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diff --git a/42841-h/42841-h.htm b/42841-h/42841-h.htm index 2324af6..e482b2b 100644 --- a/42841-h/42841-h.htm +++ b/42841-h/42841-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Original Narratives of Early American History, by Jameson J. Franklin. @@ -179,52 +179,7 @@ div.tn { <link rel="coverpage" href="images/coverpage.jpg"/> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Original Narratives of Early American -History, by Vaca and Others - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Original Narratives of Early American History - Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States 1528-1543. - The Narrative of Alvar Nunez Cabeca de Vaca. The Narrative - Of The Expedition Of Hernando De Soto By The Gentleman Of - Elvas - -Author: Vaca and Others - -Editor: Frederick W. Hodge - Theodore H. Lewis - Jameson J. Franklin - -Release Date: May 29, 2013 [EBook #42841] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Julia Neufeld and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42841 ***</div> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -277,8 +232,8 @@ SOUTHERN UNITED STATES</h1> <p class="center">1528-1543<br /> ———<br /> -<big>THE NARRATIVE OF ALVAR NUÑEZ<br /> -CABEÇA DE VACA</big><br /> +<big>THE NARRATIVE OF ALVAR NUÑEZ<br /> +CABEÇA DE VACA</big><br /> <small>EDITED BY</small><br /> FREDERICK W. HODGE<br /> <small>OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</small></p> @@ -292,7 +247,7 @@ THEODORE H. LEWIS<br /> <small>HONORARY MEMBER OF THE MISSISSIPPI HISTORICAL SOCIETY</small></p> <p class="center space-above"><big>THE NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION OF<br /> -CORONADO, BY PEDRO DE CASTAÑEDA</big><br /> +CORONADO, BY PEDRO DE CASTAÑEDA</big><br /> <small>EDITED BY</small><br /> FREDERICK W. HODGE</p> @@ -336,7 +291,7 @@ selection from among many scores; for the narratives of Spanish explorers in the southern United States constitute an extensive literature. But if interest and historical importance are both taken into account, it is believed that these three hold an undisputed -preëminence among such "relations."</p> +preëminence among such "relations."</p> <p class="signature"> J. F. J.</p> @@ -350,7 +305,7 @@ J. F. J.</p> <h2>CONTENTS</h2> -<h3>THE NARRATIVE OF ALVAR NUÑEZ CABEÇA DE VACA</h3> +<h3>THE NARRATIVE OF ALVAR NUÑEZ CABEÇA DE VACA</h3> <p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edited by Frederick W. Hodge</span></p> @@ -359,7 +314,7 @@ J. F. J.</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="contents"> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Narrative of Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Narrative of Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Proem</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 1.</td><td align="left">In which is told when the Armada sailed, and of the Officers and Persons who went in it</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> @@ -378,7 +333,7 @@ J. F. J.</p> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 14.</td><td align="left">The Departure of four Christians</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 15.</td><td align="left">What befell us among the People of Malhado</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 16.</td><td align="left">The Christians leave the Island of Malhado</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 17.</td><td align="left">The Coming of Indians with André's Dorantes, Castillo, and Estevanico</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 17.</td><td align="left">The Coming of Indians with André's Dorantes, Castillo, and Estevanico</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 18.</td><td align="left">The Story Figueroa recounted from Esquivel</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Extract from the Letter of the Survivors</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 19.</td><td align="left">Our Separation by the Indians</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> @@ -417,11 +372,11 @@ DE SOTO, BY THE GENTLEMAN OF ELVAS</p> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Epigram of Silveira</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Prefatory Note by the Printer</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 1.</td><td align="left">Who Soto was, and how he came to get the Government of Florida</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 2.</td><td align="left">How Cabeça de Vaca arrived at Court, and gave Account of the Country of Florida; and of the Persons who assembled at Seville to accompany Don Hernando de Soto</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 3.</td><td align="left">How the Portuguese went to Seville, and thence to Sanlúcar; and how the Captains were appointed over the Ships, and the People distributed among them</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 2.</td><td align="left">How Cabeça de Vaca arrived at Court, and gave Account of the Country of Florida; and of the Persons who assembled at Seville to accompany Don Hernando de Soto</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 3.</td><td align="left">How the Portuguese went to Seville, and thence to Sanlúcar; and how the Captains were appointed over the Ships, and the People distributed among them</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 4.</td><td align="left">How the Adelantado with his People left Spain, going to the Canary Islands, and afterward arrived in the Antillas</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 5.</td><td align="left">Of the Inhabitants there are in the City of Santiago and other Towns of the Island, the Character of the Soil, and of the Fruit</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 6.</td><td align="left">How the Governor sent Doña Ysabel with the Ships from Santiago to Havana, while he with some of the Men went thither by land</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 6.</td><td align="left">How the Governor sent Doña Ysabel with the Ships from Santiago to Havana, while he with some of the Men went thither by land</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 7.</td><td align="left">How we left Havana and came to Florida, and what other Matters took place</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span>Chapter 8.</td><td align="left">Of some Inroads that were made, and how a Christian was found who had been a long time in the possession of a Cacique</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 9.</td><td align="left">How the Christian came to the Land of Florida, who he was, and of what passed at his Interview with the Governor</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr> @@ -430,12 +385,12 @@ DE SOTO, BY THE GENTLEMAN OF ELVAS</p> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 12.</td><td align="left">How the Governor arrived at Palache, and was informed that there was much Gold inland</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 13.</td><td align="left">How the Governor went from Apalache in quest of Yupaha, and what befell him</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 14.</td><td align="left">How the Governor left the Province of Patofa, marching into a Desert Country, where he, with his People, became exposed to great Peril, and underwent severe Privation</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 15.</td><td align="left">How the Governor went from Cutifachiqui in quest of Coça, and what occurred to him on the Journey</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 16.</td><td align="left">How the Governor left Chiaha, and, having run a Hazard of falling by the Hands of the Indians at Acoste, escaped by his Address: what occurred to him on the Route, and how he came to Coça</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 17.</td><td align="left">Of how the Governor went from Coça to Tascaluça</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 15.</td><td align="left">How the Governor went from Cutifachiqui in quest of Coça, and what occurred to him on the Journey</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 16.</td><td align="left">How the Governor left Chiaha, and, having run a Hazard of falling by the Hands of the Indians at Acoste, escaped by his Address: what occurred to him on the Route, and how he came to Coça</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 17.</td><td align="left">Of how the Governor went from Coça to Tascaluça</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 18.</td><td align="left">How the Indians rose upon the Governor, and what followed upon that Rising</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 19.</td><td align="left">How the Governor set his Men in order of Battle, and entered the town of Mauilla</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 20.</td><td align="left">How the Governor set out from Mauilla to go to Chicaça, and what befell him</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 20.</td><td align="left">How the Governor set out from Mauilla to go to Chicaça, and what befell him</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 21.</td><td align="left">How the Indians returned to attack the Christians, and how the Governor went to Alimamu, and they tarried to give him Battle in the Way</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 22.</td><td align="left">How the Governor went from Quizquiz, and thence to the River Grande</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 23.</td><td align="left">How the Governor went from Aquixo to Casqui, and thence to Pacaha; and how this Country differs from the other</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr> @@ -467,18 +422,18 @@ DE SOTO, BY THE GENTLEMAN OF ELVAS</p> <p class="center space-above">THE NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION OF CORONADO,<br /> -BY PEDRO DE CASTAÑEDA</p> +BY PEDRO DE CASTAÑEDA</p> <p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edited by Frederick W. Hodge</span></p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="contents3"> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado, by Pedro de Castañeda</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado, by Pedro de Castañeda</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></p></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Preface</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">FIRST PART</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 1.</td><td align="left">Which treats of the Way we first came to know about the Seven Cities, and of how Nuño de Guzman made an Expedition to discover them</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 1.</td><td align="left">Which treats of the Way we first came to know about the Seven Cities, and of how Nuño de Guzman made an Expedition to discover them</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 2.</td><td align="left">Of how Francisco Vazquez Coronado came to be Governor, and the second Account which Cabeza de Vaca gave</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 3.</td><td align="left">Of how they killed the Negro Estevan at Cibola, and Friar Marcos returned in Flight</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 4.</td><td align="left">Of how the noble Don Antonio de Mendoza made an Expedition to discover Cibola</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></td></tr> @@ -486,15 +441,15 @@ BY PEDRO DE CASTAÑEDA</p> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 6.</td><td align="left">Of how all the Companies collected in Compostela and set off on the Journey in good Order</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 7.</td><td align="left">Of how the Army reached Chiametla, and the Killing of the Army-Master, and the other things that happened up to the Arrival at Culiacan</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 8.</td><td align="left">Of how the Army entered the Town of Culiacan and the Reception it received, and other things which happened before the Departure</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 9.</td><td align="left">Of how the Army started from Culiacan and the Arrival of the General at Cibola, and of the Army at Señora and of other things that happened</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 10.</td><td align="left">Of how the Army started from the Town of Señora, leaving it inhabited, and how it reached Cibola, and of what happened to Captain Melchior Diaz on his Expedition in Search of the Ships and how he discovered the Tison (Firebrand) River</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 9.</td><td align="left">Of how the Army started from Culiacan and the Arrival of the General at Cibola, and of the Army at Señora and of other things that happened</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 10.</td><td align="left">Of how the Army started from the Town of Señora, leaving it inhabited, and how it reached Cibola, and of what happened to Captain Melchior Diaz on his Expedition in Search of the Ships and how he discovered the Tison (Firebrand) River</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 11.</td><td align="left">Of how Don Pedro de Tovar discovered Tusayan or Tutahaco and Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas saw the Firebrand River, and the other things that had happened</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_306">306</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 12.</td><td align="left">Of how people came from Cicuye to Cibola to see the Christians, and how Hernando de Alvarado went to see the Cows</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span>Chapter 13.</td><td align="left">Of how the General went toward Tutahaco with a few Men and left the Army with Don Tristan, who took it to Tiguex</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 14.</td><td align="left">Of how the Army went from Cibola to Tiguex and what happened to them on the way, on account of the Snow</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_315">315</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 15.</td><td align="left">Of why Tiguex revolted, and how they were punished, without being to Blame for it</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 16.</td><td align="left">Of how they besieged Tiguex and took it and of what happened during the Siege</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_320">320</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 17.