104. - - Channing, William Ellery, iii. 50, 61, 138. - - Chapel Hill, N. C., iii. 362. - - Chapel Island, Cape Breton, Canada, iii. 306. - - Charles I., i. 83, 345; iii. 26, 76, 86, 278. - - Charles II., i. 349, 480. - - Charles X., i. 91. - - Charles City Cross Roads, Va., battle of, i. 119. - - "Charles Evans' Cemetery," Reading, Pa., i. 189. - - Charles River, iii. 58. - - Charles Street, Baltimore, Md., i. 89. - - Charleston, S. C., i. 349. - - Charlestown, Mass., iii. 52. - - Charlestown, W. Va., iii. 329. - - Charlotte, N. Y., ii. 368. - - Charlotte, S. C., iii. 361. - - Charlotte Harbor, Fla., i. 393. - - Charlottesville, Va., i. 124. - - Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304. - - "Charming Newport of Aquidneck," iii. 130. - - Charter Oak, Hartford, Conn., iii. 163. - - Charter Oak Bank, Hartford, Conn., iii. 164. - - Charter Oak Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn., iii. 164. - - Chase, Salmon P., iii. 180, 181. - - Chateau Montebello, Canada, ii. 447. - - Chateau Richer, Canada, ii. 485. - - Chateaugay Lake, N. Y., ii. 310. - - Chatham, Mass., iii. 19. - - Chatham, Lord, ii. 218. - - Chatham Sound, iii. 499. - - Chatham Square, New York City, ii. 35. - - Chatham Strait, Alaska, iii. 501. - - Chattahoochee River, iii. 365, 370. - - Chattanooga, Tenn., iii. 348. - - Chaudiere Falls, Canada, ii. 445, 450. - - Chautauqua Assembly, ii. 373. - - Chautauqua Assembly Building, Redondo Beach, Cal., iii. 445. - - Chautauqua Lake, N. Y., ii. 373. - - Chazy Lake, N. Y., ii. 310. - - "Chebacco," the, iii. 87. - - Chebucto, iii. 297. - - Chebucto Head, Canada, iii. 300. - - Chedabucto Bay, Canada, iii. 301. - - "Cheecagua," i. 426. - - Cheese, ii. 342. - - Cheeves, George, iii. 244. - - Chemical Bank, New York City, ii. 36. - - Chemung River, ii. 366. - - Chemung Valley, N. Y., ii. 367. - - Chenango Canal, i. 298. - - Che-pon-tuc, ii. 233. - - Chequamegon Bay, i. 459. - - "Cherokee Strip," iii. 458. - - Cherry Valley, N. Y., i. 297. - - Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, i. 276. - - Chesapeake Bay, i. 6, 80. - - Chesapik, i. 5. - - Chestnut Hill, Mass., iii. 49. - - Chestnut Hill, Pa., i. 224. - - Chestnut Ridge, Pa., i. 316. - - Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161. - - Chesuncook Lake, Me., iii. 268. - - Cheviot Hills, Mass., iii. 26. - - Chew House, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 181. - - Cheyenne, Wyoming, iii. 461. - - Chicago, Ill., i. 425. - - Chicago Public Library, Chicago, Ill., i. 435. - - Chicago River, i. 434. - - Chickahominy River, i. 65. - - Chickamauga and Chattanooga Military Park, iii. 349. - - Chickamauga River, iii. 350. - - Chickasaw Indians, iii. 399. - - Chico, Cal., iii. 513. - - Chicopee Falls, Mass., iii. 171. - - Chicopee River, iii. 170. - - Chicoutimi Falls, Canada, ii. 500. - - Chignecto Bay, Canada, iii. 277. - - Chignecto Isthmus, Canada, iii. 295. - - "Chignecto Ship Railway," iii. 295 - - Childs Park, Pa., i. 255. - - Chilkat, Alaska, iii. 506. - - Chilkat Inlet, Alaska, iii. 505. - - Chilkoot Inlet, Alaska, iii. 505. - - Chillicothe, Mo., iii. 392. - - Chimney Point, N. Y., ii. 296. - - Chimney Rock, N. C., iii. 358. - - "Chinatown," New York City, ii. 38. - - Chinese Quarter, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. - - "Chinook" winds, iii. 488. - - Choate, Rufus, iii. 40, 59, 181. - - Choptank River, i. 8. - - Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., i. 41. - - Christ Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 44. - - Christ Church, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 59. - - Christ Church, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 170. - - Christian Brothers, ii. 435. - - Christina, i. 150. - - Christinaham, i. 150. - - Church, Captain Benjamin, iii. 125. - - Church of the Gesu, Montreal, Canada, ii. 439. - - Church of the Good Shepherd, Hartford, Conn., iii. 165. - - "Church of the Pilgrims," Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75. - - Church of the Transfiguration, New York City, ii. 46. - - Cimarron River, iii. 469. - - Cincinnati, O., iii. 230. - - Circle City, Alaska, iii. 506. - - Citadel Hill, Halifax, Canada, iii. 297. - - Citadel of Fort George, Halifax, Canada, iii. 297. - - "City Beautiful," i. 377. - - City Hall, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. - - City Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 41. - - City Hall, Minneapolis, Minn., i. 470. - - City Hall, New Haven, Conn., ii. 112. - - City Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 159. - - City Hall, Providence, R. I., iii. 110. - - City Hall, Richmond, Va., i. 115. - - City Hall, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519. - - City Hall, Worcester, Mass., iii. 118. - - City Hall Park, New York City, ii. 33. - - "City of Brotherly Love," i. 154. - - "City of Churches," ii. 71. - - "City of Elms," ii. 104. - - "City of Homes," i. 175. - - "City of Magnificent Distances," i. 34. - - "City of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels," iii. 444. - - "City of the Prophet," ii. 372. - - City Park, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. - - City Point, Va., i. 62. - - Claiborne, William, i. 82. - - Clams, iii. 107. - - "Clam-bake," iii. 107. - - "Clam-chowder," ii. 81. - - "Clan Cameron," i. 286. - - Claremont. N. H., iii. 180. - - Clarence Strait, Alaska, iii. 500. - - Clark, Captain, iii. 383. - - Clarke, Colonel George Rogers, iii. 336. - - Clark's Fork, Montana, iii. 480. - - Clark's Island, Mass., iii. 9, 18. - - Clark's Point, Mass., iii. 141. - - Clay, Henry, i. 56, 109, 111, 277; iii. 330, 337. - - "Clay-eaters," i. 354. - - Claypole, John, i. 165. - - Clayton, N. Y., ii. 412. - - Clear Creek Canyon, Col., iii. 464. - - Clearfield, Pa., i. 308. - - Cleaveland, Moses, i. 417. - - Clemens, Samuel L., iii. 393. - - "Clement," the, iii. 279. - - Cleopatra's Bath, Yellowstone Park, i. 489. - - Cleopatra's Needle, Central Park, New York City, ii. 56. - - Clermont estate, ii. 183. - - "Clermont," the, ii. 183. - - Cleveland, O., i. 416. - - "Cliff Walk," Newport, R. I., iii. 135. - - Clifton, Mass., iii. 72. - - Clifton Heights, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333. - - Clifton Mansion, Windsor on the Avon, Canada, iii. 296. - - Clinch Mountains, Tennessee, iii. 352. - - Clingman's Dome, N. C., iii. 348. - - Clinton, De Witt, ii. 77, 332, 370. - - Clinton formations, i. 257. - - Clinton Mountains, N. Y., ii. 272. - - Clinton Prison, Dannemora, N. Y., ii. 311. - - Clinton, Sir Henry, i. 52, 350; ii. 22, 25, 159. - - Clinton Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 74. - - Cloudland Hotel, Roan Mountain, Tennessee, iii. 353. - - Cloud's Rest, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. - - Clover Hill, Va., i. 56. - - "Clover Reach," ii. 195. - - Coa-coo-chee, Indian chief, i. 376, 389. - - Coal, anthracite, i. 234, 237. - - Coal, bituminous, i. 329. - - Coal deposits, iii. 308. - - "Coal-fields," i. 190. - - Coal "tipples," i. 330. - - Cobble Hill, N. Y., ii. 312. - - Cochran, Mrs. Catharine, ii. 213. - - Cochecton, i. 270. - - Cockburn, Admiral George, i. 94. - - Coddington, William, iii. 131. - - "Cod-bricks," iii. 89. - - Codfish, canned, iii. 38. - - Cod-packing, iii. 88. - - Coffin, Admiral Sir Isaac, iii. 318. - - Coffin Island, Canada, iii. 318. - - Coggins Point, Virginia, i. 64. - - Cohasset, Mass., iii. 28. - - Cohattayough, i. 69. - - Cobequid Bay, Canada, iii. 303. - - Cochituate Lake, Mass., iii. 51. - - Cohoes, ii. 330. - - Cohoes Falls, N. Y., ii. 330. - - Cohoes, N. Y., ii. 330. - - Cohonk, i. 69. - - Coke-ovens, i. 320, 330. - - Colby College, Me., iii. 252. - - Cold Harbor, Va., battle of, i. 108, 119, 120. - - "Cold Roast Boston," iii. 70. - - Cold Spring, N. Y., ii. 162. - - Colebrook, N. H., iii. 185. - - Cole's Hill, Mass., iii. 12. - - College Hill, Burlington, Vt., ii. 302. - - College of Forestry, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 361. - - College of New Jersey, i. 215. - - College of William and Mary, Va., i. 52. - - Coloma, Cal., iii. 513. - - "Color-Bearer," ii. 246. - - Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Col., iii. 465. - - Colorado desert, iii. 439. - - Colorado North Park, iii. 472. - - Colorado River, iii. 437. - - Colorado Springs, Col., iii. 465. - - Colt Arms Company, Hartford, Conn., iii. 165. - - Colt, Colonel Samuel, ii. 98; iii. 165. - - Columbia College, New York City, ii. 57. - - Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73. - - Columbia Heights, Washington, D. C., i. 30. - - "Columbia lava," iii. 482. - - Columbia, Pa., i. 285. - - Columbia Railroad, i. 279. - - "Columbia Rediviva," the, iii. 481. - - Columbia River, iii. 481. - - Columbia, S. C., iii. 363. - - Columbian Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 223. - - Columbus, Ga., iii. 370. - - Columbus, Ky., iii. 397. - - Columbus Monument, N. Y. City, ii. 43. - - Columbus, O., i. 402. - - Colvin, Verplanck, ii. 315. - - Commencement Bay, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Commenius, John Amos., i. 228. - - Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass., iii. 47. - - Communipaw, N. J., ii. 12. - - Comstock Lode, Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478. - - Concord, Mass., iii. 67. - - Concord, N. H., iii. 79. - - Concord River, iii. 67. - - "Concord School of Philosophy," iii. 69. - - "Concord," the, iii. 6. - - Conemaugh, Pa., i. 314. - - Conemaugh Lake, Pa., i. 315. - - Conemaugh Valley, Pa., i. 314. - - Conestoga Creek, Pa., i. 282. - - Conestoga Indians, i. 281, 288. - - Conestoga wagons, i. 277, 281. - - Conewago Creek, Pa., i. 284. - - Coney Island, ii. 10, 80. - - Confederate Cemetery, Fredericksburg, i. 50. - - Confederate Powder Works, Augusta, Ga., iii. 364. - - "Confederate White House," Richmond, Va., i. 112. - - Congaree River, iii. 362. - - "Congregation House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. - - "Congregation of the United Brethren," i. 226. - - Congregational Church, Lenox, Mass., ii. 249. - - Congress Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 163. - - Congress Hall, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221. - - "Congress" Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 222. - - Congressional Library, Washington, D. C., i. 23. - - Conkling, Roscoe, ii. 42, 343. - - Conanicut Island, R. I., iii. 130. - - Conneaut, O., i. 414. - - Connecticut, ii. 98. - - Connecticut Hall, New Haven, Conn., ii. 108. - - Connecticut Insane Asylum, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159. - - Connecticut River, iii. 158. - - "Connecticut seed-leaf," iii. 158. - - Connellsville, Pa., i. 330. - - Conococheague, i. 9. - - Coquanock, i. 154. - - Conshohocken, Pa., i. 186. - - Constitution Island, N. Y., ii. 155. - - "Constitution," the, i. 180, 203; ii. 265; iii. 53, 73. - - Constitutional Convention, first, i. 87. - - Continental Congress, i. 161. - - "Continental Divide," iii. 455. - - Continental Island, Me., iii. 228. - - Convent of Mount St. Vincent, N. Y., ii. 135. - - Convent of the Sacred Heart, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435. - - Cony-a-craga, ii. 298. - - Cooper Institute, New York City, ii. 39. - - Cooper, James Fenimore, i. 202, 230, 270, 295; ii. 107, 137, 166, - 171, 187, 191, 198, 234, 286, 411. - - Cooper, Judge William, i. 296. - - Cooper, Peter, ii. 39, 77. - - Cooper River, i. 349. - - Cooperstown, N. Y., i. 295. - - Coosa River, iii. 371. - - Coosawhatchie River, i. 354. - - Copley Square, Boston, Mass., iii. 48. - - Copp's Hill, Boston, Mass., iii. 44. - - Copper-mines, i. 458. - - Copper mining, iii. 479. - - Coral reefs, i. 394. - - Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington, D. C., i. 23. - - Corcoran, William W., i. 23. - - Cordova Hotel, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374. - - Corinne, Utah, iii. 477. - - "Corlaer's Lake," N. Y., ii. 296. - - Corn crop, i. 442; iii. 389. - - "Corn Song," i. 443. - - Cornell, Ezra, ii. 39, 361. - - Cornell University, ii. 361. - - Cornet Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 502. - - Corning, N. Y., ii. 367. - - Coronado, Cal., iii. 441. - - Coronado Beach, Cal., iii. 441. - - Cornplanter, Indian chief, ii. 339. - - Cornwall, Barry, ii. 85. - - Cornwall, Canada, ii. 418. - - Cornwall, N. Y., ii. 169. - - "Cornwall Ore Banks," i. 294. - - Cornwallis, General Charles, i. 52, 214; ii. 25; iii. 362. - - Corry, Pa., i. 339. - - Coteau, Canada, ii. 419. - - "Coteau," Lake, St. Lawrence River, ii. 419. - - Cote de Beaupre, ii. 485. - - Cottage City, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147. - - Cotton, iii. 372, 407. - - Cotton manufacture, iii. 114. - - Cotuit, Mass, iii. 20. - - Coulter, hunter, i. 486. - - "Coulter's Hell," i. 486. - - Council Bluffs, Ia., iii. 385. - - "Council Chamber," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363. - - "Council House of Cascadea," ii. 370. - - "Council of Good Fur," ii. 169. - - Court-house, Boston, Mass., iii. 40. - - Court-house, New York City, ii. 35. - - Court-house, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 326. - - Covington, Ky., iii. 333. - - Coweset Bay, R. I., iii. 105. - - Cowpasture River, i. 54. - - "Crackers," i. 354. - - "Cradle of Liberty," Boston, Mass., iii. 43. - - "Cradle of Texas Liberty," iii. 431. - - Craigie House, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 63. - - Cramp's Shipbuilding yards, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174. - - Cranberry Islands, Me., iii. 272. - - "Cranberry Stem-winder," iii. 353. - - Cranberry, Tenn., iii. 353. - - Crane, Ichabod, ii. 144. - - Crater Lake, Oregon, iii. 513. - - Crawford, Abel, iii. 189. - - Crawford, Ethan Allen, iii. 203. - - Crawford's, N. H., iii. 199. - - "Cream City," the, i. 463. - - Cree Indians, iii. 486. - - Creede, Col., iii. 467. - - Creedmoor, N. Y., ii. 93. - - Crerar Library, Chicago, Ill., i. 436. - - Crescent Beach, Mass., iii. 77. - - "Crescent City," iii. 416. - - Crescentia, i. 84. - - Cresson Springs, Pa., i. 313. - - Cripple Creek, Col., iii. 467. - - Crockett, Davy, iii. 353, 433. - - Crom Elbow, ii. 177. - - Cro' Nest Mountain, N. Y., ii. 155, 161. - - Crooked Lake, N. Y., ii. 354. - - Crosby, Enoch, ii. 171. - - Crosby's Manor, N. Y., ii. 343. - - Cross Keys, Va., i. 125. - - Croton Aqueduct, N. Y., ii. 61. - - Croton Point, N. Y., ii. 146. - - Croton River, ii. 61. - - Crowfoot, Indian Chief, iii. 487. - - "Crown of New England," iii. 198. - - Crown Point, N. Y., ii. 296. - - Crystal Cascade, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 212. - - Culloden, battle of, i. 368. - - Culpepper, Va., i. 124. - - Culp's Hill, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 128. - - Cumberland Bay, N. Y., ii. 309. - - Cumberland, Duke of, i. 368. - - Cumberland Gap, iii. 346. - - Cumberland Island, Ga., i. 368. - - Cumberland Mountains, iii. 345. - - Cumberland River, iii. 343. - - Cumberland Sound, i. 368. - - Cummaquid, iii. 20. - - Cupid's Cave, Yellowstone Park, i. 489. - - Currecanti Needle, Col., iii. 469. - - Currituck Sound, i. 78. - - "Curtain Falls," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363. - - Curtin, Andrew G., i. 289. - - Curtis, George William, ii. 130; iii. 50. - - Cuscatlan, ii. 492. - - "Cushatunk," i. 270. - - Cushing, Caleb, iii. 82. - - Cushing's Island, Me., iii. 243. - - Cushing, Lieutenant, i. 133. - - Cushman, Rev. Robert, ii. 227. - - Custer, General George A., i. 483. - - Custis, Eleanor Parke, i. 47. - - Custis, George Washington Parke, i. 13. - - Custom House, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 170. - - "Cut Bite rift," i. 222. - - Cuttyhunk, Mass., iii. 145. - - Cuyahoga River, i. 416. - - "Cyane," the, i. 203; iii. 73. - - Cyclones, i. 346. - - "Cypress Gate," i. 385. - - Cypress Grove Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. - - "Cypress knees," i. 381. - - - Dade massacre, i. 375. - - Daggett, Rev. Naphtali, ii. 106. - - D'Aguillon, Duchess, ii. 475. - - Dallas, Texas, iii. 430. - - "Dalles," iii. 483. - - Dalles, Oregon, iii. 483. - - Dalrymple farm, i. 477. - - Damarine, Indian chief, iii. 253. - - Damascus, Pa., i. 370. - - Damiani, Cardinal, i. 398. - - Dana, Richard Henry, iii. 50, 440, 516. - - Dana's Point, Cal., iii. 440. - - Danbury, Conn., ii. 264. - - Dane, Nathan, iii. 77. - - Danforth, Asa, ii. 355. - - Dannemora, N. Y., ii. 311. - - Danvers, Mass., iii. 75. - - D'Anville, Duc, iii. 314. - - Dare, Mrs., i. 344. - - Dare, Virginia, i. 344. - - "Dark Day," ii. 99. - - Dartmouth, Canada, iii. 298. - - Dartmouth College, iii. 181. - - D'Assoli, Marquis, iii. 64. - - Dauversiere, religious devotee, ii. 425. - - Davenport, Iowa, i. 465. - - Davenport, Colonel Abraham, ii. 99. - - Davenport, John, ii. 104, 111. - - D'Aviles, Pedro Menendez, i. 364. - - Davion, Father, ii. 463. - - Davis, Jefferson, i. 112; iii. 415. - - Davis's Island, Pa., i. 330. - - Dawson City, Alaska, iii. 506. - - Dayton, O., iii. 333. - - Daytona, Fla., i. 377. - - "Dead House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. - - Deadman's Isle, Canada, iii. 319. - - Deane, Silas, ii. 116. - - De Balboa, Vasco Nunez, iii. 519. - - De Brebeuf, Jean, ii. 475. - - De Castine, Baron, iii. 257, 262. - - Decatur, Commodore Stephen, i. 171. - - Declaration of Independence, i. 161 - - De Champlain, ii. 276, 293, 421, 424, 458, 459, 468, 472; - iii. 19, 86, 140, 233, 254, 268. - - De Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., ii. 492; iii. 318. - - De Chateaubriand, Francois A., ii. 151. - - De Chomedey, Paul, ii. 427. - - De Crevecoeur, St. John, iii. 183. - - De Dino, Duchess, ii. 37. - - Deep Bottom, Va., i. 61. - - Deer Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33, 69. - - Deer Leap, Pa., i. 255. - - Deerfield River, iii. 176. - - Deering Oaks Park, Portland, Me., iii. 243. - - Deering Works, Chicago, Ill., i. 436. - - De Faucamp, Baron, ii. 440. - - De Fredenburgh, Count, ii. 309. - - De Fronsac, Count, iii. 306. - - De Frontenac, Count, ii. 414, 477. - - De Fuca, Juan, iii. 498. - - De Gourgues, Dominique, i. 364. - - De Grasse, Count, i. 53. - - De la Peltrie, Madame, ii. 429. - - De la Tour, Charles, iii. 279. - - Delaware and Hudson Canal, i. 258, 263. - - Delaware and Raritan Canal, i. 207. - - "Delaware and Raritan Canal Company," i. 206. - - Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378. - - Delaware Bay, i. 144. - - Delaware Breakwater, i. 146. - - Delaware flags, i. 260. - - "Delaware Indians," i. 225, 303. - - Delaware River, i. 242, 249, 257, 259, 270. - - "Delaware Water Gap," Pa., i. 231, 247. - - De la Warr, Lord, i. 144. - - Del Castillo, Bernal Diaz, iii. 442. - - De Leon, Juan Ponce, i. 360. - - "Delight," the, iii. 302. - - De Lisle, ii. 460. - - Dellius, Rev. Godfridius, ii. 227. - - De Loudonniere, Rene, i. 363. - - De Menon, Charles, iii. 279. - - De Montalva, Ordonez, iii. 442. - - De Montmagny, ii. 460. - - De Montmorency, Bishop Laval, ii. 459, 472. - - De Monts, iii. 275, 278, 289, 290. - - Denver, Col., iii. 461. - - Denver, General James W., iii. 462. - - De Onate, Juan, iii. 435. - - Department of the Interior Building, Washington, D. C., i. 24. - - De Peyster, Abraham, ii. 26. - - Deposit, N. Y., i. 257, 271. - - De Poutrincourt, Baron, iii. 289. - - Depui, Nicholas, i. 251. - - "Depui's Gap," Pa., i. 251. - - Derby, Conn., ii. 265. - - Des Moines, Ia., iii. 394. - - Des Moines River, iii. 394. - - De Sillery, Noel Brulart, ii. 457. - - De Soto, Hernando, i. 362, 392; iii. 369, 375, 399. - - Desplaines River, i. 431. - - De Tocqueville, Alexis C. H. C., ii. 98. - - De Trobriand, Comtesse, ii. 37. - - Detroit, Mich., i. 450. - - De Villebon, Chevalier, iii. 288. - - "Devil's Dance Chamber," ii. 172. - - Devil's Den, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 129. - - Devil's Gate, Col., iii. 464. - - Devil's Glen, Nantucket, Mass., iii. 149. - - "Devil's Hole" massacre, ii. 395. - - Devil's Lake, Canada, iii. 491. - - Devil's Slide, Weber Canyon, Utah, iii. 473. - - Devil's Well, Yellowstone Park, i. 501. - - Dewey, Admiral George, ii. 304; iii. 353. - - Dewey, Captain Samuel W., iii. 54. - - De Witt, Christopher, i. 184. - - De Witt, Simeon, ii. 344. - - Dexter, "Lord" Timothy, iii. 82. - - Dexter Mausoleum, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333. - - De Youville, Madame, ii. 434. - - Diamond Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - Diamond Shoals, i. 345. - - "Diamond State," i. 147. - - D'Iberville, Commander, iii. 409, 414. - - Dickens, Charles, i. 287; ii. 153, 382. - - Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., i. 292. - - Dickinson, John, i. 292. - - Dieskau, Baron, ii. 282. - - Digby, Canada, iii. 290. - - "Digby Chickens," iii. 290. - - Digby Gut, Canada, iii. 289. - - Digger Indians, iii. 451. - - Dighton, Mass., iii. 121. - - Dilke, Charles, ii. 466; iii. 63. - - Dingman's Ferry, Pa., i. 255. - - "Dingman's Choice," Pa., i. 254. - - Dingman's Creek, Pa., i. 254. - - Dinsmore, William B., ii. 178. - - Diplomatic Reception Room, Washington, D. C., i. 22. - - "Discovery," the, i. 4. - - Discovery Passage, iii. 499. - - Dismal Swamp, Va., i. 78. - - Dismal Swamp Canal, i. 78. - - "Dismal Wilderness," ii. 298. - - Disston Mausoleum, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179. - - Dix Island, Me., iii. 266. - - Dixon, Jeremiah, i. 149. - - Dixville Notch, N. H., iii. 185. - - Dixwell, John, ii. 110. - - Dobbs, John, ii. 137. - - Dobb's Ferry, N. Y., ii. 137. - - Dodge, William E., ii. 43. - - Doe River, iii. 353. - - Dog Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. - - Dome Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - "Dome of the Taghkanics," ii. 261. - - Dominion Coal Company, iii. 308. - - Donaldson Point, iii. 398. - - Don River, ii. 407. - - Donderberg Mountain, N. Y., ii. 147. - - Donnacona, Indian chief, ii. 458. - - Donner, Captain, iii. 478. - - Donner Lake, Nevada, iii. 478. - - "Door of the Country," ii. 296. - - Dorchester Bay, Mass., iii. 31. - - "Double S Bends," i. 385. - - Douglas Island, Alaska, iii. 502. - - "Dove," the, i. 84. - - Dow, Neal, iii. 243. - - "Down East," iii. 226. - - Downie, Commodore, ii. 309. - - Drake, Colonel E. L., i. 334. - - Drake, Joseph Rodman, ii. 165. - - Drake, Sir Francis, i. 375. - - _Dred_, i. 78. - - Dresden, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280. - - Drewry, Augustus, i. 64. - - Drewry's Bluff, Va., i. 58. - - Drexel, Anthony J., i. 168. - - Drexel Boulevard, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. - - Drexel Building, New York City, ii. 31. - - Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168. - - Druid Hill, Baltimore, Md., i. 92. - - Druid Lake, Baltimore, Md., i. 92. - - "Dry Goods District," New York City, ii. 37. - - Dry Tortugas, Fla., i. 394, 397. - - Dubuque, Iowa, i. 466. - - Dubuque, Julien, i. 466. - - Dudley Astronomical Observatory, Albany, N. Y., ii. 207. - - Dudley, Mrs. Blandina, ii. 207. - - Dudley, Thomas, iii. 29. - - Dufferin Terrace, Quebec, Canada, ii. 479. - - Du Guast, Pierre, iii. 261. - - Duke, Colonel, iii. 362. - - Du Lhut, Daniel, i. 459. - - Duluth, Minn., i. 460. - - Duncannon, Pa., i. 301. - - Duncan's Island, Pa., i. 301. - - Dungeness estate, i. 370. - - Dunkards, i. 306. - - Dunkirk, N. Y., ii. 375. - - "Dunkirk of