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diff --git a/42854-h/42854-h.htm b/42854-h/42854-h.htm index cfc5a94..e0a06c4 100644 --- a/42854-h/42854-h.htm +++ b/42854-h/42854-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= - "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + "text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume XVII Slice IV - Magnetite to Malt. @@ -145,46 +145,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, -Volume 17, Slice 4, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 17, Slice 4 - "Magnetite" to "Malt" - -Author: Various - -Release Date: June 1, 2013 [EBook #42854] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. BRITANNICA, VOL 17 SL 4 *** - - - - -Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42854 ***</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #dcdcdc; color: #696969; " summary="Transcriber's note"> <tr> @@ -232,7 +193,7 @@ Magnetite to Malt</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar8">MAGO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar95">MAKARAKA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar9">MAGPIE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar96">MAKART, HANS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar10">MAGWE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar97">MAKING-UP PRICE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar11">MAGYARS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar98">MAK</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar11">MAGYARS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar98">MAKÓ</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar12">MAHABALESHWAR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar99">MAKRAN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar13">MAHAFFY, JOHN PENTLAND</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar100">MAKSOORA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar14">MAHALLAT</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar101">MALABAR</a></td></tr> @@ -245,11 +206,11 @@ Magnetite to Malt</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar21">MAHAYANA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar108">MALACHY, ST</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar22">MAHDI</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar109">MALACOSTRACA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar23">MAHDIA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar110">MALAGA</a> (province of Spain)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar24">MAH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar111">MALAGA</a> (city of Spain)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar24">MAHÉ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar111">MALAGA</a> (city of Spain)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar25">MAHESHWAR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar112">MALAKAND PASS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar26">MAHI</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar113">MALALAS, JOHN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar27">MAHI KANTHA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar114">MALAN, SOLOMON CAESAR</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar28">MAHMUD I.</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar115">MLAR</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar28">MAHMUD I.</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar115">MÄLAR</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar29">MAHMUD II.</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar116">MALARIA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar30">MAHMUD NEDIM PASHA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar117">MALATIA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar31">MAHMUD OF GHAZNI</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar118"> MALAYALAM</a></td></tr> @@ -268,33 +229,33 @@ Magnetite to Malt</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar44">MAIA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar131">MALDON</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar45">MAIDA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar132">MALEBRANCHE, NICOLAS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar46">MAIDAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar133">MALER KOTLA</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar47">MAIDEN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar134">MALESHERBES, CHRTIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON DE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar47">MAIDEN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar134">MALESHERBES, CHRÉTIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON DE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar48">MAIDENHAIR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar135">MALET, LUCAS</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar49">MAIDENHEAD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar136">MALHERBE, FRANOIS DE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar50">MAID MARIAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar137">MALIBRAN, MARIE FLICIT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar49">MAIDENHEAD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar136">MALHERBE, FRANÇOIS DE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar50">MAID MARIAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar137">MALIBRAN, MARIE FÉLICITÉ</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar51">MAIDSTONE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar138">MALIC ACID</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar52">MAIHAR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar139">MALIGNANT</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar53">MAIL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar140">MALIK IBN ANAS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar54">MAILLY, LOUISE JULIE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar141">MALINES</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar55">MAIMANA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar142">MALLANWAN</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar56">MAIMAND</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar143">MALLARM, FRANOIS REN AUGUSTE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar57">MAIMBOURG, LOUIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar144">MALLARM, STPHANE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar56">MAIMAND</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar143">MALLARMÉ, FRANÇOIS RENÉ AUGUSTE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar57">MAIMBOURG, LOUIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar144">MALLARMÉ, STÉPHANE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar58">MAIMING</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar145">MALLECO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar59">MAIMON, SALOMON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar146">MALLEMUCK</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar60">MAIMONIDES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar147">MALLESON, GEORGE BRUCE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar61">MAIN</a> (river of Germany)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar148">MALLET, DAVID</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar62">MAIN</a> (power or strength)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar149">MALLET, PAUL HENRI</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar63">MAINA and MAINOTES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar150">MALLET, ROBERT</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar64">MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BNDICTE DE BOURBON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar151">MALLET DU PAN, JACQUES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar64">MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BÉNÉDICTE DE BOURBON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar151">MALLET DU PAN, JACQUES</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar65">MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar152">MALLING, EAST and WEST</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar66">MAINE</a> (French province)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar153">MALLOCK, WILLIAM HURRELL</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar67">MAINE</a> (U.S. state)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar154">MALLOW</a> (town of Ireland)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar68">MAINE DE BIRAN, FRANOIS-PIERRE-GONTHIER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar155">MALLOW</a> (botanical genus)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar68">MAINE DE BIRAN, FRANÇOIS-PIERRE-GONTHIER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar155">MALLOW</a> (botanical genus)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar69">MAINE-ET-LOIRE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar156">MALMEDY</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar70">MAINPURI</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar157">MALMESBURY, JAMES HARRIS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar71">MAINTENANCE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar158">MALMESBURY, JAMES HOWARD HARRIS</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar72">MAINTENON, FRANOISE D’AUBIGN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar159">MALMESBURY</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar73">MAINZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar160">MALM</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar72">MAINTENON, FRANÇOISE D’AUBIGNÉ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar159">MALMESBURY</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar73">MAINZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar160">MALMÖ</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar74">MAIRET, JEAN DE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar161">MALMSEY</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar75">MAISTRE, JOSEPH DE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar162">MALOCELLO, LANCILOTO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar76">MAISTRE, XAVIER DE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar163">MALOLOS</a></td></tr> @@ -303,11 +264,11 @@ Magnetite to Malt</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar79">MAITLAND, SIR RICHARD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar166">MALONIC ACID</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar80">MAITLAND, WILLIAM</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar167">MALORY, SIR THOMAS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar81">MAITLAND, EAST and WEST</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar168">MALOT, HECTOR HENRI</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar82">MAITREYA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar169">MALOU, JULES DOUARD XAVIER</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar82">MAITREYA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar169">MALOU, JULES ÉDOUARD XAVIER</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar83">MAIWAND</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar170">MALOUET, PIERRE VICTOR</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar84">MAIZE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar171">MALPIGHI, MARCELLO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar85">MAJESTY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar172">MALPLAQUET</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar86">MAJLTH, JNOS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar173">MALSTATT-BURBACH</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar86">MAJLÁTH, JÁNOS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar173">MALSTATT-BURBACH</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar87">MAJOLICA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar174">MALT</a></td></tr> </table> @@ -324,7 +285,7 @@ opaque mineral, with metallic lustre; hardness about 6, sp. gr. 4.9 to 5.2. When scratched, it yields a black streak. It is an oxide of iron having the formula Fe<span class="su">3</span>O<span class="su">4</span>, corresponding with 72.4% of metal, whence its great value as an ore. It may -be regarded as a ferroso-ferric oxide, FeOFe<span class="su">2</span>O<span class="su">3</span>, or as iron +be regarded as a ferroso-ferric oxide, FeO·Fe<span class="su">2</span>O<span class="su">3</span>, or as iron ferrate, Fe″Fe<span class="su">2</span>″′O<span class="su">4</span>. Titanium is often present, and occasionally the mineral contains magnesium, nickel, &c. It is always strongly magnetic. Magnetite crystallizes in the cubic system, @@ -464,7 +425,7 @@ permits of the sensitiveness being altered by changing the position of the deflecting magnets. Further, by suitably choosing the positions of the deflectors and the coefficient of torsion of the fibre, it is possible to make the temperature coefficient vanish. -(See Adolf Schmidt, <i>Zeits. fr Instrumentenkunde</i>, 1907, 27, 145.) +(See Adolf Schmidt, <i>Zeits. für Instrumentenkunde</i>, 1907, 27, 145.) The method of recording the variations in H is exactly the same as that adopted in the case of the declination, and the sensitiveness generally adopted is such that 1 mm. on the record represents a @@ -522,7 +483,7 @@ attached to each magnet two mirrors, their planes being inclined at a small angle so that when the spot reflected from one mirror goes off the paper, that corresponding to the other comes on. In the later pattern a third mirror is added of which the plane is -inclined at about 30 to the horizontal. The light from the slit +inclined at about 30° to the horizontal. The light from the slit is reflected on to this mirror by an inclined fixed mirror, and after reflection at the movable mirror is again reflected at the fixed mirror and so reaches the recording drum. By this arrangement the angular @@ -534,11 +495,11 @@ disturbance.</p> <p>See also Balfour Stewart, <i>Report of the British Association</i>, Aberdeen, 1859, 200, a description of the type of instrument used in the -older observatories; E. Mascart, <i>Trait de magntisme terrestre</i>, +older observatories; E. Mascart, <i>Traité de magnétisme terrestre</i>, p. 191; W. Watson, <i>Terrestrial Magnetism</i>, 1901, 6, 187, describing magnetographs used in India; M. Eschenhagen, <i>Verhandlungen der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft</i>, 1899, 1, 147; <i>Terrestrial -Magnetism</i>, 1900, 5, 59; and 1901, 6, 59; <i>Zeits. fr Instrumentenkunde</i>, +Magnetism</i>, 1900, 5, 59; and 1901, 6, 59; <i>Zeits. für Instrumentenkunde</i>, 1907, 27, 137; W. G. Cady, <i>Terrestrial Magnetism</i>, 1904, 9, 69, describing a declination magnetograph in which the record is obtained by means of a pen acting on a moving strip of paper, @@ -553,7 +514,7 @@ as possible from temperature changes. For descriptions of the arrangements adopted in some observatories see the following: U.S. observatories, <i>Terrestrial Magnetism</i>, 1903, 8, 11; Utrecht, <i>Terrestrial Magnetism</i>, 1900, 5, 49; St Maur, <i>Terrestrial Magnetism</i>, -1898, 3, 1; Potsdam, <i>Verffentlichungen des k. preuss. meteorol. +1898, 3, 1; Potsdam, <i>Veröffentlichungen des k. preuss. meteorol. Instituts</i>, “Ergebnisse der magnetischen Beobachtungen in Potsdam in den Jahren 1890 und 1891;” Pavlovsk, “Das Konstantinow’sche meteorologische und magnetische Observatorium in Pavlovsk,” @@ -646,7 +607,7 @@ attached, the instrument is rotated about its vertical axis till the centre division of the scale appears to coincide with the vertical cross-wire of the telescope. The two verniers on the azimuth circle having been read, the magnet is then inverted, <i>i.e.</i> turned through -180 about its axis, and the setting is repeated. A second setting +180° about its axis, and the setting is repeated. A second setting with the magnet inverted is generally made, and then another setting with the magnet in its original position. The mean of all the readings of the verniers gives the reading on the azimuth circle @@ -770,12 +731,12 @@ magnet makes with the meridian when the centre of the deflecting magnet is at a distance r, then</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td>rH</td> +<tr><td>r³H</td> <td rowspan="2">sin θ = 1 +</td> <td>P</td> <td rowspan="2">+</td> <td>Q</td> <td rowspan="2">+ &c.,</td></tr> <tr><td class="denom">2M</td> <td class="denom">r</td> -<td class="denom">r</td></tr></table> +<td class="denom">r²</td></tr></table> <p class="noind">in which P and Q are constants depending on the dimensions and magnetic states of the two magnets. The value of the constants @@ -786,7 +747,7 @@ Thus it is usual, if the magnets are of similar shape, to make the deflected magnet 0.467 of the length of the deflecting magnet, in which case Q is negligible, and thus by means of deflexion experiments at two distances the value of P can be obtained. (See C. -Brgen, <i>Terrestrial Magnetism</i>, 1896, i. p. 176, and C. Chree, <i>Phil. +Börgen, <i>Terrestrial Magnetism</i>, 1896, i. p. 176, and C. Chree, <i>Phil. Mag.</i>, 1904 [6], 7, p. 113.)</p> <p>In the case of the vibration experiment correction terms have to @@ -810,16 +771,16 @@ description of the Kew pattern unifilar magnetometer and detailed instructions for performing the experiments; C. Chree, <i>Phil. Mag.</i>, 1901 (6), 2, p. 613, and <i>Proc. Roy. Soc.</i>, 1899, 65, p. 375, containing a discussion of the errors to which the Kew unifilar instrument is -subject; E. Mascart, <i>Trait de magntisme terrestre</i>, containing a +subject; E. Mascart, <i>Traité de magnétisme terrestre</i>, containing a description of the instruments used in the French magnetic survey, which are interesting on account of their small size and consequent easy portability; H. E. D. Fraser, <i>Terrestrial Magnetism</i>, 1901, 6, p. 65, containing a description of a modified Kew pattern unifilar -as used in the Indian survey; H. Wild, <i>Mm. Acad. imp. sc. St -Ptersbourg</i>, 1896 (viii.), vol. 3, No. 7, containing a description of a +as used in the Indian survey; H. Wild, <i>Mém. Acad. imp. sc. St +Pétersbourg</i>, 1896 (viii.), vol. 3, No. 7, containing a description of a most elaborate unifilar magnetometer with which it is claimed results can be obtained of a very high order of accuracy; K. Haufsmann, -<i>Zeits. fr Instrumentenkunde</i>, 1906, 26, p. 2, containing a +<i>Zeits. für Instrumentenkunde</i>, 1906, 26, p. 2, containing a description of a magnetometer for field use, designed by M. Eschenhagen, which has many advantages.</p> </div> @@ -933,11 +894,11 @@ force. This power of rotating the plane of polarization in a magnetic field has been shown to be possessed by all refracting substances, whether they are in the solid, liquid or gaseous state. The rotation by gases was established independently by H. -Becquerel,<a name="fa2c" id="fa2c" href="#ft2c"><span class="sp">2</span></a> and Kundt and Rntgen,<a name="fa3c" id="fa3c" href="#ft3c"><span class="sp">3</span></a> while Kundt<a name="fa4c" id="fa4c" href="#ft4c"><span class="sp">4</span></a> found that +Becquerel,<a name="fa2c" id="fa2c" href="#ft2c"><span class="sp">2</span></a> and Kundt and Röntgen,<a name="fa3c" id="fa3c" href="#ft3c"><span class="sp">3</span></a> while Kundt<a name="fa4c" id="fa4c" href="#ft4c"><span class="sp">4</span></a> found that films of the magnetic metals, iron, cobalt, nickel, thin enough to be transparent, produced enormous rotations, these being in iron -and cobalt magnetized to saturation at the rate of 200,000 per -cm. of thickness, and in nickel about 89,000. The direction +and cobalt magnetized to saturation at the rate of 200,000° per +cm. of thickness, and in nickel about 89,000°. The direction of rotation is not the same in all bodies. If we call the rotation positive when it is related to the direction of the magnetic force, like rotation and translation in a right-handed screw, or, what is @@ -960,17 +921,17 @@ magnetic potential at P and Q, then θ = R(Ω<span class="su">P</span> constant, called Verdet’s constant, which depends upon the refracting substance, the wave length of the light, and the temperature. The following are the values of R (when the rotation is expressed -in circular measure) for the D line and a temperature of 18 C.:—</p> +in circular measure) for the D line and a temperature of 18° C.:—</p> <table class="ws" summary="Contents"> -<tr><td class="tcc bb">Substance.</td> <td class="tcl bb">R 10<span class="sp">5</span>.</td> <td class="tcc bb">Observer.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tclm cl bb" rowspan="2">Carbon bisulphide</td> <td class="tcl">1.222</td> <td class="tcl">Lord Rayleigh<a name="fa6c" id="fa6c" href="#ft6c"><span class="sp">6</span></a> and Kpsel.<a name="fa7c" id="fa7c" href="#ft7c"><span class="sp">7</span></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcc bb">Substance.</td> <td class="tcl bb">R × 10<span class="sp">5</span>.</td> <td class="tcc bb">Observer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tclm cl bb" rowspan="2">Carbon bisulphide</td> <td class="tcl">1.222</td> <td class="tcl">Lord Rayleigh<a name="fa6c" id="fa6c" href="#ft6c"><span class="sp">6</span></a> and Köpsel.<a name="fa7c" id="fa7c" href="#ft7c"><span class="sp">7</span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">1.225</td> <td class="tcl">Rodger and Watson.<a name="fa8c" id="fa8c" href="#ft8c"><span class="sp">8</span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tclm cl" rowspan="2">Water</td> <td class="tcl"> .377</td> <td class="tcl">Arons.<a name="fa9c" id="fa9c" href="#ft9c"><span class="sp">9</span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"> .3808</td> <td class="tcl">Rodger and Watson.<a href="#ft8c"><span class="sp">8</span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Alcohol</td> <td class="tcl"> .330</td> <td class="tcl">Du Bois.<a name="fa10c" id="fa10c" href="#ft10c"><span class="sp">10</span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Ether</td> <td class="tcl"> .315</td> <td class="tcl">Du Bois.<a href="#ft10c"><span class="sp">10</span></a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Oxygen (at 1 atmosphere)</td> <td class="tcl"> .000179</td> <td class="tcl">Kundt and Rntgen (<i>loc. cit.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Oxygen (at 1 atmosphere)</td> <td class="tcl"> .000179</td> <td class="tcl">Kundt and Röntgen (<i>loc. cit.</i>)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Faraday’s heavy glass</td> <td class="tcl">1.738</td> <td class="tcl"> </td></tr> </table> @@ -979,8 +940,8 @@ in circular measure) for the D line and a temperature of 18 C.:—</p> <p>The variation of Verdet’s constant with temperature has been determined for carbon bisulphide and water by Rodger and Watson (<i>loc. cit.</i>). They find if R<span class="su">t</span>, R<span class="su">0</span> are the values of Verdet’s constant -at tC and 0C. respectively, then for carbon bisulphide R<span class="su">t</span> = R<span class="su">0</span> -(1 − .0016961), and for water R<span class="su">t</span> = R<span class="su">0</span> (1 − .0000305t − .00000305t).</p> +at t°C and 0°C. respectively, then for carbon bisulphide R<span class="su">t</span> = R<span class="su">0</span> +(1 − .0016961), and for water R<span class="su">t</span> = R<span class="su">0</span> (1 − .0000305t − .00000305t²).</p> <p>For the magnetic metals Kundt found that the rotation did not increase so rapidly as the magnetic force, but that as this force was @@ -996,10 +957,10 @@ cases of carbon bisulphide and creosote the rotation given by the formula</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2">θ = mcγ</td> <td>c</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">θ = mcγ</td> <td>c²</td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="f200">(</span> c − λ</td> <td>di</td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="f200">)</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="denom">λ</td> <td class="denom">dλ</td></tr></table> +<tr><td class="denom">λ²</td> <td class="denom">dλ</td></tr></table> <p class="noind">with those actually observed; in this formula θ is the angular rotation of the plane of polarization, m a constant depending on @@ -1019,7 +980,7 @@ substances we can get magnetically neutral solutions, which, however, produce a finite rotation of the plane of polarization. The relation of the magnetic rotation to chemical <span class="correction" title="amended from consitution">constitution</span> has been studied in great detail by Perkin,<a name="fa13c" id="fa13c" href="#ft13c"><span class="sp">13</span></a> Wachsmuth,<a name="fa14c" id="fa14c" href="#ft14c"><span class="sp">14</span></a> -Jahn<a name="fa15c" id="fa15c" href="#ft15c"><span class="sp">15</span></a> and Schnrock.<a name="fa16c" id="fa16c" href="#ft16c"><span class="sp">16</span></a></p> +Jahn<a name="fa15c" id="fa15c" href="#ft15c"><span class="sp">15</span></a> and Schönrock.<a name="fa16c" id="fa16c" href="#ft16c"><span class="sp">16</span></a></p> <p>The rotation of the plane of polarization may conveniently be regarded as denoting that the velocity of propagation of @@ -1066,7 +1027,7 @@ is parallel or at right angles to the plane of incidence. According to Righi, the amount of rotation when the plane of polarization of the incident light is perpendicular to the plane of incidence reaches a maximum when the angle of -incidence is between 44 and 68, while when the light is polarized +incidence is between 44° and 68°, while when the light is polarized in the plane of incidence the rotation steadily decreases as the angle of incidence is increased. The rotation when the light is polarized in the plane of incidence is always less than when it is @@ -1086,9 +1047,9 @@ rotation is at all angles of incidence in the opposite direction to that of the currents which would produce a magnetic field of the same sign as the magnet. When the light is polarized at right angles to the plane of incidence, the rotation is in the same direction -as these currents when the angle of incidence is between 0 -and 75 according to Kerr, between 0 and 80 according to -Kundt, and between 0 and 78 54′ according to Righi. When +as these currents when the angle of incidence is between 0° +and 75° according to Kerr, between 0° and 80° according to +Kundt, and between 0° and 78° 54′ according to Righi. When the incidence is more oblique than this, the rotation of the plane of polarization is in the opposite direction to the electric currents which would produce a magnetic field of the same sign.</p> @@ -1154,21 +1115,21 @@ the equations representing the field are (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlink <tr><td class="denom">dz</td> <td class="denom">dt</td></tr></table> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2">m</td> <td>dξ</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">m</td> <td>d²ξ</td> <td rowspan="2">+ R<span class="su">1</span></td> <td>dξ</td> <td rowspan="2">+ aξ = <span class="f200">(</span> X<span class="su">0</span> +</td> <td>4π</td> <td rowspan="2">neξ <span class="f200">)</span> e + He</td> <td>dη</td> </tr> -<tr><td class="denom">dt</td> <td class="denom">dt</td> +<tr><td class="denom">dt²</td> <td class="denom">dt</td> <td class="denom">3</td> <td class="denom">dt</td></tr></table> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2">m</td> <td>dη</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">m</td> <td>d²η</td> <td rowspan="2">+ R<span class="su">1</span></td> <td>dη</td> <td rowspan="2">+ aη = <span class="f200">(</span> Y<span class="su">0</span> +</td> <td>4π</td> <td rowspan="2">neη <span class="f200">)</span> e − He</td> <td>dξ</td> <td rowspan="2">;</td></tr> -<tr><td class="denom">dt</td> <td class="denom">dt</td> +<tr><td class="denom">dt²</td> <td class="denom">dt</td> <td class="denom">3</td> <td class="denom">dt</td></tr></table> <p class="noind">where H is the external magnetic field, X<span class="su">0</span>, Y<span class="su">0</span> the components of @@ -1182,72 +1143,72 @@ inductive capacity of a vacuum. If the variables are proportional to ε<span class="sp">l(pt−qz)</span> we find by substitution that q is given by the equation</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2">q − K<span class="su">0</span>p −</td> <td>4πnepP</td> -<td rowspan="2">= </td> <td>4πneHp</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">q² − K<span class="su">0</span>p² −</td> <td>4πne²p²P</td> +<td rowspan="2">= ±</td> <td>4πne³Hp³</td> <td rowspan="2">,</td></tr> -<tr><td class="denom"> P − Hep</td> <td class="denom">P − Hep</td></tr></table> +<tr><td class="denom"> P² − H²e²p²</td> <td class="denom">P² − H²e²p²</td></tr></table> <p class="noind">where</p> -<p class="center">P = (a − <span class="spp">4</span>⁄<span class="suu">3</span>πne) + R<span class="su">1</span>ιp − mp,</p> +<p class="center">P = (a − <span class="spp">4</span>⁄<span class="suu">3</span>πne²) + R<span class="su">1</span>ιp − mp²,</p> -<p class="noind">or, by neglecting R, P = m (s − p), where s is the period of the -free ions. If, q<span class="su">1</span>, q<span class="su">2</span> are the roots of this equation, then corresponding +<p class="noind">or, by neglecting R, P = m (s² − p²), where s is the period of the +free ions. If, q<span class="su">1</span>², q<span class="su">2</span>² are the roots of this equation, then corresponding to q<span class="su">1</span> we have X<span class="su">0</span> = ιY<span class="su">0</span> and to q<span class="su">2</span> X<span class="su">0</span> = −ιY<span class="su">0</span>. We thus get two oppositely circular-polarized rays travelling with the velocities p/q<span class="su">1</span> and p/q<span class="su">2</span> respectively. Hence if v<span class="su">1</span>, v<span class="su">2</span> are these velocities, and v the velocity when there is no magnetic field, we -obtain, if we neglect terms in H,</p> +obtain, if we neglect terms in H²,</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> <tr><td>1</td> <td rowspan="2">=</td> <td>1</td> -<td rowspan="2">+</td> <td>4πneHp</td> +<td rowspan="2">+</td> <td>4πne³Hp</td> <td rowspan="2">,</td></tr> -<tr><td class="denom">v<span class="su">1</span></td> <td class="denom">v</td> -<td class="denom"> m (s − p)</td></tr></table> +<tr><td class="denom">v<span class="su">1</span>²</td> <td class="denom">v²</td> +<td class="denom"> m² (s² − p²)²</td></tr></table> <table class="math0" summary="math"> <tr><td>1</td> <td rowspan="2">=</td> <td>1</td> -<td rowspan="2">−</td> <td>4πneHp</td> +<td rowspan="2">−</td> <td>4πne³Hp</td> <td rowspan="2">.