</td><td align="left">Of how Messengers reached the Army from the Valley of Señora, and how Captain Melchior Diaz died on the Expedition to the Firebrand River</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_324">324</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 17.</td><td align="left">Of how Messengers reached the Army from the Valley of Señora, and how Captain Melchior Diaz died on the Expedition to the Firebrand River</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_324">324</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 18.</td><td align="left">Of how the General managed to leave the Country in Peace so as to go in Search of Quivira, where the Turk said there was the most Wealth</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 19.</td><td align="left">Of how they started in Search of Quivira and of what happened on the Way</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 20.</td><td align="left">Of how great Stones fell in the Camp, and how they discovered another Ravine, where the Army was divided into two Parts</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td></tr> @@ -503,7 +458,7 @@ BY PEDRO DE CASTAÑEDA</p> <tr><td> </td><td align="center">SECOND PART</td></tr> <tr><td> </td><td align="left"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Which treats of the High Villages and Provinces and of their Habits and Customs, as collected by Pedro de -Castañeda, Native of the City of Najara</span></p></td></tr> +Castañeda, Native of the City of Najara</span></p></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 1.</td><td align="left">Of the Province of Culiacan and of its Habits and Customs</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_344">344</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 2.</td><td align="left">Of the Province of Petlatlan and all the Inhabited Country as far as Chichilticalli</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_346">346</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 3.</td><td align="left">Of Chichilticalli and the Desert, of Cibola, its Customs and Habits, and of other things</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_349">349</a></td></tr> @@ -515,13 +470,13 @@ Castañeda, Native of the City of Najara</span></p></td></tr> <tr><td> </td><td align="center">THIRD PART</td></tr> <tr><td> </td><td align="left"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Which describes what happened to Francisco Vazquez Coronado during the Winter, and how he gave up the Expedition and returned to New Spain</span></p></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 1.</td><td align="left">Of how Don Pedro de Tovar came from Señora with some Men, and Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas started back to New Spain</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_366">366</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 1.</td><td align="left">Of how Don Pedro de Tovar came from Señora with some Men, and Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas started back to New Spain</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_366">366</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 2.</td><td align="left">Of the General's Fall, and of how the Return to New Spain was ordered</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_368">368</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 3.</td><td align="left">Of the Rebellion at Suya and the Reasons the Settlers gave for it</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_370">370</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 4.</td><td align="left">Of how Friar Juan de Padilla and Friar Luis remained in the Country and the Army prepared to return to Mexico</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_372">372</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 5.</td><td align="left">Of how the Army left the Settlements and marched to Culiacan, and of what happened on the Way</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_375">375</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 6.</td><td align="left">Of how the General started from Culiacan to give the Viceroy an Account of the Army with which he had been intrusted</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_377">377</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chapter 7.</td><td align="left">Of the Adventures of Captain Juan Gallego while he was bringing Reënforcements through the Revolted Country</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_379">379</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chapter 7.</td><td align="left">Of the Adventures of Captain Juan Gallego while he was bringing Reënforcements through the Revolted Country</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_379">379</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 8.</td><td align="left">Which describes some remarkable things that were seen on the Plains, with a Description of the Bulls</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_381">381</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Chapter 9.</td><td align="left">Which treats of the Direction which the Army took, and of how another more direct Way might be found, if anyone was to return to that Country</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_384">384</a></td></tr> </table></div> @@ -537,7 +492,7 @@ UNITED STATES</h2> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"> </a></span></p> -<h2><a name="THE_NARRATIVE_OF_ALVAR_NUNEZ" id="THE_NARRATIVE_OF_ALVAR_NUNEZ">THE NARRATIVE OF ALVAR NUÑEZ +<h2><a name="THE_NARRATIVE_OF_ALVAR_NUNEZ" id="THE_NARRATIVE_OF_ALVAR_NUNEZ">THE NARRATIVE OF ALVAR NUÑEZ CABEZA DE VACA</a></h2> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -546,19 +501,19 @@ CABEZA DE VACA</a></h2> <h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> -<p>In some respects the journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de +<p>In some respects the journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and his three companions overland from coast to coast during the eight years from 1528 to 1536 is the most remarkable in the record of American exploration, and as a narrative of suffering and privation the relation here presented perhaps has no equal in the annals of the northern continent.</p> -<p>The author of the narrative was a native of Jeréz de la +<p>The author of the narrative was a native of Jeréz de la Frontera, in the province of Cadiz, in southern Spain, but the date of his birth is not known. His father was Francisco de Vera, son of Pedro de Vera, conqueror of the Grand Canary in 1483; his mother, Teresa Cabeza de Vaca, who also was born -in Jeréz. Why Alvar Nuñez assumed the matronymic is not +in Jeréz. Why Alvar Nuñez assumed the matronymic is not known, unless it was with a sense of pride that he desired to perpetuate the name that had been bestowed by the King of Navarre on his maternal ancestor, a shepherd named Martin @@ -569,7 +524,7 @@ battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, in July, 1212, which led up to the final conquest of the Moors in Spain.</p> <p>Having returned to Spain after many years of service in -the New World for the Crown, Pámfilo de Narvaez petitioned +the New World for the Crown, Pámfilo de Narvaez petitioned for a grant; and in consequence the right to conquer and colonize the country between the Rio de las Palmas, in eastern Mexico, and Florida was accorded him. The expedition, consisting @@ -582,7 +537,7 @@ was finally driven northward by storm, and landed, in April, on the west coast of Florida. Despite the protest of Cabeza de Vaca, who had been appointed treasurer of Rio de las Palmas by the King, Narvaez ordered his ships to skirt the coast -in an endeavor to find Pánuco, while the expedition, now reduced +in an endeavor to find Pánuco, while the expedition, now reduced to three hundred men by desertions in Santo Domingo, death in the Cuban storm, and the return of those in charge of the ships, started inland in a generally northern course. @@ -590,13 +545,13 @@ The fleet searched for the expedition for a year and then sailed to Mexico.</p> <p>Among the members of the force, in addition to Alvar -Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, were Andrés Dorantes de Carrança, -son of Pablo, a native of Béjar del Castañar, in Estremadura, +Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, were Andrés Dorantes de Carrança, +son of Pablo, a native of Béjar del Castañar, in Estremadura, who had received a commission as captain of infantry on the -recommendation of Don Alvaro de Zúñiga, Duke of Béjar; +recommendation of Don Alvaro de Zúñiga, Duke of Béjar; Captain Alonzo del Castillo Maldonado, of Salamanca, the -son of Doctor Castillo and Aldonza Maldonado; and Estévan, -or Estévanico, a blackamoor of Asemmur, or Azamor, on the +son of Doctor Castillo and Aldonza Maldonado; and Estévan, +or Estévanico, a blackamoor of Asemmur, or Azamor, on the west coast of Morocco, the slave of Dorantes. With the exception of those who returned with the ships, these four men were the only ones of the entire expedition who ever again @@ -642,11 +597,11 @@ narrow island, inhabited by savages, on the Texas coast.</p> <p>On this "Island of Misfortune" Cabeza de Vaca's party was soon joined by that of one of the other boats, including Dorantes, so that altogether the island harbored about eighty -Spaniards. Four men later attempted to reach Pánuco, but +Spaniards. Four men later attempted to reach Pánuco, but all perished but one. During the following winter disease raged among the little colony, reducing it to fifteen. Then the Spaniards became separated, Dorantes and his slave -Estévan, now both the slaves of the Indians, were taken to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +Estévan, now both the slaves of the Indians, were taken to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> the mainland, whither Cabeza de Vaca, weary of root-digging on the island shore, also escaped, becoming a trader among the Indians, journeying far inland and along the coast from @@ -736,7 +691,7 @@ enlist the services of Cabeza de Vaca, may likewise have been stimulated to action.</p> <p>After the three Spaniards returned to Mexico they united -in a report to the Audiencia of Española (Santo Domingo), +in a report to the Audiencia of Española (Santo Domingo), which is printed in Oviedo's <cite>Historia General y Natural de las Indias</cite> (tomo III., lib. XXXV., ed. 1853). In April, 1537, they embarked for Spain, but the ship in which Dorantes @@ -753,7 +708,7 @@ seven months, when he sent his vessels ahead to Buenos Ayres and started overland to Asuncion, which he reached in March, 1542, after a remarkable experience in the tropical forests. But the province seems to have needed a man of -sterner stuff than Alvar Nuñez, for he soon became the subject +sterner stuff than Alvar Nuñez, for he soon became the subject of animosity and intrigue, which finally resulted in open<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> rebellion, and his arrest in April, 1543. He was kept under close guard for about two years, when he was sent to Spain, @@ -770,9 +725,9 @@ town of Tehuacan.</p> <p>Dorantes, as has been stated, for some reason did not carry out the plan of exploring the north, perhaps because of the projected expedition of Coronado, the way for which was led -by Fray Marcos de Niza in 1539 with the negro Estévan as a +by Fray Marcos de Niza in 1539 with the negro Estévan as a guide. Dorantes served Mendoza in the conquest of Jalisco, -and married Doña María de la Torre, a widow, by whom he +and married Doña MarÃa de la Torre, a widow, by whom he had a large family. One of his sons, Balthasar, sometime king's treasurer of Vera Cruz, was born about the middle of the century, and on the death of his father inherited an <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">encomienda</i> @@ -781,14 +736,14 @@ year. Another son, Gaspar, inherited the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">encomienda</ pueblos of Ocava; and another, Melchior, "an <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">encomienda</i> of Indians and of very good rents."</p> -<p>Of Estévan there is somewhat more definite information. +<p>Of Estévan there is somewhat more definite information. Well on the road toward the north in 1539, he was sent ahead by Fray Marcos to report the character of the country and its people, and with rattle in hand and accompanied by -many Indians of the present Gila River region, entered Háwikuh, -the first of the Seven Cities of Cibola. Here Estévan +many Indians of the present Gila River region, entered Háwikuh, +the first of the Seven Cities of Cibola. Here Estévan and most of his Indian followers were put to death by the -Zuñis; those who escaped fled to Fray Marcos, whose life was +Zuñis; those who escaped fled to Fray Marcos, whose life was threatened but who saved himself by regaling the natives with the contents of his pack.</p> @@ -799,7 +754,7 @@ life of a slave, like his countrymen on the Texas main, until 1539, when he was rescued by De Soto, but he died before the expedition returned to civilization.</p> -<p>The <cite>Relación</cite> of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca was first +<p>The <cite>Relación</cite> of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca was first printed at Zamora in 1542, and with slight changes was reprinted, with the first edition of the <cite>Comentarios</cite> on the Rio de la Plata, at Valladolid, in 1555. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">editio princeps</i> was @@ -808,7 +763,7 @@ translated into Italian by Ramusio, in the third volume of his into English by Samuel Purchas in volume IV. of <cite>Purchas His Pilgrimes</cite> (London, 1613, pt. IV., lib. VIII., cap. 1). The <cite>Naufragios</cite> (or <cite>Relacion</cite>) and <cite>Comentarios</cite> were reprinted at -Madrid in 1736, preceded by the <cite>Exámen Apologético</cite> of Antonio +Madrid in 1736, preceded by the <cite>Exámen Apologético</cite> of Antonio Ardoino, who seemed to feel it his duty to reply to an Austrian monk named Caspar Plautus, who, in 1621, under the name Philoponus, published a treatise in which he maintained that @@ -816,21 +771,21 @@ laymen like Cabeza de Vaca should not be permitted to perform miracles. This edition of the narration of Cabeza de Vaca is included in volume I. of Barcia's <cite>Historiadores Primitivos de las Indias Occidentales</cite>, published at Madrid in 1749. The -<cite>Naufragios</cite> of Alvar Nuñez, from the edition of 1555, appears in +<cite>Naufragios</cite> of Alvar Nuñez, from the edition of 1555, appears in volume I. of Vedia's <cite>Historiadores Primitivos de Indias</cite> (Madrid, -ed. 1852). The letter to the Audiencia of Española, "edited" +ed. 1852). The letter to the Audiencia of Española, "edited" by Oviedo, has already been alluded to. A "Capitulacion -que se tomó con Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca," dated Madrid, -18 Marzo, 1540, is found in the <cite>Colección de Documentos -Inéditos del Archivo de Indias</cite> (tomo XXIII., pp. 8-33, 1875). -A <cite>Relación</cite> by Cabeza de Vaca, briefly narrating the story of -the expedition until the arrival of its survivors in Espíritu +que se tomó con Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca," dated Madrid, +18 Marzo, 1540, is found in the <cite>Colección de Documentos +Inéditos del Archivo de Indias</cite> (tomo XXIII., pp. 8-33, 1875). +A <cite>Relación</cite> by Cabeza de Vaca, briefly narrating the story of +the expedition until the arrival of its survivors in EspÃritu Santo Bay, with his instructions as treasurer, is printed in -the <cite>Colección de Documentos de Indias</cite>, XIV. 265-279 (Madrid, +the <cite>Colección de Documentos de Indias</cite>, XIV. 265-279 (Madrid, 1870). The most recent Spanish edition of the more famous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> <cite>Relacion</cite> reprinted in the following pages forms a part of volume -V. of the <cite>Colección de Libros y Documentos referentes á -la Historia de América</cite> (Madrid, 1906), which also contains +V. of the <cite>Colección de Libros y Documentos referentes á +la Historia de América</cite> (Madrid, 1906), which also contains the <cite>Comentarios</cite>.</p> <p>The single French translation was published as volume VII. @@ -839,7 +794,7 @@ edition of 1555, while the <cite>Commentaires</cite> form volume VI.</p> <p>In 1851 a translation of the edition of 1555 into English, by (Thomas) Buckingham Smith, under the title The <cite>Narrative -of Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca</cite>, was published privately at +of Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca</cite>, was published privately at Washington by George W. Riggs; and shortly after Mr. Smith's death, in 1871, another edition, with many additions, was published in New York under the editorial supervision of @@ -862,7 +817,7 @@ English edition of the Cabeza de Vaca <cite>Relation</cite>, translated from the very rare imprint of 1542 by Mrs. Fanny Bandelier, and edited, with an introduction, by her husband Ad. F. Bandelier, was published in New York, in 1905, under the -title, <cite>The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca</cite>, as one of +title, <cite>The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca</cite>, as one of the volumes of the "Trail Makers" series.</p> <p class="signature"> @@ -880,8 +835,8 @@ the volumes of the "Trail Makers" series.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hanging"><em>Relation that Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca gave of what befell -the armament in the Indies whither Pánfilo de Narváez +<p class="hanging"><em>Relation that Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca gave of what befell +the armament in the Indies whither Pánfilo de Narváez went for Governor from the year 1527 to the year 1536 [1537] when with three comrades he returned and came to Sevilla.</em><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p></blockquote> @@ -964,13 +919,13 @@ persons who went in it.</em></p> <p>On the seventeenth day<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> of June, in the year fifteen hundred -and twenty-seven, the Governor Pánphilo de Narváez -left the port of San Lúcar de Barrameda,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> authorized and commanded +and twenty-seven, the Governor Pánphilo de Narváez +left the port of San Lúcar de Barrameda,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> authorized and commanded by your Majesty to conquer and govern the provinces of the main, extending from the River Palmas<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> to the cape of Florida. The fleet he took was five ships, in which went six hundred men, a few more or less; the officers (for we shall -have to speak of them), were these, with their rank: Cabeça +have to speak of them), were these, with their rank: Cabeça de Vaca, treasurer and high-sheriff; Alonso Enrriquez, comptroller; Alonso de Solis, distributor to your Majesty and assessor; Juan Xuarez,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> a friar of Saint Francis, commissary, @@ -1143,9 +1098,9 @@ came and remained with him some time; and in barter gave him fish and several pieces of venison. The day following, which was Good Friday,<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> the governor debarked with as many of the people as the boats he brought could contain. When -we came to the <em>buhíos</em>,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> or houses that we had seen, we found +we came to the <em>buhÃos</em>,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> or houses that we had seen, we found them vacant and abandoned, the inhabitants having fled at -night in their canoes. One of the buhíos was very large; +night in their canoes. One of the buhÃos was very large; it could hold more than three hundred persons. The others were smaller. We found a tinklet of gold among some fish nets.</p> @@ -1224,7 +1179,7 @@ had seen, and the information the natives had given.</p> <p>The next day, the first of May, the Governor called aside the commissary, the comptroller, the assessor, myself, a sailor -named Bartolomé Fernandez, and a notary, Hieronymo +named Bartolomé Fernandez, and a notary, Hieronymo Alaniz.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> Being together he said that he desired to penetrate the interior, and that the ships ought to go along the coast until they should come to the port which the pilots believed @@ -1257,7 +1212,7 @@ in those parts.</p> thought we ought not to embark; but that, always keeping the coast, we should go in search of the harbor, which the pilots stated was only ten or fifteen leagues from there, on the -way to Pánuco; and that it was not possible, marching ever +way to Pánuco; and that it was not possible, marching ever by the shore, we should fail to come upon it, because they said it stretched up into the land a dozen leagues; that whichever might first find it should wait for the other; that to embark @@ -1367,7 +1322,7 @@ our slim outfit for such purpose, we returned to camp and reported what we had discovered. To find out if there was a port and examine the outlet well, it was necessary to repass the river at the place where we had first gone over; so the next -day the Governor ordered a captain, Valençuela by name, with +day the Governor ordered a captain, Valençuela by name, with sixty men<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> and six cavalry, to cross, and following the river down to the sea, ascertain if there was a harbor. He returned after an absence of two days, and said he had explored the bay, @@ -1619,7 +1574,7 @@ it, while on the way, from a very large stream, to which we had given the name of River of the Magdalena.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> <p>Accordingly, I set out the next day after, in company with -the commissary, Captain Castillo, Andrés Dorantes, seven +the commissary, Captain Castillo, Andrés Dorantes, seven more on horseback, and fifty on foot. We travelled until the hour of vespers, when we arrived at a road or entrance of the sea. Oysters were abundant, over which the men rejoiced, @@ -1743,7 +1698,7 @@ traversed from side to side with arrows; and for all some had on good armor, it did not give adequate protection or security against the nice and powerful archery of which I have spoken. According to the declaration of our pilots under oath, from the -entrance to which we had given the name Bahía de la Cruz<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> +entrance to which we had given the name BahÃa de la Cruz<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> to this place, we had travelled two hundred and eighty leagues<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> or thereabout. Over all that region we had not seen a single mountain, and had no information of any whatsoever.</p> @@ -1755,9 +1710,9 @@ the horses had been consumed, one only remaining; and on that day we embarked in the following order: In the boat of the Governor went forty-nine men; in another, which he gave to the comptroller and the commissary, went as many others; -the third, he gave to Captain Alonzo del Castillo and Andrés +the third, he gave to Captain Alonzo del Castillo and Andrés Dorantes, with forty-eight men; and another he gave to two -captains, Tellez and Peñalosa, with forty-seven men. The +captains, Tellez and Peñalosa, with forty-seven men. The last was given to the assessor and myself, with forty-nine men. After the provisions and clothes had been taken in, not over a span of the gunwales remained above water; and more than @@ -1774,7 +1729,7 @@ who went having a knowledge of navigation.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_ <p class="center"><em>We leave the Bay of Horses.</em></p> -<p>The haven we left bears the name of Bahía de Caballos.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> +<p>The haven we left bears the name of BahÃa de Caballos.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> We passed waist deep in water through sounds without seeing any sign of the coast, and at the close of the seventh day, we came to an island near the main. My boat went first, and @@ -1863,7 +1818,7 @@ made us retire more than a stone's cast. Not one among us escaped injury: I was wounded in the face. They had not many arrows, but had they been further provided, doubtless they would have done us much harm. In the last onset, the -Captains Dorantes, Peñalosa, and Tellez put themselves in +Captains Dorantes, Peñalosa, and Tellez put themselves in ambuscade with fifteen men, and fell upon the rear in such manner that the Indians desisted and fled.</p> @@ -1981,7 +1936,7 @@ so intended to act; and saying this, he departed with his boat.<a name="FNanchor <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> <p>As I could not follow him, I steered to the other boat at sea, which waited for me, and having come up, I found her -to be the one commanded by the Captains Peñalosa and +to be the one commanded by the Captains Peñalosa and Tellez.</p> <p>Thus we continued in company, eating a daily allowance @@ -2183,7 +2138,7 @@ who were behind. Hearing this I sent two Indians, and with them two Christians to be shown those persons. They met near by,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> as the men were coming to look after us; for the Indians of the place where they were, gave them information -concerning us. They were Captains Andrés Dorantes and +concerning us. They were Captains Andrés Dorantes and Alonzo del Castillo, with all the persons of their boat. Having come up they were surprised at seeing us in the condition we were, and very much pained at having nothing to give us, as @@ -2215,7 +2170,7 @@ island, and of our sorrows and destitution. These men were excellent swimmers. One of them was Alvaro Fernandez, a Portuguese sailor and carpenter, the second was named Mendez, the third Figueroa, who was a native of Toledo, and the -fourth Astudillo, a native of Çafra. They took with them an +fourth Astudillo, a native of Çafra. They took with them an Indian of the island of Auia.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p> @@ -2233,7 +2188,7 @@ longer yielded any thing, and the houses being very open, our people began to die. Five Christians, of a mess [quartered] on the coast, came to such extremity that they ate their dead; the body of the last one only was found unconsumed. Their -names were Sierra, Diego Lopez, Corral, Palacios and Gonçalo +names were Sierra, Diego Lopez, Corral, Palacios and Gonçalo Ruiz. This produced great commotion among the Indians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> giving rise to so much censure that had they known it in season to have done so, doubtless they would have destroyed @@ -2383,7 +2338,7 @@ that life could be so prolonged, although afterwards I<span class="pagenum"><a n found myself in greater hunger and necessity, which I shall speak of farther on.</p> -<p>The Indians who had Alonzo del Castillo, Andrés Dorantes, +<p>The Indians who had Alonzo del Castillo, Andrés Dorantes, and the others that remained alive, were of a different tongue and ancestry from these,<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> and went to the opposite shore of the main to eat oysters, where they staid until the first day of @@ -2429,7 +2384,7 @@ cacique, as before related, to pass them over to where I was that they might visit me. Twelve of them crossed; for two were so feeble that their comrades could not venture to bring them. The names of those who came were Alonzo del Castillo, -Andrés Dorantes, Diego Dorantes, Valdevieso,<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Estrada, +Andrés Dorantes, Diego Dorantes, Valdevieso,<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Estrada, Tostado, Chaves, Gutierrez, Asturiano a clergyman, Diego de Huelva, Estevanico the black, and Benitez; and when they reached the main land, they found another, who was one of @@ -2494,7 +2449,7 @@ and incapable of exertion.</p> Indians, and naked like them. The reason why I remained so long, was that I might take with me the Christian, Lope de Oviedo, from the island; Alaniz, his companion, who had -been left with him by Alonzo del Castillo, and by Andrés +been left with him by Alonzo del Castillo, and by Andrés Dorantes, and the rest, died soon after their departure; and to get the survivor out from there, I went over to the island every year, and entreated him that we should go, in the best @@ -2545,12 +2500,12 @@ Deaguanes.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnot <h2>Chapter 17</h2> -<p class="center"><em>The coming of Indians with Andrés Dorantes, Castillo, and +<p class="center"><em>The coming of Indians with Andrés Dorantes, Castillo, and Estevanico.