America," iii. 310. - - Dunster, Henry, iii. 60. - - Dunton, Ada Abbott, iii. 518. - - Du Pont, Admiral S. F., i. 30, 151. - - Du Pont De Nemours, Pierre Samuel, i. 151. - - Duquesne Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327. - - Durham Hills, Pa., i. 226. - - Durham, N. C., iii. 362. - - Dutch East India Company, i. 144. - - Dutch Gap, Va., i. 59. - - Dutch Gap Canal, i. 59. - - Dutch Reformed Theological Seminary, New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 22. - - _Dutch Republic_, iii. 71. - - Duxbury, Mass., iii. 17. - - Dwight, Timothy, ii. 107, 112, 118, 158; iii. 119, 132, 189. - - Dyea, Alaska, iii. 506. - - Dyer, John, ii. 345. - - - Eads, James B., iii. 396. - - Eagle Indians, iii. 501. - - Eagle Lake, N. Y., ii. 325. - - Eagle Lake, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. - - Eagle Pass, Canada, iii. 494. - - Eagle Point, Iowa, i. 466. - - Eagle River, iii. 494. - - Eagle's Nest, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 325. - - East Albany, N. Y., ii. 214. - - East Chop, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147. - - East Eden, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 271. - - East Hampton, N. Y., ii. 92. - - East India Marine Hall, Salem, Mass., iii. 75. - - "East River Islands," N. Y., ii. 66. - - East Rock, New Haven, Conn., ii. 111. - - East Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 18, 19. - - Eastern Point, Gloucester, Mass., iii. 88. - - "Eastern Shore," the, i. 81. - - Eastham, Mass., iii. 21. - - Easton, Pa., i. 224. - - Ebensburg, Pa., i. 313. - - Echo Canyon, Utah, iii. 473. - - Echo Gorge, Utah, iii. 473. - - Echo Lake, N. H., iii. 191. - - Echo Mountain, Cal., iii. 445. - - "Echo River," i. 358. - - Economy, Pa., iii. 325. - - "Economy whiskey," iii. 325. - - _Eda Hoe_, iii. 382. - - Eden Park, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332. - - "Eden of America," iii. 132. - - Edgar Thomson Steel Works, i. 320, 327. - - Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 148. - - Edgemere, N. Y., ii. 85. - - Edgewater, N. J., i. 196. - - Edison, Thomas A., ii. 20. - - Edisto River, i. 354. - - Edmonton, Canada, iii. 486. - - Edson, Calvin, ii. 206. - - Edwards, Jonathan, i. 215; ii. 107, 198, 255, 335; iii. 173. - - "Edwards's Hall," Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 256. - - Egg Islands, Canada, ii. 511. - - Egmont, Countess of, i. 370. - - Elberon, Long Branch, N. J., i. 195. - - "Elbow of the Bay of Fundy," iii. 300. - - El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. - - "Election Rock," iii. 9. - - _Elegy in a Country Churchyard_, ii. 471. - - Elephant's Head, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 200. - - Eliot, John, iii. 51, 125. - - Eliot's Oak, Natick, Mass., iii. 51. - - Elizabeth, N. J., ii. 20. - - Elizabeth Islands, Mass., iii. 142. - - Elizabeth River, i. 5, 8, 78. - - Elizabethport, N. J., ii. 20. - - Elizabethtown, N. Y., ii. 312. - - Elk River, i. 88. - - Ellerslie estate, ii. 180. - - Ellicott, Andrew, i. 10. - - Ellicott Square Building, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378. - - Elliott Bay, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Ellis River, iii. 212. - - Ellis's Island, N. Y., ii. 10. - - Elmira Female College, N. Y., ii. 367. - - Elmira, N. Y., ii. 367. - - Elmira Reformatory, N. Y., ii. 367. - - Elmwood, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 64. - - El Paso, Texas, iii. 435. - - El Paso del Norte, Mexico, iii. 435. - - Elskwatawa, Indian chief, i. 407. - - Ely, Maria, i. 421. - - Elyria, O., i. 421. - - Elysian Fields, Weehawken, N. J., ii. 14. - - Emancipation Proclamation, i. 104. - - "Emerald Pool" geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 493. - - Emerson, Ralph Waldo, ii. 464; iii. 49, 50, 62, 68, 449. - - Emerson, Parson William, iii. 68. - - Emmet, Robert, ii. 33. - - Empire Building, New York City, ii. 31. - - Empire oil well, i. 335. - - Empire Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. - - "Empire State of the South," iii. 365. - - "Enchanted Table Land," iii. 460. - - Endicott, John, iii. 74. - - "Endicott Rock," Weir's Landing, N. H., iii. 220. - - Enfield Rapids, Conn., iii. 166. - - English, Thomas Dunn, iii. 392. - - Enterprise, Fla., i. 386. - - "Enterprise," the, iii. 244. - - Epayquit, iii. 304. - - Episcopal Church of St. Mary, Burlington, N. J., i. 201. - - Epping Forest, Va., i. 50. - - Epps, Dr., i. 62. - - Equitable Life Building, New York City, ii. 31. - - Ericsen, Leif, i. 463; iii. 47. - - Ericsson, John, i. 75; ii. 25, 215. - - Erie Indians, i. 423. - - Erie, Pa., ii. 373. - - Erie Canal, N. Y., ii. 332. - - Erie Railway, i. 258. - - Escambia Bay, Fla., i. 391. - - _Esmeralda_, iii. 358. - - Esopus Indians, ii. 179. - - Espiritu Sancto Bay, i. 392. - - Esquimalt, British Columbia, iii. 499. - - Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., iii. 76. - - Estes Park, Col., iii. 464. - - Estey Organ Works, Brattleborough, Vt., iii. 178. - - Eternity Bay, Canada, ii. 499. - - E-Town, N. Y., ii. 312. - - Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, O., i. 419. - - Eutaw Place, Baltimore, Md., i. 92. - - Ewell, General Richard S., i. 129. - - _Evangeline_, i. 172. - - Evansville, Ind., iii. 342. - - Evarts, William M., ii. 107; iii. 180. - - Everglades, Fla., i. 388. - - Everett, Edward, i. 44, 136; iii. 59, 61, 220. - - Everett, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Excelsior Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 496. - - Executive Mansion, Harrisburg, Pa., i. 287. - - Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 18. - - "Eye of the Adirondacks," ii. 320. - - - Fabyan House, Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 203. - - Fabyan's, N. H., iii. 199. - - Fabritius, Jacob, i. 171. - - Factory Falls, Pa., i. 255. - - "Fair Mount," i. 183. - - Fair Oaks, Va., battle of, i. 118. - - Fairbanks Scale Works, St. Johnsbury, Vt., iii. 183. - - Fairfield, Conn., ii. 100. - - Fairfax Seminary, i. 14. - - Fairhaven, Mass., iii. 139. - - Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 177. - - Fall Creek, N. Y., ii. 360. - - Fall Kill, ii. 174. - - Fall River, iii. 128. - - Falls of St. Anthony, Minn., i. 469. - - Falmouth Foreside, Me., iii. 243. - - Fan geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503. - - Faneuil Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 43. - - Faneuil, Peter, iii. 39, 43. - - "Farewell Address," Washington, i. 162. - - Fargo, Dakota, i. 477. - - "Farmer monks," ii. 443. - - Farmers' Loan and Trust Building, New York City, ii. 32. - - Farragut, Admiral David G., ii. 42; iii. 353, 376, 417. - - Farragut, Admiral, statue of, i. 30. - - Far Rockaway, N. Y., ii. 85. - - Far View, Pa., i. 269. - - "Father of Canada," ii. 424, 459. - - "Father of Waters," i. 465, 475; iii. 381. - - "Father of the Forest," tree, iii. 449. - - Father Point, Canada, ii. 509. - - Fayal, New Bedford, Mass., iii. 139. - - "Federal City," i. 9, 41. - - "Federal District of Columbia," i. 9. - - Federal Point, N. C., i. 347. - - Federal Steel Company, i. 436. - - Feldspar Brook, N. Y., ii. 236. - - Fenwick, Colonel George, ii. 114. - - Fenwick, John, i. 152. - - Fernandina, Fla., i. 370. - - Fern, Fanny, iii. 243. - - "Ferry Depot," San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519. - - Field, Cyrus W., ii. 255. - - Field, Darby, iii. 188. - - Field, David Dudley, ii. 255. - - Field's Hill, Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 255. - - Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York City, ii. 54. - - Fifth Avenue, New York City, ii. 44. - - "Fifty-four forty or fight" boundary, iii. 500. - - "Fighting Parson," iii. 353. - - Fillmore, Millard, ii. 211. - - Findlay, O., i. 404. - - Fire Island, L. I., ii. 9. - - Fire Island, N. Y., ii. 91. - - Firehole River, i. 495. - - "Fire Lands," i. 421. - - "First Church," Salem, Mass., iii. 74, 76. - - "First Families of Virginia," i. 61. - - First Parish Church, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 59. - - First Presbyterian Church, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. - - Fish Creek, N. Y., ii. 169, 219. - - "Fish River," i. 145. - - Fisher's Island, N. Y., ii. 120. - - "Fisher's Nest," Mass., ii. 257. - - Fishkill, N. Y., ii. 169. - - Fisk, James, Jr., iii. 178. - - Fisk University, Ky., iii. 341. - - Fitch, John, iii. 166. - - Fitzhugh Sound, iii. 499. - - Fitzhugh, William, i. 72. - - Five Nations, i. 81; ii. 337. - - "Five Points," New York City, ii. 38. - - "Flag Day," i. 164. - - Flag, first American, i. 164. - - Flagstaff Hill, Boston, Mass., iii. 36. - - Flagstaff Station, iii. 460. - - "Flats of Keene," N. Y., ii. 313. - - Fleetwood estate, ii. 180. - - Fleming, Peter, ii. 334. - - "Flirtation Walk," West Point, N. Y., ii. 162. - - "Floral City," i. 390. - - Florenceville, Canada, iii. 287. - - Florida, Mo., iii. 392. - - Florida Keys, i. 394. - - "Flour City of the West," ii. 370. - - Flour mills, i. 470. - - "Flower City," i. 410. - - "Flume," Franconia Mountains, N. H., iii. 194. - - "Flying Bluenose," iii. 296. - - "Flying Dutchman of the Tappan Zee," ii. 139. - - Foley, John Henry, i. 111. - - Folly Point, Mass., iii. 93. - - Foote, Commodore Andrew H., iii. 344. - - Foraker, Joseph B., i. 405. - - "Forefathers' Day," iii. 8. - - "Forest City" (Cleveland, O.), i. 416. - - "Forest City" (Savannah, Ga.)i. 355 - - "Forest City" (Portland, Me.), iii. 243. - - "Forest City," Conn., iii. 159. - - Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 463. - - _Forest Hymn_, ii. 326. - - "Forest Lake Association," i. 270. - - Forest Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. - - Forked Lakes, N. Y., ii. 325. - - "Forks," Pa., i. 242. - - "Forks of the Delaware," i. 223. - - Forrest, Edwin, ii. 38, 135; iii. 128. - - Forrest, General Nathan B., iii. 399. - - Forsyth Park, Savannah, Ga., i. 357. - - Fort Adams, Brenton's Point, R. I., iii. 130. - - Fort Algernon, i. 76. - - Fort Augusta, Pa., i. 300. - - Fort Altena, i. 150. - - Fort Benton, Montana, iii. 384. - - Fort Brady, i. 457. - - Fort Carillon, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 283. - - Fort Casey, Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Fort Cataraqui, Canada, ii. 410. - - Fort Charlotte, Halifax, Canada, iii. 398. - - Fort Clinch, Fla., i. 369. - - Fort Custer, i. 483. - - Fort Darling, i. 58. - - "Fort de la Presque Isle," ii. 374. - - Fort Douglas, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476. - - Fort Duquesne, Pa., i. 320. - - Fort Edward, N. Y., ii. 226. - - "Fort Fight in Narragansett," iii. 101. - - Fort Fisher, N. C., i. 347. - - Fort Flagler, Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Fort Forty, Pa., i. 241. - - Fort Frederick, Me., iii. 257. - - Fort Gaines, Ga., iii. 376. - - Fort Griswold, New London, Conn., ii. 115. - - Fort Henry, Canada, ii. 410. - - Fort Henry, Pa., i. 291. - - Fort Hill, Auburn, N. Y., ii. 338, 358. - - Fort Hill, Groton, Conn., ii. 116. - - Fort Hunter, i. 291. - - Fort Hyndshaw, Pa., i. 291. - - Fort Independence, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. - - Fort Jackson, New Orleans, La., iii. 423. - - Fort Jefferson, Fla., i. 397. - - Fort Johnson, N. C., i. 347. - - Fort Johnson, N. Y., ii. 336. - - Fort La Fayette, New York Harbor, ii. 10. - - Fort Ligonier, Pa., i. 318. - - Fort Lincoln, N. Dakota, i. 481. - - Fort Marion, Fla., i. 372. - - Fort Mason, Cal., iii. 518. - - Fort McHenry, Md., i. 93. - - Fort McRae, Fla., i. 391. - - Fort Morgan, Ga., iii. 376. - - Fort Moultrie, S. C., i. 350. - - Fort Osborne, Manitoba, i. 480. - - Fort Pentagoet, Me., iii. 261. - - Fort Pickens, Fla., i. 391. - - Fort Pierce, Fla., i. 379. - - "Fort Pillow Massacre," iii. 399. - - Fort Pitt, Pa., i. 323. - - Fort Pitt Iron Works, i. 323. - - Fort Point, Me., iii. 267. - - Fort Pond Bay, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 123. - - Fort Porter, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378. - - Fort Powhatan, i. 65. - - Fort Pownall, Me., iii. 267. - - Fort Preble, Me., iii. 244. - - Fort Pulaski, Ga., i. 356. - - Fort Putnam, West Point, N. Y., ii. 156. - - Fort Rouille, Canada, ii. 406. - - Fort Russell, Wyoming, iii. 461. - - Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, iii. 433. - - Fort Severn, Annapolis, Md., i. 87. - - Fort Sewall, Marblehead, Mass., iii. 73. - - Fort Smith, Ark., iii. 405. - - Fort Snelling, Minn., i. 470. - - Fort St. Frederic, N. Y., ii. 297. - - Fort St. Philip, New Orleans, La., iii. 423. - - Fort Sumter, S. C., i. 350, 351. - - Fort Taber, Clark's Point, Mass., iii. 14. - - Fort Taylor, Key West, Fla., i. 397. - - Fort Thomas, Newport, Ky., iii. 333. - - Fort Ticonderoga, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 289. - - Fort Trumbull, New London, Conn., ii. 115. - - Fort Venango, Pa., i. 336. - - Fort Victoria, British Columbia, iii. 498. - - Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. - - Fort Warren, Me., iii. 252. - - Fort Wayne, Detroit, Mich., i. 452. - - Fort Wayne, Ind., i. 405. - - Fort William Henry, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 283. - - Fort Wilson, Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Fort Winthrop, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. - - Fort Worth, Texas, iii. 430. - - Fort Wrangell, Alaska, iii. 500. - - Fortress Monroe, Va., i. 76. - - "Forty-niners," iii. 448. - - Fossil remains, iii. 470. - - "Foul Rift," Pa., i. 242. - - Foulger, Peter, iii. 150. - - "Fountain City," i. 377. - - Fountain Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 495. - - "Fountain of Perpetual Youth," i. 361. - - Fountain Square, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332. - - Fox, George, ii. 199. - - Fox Islands, Alaska, iii. 507. - - Franconia, N. H., iii. 190. - - Franconia Mountains, N. H., iii. 182. - - Frankfort, Ky., iii. 334. - - Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa., i. 282. - - Franklin, Benjamin, i. 163, 283, 291; ii. 34, 157, 210; iii. 41, 42. - - Franklin, Benjamin, statue of, i. 30. - - Franklin Institute, i. 170. - - Franklin, Pa., i. 336. - - Franklin Park, Boston, Mass., iii. 49. - - "Franklin" stoves, i. 223. - - Franklin, William, i. 201. - - Franklin's, Benjamin, printing press, i. 29. - - Franklin, Sir John, i. 179. - - Franklin Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. - - Franklyn Cottage, Long Branch, N. J., i. 195. - - Fraser Canyon, British Columbia, iii. 496. - - Fraser, General Simon, ii. 217. - - Fraser River, iii. 494. - - Fraser, Simon, iii. 497. - - Frazier's Farm, battle of, i. 119. - - Frederick, Md., i. 40. - - Frederick Channel, Alaska, iii. 501. - - Fredericksburg, Va., i. 50. - - Fredericksburg, battle of, i. 104. - - Frederickton, Canada, iii. 287. - - Freehold, N. J., ii. 22. - - Freeman, E. A., ii. 205. - - Fremont, General John C., iii. 446. - - "French Armada," iii. 314. - - French Broad River, iii. 354, 358. - - French Creek, Pa., i. 336. - - "French-Canadian O'Connell," ii. 447. - - "French-Canadian Thermopylae," ii. 446. - - French Market, New Orleans, La., iii. 419. - - Frenchman Bay, Me., iii. 270. - - Frietchie, Barbara, i. 40. - - "Frog Pond," Boston, Mass., iii. 36. - - Frontenac, Count, ii. 410, 472. - - Fuller, Chief Justice Melville W., iii. 247. - - Fuller, Margaret, iii. 50, 64. - - Fulmer Falls, Pa., i. 255. - - Fulton Lakes, N. Y., ii. 325. - - Fulton, Robert, i. 283; ii. 26, 30, 109. - - Fulton Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73. - - "Fulton," the, ii. 109. - - "Fulton's Folly," ii. 183. - - - Gage, General Thomas, iii. 56. - - Gagetown, Canada, iii. 288. - - Gaines's Mill, Va., battle of, i. 119. - - Gale River, iii. 190. - - Gallatin, Albert, ii. 30. - - Gallatin River, iii. 480. - - Gallitzin, Pa., i. 312. - - Gallitzin, Demetrius Augustine, i. 313. - - "Galop," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417. - - Galveston, Texas, iii. 429. - - Galveston Bay, Texas, iii. 429. - - Galveston Island, Texas, iii. 429. - - Gamble Hill, Richmond, Va., i. 114. - - Ganniagwari, ii. 340. - - Gananoque, Canada, ii. 415. - - Ganouskie Bay, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - "Gans-howe-hanne," i. 186. - - Garden City, N. Y., ii. 93. - - Garden Key, Fla., i. 397. - - "Garden of Nova Scotia," iii. 291. - - "Garden of the Great Spirit," ii. 412. - - "Garden of the Gods," Col., iii. 466. - - Gardiner River, i. 484. - - Gardiner, Me., iii. 253. - - Gardiner, Lyon, ii. 120. - - Gardiner's Bay, N. Y., ii. 119. - - Gardiner's Island, N. Y., ii. 120. - - Garfield, James A., i. 195, 415, 420; ii. 245. - - Garrett, John W., i. 91. - - Garrett Mansion, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. - - Garrettson, Rev. Freeborn, ii. 180. - - Garrison, Commodore, ii. 77. - - Garrison, N. Y., ii. 154. - - Garrison, William Lloyd, iii. 47, 82. - - Gaspe, Canada, ii. 509. - - Gastineaux Channel, Alaska, iii. 502. - - "Gate City" (Atlanta, Ga.), iii. 365. - - "Gate City" (Omaha, Nebraska), iii. 386. - - "Gate of the Adirondacks," ii. 312. - - "Gate of the Mountain," i. 483. - - "Gate of the Notch," White Mountain, N. H., iii. 199. - - _Gates Ajar_, iii. 78. - - Gatineau River, ii. 445. - - Gaudenhutten, Pa., i. 232. - - Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147. - - Gee's Point, N. Y., ii. 155. - - Gelkie Glacier, Alaska, iii. 505. - - "General Tom Thumb," ii. 102. - - "General Hospital of the Gray Sisters," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434. - - "Genesee Flats," N. Y., ii. 370. - - "Genesee Level," N. Y., ii. 369. - - Genesee oil, i. 334. - - Genesee River, ii. 368. - - Geneseo, N. Y., ii. 370. - - Geneva, N. Y., ii. 365. - - "Gentilhomme," ii. 464. - - "Gentlemen of the Seminary," ii. 432. - - George I., iii. 266. - - George II., ii. 278; iii. 44. - - George III., i. 55, 163; ii. 26, 263, 452, 473. - - George, Henry, ii. 77. - - George's Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. - - Georgetown, Col., iii. 464. - - Georgetown, University of, i. 31. - - "Georgia," the, iii. 303. - - German Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168. - - Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 181. - - Gerry, Elbridge, ii. 112; iii. 73. - - "Gertrude of Wyoming," i. 241. - - Gervais Rapids, Canada, ii. 498. - - Gettys, James, i. 128. - - Gettysburg, Pa., battle of, i. 130. - - "Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association," i. 135. - - Geyser Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. - - Giant geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 492. - - Giantess geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500. - - Giant of the Valley, N. Y., ii. 274, 298, 313. - - Giant's Cauldron, Yellowstone Park, i. 505. - - "Giant's Grove," Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 203. - - Gibbon Falls, Yellowstone Park, i. 494. - - Gibbon River, i. 494. - - Gibbons, Cardinal Archbishop, i. 91. - - Gibraltar Island, Lake Erie, i. 423. - - "Giesh-gumanito," i. 317. - - "Gift of God," the, iii. 255. - - Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, i. 344; iii. 302. - - Ginter, Philip, i. 234. - - Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 165. - - Girard Bank, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 165. - - Girard College, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 165. - - Girard, Stephen, i. 165. - - Glacier Bay, Alaska, iii. 503. - - Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. - - Glacier Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. - - "Glen Alpha," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 364. - - "Glen Cathedral," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. - - Glen Eyre, Pa., i. 265. - - "Glen Obscura," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. - - "Glen Omega," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. - - Glen's Falls, N. Y., ii. 233. - - "Glimmerglass," the, i. 296. - - Glooscap, Indian deity, ii. 504; iii. 294. - - Gloria Dei, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 171. - - Glorieta Pass, iii. 459. - - Gloucester, Mass., iii. 86. - - Gloucester Point, Va., i. 53. - - Glover, John, iii. 47. - - Goat Island, Cal., iii. 518. - - Goat Island, Niagara Falls, ii. 389. - - Godfrey, Thomas, i. 180. - - Goethe, Johann W., ii. 379. - - Goffe, William, ii. 110; iii. 175. - - Gold Creek, Montana, iii. 480. - - _Gold Digger_, iii. 508. - - Gold in America, early ideas respecting, i. 66. - - Gold mining, iii. 448, 467, 479. - - Golden, Col., iii. 464. - - Golden Gate, Cal., iii. 514. - - "Golden Gate of the St. Lawrence Gulf," iii. 305. - - Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. - - Golden Hill, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. - - "Golden Northland," iii. 508. - - "Goobers," i. 79. - - "Good Speed," i. 4. - - Goodyear, Charles, ii. 98. - - Gordon, Commodore, i. 43. - - Gorgues, Sir Ferdinando, iii. 240. - - Gorham, N. H., iii. 212. - - Gorton, Samuel, iii. 105. - - Goshen, N. Y., i. 262. - - Gosnold, Bartholomew, iii. 6, 19, 142. - - Gosport, Va., i. 78. - - Gosport, Star Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 234. - - Gough, John B., iii. 82. - - Gould, Helen, ii. 53. - - Gould, Jay, ii. 54, 138. - - Government Botanical Garden, Washington, D. C., i. 13. - - Government Building, Boston, Mass., iii. 45. - - Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., i. 24. - - Governor's Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. - - Governor's Island, N. Y., ii. 11. - - "Governor's Room," City Hall, New York City, ii. 36. - - Grace Church, New York City, ii. 41. - - Grain elevators, ii. 376. - - "Granary of California," iii. 447. - - Grand Canyon of the Arkansas, Col., iii. 468. - - Grand Discharge, Canada, ii. 498. - - Grand River, Canada, ii. 444, 512. - - Grand River, Colorado, iii. 469. - - "Grandfather Cobb," iii. 10. - - Grand Boulevard, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. - - Grand Canyon, Arizona, iii. 437. - - Grand Falls, Canada, iii. 285. - - Grand Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 501. - - Grand Island, Niagara Falls, ii. 380. - - Grand Isle, Lake Champlain, ii. 308. - - Grand Manan Island, Canada, iii. 274. - - Grand Pacific Glacier, Alaska, iii. 505. - - "Grand River of the North," iii. 434. - - Grand Union Hotel, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221. - - Grand Pre, iii. 292. - - Grant, General, i. 61, 62, 106, 120, 178, 195, 441; ii. 58, - 226; iii. 344, 351, 398, 408. - - Grant, General, statue of, i. 30. - - Grant's siege of Richmond, i. 120. - - Grant University, Tenn., iii. 349. - - Grasmere estate, ii. 180. - - "Grasshopper War," i. 303. - - "Grass water," i. 388. - - Gravesend Bay, ii. 10. - - Gravesend Bay, N. Y., ii. 80. - - Gravity railroad, i. 269. - - Gray, Captain Robert, iii. 481. - - Graymont, Col., iii. 464. - - "Gray Nunnery," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434. - - Gray's Peak, Col., iii. 464. - - Great American Desert, Utah, iii. 477. - - Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 259. - - "Great Bear Cave," Pa., i. 318. - - Great Bras d'Or, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 305. - - "Great Charter," i. 70. - - Great Egg Harbor, N. J., i. 193. - - Great Falls, Va., i. 40. - - Great Falls, Montana, iii. 384. - - Great