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="denom">v<span class="su">2</span></td> <td class="denom">v</td> -<td class="denom"> m (s − p)</td></tr></table> +<tr><td class="denom">v<span class="su">2</span>²</td> <td class="denom">v²</td> +<td class="denom"> m² (s² − p²)²</td></tr></table> <p class="noind">The rotation r of the plane of polarization per unit length</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2">= p <span class="f200">(</span></td> <td>1</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">= ½p <span class="f200">(</span></td> <td>1</td> <td rowspan="2">−</td> <td>1</td> -<td rowspan="2"><span class="f200">)</span> =</td> <td>2πneHpv</td> +<td rowspan="2"><span class="f200">)</span> =</td> <td>2πne³Hp²v</td> <td rowspan="2">.</td></tr> <tr><td class="denom">v<span class="su">1</span></td> <td class="denom">v<span class="su">2</span></td> -<td class="denom">m (s − p)</td></tr></table> +<td class="denom">m² (s² − p²)²</td></tr></table> -<p class="noind">Since 1/v = K<span class="su">0</span> + 4πne/m (s − p), we have if is the refractive +<p class="noind">Since 1/v² = K<span class="su">0</span> + 4πne²/m (s² − p²), we have if µ is the refractive index for light of frequency p, and v<span class="su">0</span> the velocity of light in vacuo.</p> -<p class="center"> − 1 = 4πnev<span class="su">0</span> / m (s − p).</p> +<p class="center">µ² − 1 = 4πne²v<span class="su">0</span>² / m (s² − p²).</p> <div class="author">(1)</div> <p class="noind">So that we may put</p> -<p class="center">r = ( − 1) pH / sπnev<span class="su">0</span>.</p> +<p class="center">r = (µ² − 1)² p²H / sπµnev<span class="su">0</span>³.</p> <div class="author">(2)</div> <p>Becquerel (<i>Comptes rendus</i>, 125, p. 683) gives for r the expression</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2"></td> <td>e</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">½</td> <td>e</td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>H</td> -<td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>d</td> +<td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>dµ</td> <td rowspan="2">,</td></tr> <tr><td class="denom">m</td> <td class="denom">v<span class="su">0</span></td> <td class="denom">dλ</td></tr></table> -<p class="noind">where λ is the wave length. This is equivalent to (2) if is given +<p class="noind">where λ is the wave length. This is equivalent to (2) if µ is given by (1). He has shown that this expression is in good agreement with experiment. The sign of r depends on the sign of e, hence the rotation due to negative ions would be opposite to that for positive. @@ -1274,7 +1235,7 @@ are continuous with Y<span class="su">0</span>, X<span class="su">0</span> in th <td rowspan="2">=</td> <td>B</td> <td rowspan="2">=</td> <td>ιC</td> </tr> -<tr><td class="denom">(q + q<span class="su">1</span>) (q + q<span class="su">2</span>)</td> <td class="denom">(q − q<span class="su">1</span>q<span class="su">2</span>)</td> +<tr><td class="denom">(q + q<span class="su">1</span>) (q + q<span class="su">2</span>)</td> <td class="denom">(q² − q<span class="su">1</span>q<span class="su">2</span>)</td> <td class="denom">q (q<span class="su">2</span> − q<span class="su">1</span>)</td></tr></table> <p class="noind">or approximately, since q<span class="su">1</span> and q<span class="su">2</span> are nearly equal,</p> @@ -1282,16 +1243,16 @@ are continuous with Y<span class="su">0</span>, X<span class="su">0</span> in th <table class="math0" summary="math"> <tr><td>ιC</td> <td rowspan="2">=</td> <td>q (q<span class="su">2</span> − q<span class="su">1</span>)</td> -<td rowspan="2">=</td> <td>( − 1) pH</td> +<td rowspan="2">=</td> <td>(µ² − 1) pH</td> <td rowspan="2">.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="denom">B</td> <td class="denom">q − q<span class="su">1</span></td> -<td class="denom">4πneV<span class="su">0</span></td></tr></table> +<tr><td class="denom">B</td> <td class="denom">q² − q<span class="su">1</span>²</td> +<td class="denom">4πµneV<span class="su">0</span>²</td></tr></table> -<p class="noind">Thus in transparent bodies for which is real, C and B differ in +<p class="noind">Thus in transparent bodies for which µ is real, C and B differ in phase by π/2, and the reflected light is elliptically polarized, the major axis of the ellipse being in the plane of polarization of the incident light, so that in this case there is no rotation, but only -elliptic polarization; when there is strong absorption so that +elliptic polarization; when there is strong absorption so that µ contains an imaginary term, C/B will contain a real part so that the reflected light will be elliptically polarized, but the major axis is no longer in the plane of polarization of the incident light; we @@ -1335,21 +1296,21 @@ parallel to the axis of z: then if m is the mass of the particle and e its charge, the equations of motion are</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2">m</td> <td>dx</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">m</td> <td>d²x</td> <td rowspan="2">+ αx = − He</td> <td>dy</td> <td rowspan="2">;</td></tr> -<tr><td class="denom">dt</td> <td class="denom">dt</td></tr></table> +<tr><td class="denom">dt²</td> <td class="denom">dt</td></tr></table> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2">m</td> <td>dy</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">m</td> <td>d²y</td> <td rowspan="2">+ αy = He</td> <td>dx</td> <td rowspan="2">;</td></tr> -<tr><td class="denom">dt</td> <td class="denom">dt</td></tr></table> +<tr><td class="denom">dt²</td> <td class="denom">dt</td></tr></table> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2">m</td> <td>dz</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">m</td> <td>d²z</td> <td rowspan="2">+ ax = 0.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="denom">dt</td></tr></table> +<tr><td class="denom">dt²</td></tr></table> <p class="noind">The solution of these equations is</p> @@ -1362,17 +1323,17 @@ and e its charge, the equations of motion are</p> <p class="noind">where</p> <table class="ws" summary="Contents"> -<tr><td class="tcl">α − mp<span class="su">1</span> = − Hep<span class="su">1</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">α − mp<span class="su">2</span> = Hep<span class="su">2</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">α − mp<span class="su">1</span>² = − Hep<span class="su">1</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">α − mp<span class="su">2</span>² = Hep<span class="su">2</span></td></tr> </table> -<p class="center">p = α / m,</p> +<p class="center">p² = α / m,</p> <p class="noind">or approximately</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2">p<span class="su">1</span> = p + </td> <td>He</td> -<td rowspan="2">,   p<span class="su">2</span> = p − </td> <td>He</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">p<span class="su">1</span> = p + ½</td> <td>He</td> +<td rowspan="2">,   p<span class="su">2</span> = p − ½</td> <td>He</td> <td rowspan="2">.</td></tr> <tr><td class="denom">m</td> <td class="denom">m</td></tr></table> @@ -1415,8 +1376,8 @@ fields, and are in fact an ordinary constituent of the molecule. Similar particles are found near an incandescent wire, and also near a metal plate illuminated by ultra-violet light. The value of e/m deduced from the Zeeman effect ranges from 10<span class="sp">7</span> to -3.4 10<span class="sp">7</span>, the value of e/m for the particle in the cathode rays is -1.7 10<span class="sp">7</span>. The majority of the determinations of e/m from the +3.4 × 10<span class="sp">7</span>, the value of e/m for the particle in the cathode rays is +1.7 × 10<span class="sp">7</span>. The majority of the determinations of e/m from the Zeeman effect give numbers larger than this, the maximum being about twice this value.</p> @@ -1556,9 +1517,9 @@ p. 228; 27, p. 191.</p> <p><a name="ft23c" id="ft23c" href="#fa23c"><span class="fn">23</span></a> <i>Journ. de Phys.</i> 1884, p. 360.</p> -<p><a name="ft24c" id="ft24c" href="#fa24c"><span class="fn">24</span></a> <i>Beibltter zu Wied. Ann.</i> 1885, p. 275.</p> +<p><a name="ft24c" id="ft24c" href="#fa24c"><span class="fn">24</span></a> <i>Beiblätter zu Wied. Ann.</i> 1885, p. 275.</p> -<p><a name="ft25c" id="ft25c" href="#fa25c"><span class="fn">25</span></a> <i>Messungen ber d. +<p><a name="ft25c" id="ft25c" href="#fa25c"><span class="fn">25</span></a> <i>Messungen über d. Kerr’sche Erscheinung.</i> Inaugural Dissert. Leiden, 1893.</p> <p><a name="ft26c" id="ft26c" href="#fa26c"><span class="fn">26</span></a> <i>Phil. @@ -1577,14 +1538,14 @@ Magnetism</i>, chap. xxi.</p> <p><a name="ft31c" id="ft31c" href="#fa31c"><span class="fn">31</span></a> <i>Phil. Mag.</i> (5) 11, p. 254, 1881.</p> -<p><a name="ft32c" id="ft32c" href="#fa32c"><span class="fn">32</span></a> <i>Arch. Nerl.</i> 19, p. 123.</p> +<p><a name="ft32c" id="ft32c" href="#fa32c"><span class="fn">32</span></a> <i>Arch. Néerl.</i> 19, p. 123.</p> <p><a name="ft33c" id="ft33c" href="#fa33c"><span class="fn">33</span></a> <i>Wied. Ann.</i> 23, p. 493; 67, p. 345.</p> <p><a name="ft34c" id="ft34c" href="#fa34c"><span class="fn">34</span></a> <i>Wied. Ann.</i> 24, p. 119.</p> -<p><a name="ft35c" id="ft35c" href="#fa35c"><span class="fn">35</span></a> <i>Wied. Beibltter</i>, +<p><a name="ft35c" id="ft35c" href="#fa35c"><span class="fn">35</span></a> <i>Wied. Beiblätter</i>, 8, p. 869.</p> <p><a name="ft36c" id="ft36c" href="#fa36c"><span class="fn">36</span></a> <i>Comptes rendus</i>, 108, p. 510.</p> @@ -1615,7 +1576,7 @@ rendus</i>, 127, p. 548.</p> Laboratory</i>, Leiden, No. 33, 1896; Phil. Mag. 43, p. 226; 44, pp. 55 and 255; and 45, p. 197.</p> -<p><a name="ft46c" id="ft46c" href="#fa46c"><span class="fn">46</span></a> <i>Arch. Nerl.</i> 25, p. 190.</p> +<p><a name="ft46c" id="ft46c" href="#fa46c"><span class="fn">46</span></a> <i>Arch. Néerl.</i> 25, p. 190.</p> <p><a name="ft47c" id="ft47c" href="#fa47c"><span class="fn">47</span></a> <i>Phil. Mag.</i> 45, p. 325; 47, p. 165.</p> @@ -1659,7 +1620,7 @@ and to season rice; together with the greenhouse species, <i>M. fuscata</i>, it was transported to Europe in 1789, and thence to North America, and is now cultivated in the Middle States. There are many fine forms of <i>M. conspicua</i>, the best being -<i>Soulangeana</i>, white tinted with purple, <i>Lenn</i> and <i>stricta</i>. Of the +<i>Soulangeana</i>, white tinted with purple, <i>Lenné</i> and <i>stricta</i>. Of the Japanese magnolias, <i>M. Kobus</i> and the purple-flowered <i>M. obovata</i> were met with by Kaempfer in 1690, and were introduced into England in 1709 and 1804 respectively. <i>M. pumila</i>, the @@ -1677,7 +1638,7 @@ from white to a deep rose colour.</p> <table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> <tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:382px; height:549px" src="images/img392.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> -<tr><td class="caption"><i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>, shoot with flower; rather less than nat. size.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption"><i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>, shoot with flower; rather less than ½ nat. size.</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl f90"> <p>1. Flower after removal of the sepals and petals, showing the indefinite stamens, <i>s</i>, and carpels, <i>c</i>.</p> @@ -1764,7 +1725,7 @@ father was a wealthy merchant; and of his five brothers one, Eduard (1799-1872), became a celebrated painter. After studying at Berlin, he went to Stockholm to work under Berzelius, and later to Paris, where he studied for a while under Gay-Lussac and -Thnard. In 1831 he returned to Berlin as lecturer on technology +Thénard. In 1831 he returned to Berlin as lecturer on technology and physics at the university. As a teacher his success was rapid and extraordinary. His lucid style and the perfection of his experimental demonstrations drew to his lectures a crowd of @@ -1776,7 +1737,7 @@ circle of young students. From 1827 to 1833 he was occupied mainly with chemical researches, which resulted in the discovery of the first of the platino-ammonium compounds (“Magnus’s green salt” is <span class="correction" title="amended from Ptll">PtCl</span><span class="su">2</span>, 2NH<span class="su">3</span>), of sulphovinic, ethionic and isethionic -acids and their salts, and, in conjunction with C. F. Ammermller, +acids and their salts, and, in conjunction with C. F. Ammermüller, of periodic acid. Among other subjects at which he subsequently worked were the absorption of gases in blood (1837-1845), the expansion of gases by heat (1841-1844), the vapour pressures of @@ -1966,7 +1927,7 @@ to the north till it ends in a point at Natmauk. On the east are the Pegu Yomas, which at some points reach a height of 1500 ft. A number of streams run westwards to the Irrawaddy, of which the Yin and the Pin, which form the northern boundary, are the -chief. The only perennial stream is the Yanp. Rice is the +chief. The only perennial stream is the Yanpè. Rice is the staple product, and considerable quantities are exported. Sesamum of very high quality, maize, and millet are also cultivated, as well as cotton in patches here and there over the whole @@ -1984,8 +1945,8 @@ always done. Lacquered wood trays, bowls and platters, and cart-wheels, are the only manufactures of any note in the district.</p> <p>The annual rainfall averages about 27 inches. The maximum -temperature rises to a little over 100 in the hot season, and falls -to an average minimum of 53 and 54 in the cold season.</p> +temperature rises to a little over 100° in the hot season, and falls +to an average minimum of 53° and 54° in the cold season.</p> <p>The town of Magwe is the headquarters of the district; pop. (1901), 6232. It is diagonally opposite Minbu, the headquarters @@ -2002,13 +1963,13 @@ race. They form barely half of the population of Hungary, but are by far the largest and most compact of all its racial groups. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page394" id="page394"></a>394</span> Magyar is the official language of Hungary, the official name of -which (<i>Magyarorzg</i>, or “country of the Magyars”) enshrines +which (<i>Magyarorzág</i>, or “country of the Magyars”) enshrines the Magyar claim to predominance. While all Magyars are properly Hungarians, all Hungarians are not necessarily Magyars. “Hungarian” may be used as a generic term covering all the various races of Hungary, while “Magyar” is strictly specific to a single group. The Magyars themselves, indeed, -sometimes apply the name <i>Magyarorzg</i> to Hungary “proper,” +sometimes apply the name <i>Magyarorzág</i> to Hungary “proper,” excluding Croatia-Slavonia, the whole kingdom being called <i>Magyarbirodalom</i>, the Magyar monarchy or realm. See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Hungary</a></span>.</p> @@ -2028,8 +1989,8 @@ The superior elevation of Mahabaleshwar renders it much cooler than Matheran (2460 ft.), a sanatorium about 50 m. E. of Bombay, but its heavy rainfall (292 in. annual average) makes it almost uninhabitable during the rainy season. The mean -annual temperature is 67 F. In the hottest season (March-April) -an extreme of a little over 90 is reached during the +annual temperature is 67° F. In the hottest season (March-April) +an extreme of a little over 90° is reached during the day. Mahabaleshwar forms the retreat usually during spring, and occasionally in autumn, of the governor of Bombay, and the chief officers of his establishment, and has the usual public @@ -2059,7 +2020,7 @@ Petrie papyri in the <i>Cunningham Memoirs</i> (3 vols. 1891-1905).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAHALLAT,<a name="ar14" id="ar14"></a></span> a province of central Persia, situated between Kashan and Irak. Pop. about 20,000; yearly revenue about -2500. Until 1890 it was one of the five “central provinces” +£2500. Until 1890 it was one of the five “central provinces” (the other four being Irak, Ferahan, Kezzaz, and Savah), which were under a governor appointed by the shah; since then it has formed part of the Isfahan government. It is traversed by the @@ -2067,8 +2028,8 @@ Anarbar or Kum River, and comprises the city of Mahallat, divided into upper and lower, or Rivkan and Zanjirvan, and twenty-two flourishing villages. It was known in former times as Anar, the Anarus of Peutinger’s tables. The city, capital of -the province, is situated at an elevation of 5850 ft. in 33 51′ N., -50 30′ E.; pop. about 9000.</p> +the province, is situated at an elevation of 5850 ft. in 33° 51′ N., +50° 30′ E.; pop. about 9000.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -2137,7 +2098,7 @@ of international relations (1902).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAHANADI,<a name="ar16" id="ar16"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Mahanuddy</span> (“The Great River”), a river -of India. It rises in 20 10′ N., 82 E., 25 m. S. of Raipur +of India. It rises in 20° 10′ N., 82° E., 25 m. S. of Raipur town, in the wild mountains of Bastar in the Central Provinces. At first an insignificant stream, taking a northerly direction, it drains the eastern portion of the Chhattisgarh plain, then @@ -2178,7 +2139,7 @@ weir. Of the four canals which form the Orissa irrigation system, two take off from the Biropa weir, and one, with its branch, from the Mahanadi weir. On the 31st of December 1868 the government took over the whole canal works from the East Indian Irrigation -Company, at a cost of 941,368. The canals thus taken over and +Company, at a cost of £941,368. The canals thus taken over and since completed, are the high-level canal, the Kendrapara canal, the Taldanda canal and the Machgaon canal, irrigating 275,000 acres.</p> @@ -2267,7 +2228,7 @@ Minster at Anurādhapura.</p> <p>See <i>The Mahāvaṃsa</i>, ed. by Geo. Turnour (Colombo, 1837); ed. by W. Geiger (London, 1908); H. Oldenberg, in the introduction to his edition of the <i>Dīpavamsa</i> (London, 1879); O. Franke, in -<i>Wiener Zeitschrift fr die Kunde des Morgenlandes</i> (1907); W. +<i>Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes</i> (1907); W. Geiger, <i>Dīpavamsa und Mahāvamsa</i> (Leipzig, 1905, trans. by Ethel M. Coomaraswamy, Colombo, 1908).</p> </div> @@ -2287,7 +2248,7 @@ few. (See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Buddhism</a></span>.)</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAHDI<a name="ar22" id="ar22"></a></span> (Arab. “he who is guided aright”), a title assumed -by the third Abbasid caliph (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>: <i>Abbasids</i>, 3). +by the third Abbasid caliph (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>: <i>Abbasids</i>, § 3). According to Moslem traditionists Mahomet declared that one of his descendants, the imam of God, who would fill the earth with equity and justice, would bear the name of al-mahdi. @@ -2376,8 +2337,8 @@ recovered from a vessel wrecked off Mahdia in the 5th century <span class="scs"> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MAH,<a name="ar24" id="ar24"></a></span> a French settlement in the Malabar district of Madras, -India, situated in 11 43′ N. and 75 33′ E., at the mouth of +<p><span class="bold">MAHÉ,<a name="ar24" id="ar24"></a></span> a French settlement in the Malabar district of Madras, +India, situated in 11° 43′ N. and 75° 33′ E., at the mouth of a river of the same name. Area, 26 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 10,298. It is the only French possession on the west coast of India, and is in charge of a <i>chef de service</i>, subordinate to the governor-general @@ -2413,8 +2374,8 @@ are eleven other chiefships, and a large number of estates belonging to Rajput or Koli thakurs, formerly feudatories of Baroda. Several of the states are under British administration. Total area, 3125 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 361,545, showing a decrease -of 38% in the decade, due to famine; estimated revenue, 76,000; -tribute (mostly to the gaekwar of Baroda), 9000. Many +of 38% in the decade, due to famine; estimated revenue, £76,000; +tribute (mostly to the gaekwar of Baroda), £9000. Many of the inhabitants belong to the wild tribes of Bhils and Kolis. In 1897 a metre-gauge railway was opened from Ahmedabad through Parantij to Ahmednagar. At Sadra is the Scott @@ -2690,7 +2651,7 @@ and Kosdār (978). But Sabuktagīn, throughout his reign at Ghazni, continued to acknowledge the Sāmānid suzerainty, as did Mahmud also, until the time, soon after succeeding to his father’s dominions, when he received from Qādir, caliph of Bagdad -(see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, C. 25), a <i>khilat</i> (robe of honour), with a letter +(see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, C. § 25), a <i>khilat</i> (robe of honour), with a letter recognizing his sovereignty, and conferring on him the titles <i>Yamiīn-addaula</i> (“Right hand of the State”), and <i>Amīn-ul-Millat</i> (“Guardian of the Faith”). From this time it is the @@ -4038,7 +3999,7 @@ Mecca, whereby the chief sanctuary at any rate of north Arabia had been cleared of all idolatrous associations, and consecrated to monotheism, paganism in general was conscious of being attacked; and the city had scarcely been brought under the -new rgime before the Prophet had to face a confederation of +new régime before the Prophet had to face a confederation of tribes called Hawāzin and Thaqīf. The battle which ensued, known as the Day of Honain, was near ending disastrously for Islam; some of Mahomet’s sturdiest followers fled; but the @@ -4251,7 +4212,7 @@ proved the main source of revenue in Islamic states dates from the taking of Khaibar; for the rent paid to the state by tolerated communities for the right to work their land developed long after Mahomet’s time into a poll-tax for Unbelievers -(see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, <i>e.g.</i> B. 8 and <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Mahommedan Institutions</a></span>), +(see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, <i>e.g.</i> B. § 8 and <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Mahommedan Institutions</a></span>), and a land-tax for all owners of land. Immediately after the taking of Khaibar certain communities, of which the most notable was Fadak, sent tribute before they had been attacked @@ -4397,7 +4358,7 @@ which led to the wilful fabrication of prophetic utterances, render the use to which No. 3 can be put very limited. Thus the lengthy description of the journey to heaven which Sprenger was inclined to accept as genuine is regarded by most critics as a later -fabrication. It is very much to be regretted that the number of <i>pices +fabrication. It is very much to be regretted that the number of <i>pièces justificatives</i> (No. 2) quoted by the biographers is so small, and that for these oral tradition was preferred to a search for the actual documents, some of which may well have been in existence when @@ -4694,8 +4655,8 @@ works on the <i>Evidences of Mohammed’s Mission</i> by Abū Nu‘a <p><i>Lives of the Prophet</i> († indicates that the work is lost); †‘Urwah b. Zubair (d. 712-713); †Musa b. ‘Ukbah (d. 758-759); †Mohammed b. -Isḥāq (d. 768); Mohammed b. Hishām (d. 828-829), ed. Wstenfeld -(Gttingen, 1860); reprinted in Egypt by Zubair Pasha, a series of +Isḥāq (d. 768); Mohammed b. Hishām (d. 828-829), ed. Wüstenfeld +(Göttingen, 1860); reprinted in Egypt by Zubair Pasha, a series of excerpts from the last; Mohammed b. Omar al-Wāqidī (d. 823), portion published by Kremer (Calcutta, 1855), abridged trans. of a fuller copy by Wellhausen, <i>Muhammad in Medina</i> (Berlin, 1882); @@ -4738,7 +4699,7 @@ Koelle, <i>Mohammed and Mohammedanism</i> (London, 1889), is pro-Christian, the popular work of Syed Ameer Ali <i>The Spirit of Islam</i>, (London, 1896) an apology for Mahommedanism. Later treatises, resting on original authorities, are those by H. Grimme <i>Mohamed</i>, -(Mnster, 1892, and Munich, 1904), F. Buhl, <i>Mohameds Liv</i> (Copenhagen, +(Münster, 1892, and Munich, 1904), F. Buhl, <i>Mohameds Liv</i> (Copenhagen, 1903—Danish: since translated into German), D. S. Margoliouth <i>Mohammed and the Rise of Islam</i> (N.Y., 1905, &c.), and Prince Caetani <i>Annali del Islam</i>, i. ii. (Milan, 1905-1907). For the direction @@ -4746,9 +4707,9 @@ of public opinion in Mahomet’s favour the Lecture on <i>The Hero as Prophet</i> in Carlyle’s <i>Heroes and Hero-worship</i> (London, 1846) was singularly effective; his views were enforced by R. Bosworth Smith <i>Mohammed and Mohammedanism</i>, (London, 1873, &c.). A somewhat -similar line was taken in France by J. Barthlmy Saint-Hilaire, +similar line was taken in France by J. Barthélémy Saint-Hilaire, <i>Mahomet et le Coran</i>, (Paris, 1865), while the <i>Vie de Mahomet -d’aprs la Tradition</i> of E. Lamairesse and G. Dujarric (Paris, 1897) +d’après la Tradition</i> of E. Lamairesse and G. Dujarric (Paris, 1897) is written entirely from the Moslem standpoint.</p> <p>See further <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, <i>ad init.</i>; <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Mahommedan Institutions</a></span>; @@ -4955,7 +4916,7 @@ booty; (iii) the poll-tax (<i>jizya</i>) on non-Moslems; and (iv) the land-tax the position of all non-Moslems in a Moslem state. The ideal was that the Moslems should be kept apart as a superior, fighting caste, and that the non-Moslems should support them (cf. <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, B. - 8, on the reign of Omar II.). The Moslems, therefore, were forbidden +§ 8, on the reign of Omar II.). The Moslems, therefore, were forbidden to acquire land in conquered countries. The non-Moslems must retain their lands, cultivate them and pay the land-tax (the Arabic word is also used of revenue from the work of a slave) and @@ -4981,7 +4942,7 @@ of lands by Othman, the third caliph, to his own family, gradually broke it down. The first patriarchal period of conquest, unearned wealth and the simple life—called by Moslems the period of the “four rightly guided caliphs,” and very happily by Sachau, -<i>ein mnchisches Imperium</i>—passed rapidly into the genuinely Arab +<i>ein mönchisches Imperium</i>—passed rapidly into the genuinely Arab empire of the Omayyads, with whom came an immediate development of organization in the state. The constructive genius in this was Moawiya, the first Omayyad caliph. Under him the old simplicity @@ -5073,7 +5034,7 @@ Turkish bodyguard, in terror of whom the caliph now stood. When in 945 the Būyids captured Bagdad and the caliph became a purely spiritual sovereign, they took the title “vizier” for their own chief minister, and the caliphs retained only a secretary -(see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, C. 22). Under the Seljuks, however, +(see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, C. § 22). Under the Seljuks, however, they regained their viziers and some real authority. Elsewhere, also the vizierate had its vicissitudes. Under the Mamelukes the vizier fell to be merely the court purveyor. Under the @@ -5338,7 +5299,7 @@ formed and form a special class, held in social reverence, and guarded from contamination and injury. These are the <i>sayyids</i> (lords), and genealogical registers of them are carefully preserved. They are of all degrees of wealth and -poverty, but are guarded legally from <i>msalliances</i> with persons +poverty, but are guarded legally from <i>mésalliances</i> with persons of ignoble origin or equivocal occupation. Their influence is very great, and in some parts of the Moslem world they have the standing and reverence of saints.</p> @@ -5346,7 +5307,7 @@ the standing and reverence of saints.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See Von Kremer, <i>Culturgeschichte des Orients</i>, based largely on Māwardī’s <i>Aḥkām</i>, trans. in part by Ostrorog; McG. de Slane’s trans. -of Ibn Khaldūn, <i>Prolgomnes</i>; Lane, <i>Manners and Customs of the +of Ibn Khaldūn, <i>Prolégomènes</i>; Lane, <i>Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians</i>; R. F. Burton, <i>Pilgrimage to Mekka</i>; Snouck Hurgronje, <i>Mekka</i>; Hughes, <i>Dictionary of Islam</i>; Juynboll, <i>De Mohammedaansche Wet</i>; Macdonald, <i>Development of Muslim @@ -5497,7 +5458,7 @@ time. The study of tradition, <i>i.e.</i> of his usage, went hand in hand with the study of law. They were vital functions of the state, and it encouraged both.</p> -<p>Then came the great <i>dbcle</i>. The <i>ancien rgime</i>, a semi-monkish, +<p>Then came the great <i>débâcle</i>. The <i>ancien régime</i>, a semi-monkish, theocratic empire, went down, and the Omayyad dynasty, kings and princes of the old Arab type, took its place (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, B). The public life of the state was no longer @@ -5617,7 +5578,7 @@ instance they agreed that such had been the statement of the Prophet. That easily passed over into an agreement that such was the true Moslem view, and finally into an acceptance of the principle that the Moslem Church, when unanimous, could formulate truth—practically -as in the canon of Vincent of Lrins, <i>Quod semper, quod ubique, +as in the canon of Vincent of Lérins, <i>Quod semper, quod ubique, quod ab omnibus</i>. But such a broadly catholic position was still in the future, and for Malik, juristic agreement meant the agreement of Medina, though there are signs that he permitted the same latitude @@ -5890,7 +5851,7 @@ law be gradually and legally released.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See I. Goldziher, <i>Muhammedanische Studien</i>, I. and II. (Halle -a.S., 1889-1890); <i>Zahiriten</i> (Leipzig, 1884); E. Sachau, <i>Zur ltesten +a.S., 1889-1890); <i>Zahiriten</i> (Leipzig, 1884); E. Sachau, <i>Zur ältesten Geschichte des muhammedanischen Rechts</i> (Vienna Akad., 1870) and <i>Muhammedanisches Recht</i> (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1897); Snouck Hurgronje, review of preceding in <i>Z.D.M.G.</i> liii. 125 seq. and “Le @@ -6096,8 +6057,8 @@ possible ways of pronouncing the consonantal text. These are usually of little importance for the meaning. As the text is now always vowelled, variations are found in the vowels of different copies, and the opinions of seven leading “readers” are regarded -as worthy of respect by commentators (see Th. Nldeke, <i>Geschichte -des Qorāns</i>, pp. 279 seq., Gttingen, 1860). Various characteristics +as worthy of respect by commentators (see Th. Nöldeke, <i>Geschichte +des Qorāns</i>, pp. 279 seq., Göttingen, 1860). Various characteristics enable one to establish with more or less certainty the relative chronological order of the <i>suras</i> in the Koran, at any rate so far as to place them in the first or second Meccan period or that of Medina. @@ -6109,15 +6070,15 @@ in the first Meccan period are longer, in the second shorter, and are absent in the Medinan. In the earliest period the style is more elevated and passionate. Occasionally the time of origin is determined by reference to historical events. In accordance with such principles -of criticism two leading scholars, Nldeke (<i>loc. cit.</i>) and H. Grimme +of criticism two leading scholars, Nöldeke (<i>loc. cit.</i>) and H. Grimme (in his <i>Mohammed Zweiter Teil</i>. <i>Einleitung in den Koran.