</em></p> <p>Two days after Lope de Oviedo left, the Indians who had -Alonzo del Castillo and Andrés Dorantes, came to the place of +Alonzo del Castillo and Andrés Dorantes, came to the place of which we had been told, to eat walnuts. These are ground with a kind of small grain, and this is the subsistence of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> people two months in the year without any other thing; but @@ -2569,7 +2524,7 @@ others. I did so, and the next day they left, and found me in the place that had been pointed out, and accordingly took me with them.</p> -<p>When I arrived near their abode, Andrés Dorantes came +<p>When I arrived near their abode, Andrés Dorantes came out to see who it could be, for the Indians had told him that a Christian was coming. His astonishment was great when he saw me, as they had for many a day considered me dead, @@ -2578,7 +2533,7 @@ at seeing ourselves together, and this was a day to us of the greatest pleasure we had enjoyed in life. Having come to where Castillo was, they inquired of me where I was going. I told them my purpose was to reach the land of Christians, I -being then in search and pursuit of it. Andrés Dorantes said +being then in search and pursuit of it. Andrés Dorantes said that for a long time he had entreated Castillo and Estevanico to go forward; but that they dared not venture, because they knew not how to swim, and greatly dreaded the rivers and @@ -2628,7 +2583,7 @@ got as far as that place, when two of them and an Indian<a name="FNanchor_121_12 died of cold and hunger, being exposed in the most inclement of seasons. He and Mendez were taken by the Indians, and while with them his associate fled, going as well as he could -in the direction of Pánuco, and the natives pursuing, put him +in the direction of Pánuco, and the natives pursuing, put him to death.</p> <p>While living with these Indians, Figueroa learned from @@ -2641,13 +2596,13 @@ Governor, the comptroller, and the others had come. Esquivel told him that the comptroller and the friars had upset their boat at the confluence of the rivers,<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> and that the boat of the Governor, moving along the coast, came with its people -to land. Narváez went in the boat until arriving at that great +to land. Narváez went in the boat until arriving at that great bay, where he took in the people, and, crossing them to the opposite point, returned for the comptroller, the friars, and the rest. And he related that being disembarked, the Governor had recalled the commission the comptroller held as his lieutenant, assigning the duties to a captain with him named Pantoja: -that Narváez stayed the night in his boat, not wishing +that Narváez stayed the night in his boat, not wishing to come on shore, having a cockswain with him and a page who was unwell, there being no water nor anything to eat on board; that at midnight, the boat having only a stone for @@ -2678,9 +2633,9 @@ of those that had fled, coming to see if they were alive, took Esquivel with him. While he was in the possession of the native, Figueroa saw him, and learned all that had been related. He besought Esquivel to come with him, that together -they might pursue the way to Pánuco; to which Esquivel +they might pursue the way to Pánuco; to which Esquivel would not consent, saying that he had understood from the -friars that Pánuco had been left behind:<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> so he remained there +friars that Pánuco had been left behind:<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> so he remained there and Figueroa went to the coast where he was accustomed to live.</p> @@ -2716,7 +2671,7 @@ they killed three of the six for only going from one house to another. These were the persons I have named before: Diego Dorantes, Valdivieso, and Diego de Huelva: and the three that remained looked forward to the same fate. -Not to endure this life, Andrés Dorantes fled, and passed to +Not to endure this life, Andrés Dorantes fled, and passed to the Mariames, the people among whom Esquivel tarried. They told him that having had Esquivel there, he wished to run away because a woman dreamed that a son of hers would @@ -2905,7 +2860,7 @@ two seen whom the other Indians had taken away.</p> <p>"At last the natives, weary of seeking food for their guests, turned away five, that they should go to some Indians who they said were to be found in another bay, six leagues farther on. Alonzo del Castillo -went there with Pedro de Valdivieso, cousin of Andrés Dorantes, and +went there with Pedro de Valdivieso, cousin of Andrés Dorantes, and another, Diego de Huelva, where they remained a long time; the two others went down near the coast, seeking relief, where they died, as Dorantes states, who found the bodies, one of whom, Diego Dorantes, @@ -2918,7 +2873,7 @@ previously despoiled one night of their clothing, they came upon those dead.</p> <p>"They continued the route until they found some Indians, with -whom Andrés Dorantes remained. A cousin of his, one of the three +whom Andrés Dorantes remained. A cousin of his, one of the three who had gone on to the bay where they stopped, came over from the opposite shore, and told him that the swimmers who went from them had passed in that direction, having their clothes taken from them @@ -2950,13 +2905,13 @@ are knives, and are their principal arms among themselves....</p> <p>"The Spaniards lived here fourteen months, from May to the May ensuing of the year 1530, and to the middle of the month of -August, when Andrés Dorantes, being at a point that appeared most +August, when Andrés Dorantes, being at a point that appeared most favorable for going, commended himself to God, and went off at mid-day.... Castillo tarried among that hard people a year and a half later, until an opportunity presented for starting; but on arriving he found only the negro; Dorantes, finding these Indians unbearably cruel, had gone back more than twenty leagues to a river near the -bay of Espíritu Sancto, among those who had killed Esquivel, the +bay of EspÃritu Sancto, among those who had killed Esquivel, the solitary one that had escaped from the boats of the Governor and Alonzo Enrriques, slain, as they were told, because a woman had dreamed some absurdity. The people of this country have belief @@ -2966,7 +2921,7 @@ course of four years he had been a witness to the killing or burying alive of eleven or twelve young males, and rarely do they let a girl live....</p> -<p>"Andrés Dorantes passed ten months among this people, enduring +<p>"Andrés Dorantes passed ten months among this people, enduring much privation with continual labor, and in fear of being killed...."</p></blockquote> @@ -3004,7 +2959,7 @@ So we parted, each going with his Indians. I remained with mine until the thirteenth day of the moon, having determined to flee to others when it should be full.</p> -<p>At this time Andrés Dorantes arrived with Estevanico +<p>At this time Andrés Dorantes arrived with Estevanico and informed me that they had left Castillo with other Indians near by, called Lanegados;<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> that they had encountered great obstacles and wandered about lost; that the next day the @@ -3034,7 +2989,7 @@ by civilized men. We nowhere saw mountains.</p> <p>These Indians told us that there was another people next in advance of us, called Camones,<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> living towards the coast, and that they had killed the people who came in the boat of -Peñalosa and Tellez, who arrived so feeble that even while +Peñalosa and Tellez, who arrived so feeble that even while being slain they could offer no resistance, and were all destroyed. We were shown their clothes and arms, and were told that the boat lay there stranded. This, the fifth boat, @@ -3284,7 +3239,7 @@ putting his hands on the wounds, these would instantly become healed. They said that frequently in the dance he appeared among them, sometimes in the dress of a woman, at others in that of a man; that when it pleased him he would -take a buhío,<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> or house, and lifting it high, after a little he +take a buhÃo,<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> or house, and lifting it high, after a little he would come down with it in a heavy fall. They also stated that many times they offered him victuals, but that he never ate: they asked him whence he came and where was his abiding @@ -3871,7 +3826,7 @@ off what they took, and abandoned more than the half.</p> <p>From here we went along the base of the ridge, striking inland more than fifty leagues, and at the close we found upwards -of forty houses. Among the articles given us, Andrés Dorantes +of forty houses. Among the articles given us, Andrés Dorantes received a hawk-bell of copper, thick and large, figured with a face, which the natives had shown, greatly prizing it. They told him that they had received it from others, their neighbors; @@ -4301,7 +4256,7 @@ which we came are more than a thousand leagues of inhabited country, plentiful of subsistence. Three times the year it is planted with maize and beans. Deer are of three kinds; one the size of the young steer of Spain. There are innumerable -houses, such as are called <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">bahíos</i>.<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> They have poison from a +houses, such as are called <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">bahÃos</i>.<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> They have poison from a certain tree the size of the apple. For effect no more is necessary than to pluck the fruit and moisten the arrow with it, or, if there be no fruit, to break a twig and with the milk do the like. @@ -4403,7 +4358,7 @@ truth. We perceived that the persons were mounted, by the stakes to which the horses had been tied.</p> <p>From this spot, called the river Petutan,<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> to the river to -which Diego de Guzmán came,<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> where we heard of Christians, +which Diego de Guzmán came,<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> where we heard of Christians, may be as many as eighty leagues; thence to the town where the rains overtook us, twelve leagues, and that is twelve leagues from the South Sea.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> Throughout this region, wheresoever the @@ -4476,7 +4431,7 @@ called New Galicia, are thirty leagues.</p> <p class="center"><em>Of sending for the Christians.</em></p> -<p>Five days having elapsed, Andrés Dorantes and Alonzo del +<p>Five days having elapsed, Andrés Dorantes and Alonzo del Castillo arrived with those who had been sent after them. They brought more than six hundred persons of that community, whom the Christians had driven into the forests, and @@ -4589,7 +4544,7 @@ Melchior Diaz, principal alcalde and captain of the province.<a name="FNanchor_2 our return, he immediately left that night and came to where we were. He wept with us, giving praises to God our Lord for having extended over us so great care. He comforted and -entertained us hospitably. In behalf of the Governor, Nuño +entertained us hospitably. In behalf of the Governor, Nuño de Guzman and himself, he tendered all that he had, and the service in his power. He showed much regret for the seizure, and the injustice we had received from Alcaraz and others. @@ -4701,7 +4656,7 @@ men to be baptized.</p> <p>Then the captain made a covenant with God, not to invade nor consent to invasion, nor to enslave any of that country and people, to whom we had guaranteed safety; that this he would -enforce and defend until your Majesty and the Governor Nuño +enforce and defend until your Majesty and the Governor Nuño de Guzman, or the Viceroy in your name, should direct what would be most for the service of God and your Highness.</p> @@ -4743,7 +4698,7 @@ opulent countries are near there.</p> <p>We were in the village of San Miguel until the fifteenth day of May.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> The cause of so long a detention was, that from -thence to the city of Compostela, where the Governor Nuño +thence to the city of Compostela, where the Governor Nuño de Guzman resided, are a hundred leagues of country, entirely devastated and filled with enemies, where it was necessary we should have protection. Twenty mounted men went with us @@ -4916,7 +4871,7 @@ in the way she foretold.</p> <p>After the Governor had made Caravallo, a native of Cuenca de Huete, his lieutenant and commander of the vessels and people, he departed, leaving orders that all diligence should -be used to repair on board, and take the direct course to Pánuco, +be used to repair on board, and take the direct course to Pánuco, keeping along the shore closely examining for the harbor, and having found it, the vessels should enter there and await our arrival. And the people state, that when they had betaken @@ -4954,14 +4909,14 @@ sail either way with it on the quarter.</p> I state who are, and from what parts of these kingdoms come, the persons whom our Lord has been pleased to release from these troubles. The first is Alonzo del Castillo Maldonado, -native of Salamanca, son of Doctor Castillo and Doña Aldonça -Maldonado. The second is Andrés Dorantes, son of Pablo -Dorantes, native of Béjar, and citizen of Gibraleon. The -third is Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca, son of Francisco de Vera, +native of Salamanca, son of Doctor Castillo and Doña Aldonça +Maldonado. The second is Andrés Dorantes, son of Pablo +Dorantes, native of Béjar, and citizen of Gibraleon. The +third is Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca, son of Francisco de Vera, and grandson of Pedro de Vera who conquered the Canaries, -and his mother was Doña Tereça Cabeça de Vaca, native of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> -Xeréz de la Frontera. The fourth, called Estevanico, is an -Arabian black, native of Açamor.</p> +and his mother was Doña Tereça Cabeça de Vaca, native of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +Xeréz de la Frontera. The fourth, called Estevanico, is an +Arabian black, native of Açamor.</p> <p class="center"><span class="smcap">The End</span></p> @@ -5153,7 +5108,7 @@ and in Praise of the Author.</p></blockquote> <hr class="tb" /> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span></p> -<p class="center">ANDRÉ DE BURGOS<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> TO THE PRUDENT READER.</p> +<p class="center">ANDRÉ DE BURGOS<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> TO THE PRUDENT READER.