Gull Island, ii. 120. - - Great Head, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 270. - - Great Kanawha River, iii. 328. - - Great Lakes, i. 447. - - Great Miami River, iii. 333. - - "Great North Woods," i. 436. - - Great North Woods, N. Y., ii. 272. - - "Great River of Canada," ii. 400. - - "Great Salt Basin," Utah, iii. 474. - - Great Salt Lake, Utah, iii. 474. - - "Great Salt Pond," Block Island, ii. 124. - - Great Shuswap Lake, British Columbia, iii. 494. - - Great Smoky Mountains, N. C., iii. 354. - - Great South Bay, N. Y., ii. 91. - - Great South Beach, N. Y., ii. 91. - - "Great Staked Plain," iii. 430. - - "Great Stone Face," N. H., iii. 192. - - "Great Vine," iii. 445. - - "Greater New York," ii. 23. - - "Greatest Show on Earth," ii. 102. - - Greece City, Pa., i. 336. - - Greek Church, Sitka, Alaska, iii. 501. - - Greeley, Horace, i. 100, 254, 263; ii. 34, 43, 77; iii. 80. - - "Green Bank," Old Burlington, N. J., i. 200. - - "Green Corn Dance," i. 389. - - Green Cove Springs, i. 381. - - Green Island, N. Y., ii. 214. - - Green Mount Cemetery, Burlington, Vt., ii. 303. - - Green Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. - - Green Mountains, Vt., ii. 299. - - Green Mountain Boys, ii. 300. - - Green, Mrs. Hetty, ii. 37. - - Green River, i. 337, 485. - - Green Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20. - - Greenbush, N. Y., ii. 214. - - Greene, General Nathaniel, i. 370; iii. 106, 362. - - Greenfield, Mass., iii. 177. - - Greenleaf, Benjamin, iii. 181. - - Greenleaf's Point, i. 13. - - Greenmount, Baltimore, Md., i. 93. - - Greensboro', N. C., iii. 362. - - Greensburg, Pa., i. 318, 319. - - Greenville Channel, iii. 499. - - Greenville, Tenn., iii. 353. - - Greenwich, Conn., ii. 99. - - Greenwich Point, Conn., ii. 99. - - Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 71, 76. - - Greenwood Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. - - Greenwood Lake, N. Y., ii. 134. - - Grenadier Island, ii. 415. - - Gridley, Captain Charles Vernon, ii. 374. - - Gridley, Colonel Richard, iii. 314. - - "Griffin," the, ii. 376. - - Grindstone Island, Canada, ii. 412. - - Grinnell Expedition, i. 179. - - "Grizzly Giant," tree, iii. 449. - - Grosse Isle, Canada, ii. 492. - - Groton, Conn., ii. 116. - - Grotto, geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 502. - - "Ground Hog rift," i. 222. - - "Guerriere," the, i. 180; iii. 73. - - Guilford, Conn., ii. 113. - - Guinney Station, Va., i. 105. - - Gulf stream, i. 395. - - Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia, iii. 497. - - Gulf of St. Lawrence, ii. 404. - - Gunnison, Col., iii. 469. - - Gunnison River, iii. 469. - - Gunpowder River, i. 88. - - Gurnet, Duxbury, Mass., iii. 18. - - Guyart, Marie, ii. 474. - - - _Habitans_, ii. 48, 440, 447. - - Hackensack River, ii. 18. - - Hadley Falls, Mass., iii. 171. - - Hadley Street, Northampton, Mass., iii. 174. - - Hagerman Pass, Col., iii. 468. - - Ha Ha Bay, Canada, ii. 500. - - Haines's Falls, N. Y., ii. 192. - - Hale, Nathan, ii. 36, 95, 115; iii. 162. - - Haley's Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 231. - - "Half Moon," the, ii. 4, 136, 169. - - Half Moon Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33. - - Haliburton, Thomas C., iii. 296. - - Halibut Point, Mass., iii. 92. - - Halifax, Canada, iii. 297. - - Halifax River, i. 377. - - Hall, Dr. John, ii. 54. - - Halleck, Fitz Greene, ii. 113, 166, 168. - - Hall of the Carpenters' Company, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 164. - - Hallowell, Me., iii. 253. - - Hamersley, Mrs., ii. 37. - - Hamilton, Alexander, i. 213; ii. 10, 14, 18, 30, 60, 75, 158, - 211; iii. 47. - - Hamilton, Canada, ii. 405. - - Hamilton Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. - - Hammondsport, N. Y., ii. 366. - - Hampton, Va., i. 75. - - Hampton Beach, N. H., iii. 227. - - Hampton Roads, i. 75. - - Hancock, John, iii. 27, 37, 39, 65. - - Hancock, Pa., i. 271. - - Hancock, General W. S., i. 130. - - Hancock, General W. S., statue of, i. 30. - - Hanging Rock, Echo Gorge, Utah, iii. 473. - - "Hanging Rock," Newport, R. I., iii. 133. - - Hanging Spear, N. Y., ii. 236. - - Hanlon, sculler, ii. 409. - - Hanlon's Point, Toronto, Canada, ii. 409. - - Hanna, Robert, i. 318. - - "Hannah's Hill," N. Y., i. 296. - - Hannastown, Pa., i. 318. - - Hannibal, Mo., iii. 394. - - Hanover, N. H., iii. 181. - - Hanover Court House, Va., i. 108. - - Harbor Hill, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 94. - - Hardenburgh, Captain, ii. 358. - - "Hardenburgh's Corners," N. Y., ii. 358. - - "Harmonists," iii. 325. - - "Harmony Knitting Mills," Cohoes, N. Y., ii. 330. - - Harper's Ferry, W. Va., i. 38. - - Harrietstown, N. Y., ii. 322. - - "Harris cassimere," iii. 117. - - Harris, Joel Chandler, iii. 366. - - Harris, John, i. 287. - - Harris Lake, N. Y., ii. 236. - - "Harris Park," Harrisburg, Pa., i. 288. - - Harrisburg, Pa., i. 286. - - Harrison, Benjamin, iii. 334. - - Harrison, General William Henry, i. 20, 63, 279, 407; iii. 333. - - Harrison, John Scott, iii. 334. - - Harrison's Landing, Va., i. 63. - - Hart, Colonel, i. 381. - - Harte, Bret, iii. 448, 477. - - Hart's Island, N. Y., ii. 67. - - Hartford, Conn., iii. 161. - - "Hartford," the, iii. 377. - - Harvard Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. - - Harvard, John, iii. 60. - - Harvard University, iii. 59. - - Harvey's Lake, Pa., i. 238. - - Harwich, Mass., iii. 19. - - Hasbrouck House, Newburg, N. Y., ii. 170. - - Hasbrouck, Jonathan, ii. 170. - - Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kan., iii. 387. - - Hastings-on-the-Hudson, N. Y., ii. 137. - - Hat-factories, ii. 264. - - Hathorn, Colonel, i. 261. - - "Hathorn" Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 222. - - Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 362. - - Haverford College, i. 280. - - Haverhill, Mass., iii. 81. - - Haverstraw Bay, N. Y., ii. 146. - - Hawk Island, Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 321. - - "Hawkeye State," the, i. 466. - - Hawley, Pa., i. 267. - - "Hawk's Nest," N. Y., i. 260. - - Hawthorne, Nathaniel, ii. 252, 257; iii. 50, 68, 75, 192, 195, - 233, 247. - - Hayden, Prof. Ferdinand V., i. 486. - - Hays, Mary, ii. 22. - - Hazardville Powder Works, Conn., iii. 166. - - Hazel Tree Island, Canada, ii. 492. - - Healy, George P. A., iii. 44. - - "Heart of Berkshire," ii. 246. - - "Heart of the Commonwealth," iii. 117. - - Hecla Copper Company, i. 459. - - Heenan, John C., iii. 514. - - Heine, Heinrich, ii. 85. - - Helena, Ark., iii. 404. - - Helena, Montana, iii. 480. - - "Hell Gate," N. Y., ii. 12, 67. - - Hell's Half Acre, Yellowstone Park, i. 496. - - "Hell's half acres," i. 385. - - Hemans, Mrs., iii. 11. - - Hempstead, N. Y., ii. 93. - - Hempstead Bay, N. Y., ii. 91. - - Hendrick, Indian chief, ii. 281. - - "Hendrick Spring," N. Y., ii. 235. - - Hennepin, Louis, i. 427, 467; ii. 382, 459. - - Henry, Patrick, i. 111, 113. - - Henry, Professor Joseph, i. 27; ii. 207. - - Henry VII., iii. 4. - - Herkimer, N. Y., ii. 342. - - _Hermit_, iii. 12. - - Hermit Mountain, Canada, iii. 493. - - "Hermit of the Wissahickon," i. 184. - - "Hermit's Pool," i. 184. - - "Hermitage," Nashville, Ky., iii. 341. - - Hertzog Hall, New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 22. - - Heth, Joyce, ii. 101. - - "Het Klauver Rack," ii. 195. - - Hewitt, Abram S., ii. 39. - - _Hiawatha_, i. 458; iii. 71. - - Hickory-nut Gap, N. C., iii. 358. - - Hickory Town, Pa., i. 282. - - Hicks, Elias, ii. 93. - - Hicksville, N. Y., ii. 93. - - "Higgins's Island," ii. 65. - - High Bridge, N. Y., ii. 61. - - High Falls, N. Y., ii. 348. - - High Falls, Pa., i. 255. - - "High Knob," Pa., i. 266. - - Highland Light, Truro, Mass., iii. 22. - - High Peak, N. Y., ii. 184. - - High Point, N. J., i. 258. - - High Point, Pa., i. 255. - - High Pole Hill, Mass., iii. 25. - - "High Rock Spring," Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 220, 222. - - High Street, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81. - - High Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158. - - High Tom, N. Y., ii. 147. - - "High-water Mark Monument," i. 134. - - Hill, General A. P., i. 115. - - Hill, James J., i. 470. - - Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Conn., ii. 112. - - Hillhouse, James, ii. 112. - - _Hills of the Shatemuc_, ii. 156. - - Hillsborough Bay, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304. - - Hillsborough Bay, Fla., i. 392. - - Hillsborough River, i. 392. - - Hillside, Pa., i. 318. - - Hilton, Judge Henry, ii. 226. - - Hingham, Mass., iii. 28. - - Hingham Harbor, Mass., iii. 28. - - "History of the Plimouth Plantation," iii. 39. - - Hitchcock, Dr. Edward, ii. 261. - - Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., ii. 366. - - Hoboken, N. J., ii. 13. - - Hochelaga, ii. 423. - - Hochelaga Convent, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435. - - Hodenosaunee, ii. 337. - - Hodges, James, ii. 432. - - Hoey, John, ii. 178. - - "Hog's Back," Pa., i. 253. - - Hokendauqua, i. 219, 232. - - Holcroft, John, i. 293. - - Holden University, Syracuse, N. Y., ii. 357. - - Holkham Bay, Alaska, iii. 502. - - Hollidaysburg, Pa., i. 309. - - Holliman, Ezekiel, iii. 110. - - Holmden farm, i. 337. - - Holmes, Oliver Wendell, i. 92; ii. 131, 252; iii. 53, 59, 61, 62, 79. - - Holston River, iii. 353. - - Holy Trinity Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75. - - Holyoke, Mass., iii. 171. - - Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va., i. 115. - - "Hollywood," Long Branch, N. J., i. 195. - - _Home, Sweet Home_, i. 32, 169; ii. 79, 93. - - Homestead Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327. - - Homosassa, Fla., i. 392. - - Hone, Philip, i. 268. - - Honesdale, Pa., i. 258, 268. - - Hood, General John B., ii. 366; iii. 342. - - Hook Mountain, N. Y., ii. 145. - - Hooker, General Joseph, i. 105, 127; iii. 175. - - Hooker, Thomas, iii. 161. - - Hoosac Tunnel, ii. 244. - - Hopkins, Dr. Samuel, ii. 259. - - Hopkins, Johns, i. 91. - - Hopkins, Monk, ii. 260. - - Hopkins Memorial Manse, Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 260. - - Hopkins-Searles, Mrs., ii. 259. - - Horicon, ii. 277. - - Hornellsville, N. Y., ii. 367. - - Horseshoe Bend, Delaware River, i. 157. - - "Horse Race," Long Island Sound, ii. 120. - - "Horse-Shoe," Pa., i. 311. - - Horse Tail Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. - - Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 40. - - Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179. - - "Hospital of the Hotel-Dieu de Ville Marie," Montreal, Canada, - ii. 433. - - Hot Springs, Ark., iii. 405. - - Hot Springs, N. C., iii. 360. - - Hotel Champlain, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308. - - Hotel de Ville, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. - - Hotel del Monte, Monterey, Cal., iii. 446. - - Hotel Dieu, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473, 475. - - Hotel Royal Poinciana, Palm Beach, Fla., i. 379. - - Houdon, Jean Antoine, i. 111. - - Houghton, Mich., i. 459. - - Housatonic Dam, Conn., ii. 265. - - Housatonic River, ii. 102, 242, 254. - - "House of Burgesses," i. 70. - - "House of the Seven Gables," ii. 252. - - Houston, Samuel, iii. 430. - - Houston, Texas, iii. 430. - - Howard, General Oliver O., iii. 246. - - Howard University, i. 14. - - Howe, Elias, ii. 77; iii. 170. - - Howe, General William, i. 181; ii. 25, 286. - - Howe Island, Canada, ii. 412. - - Howe Sewing-Machine Works, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. - - Howe's Cave, N. Y., i. 298. - - Hoyt, poet, iii. 378. - - Hudson Bay Company, i. 480. - - Hudson, Hendrick, i. 144; ii. 4, 136, 169, 199. - - Hudson, N. Y., ii. 193. - - Hudson River, ii. 7, 130, 235. - - Hudson River Highlands, ii. 146. - - Huguenots, i. 363, 369. - - Hugh Miller Glacier, Alaska, iii. 505. - - Hull, Canada, ii. 451. - - Hull, Commodore Isaac, i. 180; ii. 265. - - Hull, John, iii. 99. - - Hull, Mass., iii. 28. - - Humber River, ii. 406. - - Humboldt River, iii. 477. - - "Hundred Acre Tract," ii. 370. - - "Hundred-harbored Maine," iii. 239. - - "Hunter's Island," ii. 65. - - Hunting Creek, Va., i. 42. - - "Hunting Creek Estate," i. 42. - - Huntingdon, N. Y., ii. 96. - - Huntingdon, Pa., i. 305. - - Huntington, Collis P., i. 428. - - Huntington, W. Va., iii. 329. - - Huron Indians, ii. 294, 505. - - Huss, John, i. 226. - - Hutchinson, Anne, ii. 66. - - Hutchinson River, ii. 66. - - Hyannis, Mass., iii. 20. - - "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns," i. 231. - - - "Ice Age," i. 210, 242. - - "Ice-shove," ii. 422. - - Icy Bay, Alaska, iii. 507. - - Idaho Springs, Col., iii. 464. - - Illecillewaet River, iii. 493. - - Illinois River, i. 430. - - "Inauguration Ball," i. 23. - - Inauguration, presidential, i. 15. - - "Independence bell," i. 162. - - Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161. - - Independence Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161. - - Indian corn, i. 68. - - Indian Island, Me., iii. 265. - - "Indian Killer," i. 256. - - Indian Mound, Moundsville, W. Va., iii. 327. - - "Indian Orchard," Pa., i. 267. - - Indian Pass, N. Y., ii. 236, 321. - - Indian River, i. 378. - - Indian Training School, Carlisle, Pa., i. 291. - - Indiana, Pa., i. 317. - - Indianapolis, Ind., i. 408. - - Indians, habits of, i. 68. - - Industrial and Normal Institute for Colored Youth, Tuskegee, - Ala., iii. 370. - - Ingersoll, Robert G., ii. 265. - - Inglis, Dr., ii. 29. - - "Inspiration community," ii. 352. - - Inspiration Point, Cal., iii. 450. - - Intervale, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 214. - - Ipswich Bay, Mass., iii. 77. - - Ipswich Female Seminary, Ipswich, Mass., iii. 78. - - Ipswich River, iii. 77. - - Iron manufactures, i. 232. - - Iron Mountain, N. H., iii. 213. - - Iron ore, i. 294, 461. - - "Iroquois," horse, iii. 341. - - Iroquois Indians, i. 81, 155, 221, 239; ii. 294, 337. - - "Iroquois Sea," N. Y., ii. 296. - - Irving Cliff, Pa., i. 268. - - Irving, Washington, i. 50, 268; ii. 5, 40, 139, 141, 142, 148, - 152, 188, 208; iii. 128. - - Irvington, N. Y., ii. 138. - - Island No. 10, Mississippi River, iii. 398. - - "Island of Desert Mountains," iii. 269. - - Island of the Seven Cities, iii. 4. - - _Isle des Monts deserts_, iii. 269. - - Isle au Haut, Me., iii. 267. - - Isle aux Coudres, Canada, ii. 492. - - Isle Madame, Canada, iii. 306. - - Isle of Manisees, ii. 124. - - Isle of Nassau, N. Y., ii. 91. - - Isle of Orleans, Canada, ii. 465, 490. - - "Isle of Peace," iii. 132. - - Isle of Shoals, iii. 231. - - "Isle the Little God," ii. 124. - - Islesboro, Me., iii. 266. - - Islip, N. Y., ii. 96. - - "Israel of Jerusalem," iii. 208. - - Itasca Lake, Minn., i. 475. - - Itascan plateau, i. 474. - - Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 359. - - Ithaca Fall, N. Y., ii. 360. - - Ivins Syndicate Building, New York City, ii. 34. - - - Jackass Hill, Cal., iii. 448. - - Jack's Mountain, Pa., i. 304. - - "Jack's Narrows," Pa., i. 304. - - Jackson, Cal., iii. 448. - - Jackson, Andrew, i. 51, 278, 358; ii. 391; iii. 104, 340, 368, - 399, 416, 418. - - Jackson, General Andrew, statue of, i. 22. - - Jackson, General Thomas J. (Stonewall), i. 40, 103, 104, 105, - 111, 118, 123. - - Jackson, Helen Hunt, iii. 441, 465. - - Jackson, Miss., iii. 374. - - Jackson Square, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. - - Jackson's, President, farewell reception, i. 19. - - Jackson River, i. 54. - - Jackson, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 213. - - Jacksonville, Fla., i. 358. - - "Jacob's Ladder," Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 204. - - Jacques Cartier River, ii. 456. - - Jaffrey, Vt., iii. 180. - - Jahns, Joseph, i. 314. - - Jamaica Plain, Mass., iii. 49. - - Jamaica Pond, Mass., iii. 49. - - James I., i. 4, 5, 82, 83. - - James River, i. 7, 54, 56. - - Jamestown, Va., i. 4, 5, 65, 69, 70. - - "Jean Baptiste," Montreal, Canada, ii. 437. - - Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 397. - - Jefferson City, Mo., iii. 392. - - Jefferson River, iii. 480. - - Jefferson Theological Seminary, Canonsburg, Pa., i. 333. - - Jefferson, Thomas, i. 38, 55, 110, 111, 124, 304. - - Jefferson, N. H., iii. 198. - - Jeffersonville, Ind., iii. 335. - - Jekyll Island, i. 368. - - Jemseg River, iii. 288. - - Jenny Lind, i. 278; ii. 25, 102. - - Jenny Jump Mountain, N. J., i. 242. - - Jericho, N. Y., ii. 93. - - Jericho Run Canal, i. 78. - - Jersey City, N. J., ii. 12. - - Jerusalem, N. Y., ii. 96. - - Jerusalem Road, Cohasset, Mass., iii. 28. - - Jesuits' College, Quebec, Canada, ii. 461. - - Jesuit Fathers, ii. 459. - - Jogues, Father Isaac, ii. 233, 278. - - "John Brown's Fort," i. 40. - - "John Brown's Raid," i. 39. - - "John Bull," locomotive, i. 29, 205. - - Johnson, Andrew, iii. 353. - - Johnson City, Tenn., iii. 353. - - Johnson, Sir William, ii. 220, 228, 278, 281, 336. - - Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md., i. 91. - - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., i. 91. - - Johnston, General Albert Sidney, iii. 419. - - Johnston, General Joseph E., i. 118. - - Johnstone Strait, iii. 499. - - Johnstown, N. Y., ii. 337. - - Johnstown, Pa., i. 314. - - Joliet, Louis, i. 427. - - Jones, Colonel David, i. 89. - - Jones, Peter, i. 64. - - Jones, Sir William, i. 153. - - Jones's Beach, N. Y., ii. 91. - - Jones's Falls, Md., i. 89. - - Jonestown, Md., i. 89. - - Jordan Creek, Pa., i. 231. - - Jordan River, iii. 474. - - Jorisz, Captain, i. 147. - - "Josh Billings," ii. 245. - - Josselyn, John, iii. 207. - - Juarez, Mexico, iii. 435. - - Judd Hall, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159. - - Judd, Orange, iii. 159. - - Judge's Cave, New Haven, Conn., ii. 110. - - Jumel, Madame, ii. 60. - - Jumbo oil well, i. 333. - - Juneau, Alaska, iii. 502. - - Juneau Park, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 463. - - Juneau, Solomon, i. 463. - - Juniata River, i. 300. - - Junto Club, i. 163. - - Jupiter Inlet, Fla., i. 378. - - - Kaaterskill Clove, N. Y., ii. 190. - - Kaaterskill Falls, N. Y., ii. 190. - - Kaatskills, ii. 185. - - Kahnata, ii. 346. - - Kakabika Falls, Canada, i. 456. - - Kalm, Peter, ii. 454. - - Kaministiquia River, i. 455. - - Kamloops, British Columbia, iii. 494. - - Kamouraska, Canada, ii. 494. - - Kanawha Canal, i. 114. - - Kane, Elisha Kent, i. 179. - - Kankakee River, i. 431. - - Kansas City, Kan., iii. 391. - - Kansas City, Mo., iii. 391. - - Kansas River, iii. 386, 391. - - Kansas State University, Lawrence, Kansas, iii. 386. - - Kauy-a-hoo-ra, ii. 346. - - Karns City, Pa., i. 336. - - Kaw River, iii. 386. - - Kayaderosseras Creek, N. Y., ii. 219. - - Kayandorossa Cataract, ii. 233. - - Kearney, General Philip, i. 103; ii. 20, 30. - - Kearney Street, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519. - - "Kearsarge," the, iii. 228. - - "Kebic," ii. 457. - - Keene, Sir Benjamin, iii. 179. - - Keene, Vt., iii. 179. - - Keene Valley, N. Y., ii. 305. - - Keeseville, N. Y., ii. 306. - - Keewatin, Canada, i. 479. - - Kellogg Terrace, Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 259. - - Kelly's Island, Lake Erie, i. 423. - - "Kelpians," i. 184. - - Kelpius, Johannes, i. 182. - - Kemble, Fanny, ii. 243, 250. - - Kendall, Amos, iii. 181. - - Kennebec River, iii. 247. - - Kennebunk River, iii. 241. - - Kennebunkport, Me., iii. 241. - - Kent, Duke of, iii. 298. - - Kent Island, Md., i. 83. - - Kent, James, ii. 107. - - "Kent," the, i. 200. - - _Kentake_, iii. 334. - - "Kentucky Horse-breeders' Association," iii. 330. - - Kentucky River, iii. 334. - - Kentucky whiskies, iii. 336. - - Keokuk, Iowa, iii. 394. - - Keokuk, Indian chief, iii. 394. - - "Keokuk," the, i. 352. - - "Kettle," Pa., i. 311. - - Keuka Lake, N. Y., ii. 354. - - Keweenaw Peninsula, i. 458. - - Keweenaw Point, Michigan, i. 454. - - Key, Francis Scott, i. 40, 92, 94; iii. 520. - - Key of the Bastille, i. 46. - - "Key to New France," iii. 310. - - Key West, Fla., i. 396. - - Keystone Bridge Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327. - - "Keystone State," tree, iii. 449. - - "Kickenapawling's Old Town," i. 314. - - Kicking Horse Pass, Canada, iii. 489. - - Kicking Horse River, iii. 492. - - Kidd, Captain William, ii. 113, 121; iii. 235. - - Kieft, Governor, ii. 72. - - Kill von Kull, ii. 11. - - Killington Peak, Vt., ii. 300. - - Kinderhook, N. J., ii. 197. - - "Kingdom of Fish," iii. 317. - - "King of the Rolling Land," ii. 21. - - King Philip, Indian chief, iii. 101, 123, 125, 165, 167. - - "King Philip's Seat," iii. 123. - - "King Philip's Throne," iii. 124. - - King, Thomas Starr, iii. 193, 205, 219. - - "King's Farm," New York City, ii. 28. - - King's Mountain, S. C., iii. 361. - - King's Ranch, Texas, iii. 434. - - "Kingsland," ii. 336. - - Kingston, Canada, ii. 405, 409. - - Kingston, N. Y., ii. 178. - - Kiowee River, iii. 364. - - Kipling, Rudyard, iii. 179. - - Kishicoquillas Valley, Pa., i. 303. - - Kiskiminetas River, i. 317. - - Kissimmee City, Fla., i. 387. - - Kissimmee River, i. 387. - - Kittanning, Pa., i. 336. - - "Kittanning Path," i. 312. - - Kittanning Point, Pa., i. 311. - - Kittatinny Mountains, Pa., i. 247, 254. - - Kittery Navy Yard, Me., iii. 228. - - Knapp, Ural, ii. 170. - - Kneiss, Nelson, iii. 392. - - "Knickerbockers," ii. 7. - - "Knights of St. Crispin," iii. 70. - - Knox, General Henry, ii. 160; iii. 266, 352. - - Knoxville, Tenn., iii. 352. - - Kosciusko, General Thaddeus, ii. 155, 157. - - Kosciusko's Garden, West Point, N. Y., ii. 162. - - Kroon, Nicholas, ii. 199. - - Krueger's Island, N. Y., ii. 181. - - Kahnahweyokah, iii. 382. - - _Kuro Siwo_, iii. 502. - - - "L'Africaine," iii. 303. - - _La Belle Riviere_, iii. 323. - - "La Bonne Sainte Anne de Beaupre," ii. 485. - - Lachine, Canada, ii. 442. - - Lachine Canal, Canada, ii. 420. - - Lachine Rapids, Canada, ii. 420. - - Lackawannock Gap, Pa., i. 236, 241. - - Lackawaxen, Pa., battle of, i. 261. - - Lackawaxen River, i. 261, 265. - - Laclede, Pierre Ligueste, iii. 394. - - La Crosse, Wisconsin, i. 467. - - Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., i. 224. - - Lafayette, General, i. 45, 47, 111, 278; ii. 41, 158, 303; iii. 57. - - Lafayette Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. - - Lafayette Place, New York City, ii. 38. - - Lafayette Square, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. - - Lafayette Square, Washington, D. C., i. 22. - - Laggan Mountain, Canada, iii. 491. - - La Grande Mere, Canada, ii. 456. - - Laguna, iii. 460. - - La Junta, Colorado, iii. 458. - - La Jonquiere, iii. 314. - - Lake Agassiz, Minn., i. 476. - - Lake Agnes, Canada, iii. 491. - - Lake Apopka, Florida, i. 382. - - Lake Bonneville, Utah, iii. 474. - - Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 275, 292, 402. - - Lake Dora, Florida, i. 382. - - Lake Drummond, Va., i. 78. - - Lake Erie, i. 413; ii. 402. - - Lake Eustis, Florida, i. 382. - - Lake George, Florida, i. 386. - - Lake George, N. Y., ii. 276. - - Lake Giles, Pa., i. 266. - - Lake Gogebic, Mich., i. 459. - - Lake Griffin, Florida, i. 382. - - Lake Harris, Florida, i. 382. - - Lake Helen, Florida, i. 378. - - Lake Hopatcong, N. J., i. 225. - - Lake Huron, i. 449; ii. 402. - - Lake Jackson, Florida, i. 368. - - Lake Kenoza, Mass., iii. 81. - - Lake Macopin, N. J., ii. 