</i> <i>System der -koranischen Theologie</i>, Mnster, 1895), have arranged the <i>suras</i> as +koranischen Theologie</i>, Münster, 1895), have arranged the <i>suras</i> as follows:—</p> <p class="pt1 center"><i>Order of Suras in Koran.</i></p> <table class="nobctr" style="width: 90%;" summary="Contents"> -<tr><td class="tcl bb" style="width: 30%;"><span class="sc"> Nldeke.</span></td> <td class="tcl bb"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl bb" style="width: 30%;"><span class="sc"> Nöldeke.</span></td> <td class="tcl bb"> </td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">   <i>Mecca.</i></td> <td class="tcl"> </td></tr> @@ -7187,7 +7148,7 @@ regard those who abstained from fighting for Islam as unbelievers, and did not kill the children of idolaters or condemn them to hell.</p> <p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—For the philosophy and theology of Ash‘arī see -M. A. F. Mehren, <i>Expos de la rforme de l’Islamisme par Abou-‘l +M. A. F. Mehren, <i>Exposé de la réforme de l’Islamisme par Abou-‘l Hasan Ali el-Ash‘arī</i> (Leiden, 1878); W. Spitta, <i>Zur Geschichte Abu-l Hasan al-Ash‘arīs</i> (Leipzig, 1876); M. Schreiner, <i>Zur Geschichte des Ash‘aritenthums</i> (Leiden, 1891); D. B. Macdonald, @@ -7197,10 +7158,10 @@ the creeds of Ash‘arī and Nasafī (Matāridite). A further bi of works on the faith and outlook of Islam will be found in D. B. Macdonald’s <i>Muslim Theology</i>.</p> -<p>The text of the Koran has been edited by G. Flgel, Leipzig, +<p>The text of the Koran has been edited by G. Flügel, Leipzig, various dates; and by G. M. Redslob, Paris, 1868 and 1880. There are also hundreds of Eastern editions. Concordances have been -published by G. Flgel, Leipzig, 1842 (several times reprinted), +published by G. Flügel, Leipzig, 1842 (several times reprinted), also in Egypt, Palestine and India. A dictionary and glossary were published by J. Penrice, London, 1873. English translations have been made by G. Sale, London, 1734 (the fullest edition is that with @@ -7211,7 +7172,7 @@ Among the best or best-known Arabic commentaries are those of Ṭabarī (<i>q.v.</i>), Zamakhsharī (<i>q.v.</i>), Baidhawī (<i>q.v.</i>), the Jalalain (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Suyuti</a></span>), and such later ones as the Mafātiḥ ul-Ghaib of ar-Rāzī (d. 1210). The composition and theology of the Koran are treated -in the works of Nldeke and Grimme referred to above.</p> +in the works of Nöldeke and Grimme referred to above.</p> <p>On the eschatology of Islam see M. Wolff, <i>Muhammedanische Eschatologie</i> (Leipzig, 1872); and on the doctrine of revelation. @@ -7226,15 +7187,15 @@ Otto Pautz, <i>Muhammeds Lehre von der Offenbarung</i> (Leipzig, 1898).</p> <p><a name="ft2g" id="ft2g" href="#fa2g"><span class="fn">2</span></a> Underlined = with interpolations.</p> <p><a name="ft3g" id="ft3g" href="#fa3g"><span class="fn">3</span></a> For the doctrines of these two sects see Shahrastānī’s <i>Book of -Sects</i>, and for the Qadarites, A. de Vlieger’s <i>Kitāb ul-Qadr, matriaux -pour servir l’tude de la doctrine de la prdestination dans la thologie +Sects</i>, and for the Qadarites, A. de Vlieger’s <i>Kitāb ul-Qadr, matériaux +pour servir à l’étude de la doctrine de la prédestination dans la théologie musulmane</i> (Leiden, 1903).</p> <p><a name="ft4g" id="ft4g" href="#fa4g"><span class="fn">4</span></a> For the origin and significance of this number see M. Steinschneider, “Die kanonische Zahl der muhammedanischen Secten und die Symbolik der Zahl, 70-73,” <i>in Zeitschr. d. deutschen morgenl. Gesellschaft</i>, iv., 145-170 (1850); and I. Goldziher, “Le Denombrement -des sectes mohamtanes” in <i>Revue de l’hist. des religions</i>, +des sectes mohamétanes” in <i>Revue de l’hist. des religions</i>, xxvi. 129-137 (1892).</p> <p><a name="ft5g" id="ft5g" href="#fa5g"><span class="fn">5</span></a> The names are given throughout in the anglicized form on the @@ -7494,7 +7455,7 @@ were worn out by ceaseless though vain efforts to quell it. The great Mogul emperor’s impoverished and enfeebled successor was fain to recognize the Mahratta state by a formal instrument. The Mahratta king, a descendant of Sivaji, had become a <i>roi -fainant</i>, and the arrangement was negotiated by his Brahman +fainéant</i>, and the arrangement was negotiated by his Brahman minister, whose official designation was the pēshwa. The office of pēshwa then became hereditary in the minister’s family, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page426" id="page426"></a>426</span> @@ -7630,7 +7591,7 @@ Provinces, and a part of the western coast in Gujarat.</p> <p>The third collision came to pass between 1816 and 1818, through the conduct, not only of the confederates, but also of the pēshwa (Baji Bao) himself. During the previous war the pēshwa had been -the protg and ally of the British; and since the war he had fallen +the protégé and ally of the British; and since the war he had fallen more completely than before under British protection—British political officers and British troops being stationed at his capital. He apparently felt encouraged by circumstances to rebel. @@ -7753,7 +7714,7 @@ Mai</i> (Bergamo, 1883); life by G. Poletto (Siena, 1887).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAIA,<a name="ar44" id="ar44"></a></span> in Greek mythology, the eldest of the Pleiades, the -seven daughters of Atlas and the Oceanid Pleone. She and her +seven daughters of Atlas and the Oceanid Pleïone. She and her sisters, born on Mt Cyllene in Arcadia, are sometimes called mountain goddesses. In a cave of Cyllene Maia became by Zeus the mother of the god Hermes. The story is told in the @@ -7844,7 +7805,7 @@ biographie et d’histoire</i>). It is from the days of Francis I. that the honour of the French court. The maids of Catherine de Medici, celebrated as the “flying squadron,” <i>l’escadron volant</i>, are familiar from the pages of Pierre de l’Estoile (1574-1611) and -Brantme. Among those whose beauty Catherine used in her +Brantôme. Among those whose beauty Catherine used in her political intrigues, the most famous were Isabelle de Limeuil, Mlle de Montmorency-Fosseux, known as <i>la belle Fosseuse</i>, and Charlotte de Baune. The <i>filles d’honneur</i>, as an institution, were @@ -7880,7 +7841,7 @@ the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, in Edinburgh.</p> <p><span class="bold">MAIDENHAIR,<a name="ar48" id="ar48"></a></span> in botany, the common name for a fern, <i>Adiantum Capillus-Veneris</i>, characterized by the spreading hairlike branches of the frond, the ultimate pinnules of which are - to 1 in. long with a rounded crenate outer edge and repeatedly +½ to 1 in. long with a rounded crenate outer edge and repeatedly forked veins; the sori (or masses of spore-capsules) are in the crenatures of the pinnules, and are protected by a kidney-shaped involucre. The plant is widely distributed in temperate and @@ -7902,7 +7863,7 @@ which with their forked veins recall those of the maidenhair (see <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAIDENHEAD,<a name="ar49" id="ar49"></a></span> a market town and municipal borough in the Wokingham parliamentary division of Berkshire, England; -24 m. W. of London by the Great Western railway. Pop. +24½ m. W. of London by the Great Western railway. Pop. (1901), 12,980. Area, 2125 acres. It is pleasantly situated on and above the west (right) bank of the Thames, and is much in favour as a residential town and a resort of boating parties. @@ -8071,7 +8032,7 @@ Maidstone</i> (1881).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAIHAR,<a name="ar52" id="ar52"></a></span> a native state of Central India, in the Baghelkhand agency. Area, 407 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 63,702; estimated -revenue, 4700. The state, which is watered by the Tons river, +revenue, £4700. The state, which is watered by the Tons river, consists mainly of alluvial soil covering sandstone, and is fertile except in the hilly district of the south. A large area is under forest, the produce of which provides a small export trade. The @@ -8092,8 +8053,8 @@ The word “mail,” properly applied to this form of chain-armour, is also used of armour generally, whether plate or chain, and is also transferred to the horny defensive coverings of animals, such as the tortoise, crab, &c. (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Arms and Armour</a></span>). -(2) (O. Eng. <i>ml</i>, speech; probably the same as O. Saxon <i>mahal</i>, -assembly; in meaning connected with O. Norse <i>mle</i>, stipulation), +(2) (O. Eng. <i>mál</i>, speech; probably the same as O. Saxon <i>mahal</i>, +assembly; in meaning connected with O. Norse <i>mále</i>, stipulation), a Scots law term meaning rent, tax. “Mails and duties” are the rents, whether in kind or money, of an estate. In English the word only survives in “blackmail” (<i>q.v.</i>). (3) (Through @@ -8125,11 +8086,11 @@ married her cousin, Louis Alexandre de Mailly. Although Louis XV. had paid her attentions from 1732, she did not become titular mistress until 1738. She did not use her position either to enrich herself or to interfere in politics. She was supplanted -by her sister, the duchess of Chteauroux, and obliged to leave +by her sister, the duchess of Châteauroux, and obliged to leave court in 1742.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See E. and J. de Goncourt, <i>La Duchesse de Chteauroux et ses +<p>See E. and J. de Goncourt, <i>La Duchesse de Châteauroux et ses sœurs</i> (1879); Toussaint, <i>Anecdotes curieuses de ... Louis XV.</i> (2 vols., 1905); J. B. H. R. Capefigue, <i>Mesdemoiselles de Nesle et la jeunesse de Louis XV.</i> (1864).</p> @@ -8159,7 +8120,7 @@ The district also produces great quantities of almonds. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="page430" id="page430"></a>430</span> rose gardens cover several square miles. In 1349 a great part of Maimand and of three little villages belonging to it became -<i>wakf</i> (pious endowment) of the shrine at Shiraz of Mr Ahmed, +<i>wakf</i> (pious endowment) of the shrine at Shiraz of Mïr Ahmed, surnamed Shah Chiragh, a son of Musa Kazim, the seventh imām of the Shiahs, and the remainder of the Maimand grounds was given to the shrine by Mīr Habbib Ullah Sharifi and by @@ -8176,8 +8137,8 @@ classical master in the Jesuit college at Rouen. He afterwards devoted himself to preaching, but with only moderate success. After having taken some part in minor controversies he threw himself with energy into the dispute which had arisen as to the -Gallican liberties; for his <i>Trait historique sur les prrogatives -de l’glise de Rome</i> (1682) he was by command of Innocent XI. +Gallican liberties; for his <i>Traité historique sur les prérogatives +de l’Église de Rome</i> (1682) he was by command of Innocent XI. expelled from the Society, but rewarded by Louis XIV. with a residence at the abbey of St Victor, Paris, and a pension. He died on the 13th of August 1686. His numerous works include @@ -8239,7 +8200,7 @@ it is clear that his keen critical faculty was developed in great measure by the slender means of culture at his disposal. It was not till 1788 that he made the acquaintance of the Kantian philosophy, which was to form the basis of his lifework, and -as early as 1790 he published the <i>Versuch ber die Transcendentalphilosophie</i>, +as early as 1790 he published the <i>Versuch über die Transcendentalphilosophie</i>, in which he formulates his objections to the system. He seizes upon the fundamental incompatibility of a consciousness which can apprehend, and yet is separated from, the @@ -8272,10 +8233,10 @@ but also directed the path of most subsequent criticism.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Maimon’s chief works, in addition to the above quoted, are -<i>Philos. Wrterbuch</i> (1791); <i>Streifereien im Gebiete der Philos.</i>(1793); -<i>ber die Progresse der Philos.</i> (1793); <i>Die Kategorien des Aristoteles -mit Anmerkungen erlutert</i> (1794); <i>Versuch einer neuen Logik</i> (1794 -and 1798); <i>Kritische Untersuchungen ber den menschl. Geist</i> (1797). +<i>Philos. Wörterbuch</i> (1791); <i>Streifereien im Gebiete der Philos.</i>(1793); +<i>Über die Progresse der Philos.</i> (1793); <i>Die Kategorien des Aristoteles +mit Anmerkungen erläutert</i> (1794); <i>Versuch einer neuen Logik</i> (1794 +and 1798); <i>Kritische Untersuchungen über den menschl. Geist</i> (1797). See <i>S. Maimons Lebensgeschichte von ihm selbst beschrieben</i> (1792, ed. K. P. Moritz; Eng. trans. by J. C. Murray, 1888); Wolff, <i>Maimoniana</i> (1813); Witte, <i>S. Maimon</i> (1876).</p> @@ -8400,9 +8361,9 @@ north-west, and meandering through pleasant vales and pastures it passes Hassfurt and reaches Schweinfurt. Its course is now almost due south to Ochsenfurt, when it again proceeds north-west. Continuing in this direction amid vine-clad hills, -it washes the walls of the university city of Wrzburg, and +it washes the walls of the university city of Würzburg, and thence, dividing the forest-clad ranges of the Spessart and -the Odenwald, reaches Gemnden. Here it is joined from +the Odenwald, reaches Gemünden. Here it is joined from the right by the Frankish Saale and, turning abruptly south, receives at Wertheim the beautiful Tauber. Feudal castles and medieval towns now crown its banks, notably, Freudenberg @@ -8416,7 +8377,7 @@ other small craft, and through the Ludwig Canal is connected with the Danube.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Ulrici, <i>Das Maingebiet in seiner natrlichen Beschaffenheit</i> +<p>See Ulrici, <i>Das Maingebiet in seiner natürlichen Beschaffenheit</i> (Kassel, 1885); E. Faber, <i>Zur Hydrographie des Maingebiets</i> (Munich, 1895), and Lill, <i>Mainthal, Main und Mainschiffahrt</i> (Berlin, 1904).</p> @@ -8465,10 +8426,10 @@ occupied by the mountain range of Taygetus from Sparta to Cape Matapan, the ancient Taenarum. It is now divided between the modern districts Oetylos and Gythion. Before the organization of the present kingdom of Greece, Maina -was subdivided into <span class="grk" title="Ex Man">Εξω Μάνη</span>, Outer Maina, from the frontier +was subdivided into <span class="grk" title="Exô Manê">Εξω Μάνη</span>, Outer Maina, from the frontier of Kalamata, on the Gulf of Messenia, to Vitylo (Oetylos) -and inland to the summit of Taygetus; <span class="grk" title="Kat Man">Κάτω Μάνη</span>, Lower Maina, -from Vitylo to Cape Matapan; and <span class="grk" title="Mesa Man">Μέσα Μάνη</span>, or Inner Maina, +and inland to the summit of Taygetus; <span class="grk" title="Katô Manê">Κάτω Μάνη</span>, Lower Maina, +from Vitylo to Cape Matapan; and <span class="grk" title="Mesa Manê">Μέσα Μάνη</span>, or Inner Maina, on the east, and on the Gulf of Laconia as far as the plain of Elos. It contained over a hundred villages. The country is mountainous and inaccessible, a formation to which it owes @@ -8534,9 +8495,9 @@ Mittheilungen</i>, vol. 36 (Gotha).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BNDICTE DE BOURBON,<a name="ar64" id="ar64"></a></span> <span class="sc">Duchesse +<p><span class="bold">MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BÉNÉDICTE DE BOURBON,<a name="ar64" id="ar64"></a></span> <span class="sc">Duchesse du</span> (1676-1753), daughter of Henri Jules de Bourbon, -prince de Cond and Anne of Bavaria, was born on the 8th of +prince de Condé and Anne of Bavaria, was born on the 8th of November 1676. On the 19th of March 1692 she married Louis Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine, son of Louis XIV. and Mme de Montespan. The duchesse du Maine held a little @@ -8553,7 +8514,7 @@ company of wits and poets. She died in Paris on the 23rd of January 1753.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Gnral de Pipape, <i>La Duchesse du Maine</i> (1910).</p> +<p>See Général de Piépape, <i>La Duchesse du Maine</i> (1910).</p> </div> @@ -8762,7 +8723,7 @@ Henry Maine</i> (1904).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAINE,<a name="ar66" id="ar66"></a></span> an old French province, bounded N. by Normandy, -E. by Orlanais, S. by Touraine and Anjou, and W. by Brittany. +E. by Orléanais, S. by Touraine and Anjou, and W. by Brittany. Before the Roman Conquest the region occupied by this province was inhabited by the Aulerci Cenomanni and the Aulerci Diablintes; under the Roman empire it consisted of two <i>civitates</i> @@ -8810,18 +8771,18 @@ Years’ War Maine was taken in 1425 by the English, who lost it in 1448.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See <i>Histoire de l’glise du Mans</i>, by Dom Piolin (Paris, 1851-1858), -which is useful but out of date; <i>Revue historique et archologique du -Maine</i> (1876); <i>La Province du Maine</i> (1893); B. Haurau, <i>Histoire -littraire du Maine</i> (1870-1877).</p> +<p>See <i>Histoire de l’église du Mans</i>, by Dom Piolin (Paris, 1851-1858), +which is useful but out of date; <i>Revue historique et archéologique du +Maine</i> (1876); <i>La Province du Maine</i> (1893); B. Hauréau, <i>Histoire +littéraire du Maine</i> (1870-1877).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAINE,<a name="ar67" id="ar67"></a></span> a North Atlantic state of the United States of America, the most north-easterly state in the Union, and the -largest of the New England group. It lies between 43 4′ and -47 27′ 33″ N., and between 66 56′ 48″ and 71 6′ 41″ W. It +largest of the New England group. It lies between 43° 4′ and +47° 27′ 33″ N., and between 66° 56′ 48″ and 71° 6′ 41″ W. It is bounded N.W. by the Canadian province of Quebec; N. and E. by the Canadian province of New Brunswick, from which it is separated in part by the natural barriers of the @@ -8993,17 +8954,17 @@ in the same latitude; for the summer heats are tempered by the sea and the cool north winds, and the winter cold is so constant as to be less severely felt than the changing temperature of more southern districts. The summers are short, there being only about -4 months between frosts even in the southern sections, and the mean -summer temperature is about 62 F. The mean winter temperature -is approximately 20 F., and the mean annual temperature for the -entire state is 42 F., that for the north slope being about 5 F. less +4½ months between frosts even in the southern sections, and the mean +summer temperature is about 62° F. The mean winter temperature +is approximately 20° F., and the mean annual temperature for the +entire state is 42° F., that for the north slope being about 5° F. less than that for the south slope. Although the temperature remains pretty steadily below the freezing point for at least three months of the year, many of the harbours remain unobstructed; for the tides and the prevailing off-shore winds break up and drive off the ice. The precipitation is about 42 in. annually, and is distributed very evenly throughout the year, 10-11 in. of rain or its equivalent in -snow falling each season. During 4 months about 44% of the +snow falling each season. During 4½ months about 44% of the precipitation is in the form of snow; but the snow-fall varies from about 60 in. on the coast to more than 100 in. on the north slope. The winds are variable; at no season of the year is it usual @@ -9170,7 +9131,7 @@ in many localities, particularly in Androscoggin, York, Cumberland and Oxford counties; the most famous springs are the Poland Springs in Androscoggin county. Most of the mineral waters bottled in the state are chalybeate and slightly alkaline—saline; -their average temperature is about 43. In 1908 27 springs were +their average temperature is about 43°. In 1908 27 springs were reported, their aggregate sales amounting to 1,182,322 gallons. Copper, gold alloyed with platinum, iron ore, barytes, graphite and lead occur in small quantities in the state. In 1908 the total mineral @@ -9682,7 +9643,7 @@ January 1909 only $698,000.</p> <p><i>History.</i>—During the 16th century and the early part of the 17th, the coast of Maine attracted various explorers, among -them Giovanni da Verrazano (1524), Estban Gomez (1525), +them Giovanni da Verrazano (1524), Estéban Gomez (1525), Bartholomew Gosnold (1602), Martin Pring (1603), Pierre du Guast, Sieur De Monts (1604), George Weymouth (1605), and John Smith (1614), who explored and mapped the coast and @@ -9690,7 +9651,7 @@ gave to the country the name New England; but no permanent English settlement was established within what are now the borders of the state until some time between 1623 and 1629. In 1603 De Monts received from Henry IV. of France a charter -for all the region between 40 and 46 N. under the name of +for all the region between 40° and 46° N. under the name of Acadie, or Acadia, and in 1604 he built a fort on Neutral Island at the mouth of the Saint Croix river. This he abandoned in 1605, but some of his followers were in the vicinity a few years @@ -9718,7 +9679,7 @@ Argall (d. 1626), acting under the instructions of the English at Jamestown, Virginia, some of these colonists returned later. In 1620 the Council for New England, the successor of the Plymouth Company, obtained a grant of the country between -latitude 40 and 48 N. extending from sea to sea, and two years +latitude 40° and 48° N. extending from sea to sea, and two years later Gorges and John Mason (1586-1635) received from the Council a grant of the territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec rivers for 60 m. inland under the name of the Province @@ -9766,7 +9727,7 @@ proprietor, brought before parliament his claim to Maine and in 1664 a committee of that body decided in his favour; but Massachusetts successfully resisted until 1677, when the king in council decided against her. She then quietly purchased -the Gorges claim for 1,250 and held the province as a proprietor +the Gorges claim for £1,250 and held the province as a proprietor until 1691, when by the new Massachusetts charter Maine was extended to the Saint Croix river, and was made an integral part of Massachusetts.</p> @@ -9849,7 +9810,7 @@ along the middle of that river to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude.” Great Britain claimed that the due north line was 40 m. long and ran to Mars Hill in Aroostook county, and that the highlands ran thence westerly 115 m. to the source of the -Chaudire; the United States, on the other hand, claimed that +Chaudière; the United States, on the other hand, claimed that the northerly line was 140 m. long, running to highlands dividing the Ristigouche and the tributaries of the Metis; and there was a further disagreement with regard to the side of the highlands @@ -10069,11 +10030,11 @@ of votes cast should be sufficient for election.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MAINE DE BIRAN, FRANOIS-PIERRE-GONTHIER<a name="ar68" id="ar68"></a></span> (1766-1824), +<p><span class="bold">MAINE DE BIRAN, FRANÇOIS-PIERRE-GONTHIER<a name="ar68" id="ar68"></a></span> (1766-1824), French philosopher, was born at Bergerac, on the 29th of November, 1766. The name Maine he assumed (some time before 1787) from an estate called Le Maine, near Mouleydier. -After studying with distinction under the <i>doctrinaires</i> of Prigueux, +After studying with distinction under the <i>doctrinaires</i> of Périgueux, he entered the life-guards of Louis XVI., and was present at Versailles on the memorable 5th and 6th of October 1789. On the breaking up of the <i>gardes du corps</i> Biran retired to his @@ -10084,7 +10045,7 @@ It was at this period that, to use his own words, he “passed psychology, which he made the study of his life. After the Reign of Terror Maine de Biran took part in political affairs. Having been excluded from the council of the Five Hundred -on suspicion of royalism, he took part with his friend Lan +on suspicion of royalism, he took part with his friend Laîné in the commission of 1813, which gave expression for the first time to direct opposition to the will of the emperor. After the Restoration he held the office of treasurer to the chamber of @@ -10097,17 +10058,17 @@ two causes—his obscure and laboured style, and the fact that only a few, and these the least characteristic, of his writings appeared during his lifetime. These consisted of the essay on habit (<i>Sur l’influence de l’habitude</i>, 1803), a critical review of -P. Laromiguire’s lectures (1817), and the philosophical portion +P. Laromiguière’s lectures (1817), and the philosophical portion of the article “Leibnitz” in the <i>Biographie universelle</i> (1819). -A treatise on the analysis of thought (<i>Sur la dcomposition de -la pense</i>), although sent to press, was never printed. In 1834 -these writings, together with the essay entitled <i>Nouvelles considrations +A treatise on the analysis of thought (<i>Sur la décomposition de +la pensée</i>), although sent to press, was never printed. In 1834 +these writings, together with the essay entitled <i>Nouvelles considérations sur les rapports du physique et du moral de l’homme</i>, were published by Victor Cousin, who in 1841 added three volumes, under the title <i>Œuvres philosophiques de Maine de Biran</i>. But the publication (in 1859) by E. Naville (from MSS. placed at his father’s disposal by Biran’s son) of the <i>Œuvres -indites de Maine de Biran</i>, in three volumes, first rendered +inédites de Maine de Biran</i>, in three volumes, first rendered possible a connected view of his philosophical development. At first a sensualist, like Condillac and Locke, next an intellectualist, he finally shows himself a mystical theosophist. The @@ -10121,7 +10082,7 @@ from the point of view of Locke and Condillac, but even in them he was brought to signalize the essential fact on which his later speculation turns. Dealing with the formation of habits, he is compelled to note that passive impressions, however transformed, do not -furnish a complete or adequate explanation. With Laromiguire +furnish a complete or adequate explanation. With Laromiguière he distinguishes attention as an active effort, of no less importance than the passive receptivity of sense, and with Butler distinguishes passively formed customs from active habits. He finally arrived @@ -10153,17 +10114,17 @@ Biran’s work presents a very remarkable specimen of deep metaphysical thinking directed by preference to the psychological aspect of experience.</p> -<p>The <i>Œuvres indites</i> of Maine de Biran by E. Naville contain an +<p>The <i>Œuvres inédites</i> of Maine de Biran by E. Naville contain an introductory study; in 1887 appeared <i>Science et psychologie: nouvelles -œuvres indites</i>, with introduction by A. Bertrand. See also -O. Merton, <i>tude critique sur Maine de Biran</i> (1865); E. Naville, -<i>Maine de Biran, sa vie et ses penses</i> (1874); J. Grard, <i>Maine de -Biran, essai sur sa philosophie</i> (1876); Mayonade, <i>Penses et pages -indites de Maine de Biran</i> (Prigueux, 1896); G. Allievo, “Maine +œuvres inédites</i>, with introduction by A. Bertrand. See also +O. Merton, <i>Étude critique sur Maine de Biran</i> (1865); E. Naville, +<i>Maine de Biran, sa vie et ses pensées</i> (1874); J. Gérard, <i>Maine de +Biran, essai sur sa philosophie</i> (1876); Mayonade, <i>Pensées et pages +inédites de Maine de Biran</i> (Périgueux, 1896); G. Allievo, “Maine de Biran e la sua dottrina antropologica” (Turin, 1896, in <i>Memorie dell’ accademia delle scienze</i>, 2nd ser., xlv, pt. 2); A. Lang, <i>Maine de Biran und die neuere Philosophie</i> (Cologne, 1901); monographs -by A. Khtmann (Bremen, 1901) and M. Couailhac (1905); N. E. +by A. Kühtmann (Bremen, 1901) and M. Couailhac (1905); N. E. Truman in <i>Cornell Studies in Philosophy</i>, No. 5 (1904) on Maine de Biran’s Philosophy of Will.</p> </div> @@ -10174,14 +10135,14 @@ Biran’s Philosophy of Will.</p> 1790 for the most part out of the southern portion of the former province of Anjou, and bounded N. by the departments of Mayenne and Sarthe, E. by Indre-et-Loire, S.E. by Vienne, S. -by Deux-Svres and Vende, W. by Loire-Infrieure, and N.W. +by Deux-Sèvres and Vendée, W. by Loire-Inférieure, and N.W. by Ille-et-Vilaine. Area, 2786 sq. m. Pop. (1906), 513,490. Maine-et-Loire is made up of two distinct regions, the line of demarcation running roughly from north to south along the valley of the Sarthe, then turning south-west and passing -Brissac and Dou; that to the west consists of granites, felspars, +Brissac and Doué; that to the west consists of granites, felspars, and a continuation of the geological formations of Brittany -and Vende; to the east, schists, limestone and chalk prevail. +and Vendée; to the east, schists, limestone and chalk prevail. The department is traversed from east to west by the majestic valley of the Loire, with its rich orchards, nurseries and market-gardens. The highest altitudes are found in the south-west, @@ -10198,11 +10159,11 @@ three are navigable. Other tributaries of the Loire are the Thouet (with its tributary the Dive), the Layon, the Evre, and the Divatte on the left, and the Authion on the right. The Mayenne is joined on the right by the Oudon, which can be navigated -below Segr. The Erdre, which joins the Loire at Nantes, -and the Moine, a tributary of the Svre-Nantaise, both rise +below Segré. The Erdre, which joins the Loire at Nantes, +and the Moine, a tributary of the Sèvre-Nantaise, both rise <span class="pagenum"><a name="page442" id="page442"></a>442</span> within this department. The climate is very mild. The mean -annual temperature of Angers is about 53, slightly exceeding +annual temperature of Angers is about 53°, slightly exceeding that of Paris; the rainfall (between 23 and 24 in. annually) is distinctly lower than that of the rest of France. Notwithstanding this deficiency, the frequent fogs, combined with the @@ -10237,29 +10198,29 @@ of wine, makes beads and enamels. The commerce of Maine-et-Loire comprises the exportation of live stock and of the various products of its soil and industries, and the importation of hemp, cotton, and other raw materials. The department -is served by the railways of the state and the Orlans and +is served by the railways of the state and the Orléans and Western companies. The Mayenne, the Sarthe and the Loir, together with some of the lesser rivers, provide about 130 m. of navigable waterway. In the south-east the canal of the Dive covers some 10 m. in the department.</p> -<p>There are five arrondissements—Angers, Baug, Cholet, -Saumur and Segr, with 34 cantons and 381 communes. Maine-et-Loire -belongs to the acadmie (educational division) of +<p>There are five arrondissements—Angers, Baugé, Cholet, +Saumur and Segré, with 34 cantons and 381 communes. Maine-et-Loire +belongs to the académie (educational division) of Rennes, to the region of the VIII. army corps, and to the ecclesiastical province of Tours. Angers (<i>q.v.