</p> <p>Aristotle writes that all, or at least most men, are given or prone to look at and listen to novelties, especially when @@ -5206,19 +5161,19 @@ that they saw and of what befell them.</em></p></blockquote> of Florida.</em></p></blockquote> -<p>Hernando de Soto was the son of an esquire of Xeréz de -Badajóz, and went to the Indias of the Ocean Sea, belonging -to Castile, at the time Pedrárias Dávila was the Governor. +<p>Hernando de Soto was the son of an esquire of Xeréz de +Badajóz, and went to the Indias of the Ocean Sea, belonging +to Castile, at the time Pedrárias Dávila was the Governor. He had nothing more than blade and buckler: for his courage -and good qualities Pedrárias appointed him to be captain +and good qualities Pedrárias appointed him to be captain of a troop of horse, and he went by his order with Hernando Pizarro to conquer Peru.<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> According to the report of many persons who were there, he distinguished himself over all the captains and principal personages present, not only at the -seizure of Atabalípa, lord of Peru, and in carrying the City of +seizure of AtabalÃpa, lord of Peru, and in carrying the City of Cuzco, but at all other places wheresoever he went and found resistance. Hence, apart from his share in the treasure of -Atabalípa, he got a good amount, bringing together in time, +AtabalÃpa, he got a good amount, bringing together in time, from portions falling to his lot, one hundred and eighty thousand cruzados, which he brought with him to Spain. Of this the Emperor borrowed a part, which was paid; six hundred @@ -5229,16 +5184,16 @@ rest at the Casa de Contratacion.<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228 an usher, pages, equerry, chamberlain, footmen, and all the other servants requisite for the establishment of a gentleman. Thence he went to Court, and while there was accompanied -by Juan de Añasco of Seville, Luis Moscoso de Alvarado, Nuño -de Tobár, and Juan Rodriguez Lobillo. All, except Añasco, +by Juan de Añasco of Seville, Luis Moscoso de Alvarado, Nuño +de Tobár, and Juan Rodriguez Lobillo. All, except Añasco, came with him from Peru; and each brought fourteen or fifteen thousand cruzados. They went well and costly apparelled; and Soto, although by nature not profuse, as it was the first time he was to show himself at Court, spent largely, and went about closely attended by those I have named, by his dependents, and by many others who there came about him.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> -He married Doña Ysabel de Bobadilla, daughter of Pedrárias -Dávila, Count of Puñonrostro. The Emperor made him Governor +He married Doña Ysabel de Bobadilla, daughter of Pedrárias +Dávila, Count of Puñonrostro. The Emperor made him Governor of the Island of Cuba and Adelantado of Florida, with title of Marquis to a certain part of the territory he should conquer.</p> @@ -5250,13 +5205,13 @@ conquer.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hanging"><em>How Cabeça de Vaca arrived at Court, and gave account of the +<p class="hanging"><em>How Cabeça de Vaca arrived at Court, and gave account of the country of Florida; and of the persons who assembled at Seville to accompany Don Hernando de Soto.</em></p></blockquote> <p>After Don Hernando had obtained the concession, a fidalgo<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> -arrived at Court from the Indias, Cabeça de Vaca by name, +arrived at Court from the Indias, Cabeça de Vaca by name, who had been in Florida with Narvaez; and he stated how he with four others had escaped, taking the way to New Spain; that the Governor had been lost in the sea, and the @@ -5275,12 +5230,12 @@ some one might beg the government in advance of them, for which he had come to Spain; nevertheless, he gave them to understand that it was the richest country in the world.</p> -<p>Don Hernando de Soto was desirous that Cabeça de Vaca +<p>Don Hernando de Soto was desirous that Cabeça de Vaca should go with him, and made him favorable proposals; but after they had come upon terms they disagreed, because the Adelantado would not give the money requisite to pay for a ship that the other had bought. Baltasar de Gallegos and -Cristóbal de Espindola told Cabeça de Vaca, their kinsman,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +Cristóbal de Espindola told Cabeça de Vaca, their kinsman,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> that as they had made up their minds to go to Florida, in consequence of what he had told them, they besought him to counsel them; to which he replied, that the reason he did not @@ -5293,7 +5248,7 @@ they desired to know; nevertheless, he would advise them to sell their estates and go—that in so doing they would act wisely.</p> -<p>As soon as Cabeça de Vaca had an opportunity he spoke +<p>As soon as Cabeça de Vaca had an opportunity he spoke with the Emperor; and gave him an account of all that he had gone through with, seen, and could by any means ascertain. Of this relation, made by word of mouth, the Marquis @@ -5303,14 +5258,14 @@ Garcia Osorio, two of his kinsmen, also made ready to go. Don Antonio disposed of sixty thousand reales income that he received of the Church, and Francisco of a village of vassals he owned in Campos. They joined the Adelantado at Seville, -as did also Nuño de Tobár, Luis de Moscoso, and Juan Rodriguez +as did also Nuño de Tobár, Luis de Moscoso, and Juan Rodriguez Lobillo. Moscoso took two brothers; there went likewise Don Carlos, who had married the Governor's niece, and -he carried her with him. From Badajóz went Pedro Calderon, +he carried her with him. From Badajóz went Pedro Calderon, and three kinsmen of the Adelantado: Arias Tinoco, Alonso Romo, and Diego Tinoco.</p> -<p>As Luis de Moscoso passed through Elvas,<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> André de Vasconcelos +<p>As Luis de Moscoso passed through Elvas,<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> André de Vasconcelos spoke with him, and requested him to speak to Don Hernando de Soto in his behalf; and he gave him warrants, issued by the Marquis of Vilareal, conferring on him the captaincy @@ -5318,15 +5273,15 @@ of Ceuta, that he might show them; which when the Adelantado saw, and had informed himself of who he was, he wrote to him that he would favor him in and through all, and would give him a command in Florida. From Elvas -went André de Vasconcelos, Fernan Pegado, Antonio Martinez<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +went André de Vasconcelos, Fernan Pegado, Antonio Martinez<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> Segurado, Men Royz Pereyra, Joam Cordeiro, Estevan Pegado, Bento Fernandez, Alvaro Fernandez; and from Salamanca, Jaen, Valencia, Albuquerque, and other parts of Spain, assembled many persons of noble extraction in Seville; so much so that many men of good condition, who -had sold their lands, remained behind in Sanlúcar for want +had sold their lands, remained behind in Sanlúcar for want of shipping, when for known countries and rich it was usual -to lack men: and the cause of this was what Cabeça de Vaca +to lack men: and the cause of this was what Cabeça de Vaca had told the Emperor, and given persons to understand who conversed with him respecting that country. He went for Governor to Rio de la Plata, but his kinsmen followed Soto.</p> @@ -5337,7 +5292,7 @@ a rent of wheat, and ninety geiras of olive-field in the Xarafe of Seville. There went also many other persons of mark. The offices, being desired of many, were sought through powerful influence: the place of factor was held by Antonio -de Biedma, that of comptroller by Juan de Añasco, and that +de Biedma, that of comptroller by Juan de Añasco, and that of treasurer by Juan Gaytan, nephew of the Cardinal of Ciguenza.</p> @@ -5348,7 +5303,7 @@ Ciguenza.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hanging"><em>How the Portuguese went to Seville and thence to Sanlúcar; +<p class="hanging"><em>How the Portuguese went to Seville and thence to Sanlúcar; and how the captains were appointed over the ships, and the people distributed among them.</em></p></blockquote> @@ -5359,7 +5314,7 @@ to the residence of the Governor; and entering the court, over which were some galleries in which he stood, he came down and met them at the foot of the stairs, whence they returned with him; and he ordered chairs to be brought, in which they -might be seated. André de Vasconcelos told him who he was, +might be seated. André de Vasconcelos told him who he was, and who the others were; that they had all come to go with him, and aid in his enterprise. The Adelantado thanked him,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> and appeared well pleased with their coming and proffer. @@ -5367,7 +5322,7 @@ The table being already laid, he invited them to sit down; and while at dinner, he directed his major-domo to find lodgings for them near his house.</p> -<p>From Seville the Governor went to Sanlúcar, with all the +<p>From Seville the Governor went to Sanlúcar, with all the people that were to go. He commanded a muster to be made, to which the Portuguese turned out in polished armor, and the Castilians very showily, in silk over silk, pinked and slashed. @@ -5399,8 +5354,8 @@ Canary Islands, and afterward arrived in the Antillas.</em></p></blockquote> <p>In the month of April, of the year 1538 of the Christian era, the Adelantado delivered the vessels to their several captains, took for himself a new ship, fast of sail, and gave another -to André de Vasconcelos, in which the Portuguese were -to go. He passed over the bar of Sanlúcar on Sunday, the +to André de Vasconcelos, in which the Portuguese were +to go. He passed over the bar of Sanlúcar on Sunday, the morning of Saint Lazarus, with great festivity, commanding the trumpets to be sounded and many charges of artillery to be fired. With a favorable wind he sailed four days, when it @@ -5413,7 +5368,7 @@ Governor of the Island was apparelled all in white, cloak, jerkin, hose, shoes, and cap, so that he looked like a governor of Gypsies. He received the Adelantado with much pleasure, lodging him well and the rest with him gratuitously. To -Doña Ysabel he gave a natural daughter of his to be her waiting-maid. +Doña Ysabel he gave a natural daughter of his to be her waiting-maid. For our money we got abundant provision of bread, wine, and meats, bringing off with us what was needful for the ships. Sunday following, eight days after arrival, we took @@ -5498,7 +5453,7 @@ yield nothing else available beside.</p> <p>The island of Cuba is three hundred leagues long from east to southeast, and in places thirty, in others forty leagues from north to south. There are six towns of Christians, which are -Santiago, Baracoa, the Báyamo, Puerto Principe, Sancti Spiritus, +Santiago, Baracoa, the Báyamo, Puerto Principe, Sancti Spiritus, and Havana. They each have between thirty and forty householders, except Santiago and Havana, which have some seventy or eighty dwellings apiece. The towns have all a @@ -5529,24 +5484,24 @@ them to alter their purpose and return to obedience.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hanging"><em>How the Governor sent Doña Ysabel with the ships from Santiago +<p class="hanging"><em>How the Governor sent Doña Ysabel with the ships from Santiago to Havana, while he with some of the men went thither by land.</em></p></blockquote> <p>The Governor sent Don Carlos with the ships, in company -with Doña Ysabel, to tarry for him at Havana, a port in the +with Doña Ysabel, to tarry for him at Havana, a port in the eastern end of the island, one hundred and eighty leagues from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> Santiago. He and those that remained, having bought horses, set out on their journey, and at the end of twenty-five leagues -came to Báyamo, the first town. They were lodged, as they +came to Báyamo, the first town. They were lodged, as they arrived, in parties of four and six, where their food was given to them; and nothing was paid for any other thing than maize for the beasts; because the Governor at each town assessed tax on the tribute paid, and the labor done, by the Indians.</p> -<p>A deep river runs near Báyamo, larger than the Guadiana, +<p>A deep river runs near Báyamo, larger than the Guadiana, called Tanto. The monstrous alligators do harm in it sometimes to the Indians and animals in the crossing. In all the country there are no wolves, foxes, bears, lions, nor tigers: @@ -5564,7 +5519,7 @@ being everywhere high and thick woods.</p> <p>From Puerto Principe the Governor went by sea in a canoe to the estate of Vasco Porcallo, near the coast, to get news of -Doña Ysabel, who, at the time, although not then known, was +Doña Ysabel, who, at the time, although not then known, was in a situation of distress, the ships having parted company, two of them being driven in sight of the coast of Florida, and all on board were suffering for lack of water and subsistence. @@ -5573,12 +5528,12 @@ where they had been tossed, Cape San Antonio was described, an uninhabited part of the island, where they got water; and at the end of forty days from the time of leaving Santiago, they arrived at Havana. The Governor presently received -the news and hastened to meet Doña Ysabel. The troops that +the news and hastened to meet Doña Ysabel. The troops that went by land, one hundred and fifty mounted men in number, not to be burdensome upon the islanders, were divided into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> two squadrons, and marched to Sancti Spiritus, sixty leagues from Puerto Principe. The victuals they carried was the -caçabe<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> bread I have spoken of, the nature of which is such +caçabe<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> bread I have spoken of, the nature of which is such that it directly dissolves from moisture; whence it happened that some ate meat and no bread for many days. They took dogs with them, and a man of the country, who hunted as @@ -5626,7 +5581,7 @@ rule of that Governor.</p> <p>From Trinidad they travelled a distance of eighty leagues without a town, and arrived at Havana in the end of March. They found the Governor there, and the rest of the people who -had come with him from Spain. He sent Juan de Añasco in +had come with him from Spain. He sent Juan de Añasco in a caravel, with two pinnaces and fifty men, to explore the harbor in Florida, who brought back two Indians taken on the coast. In consequence, as much because of the necessity @@ -5648,17 +5603,17 @@ discovered.