134. - - Lake Mahkeenac, Mass., ii. 252. - - Lake Manitoba, Canada, i. 478. - - Lake McDonald, Texas, iii. 431. - - Lake Memphremagog, Canada, ii. 455; iii. 183. - - Lake Mendota, Wis., i. 464. - - Lake Miccosukie, Florida, i. 390. - - Lake Michigan, i. 430; ii. 402. - - Lake Minnetonka, Minn., i. 472. - - Lake Minnewaska, N. Y., ii. 176. - - Lake Mohawk, N. Y., ii. 176. - - Lake Monona, Wis., i. 464. - - Lake Monroe, Florida, i. 386. - - Lake Nepigon, i. 455; ii. 402. - - Lake Nipissing, Canada, ii. 442. - - Lakes of the Clouds, Canada, iii. 491. - - "Lake of the Thousand Islands," ii. 410. - - "Lake of the Two Mountains," ii. 442, 445. - - Lake of the Woods, i. 478. - - Lake Okeechobee, Florida, i. 366, 387. - - Lake Ontario, ii. 351, 405. - - Lake Park, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. - - Lake Pepin, Minn., i. 467. - - Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 274, 318, 320. - - Lake Pontchartrain, La., iii. 419. - - Lake Potoubouque, N. Y., ii. 296. - - Lake Quinsigamond, R. I., iii. 118. - - "Lake Ridge," N. Y., ii. 351. - - Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. - - Lake Sodom, N. Y., ii. 352. - - Lake St. Clair, i. 448. - - Lake St. Francis, Canada, ii. 418. - - Lake St. John, Canada, ii. 496, 506. - - Lake St. Louis, Canada, ii. 419. - - Lake St. Peter, Canada, ii. 455. - - Lake Sterling, N. Y., ii. 134. - - Lake Sunapee, Vt., iii. 180. - - Lake Superior, i. 453; ii. 402. - - Lake Tahoe, Nevada, iii. 478. - - Lake Temiscamingue, Canada, ii. 444. - - Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, i. 387. - - Lake Traverse, Minn., i. 476. - - Lake Utsyanthia, N. Y., i. 272. - - Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, O., i. 420. - - Lake Wawayanda, N. Y., ii. 134. - - Lake Winnipeg, British North America, i. 476. - - Lake Winnepesaukee, N. H., iii. 216. - - Lake Worth, Florida, i. 379. - - Lake Yale, Florida, i. 382. - - Lalemont, Gabriel, ii. 476. - - Lancaster, N. H., iii. 199. - - Lancaster, Pa., i. 282. - - Land, early value of in Virginia, i. 72. - - "Land of Steady Habits," ii. 97. - - "Land of the Codfish," iii. 5. - - "Landing of the Loyalists," iii. 282. - - "Land of the Sky," iii. 354. - - Land's End, Mass., iii. 92. - - Lanesville, Mass., iii. 93. - - L'Ange Gardien, Canada, ii. 485. - - Langley, Samuel P., i. 27. - - Lanier Hill, Mass., ii. 253. - - Lankenau, John D., i. 168. - - Lansingburgh, N. Y., ii. 214. - - _La Parra Grande_, iii. 445. - - Lappawinzoe, i. 219. - - Lama Passage, iii. 499. - - Lamb, General John, ii. 160. - - Lamon, Ward H., i. 289. - - La Mothe Cadillac, Sieur de, i. 450. - - Laramie City, Wyoming, iii. 470. - - Laramie Plains, Wyoming, iii. 470. - - Larcom, Lucy, iii. 71. - - La Salle, Rene Robert Cavelier de, i. 404, 410, 411, 447; - ii. 375, 410, 459; iii. 409, 414, 428. - - "Last Chance Gulch," Helena, Montana, iii. 480. - - _Last of the Mohicans_, ii. 198, 234. - - "Last of the Wampanoags," iii. 124. - - Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico, iii. 459. - - Lathrop, Captain, iii. 177. - - "Latimer slave case," ii. 246. - - La Tourelle Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. - - Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179. - - Laurel Hill Cemetery, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. - - Laurel Hill, Mass., ii. 253. - - Laurel Mountain, Pa., i. 316. - - Laurentian Mountains, Canada, ii. 496. - - Laval University, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473. - - Lawrence, Abbott, iii. 80. - - Lawrence, Captain James, ii. 30. - - Lawrence, Kan., iii. 386. - - Lawrence, Mass., iii. 80. - - Leadville, Col., iii. 468. - - League Island, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 177. - - League of the Six Nations, ii. 337. - - "Leap of St. Mary," i. 453. - - Lear, Tobias, i. 11. - - "Learned Blacksmith," iii. 166. - - "Leatherstocking," i. 296. - - "Leather Stocking Tales," ii. 187. - - Leavenworth, Kan., iii. 386. - - Lebanon Springs, N. Y., ii. 195. - - Le Bar, Abraham, i. 251. - - Le Bar, Charles, i. 251. - - Le Bar, George, i. 251. - - Le Bar, Peter, i. 251. - - "Le Beau Port," iii. 87. - - Le Bon Homme, ii. 456. - - "Lechau-hanne," i. 263. - - "Lechau-weksink," i. 263. - - Lechwiechink, i. 223. - - Lee, Ann, ii. 196. - - Lee, General Fitz Hugh, i. 113. - - Lee, General Charles, ii. 22. - - Lee, General Henry, i. 293, 371; ii. 13, 254. - - Lee, General Robert E., i. 13, 42, 56, 101, 102, 109, 112, 120, 127. - - Lee, Mass., ii. 253. - - Lee, Richard, i. 72. - - Leeds, Me., iii. 246. - - Leesburg, Va., i. 124. - - "Legend of the Sleepy Hollow," ii. 143. - - "Le Gros Bourdon," Montreal, Canada, ii. 436. - - "Lehigh Gap," Pa., i. 231. - - Lehigh River, i. 223, 231, 235. - - Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa., i. 226. - - Le Jeune, Father, ii. 459, 462. - - Leland Stanford, Jr., University, Menlo Park, Cal., iii. 515. - - L'Enfant, Major, i. 10. - - Lenni Lenape Indians, i. 154, 217; ii. 41. - - Lennox Passage, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 306. - - Lenox Library, New York City, ii. 55. - - Lenox, Mass, ii. 248. - - Lenox, James, ii. 55. - - "Leon Couchant," Vt., ii. 301. - - Leonardstown, Md., i. 86. - - "Les Milles Isles," ii. 411. - - Le Tableau, ii. 499. - - Leutze, Emmanuel, iii. 133. - - "Levant," the, i. 203; iii. 73. - - Lewis, Andrew, i. 111. - - Lewis, Captain Meriwether, iii. 383. - - Lewis, Prof. H. Carvill, i. 244. - - Lewiston, Me., iii. 246. - - Lewiston, N. Y., ii. 384. - - Lewiston Falls, Me., iii. 246. - - Lewistown, Pa., i. 303. - - "Lewistown or Long Narrows," Pa., i. 303. - - Lexington, Ky., iii. 330. - - Lexington, Mass., iii. 65. - - Libby Hill, Richmond, Va., i. 113. - - Libby, Luther, i. 113. - - Libby Prison, i. 114. - - "Liberty Bell," i. 162, 232. - - Liberty Island, N. Y., ii. 10. - - Liberty Statue, Bedloe's Island, N. Y., ii. 10. - - Library Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 21. - - Lick, James, iii. 446. - - Lick Observatory, Cal., iii. 446. - - Licking River, iii. 330. - - "Light Horse Harry," (General Henry Lee), i. 371; ii. 254. - - Lighthouse Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. - - Ligonier Valley, Pa., i. 317. - - "Lily Bowl," Mass., ii. 248. - - "Limestone City," ii. 409. - - Lincoln, Abraham, i. 136, 178, 411, 440; ii. 41. 79. - - Lincoln, General Benjamin, iii. 266. - - Lincoln's midnight ride, i. 288. - - Lindenhurst, N. Y., ii. 91. - - Linden, sculptor, iii. 520. - - Lindenwold estate, ii. 197. - - Lion Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500. - - Lioness Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500. - - Litchfield, Conn., ii. 263. - - Little Bras d'Or, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307. - - Little Brewster Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. - - "Little Brother," Niagara Falls, ii. 391. - - Little Bushkill Creek, Pa., i. 253. - - Little Bushkill Falls, Pa., i. 254. - - "Little Church Around the Corner," New York City, ii. 46. - - Little Discharge, Canada, ii. 498. - - Little Esquimau River, ii. 503. - - Little Falls, N. Y., ii. 341. - - Little Juniata River, i. 307. - - Little Kanawha River, iii. 328. - - Little Neck Bay, N. Y., ii. 94. - - Little Rock, Ark., iii. 405. - - Little Round Top, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 129. - - Little Schuylkill River, i. 189. - - _Little Women_, iii. 69. - - "Little Water Gap," Pa., i. 242. - - Littleton, N. H., iii. 189. - - Livermore Falls, Me., iii. 245. - - Liverpool, Canada, iii. 300. - - Livingston, Montana, i. 483; iii. 479. - - Livingston, Philip, ii. 208. - - Livingston, Robert R., ii. 182. - - Lloyd's Neck, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 95. - - Lochiel estate, i. 285. - - Lockport, N. Y., ii. 372. - - Locust Grove, ii. 173. - - Locust Point, Md., i. 93. - - "Log College," i. 197. - - "Log Jams," i. 385. - - "Log of the Mayflower," iii. 39. - - Logan, General John A., i. 30, 31, 434. - - Logan, Indian chief, i. 304. - - Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. - - Loggerhead Key, Florida, i. 397. - - _London Times_, i. 10. - - Lone Mountain Cemetery, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. - - "Lone Star State," iii. 411, 428. - - Long Beach, N. Y., ii. 85. - - Long Branch, N. J., i. 194. - - "Long Bridge," i. 101. - - Longfellow, Henry W., i. 140, 172, 230, 472; ii. 143, 247; - iii. 18, 51, 59, 61, 64, 71, 90, 122, 138, 168, 229, 243, - 244, 247, 254, 262, 291, 377. - - Longstreet, General James, i. 131. - - Long Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. - - Long Lake, Me., iii. 245. - - Long Lake, N. Y., ii. 235. - - "Long Leap," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417. - - Long's Peak, Col., iii. 464. - - Long Pond Mountain, N. Y., ii. 316. - - "Long Sault," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417. - - "Long tidal river," iii. 158. - - Lonsdale, R. I., iii. 117. - - _Looking Backward_, iii. 171. - - Lookout Hill, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79. - - Los Angeles, Cal., iii. 444. - - Los Angeles River, iii. 444. - - Losantiville, iii. 331. - - Loskiel the Moravian, i. 307. - - Lossing, Benson J., ii. 395. - - Lorette, Canada, ii. 505. - - Loretto, Pa., i. 312. - - Lorne, Marquis of, iii. 291. - - Loudon Heights, i. 38. - - Louis XIV., iii. 414. - - Louis XV., iii. 395. - - Louis XVI., i. 91; iii. 336. - - Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 310. - - Louise Lake, Canada, iii. 491. - - "Louisiana Fur Company," iii. 395. - - Louisiana State University, iii. 414. - - Louisville, Ky., iii. 335. - - "Lovers' Walk," Lynn, Mass., iii. 70. - - Low, Captain, pirate, iii. 236. - - Lowe Observatory, Cal., iii. 445. - - Lowell, James Russell, iii. 59, 61, 62, 64, 240. - - Lowell, Mass., iii. 80. - - Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff Station, Arizona, iii. 460. - - "Lowell of the South," iii. 364. - - Lower Ausable Lake, N. Y., ii. 314. - - Lower Bartlett, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 214. - - Lower Brandon, Va., i. 63. - - Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park, i. 495. - - Lower Gunnison Canyon, Col., iii. 469. - - Lower Saranac Lake, N. Y., ii. 322. - - Low's Ferry, Ky., iii. 353. - - Loyalhanna Creek, Pa., i. 317. - - Lubec, Me., iii. 274. - - Lumber industry, i. 447, 471. - - Luna Island, Niagara Falls, ii. 390. - - Lunenburg, Canada, iii. 300. - - Luther, Martin, statue of, i. 30. - - Lydius, Balthazar, ii. 209. - - "Lydius House," Albany, N. Y., ii. 208. - - Lydius, Rev. John, ii. 208, 227. - - Lynchburg, Va., i. 56. - - Lynn Canal, Alaska, iii. 505. - - Lyon, Mary, iii. 177. - - Lyon Mountain, N. Y., ii. 310. - - Lynn, Mass., iii. 70. - - - Machigonne, iii. 243. - - Mackinac Island, Mich., i. 453. - - Macomb, General Alexander, ii. 309. - - Macon, Ga., iii. 369. - - Macie, Louis, i. 25. - - Macready, William C., ii. 38. - - "Macready riots," ii. 38. - - Macungie, Pa., i. 232. - - Macy, Thomas, iii. 150. - - Mad River, New Hampshire, iii. 195. - - Mad River, Ohio, iii. 233. - - Madison, Indiana, iii. 335. - - Madison, James, i. 41. - - Madison, Wis., i. 464. - - Madison Square, New York City, ii. 42. - - Madison Square Garden, New York City, ii. 43. - - Madockawando, Indian chief, iii. 256, 262. - - Magdalen Islands, Canada, iii. 317. - - Maiden Rock, Minn., i. 467. - - Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, Cal., iii. 440. - - Magnolia, Fla., i. 381. - - Magnolia, Mass., iii. 77. - - Magnolia Point, Mass., iii. 89. - - Magog River, iii. 184. - - Maguire, Michael, i. 312. - - Mahak-Neminea, Indian chief, ii. 188. - - Mahone Bay, Canada, iii. 300. - - Mahoning River, i. 402. - - Main Street, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378. - - Maison Carree, i. 110. - - Maisonneuve, Sieur de, ii. 427. - - Maize, i. 68. - - Malaga Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 231. - - Malaspina Glacier, Alaska, iii. 507. - - Malbone, Edward Greene, iii. 111. - - Malbaie, Canada, ii. 493. - - Mall, Central Park, New York City, ii. 56. - - Mall, the, Washington, D. C., i. 13. - - Malte-Brun, iii. 481. - - Malvern Hill, Va., i. 61, 119. - - "Mammies," i. 80. - - Mammoth Cave, Ky., iii. 238. - - Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park, i. 486. - - Mamaroneck, ii. 96. - - Manahatouh, i. 156. - - Manassas, Va., i. 102, 124. - - Manatoana, ii. 412. - - Manayunk, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 178. - - Mance, Mademoiselle Jeanne, ii. 428. - - Manchester, Mass., iii. 77. - - Manchester, N. H., iii. 79. - - Mandarin, Fla., i. 381. - - Manhasset Indians, ii. 119. - - Manhattan Beach, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82. - - Manhattan Life Building, New York City, ii. 31. - - Manhattan Trust Building, New York City, ii. 31. - - Manhattan, origin of name, ii. 5. - - Manitou, Col., iii. 466. - - "Man-of-War rift," i. 222. - - Mann, Horace, iii. 38. - - "Manor of Pennsbury," i. 203. - - Mansfield Mountain, Vt., ii. 300. - - Manshope, Indian giant, iii. 149. - - Manunka Chunk Mountain, N. J., i. 247. - - Manville, R. I., iii. 117. - - "Many-spired Gloucester," iii. 88. - - Maple sugar, ii. 302. - - Marble Canyon, Arizona, iii. 437. - - Marble Hall, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 17. - - Marblehead, Mass., iii. 72. - - Marblehead Neck, Mass., iii. 72. - - Marble quarries, ii. 254, 300. - - Marcellus shales, i. 255, 257. - - "Marching through Georgia," iii. 367. - - "March to the Sea," iii. 367. - - Mare Island, Cal., iii. 514. - - Marietta, O., iii. 327. - - Mariposa Grove, Cal., iii. 449. - - Market, Norfolk, Va., i. 80. - - Market Street, Newark, N. J., ii. 19. - - Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158. - - Market Street, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519. - - Markham, Captain William, i. 154, 183. - - _Mark Twain_, iii. 393. - - Marlborough, Dowager Duchess of, ii. 37. - - Marquette, Father Jacques, i. 410, 427, 458. - - Marquette, Michigan, i. 458. - - Marsh, George P., iii. 181. - - Marshall, Edward, i. 216. - - Marshall, Chief Justice John, i. 56, 111. - - Marshall Pass, Col., iii. 469. - - Marshall's Creek, Pa., i. 252. - - Marshall's Falls, Pa., i. 253. - - "Marshall's walk," i. 216. - - Marshfield, Mass., iii. 26. - - Marshpee, Mass., iii. 20. - - Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 142, 146. - - "Martha's Vineyard Camp Meeting Association," iii. 148. - - Martin, Abraham, ii. 471. - - Martin Luther Orphan Home, West Roxbury, Mass., iii. 49. - - "Martyrs' Monument," New York City, ii. 29. - - "Mary and John," the, iii. 255. - - Mary J. Drexel Home, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168. - - Marye's Heights, Va., i. 50. - - Maryland Heights, W. Va., i. 38. - - _Maryland, My Maryland_, i. 92. - - Maryland, Palatinate of, i. 85. - - "Mary, the Mother of Washington," i. 51. - - "Mary's Land," i. 84. - - Marysville, Cal., iii. 513. - - Mason, Captain John, iii. 228. - - Mason, Charles, i. 149. - - Mason, Colonel John, ii. 116. - - Mason, George, i. 111. - - "Mason and Dixon's Line," i. 148. - - Masonic Temple, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. - - Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. - - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., iii. 48. - - _Massachusetts Spy_, iii. 117. - - Massapequa, N. Y., ii. 91. - - Massasoit, Indian chief, iii. 16. - - Massillon, Jean Baptiste, i. 402. - - Massillon, Ohio, i. 402. - - Mast Hope, Pa., i. 270. - - Mastodon, ii. 172, 330. - - Matanzas River, i. 372. - - Mather, Cotton, ii. 103, 117; iii. 17, 19, 45, 76, 103, 121, - 162, 236, 279. - - Mather, Increase, iii. 45. - - Mather, Samuel, iii. 45. - - Matinecock Indians, ii. 95. - - Mattaneag, Conn., iii. 166. - - Mattapony, King of, i. 72. - - Mattapony River, i. 51. - - Mattawamkeag River, iii. 268. - - Matteawan, ii. 169. - - "Matthew," iii. 4. - - Mauch Chunk, Pa., i. 233. - - Maugerville, Canada, iii. 288. - - Maughwauwama, i. 237. - - Maumee River, i. 406, 423. - - Maurice River Cove, N. J., i. 147. - - Maury, Commodore Matthew F., i. 116. - - Mauvillian Indians, iii. 375. - - Mavilla, iii. 375. - - "Mayflower," the, i. 47; iii. 7, 23. - - "Mayflower Compact," iii. 7. - - Mayhew, Thomas, iii. 147. - - Maysville, Ky., iii. 329. - - Mazama Club, iii. 512. - - Mazeen, Indian chief, iii. 104. - - McClellan, General George B., i. 52, 54, 61, 103, 117. - - McClellan's siege of Richmond, i. 117. - - McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, Chicago, Ill., i. 436. - - McCrea, Jenny, ii. 229. - - McDonough, Commodore Thomas, ii. 295, 309. - - McDonough, John, iii. 418. - - McDowell, General Irwin, i. 102. - - McGill, James, ii. 435. - - McGill University, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435. - - McGinnis, Lieutenant, ii. 232. - - McGraw College, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362. - - McGraw, John, ii. 362. - - McHenry, James, i. 94. - - McKay Mountain, Michigan, i. 455. - - McKeesport, Pa., i. 330. - - McKinley, William, i. 402. - - McMaster Hall, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408. - - Mead, Larkin G., ii. 304; iii. 178. - - Meade, General George G., i. 106, 128, 179. - - Medicine Hat, Canada, iii. 486. - - Medina, N. Y., ii. 372. - - "Mediterranean of America," ii. 90. - - Meduxnekeag River, iii. 287. - - Melville, Herman, ii. 248. - - Memorial Arch, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79. - - Memorial Art Gallery, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179. - - Memorial Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 38. - - Memorial Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. - - Memorial Hall, Lexington, Mass., iii. 65. - - Memorial Hall, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159. - - Memphis, Tenn., iii. 399. - - Menlo Park, Cal., iii. 515. - - Menlo Park, N. J., ii. 20. - - "Men of the Mountain," ii. 357. - - Mentor, Ohio, i. 415. - - Mercantile Library, New York City, ii. 38. - - Merced River, iii. 450. - - Mercer, General Hugh, i. 180, 214. - - Merchant's Bridge, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 397. - - "Merchant's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27. - - Meriden Britannia Company, Meriden, Conn., iii. 160. - - Meriden, Conn., iii. 160. - - Meridian, Miss., iii. 373. - - Merrimack River, iii. 78. - - "Merrimac," the, i. 75. - - Merry Meeting Bay, Me., iii. 246, 247. - - Mesa Encantada, iii. 460. - - Metacomet, Indian chief, iii. 124. - - Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 419. - - Metapedia River, ii. 503. - - "Methodist Book Concern," New York City, ii. 45. - - Metis, Canada, ii. 490, 509. - - Metis, half-breeds, ii. 448. - - Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, ii. 55. - - Metropolitan Opera House, New York City, ii. 43. - - Metuchen, N. J., ii. 21. - - Metuching, Indian chief, ii. 21. - - Mey, Carolis Jacobsen, i. 144, 147. - - Miami, Fla., i. 380. - - Miami Indians, i. 406. - - Miami River, i. 380. - - Miantonomoh, Indian chief, ii. 116; iii. 101. - - Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. - - "Michigan," the, ii. 391. - - Micmac Indians, ii. 504, 509; iii. 286, 294, 306. - - Middle Park, Col., iii. 464. - - Middletown, Conn., iii. 159. - - Middle Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park, i. 496. - - Mifflin, Pa., i. 303. - - Mignon, Indian name for William Penn, i. 155. - - Milford, Conn., ii. 103. - - Milford, Pa., i. 255. - - Milk Island, Mass., iii. 92. - - Millbank Sound, iii. 499. - - Milldam Fall, N. Y., ii. 349. - - Mill River, ii. 111. - - Mills Building, New York City, ii. 31. - - Mills, Clark, i. 23. - - Milmore, Martin, iii. 36. - - Milwaukee, Wis., i. 462. - - Minas Basin, Canada, iii. 277. - - Mine Hill, Pa., i. 281. - - Mineral Palace, Pueblo, Col., iii. 467. - - Mine Run, Va., battle of, i. 106. - - Mingan River, ii. 511. - - Mingo Indians, i. 304. - - "Minisink," i. 246. - - Minisink, Pa., battle of, i. 261. - - Minisink River, i. 249. - - _Minister's Wooing_, ii. 259. - - Minneapolis, Minn., i. 470. - - Minnehaha Falls, Minn., i. 472. - - Minnehaha River, i. 472. - - _Minni-shosha_, iii. 382. - - Minnesota River, i. 476. - - Minot's Ledge, Mass., iii. 28. - - Minsi, i. 157. - - Minsis Indians, i. 249; ii. 169, 172. - - Minuit, Peter, i. 149; ii. 7, 52. - - "Minute Man," geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 493. - - "Minute Man of 1775," iii. 65. - - Mirror Lake, Canada, iii. 491. - - Mirror Lake, N. Y., ii. 318, 321. - - Mirror Lake, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. - - "Misconsin," i. 462. - - _Misi Sepe_, iii. 382. - - Mishekonequah, Indian chief, i. 407. - - Mission of San Carlo de Monterey, Cal., iii. 445. - - Mission Peak, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517. - - Mississippi River, i. 362, 465, 475. - - Missoula River, iii. 480. - - Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. - - Missouri River, iii. 382, 400. - - Mistassini River, ii. 506. - - Mitchell, Prof. Elisha, iii. 355. - - Moat Mountain, N. H., iii. 213. - - Mobile, Ala., iii. 375. - - Mobile Bay, Ga., iii. 377. - - Mobile River, iii. 374. - - "Modern Athens," iii. 47. - - Modoc City, Pa., i. 336. - - Modoc oil district, Pa., i. 336. - - _Mogg Megone_, iii. 248. - - Mohawk and Hudson Company, ii. 334. - - Mohawk Indians, ii. 220, 294, 311, 337, 442; iii. 286. - - Mohawk River, ii. 215, 341. - - Mohican Indians, ii. 198. - - Mohock River, i. 271, 272. - - Mojave Desert, Cal., iii. 460. - - Moline Rapids, Ill., i. 465. - - "Molly Pitcher," ii. 22. - - "Monarch," geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 494. - - Monchonock, ii. 120. - - "Monitor," the, i. 75. - - Monhegan, Me., iii. 254. - - "Monk Lands," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434. - - Monmouth, N. J., ii. 22. - - Monocacy Creek, Pa., i. 226. - - Monomoy, iii. 20. - - Monongahela River, i. 321. - - Monroe, James, i. 115. - - Montagu, George, iii. 298. - - Montauk, N. Y., ii. 92. - - Montauk Indians, ii. 92, 122. - - Montauk Point, N. Y., ii. 119. - - Montaignais Indians, ii. 458, 495. - - Montcalm, General Louis, ii. 283, 475. - - Monterey, Cal., iii. 445. - - Montez, Lola, ii. 77. - - Montgomery, Ala., iii. 372. - - Montgomery Creek, N. Y., ii. 153. - - Montgomery, General Richard, ii. 33, 181, 438, 470; iii. 372. - - Monticello, Va., i. 125. - - Montmagny, ii. 429. - - Montmorency River, ii. 484. - - Montpelier, Vt., ii. 304. - - Montreal, Canada, ii. 421. - - "Montreal," the, ii. 456. - - "Mont Real," ii. 293. - - "Monts Verts," ii. 424. - - Monument Mountain, Mass., ii. 257. - - Monument Square, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. - - "Monumental City," i. 89. - - Monumental Park, Cleveland, O., i. 418. - - Monumet River, iii. 20. - - Mooanum, Indian chief, iii. 124. - - Moody, Dwight L., iii. 178. - - Moore, Thomas, i. 185; ii. 442; iii. 319. - - Moosehead Lake, Me., iii. 247. - - Moose Island, Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 321. - - Moose Jaw, Canada, iii. 486. - - Moosic Mountain, Pa., i. 236, 262. - - Moosilauke Mountain, N. H., iii. 182. - - Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. - - "Moravian Sun Inn," i. 227. - - Moravian "Young Ladies' Seminary," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. - - Moravians, i. 