</i>), the capital, is the seat of a bishopric and of a court of appeal. Other principal places are Cholet, Saumur, and Fontevrault, which receive separate treatment. For architectural interest there may also be mentioned -the chteaux of Brissac (17th century), Serrant (15th and +the châteaux of Brissac (17th century), Serrant (15th and 16th centuries), Montreuil-Bellay (14th and 15th centuries), and -Ecuill (15th century), and the churches of Puy-Notre-Dame +Ecuillé (15th century), and the churches of Puy-Notre-Dame (13th century) and St Florent-le-Vieil (13th, 17th, and 19th centuries), the last containing the fine monument to Charles Bonchamps, the Vendean leader, by David d’Angers. Gennes has remains of a theatre and other ruins of the Roman period, as well as two churches dating in part from the 10th century. -Ponts-de-C, an interesting old town built partly on islands in +Ponts-de-Cé, an interesting old town built partly on islands in the Loire, is historically important, because till the Revolution its bridges formed the only way across the Loire between Saumur and Nantes.</p> @@ -10285,7 +10246,7 @@ a high school.</p> 1675 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 829,357, an increase of 8.8% in the decade. It consists of an almost unbroken plain, intersected by small rivers, with a few undulating sand ridges. It is wooded -throughout with mango groves, and isolated clumps of <i>bbul</i> trees +throughout with mango groves, and isolated clumps of <i>bábul</i> trees occasionally relieve the bareness of its saline <i>usar</i> plains. On the south-western boundary the Jumna flows in a deep alluvial bed, sometimes sweeping close to the high banks which overhang its @@ -10341,7 +10302,7 @@ or for a master to assist his servant, or a parent his son, or a husband his wife. The law with regard to the subject is considered at length in <i>Bradlaugh</i> v. <i>Newdegate</i>, 1883, 11 Q.B.D. 1. See also <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Champerty</a></span>. For the practice of “livery and maintenance” -see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">English History</a></span>, v. and vi.</p> +see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">English History</a></span>, §§ v. and vi.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>A <span class="scs">CAP OF MAINTENANCE</span>, <i>i.e.</i> a cap of crimson velvet turned up @@ -10362,19 +10323,19 @@ upon it, instead of on the usual wreath.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MAINTENON, FRANOISE D’AUBIGN,<a name="ar72" id="ar72"></a></span> <span class="sc">Marquise de</span> +<p><span class="bold">MAINTENON, FRANÇOISE D’AUBIGNÉ,<a name="ar72" id="ar72"></a></span> <span class="sc">Marquise de</span> (1635-1719), the second wife of Louis XIV., was born in a prison at Niort, on the 27th of November 1635. Her father, Constant -d’Aubign, was the son of Agrippa d’Aubign, the famous friend +d’Aubigné, was the son of Agrippa d’Aubigné, the famous friend and general of Henry IV., and had been imprisoned as a Huguenot malcontent, but her mother, a fervent Catholic, had the child <span class="pagenum"><a name="page443" id="page443"></a>443</span> baptized in her religion, her sponsors being the duc de la Rochefoucauld, father of the author of the <i>Maxims</i>, and the comtesse de -Neuillant. In 1639 Constant d’Aubign was released from +Neuillant. In 1639 Constant d’Aubigné was released from prison and took all his family with him to Martinique, where he died in 1645, after having lost what fortune remained to him at -cards. Mme d’Aubign returned to France, and from sheer +cards. Mme d’Aubigné returned to France, and from sheer poverty unwillingly yielded her daughter to her sister-in-law, Mme de Villette, who made the child very happy, but converted or pretended to convert her to Protestantism. When this was @@ -10385,7 +10346,7 @@ yielded on the condition that she need not believe that the soul of Mme de Villette was lost. Once reconverted, she was neglected and sent home to live with her mother, who had only a small pension of 200 livres a year, which ceased on her death in 1650. -The chevalier de Mer, a man of some literary distinction, who +The chevalier de Meré, a man of some literary distinction, who had made her acquaintance at Mme de Neuillant’s, discovered her penniless condition, and introduced his “young Indian,” as he called her, to Scarron, the famous wit and comic writer, at @@ -10431,7 +10392,7 @@ de Maintenon’s arms in 1683. The queen’s death opened the way to yet greater advancement; in 1684 Mme de Maintenon was made first lady in waiting to the dauphiness, and in the winter of 1685-1686 she was privately married to the king by Harlay, -archbishop of Paris, in the presence, it is believed, of Pre la +archbishop of Paris, in the presence, it is believed, of Père la Chaise, the king’s confessor, the marquis de Montchevreuil, the chevalier de Forbin, and Bontemps. No written proof of the marriage is extant, but that it took place is nevertheless certain. @@ -10461,7 +10422,7 @@ her from Innocent XII. the right of visitation over all the convents in France. Where she deserves blame is in her use of her power for personal patronage, as in compassing the promotions of Chamillart and Villeroi, and the frequent assistance given to -her brother Comte Charles d’Aubign. Her influence was on +her brother Comte Charles d’Aubigné. Her influence was on the whole a moderating and prudent force. Her social influence was not as great as it might have been, owing to her holding no recognized position at court, but it was always exercised on the @@ -10505,34 +10466,34 @@ to all visitors to France, who, however, with the exception of Peter the Great, found it impossible to get an audience with her. On the 15th of April 1719 she died, and was buried in the choir at St Cyr, bequeathing her estate at Maintenon to her niece, the -only daughter of her brother Charles and wife of the marchal de +only daughter of her brother Charles and wife of the maréchal de Noailles, to whose family it still belongs.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>L. A. la Beaumelle published the <i>Lettres de Madame de Maintenon</i>, but much garbled, in 2 vols. in 1752, and on a larger scale in 9 vols. -in 1756. He also, in 1755, published <i>Mmoires de Madame de Maintenon</i>, +in 1756. He also, in 1755, published <i>Mémoires de Madame de Maintenon</i>, in 6 vols., which caused him to be imprisoned in the Bastille. -All earlier biographies were superseded by Thophile Lavalle’s +All earlier biographies were superseded by Théophile Lavallée’s <i>Histoire de St Cyr</i>, reviewed in <i>Causeries du lundi</i>, vol. viii., and by -his edition of her <i>Lettres historiques et difiantes</i>, &c., in 7 vols. +his edition of her <i>Lettres historiques et édifiantes</i>, &c., in 7 vols. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page444" id="page444"></a>444</span> -and of her <i>Correspondance gnrale</i>, in 4 vols. (1888), which latter +and of her <i>Correspondance générale</i>, in 4 vols. (1888), which latter must, however, be read with the knowledge of many forged letters, noticed in P. Grimblot’s <i>Faux autographes de Madame de Maintenon</i>. Saint-Simon’s fine but biased account of the court in her -day and of her career is contained in the twelfth volume of Chruel -and Regnier’s edition of his <i>Mmoires</i>. See also Mademoiselle +day and of her career is contained in the twelfth volume of Chéruel +and Regnier’s edition of his <i>Mémoires</i>. See also Mademoiselle d’Aumale’s <i>Souvenirs sur Madame de Maintenon</i>, published by the Comte d’Haussonville and G. Hanotaux (Paris, 3 vols., 1902-1904); an excellent account by A. Geffroy, <i>Madame de Maintenon -d’aprs sa correspondance authentique</i> (Paris, 2 vols., 1887); P. de -Noailles, <i>Histoire de Madame de Maintenon et des principaux vnements -du rgne de Louis XIV.</i> (4 vols., 1848-1858); A. de Boislisle, -<i>Paul Scarron et Franoise d’Aubign d’aprs des documents nouveaux</i> -(1894); . Pilastre, <i>Vie et caractre de Madame de Maintenon d’aprs -les œuvres du duc de Saint-Simon et des documents anciens ou rcents</i> -(1907); A. Rosset, <i>Madame de Maintenon et la rvocation de l’dit +d’après sa correspondance authentique</i> (Paris, 2 vols., 1887); P. de +Noailles, <i>Histoire de Madame de Maintenon et des principaux évènements +du règne de Louis XIV.</i> (4 vols., 1848-1858); A. de Boislisle, +<i>Paul Scarron et Françoise d’Aubigné d’après des documents nouveaux</i> +(1894); É. Pilastre, <i>Vie et caractère de Madame de Maintenon d’après +les œuvres du duc de Saint-Simon et des documents anciens ou récents</i> +(1907); A. Rosset, <i>Madame de Maintenon et la révocation de l’édit de Nantes</i> (1897).</p> </div> <div class="author">(H. M. S.)</div> @@ -10625,7 +10586,7 @@ bank was afterwards added, the two being connected with a bridge at the opening of the Christian era. The Celtic name became latinized as <i>Maguntiacum</i>, or <i>Moguntiacum</i>, and a town gradually arose around the camp, which became the capital of -Germania Superior. During the Vlkerwanderung Mainz suffered +Germania Superior. During the Völkerwanderung Mainz suffered severely, being destroyed on different occasions by the Alamanni, the Vandals and the Huns. Christianity seems to have been introduced into the town at a very early period, and in the 6th century @@ -10661,7 +10622,7 @@ the French Revolution; they expelled their archbishop, Friedrich Karl Joseph d’Erthal, and opened their gates to the French troops. Taken and retaken several times during the next few years, Mainz was ceded to France by the treaty of Campo Formio -in 1797, and again by the Treaty of Lunville in 1801. In 1814 +in 1797, and again by the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801. In 1814 it was restored to Germany and in 1816 it was handed over to the grand duke of Hesse; it remained, however, a fortress of the German confederation and was garrisoned by Prussian and @@ -10669,11 +10630,11 @@ Austrian troops. Since 1871 it has been a fortress of the German Empire. There were disturbances in the city in 1848.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Brhl, <i>Mainz, geschichtlich, topographisch und malerisch</i> +<p>See Brühl, <i>Mainz, geschichtlich, topographisch und malerisch</i> (Mainz, 1829); C. A. Schaab, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Mainz</i> (Mainz, 1841-1845); K. Klein, <i>Mainz und seine Umgebungen</i> (1868); -C. G. Bockenheimer, <i>Beitrge zur Geschichte der Stadt Mainz</i> (1874); -Neeb, <i>Fhrer durch Mainz und Umgebung</i> (Stuttgart, 1903); and +C. G. Bockenheimer, <i>Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt Mainz</i> (1874); +Neeb, <i>Führer durch Mainz und Umgebung</i> (Stuttgart, 1903); and O. Beck, <i>Mainz und sein Handel</i> (Mainz, 1881).</p> </div> @@ -10708,28 +10669,28 @@ to Regensburg.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>For the history of the electorate see the <i>Scriptores rerum moguntiacarum</i>, edited by G. C. Joannis (Frankfort, 1722-1727); Schunk, -<i>Beitrge zur Mainzer Geschichte</i> (Frankfort, 1788-1791); Hennes, -<i>Die Erzbischfe von Mainz</i> (Mainz, 1879); Ph. Jaff, <i>Monumenta -moguntina</i> (Berlin, 1866), and J. F. Bhmer and C. Will, <i>Regesta +<i>Beiträge zur Mainzer Geschichte</i> (Frankfort, 1788-1791); Hennes, +<i>Die Erzbischöfe von Mainz</i> (Mainz, 1879); Ph. Jaffé, <i>Monumenta +moguntina</i> (Berlin, 1866), and J. F. Böhmer and C. Will, <i>Regesta archiepiscoporum moguntinensium</i> (Innsbruck, 1877-1886).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAIRET, JEAN DE<a name="ar74" id="ar74"></a></span> (1604-1686), French dramatist, was born -at Besanon, and baptized on the 10th of May 1604. His own +at Besançon, and baptized on the 10th of May 1604. His own statement that he was born in 1610 has been disproved. He -went to Paris to study at the Collge des Grassins about 1625, -in which year he produced his first piece <i>Chriside et Arimand</i>, +went to Paris to study at the Collège des Grassins about 1625, +in which year he produced his first piece <i>Chriséide et Arimand</i>, followed in 1626 by <i>Sylvie</i>, a “pastoral tragi-comedy.” In 1634 appeared his masterpiece, <i>Sophonisbe</i>, which marks, in its observance of the rules, the beginning of the “regular” tragedies. Mairet was one of the bitterest assailants of Corneille in the controversy over <i>The Cid</i>. It was perhaps his jealousy of Corneille that made him give up writing for the stage. He was appointed -in 1648 official representative of the Franche-Comt in Paris, +in 1648 official representative of the Franche-Comté in Paris, but in 1653 he was banished by Mazarin. He was subsequently -allowed to return, but in 1668 he retired to Besanon, where he +allowed to return, but in 1668 he retired to Besançon, where he died on the 31st of January 1686. His other plays include <i>Silvanire ou la Morte-vive</i>, published in 1631 with an elaborate preface on the observance of the unities, <i>Les Galanteries du @@ -10737,28 +10698,28 @@ duc d’Orsonne</i> (1632), <i>Virginie</i> (1633), <i>Marc-Antoine</i> (163 and <i>Le Grand et dernier Solyman</i> (1637).</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See G. Bizos, <i>tude sur la vie et les œuvres de Jean de Mairet</i> -(1877). <i>Sophonisbe</i> was edited by K. Vollmller (Heilbronn, 1888), +<p>See G. Bizos, <i>Étude sur la vie et les œuvres de Jean de Mairet</i> +(1877). <i>Sophonisbe</i> was edited by K. Vollmöller (Heilbronn, 1888), and <i>Silvanire</i> by R. Otto (Bamberg, 1890).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAISTRE, JOSEPH DE<a name="ar75" id="ar75"></a></span> (1754-1821), French diplomatist and -polemical writer, was born at Chambry on the 1st of April 1754. +polemical writer, was born at Chambéry on the 1st of April 1754. His family was an ancient and noble one, enjoying the title of count, and is said to have been of Languedocian extraction. The father of Joseph was president of the senate of Savoy, and held other important offices. Joseph himself, after studying at Turin, received various appointments in the civil service of Savoy, finally becoming a member of the senate. In 1786 he married -Franoise de Morand. The invasion and annexation of Savoy by +Françoise de Morand. The invasion and annexation of Savoy by the French Republicans made him an exile. He did not take refuge in that part of the king of Sardinia’s domains which was for the time spared, but betook himself to the as yet neutral territory of Lausanne. There, in 1796, he published his first important work (he had previously written certain discourses, -pamphlets, letters, &c.), <i>Considrations sur la France</i>. In this +pamphlets, letters, &c.), <i>Considérations sur la France</i>. In this he developed his views, which were those of a Legitimist, but a Legitimist entirely from the religious and Roman Catholic point of view. The philosophism of the 18th century was Joseph de @@ -10775,22 +10736,22 @@ at St Petersburg, and journeyed thither the next year. Although his post was no sinecure, its duties were naturally less engrossing than the official life, with intervals of uneasy exile and travelling, which he had hitherto known, and his literary activity was great. -He only published a single treatise, on the <i>Principe gnrateur des +He only published a single treatise, on the <i>Principe générateur des Constitutions</i>; but he wrote his best and most famous works, <i>Du -Pape</i>, <i>De L’glise gallicane</i> and the <i>Soires de St Ptersbourg</i>, the +Pape</i>, <i>De L’église gallicane</i> and the <i>Soirées de St Pétersbourg</i>, the last of which was never finished. <i>Du Pape</i>, which the second-named book completes, is a treatise in regular form, dealing with the relations of the sovereign pontiff to the Church, to temporal sovereigns, to civilization generally, and to schismatics, especially Anglicans and the Greek Church. It is written from the highest -possible standpoint of papal absolutism. The <i>Soires de St -Ptersbourg</i>, so far as it is anything (for the arrangement is somewhat -desultory), is a kind of <i>thodice</i>, dealing with the fortunes +possible standpoint of papal absolutism. The <i>Soirées de St +Pétersbourg</i>, so far as it is anything (for the arrangement is somewhat +desultory), is a kind of <i>théodicée</i>, dealing with the fortunes of virtue and vice in this world. It contains two of De Maistre’s most famous pieces, his panegyric on the executioner as the foundation of social order, and his acrimonious, and in part unfair, but also in part very damaging, attack on Locke. The <i>Du Pape</i> -is dated May 1817; on the <i>Soires</i> the author was still engaged +is dated May 1817; on the <i>Soirées</i> the author was still engaged at his death. Besides these works he wrote an examination of the philosophy of Bacon, some letters on the Inquisition (an institution which, as may be guessed from the remarks just @@ -10845,17 +10806,17 @@ Voltaire in particular he shows no mercy.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Of the two works named as his masterpieces, <i>Du Pape</i> and the -<i>Soires de St Ptersbourg</i>, editions are extremely numerous. No +<i>Soirées de St Pétersbourg</i>, editions are extremely numerous. No complete edition of his works appeared till 1884-1887, when one was published at Lyons in 14 volumes. This had been preceded, and has been followed, by numerous biographies and discussions: -C. Barthlemy, <i>L’Esprit de Joseph de Maistre</i> (1859); R. de Szeval, +C. Barthélemy, <i>L’Esprit de Joseph de Maistre</i> (1859); R. de Sézeval, <i>Joseph de Maistre</i> (1865), and J. C. Glaser, <i>Graf Joseph Maistre</i> (same year); L. I. Moreau, <i>Joseph de Maistre</i> (1879); F. Paulhan, <i>Joseph de Maistre et sa philosophie</i> (1893); L. Cogordan, “Joseph -de Maistre” in the <i>Grands crivains franais</i> (1894); F. Descostes, -<i>Joseph de Maistre avant la rvolution</i> (1896), and other works by -the same writer; J. Mandoul, <i>Un Homme d’tat italien: Joseph de +de Maistre” in the <i>Grands écrivains français</i> (1894); F. Descostes, +<i>Joseph de Maistre avant la révolution</i> (1896), and other works by +the same writer; J. Mandoul, <i>Un Homme d’état italien: Joseph de Maistre et la politique de la maison de Savoie</i> (1900); and E. Grasset, <i>Joseph de Maistre</i> (1901).</p> </div> @@ -10864,7 +10825,7 @@ Maistre et la politique de la maison de Savoie</i> (1900); and E. Grasset, <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAISTRE, XAVIER DE<a name="ar76" id="ar76"></a></span> (1763-1852), younger brother of -Joseph de Maistre, was born at Chambry in October 1763. He +Joseph de Maistre, was born at Chambéry in October 1763. He served when young in the Piedmontese army, and wrote his delightful fantasy, <i>Voyage autour de ma chambre</i> (published 1794) when he was under arrest at Turin in consequence of a duel. @@ -10886,10 +10847,10 @@ and died there on the 12th of June 1852. He was only once in Paris (in 1839), when Sainte-Beuve, who has left some pleasant reminiscences of him, met him. Besides the <i>Voyage</i> already mentioned, Xavier de Maistre’s works (all of which are of very -modest dimensions) are <i>Le Lpreux de la cit d’Aoste</i> (1811), a +modest dimensions) are <i>Le Lépreux de la cité d’Aoste</i> (1811), a touching little story of human misfortune; <i>Les Prisonniers du Caucase</i>, a powerful sketch of Russian character, <i>La Jeune -Sibrienne</i>, and the <i>Expdition nocturne</i>, a sequel to the <i>Voyage +Sibérienne</i>, and the <i>Expédition nocturne</i>, a sequel to the <i>Voyage autour de ma chambre</i> (1825). His style is of remarkable ease and purity.</p> @@ -11200,7 +11161,7 @@ the spike of fruit which bears the long silky styles. One-third nat. size.</td></tr></table> -<p><span class="bold">MAIZE<a name="ar84" id="ar84"></a></span>, or <span class="sc">Indian Corn</span>, <i>Zea Mays</i> (from <span class="grk" title="ze">ζεά</span> or <span class="grk" title="zei">ζειά</span>, +<p><span class="bold">MAIZE<a name="ar84" id="ar84"></a></span>, or <span class="sc">Indian Corn</span>, <i>Zea Mays</i> (from <span class="grk" title="zeá">ζεά</span> or <span class="grk" title="zeiá">ζειά</span>, which appears to have been “spelt,” <i>Triticum spelta</i>, according to the description of Theophrastus), a plant of the tribe Maydeae of the order Gramineae or grasses (see fig. 1). It is @@ -11215,7 +11176,7 @@ maize embedded on the shore in Peru at 85 ft. above the present sea-level. Bonafous, however (<i>Histoire naturelle -du mas</i>), quotes authorities +du maïs</i>), quotes authorities (Bock, 1532, Ruel and Fuchs) as believing that it came from Asia, and maize was said @@ -11288,7 +11249,7 @@ horny layer of varying thickness in the different varieties. The colour of the grain is white, yellow, red, blue or variegated. It is commonly cultivated in Canada and northern United States, where the seasons are too short for Dent corn, and has been -grown as far north as 50 N. lat. Dent or field corn (var. +grown as far north as 50° N. lat. Dent or field corn (var. <i>indentata</i>) has the starchy endosperm extending to the summit of the grain, with horny endosperm at the sides. The top of the grain becomes indented, owing to the drying and shrinkage @@ -11398,7 +11359,7 @@ Watt’s <i>Dictionary of the Economic Products of India</i>, vi. (1893).</p <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MAJESTY<a name="ar85" id="ar85"></a></span> (Fr. <i>majest</i>; Lat. <i>majestas</i>, grandeur, greatness, +<p><span class="bold">MAJESTY<a name="ar85" id="ar85"></a></span> (Fr. <i>majesté</i>; Lat. <i>majestas</i>, grandeur, greatness, from the base <i>mag-</i>, as in <i>magnus</i>, great, <i>major</i>, greater, &c.), dignity, greatness, a term especially used to express the dignity and power of a sovereign. This application is to be traced @@ -11406,7 +11367,7 @@ to the use of <i>majestas</i> in Latin to express the supreme sovereign dignity of the Roman state, the <i>majestas reipublicae</i> or <i>populi Romani</i>, hence <i>majestatem laedere</i> or <i>minuere</i>, was to commit high treason, <i>crimen majestatis</i>. (For the modern law and -usage of <i>laesa majestas, lse majest, Majesttsbeleidigung</i>, +usage of <i>laesa majestas, lèse majesté, Majestätsbeleidigung</i>, see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Treason</a></span>.) From the republic <i>majestas</i> was transferred to the emperors, and the <i>majestas populi Romani</i> became the <i>majestas imperii</i>, and <i>augustalis majestas</i> is used as a term @@ -11448,17 +11409,17 @@ Trinity, and of the Saviour alone, enthroned with an aureole.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MAJLTH, JNOS<a name="ar86" id="ar86"></a></span>, or <span class="sc">John, Count</span> (1786-1855), Hungarian +<p><span class="bold">MAJLÁTH, JÁNOS<a name="ar86" id="ar86"></a></span>, or <span class="sc">John, Count</span> (1786-1855), Hungarian historian and poet, was born at Pest on the 5th of October 1786. First educated at home, he subsequently studied philosophy at -Eger (Erlau) and law at Gyr (Raab), his father, Count Joseph -Majlth, an Austrian minister of state, eventually obtaining for -him an appointment in the public service. Majlth devoted +Eger (Erlau) and law at Györ (Raab), his father, Count Joseph +Majláth, an Austrian minister of state, eventually obtaining for +him an appointment in the public service. Majláth devoted himself to historical research and the translation into German of Magyar folk-tales, and of selections from the works of the best of his country’s native poets. Moreover, as an original lyrical writer, and as an editor and adapter of old German poems, -Majlth showed considerable talent. During the greater part +Majláth showed considerable talent. During the greater part of his life he resided either at Pest or Vienna, but a few years before his death he removed to Munich, where he fell into a state of destitution and extreme despondency. Seized at last @@ -11470,13 +11431,13 @@ Munich, on the 3rd of January 1855.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Of his historical works the most important are the <i>Geschichte der Magyaren</i> (Vienna, 1828-1831, 5 vols.; 2nd ed., Ratisbon, 1852-1853) -and his <i>Geschichte des sterreichischen Kaiserstaats</i> (Hamburg, +and his <i>Geschichte des österreichischen Kaiserstaats</i> (Hamburg, 1834-1850, 5 vols.). Specially noteworthy among his metrical translations from the Hungarian are the <i>Magyarische Gedichte</i> (Stuttgart and -Tbingen, 1825); and <i>Himfy’s auserlesene Liebeslieder</i> (Pest, 1829; +Tübingen, 1825); and <i>Himfy’s auserlesene Liebeslieder</i> (Pest, 1829; 2nd ed., 1831). A valuable contribution to folk-lore appeared in -the <i>Magyarische Sagen, Mrchen und Erzhlungen</i> (Brnn, 1825; -2nd ed., Stuttgart and Tbingen, 1837, 2 vols.).</p> +the <i>Magyarische Sagen, Märchen und Erzählungen</i> (Brünn, 1825; +2nd ed., Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1837, 2 vols.).</p> </div> @@ -11612,7 +11573,7 @@ the north-east there are several considerable bays, of which the chief are those of Alcudia and Pollensa; while on the south-west is the still more important bay of Palma. No fewer than twelve ports or harbours are enumerated round the island, -of which may be mentioned Andraitx and Sller. In the north-west +of which may be mentioned Andraitx and Sóller. In the north-west Majorca is traversed by a chain of mountains running parallel with the coast, and attaining its highest elevation in Silla de Torrellas (5154 ft.). Towards the south and east the @@ -11622,10 +11583,10 @@ protection to the rest of the island from the violent gales to which it would otherwise be exposed, and render the climate remarkably mild and pleasant. The scenery of Majorca has all the picturesqueness of outline that usually belongs to a limestone formation. -Some of the valleys, such as those of Valdemosa and Sller, +Some of the valleys, such as those of Valdemosa and Sóller, with their luxuriant vegetation, are delightful resorts. There are quarries of marble of various grains and colours—those near -Santay, in the district of Manacor, being especially celebrated; +Santañy, in the district of Manacor, being especially celebrated; while lead, iron and cinnabar have also been obtained. Coal of a jet-like character is found at Benisalem, where it was first worked in 1836; at Selva, where it has been mined since 1851; near @@ -11639,7 +11600,7 @@ most of the arable land is cultivated. The mountains are terraced; and the old pine woods have in many places given way to the olive, the vine and the almond tree, to fields of wheat and flax, or to orchards of figs and oranges. For the last-mentioned -fruits the valley of Sller is one of the most important districts, +fruits the valley of Sóller is one of the most important districts, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page451" id="page451"></a>451</span> the produce being largely transmitted to France. The yield of oil is very considerable, and Inca is the centre of the oil district. @@ -11660,7 +11621,7 @@ rope and cord are largely made, from both native and foreign materials.</p> <p>The roads are excellent, the four principal being those from -Alcudia, Manacor, Sller and Andraitx to the capital. Forty-eight +Alcudia, Manacor, Sóller and Andraitx to the capital. Forty-eight miles of railway were open at the beginning of the 20th century. The main line runs from Palma to Manacor and Alcudia. The telegraphic system is fairly complete, and there @@ -11668,7 +11629,7 @@ is regular steam communication with Barcelona and Alicante. The principal towns include—besides Palma (63,937), Felanitx (11,294) and Manacor (12,408), which are described in separate articles—Andraitx (6516), Inca (7579), Llummayor (8859), -Pollensa (8308), Santay (6692) and Sller (8026).</p> +Pollensa (8308), Santañy (6692) and Sóller (8026).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -11713,7 +11674,7 @@ is given); J. B. Bury, <i>Later Roman Empire</i>, bk. iii.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MAJORITY<a name="ar92" id="ar92"></a></span> (Fr. <i>majorit</i>; Med. Lat. <i>majoritas</i>; Lat. <i>major</i>, +<p><span class="bold">MAJORITY<a name="ar92" id="ar92"></a></span> (Fr. <i>majorité</i>; Med. Lat. <i>majoritas</i>; Lat. <i>major</i>, greater), a term signifying the greater number. In legislative and deliberative assemblies it is usual to decide questions by a majority of those present at a meeting and voting. In law, @@ -11799,7 +11760,7 @@ which in the ’seventies passed through a period of feverish activity, the chief results of which are the sumptuously decorated public buildings of the Ringstrasse.</p> -<p>The enthusiasm of the time, the splendour of the ftes over +<p>The enthusiasm of the time, the splendour of the fêtes over which Makart presided, and the very obvious appeal of his huge compositions in their glowing richness of colour, in which he tried to emulate Rubens, made him appear a very giant to his contemporaries @@ -11848,16 +11809,16 @@ American system of daily settlements.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MAK,<a name="ar98" id="ar98"></a></span> a town of Hungary, capital of the county of Csand +<p><span class="bold">MAKÓ,<a name="ar98" id="ar98"></a></span> a town of Hungary, capital of the county of Csanád 135 m. S.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 33,701. It is situated near the right bank of the Maros, and is a typical -Hungarian town of the Alfld. The most noteworthy building -is the palace of the bishop of Csand, whose usual residence is -in Temesvr. The town possesses numerous mills, and the +Hungarian town of the Alföld. The most noteworthy building +is the palace of the bishop of Csanád, whose usual residence is +in Temesvár. The town possesses numerous mills, and the surrounding country is fertile. The communal lands are extensive; they afford excellent pasturage for horses and sheep and also for large herds of horned cattle, for the size and quality of -which Mak has obtained a high repute.</p> +which Makó has obtained a high repute.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -12044,7 +12005,7 @@ influence of Dr John Wilson, principal of the Scottish College. As early as 1875 he published a volume of poems in Gujarati, followed in 1877 by <i>The Indian Muse in English Garb</i>, which attracted attention in England, notably from Tennyson, Max -Mller, and Florence Nightingale. His life work began in +Müller, and Florence Nightingale. His life work began in 1880 when he acquired the <i>Indian Spectator</i>, which he edited for twenty years until it was merged in the <i>Voice of India</i>. In 1901 he became editor of <i>East and West</i>. Always holding @@ -12074,12 +12035,12 @@ the making of cigars, and the cultivation of ilang-ilang-trees (<i>Cananga odorata</i>) for their flowers, from which a fine perfume is distilled; ilang-ilang is one of the principal exports, mostly to France. Tagalog and Spanish are the principal languages. -Malabon was formerly known as Tambbong.</p> +Malabon was formerly known as Tambóbong.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MALACCA,<a name="ar104" id="ar104"></a></span> a town on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, in -2 14′ N., 102 12′ E., which, with the territory lying immediately +2° 14′ N., 102° 12′ E., which, with the territory lying immediately around and behind it forms one of the Straits Settlements, and gives its name to the Straits which divide Sumatra from the Malay Peninsula. Its name, which is more correctly transliterated @@ -12372,7 +12333,7 @@ and rising from time to time to poetical rhythm.