</p> took place.</em></p></blockquote> -<p>Before our departure, the Governor deprived Nuño de -Tobár of the rank of captain-general, and conferred it on a +<p>Before our departure, the Governor deprived Nuño de +Tobár of the rank of captain-general, and conferred it on a resident of Cuba, Vasco Porcallo de Figueroa, which caused the vessels to be well provisioned, he giving a great many hogs -and loads of caçabe bread. That was done because Nuño de -Tobár had made love to Doña Ysabel's waiting-maid, daughter +and loads of caçabe bread. That was done because Nuño de +Tobár had made love to Doña Ysabel's waiting-maid, daughter of the Governor of Gomera; and though he had lost his place, yet, to return to Soto's favor, for she was with child -by him, he took her to wife and went to Florida. Doña Ysabel +by him, he took her to wife and went to Florida. Doña Ysabel remained, and with her the wife of Don Carlos, of Baltasar de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> -Gallegos, and of Nuño de Tobár. The Governor left, as his +Gallegos, and of Nuño de Tobár. The Governor left, as his lieutenant over the island, Juan de Rojas, a fidalgo of Havana.</p> @@ -5721,12 +5676,12 @@ in couples, who watched by turns; the horsemen, going the rounds, were ready to support them should there be an alarm.</p> <p>The Governor made four captains of horsemen and two of -footmen: those of the horse were André de Vasconcelos, Pedro -Calderon of Badajóz, and the two Cardeñosas his kinsmen -(Arias Tinoco and Alfonso Romo), also natives of Badajóz; +footmen: those of the horse were André de Vasconcelos, Pedro +Calderon of Badajóz, and the two Cardeñosas his kinsmen +(Arias Tinoco and Alfonso Romo), also natives of Badajóz; those of the foot were Francisco Maldonado of Salamanca, and Juan Rodriguez Lobillo. While we were in this town of Ucita, -the Indians which Juan de Añasco had taken on that coast, +the Indians which Juan de Añasco had taken on that coast, and were with the Governor as guides and interpreters, through the carelessness of two men who had charge of them, got away one night. For this the Governor felt very sorry, as did every @@ -5812,7 +5767,7 @@ of what passed at his interview with the Governor.</em></p></blockquote> <p>The name of the Christian was Juan Ortiz, a native of Seville, and of noble parentage. He had been twelve years -among the Indians, having gone into the country with Pánphilo +among the Indians, having gone into the country with Pánphilo de Narvaez, and returned in the ships to the island of Cuba, where the wife of the Governor remained; whence, by her command, he went back to Florida, with some twenty or @@ -5857,7 +5812,7 @@ pleased with the Christian, and satisfied with the guard he had kept, ever after taking much notice of him.</p> <p>Three years having gone by since he had fallen into the -hands of this chief, there came another, named Mocoço,<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> living<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +hands of this chief, there came another, named Mocoço,<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> living<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> two days' journey distant from that port, and burnt the town, when Ucita fled to one he had in another seaport, whereby Ortiz lost his occupation, and with it the favor of his master. @@ -5868,7 +5823,7 @@ too, that when he would have them make an offering, he speaks, telling them that he is athirst, and that they must sacrifice to him. The girl who had delivered Ortiz from the fire, told him how her father had the mind to sacrifice him the next -day, and that he must flee to Mocoço, who she knew would +day, and that he must flee to Mocoço, who she knew would receive him with regard, as she had heard that he had asked for him, and said he would like to see him: and as he knew not the way, she went half a league out of town with him at @@ -5876,7 +5831,7 @@ dark, to put him on the road, returning early so as not to be missed.</p> <p>Ortiz travelled all night, and in the morning came to a -river, the boundary of the territory of Mocoço, where he discovered +river, the boundary of the territory of Mocoço, where he discovered two men fishing. As this people were at war with those of Ucita, and their languages different, he did not know how he should be able to tell them who he was, and why he @@ -5890,7 +5845,7 @@ arrived, shouting, many Indians came out of the town, and began surrounding, in order to shoot him with their arrows, when he, finding himself pressed, took shelter behind trees, crying aloud that he was a Christian fled from Ucita, come to -visit and serve Mocoço. At the moment, it pleased God that +visit and serve Mocoço. At the moment, it pleased God that an Indian should come up, who, speaking the language, understood him and quieted the others, telling them what was said. Three or four ran to carry the news, when the cacique, much @@ -5905,14 +5860,14 @@ usage.</p> <p>Three years from that time, some people fishing out at sea, three leagues from land, brought news of having seen -ships; when Mocoço, calling Ortiz, gave him permission to +ships; when Mocoço, calling Ortiz, gave him permission to depart, who, taking leave, made all haste possible to the shore, where, finding no vessels, he supposed the story to be only a device of the cacique to discover his inclination. In this way he remained with him nine years, having little hope of ever seeing Christians more; but no sooner had the arrival of the Governor in Florida taken place, when it was known to -Mocoço, who directly told Ortiz that Christians were in the +Mocoço, who directly told Ortiz that Christians were in the town of Ucita. The captive, thinking himself jested with, as he had supposed himself to be before, said that his thoughts no longer dwelt on his people, and that his only wish now was @@ -5922,7 +5877,7 @@ did not, and the Christians should depart, he must not blame him, for he had fulfilled his promise.</p> <p>Great was the joy of Ortiz at this news, though still doubtful -of its truth; however, he thanked Mocoço, and went his +of its truth; however, he thanked Mocoço, and went his way. A dozen principal Indians were sent to accompany him; and on their way to the port, they met Baltasar de Gallegos, in the manner that has been related. Arrived at the camp, @@ -5931,14 +5886,14 @@ and a fine horse. When asked if he knew of any country where there was either gold or silver, he said that he had not been ten leagues in any direction from where he lived; but that thirty leagues distant was a chief named Paracoxi, to -whom Mocoço, Ucita, and all they that dwelt along the coast +whom Mocoço, Ucita, and all they that dwelt along the coast paid tribute, and that he perhaps had knowledge of some good country, as his land was better than theirs, being more fertile, abounding in maize. Hearing this, the Governor was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> well pleased, and said he only desired to find subsistence, that he might be enabled to go inland with safety; for that Florida was so wide, in some part or other of it, there could not fail -to be a rich country. The cacique of Mocoço came to the +to be a rich country. The cacique of Mocoço came to the port, and calling on the Governor, he thus spoke:</p> <blockquote> @@ -6311,19 +6266,19 @@ into mangers. He found also the skulls of horses. With these discoveries he returned, and what was said of Narvaez was believed to be certain, that he had there made boats,<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> in which he left the country, and was lost in them at sea. Presently -Juan de Añasco made ready to go to the port of Espiritu +Juan de Añasco made ready to go to the port of Espiritu Santo, taking thirty cavalry, with orders from the Governor to Calderon, who had remained there, that he should abandon the town, and bring all the people to Apalache.</p> -<p>In Uzachill, and other towns on the way, Añasco found +<p>In Uzachill, and other towns on the way, Añasco found many people who had already become careless; still, to avoid detention, no captures were made, as it was not well to give the Indians sufficient time to come together. He went through the towns at night, stopping at a distance from the population for three or four hours, to rest, and at the end of ten days arrived at the port. He despatched two caravels to Cuba, in -which he sent to Doña Ysabel twenty women brought by him +which he sent to Doña Ysabel twenty women brought by him from Ytara and Potano, near Cale; and, taking with him the foot-soldiers in the brigantines, from point to point along the coast by sea, he went towards Palache. Calderon with the @@ -6339,7 +6294,7 @@ November, in a high wind, an Indian passed through the sentries undiscovered, and set fire to the town, two portions of which, in consequence, were instantly consumed.</p> -<p>On Sunday, the twenty-eighth of December, Juan de Añasco +<p>On Sunday, the twenty-eighth of December, Juan de Añasco arrived; and the Governor directed Francisco Maldonado, captain of infantry, to run the coast to the westward with fifty men, and look for an entrance; proposing to go himself @@ -6613,7 +6568,7 @@ the fit went off. He stated that four days' journey from there,<span class="page towards the sunrise, was the province he spoke of: the Indians at Patofa said that they knew of no dwellings in that direction, but that towards the northwest there was a province called -Coça, a plentiful country having very large towns. The +Coça, a plentiful country having very large towns. The cacique told the Governor that if he desired to go thither he would give him a guide and Indians to carry burdens, and if he would go in the direction pointed out by the youth, he @@ -6664,7 +6619,7 @@ sign of a settlement. He sent other four again the next day, with eight of cavalry apiece, men who could swim, that they might cross any ponds and rivers in the way, the horses being chosen of the best that were; Baltasar de Gallegos ascending -by the river, Juan de Añasco going down it, Alfonso Romo and +by the river, Juan de Añasco going down it, Alfonso Romo and Juan Rodriguez Lobillo striking into the country.</p> <p>The Governor had brought thirteen sows to Florida, which @@ -6675,7 +6630,7 @@ and some boiled herbs, the people with much difficulty lived. There being no food to give to the Indians of Patofa, they were dismissed, though they still wished to keep with the Christians in their extremity, and showed great regret at going back before -leaving them in a peopled country. Juan de Añasco +leaving them in a peopled country. Juan de Añasco came in on Sunday, in the afternoon, bringing with him a woman and a youth he had taken, with the report that he had found a small town twelve or thirteen leagues off; at @@ -6690,7 +6645,7 @@ paper, and in the bark, with a hatchet, they cut these words:<span class="pagenu and this was so fixed that the captains, who had gone in quest of an inhabited country, should learn what the Governor had done and the direction he had taken. There was no other road -than the one Juan de Añasco had made moving along through +than the one Juan de Añasco had made moving along through the woods.</p> <p>On Monday the Governor arrived at the town, with those @@ -6812,7 +6767,7 @@ being a favorable one, to which could come all the ships from New Spain, Peru, Sancta Marta, and Tierra-Firme, going to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> Spain; because it is in the way thither, is a good country, and one fit in which to raise supplies; but Soto, as it was his -object to find another treasure like that of Atabalípa, lord of +object to find another treasure like that of AtabalÃpa, lord of Peru, would not be content with good lands nor pearls, even though many of them were worth their weight in gold (and if the country were divided among Christians, more precious @@ -6827,7 +6782,7 @@ would, and in their absence the Indians would plant their fields and be better provided with maize. The natives were asked if they had knowledge of any great lord farther on, to which they answered, that twelve days' travel thence was a province -called Chiaha, subject to a chief of Coça.</p> +called Chiaha, subject to a chief of Coça.</p> <p>The Governor then resolved at once to go in quest of that country, and being an inflexible man, and dry of word, who, @@ -6847,7 +6802,7 @@ him after it became known that he had made up his mind.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="center"><em>How the Governor went from Cutifachiqui in quest of Coça, and +<p class="center"><em>How the Governor went from Cutifachiqui in quest of Coça, and what occurred to him on the journey.</em></p></blockquote> @@ -6914,7 +6869,7 @@ lost; and he labored with the slaves to make them leave their evil design. Two of them did so, and came on with him to the camp. They overtook the Governor, after a journey of fifty leagues, in a province called Chiaha; and he reported that the -Cacica remained in Xualla, with a slave of André de Vasconcelos, +Cacica remained in Xualla, with a slave of André de Vasconcelos, who would not come with him, and that it was very sure they lived together as man and wife, and were to go together to Cutifachiqui.</p> @@ -7067,7 +7022,7 @@ have to say.</p> <p class="hanging"><em>How the Governor left Chiaha, and, having run a hazard of falling by the hands of the Indians, at Acoste, escaped by his address: what occurred to him on the -route, and how he came to Coça.</em></p></blockquote> +route, and how he came to Coça.</em></p></blockquote> <p>When the Governor had determined to move from Chiaha @@ -7144,10 +7099,10 @@ should be present; and on his departure, gave him the use of two men and four women, who were wanted to carry burdens.