226. - - Moreau, General J. V., i. 214. - - Morgan, Colonel Daniel, ii. 217. - - Morgan, J. Pierpont, ii. 31. - - Morgan, Miles, iii. 167. - - Moriches, N. Y., ii. 92. - - Mormon Tabernacle, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476. - - Mormon Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476. - - Mormons, iii. 475. - - Morning Glory Spring, Yellowstone Park, i. 503. - - Morningside Park, New York City, ii. 57. - - Morris Canal, i. 225. - - Morris, George P., ii. 163. - - Morris, Gouverneur, ii. 60. - - Morris, Lewis, ii. 60. - - Morris, Robert, i. 214. - - Morrisania, N. Y., ii. 60. - - Morrison oil well, i. 336. - - Morrison's Cove, Pa., i. 306. - - Morristown, N. Y., ii. 416. - - Morristown, Tenn., iii. 353. - - Morrisville, Pa., i. 214. - - Morse, Samuel F. B., ii. 77, 107, 112, 173. - - Morton, Levi P., ii. 180. - - Morton, Thomas, iii. 27. - - "Mosses from an Old Manse," iii. 68. - - "Mother Ann," Shaker, ii. 195, 216. - - "Mother Ann," Gloucester, Mass., iii. 89. - - "Mother Lode," iii. 448. - - "Mother of the Forest," tree, iii. 449. - - "Mother of Waters," i. 82. - - Motley, John Lothrop, iii. 59, 62, 71. - - Moulson, Lady, iii. 63. - - Moultrie, Colonel William, i. 349. - - Moundsville, W. Va., iii. 327. - - Mount Agamenticus, Me., iii. 240. - - Mount Agassiz, N. H., iii. 190. - - Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 59. - - Mount Auburn, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333. - - Mount Baker, British Columbia, iii. 497. - - Mount Baker, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Mount Belknap, N. Y., iii. 220. - - Mount Bulwagga, N. Y., ii. 296. - - Mount Calvary, Montreal, Canada, ii. 443. - - Mount Cannon, N. H., iii. 191. - - Mount Chocorua, N. H., iii. 217. - - Mount Colden, N. Y., ii. 274. - - Mount Colvin, N. Y., ii. 314. - - Mount Defiance, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 289. - - Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 268. - - Mount Dewey, Alaska, iii. 507. - - Mount Dix, N. Y., ii. 313. - - Mount Eboulements, Canada, ii. 492. - - Mount Ephraim, Mass., ii. 250. - - Mount Everett, Mass., ii. 259, 261. - - Mount Grandfather, N. C., iii. 348. - - Mount Guyot, N. C., iii. 348. - - Mount Hamilton, Cal., iii. 446. - - Mount Holyoke, Mass., iii. 171, 175. - - Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass., iii. 175. - - Mount Hood, Oregon, iii. 484. - - Mount Hope, Rhode Island, iii. 123. - - Mount Hope Bay, iii. 119. - - Mount Hurricane, N. Y., ii. 312. - - Mount Ida, Mass., iii. 51. - - Mount Ida, N. Y., ii. 214. - - Mount Jefferson, Pa., i. 234. - - Mount Katahdin, Me., iii. 248. - - Mount Kineo, Me., iii. 248. - - Mount Lafayette, N. H., iii. 191. - - Mount Lamentation, Meriden, Conn., iii. 160. - - Mount Liberty, N. H., iii. 194. - - Mount Lincoln, N. H., iii. 194. - - Mount Logan, Alaska, iii. 507. - - Mount Logan, Rocky Mountains, iii. 456. - - Mount Marcy, N. Y., ii. 237, 274. - - Mount Marshall, Virginia, i. 123. - - Mount McIntyre, N. Y., ii. 237, 272. - - Mount Megunticook, Me., iii. 266. - - Mount Minsi, Pa., i. 248. - - Mount Mitchell, N. C., iii. 348, 355. - - Mount Monadnock Vt., iii. 179. - - Mount Morris, N. Y., ii. 370. - - Mount Olympus, N. Y., ii. 214. - - Mount Parnassus, Pa., i. 224. - - Mount Passaconaway, N. H., iii. 217. - - Mount Pisgah, Pa., i. 233, 234. - - Mount Real, Canada, ii. 422. - - Mount Royal Canada, ii. 422. - - Mount Sainte Anne, Canada, ii. 491. - - Mount St. Elias, Alaska, iii. 507. - - Mount St. Helen's, Washington State, iii. 512. - - Mount Seward, N. Y., ii. 274. - - Mount Shasta, Cal., iii. 513. - - "Mount Sinai," Mass., ii. 197. - - Mount Sir Donald, iii. 488. - - Mount Stephen, Canada, iii. 488, 491. - - Mount Tacoma, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Mount Tahawus, N. Y., ii. 272. - - Mount Tammany, N. J., i. 249. - - Mount Taurus, N. Y., ii. 161. - - Mount Tecumseh, N. H., iii. 217. - - Mount Tripyramid, N. H., iii. 217. - - Mount Toby, Mass., iii. 177. - - Mount Tom, Mass., iii. 171. - - Mount Uniacke, Canada, iii. 297. - - Mount Union, Pa., i. 305. - - "Mount Vernon Association," i. 44. - - Mount Vernon Methodist Church, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. - - Mount Vernon Place, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. - - Mount Vernon, Va., i. 42. - - Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 203. - - Mount Washington, Mass., ii. 261. - - Mount Washington, Pa., i. 324. - - Mount Webster, N. H., iii. 200. - - Mount Whiteface, N. H., iii. 217. - - Mount Whiteface, N. Y., ii. 273. - - Mount Willard, N. H., iii. 200, 201. - - Mount Willey, N. H., iii. 200. - - Mountain Island, N. C., iii. 359. - - Mountain, Jacob, ii. 473. - - Mountain of the Holy Cross, Col., iii. 468. - - "Mountain of the Sky," ii. 185. - - _Mourt's Relation_, iii. 9, 13. - - "Mrs. Partington," iii. 228. - - "Muddy Little York," ii. 406. - - Muhhekanew Indians, ii. 255. - - Muir Glacier, Alaska, iii. 503. - - Muir, Prof. John, iii. 504. - - "Mule Shoe Curve," Col., iii. 467. - - Mullins, Priscilla, iii. 17. - - Multnomah Fall, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. - - Munjoy's Hill, Portland, Me., iii. 242. - - Murat, Prince Achille, i. 390. - - Murat, Prince, i. 204. - - Murderer's Creek, N. Y., ii. 171. - - Murray Bay, Canada, ii. 493. - - Murray, George, ii. 446. - - Murray Hill, New York City, ii. 45. - - Murray River, ii. 493. - - Murraysville, Pa., i. 332. - - Muscatine, Iowa, iii. 393. - - Musconetcong Mountain, N. J., i. 223. - - Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass., iii. 49. - - Museum of Natural History, Boston, Mass., iii. 48. - - Music Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 40. - - Muskingum River, iii. 327. - - Musquidoboit, Canada, iii. 301. - - Mutual Life Building, New York City, ii. 31. - - _Mya Arenaria_, ii. 81. - - _My Cathedral_, iii. 377. - - Mystic, Conn., ii. 116. - - Mystic Island, Conn., ii. 116. - - - Nahant, Mass., iii. 70. - - Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, iii. 498. - - Nansemond River, i. 78. - - Nantasket Beach, Mass., iii. 28, 69. - - Nanticoke, Pa., i. 237. - - Nanticoke Gap, Pa., i. 236. - - Nanticoke Indians, i. 81. - - Nantucket, Mass., iii. 148. - - Nantucquet, iii. 150. - - Nantukes, iii. 150. - - Nanunteno, Indian chief, iii. 103. - - Napa, Cal., iii. 514. - - Napoleon, Ark., iii. 406. - - Napoleon III., i. 204. - - Narragansett Bay, iii. 98. - - Narragansett Indians, iii. 100. - - Narragansett Pier, R. I., iii. 104. - - Narrows, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - Narrows, Pa., i. 222. - - "Narrows," St. Lawrence River, ii. 465. - - Narrowsburg, N. Y., i. 259, 270. - - Nashawena, Mass., iii. 145. - - Nashua, N. H., iii. 80. - - Nashua River, iii. 80. - - Nashville, Tenn., iii. 340. - - Nashwaak River, iii. 288. - - Nasquapee Indians, ii. 495. - - Nassau, Bahama Islands, i. 347, 380. - - Nassau Hall, Princeton, N. J., i. 215. - - Nasse River, iii. 499. - - Natashquin River, ii. 503. - - Natchez Indians, iii. 410. - - Natchez, Miss., iii. 411. - - Natick, Mass., iii. 51. - - National Cemetery, Fredericksburg, Va., i. 50. - - National Cemetery, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 136. - - National Cemetery, Memphis, Tenn., iii. 400. - - National Cemetery, Nashville, Ky., iii. 341. - - National Cemetery, Natchez, Miss., iii. 411. - - National Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 417. - - National Cemetery, Salisbury, N. C., iii. 362. - - National Cemetery, Vicksburg, Miss., iii. 409. - - National City, Cal., iii. 441. - - National City Bank, New York City, ii. 32. - - National Monument, Plymouth, Mass., iii. 15. - - National Museum, Washington, D. C., i. 27. - - National Printers' Home, Colorado Springs, Col., iii. 465. - - "National Road," i. 276, 333. - - Natocko, iii. 150. - - Natural Bridge, Va., i. 54. - - Natural Gas, i. 319, 331, 405. - - Naugatuck River, ii. 265. - - Naumkeag, iii. 74. - - Nauset, iii. 20. - - Nauset Beach, Mass., iii. 21. - - Naushon, Mass., iii. 145. - - Nautikon, iii. 150. - - Naval Hospital, Newport, R. I., iii. 138. - - Nauvoo, Ill., iii. 393. - - Navy Department Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22. - - Navy Yard, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 52. - - Navy Yard, Gosport, Va., i. 78. - - Nebraska River, iii. 385. - - "Ned Buntline," ii. 325. - - Negroes, first arrival of, in Virginia, i. 72. - - Nelson, Thomas, i. 111. - - Nepenough, i. 69. - - Neperhan River, ii. 135. - - Nepigon River, i. 455. - - Nescopec Mountain, Pa., i. 235, 236. - - Neshaminy Creek, Pa., i. 196. - - Neuse River, i. 347. - - Neutral Island, iii. 275. - - Neversink Mountain, Pa., i. 187. - - Neversink River, i. 257. - - Nevada Fall, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. - - Nevada State University, iii. 478. - - New Albany, Ind., iii. 337. - - New Amstel, i. 148. - - Newark, N. J., ii. 19. - - New Bedford, Mass., iii. 139. - - Newberry Library, Chicago, Ill., i. 436. - - Newberry, Prof. John S., ii. 403. - - New Britain, Conn., iii. 165. - - New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 21. - - Newburg Bay, N. Y., ii. 169. - - Newburg, N. Y., ii. 169. - - Newbury, Mass., iii. 81. - - Newbury, Vt., iii. 182. - - Newburyport Marine Museum, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81. - - Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81. - - Newcastle, Del., i. 147. - - Newcastle Island, N. H., iii. 229. - - New Dorp, S. I., ii. 17. - - _New England Canaan_, iii. 27. - - "Newe Towne," iii. 58. - - Newfoundland, iii. 317. - - New Found Land, iii. 4. - - "New France," ii. 425, 458. - - New Haven, Conn., ii. 104. - - New London, Conn., ii. 115. - - Newman, Cardinal John Henry, ii. 484. - - "New Old South Church," Boston, Mass., iii. 41, 49. - - New Orleans, La., iii. 414. - - Newport, Captain Christopher, i. 4, 76. - - Newport Cliffs, Newport, R. I., iii. 138. - - _Newport Mercury_, iii. 133. - - Newport Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. - - Newport News, Va., i. 5, 75. - - Newport, Vermont, iii. 183. - - Newport, R. I., iii. 129. - - "Newport of the Berkshires," ii. 251. - - New Philippines, iii. 428. - - "New road to Cathay," ii. 401. - - New Smyrna, Fla., i. 378. - - New Sweden, i. 147. - - Newton Corner, Newton, Mass., iii. 51. - - Newton, General, ii. 68. - - Newton, Mass., iii. 50. - - New Town, Md., i. 89. - - New Westminster, British Columbia, iii. 498. - - New York Central Railroad, ii. 334. - - _New York Herald_, ii. 43. - - New York Public Library, ii. 52. - - _New York Tribune_, i. 100. - - "New York Yankees," ii. 366. - - Niagara Falls, ii. 379, 394. - - Niagara River, ii. 380. - - Niantic Indians, ii. 116. - - Nieu Amsterdam, ii. 6. - - Nieu Netherlands, ii. 6. - - Ninigret, Indian chief, ii. 116. - - Nischam-hanne, i. 197. - - Nisqually Glacier, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Nitschman, Bishop John, i. 229. - - Nitschman, Juliana, i. 229. - - Nix's Mate, Boston Harbor, Mass., ii. 33. - - Nob Hill, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517. - - Noble, Rev. Seth, iii. 268. - - Nobska Hill, Mass., iii. 145. - - Nockamixon Rocks, Pa., i. 222. - - Nome City, Alaska, iii. 508. - - Nonamesset, Mass., iii. 145. - - Nonatum Hill, Newton, Mass., iii. 51. - - Nonatum Indians, iii. 51. - - Nonotuck, iii. 172. - - Nonquitt, Mass., iii. 141. - - Noon Mark Mountain, N. Y., ii. 313. - - Norfolk, Va., i. 78. - - Normal and Agricultural Institute for Negroes and Indians, - Hampton, Va., i. 75. - - Norman's Woe, Mass., iii. 77, 90. - - Norridgewock Indians, iii. 248. - - Norridgewock, Me., iii. 248. - - Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park, i. 492. - - Norristown, Pa., i. 186. - - North Adams, Mass., ii. 245. - - Northampton, Mass., iii. 172. - - North Anna, Va., battle of, i. 108. - - North Bend, British Columbia, iii. 496. - - North Bend, O., iii. 233. - - North Conway, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 214. - - North Dome, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 453. - - North East Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 273. - - North Elba, N. Y., ii. 318. - - Northfield, Mass., iii. 178. - - North Haven, Me., iii. 267. - - North Hero Island, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308. - - "North Knob," Pa., i. 266. - - North Lisbon, N. H., iii. 189. - - North Mountain, Pa., i. 236. - - North Perry, Me., iii. 276. - - "North Shore," Mass., iii. 71. - - "North Star State," i. 467. - - Northumberland, Pa., i. 299. - - Northumberland Strait, Canada, iii. 303. - - Northwest Arm, Halifax, Canada, iii. 297. - - Northwest Bay, N. Y., ii. 299. - - "North West Mounted Police," iii. 486. - - "Northwest passage," i. 5, 67; ii. 4, 401. - - Northwest Territory, Canada, i. 404; iii. 486. - - North Woodstock, N. H., iii. 194. - - Norton's Falls, Conn., ii. 262. - - Norton's Point, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82. - - Norton Sound, Alaska, iii. 506, 507. - - Notre Dame de Bonsecours, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. - - Notre Dame de Lourdes, Montreal, Canada, ii. 439. - - Notre Dame des Victoires, Quebec, Canada, ii. 477. - - Notre Dame, Montreal, Canada, ii. 436. - - Notre Dame Mountains, Canada, ii. 510. - - Nott, Eliphalet, ii. 335. - - Norumbega, iii. 259. - - Norumbega Hall, Bangor, Me., iii. 267. - - Norwalk, Conn., ii. 100. - - Norwich, Conn., iii. 104. - - Noyes, John Humphrey, ii. 353. - - "Nullification Ordinance," iii. 363. - - Nyack, N. Y., ii. 138. - - Nya Sveriga, i. 147. - - - "Oak Bluff Association," iii. 148. - - Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D. C., i. 31. - - Oak Island, N. Y., ii. 91. - - Oakland, Cal., iii. 514. - - Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, Ill., i. 411. - - Oberlin, O., i. 421. - - Oberlin College, Oberlin, O., i. 421. - - Observatory, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 84. - - Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone Park, i. 491. - - Ocala, Fla., i. 382. - - Occuna, Indian warrior, ii. 331. - - Occoquan River, i. 102. - - Ocean Avenue, Long Branch, N. J., i. 195. - - Ocean Grove, N. J., i. 193. - - Ocean Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 78. - - Ockanickon, Indian chief, i. 200. - - Ocklawaha River, i. 382, 383. - - Ocmulgee River, iii. 369. - - O'Donnell, James, ii. 437. - - O'Fallon Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. - - Ogden, Utah, iii. 473. - - Ogdensburg, Canada, ii. 416. - - Ogeechee River, i. 357. - - Oglethorpe, General J. E., i. 356; iii. 364. - - "Ohio Company," iii. 327. - - Ohio River, i. 322; iii. 323. - - Ohio State University, Columbus, O., i. 403. - - Oil City, Pa., i. 337. - - "Oil Dorado," i. 339. - - "Oi-o-gue," ii. 234. - - Oka village, Montreal, Canada, ii. 443. - - Okanagan Lake, British Columbia, iii. 494. - - Okifenokee Swamp, Ga., i. 358. - - Oklahoma, iii. 458. - - Old Beacon, N. Y., ii. 163. - - "Old Brick Church," New York City, ii. 50. - - "Old Clock on the Stairs," ii. 247. - - "Old Colony," iii. 7. - - "Old Corner Book Store," Boston, Mass., iii. 44. - - "Old Deerfield," Mass., iii. 176. - - Oldenbarneveld, ii. 346. - - "Old Elm Tree Corner," Albany, N. Y., ii. 208. - - "Old Faithful" geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 497. - - _Old Folks at Home_, i. 390. - - "Old Granary Burying-Ground," Boston, Mass., iii. 39. - - Old Graylock, Mass., ii. 244. - - "Old Hadley," Northampton, Mass., iii. 174. - - Oldham, Canada, iii. 303. - - "Old Hickory," ii. 391. - - "Old Ironsides," i. 203; iii. 53. - - "Old John Brown of Osawatomie," i. 39; ii. 264, 318. - - "Old Lancaster Road," i. 279. - - "Old Man of the Mountain," iii. 192. - - "Old Man's Washbowl," iii. 191. - - "Old Manse," Concord, Mass., iii. 68. - - "Old Mortality," i. 180. - - _Old Oaken Bucket_, iii. 28. - - Old Orchard Beach, Me., iii. 241. - - "Old Pike," i. 277. - - Old Point Comfort, Va., i. 76. - - Old Point, Me., iii. 248. - - "Old South Church," Boston, Mass., iii. 41. - - Old South Presbyterian Church, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 82. - - "Old Sow rift," i. 222. - - "Old Stone Mill," Newport, R. I., iii. 138. - - "Old State House," Boston, Mass., iii. 42. - - "Old Swedes'" Church, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 171. - - Old Tampa Bay, Fla., i. 392. - - Old Town, Md., i. 89. - - Old Town, Me., iii. 268. - - "Old Tippecanoe," i. 20, 407. - - Old Warwick, R. I., iii. 105. - - Olentangy River, i. 402. - - Oleopolis, Pa., i. 337. - - Olier, Jean Jacques, ii. 426, 428. - - "Olympia," the, ii. 374. - - Olympia, Washington State, iii. 512. - - Omaha Indians, iii. 385. - - Omaha, Nebraska, iii. 385. - - Onas, Indian name for William Penn., i. 155. - - Oneida Community, ii. 353. - - Oneida Indians, i. 305; ii. 377. - - Oneida Lake, N. Y., ii. 352. - - Oneonta Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. - - Onion River, ii. 303. - - "One Thousand Mile Tree," Utah, iii. 473. - - Onondaga Creek, N. Y., ii. 357. - - "Onondaga Factory-filled Salt," ii. 356. - - Onondaga Indians, ii. 337, 357. - - Onondaga Lake, N. Y., ii. 354. - - Ononta Lake, Mass., ii. 248. - - "Onrest," the, ii. 90. - - Onti Ora, ii. 185. - - "On to Richmond," i. 100. - - Opalescent River, ii. 236. - - "Opes," ii. 248. - - "Ope of Promise," Mass., ii. 248. - - Oquaga Creek, N. Y., i. 271. - - Orange, Va., i. 124. - - Orange Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 489. - - Orchard House, Concord, Mass., iii. 69. - - Order of Ursulines, ii. 429. - - Oregon City, Oregon, iii. 512. - - Oregon National Park, iii. 513. - - "Oregon Trail," iii. 512. - - Orient Point, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 118. - - Orlando, Fla., i. 387. - - Ormeau, Dullard des, ii. 446. - - Ormond, Fla., i. 377. - - Ortiz, Juan, i. 362. - - Osceola, Indian chief, i. 350, 389. - - Osage River, iii. 392. - - Osgoode Hall, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408. - - Osawatomie, Kan., iii. 388. - - Ossipee Mountains, N. H., iii. 216. - - Oswego, N. Y., ii. 353. - - Oswego River, ii. 353. - - Oswegatchie River, ii. 417. - - "Ote-sa-ga rock," i. 295. - - "Ote-se-on-teo," i. 272. - - Otetiani, Indian chief, ii. 339. - - "Otis Elevating Railway," ii. 184. - - Otis, James, iii. 39. - - Otisco Lake, N. Y., ii. 357. - - Otsego Lake, N. Y., i. 295. - - Ottawa, Canada, ii. 450. - - Ottawa River, ii. 420, 421, 444. - - Otter Lake, iii. 482. - - Ouananiche, ii. 507. - - Ouiatchouan River, ii. 506. - - "Ouisconsing," i. 462. - - Oulichan, the, iii. 499. - - Oonalaska, Alaska, iii. 507. - - "Our Country's Call," i. 100. - - "Our Lady of Roberval," Canada, ii. 505. - - "Overslaugh," ii. 199. - - "Over the Rhine," iii. 332. - - Owasco Lake, N. Y., ii. 358. - - Owen, William Fitzwilliam, iii. 274. - - Owl's Head, Canada, iii. 183. - - Oyster Bay, N. Y., ii. 95. - - "Oyster Navy," i. 81. - - "Oyster Pond Point," Long Island, N. Y., ii. 118. - - "Oyster war," i. 81. - - Oysters, i. 81, 87. - - Ozark Mountains, Ark., iii. 404. - - - Pabst Brewery, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 464. - - Pacific Mills, Lawrence, Mass., iii. 80. - - Packer, Asa, i. 224, 226, 233, 235. - - Packsaddle Narrows, Pa., i. 316. - - Paddy, William, iii. 40. - - Paducah, Ky., iii. 342. - - Page, John, i. 72. - - "Pa-ha-yo-kee," i. 366. - - Paine, Thomas, i. 47, 415. - - "Pain-killer," iii. 113. - - Painesville, Ohio, i. 415. - - Painted Post, N. Y., ii. 367. - - Paint Rocks, N. C., iii. 360. - - Paisano, Texas, iii. 435. - - Pakenham, General Edward M., iii. 416. - - Palatka, Fla., i. 381. - - "Palatine Parish of Quassaic," ii. 169. - - Palisades, the, ii. 14, 132. - - Palm Beach, Fla., i. 379. - - Palm Beach Inn, Palm Beach, Fla., i. 379. - - "Palmetto State," i. 349. - - Palmyra, N. Y., ii. 344. - - Palo Alto, tree, iii. 515. - - Paltz Point, N. Y., ii. 176. - - Pamlico Sound, N. C., i. 345. - - Pamunkey River, i. 51. - - "Panhandle Railroad," i. 332. - - Panther Creek Valley, Pa., i. 235. - - Paoli, Pa., i. 281. - - Papineau, Louis Joseph, ii. 447. - - Pardee, Ario, i. 224, 235. - - Pardee Hall, Easton, Pa., i. 224. - - Park Bank Building, New York City, ii. 33. - - Park Peak, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517. - - Park River, iii. 162. - - Park Row, New York City, ii. 34. - - Park Street Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 39. - - Parkhurst, Dr., ii. 43. - - Parkersburg, W. Va., iii. 328. - - Parkman, Francis, Jr., ii. 430, 433, 459, 462, 470. - - Parliament House, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 452. - - Parnell, Charles Stewart, i. 204. - - Parton, Mrs., iii. 243. - - Partridge Island, Canada, iii. 278. - - Partridge, Ralph, iii. 17. - - Pasadena, Cal., iii. 445. - - "Pasqua, Florida," i. 361. - - Pasque Island, Mass., iii. 145. - - Pasquotank River, i. 78. - - Pass Christian, Miss., iii. 415. - - "Pass of the North," iii. 435. - - Passaconaway, Indian chief, iii. 84, 207. - - Passaic River, ii. 18. - - Passamaquoddy Bay, Me., iii. 261. - - Passumpsic River, iii. 182. - - Pastorius, Daniel, i. 182. - - Patapedia River, ii. 503. - - Patapsco River, i. 8, 88. - - Patch, Sam, ii. 371, 389. - - Patchogue Indians, ii. 96. - - Patchogue, N. Y., ii. 92. - - Patent Office, Washington, D. C., i. 24. - - Paterson, N. J., ii. 18. - - Paterson, William, ii. 18. - - _Pathfinder_, ii. 411. - - Patterson-Bonaparte, Madame, i. 93. - - Patuxent River, i. 8, 86. - - Paugusset Indians, ii. 101. - - Paulding, John, ii. 142. - - Paul Smith's, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 324. - - Paupack Falls, Pa., i. 267. - - Pauw, Michael, ii. 12. - - Pawcatuck, ii. 117. - - Pawtucket, R. I., iii. 114. - - Pawtucket Falls, Mass., iii. 80. - - Pawtucket Falls, R. I., iii. 114. - - Pawtucket River, iii. 108. - - "Paxinosa Inn," i. 224. - - Paxanose, i. 224. - - "Paxton Boys," i. 282. - - Payne, John Howard, i. 32; ii. 79, 93. - - Peabody, George, iii. 75, 81. - - Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. - - Peabody Institute, Danvers, Mass., iii. 75. - - Peabody, Mass., iii. 75. - - Peabody Museum, New Haven, Conn., ii. 108. - - Peabody River, iii. 212. - - Peaks of Otter, Va., i. 54, 123. - - Peale Rembrandt, i. 48. - - Peanuts, i. 79. - - "Pea Patch," i. 147. - - Pechequeolin, i. 223. - - Peconic Bay, N. Y., ii. 119. - - Peekskill, N. Y., ii. 150. - - Pejepscot, iii. 246. - - Pelham Bay Park, Greater New York, ii. 63. - - Pell's apple orchard, ii. 178. - - _Pemaquid_, iii. 258. - - Pemaquid Point, Me., iii. 254. - - Pemberton, General John C., iii. 408. - - Pemetic, iii. 270. - - Pemigewasset River, iii. 191, 195. - - Pend d'Oreille River, iii. 480. - - Penikese Island, Mass., iii. 145. - - "Peninsula," the, i. 52. - - Penn, Admiral Sir William, i. 152. - - Penn, John, i. 223. - - Penn, Richard, i. 217. - - Penn, Thomas, i. 117. - - Penn, William, i. 151, 163, 181; ii. 16. - - Pennacook Indians, iii. 207. - - Penn's Mount, Pa., i. 187. - - Penn's Neck, N. J., i. 202. - - "Penn's Treaty with the Indians," painting, i. 163. - - "Pennsylvania Dutch," i. 186. - - Pennsylvania Historical Society, i. 169. - - Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168. - - "Pennsylvania Palisades," i. 222. - - Pennsylvania Railroad, i. 310. - - Pennsylvania Railroad Station, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. - - "Pennsylvania Triangle," ii. 373. - - Penn Yan, N. Y., ii. 366. - - Penobscot Bay, Me., iii. 254. - - Pensacola, Fla., i. 391. - - Pension Building, Washington, D. C., i. 23. - - Pentagoet, iii. 261. - - "Penungauchung," i. 247. - - Peoria, Ill., i. 411. - - Peoria Lake, Ill., i. 411. - - Pepperell, Sir William, iii. 228, 312. - - Pequannock River, ii. 100. - - Pequawket, iii. 215. - - Pequawket Indians, iii. 217. - - Pequea Valley, Pa., i. 281. - - Pequest Creek, N. J., i. 247. - - Pequot Hill, Conn., ii. 116. - - Pequot Indians, ii. 100. - - Peribonka River, ii. 506. - - Perry, Commodore M. C., iii. 105, 138. - - Perry, Commodore Oliver Hazard, i. 418, 423; ii. 374; iii. 105, 138. - - Perth Amboy, N. J., ii. 15. - - "Peter the Headstrong," ii. 40. - - "Petomok," i. 35. - - Petrified Forest, Cal., iii. 514. - - Petroleum, i. 332. - - Petrolia, Pa., i. 336. - - Petty Island, Delaware River, i. 195. - - "Phantom City," Alaska, iii. 505. - - Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, iii. 78. - - Philadelphia, Pa., i. 157. - - Philadelphia and Reading Railway, i. 188. - - Philadelphia Library, i. 169. - - Philipse, Fredericke, ii. 136. - - Philipse, Mary, ii. 136. - - "Philip's Spring," iii. 124. - - Phillips oil well, i. 335. - - Phillips, pirate, iii. 237. - - Phillipsburg, Pa., i. 224. - - Phips, Sir William, ii. 477; iii. 301. - - Phoenix, Arizona, iii. 436. - - Phoenixville, Pa., i. 187. - - Pickersgill, Mrs. Mary, i. 95. - - Pickett, General G. E., i. 115, 133. - - Pictou, Canada, iii. 303. - - Pictured Rocks, Michigan, i. 457. - - _Pictures from Appledore_, iii. 240. - - Piedmont region, i. 123. - - Piermont, N. Y., ii. 133. - - Pierce, Franklin, iii. 247. - - Pierpont, John, ii. 107. - - Pierson, Abraham, ii. 19, 108. - - "Pietists," i. 182. - - Pigeon Cove, Land's End, Mass., iii. 92. - - Pike, General Zebulon, iii. 466. - - Pike's Peak, Col., iii. 465. - - Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Mass., iii. 9. - - Pillsbury Washburn Flour Mills Company, i. 471. - - Pine Barrens, S. C., iii. 362. - - "Pinchot's Castle," Milford, Pa., i. 257. - - Pine, Miss, ii. 37. - - "Pine Tree State," iii. 239. - - Pinkham Notch, Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 211. - - Pinnacle Mountain, N. C., iii. 348. - - Pinnacle, Trenton Falls, N. Y., ii. 347. - - "Pioneer," sleeping-car, i. 440. - - Piper, James, i. 55. - - Piscataqua River, iii. 227. - - Piscataquis River, iii. 268. - - Pitcairn, Major John, iii. 65. - - Pitch, i. 347. - - Pitch-Off Mountain, N. Y., ii. 316. - - Pithole City, Pa., i. 337. - - Pitt, William, i. 352; ii. 471. - - Pitt, William (elder), ii. 246. - - Pittsburg, Pa., i. 323. - - Pittsburg City Hall, Pa., i. 326. - - "Pittsburg Coal District," i. 316. - - Pittsfield, Mass., ii. 246. - - Pittston, Pa., i. 237. - - Place d'Armes, Montreal, Canada, ii. 432. - - Plains of Abraham, Canada, ii. 471. - - "Plains of Abraham," N. Y., ii. 318. - - "Plat," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417. - - Platt, Zephaniah, ii. 309. - - Plattsburg, N. Y., ii. 309. - - Pleasant Valley, Nevada, iii. 477. - - _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. 