</p> Twelve</i> (ii. 1898); A. C. Welch, art. “Malachi” in Hastings’s <i>Dict. of the Bible</i>, iii. 218-222 (1900); C. C. Torrey, id. in <i>Ency. Bib.</i> iii. c. 2907-2910 (1902); Marti, <i>Dodekapropheton</i> (1904); Stade, <i>Biblische -Theologie des Alten Test.</i> 141 (1905); Driver, <i>The Minor Prophets</i>, +Theologie des Alten Test.</i> § 141 (1905); Driver, <i>The Minor Prophets</i>, ii. (Century Bible, 1906).</p> </div> <div class="author">(W. R. S.; H. W. R.*)</div> @@ -12435,7 +12396,7 @@ of the Jews” (Ryle, <i>Ezra and Nehemiah</i>, p. 143).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MALACHITE,<a name="ar106" id="ar106"></a></span> a copper-ore of fine green colour, sometimes polished as an ornamental stone. The name is derived from -Gr. <span class="grk" title="malch">μαλάχη</span>, the mallow, in allusion to the colour of the +Gr. <span class="grk" title="maláchê">μαλάχη</span>, the mallow, in allusion to the colour of the mineral being rather like that of the mallow-leaf. Malachite was perhaps one of the green minerals described by Theophrastus under the general name of <span class="grk" title="smaragdos">σμάραγδος</span>; and according to the @@ -12640,11 +12601,11 @@ histories of Ireland by J. Lanigan (1829) and W. D. Killen (1875); A. Bellesheim, <i>Geschichte der katholischen Kirche in Irland</i>, Bd. I. (Mainz, 1890); G. T. Stokes, <i>Ireland and the Celtic Church</i> (6th ed., 1907); J. O’Hanlon, <i>Life of Saint Malachy</i> (Dublin, 1859); articles -in <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i> and Herzog-Hauck’s <i>Realencyklopdie -fr protestantische Theologie</i>. On the <i>Prophecy</i>, see the +in <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i> and Herzog-Hauck’s <i>Realencyklopädie +für protestantische Theologie</i>. On the <i>Prophecy</i>, see the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page457" id="page457"></a>457</span> -treatise by C. F. Mentrier (Paris, 1689); Marquis of Bute in <i>Dublin -Review</i> (1885); A. Harnack in <i>Zeitschrift fr Kirchengeschichte</i>, +treatise by C. F. Menêtrier (Paris, 1689); Marquis of Bute in <i>Dublin +Review</i> (1885); A. Harnack in <i>Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte</i>, Bd. III.</p> </div> @@ -12748,7 +12709,7 @@ may be closely allied in character. A curious effect of parasitism, well illustrated in crabs, though not confined to them, has been expounded by Professor Giard, namely, that it tends to obliterate the secondary sexual characters. Modern research has discovered -no crab to surpass <i>Macrocheira kmpferi</i>, De Haan, that can span +no crab to surpass <i>Macrocheira kämpferi</i>, De Haan, that can span between three and four yards with the tips of its toes, but at the other end of the scale it has yielded <i>Collodes malabaricus</i>, Alcock, “of which the carapace, in an adult and egg-laden female, is less @@ -12922,7 +12883,7 @@ unknown to science till 1779. A species certainly belonging to it was described by Lepekhin in 1780, but the obscure <i>Gammarus esca</i>, “food Gammarus” beloved of herrings, described by J. C. Fabricius in the preceding year, may also be one of its members. Nutritious -possibilities are implied in <i>Diastylis rathkii</i>, Kryer, one of the +possibilities are implied in <i>Diastylis rathkii</i>, Kröyer, one of the largest forms, which, though slender and rarely an inch long, in its favourite Arctic waters is found “in incalculable masses, in thousands of specimens” (Stuxberg, 1880). Far on in the 19th century @@ -12932,7 +12893,7 @@ the animals observed were larval or adult. The American T. Say in 1818 gave a good description of a new species and founded the premier genus <i>Diastylis</i>, but other investigators derived little credit from the subject till more than sixty years after its introduction by -the Russian Lepekhin. Then Goodsir, Kryer, Lilljeborg, Spence +the Russian Lepekhin. Then Goodsir, Kröyer, Lilljeborg, Spence Bate and one or two others made considerable advances, and in 1865 a memorable paper by G. O. Sars led the way to the great series of researches which he has continued to the present day. @@ -13006,7 +12967,7 @@ normally free, they have the first one or two of its segments coalesced with the head. Instead of the breathing organs being furnished by the appendages of the pleon with the heart in their vicinity, the respiration is controlled by the maxillipeds, with the heart in the -peraeon (see Delage, <i>Arch. Zool. expr. et gn.</i>, vol. ix., 1881). There +peraeon (see Delage, <i>Arch. Zool. expér. et gén.</i>, vol. ix., 1881). There are two families, Tanaidae and Apseudidae. Occasionally the ocular lobes are articulated.</p> @@ -13045,7 +13006,7 @@ of the trunk-limbs in Isopoda justifies the ordinal name, but the valviferous Astacillidae, and among the Asellota the Munnopsidae, offer some remarkable exceptions to this characteristic. Among many essential works on this group may be named the <i>Monogr. -Cymothoarum</i> of Schidte and Meinert (1879-1883); “<i>Challenger</i>” +Cymothoarum</i> of Schiödte and Meinert (1879-1883); “<i>Challenger</i>” <i>Report</i>, Beddard (1884-1886); <i>Cirolanidae</i>, H. J. Hansen (1890); <i>Isopoda Terrestria</i>, Budde-Lund (1885); <i>Bopyridae</i>, Bonnier (1900); <i>Crustacea of Norway</i>, vol. ii. (Isopoda), Sars (1896-1899), while their @@ -13104,7 +13065,7 @@ found species of <i>Hyperia</i> and their kindred, so fat and wholesome that they have been commended to shipwrecked men in open boats as an easily procurable resource against starvation. Many of the Amphipoda are extremely voracious. Some of them are even -cannibals. The Cyamid afflict the giant whale by nibbling away +cannibals. The Cyamidæ afflict the giant whale by nibbling away its skin; the <i>Chelura terebrans</i> is destructive to submerged timber. But, on the other hand, they largely help to clear the sea and other waters of refuse and carrion, and for fishes, seals and whales they are @@ -13161,7 +13122,7 @@ seasons are very liable to overflow their banks. In 1907 great loss of life and destruction of property were caused in this manner. The principal river is the Guadalhorce, which rises in the Sierra de Alhama, and, after a westerly course past the vicinity of Antequera, -bends southward through the wild defile of Pearrubia +bends southward through the wild defile of Peñarrubia and the beautiful <i>vega</i> or vale of Malaga, falling into the sea near that city. The only other considerable stream is the Guadiaro, which has the greater part of its course within the province @@ -13186,12 +13147,12 @@ communications are in many parts defective, owing to the broken nature of the surface; but the province is traversed from north to south by the Cordova-Malaga railway, which sends off branches from Bobadilla to Granada and Algeciras. A branch -line along the coast from Malaga to Vlez Malaga was opened in +line along the coast from Malaga to Vélez Malaga was opened in 1908.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>Malaga, the capital (pop. 130,109), Antequera (31,609), Vlez -Malaga (23,586), Ronda (20,995), Con (12,326), and Alora (10,325), +<p>Malaga, the capital (pop. 130,109), Antequera (31,609), Vélez +Malaga (23,586), Ronda (20,995), Coín (12,326), and Alora (10,325), are described in separate articles. Other towns with more than 7000 inhabitants are Marbella (9629), Estepona (9310), Archidona (8880) and Nerja (7112). The population of the province tends @@ -13205,13 +13166,13 @@ Algeria and Hawaii.</p> see, and, next to Barcelona, the most important seaport of Spain, finely situated on the Mediterranean coast, at the southern base of the Axarquia hills and at the eastern extremity of the fertile -vega (plain) of Malaga in 36 43′ N. and 4 25′ W. Pop. (1900), +vega (plain) of Malaga in 36° 43′ N. and 4° 25′ W. Pop. (1900), 130,109. From the clearness of its sky, and the beautiful sweep of its bay, Malaga has sometimes been compared with Naples. The climate is one of the mildest and most equable in -Europe, the mean annual temperature being 66.7 Fahr. The +Europe, the mean annual temperature being 66.7° Fahr. The principal railway inland gives access through Bobadilla to all -parts of Spain, and a branch line along the coast to Vlez-Malaga +parts of Spain, and a branch line along the coast to Vélez-Malaga was opened in 1908. Malaga lies principally on the left bank of a mountain torrent, the Guadalmedina (“river of the city”); the streets near the sea are spacious and comparatively modern, @@ -13222,7 +13183,7 @@ sides into the rich and pleasant country which surrounds Malaga, and several acres of land reclaimed from the sea have been converted into a public park. There are various squares or plazas and public promenades; of the former the most important are the -Plaza de Riego (containing the monument to General Jos Maria +Plaza de Riego (containing the monument to General José Maria Torrijos, who, with forty-eight others, was executed in Malaga on the 11th of December 1831, for promoting an insurrection in favour of the constitution) and the Plaza de la Constitucion; @@ -13241,7 +13202,7 @@ Malaga were buried on the foreshore, where their bodies were frequently exposed by the action of wind and sea. Of the old Moorish arsenal only a single horseshoe gateway remains, the rest of the site being chiefly occupied by an iron structure used -as a market; the Alcazba, or citadel, has almost disappeared. +as a market; the Alcazába, or citadel, has almost disappeared. The castle of Gibralfaro, on a bold eminence to the north-east dates from the 13th century, and is still in fairly good preservation.</p> @@ -13271,7 +13232,7 @@ has played a prominent part in the development of Malaga; a French syndicate owns the gas-works, and the electric lighting of the streets is controlled by British and German companies.</p> -<p>Malaga is the <span class="grk" title="Mlaka">Μάλακα</span> of Strabo (iii. 156) and Ptolemy (ii. 4, 7) +<p>Malaga is the <span class="grk" title="Málaka">Μάλακα</span> of Strabo (iii. 156) and Ptolemy (ii. 4, 7) and the <i>Malaca foederatorum</i> of Pliny (iii. 3). The place seems to have been of some importance even during the Carthaginian period; under the Romans it became a municipium, and @@ -13388,8 +13349,8 @@ written by his son.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MLAR,<a name="ar115" id="ar115"></a></span> a lake of Sweden, extending 73 m. westward from -Stockholm, which lies at its junction with the Saltsj, an arm of +<p><span class="bold">MÄLAR,<a name="ar115" id="ar115"></a></span> a lake of Sweden, extending 73 m. westward from +Stockholm, which lies at its junction with the Saltsjö, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The height of the lake is normally only from 11 in. to 2 ft. above sea-level, and its outflow is sometimes reversed. The area is 449 sq. m. The bottom consists of a series of basins @@ -13401,14 +13362,14 @@ The area of the drainage basin is 8789 sq. m., of which 1124 are occupied by lakes. The navigable connexions with the lake are—(1) with lake Hjelmar to the south-west by the Arboga river and the Hjelmar canal; and by the Eskilstuna river and -the Thorshlla canal; (2) with the Baltic southward through -the Sdertelge canal, the route followed by the Gta canal +the Thorshälla canal; (2) with the Baltic southward through +the Södertelge canal, the route followed by the Göta canal steamers; (3) with the Baltic by two channels at Stockholm. -The more important towns, besides Stockholm, are Vesters on -the north, Sdertelge and Eskilstuna near the south shore. +The more important towns, besides Stockholm, are Vesterås on +the north, Södertelge and Eskilstuna near the south shore. The lake offers a field for recreation fully appreciated by the inhabitants of the capital, and many of those whose business -lies at Stockholm have their residences on the shores of Mlar. +lies at Stockholm have their residences on the shores of Mälar. On Drottningholm (Queen’s Island, named from Catherine, wife of John III.) is a palace with a fine park and formal gardens. John III. built a palace at the close of the 16th century, but the @@ -13417,7 +13378,7 @@ dates from the second half of the 17th century. At Mariefred on the south shore there is the castle of Gripsholm (1537), built by Gustavus Vasa, a picturesque erection with four towers, richly adorned within, and containing a large collection of -portraits. Strengns, on the same shore, became an episcopal +portraits. Strengnäs, on the same shore, became an episcopal see in 1291, when the fine cathedral, much altered since, was consecrated. In the episcopal palace, a building of the 15th century now used as a school, Gustavus Vasa was elected to the @@ -13426,11 +13387,11 @@ is the palace of Rosenberg, used as a school of gunnery, in a well-wooded park. On a branch of the same arm is Sigtuna, a village whose ruined churches are a memorial of its rank among the principal towns of Sweden after its foundation in the 11th century. -Remains prove that on Bjrk, an island in the eastern +Remains prove that on Björkö, an island in the eastern part of the lake, there was a large settlement of earlier importance than Sigtuna. Here a cross commemorates the preaching of Christianity by St Ansgar in 829. Finally, on the northern arm -about 10 m. south of Upsala, there is the chteau of Skokloster, +about 10 m. south of Upsala, there is the château of Skokloster, occupying the site of a monastery, and presented by Gustavus Adolphus to Marshal Herman Wrangel, whose son Charles Gustavus Wrangel stored it with a remarkable collection of @@ -13468,7 +13429,7 @@ of the spleen, engorgement (very rarely rupture) of the heart, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page462" id="page462"></a>462</span> with a feeling of oppression in the chest, and a copious flow of clear and watery urine from the congested kidneys. The body -temperature will have risen suddenly from the normal to 103 or +temperature will have risen suddenly from the normal to 103° or higher. This first or cold stage of the paroxysm varies much in length; in temperate climates it lasts from one to two hours, while in tropical and subtropical countries it may be shortened. @@ -13599,7 +13560,7 @@ Laveran, a French army surgeon serving in Algeria. On the 6th of November in that year he plainly saw the living parasites under the microscope in the blood of a malarial patient, and he shortly afterwards communicated his observations to the -Paris Acadmie de Mdecine. They were confirmed, but met with +Paris Académie de Médecine. They were confirmed, but met with little acceptance in the scientific world, which was preoccupied with the claims of a subsequently discredited Bacillus malariae. In 1885 the Italian pathologists came round to Laveran’s views, @@ -13941,9 +13902,9 @@ list of the cases. The population of Ismailia is about 6000.</p> <p class="noind">Klang and Port Swettenham are contiguous towns in the Federated Malay States, having a population of 4000 and a rainfall of 100 in. a year. At Klang the expenditure has been -3100, with an annual expenditure of 270, devoted to clearing -and draining 332 acres. At Port Swettenham 7000, with -an annual upkeep of 240, has been devoted to treating 110 +£3100, with an annual expenditure of £270, devoted to clearing +and draining 332 acres. At Port Swettenham £7000, with +an annual upkeep of £240, has been devoted to treating 110 acres. In Hong-Kong similar measures were carried out, with the result that the hospital admissions for malaria diminished from 1294 in 1901, the year when operations were begun, @@ -14115,7 +14076,7 @@ so cruel and faithless that the townsmen were soon glad to open their gates to Ibn Danishmend (1102), and the city subsequently became part of the realm of Kilij Arslan, sultan of Iconium.</p> -<p>See H. C. B. v. Moltke, <i>Briefe ber Zustnde, &c. in der Trkei</i> +<p>See H. C. B. v. Moltke, <i>Briefe über Zustände, &c. in der Türkei</i> (1835-1839).</p> </div> <div class="author">(D. G. H.)</div> @@ -14346,13 +14307,13 @@ centuries a Spanish possession, passed in 1898 by conquest to the United States of America. For these several political units see the separate articles; a general view, however, is here given of the government, economic conditions, &c., of the Dutch -possessions, which the Dutch call <i>Nederlandsch-Indi</i>.</p> +possessions, which the Dutch call <i>Nederlandsch-Indië</i>.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p class="pt1 center"><span class="sc">Netherlands India</span></p> <p><i>Administration.</i>—The Dutch possessions in Asia lie between -6 N. and 11 S. and 95 E. and 141 E. Politically they are +6° N. and 11° S. and 95° E. and 141° E. Politically they are divided into lands under the direct government of the Netherlands vassal lands and confederated lands. Administratively they are further divided into residencies, divisions, regencies, districts, and @@ -14383,7 +14344,7 @@ interior; instruction, public worship and industry; agriculture (created in 1905); civil public works; government works (created in 1908); finance; war; marine. The administration of the larger territorial divisions (<i>gouvernement</i>, <i>residentie</i>) is in the hands of -Dutch governors, residents, assistant residents and <i>contrleurs</i>. +Dutch governors, residents, assistant residents and <i>contrôleurs</i>. In local government a wide use is made of natives, in the appointment of whom a primary consideration is that if possible the people should be under their own chieftains. In Surakarta and Jokjakarta @@ -14420,7 +14381,7 @@ of Java (including Madura) and of the Outposts:—</p> <tr><td class="tcl lb rb" colspan="2">Molucca Islands</td> <td class="tcr rb">43,864</td> <td class="tcr rb">410,190</td> <td class="tcr rb">407,419</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl lb rb" colspan="2">Timor Archipelago</td> <td class="tcr rb">17,698</td> <td class="tcr rb">119,239</td> <td class="tcr rb">308,600</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl lb rb" colspan="2">Bali and Lombok</td> <td class="tcr rb">4,065</td> <td class="tcr rb">1,041,696</td> <td class="tcr rb">523,535</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl lb rb" colspan="2">New Guinea to 141 E.</td> <td class="tcr rb">151,789</td> <td class="tcr rb">200,000</td> <td class="tcc rb">....</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl lb rb" colspan="2">New Guinea to 141° E.</td> <td class="tcr rb">151,789</td> <td class="tcr rb">200,000</td> <td class="tcc rb">....</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcc allb" colspan="2">Total</td> <td class="tcl allb">736,815</td> <td class="tcl allb">36,000,000</td> <td class="tcl allb">37,717,377*</td></tr> @@ -14527,7 +14488,7 @@ expenditure:—</p> <table class="ws" summary="Contents"> <tr><td class="tcc allb">Year.</td> <td class="tcc allb">Revenue.</td> <td class="tcc allb">Expenditure.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcc lb rb">1880</td> <td class="tcr rb">12,236,500</td> <td class="tcr rb">12,244,666</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcc lb rb">1880</td> <td class="tcr rb">£12,236,500</td> <td class="tcr rb">£12,244,666</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcc lb rb">1890</td> <td class="tcr rb">11,482,457</td> <td class="tcr rb">10,644,728</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcc lb rb">1900</td> <td class="tcr rb">11,832,417</td> <td class="tcr rb">12,313,854</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcc lb rb bb">1905</td> <td class="tcr rb bb">12,951,497</td> <td class="tcr rb bb">13,844,173</td></tr> @@ -14569,8 +14530,8 @@ prevention of slave trading, &c.</p> <p><i>Trade and Industries.</i>—The principal articles of export are sugar, tobacco, copra, forest products (various gums, &c.), coffee, petroleum, tea, cinchona, tin, rice, pepper, spices and gambier. The average -annual value of exports during 1900-1905 was 22,496,468, and of -imports 17,050,338. A great proportion of the exports goes to +annual value of exports during 1900-1905 was £22,496,468, and of +imports £17,050,338. A great proportion of the exports goes to the mother country, though a considerable quantity of rice is exported to China. An indication of the mineral products has already been given; as regards the export trade, tin is the most @@ -14607,7 +14568,7 @@ a few short lines. The principal steamship company in the archipelago is the Royal Packet (<i>Koninklyke Paketvaart</i>) Company.</p> <p><span class="sc">Bibliography.</span>—See <i>Aardrijkskundig en statistisch Woordenboek -van Nederl. Indi</i> (Amsterdam, 1869), to which P. J. Veth and +van Nederl. Indië</i> (Amsterdam, 1869), to which P. J. Veth and other specialists were contributors. A general survey of the people, administration and resources of the Dutch colony is provided in <i>Twentieth Century Impressions of Netherlands India</i>, ed. by Arnold @@ -14615,23 +14576,23 @@ Wright (London, 1910). See also A. R. Wallace, <i>Malay Archipelago</i> (London, 1869, and later editions, notably for zoological distribution) and <i>Island Life</i> (London, 1880, notably for ornithology). H. O. Forbes, <i>A Naturalist’s Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago</i> -(London, 1885); P. van der Lith, <i>Nederlandsch Oostindi</i> (2nd ed., +(London, 1885); P. van der Lith, <i>Nederlandsch Oostindië</i> (2nd ed., Leiden, 1893-1895); F. H. H. Guillemard, <i>Australasia</i>, vol. ii., in -<i>Stamford’s Compendium</i> (London, 1894); <i>Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indi</i> -(the Hague, 1895-1904); <i>Guide travers la section -des Indes nerlandaises</i>, Paris Exhibition (the Hague, 1900); +<i>Stamford’s Compendium</i> (London, 1894); <i>Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië</i> +(the Hague, 1895-1904); <i>Guide à travers la section +des Indes néerlandaises</i>, Paris Exhibition (the Hague, 1900); A. R. Colquhoun, <i>The Mastery of the Pacific</i> (London, 1902); M. Weber, <i>Der indo-australische Archipel und die Geschichte seiner Tierwelt</i> (Jena, 1902); G. Karsten and H. Schenck, <i>Vegetationsbilder</i>, vol. ii. (Jena, 1903); J. van Bemmelen and G. B. Hooyer, <i>Guide through Netherlands India</i> (London, 1903); D. Bezemer, <i>Nederlandsch -Oost-Indi</i> (the Hague, 1904); H. Blink, <i>Nederlandsch Oost- en -West-Indi, geographisch, ethnologisch, en economisch beschreven</i> +Oost-Indië</i> (the Hague, 1904); H. Blink, <i>Nederlandsch Oost- en +West-Indië, geographisch, ethnologisch, en economisch beschreven</i> (Leiden, 1904, sqq.). Among Dutch official publications may be mentioned <i>Jaarcijfers door het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek</i>; -<i>Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indi</i> (Amsterdam); +<i>Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië</i> (Amsterdam); <i>Koloniale-Economische Bijdragen</i> (the Hague); <i>Koloniaal Verslag</i> -(the Hague); <i>Regeerings-Almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indi</i> (Batavia). +(the Hague); <i>Regeerings-Almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië</i> (Batavia). A number of important periodicals (<i>Tijdschrift</i>) of various institutions are issued at Batavia, &c. <i>Languages</i>: P. J. Veth in <i>De Gids</i> (1864); R. N. Cust, <i>Sketch of the Modern Languages of the @@ -14648,7 +14609,7 @@ other ancient geographers describe the Malay Archipelago, or part of it, in vague and inaccurate terms, and the traditions they preserved were supplemented in the middle ages by the narratives of a few famous travellers, such as Ibn Batuta, Marco Polo, -Odoric of Pordenone and Niccol Conti. Malay and Chinese +Odoric of Pordenone and Niccolò Conti. Malay and Chinese records also furnish material for the early history of individual islands, but the known history of the archipelago as a whole begins in the 16th century. At this period a civilization, largely @@ -14676,7 +14637,7 @@ Islands, then famous for their cloves and nutmegs. The explorers reached Amboyna and Ternate, after gaining some knowledge of Java, Madura, Sumbawa and other islands, possibly including New Guinea. During the return voyage the second-in-command, -Francisco Serro, was shipwrecked, but succeeded in +Francisco Serrão, was shipwrecked, but succeeded in making his way in a native boat to Mindanao. Thus the Philippines were discovered: In 1514 a second Portuguese fleet arrived at Ternate, which during the next five years became the centre @@ -14700,7 +14661,7 @@ in 1525 and 1528; but in 1529 a treaty was concluded between the emperor Charles V. and John III. of Portugal, by which, in return for 350,000 gold ducats, the Spanish claim to the Moluccas was withdrawn. The boundary between the Spanish -and Portuguese spheres was fixed at 17 E. of the Moluccas, +and Portuguese spheres was fixed at 17° E. of the Moluccas, but by a geographical fiction the Philippines were included within the Spanish sphere. Further disputes occurred from time to time, and in 1542 a Spanish fleet came into conflict @@ -14724,7 +14685,7 @@ were demons under a spell, which might come to life and kill him as he slept. The envoy was therefore dismissed.</p> <p>In 1536, after a period of war and anarchy caused by the -tyrannical rule of Menezes, Antonio Galvo, the historian, was +tyrannical rule of Menezes, Antonio Galvão, the historian, was appointed governor of the Moluccas. He crushed the rebellion and won the affection of the natives by his just and enlightened administration, which had no parallel in the annals of Portuguese @@ -14839,8 +14800,8 @@ and captive native women were encouraged. As early as 1624 vast fortunes had been acquired by trade: two members of the company who died in that year were stated to possess seven and eight tons of gold respectively, an amount approximately -equivalent, in the aggregate, to 2,000,000. The use of slave -labour, and the application of the <i>corve</i> system to natives who +equivalent, in the aggregate, to £2,000,000. The use of slave +labour, and the application of the <i>corvée</i> system to natives who were nominally free, enabled the company to lower the cost of production, while the absence of competition enabled it to raise prices. The hardship inflicted on the native races provoked @@ -14915,7 +14876,7 @@ but were to cultivate one-fifth of their land as the government might direct, the government taking the produce. This culture-system worked fairly during Van den Bosch’s tenure of office, but gave rise to many abuses between 1833 and 1844, -involving, as it did, a combination of the <i>mtayer</i> and <i>corve</i> +involving, as it did, a combination of the <i>métayer</i> and <i>corvée</i> systems.</p> <p>In 1848 the <i>Grondwet</i>, or fundamental law of the Netherlands, @@ -14998,9 +14959,9 @@ States, Germany, Japan, China and Portugal.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Bibliography.</span>—For the period 1511-1595, the chief Portuguese -authorities are the chronicles of Barros, Corra, Castanheda and +authorities are the chronicles of Barros, Corrêa, Castanheda and Couto (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Portugal</a></span>: <i>History</i>), with the letters of Xavier (<i>q.v.</i>), -and the <i>Tratado</i> of A. Galvo (Lisbon, 1563 and 1731), of which a +and the <i>Tratado</i> of A. Galvão (Lisbon, 1563 and 1731), of which a translation entitled <i>Discoveries of the World</i> was made for Richard Hakluyt and reprinted by the Hakluyt Society (London, 1862). See also M. F. de Navarette, <i>Coleccion de los viages</i> (vols. 4 and 5, @@ -15028,7 +14989,7 @@ and groups of the archipelago, see the separate articles <span class="sc"><a hre <p><span class="bold">MALĀIR,<a name="ar120" id="ar120"></a></span> a small province of Persia, situated between Hamadan and Burujird. It has a population of about 70,000, and, together with the district Tusirkhan, pays a yearly revenue -of about 13,000. It produces much corn and fruit; a great +of about £13,000. It produces much corn and fruit; a great quantity of the latter, dried, is exported. Its capital and seat of government is Doletabad (Dowletabad), a thriving little city, with a population of about 5000, situated at an elevation of 5680 ft., @@ -15041,14 +15002,14 @@ telegraph offices.</p> <i>i.e.