</p> <p>They travelled six days, passing by many towns subject to -the cacique of Coça; and, as they entered those territories, +the cacique of Coça; and, as they entered those territories, numerous messengers came from him on the road every day to the Governor, some going, others coming, until they arrived -at Coça,<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> on Friday, the sixteenth of July. The cacique came +at Coça,<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> on Friday, the sixteenth of July. The cacique came out to receive him at the distance of two crossbow-shot from the town, borne in a litter on the shoulders of his principal men, seated on a cushion, and covered with a mantle of marten-skins, @@ -7198,7 +7153,7 @@ give a guide, and men to carry the loads, who before leaving their country would have liberty to return to their homes, as sometimes would the tamemes, so soon as they came to the domain of any chief where others could be got. The people of -Coça, seeing their lord was detained, took it amiss, and, going +Coça, seeing their lord was detained, took it amiss, and, going off, hid themselves in the scrub, as well those of the town of the cacique as those of the towns of the principal men his vassals. The Governor despatched four captains in as many directions to @@ -7222,16 +7177,16 @@ and the clothing with which they were laden.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="center"><em>Of how the Governor went from Coça to Tascaluça.</em></p></blockquote> +<p class="center"><em>Of how the Governor went from Coça to Tascaluça.</em></p></blockquote> -<p>The Governor rested in Coça twenty-five days. On +<p>The Governor rested in Coça twenty-five days. On Friday, the twentieth of August, he set out in quest of a province -called Tascaluça, taking with him the cacique of Coça. +called Tascaluça, taking with him the cacique of Coça. The first day he went through Tallimuchase, a great town without inhabitants, halting to sleep half a league beyond, near a river-bank. The following day he came to Ytaua, a -town subject to Coça. He was detained six days, because of +town subject to Coça. He was detained six days, because of a river near by that was then swollen: so soon as it could be crossed he took up his march, and went towards Ullibahali. Ten or twelve chiefs came to him on the road, from the cacique @@ -7243,7 +7198,7 @@ cavalry and several of his guard, he left them at the distance of a crossbow-shot and entered the town. He found all the Indians with their weapons, and, according to their ways, it appeared to him in readiness for action: he understood afterwards -that they had determined to wrest the cacique of Coça +that they had determined to wrest the cacique of Coça from his power, should that chief have called on them. The place was enclosed, and near by ran a small stream. The fence, which was like that seen afterwards to other towns, @@ -7255,7 +7210,7 @@ ordered all his men to enter the town. The cacique, who at the moment was at a town on the opposite shore, was sent for, and he came at once. After some words between him and the Governor, proffering mutual service, he gave the tamemes -that were requisite and thirty women as slaves. Mançano, +that were requisite and thirty women as slaves. Mançano, a native of Salamanca, of noble ancestry, having strayed off in search of the grapes, which are good here, and plenty, was lost.</p> @@ -7278,14 +7233,14 @@ shore, the country on both sides having the greatest abundance of grain. The inhabitants had gone off. The Governor sent to call the cacique, who, having arrived, after an interchange of kind words and good promises, lent him forty men. A chief -came to the Governor in behalf of the cacique of Tastaluça,<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> +came to the Governor in behalf of the cacique of Tastaluça,<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> and made the following address:</p> <blockquote> <p><span class="smcap">Very Powerful, Virtuous, and Esteemed Lord</span>:</p> -<p>The grand cacique of Tascaluça, my master, sends me to salute +<p>The grand cacique of Tascaluça, my master, sends me to salute you. He bids me say, that he is told how all, not without reason, are led captive by your perfections and power; that wheresoever lies your path you receive gifts and obedience, which he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> @@ -7301,12 +7256,12 @@ will be the obligation, and to him the earlier pleasure.</p></blockquote> <p>The Governor received and parted with the messenger graciously, giving him beads (which by the Indians are not much esteemed) and other articles, that he should take them -to his lord. He dismissed the cacique of Coça, that he might +to his lord. He dismissed the cacique of Coça, that he might return to his country: he of Tallise gave him the tamemes that were needed; and, having sojourned twenty days, the -Governor set out for Tastaluça. He slept the night at a large +Governor set out for Tastaluça. He slept the night at a large town called Casiste, and the next day, passing through another, -arrived at a village in the province of Tastaluça; and the following +arrived at a village in the province of Tastaluça; and the following night he rested in a wood, two leagues from the town where the cacique resided, and where he was then present. He sent the master of the camp, Luis de Moscoso, with fifteen cavalry, @@ -7367,11 +7322,11 @@ water being calm, the Governor and his men easily crossed.</p> about a hundred leagues, the course was west; from Apalache to Cutifachiqui, which may be four hundred and thirty leagues, it was northeast; from thence to Xualla, two hundred and -fifty leagues, it was towards the north; and thence to Tastaluça, +fifty leagues, it was towards the north; and thence to Tastaluça, which may be some other two hundred and fifty leagues,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> one hundred and ninety of them were toward the west, going -to the province of Coça, and the sixty southwardly, in going -thence to Tastaluça.</p> +to the province of Coça, and the sixty southwardly, in going +thence to Tastaluça.</p> <p>After crossing the river of Piache, a Christian having gone to look after a woman gotten away from him, he had been @@ -7406,7 +7361,7 @@ services, gave him three cloaks of marten-skins. The Governor entered the town with the caciques, seven or eight men of his guard, and three or four cavalry,<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> who had dismounted to accompany them; and they seated themselves in a piazza. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> -cacique of Tastaluça asked the Governor to allow him to remain +cacique of Tastaluça asked the Governor to allow him to remain there, and not to weary him any more with walking; but, finding that was not to be permitted, he changed his plan, and, under pretext of speaking with some of the chiefs, he got @@ -7586,7 +7541,7 @@ himself until he should have discovered a rich country.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="center"><em>How the Governor set out from Mauilla to go to Chicaça, and what +<p class="center"><em>How the Governor set out from Mauilla to go to Chicaça, and what befell him.</em></p></blockquote> @@ -7620,7 +7575,7 @@ to which the Governor passed over, with the others that remained. Some of the towns were well stored with maize and beans.</p> -<p>Thence towards Chicaça the Governor marched five days +<p>Thence towards Chicaça the Governor marched five days through a desert, and arrived at a river,<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> on the farther side of which were Indians, who wished to arrest his passage. In two days another piragua was made, and when ready he @@ -7628,7 +7583,7 @@ sent an Indian in it to the cacique, to say, that if he wished his friendship he should quietly wait for him; but they killed the messenger before his eyes, and with loud yells departed. He crossed the river the seventeenth of December, and arrived the -same day at Chicaça, a small town of twenty houses.<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> There +same day at Chicaça, a small town of twenty houses.<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> There the people underwent severe cold, for it was already winter, and snow fell: the greater number were then lying in the fields, it being before they had time to put up habitations. The land @@ -7651,7 +7606,7 @@ Nicalasa.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span></p> -<p>The cacique of Chicaça came to visit him many times: +<p>The cacique of Chicaça came to visit him many times: on some occasions he was sent for, and a horse taken, on which to bring and carry him back. He made complaint that a vassal of his had risen against him, withholding tribute; and @@ -7660,7 +7615,7 @@ and give him the chastisement he deserved. The whole was found to be feigned, to the end that, while the Governor should be absent with him, and the force divided, they would attack the parts separately—some the one under him, others the -other, that remained in Chicaça. He went to the town where +other, that remained in Chicaça. He went to the town where he lived, and came back with two hundred Indians, bearing bows and arrows.</p> @@ -7669,7 +7624,7 @@ marched to Saquechuma,<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a hr cacique said had rebelled. The town was untenanted, and the Indians, for greater dissimulation, set fire to it; but the people with the Governor being very careful and vigilant, as were also -those that had been left in Chicaça, no enemy dared to fall +those that had been left in Chicaça, no enemy dared to fall upon them. The Governor invited the caciques and some chiefs to dine with him, giving them pork to eat, which they so relished, although not used to it, that every night Indians would come @@ -7706,7 +7661,7 @@ as should be an example to the rest. The prisoners were ordered to be released.</p> <p>So soon as March had come, the Governor, having determined -to leave Chicaça, asked two hundred tamemes of the +to leave Chicaça, asked two hundred tamemes of the cacique, who told him that he would confer with his chiefs. Tuesday, the eighth, he went where the cacique was, to ask for the carriers, and was told that he would send them the next @@ -7802,7 +7757,7 @@ him battle in the way.</em></p></blockquote> 1541, eight days having passed since the Governor had been living on a plain, half a league from the place where he wintered, after he had set up a forge, and tempered the swords -which in Chicaça had been burned, and already had made +which in Chicaça had been burned, and already had made many targets, saddles, and lances, on Tuesday, at four o'clock in the morning, while it was still dark, there came many Indians, formed in three squadrons, each from a different direction,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> @@ -7820,13 +7775,13 @@ had time to get away in safety.</p> <p>From some prisoners taken, the Governor informed himself of the region in advance. On the twenty-fifth day of -April he left Chicaça and went to sleep at a small town called +April he left Chicaça and went to sleep at a small town called Alimamu. Very little maize was found; and as it became necessary to attempt thence to pass a desert, seven days' journey in extent, the next day the Governor ordered that three captains, each with cavalry and foot, should take a different direction, to get provision for the way. Juan de -Añasco, the comptroller, went with fifteen horse and forty foot +Añasco, the comptroller, went with fifteen horse and forty foot on the course the Governor would have to march, and found a staked fort,<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> where the Indians were awaiting them. Many were armed, walking upon it, with their bodies, legs, and arms @@ -7836,7 +7791,7 @@ doublet. Some wore feathers, and others horns on the head, the face blackened, and the eyes encircled with vermilion, to heighten their fierce aspect. So soon as they saw the Christians draw nigh they beat drums, and, with loud yells, in great fury -came forth to meet them. As to Juan de Añasco and others it +came forth to meet them. As to Juan de Añasco and others it appeared well to avoid them and to inform the Governor, they retired over an even ground in sight, the distance of a crossbow-shot from the enclosure, the footmen, the crossbowmen, and @@ -8315,7 +8270,7 @@ them that among the Christians the one seat was as good as the other; that they should so consider it, and while with him no one should understand otherwise, each taking the seat he first came to. Thence he sent thirty horsemen and fifty footmen -to the province of Caluça,<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> to see if in that direction they +to the province of Caluça,<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> to see if in that direction they could turn back towards Chisca, where the Indians said there was a foundry of gold and copper. They travelled seven days through desert, and returned in great extremity, eating green<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> @@ -8418,7 +8373,7 @@ might afterward follow.</p> <p>The country of Aquiguate, like that of Casqui and Pacaha, was level and fertile, having rich river margins, on which the -Indians made extensive fields. From Tascaluça to the River +Indians made extensive fields. From Tascaluça to the River Grande may be three hundred leagues; a region very low, having many lakes: from Pacaha to Quiguate there may be one hundred and ten leagues. There he left the cacique in his own @@ -8647,13 +8602,13 @@ to winter in that province, and in the following summer to go to the sea-side, where he would build two brigantines,—one to send to Cuba, the other to New Spain, that the arrival of either might bear tidings of him. Three years had elapsed -since he had been heard of by Doña Ysabel, or by any person +since he had been heard of by Doña Ysabel, or by any person in a civilized community. Two hundred and fifty men of his were dead, likewise one hundred and fifty horses. He desired to recruit from Cuba of man and beast, calculating, out of his property there, to refit and again go back to advance, to discover and to conquer farther on towards the west, where he -had not reached, and whither Cabeça de Vaca had wandered.</p> +had not reached, and whither Cabeça de Vaca had wandered.</p> <p>Having dismissed the caciques of Tulla and Cayas, the Governor took up his course, marching five days over very @@ -8829,7 +8784,7 @@ and at the distance of from half a league to a league off were many other large towns, in which was a good quantity of maize, beans, walnuts, and dried plums (persimmons). This was the most populous of any country that was seen in Florida, -and the most abundant in maize, excepting Coça and Apalache. +and the most abundant in maize, excepting Coça and Apalache. An Indian, attended by a party, arrived at the camp, and, presenting the Governor with a cloak of marten-skins and a string of pearls, he received some margaridetas (a kind of @@ -8885,7 +8840,7 @@ he, with the rest, marched by land, arriving there on Sunday, the seventeenth day of April.