147. - - Plum Island, ii. 118. - - Plymouth, Mass., iii. 8. - - Plymouth, N. H., iii. 195. - - Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73. - - "Plymouth of the Western Reserve", i. 415. - - "Plymouth Rock," ii. 75; iii. 11. - - Pocahontas, Indian Princess, i. 59. - - Pocomtuck, iii. 176. - - Pocomtuck Mountain, Mass., iii. 177. - - Pocono Knob, Pa., i. 253. - - Poe, Edgar Allan, i. 92, 125. - - Poetquessink, i. 196. - - "Pohoqualin," i. 248. - - Poinciana, tree, i. 379. - - Poindexter, John, iii. 214. - - Point Allerton, Mass., iii. 28. - - Point Comfort, Va., i. 5, 76. - - Point de Monts, Canada, ii. 511. - - "Pointe de la Couronne," ii. 297. - - Point Judith, Narragansett Bay, ii. 124; iii. 98. - - Point Levis, Canada, ii. 457, 479. - - Point Lobos, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. - - Point Loma, Cal., iii. 441. - - Point Lookout, Maryland, i. 84. - - Point-no-Point, N. Y., ii. 139. - - Point of Rocks, Maryland, i. 40. - - Point Peter, N. Y., i. 258. - - Point Pleasant, W. Va., iii. 328. - - Point Shirley, Mass., iii. 69. - - Poke o' Moonshine Pass, N. Y., ii. 313. - - Pokiok River, iii. 287. - - Poland Springs, Me., iii. 245. - - Polk, James K., i. 279; iii. 340. - - Pollopell's Island, N. Y., ii. 161. - - Ponce de Leon Hotel, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 375. - - Pontiac, Indian chief, i. 451, 453. - - Pontoosuc, Indian chief, ii. 247. - - Pontoosuc Lake, Mass., ii. 248. - - Pool, Elizabeth, iii. 121. - - Popacton River, i. 271. - - Pope Bicycle Works, Hartford, Conn., iii. 165. - - Pope, General John, i. 102. - - Popham, Chief Justice George, iii. 255. - - Poquanum, Indian chief, iii. 70. - - Poquessing Creek, Pa., i. 196. - - Porcupine Islands, Me., iii. 271. - - Port Arthur, Canada, i. 456. - - Port Arthur, Texas, iii. 429. - - Port Clinton, Pa., i. 189. - - Port Clinton Gap, Pa., i. 189. - - Port Hastings, Canada, iii. 305. - - Port Hawkesbury, Canada, iii. 305. - - Port Henry, N. Y., ii. 297. - - Port Jefferson, N. Y., ii. 96. - - Port Jervis, N. Y., i. 257. - - Port Mulgrave, Canada, iii. 305. - - Port Richmond, S. I., ii. 17. - - Port Royal Sound, S. C., i. 353. - - Port Tampa, Fla., i. 393. - - Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Portage, N. Y., ii. 368. - - Portage Falls, N. Y., ii. 369. - - Portage Lake, Michigan, i. 458. - - Portage Railroad, i. 310. - - Porter, Admiral David S., i. 348. - - Portland, Me., iii. 242. - - Portland, Oregon, iii. 512. - - Portsmouth, Va., i. 78, 79. - - Portsmouth, N. H., iii. 228. - - Portsmouth, Ohio, iii. 329. - - Post-Office Building, Washington, D. C., i. 24. - - Post-office, New York City, ii. 34. - - Post-office, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 170. - - Potato, i. 345. - - Potomac River, i. 7, 35. - - Pott, John, i. 190. - - Pottawatomi Indians, i. 427, 430. - - Potter, John, i. 208. - - Potteries, i. 212. - - "Potter's Field," New York City, ii. 44. - - Pottsville, Pa., i. 190. - - Pottstown, Pa., i. 187. - - Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 173. - - Powder-mills, i. 151. - - Powell, Elizabeth, i. 200. - - Powell, Major John W., iii. 438. - - Powhatan, Indian chief, i. 57, 113. - - Powhatan River, i. 57. - - Pow-wow River, iii. 81. - - "Prairie City," i. 479. - - Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, i. 466. - - "Prairie State," i. 410. - - Pratt, Charles, ii. 75. - - Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75. - - Pratt Street, Baltimore, Md., i. 88. - - "Praying Indians," ii. 442. - - Preble, Commodore Edward, iii. 243. - - Prentice, George D., iii. 337. - - Presbyterian College of Montreal, ii. 435. - - Prescott, Arizona, iii. 460. - - Prescott, Canada, ii. 417. - - Prescott, Colonel William, iii. 56. - - Prescott, William H., iii. 59, 62, 71, 75. - - President's Room, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 17. - - "Presque Isle," ii. 373. - - Preston, Richard, i. 86. - - Prevost, Sir George, ii. 309. - - Priestley, Joseph, i. 299. - - "Priests' Farm," Montreal, Canada, ii. 433. - - "Prince Rupert's Land," i. 480. - - Prince Albert, Canada, iii. 486. - - Prince Edward Island, iii. 304. - - Princeton, N. J., i. 215. - - Princeton University, N. J., i. 215. - - Printing House Square, New York City, ii. 34. - - Prison-ships, ii. 72. - - Prisoners' Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 288. - - Proctor, Vt., ii. 300. - - Produce Exchange, New York City, ii. 26. - - Profile House, Franconia Mountains, N. H., iii. 191. - - Profile Lake, N. H., iii. 191. - - Promontory Mountains, Utah, iii. 477. - - Prospect Falls, N. Y., ii. 350. - - Prospect Hill, Baltimore, Md., i. 93. - - Prospect Hill, N. Y., ii. 194. - - Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79. - - Prospect Park, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378. - - Providence, Md., i. 86. - - Providence, R. I., iii. 110. - - Province of Manitoba, i. 478. - - Provincetown, Mass., iii. 19, 23. - - Public Garden, Boston, Mass., iii. 35. - - Public Green, New Haven, Conn., ii. 104. - - Public Green, Pittsfield, Mass., ii. 246. - - Public Library, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81. - - Pueblo, Col., iii. 467. - - Puget, Lieutenant, iii. 510. - - Puget Sound, iii. 510. - - Pulaski, Count, i. 230, 356. - - Pulitzer Building, New York City, ii. 34. - - Pullman, George M., i. 428, 439. - - Pullman, Ill., i. 411. - - "Pulpit," Monument Mountain, Mass., ii. 257. - - "Pulpit Rock," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. - - Pulpit Terrace, Yellowstone Park, i. 490. - - Punch Bowl geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503. - - Punta Gorda, Fla., i. 394. - - Punta Rassa, Fla., i. 394. - - "Puritan Compact," iii. 24. - - Puritans, i. 86. - - Put-in-Bay Island, Ohio, i. 423. - - Putnam, General Israel, ii. 99, 228, 288; iii. 75, 162, 165. - - "Putnam Phalanx," iii. 162. - - Putnam Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. - - Pynchon, William, iii. 167. - - Pyramid geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503. - - Pyramid Harbor, Alaska, iii. 506. - - - Quaker Bridge dam, N. Y., ii. 62. - - "Quaker City," i. 157. - - Quaker Meeting House, Bristol, Pa., i. 198. - - Quatawamkedgewick River, ii. 503. - - Quebec, Canada, ii. 457. - - Quebec Citadel, ii. 468. - - Queen Anne, i. 87, 198, 201. - - Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia, iii. 499. - - "Queen City" (Cincinnati, O.), iii. 330. - - "Queen City" (Hartford, Conn.), iii. 162. - - "Queen City" (Toronto, Canada), ii. 407. - - "Queen City of the Plains," iii. 461. - - Queen Elizabeth, i. 344. - - "Queen Esther's Rock," i. 241. - - Queen Henrietta Maria, i. 84. - - "Queen of the St. Lawrence," ii. 431. - - Queen Victoria, ii. 452; iii. 75. - - Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408. - - Queenstown, Canada, ii. 384. - - Quick, Thomas, Sr., i. 256. - - "Quincy granites," iii. 26. - - Quincy, Josiah, iii. 41, 59, 62. - - Quincy, Judith, iii. 99. - - Quincy, Illinois, iii. 394. - - Quincy Market, Boston, Mass., iii. 44. - - Quincy, Mass., iii. 26. - - Quinnebaug River, ii. 115. - - Quinnepiack, ii. 104. - - Quoddy Head, Me., iii. 274. - - Quogue, N. Y., ii. 92. - - Quonektakat, iii. 158. - - - "Rabbit Island," ii. 80. - - Race Point, Mass., iii. 23. - - Racquette River, ii. 418. - - Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 63. - - Radcliffe, Lady Anne, iii. 63. - - Rafe's Chasm, Mass., iii. 77. - - Rahwack, Indian chief, ii. 20. - - Rahway, N. J., ii. 20. - - Rainsford Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33. - - Rale, Sebastian, iii. 249. - - Raleigh, N. C., iii. 362. - - Raleigh, Sir Walter, i. 5, 344. - - Ram Islands, Mass., iii. 145. - - "Ramona," iii. 441. - - Ramsay, Allan, i. 163. - - Rancocas Creek, i. 196. - - Randall, James R., i. 92. - - Randall's Island, N. Y., ii. 67. - - Randolph, John, i. 116. - - Randolph Macon College, Ashland, Va., i. 109. - - Rankokas Indians, i. 196. - - Rapidan River, i. 49. - - Rapid Ann River, i. 49. - - Rapp, George, iii. 325. - - Rappahannock River, i. 8, 49. - - Raquette Lake, N. Y., ii. 273, 324. - - Raquette River, ii. 273, 324. - - Raritan River, ii. 21. - - Rat Portage, Canada, i. 478. - - Ratcliffe, Philip, iii. 74. - - Raton Pass, Col., iii. 458. - - "Rattlesnake flags," i. 162. - - Rattlesnakes, i. 264. - - _Raven_, i. 92. - - Raven Indians, iii. 501. - - Raven Pass, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 312. - - Rawlins, General John A., statue of, i. 30. - - Raymondskill River, i. 255. - - Read, Thomas Buchanan, i. 180. - - Reading, Pa., i. 187. - - Reading Terminal Station, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. - - Recluse Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - Recollet Fathers, ii. 459. - - Red Hill, N. H., iii. 221. - - Red Jacket, Indian chief, ii. 339. - - Red Lake, Minn., i. 474. - - Red Mountain, Ala., iii. 369. - - Red River, iii. 411. - - Red River of the North, i. 476. - - Red Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20. - - Red Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. - - Redlands, Cal., iii. 440. - - Redondo Beach, Cal., iii. 445. - - Reed, Thomas B., iii. 243. - - Regina, Canada, iii. 486. - - Reigelsville, N. J. and Pa., i. 223. - - Renfrew, Canada, iii. 303. - - Rensselaerstein, ii. 199. - - Reno, Nevada, iii. 478. - - Repentigny, explorer, ii. 460. - - Representatives' chamber, Boston, Mass., iii. 38. - - Representatives' Hall, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 16. - - "Resolute," the, i. 21. - - Restigouche River, ii. 503. - - "Restigouche Salmon Club," ii. 504. - - Revere, Paul, iii. 39, 44. - - Reynolds, General John F., i. 130, 139. - - Rhinebeck, N. Y., ii. 180. - - Rhinecliff estate, ii. 180. - - Rhode Island State House, Providence, R. I., iii. 113. - - Ribbon Fall, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. - - Richelieu, Cardinal Armand J. D., ii. 455. - - Richelieu River, ii. 311, 455. - - Richmond, Duke of, ii. 250. - - _Richmond Enquirer_, i. 116. - - Richmond, Va., i. 109. - - Richfield Springs, N. Y., i. 297. - - Rideau Canal, Canada, ii. 410, 451. - - Rideau Hall, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 453. - - Rideau River, ii. 410, 445. - - "Ridge of Rocks and Roses," iii. 86. - - Riel, Louis, i. 478. - - Riggs Bank, Washington, D. C., i. 23. - - Rimouski, ii. 509. - - Rio Grande, iii. 459. - - Rio Pecos, iii. 434. - - Ripley, George, iii. 50. - - Rip Van Winkle, ii. 188. - - Ritchie, Thomas, i. 116. - - Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. - - "River of the Mountains," ii. 6. - - River St. John, iii. 282. - - Riviere aux Lievres, ii. 447. - - Riviere de Loup, Canada, ii. 494. - - Riverside, Cal., iii. 440. - - Riverside Park, New York City, ii. 58. - - Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 60. - - Roan Mountain, Tenn., iii. 353. - - Roanoke Island, Va., i. 344. - - Roanoke, Va., i. 5. - - Roberval, Canada, ii. 507. - - Robinson, Colonel Beverly, ii. 58. - - Rochester, N. Y., ii. 370. - - Rochester Fall, N. Y., ii. 371. - - Rochester, Nathaniel, ii. 370. - - Rochester University, N. Y., ii. 372. - - "Rock City," iii. 340. - - Rock Hill, Pa., i. 222. - - Rock Island, Ill., i. 465. - - Rock Reggio, N. Y., ii. 299. - - Rockaway, N. Y., ii. 85. - - Rockefeller, John D., i. 435, 461. - - "Rocketts," Richmond, Va., i. 115. - - Rockham, Captain, pirate, iii. 237. - - Rockland Lake, N. Y., ii. 145. - - Rockland, Me., iii. 266. - - Rockledge, Fla., i. 378. - - Rockomeka, iii. 246. - - Rockport, Mass., iii. 92. - - Rocky Heart, Trenton Falls, N. Y., ii. 349. - - Rocky Mountains, iii. 454. - - Roebling, John A., ii. 70. - - Roebling, Washington, ii. 70. - - "Roeleffe Jansen's Kill," ii. 182. - - "Roger Williams House," Salem, Mass., iii. 76. - - Roger Williams Park, Providence, R. I., iii. 113. - - Roger Williams University, Ky., iii. 341. - - Rogers, Major, iii. 493. - - Rogers, Major Robert, ii. 287. - - Rogers Pass, Canada, iii. 489, 493. - - Rogers's Slide, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280, 287. - - Rogue River, iii. 513. - - Rokeby estate, ii. 180, 181. - - Rolfe, John, i. 59. - - Rolfe, Thomas, i. 61. - - Rollaway Mountain, N. Y., ii. 342. - - "Rolling Rock," Wickford, R. I., iii. 105. - - Roman Catholics, i. 84. - - Roman Catholic Cathedral, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. - - Rome, Ga., iii. 368. - - Rome, N. Y., ii. 344. - - Rondout, N. Y., ii. 178. - - Rondout Creek, N. Y., i. 258. - - Ronkonkoma Lake, N. Y., ii. 96. - - Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332. - - Roosevelt, Thaddeus, iii. 434. - - Rosecrans, General William S., iii. 350. - - Rosendale cement, ii. 179. - - Rosin, i. 347. - - Roslyn, N. Y., ii. 94. - - Ross, Betsy, i. 95, 164. - - Rossetti, William M., iii. 423. - - Rotunda, Mammoth Cave, Ky., iii. 339. - - "Rough and Ready," iii. 337. - - Rough Riders, iii. 434. - - Round Island, N. Y., ii. 412. - - Round Lake, N. Y., ii. 219, 323. - - Round Top, N. Y., ii. 184. - - Rouse's Point, N. Y., ii. 311. - - Rowe, patriot, iii. 38. - - Roxbury, Mass., iii. 49. - - Royal Gorge, Col., iii. 469. - - "Royal Grant," ii. 336. - - Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. - - Rudman, Rev. Andrew, i. 171. - - Rugueneau, missionary, ii. 382. - - Rumford Falls, Me., iii. 245. - - Rush, Benjamin, i. 215. - - Rush, James, i. 169. - - Rush, Richard, i. 26. - - Ruskin, John, ii. 325. - - Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 21. - - Rutland, Vt., ii. 300. - - Rye Beach, N. H., iii. 227. - - - Sabbath Day Point, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280. - - Sabine Lake, Texas, iii. 429. - - Sabine River, iii. 429. - - Sachem's Head, Saybrook, Conn., ii. 113. - - Sachem's Plain, Norwich, Conn., iii. 102. - - "Sachem's Wood," ii. 112. - - Saco, Me., iii. 241. - - Saco River, iii. 214, 241. - - Sacramento, Cal., iii. 479. - - Sacramento River, iii. 447, 479. - - Sadawga Lake, Vt., iii. 179. - - Safe Harbor, Pa., i. 282. - - Sag Harbor, N. Y., ii. 122. - - Sagadahoc, iii. 253. - - Sage College, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362. - - "Sage of Concord," iii. 68. - - Sage's Ravine, Conn., ii. 262. - - Saguenay River, ii. 456, 496. - - St. Agnes, Canada, ii. 493. - - St. Albans, Vt., ii. 305. - - St. Andrew Channel, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307. - - St. Andrews, Canada, iii. 275. - - St. Aniset Church, St. Regis, Canada, ii. 419. - - St. Anne Rapids, Canada, ii. 442. - - St. Anne's Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75. - - St. Augustin, Canada, ii. 456. - - St. Augustine, Fla., i. 371. - - St. Charles River, ii. 465. - - St. Clair, General Arthur, i. 318; iii. 331. - - St. Clair River, i. 449. - - St. Croix Lake, i. 467. - - St. Croix River, iii. 275. - - St. Elias Mountains, Alaska, iii. 507. - - St. Estienne, Claude de, iii. 278. - - St. Francis Barracks, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 373. - - St. Francis River, Canada, ii. 455. - - St. Francis River, Missouri, iii. 404. - - St. Francois du Lac, Canada, ii. 455. - - St. George's Island, Halifax, Canada, iii. 298. - - "St. Germain carry," Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 323. - - St. Helena Island, S. C., i. 353. - - St. Helena Sound, S. C., i. 353. - - St. Helen's Island, Canada, ii. 421. - - St. Inigoe's, Md., i. 86. - - St. James' Cathedral, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408. - - St. James' Episcopal Church, Bristol, Pa., i. 198. - - St. Jean, explorer, ii. 460. - - St. Joachim, Canada, ii. 487. - - _St. John_, iii. 280. - - St. John, Canada, iii. 278. - - "St. John in the Wilderness," Adirondack Mountains, ii. 324. - - St. John's Church, Richmond, Va., i. 113. - - St. John River, iii. 282. - - St. John's River, i. 358, 359, 380, 386. - - St. Johnsbury, Vt., iii. 183. - - St. Joseph, Missouri, iii. 386. - - St. Joseph River, i. 425. - - St. Joseph's Theological Seminary, Troy, N. Y., ii. 214. - - St. Laurent Church, Isle of Orleans, Canada, ii. 491. - - St. Lawrence River, ii. 402, 490. - - St. Louis, Mo., iii. 363. - - St. Louis River, i. 475. - - St. Lucie River, i. 379. - - St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Mauch Chunk, Pa., i. 233. - - St. Luke's Hospital, New York City, ii. 57. - - St. Margaret's Bay, Canada, iii. 300. - - "St. Mark's Church in the Bowerie," New York City, ii. 40. - - St. Mary's, Md., i. 86. - - St. Mary's Church, Burlington, N. J., i. 201. - - St. Mary's Church, Cold Spring, N. Y., ii. 162. - - St. Mary's College, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435, 439. - - St. Mary's County, Md., i. 86. - - St. Mary's Hall, Burlington, N. J., i. 202. - - St. Mary's River, Florida, i. 358. - - St. Mary's River, Canada, ii. 421. - - St. Maurice River, ii. 455. - - St. Michaels, Alaska, iii. 506. - - St. Michael's Church, Charleston, S. C., i. 352. - - St. Michael's Church of Loretto, Pa., i. 313. - - St. Patrick's Channel, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307. - - St. Paul, Minn., i. 469. - - St. Paul Building, New York City, ii. 33. - - St. Paul's Church, New York City, ii. 33. - - St. Paul's Church, Norfolk, Va., i. 79. - - St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Richmond, Va., i. 112. - - "St. Peter at the Gate," Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 306. - - St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 171. - - St. Peter's Inlet, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 306. - - St. Peter's, Montreal, Canada, ii. 438. - - St. Pierre Church, Isle of Orleans, Canada, ii. 491. - - St. Regis, Canada, ii. 418. - - St. Regis Mountain, N. Y., ii. 323. - - St. Regis River, ii. 418. - - St. Simon's Bay, i. 368. - - St. Stephen, Canada, iii. 275. - - St. Tammany, i. 195; ii. 41. - - "St. Theresa of the New World," ii. 475. - - St. Xavier, Arizona, iii. 436. - - Sainte Anne's River, ii. 485. - - Salem, Mass., iii. 74. - - Salem, Ohio, i. 402. - - Salem, Oregon, iii. 512. - - Salina, N. Y., ii. 355. - - Salisbury, Conn., ii. 262. - - Salisbury, N. C., iii. 361. - - Salisbury, N. H., iii. 79. - - Salisbury Beach, N. H., iii. 227. - - Salmon fishing, iii. 496. - - Salon of the Ambassadors, Washington, D. C., i. 22. - - Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 475. - - Salt Point, N. Y., ii. 355. - - Salt River, iii. 436. - - "Salt-Water Indians," ii. 504. - - Salt wells, ii. 355. - - _Sam Slick_, iii. 296. - - Samoset, Indian chief, iii. 16, 256. - - San Antonio River, iii. 431. - - San Antonio, Texas, iii. 431. - - San Bernardino Mountains, iii. 439. - - San Bernardino Valley, Cal., iii. 440. - - San Buenaventura, Cal., iii. 445. - - San Diego, Cal., iii. 440. - - San Diego Bay, Cal., iii. 440. - - San Gabriel Mission, Cal., iii. 445. - - San Luis Park, Col., iii. 467. - - San Jacinto Mountains, iii. 439. - - San Joaquin River, iii. 447. - - San Joaquin Valley, Cal., iii. 447. - - San Jose, Cal., iii. 446. - - San Pablo Bay, Cal., iii. 514. - - San Pedro, Cal., iii. 444. - - San Pedro River, iii. 432. - - San Sebastian River, i. 372. - - Sand Key, Fla., i. 397. - - "Sand Lots," iii. 518. - - Sandford Lake, N. Y., ii. 237. - - Sandhuken, i. 148. - - Sand's Key, i. 394. - - Sands Point, N. Y., ii. 94. - - Sandusky, Ohio, i. 421. - - Sandusky Bay, Ohio, i. 422. - - Sandusky River, i. 404. - - Sandwich Mountains, N. H., iii. 216. - - Sandy Bay, Land's End, Mass., iii. 92. - - Sandy Hill, N. Y., ii. 231. - - Sandy Hook, N. J., i. 148; ii. 9. - - Sanford, Fla., i. 386. - - Sangamon River, i. 410. - - Santa Anna, General Antonio L., iii. 433. - - Santa Barbara, Cal., iii. 445. - - Santa Catalina, Cal., iii. 444. - - Santa Cruz, Cal., iii. 446. - - Santa Fe, New Mexico, iii. 459. - - Santa Monica Bay, Cal., iii. 444. - - Saquish, Duxbury, Mass., iii. 18. - - "Sara Maria," the, i. 182. - - Saranac River, ii. 308. - - Saratoga "A" Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. - - "Saratoga chips," ii. 225. - - Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 219. - - "Saratoga," the, ii. 310. - - Saratoga River, ii. 310. - - Sashaway River, iii. 170. - - Sassacus, Indian chief, ii. 116. - - _Satanstoe_, ii. 