</i> the Malay Land), a lozenge-shaped strip of land projecting into the China Sea, and forming the most southerly portion of the continent of Asia. Geographically, the peninsula begins at the -isthmus of Kra, 10 N., at which point it is only between 60 and +isthmus of Kra, 10° N., at which point it is only between 60 and 70 m. in width, and the distance from sea to sea is further diminished by a large irregular salt-water inlet. Politically and anthropologically, however, this upper portion must be regarded as a continuation of the kingdom of Siam rather than as a section of Malaya. From the isthmus of Kra the peninsula extends south with a general inclination towards the east, the most -southerly point being Tanjong Bulus in 1 16′ N. A line drawn +southerly point being Tanjong Bulus in 1° 16½′ N. A line drawn diagonally down the centre from the isthmus of Kra to Cape Romania (Ramunya) gives the extreme length at about 750 miles. The breadth at the widest point, from Tanjong Pen-unjut in @@ -15167,13 +15128,13 @@ complaint which Europeans make concerning it is the extreme humidity, which causes the heat to be more oppressive than is the case where the air is dry. On the other hand, the thermometer, even at Singapore on the southern coast, which is the hottest portion -of the peninsula, seldom rises above 98 in the shade, whereas the -mean for the year at that place is generally below 80. On the mainland, +of the peninsula, seldom rises above 98° in the shade, whereas the +mean for the year at that place is generally below 80°. On the mainland, and more especially on the eastern slope, the temperature -is cooler, the thermometer seldom rising above 93 in the shade, -and falling at night below 70. On an average day in this part of the -peninsula the temperature in a European house ranged from 88 to -68. The number of rainy days throughout the peninsula varies +is cooler, the thermometer seldom rising above 93° in the shade, +and falling at night below 70°. On an average day in this part of the +peninsula the temperature in a European house ranged from 88° to +68°. The number of rainy days throughout the peninsula varies from 160 to over 200 in each year, but violent gusts of wind, called “Sumatras,” accompanied by a heavy downpour of short duration, are more common than persistent rain. The rainfall on the west @@ -15536,7 +15497,7 @@ and sailed from Portugal in 1508. At Cochin Siqueira took on board certain adherents of Alphonso d’Alboquerque who were in bad odour with his rival d’Almeida, among them being Magellan, the future circumnavigator of the world, and Francisco -Serro, the first European who ever lived in the Spice Islands. +Serrão, the first European who ever lived in the Spice Islands. Siqueira’s expedition ended in failure, owing partly to the aggressive attitude of the Portuguese, partly to the very justifiable suspicions of the Malays, and he was presently forced to @@ -15744,7 +15705,7 @@ the Malays been driven southwards by the stronger races of the mainland of Asia, it might be expected that the people inhabiting the country nearest to the border between Siam and Malaya would belong to the Malayan and not to the Mon-Annam or -Mon-Khmer stock. As a matter of fact the Skai of the interior +Mon-Khmer stock. As a matter of fact the Sâkai of the interior of the peninsula belong to the latter race. It might also be anticipated, were the theory of a southward immigration to be sustained, that the Malays would be new-comers in the islands @@ -15965,7 +15926,7 @@ called <i>sundang</i>, long swords of ordinary pattern called <i>pedang</i>, somewhat shorter swords curved like scimitars with curiously carved handles called <i>chenangkas</i>, and short stabbing daggers called <i>tumbok lada</i>. The principal tools of the Malays are the <i>parang</i> or -<i>glok</i>, a heavy knife used in the jungle, without which no peasant +<i>gôlok</i>, a heavy knife used in the jungle, without which no peasant ever stirs abroad from his house, the <i>beliong</i> or native axe, and the <i>pisau raut</i>, which is used for scraping rattan. Their implements are very primitive, consisting of a plough fashioned from a fork of a @@ -16015,7 +15976,7 @@ grammatical structure, and the copiousness of its nautical vocabulary, the Malay language is singularly well fitted to be the <i>lingua franca</i> throughout the Indian archipelago. It possesses the five vowels <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>o</i>, both short and long, and one pure diphthong, <i>au</i>. -Its consonants are <i>k</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>ng</i>, <i>ch</i>, <i>j</i>, <i></i>, <i>t</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>p</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>m</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>l</i>, <i>w</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>h</i>. +Its consonants are <i>k</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>ng</i>, <i>ch</i>, <i>j</i>, <i>ñ</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>p</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>m</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>l</i>, <i>w</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>h</i>. Long vowels can only occur in open syllables. The only possible consonantal nexus in purely Malay words is that of a nasal and mute, a liquid and mute and vice versa, and a liquid and nasal. Final @@ -16032,7 +15993,7 @@ according as it is pronounced, <i>bantang</i>, <i>banting</i>, <i>bentang</i>, < <p>Malay is essentially, with few exceptions, a dissyllabic language, and the syllabic accent rests on the penultimate unless that syllable -is open and short; <i>e.g.</i> dātang, namấa, bĕsr, diumpatkanấlah. +is open and short; <i>e.g.</i> dātang, namấña, bĕsár, diumpatkanñấlah. Nothing in the form of a root word indicates the grammatical category to which it belongs; thus, <i>kāsih</i>, kindness, affectionate, to love; <i>ganti</i>, a proxy, to exchange, instead of. It is only in derivative @@ -16041,8 +16002,8 @@ by infixes, prefixes, affixes and reduplication. Infixes occur more rarely in Malay than in the cognate tongues. Examples are—<i>gūruh</i>, a rumbling noise, <i>gumūruh</i>, to make such a noise; <i>tunjuḳ</i>, to point, <i>telunjuḳ</i>, the forefinger; <i>chūchuk</i>, to pierce, <i>cherūchuḳ</i>, -a stockade. The import of the prefixes—mĕ (mĕng, mĕ, mĕn, -mĕm), pĕ (pĕng, pĕ, pĕn, pĕm bĕr (bĕl), pĕr, pĕl, ka, di, tĕr,—and +a stockade. The import of the prefixes—mĕ (mĕng, mĕñ, mĕn, +mĕm), pĕ (pĕng, pĕñ, pĕn, pĕm bĕr (bĕl), pĕr, pĕl, ka, di, tĕr,—and affixes—an, kan, i, lah—will best appear from the following examples—root word <i>ājar</i>, to teach, to learn; <i>mĕngājar</i>, to instruct (expresses an action); <i>blĕājar</i>, to study (state or condition); <i>mĕngajāri</i>, to instruct @@ -16065,7 +16026,7 @@ is characterized by great simplicity and indefiniteness. There is no inflexion to distinguish number, gender or case. Number is never indicated when the sense is obvious or can be gathered from the context; otherwise plurality is expressed by adjectives such as -<i>sagāla</i>, all, and <i>bāak</i>, many; more rarely by the repetition of the +<i>sagāla</i>, all, and <i>bāñak</i>, many; more rarely by the repetition of the noun, and the indefinite singular by <i>sa</i> or <i>sātu</i>, one, with a class-word. Gender may, if necessary, be distinguished by the words <i>laki-lāki</i>, male, and <i>pĕrampūan</i>, female, in the case of persons, and of <i>jantan</i> @@ -16244,10 +16205,10 @@ of the Straits Settlements for the time being.</p> 28,000 sq. m., and the estimated population in 1905 was 860,000, as against 678,595 in 1901. Of these only about 230,000 are Malays. The revenue of the federation in 1905 was $23,964,593 (about -2,795,000), and the expenditure was $20,750,395 (about 2,460,000). +£2,795,000), and the expenditure was $20,750,395 (about £2,460,000). The imports for the same year were valued at $50,575,455 (about -5,900,000), and the exports at $80,057,654 (about 9,340,000), -making a total trade of nearly 15 millions sterling. The principal +£5,900,000), and the exports at $80,057,654 (about £9,340,000), +making a total trade of nearly 15¼ millions sterling. The principal sources of revenue are an export duty on tin, the rents paid for the revenue farms of the right to collect import duties on opium, wine and spirits, and to keep licensed gambling-houses for the exclusive use @@ -16277,10 +16238,10 @@ mineral wealth which the states on the western seaboard have developed in the hands of Chinese miners amid the peace and security which British rule has brought to these once lawless lands. The value of the tin output for the year 1905 amounted to $69,460,993 -(8,104,199). Although agricultural enterprise in the Malay States +(£8,104,199). Although agricultural enterprise in the Malay States is assuming considerable proportions and a growing importance, the total value of the principal agricultural products, including -timber, for the year 1905 only aggregated $2,435,513 (289,143).</p> +timber, for the year 1905 only aggregated $2,435,513 (£289,143).</p> <p>The whole of the Malay Peninsula is one vast forest, through which flow countless streams that form one of the most lavish water-systems @@ -16297,8 +16258,8 @@ Malay States see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Malay Peninsula</a></span> <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Malays</a></span>.)</p> </div> -<p><span class="sc">Perak</span> is situated between the parallels 3 37′ and 6 5′ N. -and 100 3′ to 101 51′ E. on the western side of the Malay +<p><span class="sc">Perak</span> is situated between the parallels 3° 37′ and 6° 5′ N. +and 100° 3′ to 101° 51′ E. on the western side of the Malay Peninsula. It is bounded on the N. by the British possession of Province Wellesley and the Malay state of Kedah; on the S. by the protected native state of Selangor; on the E. by the @@ -16496,8 +16457,8 @@ signal token of the changes which British influence has wrought in the peninsula.</p> </div> -<p><span class="sc">Selangor</span> is situated between the parallels 2 32′ and 3 37′ N. -and 100 38′ and 102 E., on the western side of the Malay +<p><span class="sc">Selangor</span> is situated between the parallels 2° 32′ and 3° 37′ N. +and 100° 38′ and 102° E., on the western side of the Malay Peninsula. It is bounded on the N. by the protected native state of Perak, on the S. by the protected states of the Negri Sembilan, on the E. by Pahang and the Negri Sembilan, and @@ -16583,7 +16544,7 @@ The expenditure for 1905 amounted to $7,186,146, of which sum $3,717,238 was on account of federal charges and $1,850,711 for public works. The value of the imports in 1905 was $24,643,619 and that of the exports was $26,683,316, making a total of -$51,326,935, equivalent to 5,988,000. Tin is the principal export. +$51,326,935, equivalent to £5,988,000. Tin is the principal export. The amount exported in 1905 was 17,254 tons. The total area of alienated mining land at the end of 1905 amounted to 65,573 acres, and it was estimated that over 60,000 Chinese were employed in @@ -16621,7 +16582,7 @@ federation. Its scenery is very attractive.</p> <p><span class="sc">Negri Sembilan</span> (the Nine States) is a federation of small native states which is now treated as a single entity, being under the control of a British Resident, and is situated between parallels -2 28′ and 3 18′ N. and 101 45′ and 102 45′ E., on the western +2° 28′ and 3° 18′ N. and 101° 45′ and 102° 45′ E., on the western side of the Malay Peninsula. It is bounded on the N. by the protected state of Pahang, on the S. by the territory of Malacca, on the E. by Pahang and the independent state of Johor, and on @@ -16713,7 +16674,7 @@ damar $80,000, amounted to $407,990.</p> <p>Seremban, the administrative capital of the Negri Sembilan, is connected with Port Dickson by a railway line, owned by the -Sungei Ujong Railway Company, which is 24 m. in +Sungei Ujong Railway Company, which is 24½ m. in length. It is also situated on the trunk line of the <span class="sidenote">General.</span> Federated Malay States, and is thus joined by rail to Selangor on the @@ -16735,7 +16696,7 @@ of the pleasure resorts of this part of the peninsula.</p> </div> <p><span class="sc">Pahang</span>, on the east coast of the peninsula, is situated between -parallels 2 28′ and 3 45′ N. and 101 30′ and 103 30′ E. It is +parallels 2° 28′ and 3° 45′ N. and 101° 30′ and 103° 30′ E. It is bounded on the N. by the independent native states of Kelantan and Trengganu; on the S. by the Negri Sembilan and Johor; on the E. by the China Sea; and on the W. by the protected states @@ -16942,8 +16903,8 @@ east and two on the west side of the peninsula.</p> <p><span class="sc">Kelantan.</span>—This state on the east coast, bounded N. and N.E. by the China Sea, E. by Trengganu, S. by Pahang and W. -by Perak and Ra-ng, lies between 4 48′ and 6 20′ N. and -101 33′ and 102 45′ E. The greatest length from north to +by Perak and Ra-ngé, lies between 4° 48′ and 6° 20′ N. and +101° 33′ and 102° 45′ E. The greatest length from north to south is 115 m. and the greatest breadth from east to west 60 m. The area is about 5000 sq. m. The northern part of the state is flat and fertile, but the southern district which comprises more @@ -17031,8 +16992,8 @@ arrangements of Siam remained unaltered.</p> <p><span class="sc">Trengganu.</span>—This state on the east coast, bounded N. and N.E. by the China Sea, S. by Pahang and W. by Pahang and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page483" id="page483"></a>483</span> -Kelantan, lies between parallels 4 4′ and 4 46′ N. and 102 30′ -and 103 26′ E. The greatest length from north to south is +Kelantan, lies between parallels 4° 4′ and 4° 46′ N. and 102° 30′ +and 103° 26′ E. The greatest length from north to south is 120 m., and the greatest breadth from east to west 50 m. It has a coast-line of 130 m. and an estimated area of about 5000 sq. m. There are several islands off the coast, some of which are @@ -17101,7 +17062,7 @@ and laid the foundations of future reform.</p> </div> <p><span class="sc">Kedah.</span>—This state, on the west coast of the peninsula, lies -between parallels 5 20′ and 6 42′ N., and is bounded, N. by +between parallels 5° 20′ and 6° 42′ N., and is bounded, N. by Palit and Songkla, E. by Songkla and Raman, S. by Province Wellesley and Perak, and W. by the sea. The coast-line is 65 m. long, the greatest distance from north to south is 115 m. and the @@ -17233,7 +17194,7 @@ Graham, <i>Kelantan, a Handbook</i> (Glasgow, 1907).</p> <p><span class="bold">MALAY STATES<a name="ar124" id="ar124"></a></span> (<span class="sc">Siamese</span>). The authority of Siam, which at one time covered the whole of the Malay peninsula, now extends southward to an irregular line drawn across the Peninsula at -about 6 30′ N. Between that line and the Isthmus of Kra, +about 6° 30′ N. Between that line and the Isthmus of Kra, usually accepted as the northernmost point of the Malay Peninsula, there lie some 20,000 sq. m. of territory inhabited by a mixed population of Siamese and Malays with here and there @@ -17301,14 +17262,14 @@ was added to Satun, an arrangement by which the importance of the latter was considerably increased.</p> <p><i>Patani.</i>—The seven Malay states of Nawng Chik, Patani, Jering, -Yala (Jalor), Sai (Teloban), Raman and Ra-ng (Legeh) were constituted +Yala (Jalor), Sai (Teloban), Raman and Ra-ngé (Legeh) were constituted from the old state of Patani at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1906 they were reunited to form the Patani administrative division of Siam, but each state retains its Malay ruler, who governs jointly with a Siamese officer under the direction of the Siamese high commissioner, and many of the ancient privileges and customs of Malay government are preserved. The group of -States is situated between 5 34′ and 6 52′ N. and 100 54′ and 101 +States is situated between 5° 34′ and 6° 52′ N. and 100° 54′ and 101° 58′ E. It is bounded N. by the China Sea, E. by the China Sea and Kelantan, S. by Perak, and W. by Kedah. The total area is about 5000 sq. m. The country is mountainous except close to the coast. @@ -17323,7 +17284,7 @@ Singapore, and regular weekly mails are despatched to those places. The area under cultivation is small except round about Patani and in Nawng Chik, where much rice is grown. Tin mining is a growing industry; many Chinese own mines and several European syndicates -are at work in Raman, Ra-ng and Patani, prospecting for, or mining, +are at work in Raman, Ra-ngé and Patani, prospecting for, or mining, this metal. Fishing and salt-evaporation occupy a large proportion of the population. The annual export of tin is about 400 tons, and dried fish, salt, cattle and elephants are other exports. Steamers @@ -17335,7 +17296,7 @@ property disputes and of matrimonial affairs; otherwise the laws of Siam obtain. Efficient law courts have been established in each state, and there is a serviceable force of gendarmerie recruited from amongst Malays and Siamese alike. The revenue amounts to about -600,000 ticals, or 45,000 a year, one-third being payable to the rulers +600,000 ticals, or £45,000 a year, one-third being payable to the rulers as private income for themselves and their relatives, one-third expended on the administration, and one-third reserved for special purposes, but it is usually found necessary to devote the last-mentioned @@ -17368,7 +17329,7 @@ between British and Siamese possessions in the Peninsula.</p> on the river Peene, between lakes Malchin and Kummerow, 28 m. by rail N.W. of Neu-Brandenburg. Pop. (1900), 7449. It is, alternately with Sternberg, the place of -assembly of the Diet of Mecklenburg. Here are the chteaux of +assembly of the Diet of Mecklenburg. Here are the châteaux of Remplin, Basedow and Schlitz; a church dating from the 14th century, and a fine town-hall. The well-wooded and undulating country, environing the shores of Lake Malchin, is known as the @@ -17388,7 +17349,7 @@ to 1034, are shadowy and unimportant personages.</p> was a son of King Duncan I., and became king after the defeat of the usurper Macbeth in July 1054, being crowned at Scone in April 1057. Having married as his second wife, -(St) Margaret (<i>q.v.</i>), a sister of Edgar theling, who was a fugitive +(St) Margaret (<i>q.v.</i>), a sister of Edgar Ætheling, who was a fugitive at his court, he invaded England in 1070 to support the claim of Edgar to the English throne, returning to Scotland with many captives after harrying Northumbria. William the Conqueror @@ -17578,7 +17539,7 @@ Past and Present</i> (Malden, 1899).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MALDIVE ISLANDS<a name="ar130" id="ar130"></a></span>, an archipelago of coral islets in the -Indian Ocean, forming a chain between 7 6′ N. and 0 42′ S. +Indian Ocean, forming a chain between 7° 6′ N. and 0° 42′ S. It consists of seventeen atolls with an immense number of islands, of which some three hundred are inhabited. In the extreme south are the isolated atolls of Addu and Fua-Mulaku, @@ -17587,7 +17548,7 @@ itself separated from the main chain of atolls by One-and-a-half-degree Channel.<a name="fa1m" id="fa1m" href="#ft1m"><span class="sp">1</span></a> Following the chain northward from this channel, we have Haddumati and Kolumadulu, after which the chain becomes double: to the east the chief atolls are -Mulaku, Felidu, South Mal, North Mal, Kardiva (where the +Mulaku, Felidu, South Malé, North Malé, Kardiva (where the channel of the same name, 35 m. broad, partly breaks the chain), and Fadiffolu. To the west are South Nilandu, North Nilandu, Ari, South Mahlos, North Mahlos and Miladumadulu. To the @@ -17622,13 +17583,13 @@ southern neighbours. They annually visited the coasts of India or Ceylon, and often married Indian wives, thus acquiring distinct racial characters of an approximately Dravidian type. (2) Those of the central division, comprising the atolls between -North Mal and Haddumati, who are under the direct rule of +North Malé and Haddumati, who are under the direct rule of the sultan, and have been more exposed to Arab influences. They formerly traded with Arabia and Malaysia, and many Arabs settled amongst them, so that they betray a strong strain of Semitic blood in their features. (3 and 4) The natives of Suvadiva, Addu, Mulaku and the other southern clusters, who -have had little communication with the Central Mal people, +have had little communication with the Central Malé people, and probably preserve more of the primitive type, approximating in appearance to the Sinhalese villagers of Ceylon. They are an intelligent and industrious people, growing their own @@ -17639,7 +17600,7 @@ is a dialect of Sinhalese, but indicating a separation of ancient date and more or less mahommedanized.</p> <p>The sultan’s residence and the capital of the archipelago is -the island of Mal. From the earliest notices the production +the island of Malé. From the earliest notices the production of coir, the collection of cowries, and the weaving of excellent textures on these islands have been noted. The chief exports of the islands besides coir and cowries (a decreasing trade) are @@ -17668,7 +17629,7 @@ important results of which see <i>The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes</i>, ed. J. S. Gardiner (Cambridge, 1901-1905), also <i>Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>, vol. xi. pt. 1 (1900), and the <i>Geographical Journ.</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i>, &c. A -French adventurer, Franois Pyrard de la Val, was wrecked in the +French adventurer, François Pyrard de la Val, was wrecked in the Maldives in 1602 and detained there five years; he wrote an interesting account of the archipelago, <i>Voyage de F. P. de la Val</i> (Paris, 1679; previous editions 1611, &c.). See also A. Agassiz, “An Expedition @@ -17741,22 +17702,22 @@ sister of a viceroy of Canada, was born at Paris on the 6th of August 1638. Deformed and constitutionally feeble, he received his elementary education from a tutor, and left home only when sufficiently advanced to enter upon a course of philosophy at -the Collge de la Marche, and subsequently to study theology +the Collège de la Marche, and subsequently to study theology at the Sorbonne. He had resolved to take holy orders, but his studious disposition led him to decline a stall in Notre Dame, and in 1660 he joined the congregation of the Oratory. He -was first advised by Pre Lecointe to devote himself to ecclesiastical +was first advised by Père Lecointe to devote himself to ecclesiastical history, and laboriously studied Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen and Theodoret, but “the facts refused to arrange themselves in his mind, and mutually effaced one another.” Richard Simon undertook to teach him Hebrew and Biblical criticism with no better success. At last in 1664 he chanced to read -Descartes’s <i>Trait de l’homme</i> (<i>de homine</i>), which moved him so +Descartes’s <i>Traité de l’homme</i> (<i>de homine</i>), which moved him so deeply that (it is said) he was repeatedly compelled by palpitations of the heart to lay aside his reading. Malebranche was from that hour consecrated to philosophy, and after ten years’ study of the works of Descartes he produced the famous <i>De la -recherche de la vrit</i>, followed at intervals by other works, both +recherche de la vérité</i>, followed at intervals by other works, both speculative and controversial. Like most of the great metaphysicians of the 17th century, Malebranche interested himself also in questions of mathematics and natural philosophy, and @@ -17770,17 +17731,17 @@ a critical account of Malebranche’s place in the history of philosophy, see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Cartesianism</a></span>.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p><span class="sc">Works.</span>—<i>De La recherche de la vrit</i> (1674; 6th ed., 1712; ed. Bouillier, +<p><span class="sc">Works.</span>—<i>De La recherche de la vérité</i> (1674; 6th ed., 1712; ed. Bouillier, 1880; Latin trans, by J. Lenfant at Geneva in 1685; English trans. -by R. Sault, 1694; and T. Taylor, 1694, 1712); <i>Conversations chrtiennes</i> -(1677, and frequently; Eng. trans., London, 1695); <i>Trait de -la nature et de la grce</i> (1680; Eng. trans., London, 1695); <i>Mditations -chrtiennes et mtaphysiques</i> (1683); <i>Trait de morale</i> (1684; separate +by R. Sault, 1694; and T. Taylor, 1694, 1712); <i>Conversations chrétiennes</i> +(1677, and frequently; Eng. trans., London, 1695); <i>Traité de +la nature et de la grâce</i> (1680; Eng. trans., London, 1695); <i>Méditations +chrétiennes et métaphysiques</i> (1683); <i>Traité de morale</i> (1684; separate ed. by H. Joly, 1882; Eng. trans, by Sir J. Shipton, 1699); several polemical works against Arnauld from 1684 to 1688; <i>Entretiens sur -la mtaphysique et sur la religion</i> (1688); <i>Trait de l’amour de Dieu</i> -(1697); <i>Entretiens d’un philosophe chrtien et d’un philosophe chinois -sur l’existence et la nature de Dieu</i> (1708); <i>Rflexions sur la prmotion +la métaphysique et sur la religion</i> (1688); <i>Traité de l’amour de Dieu</i> +(1697); <i>Entretiens d’un philosophe chrétien et d’un philosophe chinois +sur l’existence et la nature de Dieu</i> (1708); <i>Réflexions sur la prémotion physique</i> (1715).</p> <p>A convenient edition of his works in two volumes, with an introduction, @@ -17789,7 +17750,7 @@ Mrs Norman Smith of his theory of vision, in which he unquestionably anticipated and in some respects surpassed the subsequent work of Berkeley, will be found in the <i>British Journal of Psychology</i> (Jan. 1905). For recent criticism see H. Joly, in the series <i>Les -Grands philosophes</i> (Paris, 1901); L. Oll-Laprune, <i>La Philosophie +Grands philosophes</i> (Paris, 1901); L. Ollé-Laprune, <i>La Philosophie de Malebranche</i> (1870); M. Novaro, <i>Die Philosophie des Nicolaus Malebranche</i> (1893).</p> </div> @@ -17800,7 +17761,7 @@ Malebranche</i> (1893).</p> It ranks as one of the Cis-Sutlej states, which came under British influence in 1809. The territory lies south of Ludhiana. Area, 167 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 77,506, showing an increase of 2% in -the decade. Estimated gross revenue, 30,100. The military +the decade. Estimated gross revenue, £30,100. The military force numbers 280 men; and there is no tribute. The town Maler Kotla is 30 m. S. of Ludhiana; pop. (1901), 21,122. The nawab or chief is of Afghan descent; his family originally came @@ -17816,7 +17777,7 @@ Maler Kotla, as to the other Cis-Sutlej states, against the formidable encroachments of Ranjit Singh. In the campaigns of 1806, 1807 and 1808 Ranjit Singh had made considerable conquests across the Sutlej; in 1808 he marched on Maler Kotla -and demanded a ransom of 10,000 from the nawab. This led +and demanded a ransom of £10,000 from the nawab. This led to the interference of the British, who addressed an ultimatum to Ranjit Singh, declaring the Cis-Sutlej states to be under British protection. Finally the raja of Lahore submitted, and @@ -17832,7 +17793,7 @@ February 1905.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MALESHERBES, CHRTIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON DE<a name="ar134" id="ar134"></a></span> +<p><span class="bold">MALESHERBES, CHRÉTIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON DE<a name="ar134" id="ar134"></a></span> (1721-1794), commonly known as Lamoignon-Malesherbes, French statesman, minister, and afterwards counsel for the defence of Louis XVI., came of a famous legal family. He was @@ -17847,7 +17808,7 @@ of office, and brought him into connexion with the public far more than his judicial functions. To carry it out efficiently he kept in communication with the literary leaders of Paris, and especially with Diderot, and Grimm even goes so far as to -say that “without the assistance of Malesherbes the <i>Encyclopdie</i> +say that “without the assistance of Malesherbes the <i>Encyclopédie</i> would probably never have been published.” In 1771 he was called upon to mix in politics; the parlements of France had been dissolved, and a new method of administering justice @@ -17865,7 +17826,7 @@ months, during which, however, he directed his attention to the police of the kingdom, which came under his department, and did much to check the odious practice of issuing <i>lettres de cachet</i>. The protest of the <i>cour des aides</i> in 1775 is one of the most -important documents of the old rgime in France. It gives a +important documents of the old régime in France. It gives a complete survey of the corrupt and inefficient administration, and presented the king with most outspoken criticism. On retiring from the ministry with Turgot in 1776, he betook himself @@ -17875,9 +17836,9 @@ Protestant marriages (1787) did much to procure for them the civil recognition in France. He had always been an enthusiastic botanist; his avenue at St Lucie was world famous; he had written against Buffon on behalf of the botanists whom Buffon -had attacked, and had been elected a member of the <i>Acadmie +had attacked, and had been elected a member of the <i>Académie des sciences</i> as far back as 1750. He was now elected a member -of the <i>Acadmie franaise</i>, and everything seemed to promise a +of the <i>Académie française</i>, and everything seemed to promise a quiet and peaceful old age spent in the bosom of his family and occupied with scientific and literary pursuits, when the king in his difficulties wished for the support of his name, and summoned @@ -17887,7 +17848,7 @@ time with a feeling of insecurity and disquiet, and, as the troubles increased, retired to Switzerland. Nevertheless, in December 1792, in spite of the fair excuse his old age and long retirement would have given him, he voluntarily left his asylum and undertook -with Tronchet and Desze the defence of the king before +with Tronchet and Desèze the defence of the king before the Convention, and it was his painful task to break the news of his condemnation to the king. After this effort he returned once more to the country, but in December 1793 he was arrested with @@ -17906,22 +17867,22 @@ a king who had done little or nothing for him.</p> <p>There are in print several scientific works of Malesherbes of varying value, of which the most interesting is his <i>Observations sur Buffon et Daubenton</i>, written when he was very young, and published with -a notice by Abeille in 1798. There exist also his <i>Mmoire pour -Louis XVI.</i>, his <i>Mmoire sur la libert de la presse</i> (published 1809) +a notice by Abeille in 1798. There exist also his <i>Mémoire pour +Louis XVI.</i>, his <i>Mémoire sur la liberté de la presse</i> (published 1809) and extracts from his remonstrances, published as <i>Œuvres choisies de Malesherbes</i> in 1809. For his life should be read the <i>Notice -historique</i> (3rd ed., 1806) of Dubois, the <i>loge historique</i> (1805) of -Gaillard, and the interesting <i>Essai sur la vie, les crits et les opinions de +historique</i> (3rd ed., 1806) of Dubois, the <i>Éloge historique</i> (1805) of +Gaillard, and the interesting <i>Essai sur la vie, les écrits et les opinions de M. de Malesherbes</i> (in 2 vols., 1818), of F. A. de Boissy d’Anglas. There -are also many loges on him in print, of which the best-known is that +are also many éloges on him in print, of which the best-known is that of M. Dupin, which was delivered at the Academy in 1841, and was reviewed with much light on Malesherbes’s control of the press by Sainte-Beuve in the 2nd volume of the <i>Causeries du lundi</i>. The protest of the <i>cour des aides</i> has been published with translation by G. Robinson in the <i>Translations and Reprints of the University of Pennsylvania</i> (1900). For his defence of Louis XVI. see Marquis -de Beaucourt, <i>Captivit et derniers moments de Louis XVI.</i> (2 vols., -1892, Soc. d’hist. contemp.), and A. Tuetey, <i>Rpertoire gnral des +de Beaucourt, <i>Captivité et derniers moments de Louis XVI.</i> (2 vols., +1892, Soc. d’hist. contemp.), and A. Tuetey, <i>Répertoire général des sources manuscrites de l’hist. de Paris pendant la Rev. fr.</i>, vol. viii. (1908).</p> </div> @@ -17945,20 +17906,20 @@ novels include <i>The Carissima</i> (1896), <i>The Gateless Barrier</i> (1900), <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MALHERBE, FRANOIS DE<a name="ar136" id="ar136"></a></span> (1555-1628), French poet, +<p><span class="bold">MALHERBE, FRANÇOIS DE<a name="ar136" id="ar136"></a></span> (1555-1628), French poet, critic and translator, was born at Caen in 1555. His family was of some position, though it seems not to have been able to establish to the satisfaction of heralds the claims which it made to nobility older than the 16th century. The poet was the -eldest son of another Franois de Malherbe, <i>conseiller du roi</i> +eldest son of another François de Malherbe, <i>conseiller du roi</i> in the magistracy of Caen. He himself was elaborately educated at Caen, at Paris, at Heidelberg and at Basel. At the age of twenty-one, preferring arms to the gown, he entered the household -of Henri d’Angoulme, grand prior of France, the natural +of Henri d’Angoulême, grand prior of France, the natural son of Henry II. He served this prince as secretary in Provence, and married there in 1581. It seems that he wrote verses at this period, but, to judge from a quotation of Tallemant des -Raux, they must have been very bad ones. His patron died +Réaux, they must have been very bad ones. His patron died when Malherbe was on a visit in his native province, and for a time he had no particular employment, though by some servile verses he obtained a considerable gift of money from Henry III., @@ -18004,12 +17965,12 @@ P. Desportes, whom the Norman poet had at first distinctly copied. These are the lines:—</p> <table class="reg" summary="poem f90"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> -<p>“Cependant leur savoir ne s’tend nullement</p> -<p class="i05">Qu’ rgratter un mot douteuse au jugement,</p> +<p>“Cependant leur savoir ne s’étend nullement</p> +<p class="i05">Qu’à régratter un mot douteuse au jugement,</p> <p class="i05">Prendre garde qu’un <i>qui</i> ne heurte une diphthongue,</p> -<p class="i05">Epier si des vers la rime est brve ou longue,</p> -<p class="i05">Ou bien si la voyelle l’autre s’unissant</p> -<p class="i05">Ne rend point l’oreille un vers trop languissant.