286. - - Saucon Creek, i. 226. - - "Sauerkraut," i. 187. - - Saugerties, N. Y., ii. 182. - - Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan, i. 456. - - Sault Sainte Marie Strait, Michigan, i. 453. - - Saunders Theatre, Memorial Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. - - Savage Station, Va., battle of, i. 119. - - Savannah, Ga., i. 355. - - Savannah River, i. 354; iii. 363. - - Savin Rock, New Haven, Conn., ii. 112. - - Sawkill River, i. 255. - - Saw-Mill geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500. - - "Saw-mill rift," i. 259. - - Sawmill River, ii. 135. - - "Saybrook Platform," ii. 114. - - Saybrook Point, Conn., ii. 112. - - Scarborough Beach, Me., iii. 242. - - Schaats, Rev. Gideon, ii. 209. - - "Schakamo-kink," i. 300. - - Schenectady, N. Y., ii. 335. - - Schenley Park, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 326. - - Schodack Landing, N. Y., ii. 198. - - "Scholar's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27, 56. - - Schoodic Lakes, Canada, iii. 275. - - Schoolcraft, Henry R., i. 475. - - "Schooner," origin of name, iii. 87. - - Schooner Head, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 270. - - Schroon Lake, N. Y., ii. 238, 273. - - Schuyler, Elizabeth, ii. 211. - - Schuyler, General Philip, ii. 194, 211, 216, 343. - - Schuyler Mansion, Albany, N. Y., ii. 211. - - Schuyler, Peter, ii. 211. - - Schuylerville, N. Y., ii. 216. - - Schuylkill Haven, Pa., i. 190. - - Schuylkill River, i. 184. - - Scioto River, i. 402. - - Scituate, Mass., iii. 28. - - "Scotch-Irish Indians," ii. 504. - - Scott, General Winfield, i. 288; ii. 162. - - Scott, General Winfield, statues of, i. 30, 31. - - Scott, Sir Walter, i. 180; ii. 142. - - Scott, Thomas A., i. 289, 328. - - Scranton, Pa., i. 238. - - "Scrapple," i. 187. - - Scribner tomb, Greenwood Cemetery, N. Y., ii. 77. - - Scusset River, iii. 20. - - "Scylla of the St. Lawrence," ii. 511. - - "Sea Horse," the, i. 43. - - Seaforth Channel, iii. 499. - - "Sea-island cotton," i. 353. - - Seal Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 273. - - Seal Island, Canada, iii. 300. - - Seal Rocks, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. - - Searight, Thomas B., i. 277. - - Searles, architect, ii. 260. - - Sears Building, Boston, Mass., iii. 43. - - Searsport, Me., iii. 267. - - Seaside Park, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. - - _Seasons_, ii. 326. - - Seasons, Indian division of, i. 69. - - Seattle, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Sebago Lake, Me., iii. 245. - - Seboois River, iii. 268. - - Secatogue Indians, ii. 96. - - "Secession Ordinance," iii. 363. - - Second Unitarian Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 48. - - Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, ii. 242, 257. - - Sedgwick, Judge Theodore, ii. 257. - - Sedgwick mansion, Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 257. - - Seeconk River, iii. 108. - - Seed-growing, ii. 365, 372. - - Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, i. 306. - - Selkirks, Canada, iii. 493. - - Sellers, Captain, iii. 393. - - Selma, Ala., iii. 373. - - Seltzer Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. - - Seminary Ridge, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 128. - - Seminary of St. Sulpice, Montreal, Canada, ii. 432, 436. - - Seminary of St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Paul, Minn., i. 470. - - Seminole Indians, i. 366, 376, 388. - - Senate Chamber, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 16. - - Seneca Indians, ii. 337. - - Seneca Lake, N. Y., ii. 354, 362. - - Seneca oil, i. 334. - - Seneca Valley, N. Y., ii. 362. - - Sentinel Rock, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. - - "Sepessing," i. 203. - - "Sequoia Tree Tower," i. 32. - - Sergeant, John, ii. 255. - - Setauket, N. Y., ii. 96. - - "Seven Days' Battles," i. 118. - - "Seven Years' War," ii. 289. - - Sever, William R., iii. 10. - - Severn River, i. 86. - - Seward, William H., i. 288; ii. 42, 203, 358. - - Seymour, Horatio, ii. 343. - - Seymour Narrows, iii. 499. - - Shackamaxon Island, Delaware River, i. 195. - - "Shackamaxon, neutral land of," i. 155. - - "Shakers," ii. 216, 336. - - Sharon Springs, N. Y., i. 297. - - Sharp Mountain, Pa., i. 189, 234. - - Sharp's Rifle Factory, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. - - Shaw, Henry, iii. 396. - - Shaw, H. W., ii. 245. - - Shawanagan Fall, Canada, ii. 455. - - Shawangunk Mountain, N. Y., i. 258. - - Shawmut, iii. 29. - - Shawneetown, Ill., iii. 342. - - Shawomet, R. I., iii. 105. - - Sheepscot Bay, Me., iii. 254. - - Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., ii. 80. - - Sheffield, Mass., ii. 260. - - "Sheffield Elm," Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 261. - - Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Conn., ii. 108. - - Shelburne, Canada, iii. 300. - - Shelburne Falls, Mass., iii. 177. - - Shelley, Percy B., i. 340. - - Shelter Island, N. Y., ii. 119. - - Shelving Falls, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - Shelving Rock, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - Shenandoah River, i. 38. - - Shenandoah Valley, i. 123. - - Sherbrooke, Canada, iii. 301. - - Sheridan, General Philip H., i. 32, 56, 126; iii. 141. - - Sherman Fall, N. Y., ii. 347. - - Sherman, General William S., i. 32, 356; iii. 341, 363, 366, 374. - - Sherman, John, i. 405. - - Sherman, Roger, ii. 112. - - Sherman, Wyoming, iii. 470. - - "Shield," the, i. 154. - - Shillaber, B. P., iii. 228. - - Shinnecock Hills, N. Y., ii. 92. - - Shinnecock Indians, ii. 92. - - Shinnecock Neck, N. Y., ii. 92. - - Ship Harbor, Canada, iii. 301. - - Shipley, William, i. 150. - - Shirley, plantation, i. 61. - - Shockoe Hill, Richmond, Va., i. 110. - - Shoe factories, iii. 70. - - Shohola Creek, Pa., i. 260. - - Shohola Falls, Pa., i. 261. - - "Shohola Glen," Pa., i. 260. - - Shohola Township, Pa., i. 260. - - "Sho-ka-kin," i. 271. - - Shooters' Hill, Alexandria, Va., i. 41. - - Shoshone Falls, Idaho, iii. 483. - - Shoshone Lake, Montana, i. 509. - - Shoshone River, iii. 474. - - Shreveport, La., iii. 411. - - Shubenacadie River, iii. 303. - - Siasconset, Nantucket, Mass., iii. 152. - - Sibley Building, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362. - - Sibley Cotton Mill, Augusta, Ga., iii. 364. - - Sibley, Sam, i. 277. - - Sickles, General Daniel E., i. 131. - - Sidney, Algernon, i. 153. - - Sidney, Henry i. 153. - - Siege of Richmond, i. 117, 120. - - Sierra Blanca, Col., iii. 467. - - Sierra Madre, iii. 445. - - Sierra Nevada, Cal., iii. 477. - - Sigourney, Mrs. Lydia H., ii. 123, 396; iii. 71, 104, 165. - - Silliman, Benjamin, ii. 107, 112, 248. - - Silver Lake, Pa., i. 255. - - Silver mining, iii. 478, 479. - - Silver Spring, Fla., i. 367, 383. - - Silver Thread River, Pa., i. 255. - - Simcoe, General John G., ii. 406. - - Simms, William Gillmore, iii. 360. - - "Simplicities Defence Against Seven-Headed Policy," iii. 106. - - "Singing Beach," Manchester, Mass., iii. 77. - - "Single Sisters," i. 230. - - "Single Sisters' House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. - - Sing Sing Prison, N. Y., ii. 145. - - Sing Sing Village, N. Y., ii. 145. - - Sinking Spring, Pa., i. 307. - - "Sinnekaas," ii. 338. - - Sioux City, Iowa, i. 477; iii. 385. - - Sioux Falls, South Dakota, i. 477. - - Sisters Islands, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - "Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame," ii. 433. - - Sitka, Alaska, iii. 501. - - Sitka Sound, Alaska, iii. 501. - - Six Nations, i. 81, 239, 302; ii. 337. - - Skaguay, Alaska, iii. 506. - - Skaneateles Lake, N. Y., ii. 357. - - Skaunoghtada, ii. 335. - - _Skeleton in Armor_, iii. 138. - - "Skipper Ireson's Ride," iii. 73. - - Skowhegan Falls, Me., iii. 251. - - "Sky-scrapers," i. 429. - - Sky Top, N. Y., ii. 176. - - Slaeperigh Haven, Sunnyside, N. Y., ii. 143. - - Slate factories, i. 232. - - Slater, Samuel, iii. 114. - - Slaves, negro, early prices of, i. 73. - - Sleeping-car, history of, i. 439. - - Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Mass., iii. 68. - - Slide Mountain, N. Y., ii. 189. - - Sliding Fall, Pa., i. 267. - - Sloop Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - Smith, Apollus, ii. 324. - - Smith, Captain John, i. 4, 6, 57, 59, 66, 67, 68, 76, 82; - iii. 78, 86, 233, 254. - - Smith College, Northampton, Mass., iii. 173. - - Smith, Dr. William, i. 306. - - Smith, Gerrit, ii. 319. - - Smith, Joseph, iii. 393. - - Smith, Sir Donald, iii. 493. - - Smith, Sophia, iii. 173. - - "Smith the Tory," ii. 147. - - Smith & Wesson Company, Springfield, Mass., iii. 167. - - Smithson, James, i. 25. - - Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., i. 24. - - "Smoky City," i. 325. - - "Smuggler's Notch," Vt., ii. 304. - - Snake River, i. 485; iii. 482. - - "Snow Arch," Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 211. - - Snow Lake, Canada, ii. 484. - - _Snowbound_, iii. 81. - - Soap Trough, Pa., i. 255. - - "Society of Notre Dame de Montreal," ii. 427. - - Society of the Cincinnati, ii. 171. - - "Society of the First Baptist Church," iii. 109. - - Soldiers' Cemetery, Alexandria, Va., i. 42. - - Soldiers' Cemetery, Hampton, Va., i. 75. - - Soldiers' Home, Hampton, Va., i. 75. - - Soldiers' Home, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 463. - - Soldiers' Home, Washington, D. C., i. 31. - - Soldiers' Monument, Allegheny City, Pa., i. 329. - - Soldiers' Monument, Boston, Mass., iii. 36. - - Soldiers' Monument, Cleveland, O., i. 418. - - Soldiers' Monument, Detroit, Mich., i. 451. - - Soldiers' Monument, Harrisburg, Pa., i. 287. - - Soldiers' Monument, Lancaster, Pa., i. 282. - - Soldiers' Monument, New Haven, Conn., ii. 111. - - Soldiers' Monument, Savannah, Ga., i. 357. - - Soldiers' Monument, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374. - - Soldiers' Monument, Worcester, Mass., iii. 118. - - Soldiers' Monument, Yonkers, N. Y., ii. 136. - - Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Indianapolis, Ind., i. 409. - - Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Providence, R. I., iii. 111. - - Solon, Me., iii. 248. - - Somes, Abraham, iii. 271. - - Somes' Sound, Me., iii. 269. - - Somesville, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 271. - - "Song of the Clam," ii. 81. - - Songo River, iii. 245. - - "Sons of Freedom," iii. 117. - - "Soo," i. 456. - - Sorel, Canada, ii. 455. - - Sorel, Captain, ii. 455. - - Sorel River, ii. 311. - - Soukhoi Channel, Alaska, iii. 501. - - South Bend, Ind., i. 425. - - South Boston Bay, Mass., iii. 31. - - South Dome, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 453. - - South Hero Island, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308. - - South Mountain, Pa., i. 224, 231. - - South Mountain, Md., battle of, i. 40. - - South Park, Col., iii. 468. - - South Platte River, iii. 461. - - South Saskatchewan River, iii. 486. - - South West Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 273. - - South Windsor, Conn., iii. 166. - - "Southern Cassadaga," i. 378. - - Southey, Robert, iii. 128. - - Spanish Bay, iii. 308. - - Spanish Fort, Georgia, iii. 376. - - Sparks, Jared, i. 50; iii. 61. - - Spartansburg, S. C., iii. 361. - - Spectacle Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33. - - "Speedwell," the, iii. 7. - - Spencer, Mass., iii. 170. - - Spencer Mountain, Me., iii. 248. - - "Sphinx in Concord," iii. 68. - - Spiritualists' Assembly, i. 378. - - Splendid geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503. - - Split Rock Mountain, N. Y., ii. 299. - - "Split Rock," St. Lawrence River, ii. 419. - - Spokane, Washington State, iii. 481. - - Spokane River, iii. 481. - - Spray River, iii. 489. - - Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333. - - Springfield, Ill., i. 410. - - Springfield, Mass., iii. 166. - - Spuyten Duyvel Creek, N. Y., ii. 58. - - Squam Lake, N. H., iii. 195. - - Squam River, iii. 93. - - Squantum, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 29. - - Squantum, Indian chief, iii. 29. - - "Squirrel," the, iii. 302. - - Staaten Bay, Mass., iii. 19. - - Staaten Hoeck, Mass., iii. 19. - - Stacy, Mahlon, i. 211. - - Stadacona, ii. 425, 458. - - "Staked Plain," iii. 411. - - Stalactite Cave, Yellowstone Park, i. 489. - - Stamford, Conn., ii. 99. - - Standard Oil Building, New York City, ii. 30. - - Standard Oil Company, i. 332, 339, 417. - - "Standing Stone," i. 305. - - Standish, Captain Miles, iii. 12, 17. - - Stanford, Mrs. Leland, iii. 515. - - Stapleton, L. I., ii. 17. - - Star Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 234. - - "Star of the West," the, i. 351. - - "Star-spangled Banner," i. 40, 92, 95, 169; iii. 520. - - Stark, Colonel John, ii. 300. - - Starucca flags, i. 260. - - State Capitol, Hartford, Conn., iii. 162. - - State Capitol, Denver, Col., iii. 462. - - State Department Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22. - - State Dining Hall, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20. - - State House, Boston, Mass., iii. 37. - - State House, Columbia, S. C., iii. 363. - - State House, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161. - - State House, Trenton, N. J., i. 212. - - State Lunatic Asylum, Utica, N. Y., ii. 343. - - State Normal College, Stroudsburg, Pa., i. 252. - - State of Deseret, iii. 475. - - State Street, Albany, N. Y., ii. 208. - - Staten Island, N. Y., ii. 16. - - "State Rights," i. 350. - - "Steamboat" geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 492. - - Steinways, tomb of, Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 77. - - Stephen, George, iii. 491. - - Stephens Passage, Alaska, iii. 502. - - Stephenson, David, i. 309. - - Stephenson, Robert, ii. 431. - - Steuben, Baron Friedrich, ii. 148, 171. - - Steubenville, O., i. 402. - - "Stevens Battery," ii. 14. - - "Stevens Castle," Hoboken, N. J., ii. 13. - - Stevens, Edwin A., ii. 13. - - Stevens, General Isaac I., i. 103. - - Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J., ii. 13. - - Stevens, John, i. 206. - - Stevens, Robert L., i. 206. - - Stevens, Thaddeus, i. 283; iii. 181. - - Stewart, Admiral Charles, i. 203. - - Stewart, Alexander T., ii. 37, 47, 93. - - "Stewart's Store," New York City, ii. 37. - - "Stewart's Up-town Store," New York City, ii. 41. - - Stillwater, N. Y., ii. 216. - - Stock Exchange Building, New York City, ii. 31. - - "Stockade Prison," iii. 370. - - Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 254. - - "Stockbridge Bowl," Mass., ii. 252. - - Stockbridge Indians, ii. 255. - - Stockton, Cal., iii. 447. - - Stockton, Commodore Robert F., i. 206. - - Stockton, Richard, i. 215. - - Stoddart, Solomon, iii. 172. - - Stone, Lucy, iii. 170. - - "Stone coal," i. 234. - - Stonington, Conn., ii. 117. - - Stony Point, N. Y., ii. 147. - - Storm King Mountain, N. Y., ii. 161. - - Storrs, Dr. Richard Salter, ii. 75. - - Story, William W., iii. 75, 520. - - "Stourbridge Lion," i. 269. - - Stoves, i. 223. - - Stowe, Harriet Beecher, i. 78, 381; ii. 259; iii. 78, 165, 247. - - Stowe, Rev. Calvin, ii. 263. - - Strait of Barra, Canada, iii. 307. - - Strait of Belle Isle, Canada, ii. 511. - - Strait of Juan de Fuca, iii. 510. - - Strait of Mackinac, i. 453. - - Straits of Florida, i. 394. - - Straitsmouth Island, Mass., iii. 92. - - Stranahan, James, ii. 79. - - Stratford, Conn., ii. 102. - - Stratford Point, Conn., ii. 102. - - Stratton, Charles S., ii. 102. - - Strawberry Hill, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. - - Street, Alfred B., ii. 316. - - Streight, Colonel A. D., i. 114. - - Stroud, Jacob, i. 252. - - Stroudsburg, Pa., i. 252. - - Stryker, General, ii. 194. - - Stuart, General James E. B., i. 102, 115. - - Stuart, Gilbert, iii. 37, 105. - - Stuyvesant, Peter, ii. 7, 40, 58, 173. - - Stuyvesant Landing, N. Y., ii. 197. - - Sutherland Falls Quarry, Proctor, Vt., ii. 300. - - Subway, Boston, Mass., iii. 37. - - Succotash, iii. 109. - - Suckiang, iii. 161. - - Sudbury, Mass., iii. 51. - - Sudbury River, iii. 51, 67. - - Suffolk, Va., i. 78. - - Sugar Hill, N. H., iii. 190. - - Sugar Loaf Hill, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 289. - - Sugar Loaf Mountain, Mass., iii. 176. - - Sugar Loaf Mountain, N. Y., ii. 154, 158. - - Sugar Notch, Pa., i. 235, 236. - - Sugar River, iii. 180. - - Suisun Bay, Cal., iii. 514. - - Sullivan's Island, S. C., i. 350. - - Sulphur Mountain, Canada, iii. 490. - - "Summer School of Philosophy," ii. 373. - - Sulpician Order, ii. 432. - - "Summit City," i. 406. - - Summit Hill, Pa., i. 234. - - Summit Station, Cal., iii. 479. - - Summerside, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304. - - Sumner, Charles, iii. 59, 62. - - Sunbury, Pa., i. 299. - - Sunflower River, iii. 407. - - Sunnyside, N. Y., ii. 142. - - "Sunset Route," iii. 428. - - Superior City, Minnesota, i. 460. - - "Suppawn bell," ii. 210. - - "Susan Constant," i. 4. - - Susquehanna River, i. 7, 80, 236, 237, 284. - - Sutro Heights, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. - - Sutro Tunnel, Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478. - - Sutter, Colonel John A., iii. 514. - - Suwanee River, i. 358, 390. - - "Swamp Angel," i. 212, 352. - - Swampscott, Mass., iii. 72. - - Swannanoa River, iii. 355. - - Swatara Creek, Pa., i. 285. - - Swedes' Church of the Holy Trinity, Wilmington, Del., i. 150. - - Swedish West India Company, i. 146. - - Sweetwater Dam, Cal., iii. 441. - - "Switchback," Pa., i. 234. - - Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 308. - - "Sylvan Gorge," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. - - "Sylvania Society," i. 263. - - Symmes, John Cleves, iii. 330. - - "Symmes' Purchase," iii. 331. - - Syracuse, N. Y., ii. 355. - - Syracuse University, N. Y., ii. 357. - - - Table Rock, Niagara Falls, ii. 390. - - Table Rock, N. H., iii. 185. - - Tacoma, Washington State, iii. 511. - - Tacoma Falls, Me., iii. 251. - - Tacony Creek, Pa., i. 196. - - Tadousac, Canada, ii. 490, 495. - - Taghanic Falls, N. Y., ii. 360. - - Tahawus, ii. 237. - - Taku Inlet, Alaska, iii. 502. - - "Tales of a Wayside Inn," iii. 51. - - Talladega, Alabama, iii. 368. - - Tallahassee, Fla., i. 390. - - Tallahassee, Indian chief, i. 389. - - Tallahatchie River, iii. 407. - - Tallapoosa River, iii. 371. - - Tamanend, Indian chief, i. 154, 195. - - Tammany Hall, New York City, ii. 41. - - Tammany, Indian chief, ii. 41. - - Tammany Society, i. 195; ii. 41. - - Tampa, Fla., i. 392. - - Tampa Inn, Port Tampa, Fla., i. 393. - - Taney, Roger B., i. 87, 292. - - Taokanink, i. 196. - - Tappan Village, N. Y., ii. 140. - - Tappan Zee, N. Y., ii. 138. - - Taquetock, i. 69. - - Tar, i. 347. - - "Tar-heels," i. 347, 354. - - Tar River, i. 347. - - Tarratine Indians, iii. 260. - - Tarrytown, N. Y., ii. 140. - - Tatamy, Moses Fonda, i. 248. - - "Tat's Gap," Pa., i. 248. - - Taunton, Mass., iii. 121. - - Taunton Great River, iii. 120. - - Taylor, General Zachary, i. 279; iii. 337. - - Taylor, Bayard, i. 271, 397; ii. 499; iii. 340. - - Tea Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. - - Teach, Captain, pirate, iii. 235. - - "Tear of the Clouds," N. Y., ii. 236, 273. - - Tecumseh, Indian chief, i. 408. - - "Tecumseh," the, iii. 376. - - Teedyuscung, i. 224, 230. - - Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517. - - Teller's Point, N. Y., ii. 146. - - Temple Block, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476. - - Temple, Charlotte, ii. 29. - - Temple Emanu-El, New York City, ii. 52. - - "Temple of the Sun," iii. 410. - - Tenaya Canon, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 453. - - Tennessee River, iii. 343. - - Tennyson, Alfred, i. 272. - - Ten Pound Island, Gloucester, Mass., iii. 87. - - Tennent, Rev. William, i. 197. - - Tensas River, iii. 376. - - _Tent on the Beach_, iii. 227. - - "Terminal Moraine," i. 242. - - _Terra Mariae_, i. 84. - - Terrapin Rocks, Niagara Falls, ii. 390. - - Terra Haute, Ind., i. 409. - - Terry, General Alfred H., i. 348. - - Texas State University, Austin, Texas, iii. 431. - - Thames River, ii. 115. - - Thanksgiving Festival Day, iii. 16. - - Thatcher, Anthony, iii. 92. - - Thatcher's Island, Cape Ann, Mass., iii. 86, 92. - - Thaxter, Celia, iii. 233. - - Thayendanega, Indian chief, ii. 340. - - "The Christian or Purple and Royal Democracy," iii. 208. - - "The Culprit Fay," ii. 165. - - _The Deer-Slayer_, i. 297. - - _The Freedom of the Will_, ii. 255. - - "The Great Divide," iii. 491. - - "The Hat," Canada, iii. 486. - - "The Hours," picture, iii. 111. - - _The Kansas Emigrants_, iii. 388. - - _The Last of the Mohicans_, i. 270. - - _The Problem_, ii. 464. - - _The Spy_, ii. 137, 171. - - _The School Boy_, iii. 79. - - "The Skeleton in Armor," iii. 122. - - "The Thunder of Waters," ii. 379. - - _The Wayside Inn_, iii. 229, 262. - - _The Wide, Wide World_, ii. 156. - - "The Woman of the Wilderness," i. 183. - - _The Wreck of the Hesperus_, iii. 90. - - "Theological Seminary," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. - - "Theory of Concentric Spheres," iii. 331. - - "Thermopylae of New England," ii. 245. - - Thickety Mountain, S. C., iii. 361. - - Thimble Islands, Conn., ii. 113. - - Thomas, David, i. 232. - - Thomas, General George H., iii. 342. - - Thomas, General George H., statue of, i. 30. - - Thomaston, Me., iii. 266. - - Thompson Canyon, British Columbia, iii. 494. - - Thompson Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33. - - Thompson, Launt, ii. 246. - - Thompson River, iii. 494. - - Thompsonville, Conn., iii. 166. - - Thomson, Charles, i. 180. - - Thomson, James, ii. 326. - - Thoreau, Henry D., ii. 403, 437; iii. 18, 22, 50, 62, 68, 196, 521. - - Thorn Mountain, N. H., iii. 213. - - Thoroughfare Gap, Va., i. 103. - - "Thousand Islands," ii. 411. - - Thousand Island Park, ii. 414. - - Three Brothers, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. - - "Three Forks," iii. 383, 480. - - Three Rivers, Canada, ii. 455. - - "Three Sisters," Niagara Falls, ii. 391. - - "Three Sisters," Canada, ii. 415. - - "Three Turks' Heads," iii. 86. - - Throgg's Neck, N. Y., ii. 65, 94. - - "Thud" Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 495. - - Thunder Bay, i. 455. - - Thunder Cape, i. 455. - - Thunder Mountain, N. Y., ii. 148. - - Thunderbolt River, i. 357. - - Thunderbolt Shell Road, Savannah, Ga., i. 357. - - Tia Juana, Mexico, iii. 441. - - Ticknor, George, ii. 5; iii. 181. - - Ticonderoga, N. Y., ii. 291. - - Ticonderoga Creek, N. Y., ii. 285. - - "Tidewater Indians," i. 81. - - Tiffany's, New York City, ii. 41. - - Tilden, Samuel J., ii. 107. - - Timber, i. 347. - - Tin Mountain, N. H., iii. 213. - - Tippecanoe River, i. 407. - - Tip Top House, Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 206. - - Titusville, Fla., i. 378. - - Titusville, Pa., i. 334, 339. - - Tivoli, N. Y., ii. 182. - - Tobacco, i. 115, 345. - - Tobacco Exchange, Richmond, Va., i. 115. - - Tobacco, use of as medium of exchange, i. 71. - - Tobique River, iii. 286. - - Tohick-hanne, i. 222. - - Tohickon Creek, Pa., i. 222. - - Tohopekaliga, Indian chief, i. 387, 389. - - Toledo, O., i. 424. - - _Toledo Blade_, i. 424. - - "Tom Quick," i. 256. - - "Tom the Tinker," i. 293. - - "Tom Kedgewick" River, ii. 503. - - Tombigbee River, iii. 274. - - Tombs City Prison, New York City, ii. 38. - - Tomoka River, i. 377. - - Tompkins, Daniel D., ii. 10. - - Topeka, Kan., iii. 387. - - Toronto, Canada, ii. 406. - - _Toronto Globe_, ii. 407. - - Torpedo Station, Newport, R. I., iii. 138. - - "Torwen-Dorp," ii. 140. - - "Totem poles," iii. 501. - - Touro, Judah, iii. 137. - - Touro Park, Newport, R. I., iii. 137. - - Tower Building, New York City, ii. 30. - - Tower Creek, Yellowstone Park, i. 485. - - Tower Grove Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. - - "Tower of Victory," Newburg, N. Y., ii. 171. - - Tower Rock, Cayuga Lake, N. Y., ii. 360. - - Training Station, Newport, R. I., iii. 138. - - Trappists, ii. 443. - - Travis, Colonel, iii. 432. - - Treadwell, John, iii. 503. - - Treadwell gold mine, Douglas Island, Alaska, iii. 502. - - "Treason Hill," ii. 147. - - "Treason House," ii. 147. - - Treasury Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22. - - "Treaty Elm," i. 155. - - Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Va., i. 114. - - Tremont Street, Boston, Mass., iii. 41. - - Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass., iii. 40. - - Trempealeau Island, Wisconsin, i. 467. - - Trent, William, i. 212. - - Trenton, N. J., i. 211. - - Trenton Falls, N. Y., ii. 345. - - "Trenton gravel," i. 208. - - _Tribune_ Building, New York City, ii. 34. - - "Tri-mountain," iii. 30. - - Trinidad, Col., iii. 458. - - Trinity Church, New York City, ii. 28. - - Trinity Church Cemetery, Washington Heights, N. Y., ii. 60. - - Trinity College, Durham, N. C., iii. 362. - - Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., iii. 161. - - Trinity Episcopal Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 48. - - "Trinity Height," iii. 208. - - Trinity River, iii. 430. - - Triphammer Fall, N. Y., ii. 360. - - "Tri-States Corner," i. 257, 258. - - "Tri-States Rock," i. 288. - - Trois Pistoles, Canada, ii. 508. - - Trollope. Anthony, ii. 377, 383; iii. 202. - - "Trombone choir," i. 228. - - Troy. N. Y., ii. 214. - - Truckee River, iii. 477. - - Trumbull, Jonathan, ii. 97. - - Truro, Canada, iii. 303. - - Truro, Mass., iii. 21. - - "Truthful James," iii. 448. - - "Tschoop of the Mohicans," i. 229. - - Tselica river, iii. 359. - - _Tselica_, iii. 360. - - "Tsonnundawaonos," ii. 338. - - Tuckahoe Valley. Pa., i. 308. - - Tuckerman's Ravine, Mount Washington. N. H., iii. 211. - - Tucson. Arizona, iii. 435. - - Tugaloo River, iii. 364. - - Tulane University, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. - - Tupper Lakes. N. Y., ii. 323, 325. - - Turkey Bend. Va., i. 61. - - "Turkey bends," i. 385. - - Turkey Mountain. Pa., i. 303. - - Turpentine, i. 347. - - Tuscaloosa, Ala., iii. 369. - - Tuscaloosa. Indian chief, iii. 369. - - Tuscaloosa River, iii. 369. - - Tuscarawas River, i. 402. - - Tuscarora Gap. Pa., i. 302. - - Tuscarora Indians, i. 302, 303; ii. 337. - - Tuscarora Mountain, Pa., i. 302. - - Tuskegee, Ala., iii. 370. - - Tusket Islands, Canada, iii. 300. - - Tusket River, iii. 300. - - Tusten, Colonel, i. 261. - - Tuttletown, Cal., iii. 448. - - Tuxedo Lake, N. Y., ii. 134. - - Twain, Mark, iii. 163, 448. - - "Tweed Ring," ii. 35. - - "Twin Cities," i. 468. - - "Two-Ocean Pond," i. 509. - - _Two Years Before the Mast_, iii. 440, 516. - - Tybee Roads, Ga., i. 356. - - Tyler, John, i. 115. - - Tyler-Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332. - - Tyndall, Prof. John, ii. 382. - - Tyrone, Pa., i. 308. - - - Unaka Mountains, N. C., iii. 354. - - Uncas, Indian chief, i. 230; ii. 113; iii. 102. - - Uncatina, Mass., iii. 145. - - _Uncle Remus_, iii. 366. - - _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, ii. 74; iii. 78, 247. - - "Underground Railroad," i. 285. - - Undine's Veil, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. - - Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., ii. 335. - - "Union Line," i. 206. - - Union Metallic Cartridge Company's Works, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. - - "United Nieu Nederlandts Company," ii. 199. - - Union Pacific Railway, iii. 460. - - Union Square, New York City, ii. 41. - - Union Station, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 397. - - Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill., i. 436. - - Union Trust Building, New York City, ii. 31. - - "United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing," ii. 196. - - United States Armory, Springfield, Mass., iii. 167. - - United States Hotel, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221. - - United States Mint Philadelphia, Pa., i. 169. - - United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., i. 87. - - United States oil well, i. 337. - - United States Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. - - United States Treasury, New York City, ii. 31. - - United Verde Copper Mines, Arizona, iii. 460. - - University Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. - - University Hill, Syracuse, N. Y., ii. 357. - - University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, iii. 369. - - University of California, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 515. - - University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., i. 435. - - University of Colorado, Boulder, Col., iii. 464. - - University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, iii. 330. - - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., i. 452. - - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., i. 470. - - University of New Brunswick, Canada, iii. 287. - - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C., iii. 362. - - University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174. - - University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., iii. 352. - - University of Toronto, Canada, ii. 407, 408. - - University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt., ii. 302. - - University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., i. 124. - - University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., i. 464. - - University Press, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 60. - - Upland, i. 153. - - Upper Ausable Lake, N. Y., ii. 314. - - Upper Firehole Basin, Yellowstone Park, ii. 497. - - Upper Saranac Lake. N. Y., ii. 323. - - Upsalquitch River, ii. 503. - - Ursuline Convent, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473. - - Utah Lake, iii. 474. - - Ute Pass, Col., iii. 466. - - Utica, N. Y., ii. 343. - - Utter's Peak, Pa., i. 255. - - - Vale of Tempe, N. Y., ii. 165. - - Vale of Wyoming, Pa., i. 236. - - Valeur Island, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308. - - Vallejo, Cal., iii. 514. - - Valley Creek, Pa., i. 281. - - Valley Falls, R. I., iii. 114. - - Valley Forge, Pa., i. 187. - - "Valley of Virginia," i. 38, 123. - - Van Buren, Martin, i. 19; ii. 194, 198. - - Van Corlaer, Arent, ii. 335. - - Van Cortlandt Park, Greater New York, ii. 63. - - Van Cortlandts, the, ii. 63. - - Vancouver, British Columbia, iii. 497. - - Vancouver, Captain George, iii. 498, 504, 510. - - Vancouver Island, British Columbia, iii. 498. - - Van Dam, Rambout, ii. 139. - - Vanderbilt, Commodore Cornelius, ii. 17, 51; iii. 341. - - Vanderbilt, George, iii. 357. - - Vanderbilt University, Ky., iii. 341. - - Vanderbilt, William H., ii. 17, 51. - - Vanderbilt, William K., ii. 52. - - Vanderdonck, patroon, ii. 136. - - Vanderheyden, Derick, ii. 214. - - Vanderheyden, Jacob, ii. 208. - - "Vanderheyden Palace," Albany, N. Y., ii. 208. - - Van Dyck, Sir Anthony, i. 63. - - Van Dyke, Henry A., ii. 194. - - Van Rensselaer, Colonel Henry K., ii. 194. - - Van Rensselaer, General Stephen, ii. 201, 215. - - Van Rensselaer, Killian, ii. 198. - - Van Rensselaer mansion, Albany, N. Y., ii. 207. - - Van Schaick's Island, N. Y., ii. 215. - - Van Tassel, Baltus, ii. 142. - - Van Tassel, Jacob, ii. 142. - - Van Tassel, Katrina, ii. 144. - - Van Wart Isaac, ii. 142. - - Varennes, Canada, ii. 454. - - Varina, plantation, i. 59. - - Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 176. - - Vassar, Matthew, ii. 39. 176. - - Vauban, Sebastien le P., iii. 311. - - Vaughan, Samuel, i. 48. - - Vernal Fall Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. - - Vernon, Admiral Edward, i. 43. - - Verplanck House, Fishkill, N. Y., ii. 171. - - Verplanck, Philip, ii. 148. - - Verplanck's Point, N. Y., ii. 147. - - "Verts Monts," ii. 293. - - Vestibule, Memorial Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. - - Veta Pass, Col., iii. 467. - - Vicksburg, Miss., iii. 408. - - Victoria Tubular Bridge, Montreal, Canada, ii. 431. - - Victoria Skating Rink, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. - - Victoria Tower, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 453. - - "Vigilance Committees," iii. 517. - - Villard, Henry, iii. 480. - - "Ville Marie de Montreal," ii. 428. - - "Ville Marie," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434. - - Vimont, Father, ii. 429. - - Vinalhaven Island, Me., iii. 266. - - Vineyard Haven, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147. - - Vineyard Sound, Mass., iii. 143. - - "Virginia," the, iii. 255. - - Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478. - - "Virginia Company," i. 4, 5. - - Virgin's Tears, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. - - Vis Kill, N. Y., ii. 69. - - "Vixen" Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 493. - - Voltaire, Francois-Marie A., ii. 474. - - "Volunteer of 1861," iii. 65. - - Volusia, Fla., i. 386. - - Von Corlaer, Anthony, ii. 58. - - Von Humboldt, Baron Karl W., i. 14. - - Von Kleek, Baltus, ii. 175. - - "Vulture," the, ii. 146, 159. - - - Waal-bogt, ii. 72. - - Wabash River, i. 409; iii. 342. - - Wabasha, Minn., i. 467. - - Wade, Jenny, i. 136. - - Wade Park, Cleveland, O., i. 420. - - Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, iii. 475. - - Wahunsonacock, Indian chief, i. 57. - - Wakulla Spring, Fla., i. 390. - - Walden Pond, Concord, Mass., iii. 68. - - Waldo, Samuel, iii. 266. - - Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City, ii. 46. - - "Walink-papeek," i. 267. - - Walker, Admiral Hovenden, ii. 478; iii. 309. - - "Walking skeleton," ii. 206. - - Wall Street, New York City, ii. 31. - - Wallabout, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 72. - - Wallabout Market, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73. - - Wallace, General Lew, iii. 459. - - Wallenpaupack Creek, Pa., i. 266. - - Wallface Mountain, N. Y., ii. 237. - - Wallingford, Conn., ii. 111. - - Wallkill River, ii. 176. - - Walloons, ii. 72. - - "Walls of Corn," iii. 390. - - Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161. - - Walnut Hills, Vicksburg, Miss., iii. 408. - - Walpack Bend, Pa., i. 253. - - Walter, Thomas U., i. 14, 167. - - Walters, Henry, i. 92. - - Waltham, Mass., iii. 64. - - Wampanoag Indians, iii. 124. - - Wamsutta muslins, iii. 140. - - Wanamaker, John, ii. 41. - - Wapanachki, i. 156. - - Wap-o-wang River, ii. 103. - - Wapta River, iii. 491. - - War College, Newport, R. I., iii. 138. - - War Department Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22. - - Ware, Mass., iii. 119. - - Ware River, iii. 119. - - Warham, John, iii. 166. - - Warner, Charles Dudley, ii. 315; iii. 443. - - Warner, Susan, ii. 156. - - Warren, Admiral John B., iii. 312, 314. - - Warren, Dr. Joseph, iii. 42, 57. - - Warren, Lavinia, ii. 102. - - Warren, R. I., iii. 123. - - Warrenton, Va., i. 124. - - Warrior Ridge, Pa., i. 306. - - "Warrior's Path," i. 232. - - Wash Tubs, geysers, Yellowstone Park, i. 501. - - Washburn & Moen Wire Works, Worchester, Mass., iii. 118. - - Washburn Observatory, Madison, Wis., i. 464. - - Washburne, Cadwalader C., iii. 246. - - Washburne, Elihu B., iii. 246. - - Washburne, Israel, iii. 246. - - Washington Aqueduct, D. C., i. 41. - - Washington, Augustine, i. 43, 50. - - Washington, Booker T., iii. 371. - - Washington Bridge, N. Y., ii. 61. - - Washington Building, New York City, ii. 26. - - Washington, Bushrod, i. 43. - - Washington Centennial Memorial Arch, New York City, ii. 44. - - Washington, D. C., i. 8. - - "Washington Elm," Cambridge, Mass., iii. 58. - - Washington, George, i. 30, 42, 43, 44, 55, 87, 89, 111, 162, 178, - 181, 213, 276, 292, 321, 322; ii. 15, 22, 25, 29, 32, 36, 41, - 97, 137, 159, 170; iii. 36, 58, 63, 159. - - Washington Heights, N. Y., ii. 60. - - Washington, Lawrence, i. 43, 45. - - Washington, Martha, i. 45, 48. - - Washington Monument, Washington, D. C., i. 32. - - Washington, Pa., i. 333. - - Washington Park, Albany, N. Y., ii. 207. - - _Washington Post_, i. 34. - - Washington relics, i. 46. - - Washington Square, New York City, ii. 44. - - Washington Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. - - Washington Street, Boston, Mass., iii. 41. - - Washington University, Mo., iii. 396. - - Washington's Farewell Address, i. 48. - - Washita River, iii. 406. - - Watch Hill Point, R. I., ii. 118. - - "Watch House," Plymouth, Mass., iii. 15. - - Waterbury River, ii. 304. - - "Water cures," ii. 367. - - Waterford, N. Y., ii. 214. - - Waterford, R. I., iii. 117. - - Waterville, Me., iii. 251. - - Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y., ii. 214. - - Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 362, 364. - - Watuppa Lakes, Fall River, Mass., iii. 128. - - Waukawan Lake, N. H., iii. 195. - - Waverley, Canada, iii. 303. - - "Wawona," tree, iii. 450. - - Waycross, Georgia, i. 357. - - Wayne, General Anthony, i. 281, 406, 424. - - Webb, Captain, ii. 393. - - Weber Canyon, Utah, iii. 473. - - Weber River, iii. 473. - - Webster, Daniel, ii. 92; iii. 26, 38, 44, 57, 79, 181, 195. - - Webster, Edward, iii. 26. - - Webster, Fletcher, iii. 26. - - Webster, Noah, ii. 107, 112. - - Weehawken, N. J., ii. 14. - - Weetamoo, Indian princess, iii. 84. - - Weirs Landing, N. H., iii. 220. - - "We-la-ka," i. 381. - - Welaka, Fla., i. 382. - - "Welcome," the, i. 154. - - Welfleet, Mass., iii. 21. - - Wellington, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, iii. 498. - - Welles Building, New York City, ii. 30. - - Wellesley Female College, Wellesley, Mass., iii. 51. - - Wellesley, Mass., iii. 51. - - Wells, Me., iii. 241. - - Wells River, iii. 182. - - Wells River (village), Vt., iii. 182. - - Welsh Mountain, Pa., i. 281. - - Wenawmien, i. 157. - - Wenham Lake, Mass., iii. 77. - - Wentworth, Benning, iii. 229. - - Wentworth Hotel, Newcastle Island, N. H., iii. 229. - - Wepecket, Mass., iii. 145. - - Wequash, Indian chief, ii. 117. - - Wesco, iii. 150. - - Wesley, Charles, i. 356. - - Wesley, John, i. 356. - - Wesleyan Female College, Macon, Ga., iii. 369. - - Wesleyan Methodist College, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159. - - West, Benjamin, i. 163. - - West Brighton Beach, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82. - - West Canada Creek, N. Y., ii. 345. - - West Chop, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147. - - West End, Boston, Mass., iii. 47. - - West End, Long Branch, N. J., i. 194. - - West Florida Seminary, Tallahassee, Fla., i. 390. - - West Peak, Meriden, Conn., iii. 160. - - West Point, Ga., iii. 370. - - West Point, N. Y., ii. 153. - - West Point Cemetery, West Point, N. Y., ii. 162. - - West, Thomas, i. 144. - - Westerly, Conn., ii. 118. - - Western Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. - - "Western Reserve," i. 416. - - Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O., i. 420. - - Westfield, Mass., iii. 169. - - Westinghouse Air-Brake Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 328. - - Westinghouse Electrical Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327. - - Westinghouse, George, i. 328. - - Westminster Park, Thousand Island Park, N. Y., ii. 414. - - _Westminster Review_, i. 136. - - Westover House, i. 63. - - _Westover Manuscripts_, i. 64. - - Westover, plantation, i. 63. - - Westport, N. Y., ii. 311. - - Westport Landing, N. Y., ii. 299. - - Wethersfield, Conn., iii. 159. - - Weymouth, Indian trader, iii. 254, 255, 260. - - Whale Cove, Land's End, Mass., iii. 92. - - Whale Indians, iii. 501. - - Whaling industry, decline of, iii. 140. - - Whalley, regicide, ii. 110; iii. 175. - - "What Cheer Cottage," Providence, R. I., iii. 113. - - "What Cheer Rock," Providence, R. I., iii. 108. - - Wheat, i. 281. - - "Wheat-Town," ii. 140. - - Wheat, first crop of, in the United States, i. 68. - - Wheaton House, Newburg, N. Y., ii. 171. - - Wheeler and Wilson Sewing-Machine Works, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. - - Wheeling, W. Va., iii. 327. - - Wheelock, Rev. Eleazer, iii. 181. - - Whetstone Brook, Vt., iii. 178. - - Whetstone Point, Md., i. 93. - - Whetstone River, i. 403. - - Whirlpool, Niagara Falls, ii. 392. - - "Whisky boys," i. 292. - - "Whisky Insurrection," i. 292. - - Whispering Gallery, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 16. - - White Hill, N. J., i. 203. - - White House, Washington, D. C., i. 18. - - "White Mountain Giant," iii. 203. - - White Mountain Notch, N. H., iii. 197. - - White Mountains, N. H., iii. 187. - - White, Peregrine, iii. 9. - - White River, Vermont, iii. 181. - - White River, Arkansas, iii. 404. - - "White Spot," Penn's Mount, Pa., i. 189. - - White, William, i. 170. - - Whitefield, George, i. 19, 356; ii. 119; iii. 35, 42, 73, 82, 312. - - Whitehall Slip, New York City, ii. 25. - - Whitingham, Vt., iii. 179. - - Whitney, Eli, ii. 98, 107, 112; iii. 373. - - White's Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 233. - - White's Pass, Alaska, iii. 506. - - Whittier, John G., i. 40, 443, 481; ii. 100, 125, 246, 512; - iii. 71, 73, 81, 82, 94, 150, 151, 196, 218, 221, 222, 227, - 248, 250, 258, 272, 280, 388, 522. - - Wickford, R. I., iii. 105. - - "Widows' House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. - - "Wild Cat," i. 376. - - Wild Cat Ridge, N. H., iii. 212. - - Wildercliff estate, ii. 180. - - Wilderstein estate, ii. 180. - - Wilderness, Va., battle of, i. 104. - - Wilkesbarre, Pa., i. 238. - - Willamette River, iii. 485. - - Willett's Point, N. Y., ii. 94. - - Willey House, White Mountain Notch, N. H., iii. 201. - - Willey, Samuel, iii. 201. - - William IV., ii. 95. - - Williams, Betsy, iii. 113. - - Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., ii. 245, 281. - - Williams, Colonel Ephraim, ii. 281. - - Williams, David, ii. 142. - - Williams River, iii. 180. - - Williams, Robert, ii. 93. - - Williams, Roger, ii. 77; iii. 76, 99, 100, 108, 113. - - Williamsburg, Va., i. 52. - - Williamsport, Pa., i. 299. - - Williamstown, Mass., ii. 245. - - "Williams' Rock," Lake George, N. Y., ii. 281. - - Willis, Nathaniel P., i. 255; ii. 172; iii. 71, 243. - - Willoughby Island, Alaska, iii. 504. - - Wilmington, Del., i. 150. - - Wilmington, N. C., i. 347. - - Wilmington Notch, N. Y., ii. 305. - - Wilmington Pass, N. Y., ii. 321. - - Wilson, Alexander, i. 173. - - Wilson, Judge James, i. 267. - - Winchester, Va., i. 102. - - "Wind Gap," Pa., i. 231, 248. - - Windsor, Vt., iii. 180. - - Windsor Locks, Conn., iii. 166. - - Windsor on the Avon, Canada, iii. 295. - - Wingaersheek, iii. 86. - - Winnakee Brook, N. Y., ii. 174. - - Winnepurkit, Indian chief, iii. 83. - - Winnipeg, Canada, i. 479; iii. 485. - - Winnipeg River, i. 479. - - Winona, Minn., i. 467. - - Winooski River, ii. 303. - - Winslow, Governor Edward, iii. 26. - - "Winterberg," ii. 262. - - Winter Park, Fla., i. 387. - - Winthrop, Governor John, ii. 120; iii. 29, 31, 40, 74. - - Winthrop, Theodore, iii. 185. - - Wirtz, Henry, iii. 370. - - "Wisdom stone," i. 184. - - Wise, Henry A., i. 116. - - Wissahickon Creek, Pa., i. 180. - - Witch Hill, Salem, Mass., iii. 76. - - Witherspoon, Dr. John, i. 215. - - Wizard Island, Oregon, iii. 513. - - "Wizard of Menlo Park," ii. 21. - - Wolcott, Oliver, ii. 263. - - Wolcottville, Conn., ii. 264. - - Wolf Indians, iii. 501. - - Wolfboro', N. H., iii. 219. - - Wolfe, General James, i. 252; iii. 315. - - Wolfe Island, Canada, ii. 411. - - Wolfe monument, Quebec, Canada, ii. 471. - - Wolfe-Montcalm monument, Quebec, Canada, ii. 470. - - Wolfe's Cove, Canada, ii. 471. - - "Wolfert's Roost," ii. 142 - - Wolseley, Lord Garnet J., i. 478. - - _Wood Giant_, iii. 196. - - Woodbury, Levi, iii. 181. - - Woodlawn Park, N. Y., ii. 226. - - Woodruff, Theodore T., i. 439. - - "Wooden-nutmeg State," ii. 97. - - Wood's Holl, Mass, iii. 144. - - Woodstock, Canada, iii. 287. - - Woodward Hill Cemetery, Lancaster, Pa., i. 282. - - Woodworth, Samuel, iii. 28. - - Wool, General John E., ii. 170. - - Woolsey, Theodore D., ii. 107. - - Woonsocket Hill, R. I., iii. 117. - - Wooster, General David, ii. 264. - - Worcester, Mass., iii. 117. - - Wordsworth, William, i. 442. - - Wordsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, Conn., iii. 164. - - World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, Ill., i. 429. - - Woronoco, iii. 169. - - Worth, General William J., i. 377; ii. 42, 194. - - Wrangell, Baron Ferdinand, iii. 500. - - Wright, Harry, i. 180. - - Wright, Philemon, ii. 449. - - Wright, Silas, ii. 203. - - "Writing Rock," Taunton, Mass., iii. 121. - - Wyandance, Indian chief, ii. 122. - - Wyandot Indians, i. 319; iii. 392. - - Wyandotte, Kan., iii. 391. - - Wyoming coal measures, i. 237. - - Wyoming massacre, i. 241. - - Wyoming Vale, Pa., i. 237. - - - Ximenes, Francisco, iii. 442. - - - Yadkin River, iii. 362. - - Yale, British Columbia, iii. 497. - - Yale College, New Haven, Conn., ii. 106, 114. - - Yale, Elihu, ii. 107. - - Yallabusha River, iii. 407. - - "Yankee notions," ii. 97. - - Yankton, South Dakota, iii. 384. - - Yantic Falls, Conn., iii. 104. - - Yarmouth, Canada, iii. 290. - - Yarmouth, Mass., iii. 21. - - Yazoo Basin, iii. 406. - - Yazoo Indians, ii. 463. - - Yazoo River, iii. 407. - - "Ye Governour's Farme of Fyscher's Island," ii. 120. - - Yeardley, Sir George, i. 69. - - Yellowstone Canyon, i. 508. - - Yellowstone Falls, i. 505. - - Yellowstone Lake, i. 485, 504. - - Yellowstone National Park, i. 484. - - Yellowstone River, i. 483, 504. - - Yerba Buena, iii. 516. - - Yerba Buena Park, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519. - - Yerkes Observatory, Lake Geneva, Wis., i. 435. - - Yoacamoco, i. 85. - - Yokun-town, Mass., ii. 250. - - Yonge Street, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408. - - Yonkers, N. Y., ii. 135. - - York, Me., iii. 240. - - York Beach, Me., iii. 240. - - York River, i. 8, 51. - - Yorktown, Va., i. 52. - - Yorktown, Va., sieges of, i. 53, 54. - - Yosemite Creek, Cal., iii. 452. - - Yosemite Falls, Cal., iii. 452. - - Yosemite Point, Cal., iii. 453. - - Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 450. - - Young, Brigham, iii. 179, 394, 473, 475. - - Young, John, ii. 203. - - Youngstown, Ohio, i. 402. - - Youghiogheny River, i. 320, 330. - - Yukon River, iii. 500. - - Yuma, Arizona, iii. 437. - - Yuma Indians, iii. 437. - - - Zaeger's Kill, ii. 182. - - "Zenith City of the Unsalted Seas," i. 460. - - Zinzendorf, Count Nikolaus L., i. 227, 239. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of America, Volume 6 (of 6), by Joel Cook - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICA, VOLUME 6 (OF 6) *** - -***** This file should be named 42872.txt or 42872.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/8/7/42872/ - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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