</p> +<p class="i05">Epier si des vers la rime est brève ou longue,</p> +<p class="i05">Ou bien si la voyelle à l’autre s’unissant</p> +<p class="i05">Ne rend point à l’oreille un vers trop languissant.</p> <p class="i05" style="letter-spacing: 1em;">. . . . . . . .</p> <p class="i05">C’est proser de la rime et rimer de la prose.”</p> </div> </td></tr></table> @@ -18019,7 +17980,7 @@ great and deplorable falling off of French poetry in its more poetic qualities, which was not made good till 1830. Nevertheless the critical and restraining tendency of Malherbe was not ill in place after the luxuriant importation and innovation -of the <i>Pliade</i>; and if he had confined himself to preaching +of the <i>Pléiade</i>; and if he had confined himself to preaching greater technical perfection, and especially greater simplicity and purity in vocabulary and versification, instead of superciliously striking his pen through the great works of his predecessors, @@ -18028,9 +17989,9 @@ reforms helped to elaborate the kind of verse necessary for the classical tragedy, and that is the most that can be said for him. His own poetical work is scanty in amount, and for the most part frigid and devoid of inspiration. The beautiful <i>Consolation - Duperier</i>, in which occurs the famous line—</p> +à Duperier</i>, in which occurs the famous line—</p> -<p class="center f90">Et, rose, elle a vcu ce que vivent les roses—</p> +<p class="center f90">Et, rose, elle a vécu ce que vivent les roses—</p> <p class="noind">the odes to Marie de’ Medici and to Louis XIII., and a few other pieces comprise all that is really worth remembering of him. @@ -18047,16 +18008,16 @@ great scale.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The chief authorities for the biography of Malherbe are the <i>Vie de Malherbe</i> by his friend and pupil Racan, and the long <i>Historiette</i> -which Tallemant des Raux has devoted to him. The standard +which Tallemant des Réaux has devoted to him. The standard edition is the admirable one of Ludovic Lalanne (5 vols., Paris, 1862-1869). Of the poems only, there is an excellent and handsome little issue in the <i>Nouvelle collection Jannet</i> (Paris, 1874). Of modern works devoted to him, <i>La Doctrine de Malherbe</i>, by G. Brunot (1891), is not only the most important but a work altogether capital in regard to the study of French language and literature. Others are -A. Gast, <i>La Jeunesse de Malherbe</i> (1890); V. Bourrienne, <i>Points +A. Gasté, <i>La Jeunesse de Malherbe</i> (1890); V. Bourrienne, <i>Points obscurs dans la vie normande de Malherbe</i> (1895); and the duc de -Broglie’s “Malherbe” in <i>Les Grands crivains franais</i>. On his +Broglie’s “Malherbe” in <i>Les Grands écrivains français</i>. On his position in French and general critical history, G. Saintsbury’s <i>History of Criticism</i>, vol. ii., may be consulted.</p> </div> @@ -18064,10 +18025,10 @@ position in French and general critical history, G. Saintsbury’s <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MALIBRAN, MARIE FLICIT<a name="ar137" id="ar137"></a></span> (1808-1836), operatic singer, +<p><span class="bold">MALIBRAN, MARIE FÉLICITÉ<a name="ar137" id="ar137"></a></span> (1808-1836), operatic singer, daughter of Manoel Garcia, was born in Paris on the 24th of March 1808. Her father was then a member of the company of -the Thtre des Italiens, and she accompanied him to Italy and +the Théâtre des Italiens, and she accompanied him to Italy and London. She possessed a soprano voice of unusual beauty and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page489" id="page489"></a>489</span> phenomenal compass, which was carefully cultivated by her @@ -18084,7 +18045,7 @@ parts. She married a French banker of New York, named Malibran, who was much older than herself. The marriage was an unhappy one, and Mme Malibran returned alone to Europe in 1828, when she began the series of representations at the -Thtre des Italiens, which excited an enthusiasm in Paris only +Théâtre des Italiens, which excited an enthusiasm in Paris only exceeded by the reception she received in the principal towns of Italy. She was formally divorced from Malibran in 1835, and married the Belgian violinist, Charles de Beriot; but she @@ -18093,8 +18054,8 @@ died of fever on the 23rd of September 1836.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See <i>Memoirs of Mme Malibran by the comtesse de Merlin and other intimate friends, with a selection from her correspondence</i> (2 vols., -1840); and M. Teneo, <i>La Malibran, d’aprs des documents indits</i>, in -<i>Sammelbnde der internationalen Musik-Gesellschaft</i> (Leipzig, 1906).</p> +1840); and M. Teneo, <i>La Malibran, d’après des documents inédits</i>, in +<i>Sammelbände der internationalen Musik-Gesellschaft</i> (Leipzig, 1906).</p> </div> @@ -18109,12 +18070,12 @@ laevo-rotatory and an inactive form; the acid obtained in the various synthetical processes is the inactive form. It may be prepared by heating racemic acid (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Tartaric Acid</a></span>) with fuming hydriodic acid; by heating fumaric acid (<i>q.v.</i>) with water -at 150-200 C.; by the action of nitrous acid on inactive aspartic +at 150-200° C.; by the action of nitrous acid on inactive aspartic acid; and by the action of moist silver oxide on monobromsuccinic acid. It forms deliquescent crystals, which are readily -soluble in alcohol and melt at 100 C. When heated for some -time at 130 C. it yields fumaric acid (<i>q.v.</i>), and on rapid heating -at 180 C. gives maleic anhydride and fumaric acid. It yields +soluble in alcohol and melt at 100° C. When heated for some +time at 130° C. it yields fumaric acid (<i>q.v.</i>), and on rapid heating +at 180° C. gives maleic anhydride and fumaric acid. It yields coumarins when warmed with sulphuric acid and phenols (H. v. Pechmann, <i>Ber.</i>, 1884, 17, 929, 1649 et seq.). Potassium bichromate oxidizes it to malonic acid; nitric acid oxidizes it @@ -18218,7 +18179,7 @@ Rubens’ masterpiece “the miraculous draught of fishes,” and in that of St John is a fine triptych by the same master. Malines, although no longer famous for its lace, carries on a large trade in linen, needles, furniture and oil, while as a junction for the -line from Ghent to Louvain and Lige, as well as for that from +line from Ghent to Louvain and Liège, as well as for that from Antwerp to Brussels and the south, its station is one of the busiest in Belgium, and this fact has contributed to the general prosperity of the city.</p> @@ -18226,7 +18187,7 @@ prosperity of the city.</p> <p>The lordship of Malines was conferred as a separate fief by Pippin the Short on his kinsman Count Adon in 754. In the 9th century Charles the Bald bestowed the fief on the bishop -of Lige, and after being shared between Brabant and Flanders +of Liége, and after being shared between Brabant and Flanders it passed into the hands of Philip the Bold, founder of the house of Burgundy, in 1384. During the religious troubles of the 16th century Malines suffered greatly, and in 1572 it was sacked by @@ -18248,18 +18209,18 @@ Saltpetre and brass utensils are manufactured.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MALLARM, FRANOIS REN AUGUSTE<a name="ar143" id="ar143"></a></span> (1755-1835), +<p><span class="bold">MALLARMÉ, FRANÇOIS RENÉ AUGUSTE<a name="ar143" id="ar143"></a></span> (1755-1835), French Revolutionist, the son of a lawyer, was born at Nancy on the 25th of February 1755. He was brought up in his father’s profession, and was appointed <i>procureur-syndic</i> of the district -of Pont--Mousson. During the Revolution he was elected by +of Pont-à-Mousson. During the Revolution he was elected by the department of Meurthe deputy to the Legislative Assembly and the Convention, where he attached himself to the Mountain and voted for the death of Louis XVI. He was elected president of the Convention on the 30th of May 1793, and by his weakness during the crisis of the following day contributed much to the success of the insurrection against the Girondists. He took an -active part in the <i>leve-en-masse</i>, and in November 1793 was +active part in the <i>levée-en-masse</i>, and in November 1793 was given the task of establishing the revolutionary government in the departments of Meuse and Moselle, where he gained an unenviable notoriety by ordering the execution of the sentence @@ -18273,17 +18234,17 @@ of June 1795 he was denounced and arrested, but was soon set at liberty. In 1796 he was appointed by the Directory commissioner for the organization of the departments of Dyle and Mont-Tonnerre. Under the empire he was receiver of the <i>droits -runis</i> at Nancy, and lost his money in 1814 in raising a levy of +réunis</i> at Nancy, and lost his money in 1814 in raising a levy of volunteers. Appointed sub-prefect of Avesnes during the Hundred Days, he was imprisoned by the Prussians in revenge for the death of the maidens of Verdun, and lived in exile during the Restoration. He returned to France after the revolution -of 1830, and died at Richemont (Seine-Infrieure) on the 25th +of 1830, and died at Richemont (Seine-Inférieure) on the 25th of July 1835.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MALLARM, STPHANE<a name="ar144" id="ar144"></a></span> (1842-1898), French poet and +<p><span class="bold">MALLARMÉ, STÉPHANE<a name="ar144" id="ar144"></a></span> (1842-1898), French poet and theorist, was born at Paris, on the 18th of March 1842. His life was simple and without event. His small income as professor of English in a French college was sufficient for his needs, @@ -18293,17 +18254,17 @@ Seine. His Tuesday evening receptions, which did so much to form the thought of the more interesting of the younger French men of letters, were almost as important a part of his career as the few carefully elaborated books which he produced at long -intervals. <i>L’Aprs-midi d’un faune</i> (1876) and other fragments +intervals. <i>L’Après-midi d’un faune</i> (1876) and other fragments of his verse and prose had been known to a few people long -before the publication of the <i>Posies compltes</i> of 1887, in a +before the publication of the <i>Poésies complètes</i> of 1887, in a facsimile of his clear and elegant handwriting, and of the Pages of 1891 and the <i>Vers et prose</i> of 1893. His remarkable translation of poems of Poe appeared in 1888, “The Raven” having been published as early as 1875, with illustrations by Manet. <i>Divagations</i>, his own final edition of his prose, was published in -1897, and a more or less complete edition of the <i>Posies</i>, posthumously, +1897, and a more or less complete edition of the <i>Poésies</i>, posthumously, in 1899. He died at Valvins, Fontainebleau, on the -9th of September 1898. All his life Mallarm was in search of +9th of September 1898. All his life Mallarmé was in search of a new aesthetics, and his discoveries by the way were often admirable. But he was too critical ever to create freely, and too limited ever to create abundantly. His great achievement @@ -18325,12 +18286,12 @@ like all his work, at the service of a few dignified and misunderstood ideas.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See also Paul Verlaine, <i>Les Potes maudits</i> (1884); J. Lematre, -<i>Les Contemporains</i> (5th series, 1891); Albert Moekel, <i>Stphane -Mallarm, un hros</i> (1899); E. W. Gosse, <i>French Profiles</i> (1905) and +<p>See also Paul Verlaine, <i>Les Poètes maudits</i> (1884); J. Lemaître, +<i>Les Contemporains</i> (5th series, 1891); Albert Moekel, <i>Stéphane +Mallarmé, un héros</i> (1899); E. W. Gosse, <i>French Profiles</i> (1905) and A. Symons, <i>The Symbolist Movement in Literature</i> (1900). A complete -bibliography is given in the <i>Potes d’aujourd’hui</i> (1880-1900, -11th ed., 1905) of MM. A. van Bever and P. Lautaud.</p> +bibliography is given in the <i>Poètes d’aujourd’hui</i> (1880-1900, +11th ed., 1905) of MM. A. van Bever and P. Léautaud.</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. Sy.)</div> @@ -18479,11 +18440,11 @@ Calenberg in Saxony. In 1752 he was appointed professor of <i>belles lettres</i> to the academy at Copenhagen. He was naturally attracted to the study of the ancient literature and history of his adopted country, and in 1755 he published the first fruits of his -researches, under the title <i>Introduction l’histoire du Danemarck -o l’on traite de la religion, des mœurs, des lois, et des usages +researches, under the title <i>Introduction à l’histoire du Danemarck +où l’on traite de la religion, des mœurs, des lois, et des usages des anciens Danois</i>. A second part, more particularly relating to the ancient literature of the country, <i>Monuments de la mythologie -et de la poesie des Celtes, et particulirement des anciens +et de la poesie des Celtes, et particulièrement des anciens Scandinaves</i>, was issued in 1756, and was also translated into Danish. A translation into English, with notes and preface, by Bishop Percy, was issued in 1770 under the title of <i>Northern @@ -18515,9 +18476,9 @@ Geneva in 1807. Besides the <i>Introduction to the History of Denmark</i>, his principal works are: <i>Histoire du Danemarck</i> (3 vols., Copenhagen, 1758-1777); <i>Histoire de la maison de Hesse</i> (4 vols., 1767-1785); <i>Histoire de la maison de Brunswick</i> (4 vols., 1767-1785); <i>Histoire de -la maison et des tats du Mecklenbourg</i> (1796); <i>Histoire des Suisses ou -Helvtiens</i> (4 vols., Geneva, 1803) (mainly an abridgment of J. von -Mller’s great history); <i>Histoire de la ligue hansatique</i> (1805).</p> +la maison et des états du Mecklenbourg</i> (1796); <i>Histoire des Suisses ou +Helvétiens</i> (4 vols., Geneva, 1803) (mainly an abridgment of J. von +Müller’s great history); <i>Histoire de la ligue hanséatique</i> (1805).</p> </div> @@ -18562,7 +18523,7 @@ London joined H.S.N. Linguet in the production of his <i>Annales politiques</i> (1778-1780). During Linguet’s imprisonment in the Bastille Mallet du Pan continued the <i>Annales</i> by himself (1781-1783); but Linguet resented this on his release, and Mallet du -Pan changed the title of his own publication to <i>Mmoires historiques</i> +Pan changed the title of his own publication to <i>Mémoires historiques</i> (1783). From 1783 he incorporated this work with the <i>Mercure de France</i> in Paris, the political direction of which had been placed in his hands. On the outbreak of the French @@ -18586,7 +18547,7 @@ of Trade and rose to be a distinguished economist and a member of the Council of India.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>Mallet du Pan’s <i>Mmoires et correspondance</i> was edited by A. +<p>Mallet du Pan’s <i>Mémoires et correspondance</i> was edited by A. Sayous (Paris, 1851). See <i>Mallet du Pan and the French Revolution</i> (1902), by Bernard Mallet, son of Sir Louis Mallet, author also of a biography of his father (1900).</p> @@ -18647,7 +18608,7 @@ on Life and Death</i> in verse.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MALLOW,<a name="ar154" id="ar154"></a></span> a market town and watering place of Co. Cork, -Ireland, on the Blackwater, 144 m. S.W. from Dublin, and 21 N. +Ireland, on the Blackwater, 144½ m. S.W. from Dublin, and 21 N. from Cork by the Great Southern and Western railway. Pop. (1901), 4542. It is a junction for lines westward to Killarney and Co. Kerry, and eastward to Lismore and Co. Waterford. @@ -18732,7 +18693,7 @@ the root be long kept in a damp place, disappears, butyric acid being developed. The root also contains about 25% of starch and the same quantity of mucilage, which differs from that of gum arabic in containing one molecule less of water and in being -precipitated by neutral acetate of lead. It is used in <i>pte de +precipitated by neutral acetate of lead. It is used in <i>pâte de guimauve</i> lozenges. <i>Althaea rosea</i> is the hollyhock (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> <p>The mallow of Scripture, Job xxx. 4, has been sometimes identified @@ -18767,7 +18728,7 @@ English diplomatist, was born at Salisbury on the 21st of April 1746, being the son of James Harris (<i>q.v.</i>), the author of <i>Hermes</i>. Educated at Winchester, Oxford and Leiden, young Harris became secretary in 1768 to the British embassy at Madrid, and -was left as <i>charg d’affaires</i> at that court on the departure of Sir +was left as <i>chargé d’affaires</i> at that court on the departure of Sir James Grey until the arrival of George Pitt, afterwards Lord Rivers. This interval gave him his opportunity; he discovered the intention of Spain to attack the Falkland Islands, and was @@ -18864,7 +18825,7 @@ was succeeded as 4th earl by his nephew, Edward James <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MALMESBURY,<a name="ar159" id="ar159"></a></span> a market town and municipal borough in the -Chippenham parliamentary division of Wiltshire, England, 94 +Chippenham parliamentary division of Wiltshire, England, 94½ m. W. of London by the Great Western railway. Pop. (1901), <span class="pagenum"><a name="page494" id="page494"></a>494</span> 2854. It lies on a ridge surrounded on all sides except the north-west @@ -18891,13 +18852,13 @@ Area, 178 acres.</p> about 635, built a hermitage near the site of the modern Malmesbury (<i>Maildulphi-urbs</i>, <i>Maldelmesburh</i>, <i>Malmesbiri</i>) and gathered disciples round him, thus forming the nucleus of the later abbey -of which Aldhelm his pupil became the first abbot. thelstan, +of which Aldhelm his pupil became the first abbot. Æthelstan, who was buried here (though his tomb in the church only dates from the 16th century), rebuilt and endowed the monastery. Round the abbey the town of Malmesbury grew up, and by the time of the Domesday Survey it had become one of the only two Wiltshire boroughs. The first charter, said to be a forgery, -purports to have been given by thelstan. It granted to the +purports to have been given by Æthelstan. It granted to the burgesses all privileges and free customs such as they held in the time of Edward the Elder, with many additional exemptions, in return for help rendered against the Danes. The castle built @@ -18929,25 +18890,25 @@ in wool still flourished in 1751.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MALM,<a name="ar160" id="ar160"></a></span> a seaport of Sweden, chief town of the district (<i>ln</i>) -of Malmhus, on a small bay of the Sound, 384 m. S.S.W. of +<p><span class="bold">MALMÖ,<a name="ar160" id="ar160"></a></span> a seaport of Sweden, chief town of the district (<i>län</i>) +of Malmöhus, on a small bay of the Sound, 384 m. S.S.W. of Stockholm by rail. Pop. (1800), 38,054; (1900), 60,857. It is -connected with Copenhagen, 17 m. W. by N., by steam-ferry, +connected with Copenhagen, 17¼ m. W. by N., by steam-ferry, the Sound being kept open in winter by an ice-breaker. It is also the first important station in Sweden on the Berlin-Stockholm -route, which crosses the sea between Sassnitz in Rgen and -Trelleborg, 20 m. S.E. of Malm. The town, which stands +route, which crosses the sea between Sassnitz in Rügen and +Trelleborg, 20 m. S.E. of Malmö. The town, which stands upon a level plain, formerly had strong fortifications, of which -only the citadel (Malmhus) remains; in it the earl of Bothwell +only the citadel (Malmöhus) remains; in it the earl of Bothwell was imprisoned by Frederick II. of Denmark for some time after his departure from Scotland in 1567. The town-hall (1546, largely restored in 1864) contains a handsome chamber, the Knutssal, formerly used by the council of the gild of Canute. The hall fronts the central square (<i>Stortorg</i>) which is planted with trees and contains a colossal statue of Charles X. by Johan -Helenus Brjeson (b. 1835) erected in 1896. The most notable +Helenus Börjeson (b. 1835) erected in 1896. The most notable church is that of St. Peter (<i>Peterkyrka</i>), dating in part from -1319. Malm is second to Stockholm as an industrial centre. +1319. Malmö is second to Stockholm as an industrial centre. There are breweries and large works for the manufacture of machinery, among which may be mentioned the Kockum mechanical works, with yards for the construction of vessels of @@ -18956,10 +18917,10 @@ sweetmeats and tobacco. A large export trade is carried on in butter and other agricultural produce, and matches. Coal is the chief import. The harborage includes an outer harbour of 22 ft. depth, and two inner basins admitting vessels of 21 ft. -draught, with dry dock and patent slip. Malm returns four +draught, with dry dock and patent slip. Malmö returns four members to the second chamber of the Riksdag (parliament).</p> -<p>Malm (Malmhauge, Malmey, Malmye, Malmoughe), sometimes +<p>Malmö (Malmhauge, Malmey, Malmöye, Malmoughe), sometimes called <i>Ancona Scanorum</i> or <i>Ellenbogen</i>, first appears in history about the middle of the 13th century. During the Hanseatic period it was the most important commercial town @@ -18991,7 +18952,7 @@ the “Fortunate Islands” or Canaries, and made something of a conquest and settlement in one of the most northerly isles of this archipelago, still known (after the Italian captain) as Lanzarote. According to a Spanish authority of about 1345, -the anonymous Franciscan’s <i>Conosimiento de todos los reinos</i>, +the anonymous Franciscan’s <i>Conosçimiento de todos los reinos</i>, “Lancarote” was killed by the Canarian natives; but the castle built by him was standing in 1402-1404, when it was utilized for the storage of grain by the French conquerors under Gadifer @@ -19007,7 +18968,7 @@ islands appear, for the first time in history, in clear and recognizable form. Thus Dulcert reads <i>Insula de Lanzarotus</i> and <i>Marocelus</i>, the Laurentian map <i>I. de Lanzarote</i>, against Lanzarote Island, which is well depicted on both designs, and marked with -the cross of Genoa. The <i>Conosimiento</i> (as noticed above) +the cross of Genoa. The <i>Conosçimiento</i> (as noticed above) explicitly derives the island-name from the Genoese commander who perished here. Malocello’s enterprise not only marks the beginning of the oversea expansion of western Europe in exploration, @@ -19019,17 +18980,17 @@ Canarian discovery and dominion has been by some unjustifiably identified.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See the <i>Conosimiento</i>, p. 100, as edited by Marcos Jimenez de la -Espada in the <i>Boletin de la sociedad geogrfica de Madrid</i>, (February -1877); <i>Le Canarien</i> in P. Margry, <i>Conqute des ... Canaries</i>, +<p>See the <i>Conosçimiento</i>, p. 100, as edited by Marcos Jimenez de la +Espada in the <i>Boletin de la sociedad geográfica de Madrid</i>, (February +1877); <i>Le Canarien</i> in P. Margry, <i>Conquête des ... Canaries</i>, p. 177; M. A. P. d’Avezac in vol. vi., part ii., of <i>L’Univers</i>, pp. 1-41 -(<i>les africaines de l’ocan atlantique</i>); C. R. Beazley, <i>Dawn of Modern +(<i>Îles africaines de l’océan atlantique</i>); C. R. Beazley, <i>Dawn of Modern Geography</i>, iii. 411-413, 449, 451.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MALOLOS,<a name="ar163" id="ar163"></a></span> a town and the capital of the province of Bulacn, +<p><span class="bold">MALOLOS,<a name="ar163" id="ar163"></a></span> a town and the capital of the province of Bulacán, island of Luzon, Philippine Islands, on a branch of the Pampanga <span class="pagenum"><a name="page495" id="page495"></a>495</span> Grande river. Pop. (1903), after the annexation of Barasoain @@ -19143,23 +19104,23 @@ solution, by the hydrolysis of barbituric acid (malonyl urea) with alkalis (A. Baeyer, <i>Ann.</i>, 1864, 130, p. 143); by the hydrolysis of cyanacetic acid (H. Kolbe, <i>Ann.</i>, 1864, 131, p. 349; H. Muller, <i>Ann.</i>, 1864, 131, p. 352), and by the action of silver oxide on -β-di-chloracrylic ester at 125 C. (O. Wallach, <i>Ann.</i>, 1878, 193, +β-di-chloracrylic ester at 125° C. (O. Wallach, <i>Ann.</i>, 1878, 193, P. 25)</p> -<p class="center">CCl<span class="su">2</span>:CHCOOC<span class="su">2</span>H<span class="su">5</span> + Ag<span class="su">2</span>O + H<span class="su">2</span>O =<br /> -2AgCl + HOOCCH<span class="su">2</span>COOC<span class="su">2</span>H<span class="su">5</span>.</p> +<p class="center">CCl<span class="su">2</span>:CH·COOC<span class="su">2</span>H<span class="su">5</span> + Ag<span class="su">2</span>O + H<span class="su">2</span>O =<br /> +2AgCl + HOOC·CH<span class="su">2</span>·COOC<span class="su">2</span>H<span class="su">5</span>.</p> <p class="noind">It crystallizes in monoclinic tables, and is readily soluble in -water, alcohol and ether. The acid melts at 132 C., and at a +water, alcohol and ether. The acid melts at 132° C., and at a higher temperature it rapidly decomposes into acetic acid and carbon dioxide. When heated with bromine and water to -100 C. it forms tribromacetic acid, some bromoform being +100° C. it forms tribromacetic acid, some bromoform being produced at the same time. Malonic acid, as well as its esters, is characterized by the large number of condensation products it can form. In the presence of a dehydrating agent (such as acetic anhydride), it combines with aldehydes to form compounds -of the type RCH:C(COOH)<span class="su">2</span>, or their decomposition -products (formed by loss of CO<span class="su">2</span>) RCH:CHCOOH.</p> +of the type R·CH:C(COOH)<span class="su">2</span>, or their decomposition +products (formed by loss of CO<span class="su">2</span>) R·CH:CH·COOH.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Many salts of the acid are known and, with the exception of those @@ -19170,11 +19131,11 @@ obtained by dissolving monochloracetic acid in water, neutralizing the solution with potassium carbonate, and then adding potassium cyanide and warming the mixture until the reaction begins. When the reaction has finished, the whole is evaporated and heated to about -130-140 C. and then allowed to cool. The mass is then covered +130°-140° C. and then allowed to cool. The mass is then covered with two-thirds of its weight of alcohol, and saturated with hydrochloric acid gas. The whole is then poured into ice-cold water, extracted by ether and the ethereal solution distilled (L. Claisen, -<i>Ann.</i>, 1883, 218, p. 131). It is a colourless liquid boiling at 197.7-198.2 C. +<i>Ann.</i>, 1883, 218, p. 131). It is a colourless liquid boiling at 197°.7-198°.2 C. (W. H. Perkin). It is a most important synthetic reagent; with sodium or sodium ethylate it forms sodio-malonic ester, which reacts readily with alkyl halides, forming alkyl malonic @@ -19189,25 +19150,25 @@ di-alkyl acetic acids. The scheme of reactions is shown thus:</p> <tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:533px; height:154px" src="images/img495.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> </table> -<p class="noind">When sodio-malonic ester is heated to 145 C., it undergoes condensation, +<p class="noind">When sodio-malonic ester is heated to 145° C., it undergoes condensation, with elimination of alcohol and formation of the benzene derivative, <i>phloroglucin tricarboxylic ester</i>. The addition of urea to an alcoholic solution of sodio-malonic ester results in the formation of barbituric acid (A. Michael, <i>Jour. pr. Chem.</i>, 1887 [2], 35, p. 456) <span class="pagenum"><a name="page496" id="page496"></a>496</span> -The half nitrile of malonic acid is <i>cyanacetic acid</i>, CNCH<span class="su">2</span> COOH, +The half nitrile of malonic acid is <i>cyanacetic acid</i>, CN·CH·<span class="su">2</span> COOH, which, in the form of its ester, may be obtained by the action of a solution of potassium cyanide on monochloracetic acid. The solution obtained is neutralized, concentrated on the water-bath, acidified by sulphuric acid and extracted with ether. It is then converted into the lead salt, which is decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen and the solution is carefully concentrated (Th. Meves, <i>Ann.</i>, 1867, -143, p. 201). It melts at 70 C. and at higher temperatures decomposes, +143, p. 201). It melts at 70° C. and at higher temperatures decomposes, with evolution of carbon dioxide and formation of aceto-nitrile, -CH<span class="su">3</span>CN. The true nitrile of malonic acid is <i>methylene cyanide</i>, +CH<span class="su">3</span>·CN. The true nitrile of malonic acid is <i>methylene cyanide</i>, CH<span class="su">2</span>(CN)<span class="su">2</span>, which is obtained by distilling a mixture of cyanacetamide and phosphorus pentoxide. It is a crystalline solid, which -melts at 29-30 C. and boils at 218-219 C., and is readily soluble +melts at 29°-30° C. and boils at 218°-219° C., and is readily soluble in alcohol and ether.</p> </div> @@ -19288,7 +19249,7 @@ with the social position and activities of Sir Thomas. On the other hand it is undeniable that the medieval copyists, at the instance of their patrons, did make compilations from the various romances within their reach, such as <i>e.g.</i> the enormous -codex 112 (<i>fonds Fran.</i>) of the Bibliothque Nationale, which +codex 112 (<i>fonds Franç.</i>) of the Bibliothèque Nationale, which includes large sections of the <i>Tristan</i>, the <i>Lancelot</i>, and the <i>Merlin</i> Suite. Taking into consideration alike what Malory retains and what he omits, it seems most probable that he was @@ -19336,14 +19297,14 @@ cf. <i>The Legend of Sir Lancelot</i>, Grimm Library, vol. xii.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MALOT, HECTOR HENRI<a name="ar168" id="ar168"></a></span> (1830-1907), French novelist and man of letters, the son of a notary, was born at La Bouille -(Seine Infrieure) on the 20th of May 1830. He studied law +(Seine Inférieure) on the 20th of May 1830. He studied law at Rouen and Paris, but literature early absorbed his attention. -He collaborated in the <i>Biographie gnrale</i> of Didot, became +He collaborated in the <i>Biographie générale</i> of Didot, became literary critic of <i>L’Opinion Nationale</i>, and dramatic critic of the -<i>Lloyd franais</i>. He is the author of a long series of popular +<i>Lloyd français</i>. He is the author of a long series of popular novels dealing with contemporary life, including: a trilogy of domestic novels entitled <i>Victimes d’amour</i> (1859, 1865, 1866); -<i>Un Beau frre</i> (1869); <i>Madame Obernin</i> (1870); <i>Le Docteur Claude</i> +<i>Un Beau frère</i> (1869); <i>Madame Obernin</i> (1870); <i>Le Docteur Claude</i> (1879); <i>Justice</i> (1889). <i>Les Aventures de Romain Kalbris</i> (1869) and <i>Sans famille</i> (1888) are excellent stories for children. A complete edition of Hector Malot’s works appeared in 1894-1897. @@ -19351,7 +19312,7 @@ He died at Vincennes in July 1907.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MALOU, JULES DOUARD XAVIER<a name="ar169" id="ar169"></a></span> (1810-1886), Belgian +<p><span class="bold">MALOU, JULES ÉDOUARD XAVIER<a name="ar169" id="ar169"></a></span> (1810-1886), Belgian statesman, one of the leaders of the clerical party, was born at Ypres on the 19th of October 1810. He was a civil servant in the department of justice when he was elected to the Chamber @@ -19375,7 +19336,7 @@ development of the railway system. It was only after the fall of the ministry in 1878 that he adopted a frankly clerical policy, and when he became chief of a new government in June 1884 he proceeded to undo the educational compromise of his predecessors -in the Frre-Orban ministry. His legislation in +in the Frère-Orban ministry. His legislation in favour of the Catholic schools caused rioting in Brussels, and in October the king demanded the retirement of MM. Jacobs and Woeste, the members of the cabinet against whom popular @@ -19393,7 +19354,7 @@ divine.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MALOUET, PIERRE VICTOR,<a name="ar170" id="ar170"></a></span>, <span class="sc">Baron</span> (1740-1814), French -publicist and politician, was born at Riom (Puy-de-Dme) on the +publicist and politician, was born at Riom (Puy-de-Dôme) on the 11th of February 1740, the son of a lawyer. He entered the civil service and was employed successively at the French embassy in Lisbon, in the administrative department of the duc de @@ -19419,9 +19380,9 @@ and he died on the 7th of September 1814.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The most important documents for his domestic and colonial -policy are a <i>Collection de ses opinions l’Assemble Nationale</i> (3 vols., -1791-1792); and <i>Collection de mmoires et correspondances officielles -sur l’administration des colonies et notamment sur la Guiane franaise +policy are a <i>Collection de ses opinions à l’Assemblée Nationale</i> (3 vols., +1791-1792); and <i>Collection de mémoires et correspondances officielles +sur l’administration des colonies et notamment sur la Guiane française et hollandaise</i> (5 vols., 1802).</p> </div> @@ -19532,7 +19493,7 @@ the Nord, close to the Belgian frontier and about 10 miles S. by E. of Mons, famous as the scene of the battle, September 1709, between the Allies under the duke of Marlborough and Prince <span class="pagenum"><a name="page498" id="page498"></a>498</span> -Eugne and the French commanded by Marshal Villars, in +Eugène and the French commanded by Marshal Villars, in which the former were victorious. The country to the west and south of Mons is enclosed by a semicircular wall of woods and broken ground, through which there are only two important @@ -19546,15 +19507,15 @@ represented the spirit of its nation to a degree unusual in the armies of that time. Villars was the best general in the service of Louis XIV. and the veteran Marshal Boufflers, though senior to him, had volunteered to serve as his second in command. -Marlborough and Eugne lay with their army between Mons +Marlborough and Eugène lay with their army between Mons and the French camps, which were almost within cannon shot. Marlborough’s own wish was for an immediate battle, but he was opposed by the Dutch deputies at his headquarters, and -even by Eugne, so that it was only on August 31/September +even by Eugène, so that it was only on August 31/September 11 that the attack actually took place. Villars had made full use of his respite. The French right stood at the fringe -of the wood of Lanire, the left was strongly posted in the -midst of the wood of Taisnire, and across the two and a half +of the wood of Lanière, the left was strongly posted in the +midst of the wood of Taisnière, and across the two and a half miles of open ground between the woods the position was entrenched with several successive lines of works. The troops were almost equally distributed along the whole line as usual, @@ -19563,7 +19524,7 @@ the Allied army the mounted troops were also kept back, but for the most part distributed to the various infantry commands.</p> -<p>The intention of Marlborough and Eugne, when on the +<p>The intention of Marlborough and Eugène, when on the morning of the battle they examined this formidable position, was to deliver the main attack upon the French left wing, combining the assaults of several columns on its front and @@ -19575,14 +19536,14 @@ and Count von der Schulenburg (1661-1747) with the Austrian infantry were to deliver a double attack, while farther to the Allied right a column under the English General Withers was detached to make a wide turning movement through the woods. -Marlborough took command on the right, Eugne on the left. +Marlborough took command on the right, Eugène on the left. The centre, which was intended only to observe the enemy -until the decision had been forced at the wood of Taisnire, +until the decision had been forced at the wood of Taisnière, consisted of Lord Orkney’s British corps and the prince of -Orange’s Dutch contingent. These extended across the Troue +Orange’s Dutch contingent. These extended across the Trouée d’Aulnois as soon as the combined attack of Lottum and Schulenburg opened. The general advance was covered by -a heavy cannonade, and the salient of the Taisnire wood was +a heavy cannonade, and the salient of the Taisnière wood was duly attacked on its two faces by the Prussians and Austrians about 9 a.m. They encountered a sterner resistance than in any of the battles and combats of the past seven campaigns, @@ -19622,10 +19583,10 @@ it happened, counted for much—was that Boufflers did not dare to send reinforcements to the hard-pressed left wing. Thanks to this the Austrians and Prussians, with the English detached to their aid, made steady progress in the wood of -Taisnire. Villars launched the “Irish brigade” to check +Taisnière. Villars launched the “Irish brigade” to check the advance of the Allies, and this famous corps charged into -the forest. Villars, Eugne and Marlborough personally led -their troops in the encounter which followed. Eugne was +the forest. Villars, Eugène and Marlborough personally led +their troops in the encounter which followed. Eugène was wounded, but refused to quit the field. Villars was more seriously hurt, and after trying in vain to direct the fighting from a chair was carried insensible from the field. At this @@ -19671,7 +19632,7 @@ French fell into the hands of the victors unwounded.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MALSTATT-BURBACH<a name="ar173" id="ar173"></a></span>, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province on the right bank of the Saar (Sarre), which -separates it from Saarbrcken. Pop. (1900), 31,195. It lies +separates it from Saarbrücken. Pop. (1900), 31,195. It lies in the midst of an important coal-mining and industrial district, and is itself little more than a long and narrow row of manufactories and workmen’s houses. The largest factories are @@ -19680,7 +19641,7 @@ a large wharf on the river for the export of coal.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Malstatt received municipal rights in 1321. These, however, -were afterwards resigned to the newer town of Saarbrcken, and in +were afterwards resigned to the newer town of Saarbrücken, and in 1818 Malstatt and Burbach were two small villages with a joint population of only about 800. About the middle of the century the population began to increase rapidly, in consequence of the @@ -19719,14 +19680,14 @@ others being assimilated by the plantlet and reconverted into reserve carbohydrates in the tissues of the germ and rootlets, whilst the remaining portions are retained as such in the finished malt. Similarly certain of the nitrogenous constituents of -the grain, the protens, are broken down and rendered soluble +the grain, the proteïns, are broken down and rendered soluble by proteolytic enzymes, the products being assimilated to a certain extent by the germ and rootlets, by the cells of which -they are again built up into complex protens, whilst others +they are again built up into complex proteïns, whilst others remain in their simplified form. It is now known that proteolytic enzymes exist in finished malt, and that, when the mashing process is conducted under certain conditions, these -are able to degrade and render soluble some of the higher protens +are able to degrade and render soluble some of the higher proteïns present in the malt. When germination is allowed to proceed as it does when the grain is planted in the soil, the whole of the contents are rendered soluble by degrees and in turn assimilated @@ -19753,7 +19714,7 @@ numerous species and varieties. Linnaeus and the earlier botanists recognized six species of cultivated barleys, but modern botanists usually consider all cultivated barleys as belonging to one species to which the name <i>H. sativum</i> has -been given. Krnicke regards <i>H. spontaneum</i>, a very long +been given. Körnicke regards <i>H. spontaneum</i>, a very long thin-grained two-rowed barley (see below) which grows in the East, as being the parent form; but E. S. Beaven inclines to the view that wild species of more than one form were @@ -19915,7 +19876,7 @@ of the corn contained starch granules, but this starch was absorbed during its later development by the embryo. It will be observed further that the endosperm is filled with a network of thin-walled cells closely packed with starch granules, and smaller granules of -proten matter (fig. 6). Nearest the skin will be seen the triple +proteïn matter (fig. 6). Nearest the skin will be seen the triple layer of aleurone cells already referred to (fig. 7).</p> </div> @@ -19958,12 +19919,12 @@ When the grain is steeped this dormant vitality gives place to that complicated series of processes comprised under the general term germination. When germination begins, enzymes are secreted, and these act on the reserve materials, starch -and protens of the endosperm, converting them into simpler +and proteïns of the endosperm, converting them into simpler compounds, capable of diffusing to various parts of the growing -germ. Following this, starch and protens are re-formed, the +germ. Following this, starch and proteïns are re-formed, the former being deposited in the tissues of the germ and in the cells of the scutellum, which previously were almost free from -starch; the proten matter deposited in the latter disappears +starch; the proteïn matter deposited in the latter disappears to a considerable extent, and the protoplasmic content of the cells assumes a very granular appearance. The pointed mass of cells constituting the root-sheath is pushed forward @@ -20007,10 +19968,10 @@ modified condition, which the maltster desires to bring about to the fullest degree, depends on the extent to which the cell walls have been affected, and they enter into a minute description of the entire disappearance of these during the malting process. On the other hand, -J. Grss has pointed out that the action which takes place on the cell +J. Grüss has pointed out that the action which takes place on the cell walls of the endosperm during germination does not consist in their complete solution. Schulze has shown that these cell walls consist of -two carbohydrates, an araban and a xylan. Grss states that the +two carbohydrates, an araban and a xylan. Grüss states that the araban is completely dissolved, whilst the xylan is more or less unattacked. The cell walls become, however, transparent so that they can only be seen in sections which have been stained; Brown and @@ -20080,7 +20041,7 @@ of the formula:—</p> <p class="noind">in which A is the degree of mellowness, M is the percentage of mealy corns in the original barley, and M<span class="su">1</span> is the percentage of mealy corns after steeping and drying the barley. Prior points out that, generally -speaking, the degree of mellowness varies inversely as the proten +speaking, the degree of mellowness varies inversely as the proteïn content.</p> <p>The physical differences between steely and mealy grains were @@ -20094,7 +20055,7 @@ that of steely grains. Steely grains contain a relatively high proportion of nitrogenous substances soluble (<i>a</i>) in 5% salt solution, and (<i>b</i>) in alcohol of specific gravity 0.9. Mealy barley modifies better than steely during germination. The process of drying damp -and under-matured barley intact at 100 F. produced an apparent +and under-matured barley intact at 100° F. produced an apparent mellowing or maturation. Other things being equal, maturation, which is physiologically a post-ripening process, is correlated with the mealy appearance of the endosperm.” H. T. Brown and his @@ -20126,9 +20087,9 @@ discontinuity in the cell-contents can only take place when the tensile strength of the protoplasmic matrix in which the starch granules are embedded has been surpassed, and this being so it might be anticipated that those cells which contain the larger amount -of proten material would probably best resist the internal stresses +of proteïn material would probably best resist the internal stresses and strains, a deduction in close agreement with observed facts, -steely grains being as a rule richer in proten than mealy grains. +steely grains being as a rule richer in proteïn than mealy grains. Brown and his co-workers determine the coefficient of mealiness of a barley as follows: Five hundred corns are cut transversely in a corn cutter and the percentage of mealy, half mealy and steely corns @@ -20147,7 +20108,7 @@ of British malting barleys be within the following limits:—</p> <table class="ws f90" summary="Contents"> <tr><td class="tcl">Moisture</td> <td class="tcl">18</td> <td class="tcl">—12</td> <td class="tcc">per cent.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Nitrogenous matters expressed as protens</td> <td class="tcl"> 8</td> <td class="tcl">—15</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Nitrogenous matters expressed as proteïns</td> <td class="tcl"> 8</td> <td class="tcl">—15</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Fat</td> <td class="tcl"> 2</td> <td class="tcl">— 2.5</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Starch</td> <td class="tcl">60</td> <td class="tcl">—65</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Sugars</td> <td class="tcl"> 1.5</td> <td class="tcl">— 2.0</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> @@ -20159,11 +20120,11 @@ of British malting barleys be within the following limits:—</p> <p>Any sample of barley which contains more than 20% of moisture would be considered damp. The late Professor Lintner expressed the view several years ago that a good malting -barley should not contain more than 10% of proten, but +barley should not contain more than 10% of proteïn, but R. Wahl asserts that in America six-rowed barleys containing -a far higher percentage of proten are used successfully, indeed +a far higher percentage of proteïn are used successfully, indeed preferably, for malting purposes. The only precise knowledge -we possess of the proten compounds of barley is due to the +we possess of the proteïn compounds of barley is due to the researches of T. B. Osborne. According to this observer, barley contains the under-mentioned compounds of this class in the following proportions:—</p> @@ -20171,8 +20132,8 @@ in the following proportions:—</p> <table class="ws f90" summary="Contents"> <tr><td class="tclm cl">Soluble in water</td> <td class="tcl">Leucosin (albumin)<br />Proteose</td> <td class="tccm">0.30</td> <td class="tccm">per cent.</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Soluble in salt solution:</td> <td class="tcl">Edestin (globulin)</td> <td class="tcc">1.95</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tclm cl" rowspan="2">Soluble in 75% alcohol</td> <td class="tcl">Horden</td> <td class="tcc">4.00</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Insoluble proten</td> <td class="tcc">4.50</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tclm cl" rowspan="2">Soluble in 75% alcohol</td> <td class="tcl">Hordeïn</td> <td class="tcc">4.00</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Insoluble proteïn</td> <td class="tcc">4.50</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"> </td> <td class="tcl"> </td> <td class="tcc">———</td> <td class="tcc"> </td></tr> <tr><td class="tcc">Total</td> <td class="tcl"> </td> <td class="tcc">10.75 </td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> </table> @@ -20203,7 +20164,7 @@ are prejudicial to the ripening of the grain, and when the latter is stacked in too moist a condition it is apt to become what is known as mow burnt. Especially is this the case with barleys containing large percentages of nitrogen and of high enzymatic -activities. Such barleys are denoted “warm” by M. Delbrck +activities. Such barleys are denoted “warm” by M. Delbrück from their tendency to heat when stored in a moist condition. The effect of this heating is exhibited in the corns becoming black and discoloured at the tips; they are then said to be @@ -20283,7 +20244,7 @@ female bores a hole in the grain with her snout and deposits an egg. The larva when hatched lives on the contents of the grain and undergoes its changes therein. Windisch asserts that only barley which has ripened in the granary is attacked by weevil. Grain which is -only slightly attacked should be kilned at a temperature of 122 F., +only slightly attacked should be kilned at a temperature of 122° F., which destroys the weevil in all stages of development. To detect weevil in a sample of barley, the grain should be spread out on a sheet of white paper in bright sunlight. If weevils are present they @@ -20349,7 +20310,7 @@ dressing and polishing, storing, weighing, sacking and discharging the finished malt.</p> <p>In sweating barley the temperature should not be allowed -to rise above 120 F.; it is usually conducted at 100 F.; and +to rise above 120° F.; it is usually conducted at 100° F.; and subsequently the barley should be stored for some weeks before it is steeped.</p> @@ -20380,8 +20341,8 @@ time of the year. In some of the older maltings there are no arrangements for heating the steep water, and in the winter steeping has occasionally to be performed with water at a temperature near its freezing-point. Steeping should be -carried out at a temperature as near as possible to 55 and -not higher than 60 F. The usual practice is to fill the cistern +carried out at a temperature as near as possible to 55° and +not higher than 60° F. The usual practice is to fill the cistern up to a certain height with water and throw the barley into it, stirring it until it is about level; the heavy corns will then sink directly to the bottom, whilst the light corns and refuse @@ -20390,7 +20351,7 @@ time the barley remains in the cistern it is usual to change the steep water two or three times, generally at intervals of twelve hours or tides. The advantage of this is not merely to keep the grain fresh and sweet, but to bring it into contact with the -air during the time it is taking up water. Aration of the +air during the time it is taking up water. Aëration of the steep has long been recognized in Germany as promoting germination, and several arrangements are on the market enabling air to be passed through the grain while it is in the cistern. @@ -20460,7 +20421,7 @@ up in a rectangular heap 16-20 in. deep, called the “couch”; the object of this is to enable it to gather heat and so start germinating. It usually remains in couch for 12-24 hours, until in fact the interior portion of the heap registers a temperature of -about 60 F. During the days of the malt tax the exciseman +about 60° F. During the days of the malt tax the exciseman gauged the quantity of the barley while it was in the couch. After couching the barley is spread thinly and evenly on the floor, forming what is known as the young floor or No. 1 @@ -20517,7 +20478,7 @@ be thoroughly and carefully mixed, otherwise some of the grain will receive an undue proportion of water. When all the sprinkling water has been given to the piece, which as a rule should not be done later than at the sixth or seventh day of flooring, the -temperature should be kept down to about 55 F. by turning. +temperature should be kept down to about 55° F. by turning. Too frequent turning may, however, detach the rootlet, and it may cause the grain to lose its vitality prematurely, so that growth of the acrospire stops.</p> @@ -20536,7 +20497,7 @@ a large quantity of water. When the piece is thickened up to say 10 in. in depth, while it is in a very moist condition, heating and sweating take place, with additional growth of acrospire and rootlet. Under such forcing conditions -a large production of sugar and degradation of the protens +a large production of sugar and degradation of the proteïns will take place. When, however, the moisture has been gradually reduced before thickening up, the rootlet dies off; and although increase of temperature may occur, this is accompanied @@ -20551,7 +20512,7 @@ But under these conditions mellowing does not occur, hence the necessity of reducing the moisture content gradually after the last sprinkling water has been given. When the process has been conducted properly the temperature of the old piece may be -allowed to rise as high as 70 F. during the six hours previous to +allowed to rise as high as 70° F. during the six hours previous to loading. The moisture content of the green malt when loaded should not be much above 40%.</p> @@ -20605,7 +20566,7 @@ reek occurs), it should only be lightly forked. The rate at which the temperature is raised depends largely on the kind of malt to be made and the construction of the kiln. If high flavour and colour are required, these are produced by keeping the malt for -several hours near a temperature of 160 F. while it still contains +several hours near a temperature of 160° F. while it still contains 12-15% of moisture. If more than this amount of moisture be present when the temperature reaches the limit just mentioned, the conditions known as stewing would obtain, with @@ -20636,7 +20597,7 @@ initial stages of kilning.</p> <table class="ws" summary="Contents"> <tr><td class="tcc" colspan="7">Running</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcc bb"> </td> <td class="tcc bb" colspan="2">Pale Malt.</td> <td class="tcc bb" colspan="2">Ale Malt.</td> <td class="tcc bb" colspan="2">Amber Malt.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">1st day temp.</td> <td class="tcr">90-100</td> <td class="tcl">F.</td> <td class="tcr">90-100</td> <td class="tcl">F.</td> <td class="tcr">90-100</td> <td class="tcl">F.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">1st day temp.</td> <td class="tcr">90-100°</td> <td class="tcl">F.</td> <td class="tcr">90-100°</td> <td class="tcl">F.</td> <td class="tcr">90-100°</td> <td class="tcl">F.</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">2nd  ”  ”</td> <td class="tcr">100-120</td> <td class="tcl"> </td> <td class="tcr">100-120</td> <td class="tcr"> </td> <td class="tcr">100-130</td> <td class="tcl"> </td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">3rd  ”  ”</td> <td class="tcr">120-130</td> <td class="tcl">(10 hrs.)</td> <td class="tcr">120-130</td> <td class="tcl">( 6 hrs.)</td> <td class="tcr">130-150</td> <td class="tcl">( 6 hrs.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">3rd  ”  ”</td> <td class="tcr">130-180</td> <td class="tcl">( 8 ” )</td> <td class="tcr">130-150</td> <td class="tcl">(12 ” )</td> <td class="tcr">150-160</td> <td class="tcl">(12 ” )</td></tr> @@ -20660,7 +20621,7 @@ after about two months’ storage should be as follows:—</p> </table></div> <p><i>Metabolic Changes.</i>—All through the malting process metabolic -changes are proceeding, in which both carbohydrates and protens +changes are proceeding, in which both carbohydrates and proteïns are concerned. In its resting stage the embryo of a barleycorn is generally free from starch; as soon as germination sets in, however, starch appears in the scutellum, while the amount @@ -20671,38 +20632,38 @@ but starch is never formed in the aleurone cells. These changes occur when the malt is first loaded on kiln; indeed, at no part of the malting process is there greater physiological activity.</p> -<p>Kilning has been specially studied by J. Grss, who divides the +<p>Kilning has been specially studied by J. Grüss, who divides the process into four stages, the first being that at which the temperature -limit is 113 F. It is characterized by a continuation of the +limit is 113° F. It is characterized by a continuation of the living processes, especially growth of the acrospire, which, as already stated, proceeds too far if the malt be loaded too wet. In any case the rootlet dies away. The metabolism of the carbohydrates already mentioned is accompanied by that of the nitrogenous -constituents, the reserve proten of the sub-aleurone +constituents, the reserve proteïn of the sub-aleurone layer being attacked by proteolytic enzymes and broken down into simpler compounds. This is a most important matter from the point of view of the brewing value of barley, for the -degradation products of the protens are necessary constituents +degradation products of the proteïns are necessary constituents of wort as yeast food. Moreover, unless proper modification -of these proten bodies occurs it is impossible to produce tender +of these proteïn bodies occurs it is impossible to produce tender malt. A barley which contains a high percentage of reserve -proten is as a rule unfitted for malting purposes, and indeed, the -higher the proten content the greater the difficulty the maltster -experiences in dealing with it. Proten hydrolysis requires +proteïn is as a rule unfitted for malting purposes, and indeed, the +higher the proteïn content the greater the difficulty the maltster +experiences in dealing with it. Proteïn hydrolysis requires the presence of a certain amount of moisture, and if this be removed too rapidly by a forced draught at the early stages of kilning the proteolytic enzymes cannot perform their function. If, on the other hand, the grain be loaded in too moist a condition, and the temperature be raised too quickly, the proteolytic -enzymes lose their activity and the protens remain for the most +enzymes lose their activity and the proteïns remain for the most part unattacked. When germination is allowed to proceed on -the kiln too great degradation of the proten occurs, and the malt +the kiln too great degradation of the proteïn occurs, and the malt is liable to produce fretty beers, on account of the presence of an excessive amount of nitrogenous nutritive matter, which leads to the development of disease organisms.</p> -<p>The second stage of the kilning process, according to Grss, -is that at which the temperatures range from 113 to 167 F. +<p>The second stage of the kilning process, according to Grüss, +is that at which the temperatures range from 113° to 167° F. The life of the corn is now suspended, but enzymatic processes continue. The starch is further saccharified, and the dividing line of the aleurone layer at the furrow is attacked, as are also @@ -20716,11 +20677,11 @@ produce malt of a low bushel weight, which, however, is not properly modified and cannot give satisfactory results in practice.</p> -<p>During the third stage of kilning, an enzyme, which Grss +<p>During the third stage of kilning, an enzyme, which Grüss claims to have recognized, and which he denotes spermoxidase, is said to exert its activity.</p> -<p>Schnfeld has confirmed the discoveries of Grss by practical +<p>Schönfeld has confirmed the discoveries of Grüss by practical experiments.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -20845,14 +20806,14 @@ may be used for this purpose.</p> <p>If 1000 corns of a barley were found to weigh 42 grammes, and 1000 corns of a finished malt from the same barley 32 grammes, -then the yield of malt is (32 100)/42 = 76.1, this corresponding to a +then the yield of malt is (32 × 100)/42 = 76.1, this corresponding to a 1% increase. Assuming that the moisture content of the barley was 15% and that of the finished malt 2%, 100 grammes of malt will contain 2 grammes of moisture, and 76.1 grammes will contain -(76.1 2)/100 = 1.5 grammes moisture; therefore 76.1 grammes of malt +(76.1 × 2)/100 = 1.5 grammes moisture; therefore 76.1 grammes of malt contain 76.1 − 1.5 = 74.6 grammes of dry matter. This was obtained from 100 − 15 = 85 grammes of barley dry substance. -Hence 100 parts of barley dry substance will yield (74.6 100)/85 = 87.7 +Hence 100 parts of barley dry substance will yield (74.6 × 100)/85 = 87.7 corresponding with a loss of dry substance equal to 12.5% of the dry substance of the barley, or with a loss of 10.7% on the barley containing 15% of moisture.</p> @@ -20870,7 +20831,7 @@ Crystal malt is grown for a shortened period on the floors, and then placed in a wire cylinder, which is rotated over a fire so that it is dried at a very high temperature. The weight per quarter is from 250 to 280 ℔. Imperial malt is dried off on an ordinary kiln at a -final temperature of 240-270 F., but it is not allowed the usual length +final temperature of 240-270° F., but it is not allowed the usual length of time on the withering floor. It is placed on the drying kiln in a layer not exceeding one inch and a half in thickness. A moderate heat from burnt wood is first applied until the bulk of the moisture @@ -20918,12 +20879,12 @@ Malting</i> (1824); E. S. Beaven, <i>Journ. Fed. Inst. Brewing</i> (1902), <b>8< Agriculture and Fisheries (Leaflet 149); A. J. Brown, <i>Annals of Botany</i> (1907), <b>21</b>, 79; H. T. Brown and G. H. Morris, <i>Journ. Chem. Soc. Trans.</i> (1890), 57, 458; H. T. Brown and others, <i>Trans. Guinness -Research Lab.</i> (1903), vol.—pt. I. (1906), pt. II.; M. Delbrck, <i>Journ. +Research Lab.</i> (1903), vol.—pt. I. (1906), pt. II.; M. Delbrück, <i>Journ. Inst. Brewing</i> (1906), <b>12</b>, 642; Ford, <i>A Treatise on Malting</i> (1849); -C. Graham, Cantor Lectures, Society of Arts (1874); J. Grss, -<i>Wochenschrift fr Brauerei</i> (1895), <b>12</b>, 1257; (1896), <b>13</b>, 729; (1897), +C. Graham, Cantor Lectures, Society of Arts (1874); J. Grüss, +<i>Wochenschrift für Brauerei</i> (1895), <b>12</b>, 1257; (1896), <b>13</b>, 729; (1897), <b>14</b>, 321, 409; (1898), <b>15</b>, 81, 269; (1899), <b>16</b>, 519, 621; (1902), <b>19</b>, 243; -W. Johannsen, <i>Rsum. Comptes rendus trav. lab. Carlsberg</i> (1884), +W. Johannsen, <i>Résumé. Comptes rendus trav. lab. Carlsberg</i> (1884), 2, 60; A. R. Ling, <i>Brewers’ Journal</i> (1904), <b>40</b>, 741; E. J. Mills and J. B. Pettigrew, <i>Journ. Chem. Soc. Trans.</i> (1882), <b>41</b>, 38; E. R. Moritz, <i>Journ. Fed. Inst. Brewing</i> (1895), 1, 228; E. R. Moritz and @@ -20939,382 +20900,7 @@ Rev.</i> (1904), 18, 89.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th -Edition, Volume 17, Slice 4, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. 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