<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a> He took up his quarters in the town of the cacique, which was palisaded, seated a crossbow-shot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> from the stream, that is there called the River Tamaliseu, -Tapatu at Nilco, Mico at Coça, and at its entrance is +Tapatu at Nilco, Mico at Coça, and at its entrance is known as The River.</p> @@ -8898,7 +8853,7 @@ to the Governor, and what occurred the while.</em></p> <p>So soon as the Governor arrived in Guachoya, he ordered -Juan de Añasco, with as many people as could go in the canoes, +Juan de Añasco, with as many people as could go in the canoes, to ascend the river; for while they were coming from Anilco they saw some cabins newly built on the opposite shore. The comptroller went, and brought back the boats laden with @@ -8941,7 +8896,7 @@ leagues distant, belonging to a chief subject to him; nor on the other shore, save three leagues down, the province of Quigaltam, the lord of which was the greatest of that country. The Governor, suspecting that the cacique spoke untruthfully, -to rid his towns of him, sent Juan de Añasco with eight of +to rid his towns of him, sent Juan de Añasco with eight of cavalry down the river, to discover what population might be there, and get what knowledge there was of the sea. He was gone eight days, and stated, when he got back, that in all that @@ -9016,7 +8971,7 @@ crossbowmen that guarded the canoes in the river.</p> determined to send a captain to Nilco, which the people of Guachoya had told him was inhabited, and, treating the inhabitants there severely neither town would dare to attack<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> -him: so he commanded Captain Nuño de Tobar to march +him: so he commanded Captain Nuño de Tobar to march thither with fifteen horsemen, and Captain Juan de Guzman, with his company of foot, to ascend the river by water in canoes. The cacique of Guachoya ordered canoes to be brought, @@ -9025,7 +8980,7 @@ Two leagues from Nilco, the cavalry, having first arrived, waited for the foot, and thence together they crossed the river in the night. At dawn, in sight of the town, they came upon a scout, who, directly as he saw the Christians, set up loud -yells, and fled to carry the news to those in the place. Nuño +yells, and fled to carry the news to those in the place. Nuño de Tobar, and those with him, hastened on so rapidly, that they were upon the inhabitants before they could all get out of town. The ground was open field; the part of it covered @@ -9564,11 +9519,11 @@ to eat.</p> <p>Arrived at a province called Guasco,<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> they found maize, with which they loaded the horses and the Indians; thence -they went to another settlement, called Naquiscoça, the inhabitants +they went to another settlement, called Naquiscoça, the inhabitants of which said that they had no knowledge of any other Christians. The Governor ordered them put to torture, when they stated that farther on, in the territories of another chief, -called Naçacahoz,<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> the Christians had arrived, and gone back +called Naçacahoz,<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> the Christians had arrived, and gone back toward the west, whence they came. He reached there in two days, and took some women, among whom was one who said that she had seen Christians, and, having been in their hands, @@ -9615,7 +9570,7 @@ one difficult to accomplish, yet from their experience it offered the only course to be pursued. They could not travel by land, for want of an interpreter; and they considered the country<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span> farther on, beyond the River Daycao, on which they were, to -be that which Cabeça de Vaca had said in his narrative should +be that which Cabeça de Vaca had said in his narrative should have to be traversed, where the Indians wandered like Arabs, having no settled place of residence, living on prickly pears, the roots of plants, and game; and that if this should be so, @@ -9648,7 +9603,7 @@ camp, many were greatly disheartened. They considered the voyage by sea to be very hazardous, because of their poor subsistence, and as perilous as was the journey by land, whereon they had looked to find a rich country, before coming to the soil -of Christians. This was according to what Cabeça de Vaca +of Christians. This was according to what Cabeça de Vaca told the Emperor, that after seeing cotton cloth, would be found gold, silver, and stones of much value, and they were not yet come to where he had wandered; for before arriving there, he @@ -9758,7 +9713,7 @@ ground to lie upon, they had occasion to be thankful. In these hardships nearly all the Indians in service died, and also many Christians, after coming to Aminoya; the greater number being sick of severe and dangerous diseases, marked with -inclination to lethargy. André de Vasconcelos died there, and +inclination to lethargy. André de Vasconcelos died there, and two Portuguese brothers of Elvas, near of kin to him, by the name of Soti.</p> @@ -10204,7 +10159,7 @@ the Governor required that each should give his opinion respecting the voyage, whether they should sail to New Spain direct, by the high sea, or go thither keeping along from shore to shore. There were different opinions upon this, in which -Juan de Añasco, who was very presumptuous, valuing himself +Juan de Añasco, who was very presumptuous, valuing himself much upon his knowledge of navigation, with other matters of the sea of which he had little experience, influenced the Governor; and his opinion, like that of some others, was, that @@ -10244,7 +10199,7 @@ weight that took the place of the anchor.</p> <p>On the eighteenth day of July the vessels got under way, with fair weather, and wind favorable for the voyage. The -Governor, with Juan de Añasco, put to sea in their brigantines, +Governor, with Juan de Añasco, put to sea in their brigantines, and were followed by all the rest, who, at two or three leagues out, having come up with the two, the captains asked the Governor why he did not keep the land; and told him that if he @@ -10264,14 +10219,14 @@ sea.<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_ <p>That afternoon, on the starboard bow, they saw some kays,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> whither they went, and where they reposed at night. There -Juan de Añasco, with his reasoning, concluded by getting all +Juan de Añasco, with his reasoning, concluded by getting all to consent, and deem it good, that they should go to sea, declaring, as he had before said, that it would be a great gain, and shorten their voyage. They navigated two days, and when they desired to get back in sight of land they could not, because the wind came off from it: and on the fourth day, finding that the water was giving out, fearing extremity and peril, -they all complained of Juan de Añasco, and of the Governor, +they all complained of Juan de Añasco, and of the Governor, who had listened to his advice: and all the captains declared they would run no farther out, and that the Governor might go as he chose.</p> @@ -10380,7 +10335,7 @@ better do Him service.</p> <p>Wheresoever the people dug along the shore they found fresh water. The jars being filled, and the procession concluded, they embarked; and, going ever in sight of land, they -navigated for six days. Juan de Añasco said it would be well +navigated for six days. Juan de Añasco said it would be well to stand directly out to sea; for that he had seen the card, and remembered that, from Rio de Palmas onward, the coast ran south, and up to that time they had gone westwardly. According @@ -10631,9 +10586,9 @@ fifty leagues, and all a country of mountains: the places themselves are on high level ground, and have good fields upon the streams.</p> -<p>Thence onward, through Chiaha, Coça, and Talise, the +<p>Thence onward, through Chiaha, Coça, and Talise, the country of which is flat, dry, and strong, yielding abundance of -maize, to Tascaluça, may be two hundred and fifty leagues; +maize, to Tascaluça, may be two hundred and fifty leagues; and thence to Rio Grande, a distance of about three hundred leagues, the land is low, abounding in lakes. The country afterward is higher, more open, and more populous than any @@ -10650,7 +10605,7 @@ continuously of mountainous lands.</p> <p>From the port of Espiritu Santo to Apalache they marched west and northeast; from Cutifachiqui to Xuala, north; to -Coça, westwardly; and thence to Tascaluça and the River +Coça, westwardly; and thence to Tascaluça and the River Grande, as far as the provinces of Quizquiz and Aquixo, to the westward; from thence to Pacaha northwardly, to Tula westwardly, to Autiamque southwardly, as far as the province @@ -10723,7 +10678,7 @@ city of Evora.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274"> </a></span></p> <h2>THE NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION -OF CORONADO, BY PEDRO DE CASTAÑEDA</h2> +OF CORONADO, BY PEDRO DE CASTAÑEDA</h2> <hr class="chap" /> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span></p> @@ -10732,26 +10687,26 @@ OF CORONADO, BY PEDRO DE CASTAÑEDA</h2> <p>From the time of the appearance in Mexico, in 1536, of -Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca of the ill-fated Narvaez expedition +Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca of the ill-fated Narvaez expedition of nine years before, with definite news of the hitherto unknown north, there had been a strong desire to explore that region, but nothing of importance was accomplished until 1539. In that year Fray Marcos of Nice, the Father Provincial of the -Franciscan order in New Spain, with Estévan, the negro companion +Franciscan order in New Spain, with Estévan, the negro companion of Cabeza de Vaca, as a guide, penetrated the country to the northwest as far as the Seven Cities of Cibola, the villages -of the ancestors of the present Zuñi Indians in western New -Mexico. Estévan, preceding Fray Marcos by a few days and +of the ancestors of the present Zuñi Indians in western New +Mexico. Estévan, preceding Fray Marcos by a few days and accompanied by natives whom he gathered en route, reached Hawikuh, the southernmost of the seven towns, where he and all but three of his Indian followers were killed. The survivors of this massacre fled back to Fray Marcos, whose life was now threatened by those who had lost their kindred at the -hands of the Zuñis; but the friar, fearful that the world would +hands of the Zuñis; but the friar, fearful that the world would lose the knowledge of his discoveries, appeased the wrath of his Indians by dividing among them the goods he had brought and induced them to continue until he reached a mesa from -which was gained a view of the village in which Estévan had +which was gained a view of the village in which Estévan had met his fate. Here Fray Marcos erected a cross, took possession of the region in the name of Spain, and hastened back to Mexico "with more fear than victuals."</p> @@ -10766,30 +10721,30 @@ Vazquez de Coronado.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span></p> <p>The elaborate expedition of Coronado is the subject of the -narrative of a private soldier in his army, Pedro de Castañeda, -a native of Nájera, in the province of Logroño, in the upper +narrative of a private soldier in his army, Pedro de Castañeda, +a native of Nájera, in the province of Logroño, in the upper valley of the Ebro, in Old Castile. Of the narrator little is known beyond the fact that he was one of the colonists who -settled at San Miguel Culiacan, founded by Nuño de Guzman +settled at San Miguel Culiacan, founded by Nuño de Guzman in 1531, where he doubtless lived when Coronado's force reached that point in its northward journey, and where, more than twenty years later, he wrote his account of the expedition and -its achievements. The dates of Castañeda's birth and death +its achievements. The dates of Castañeda's birth and death are not known, but he was born probably between 1510 and 1518. In 1554, according to a document published in the -<cite>Coleccion de Documentos Inéditos del Archivo de Indias</cite> (XIV. -206), his wife, María de Acosta, with her four sons and four +<cite>Coleccion de Documentos Inéditos del Archivo de Indias</cite> (XIV. +206), his wife, MarÃa de Acosta, with her four sons and four daughters, filed a claim against the treasury of New Spain for payment for the service the husband and father had rendered in behalf of the King.</p> -<p>As a rhetorician and geographer Castañeda was not a paragon, +<p>As a rhetorician and geographer Castañeda was not a paragon, as he himself confesses; but although his narration leaves the impression that its author was somewhat at odds with the world, it bears every evidence of honesty and a sincere desire to tell all he knew of the most remarkable expedition that ever traversed American soil—even of exploits in which the writer -did not directly participate. Castañeda's narration is by far +did not directly participate. Castañeda's narration is by far the most important of the several documents bearing on the expedition, and in some respects is one of the most noteworthy contributions to early American history.</p> @@ -10803,15 +10758,15 @@ most of which were communicated to the present writer by Mr. Winship in 1899, the translation is here printed as it first appeared.</p> -<p>Mr. Winship's translation of Castañeda, together with the +<p>Mr. Winship's translation of Castañeda, together with the letters and the other narratives pertaining to the expedition,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span> was reprinted, with an introduction, under the title <cite>The Journey of Coronado, 1540-1542, from the City of Mexico to the Grand -Cañon of the Colorado and the Buffalo Plains of Texas, Kansas, +Cañon of the Colorado and the Buffalo Plains of Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska</cite>, as a volume of the "Trail Makers" series (New York, 1904).</p> -<p>The original manuscript of Castañeda is not known to +<p>The original manuscript of Castañeda is not known to exist, the Winship translation being that of a manuscript copy made at Seville in 1596. This copy, which is now in the Lenox branch of the New York Public Library, was first translated @@ -10819,7 +10774,7 @@ into French by Henri Ternaux-Compans, who found it in the Uguina collection in Paris and published it in Volume IX. of his <cite>Voyages</cite> (Paris, 1838).</p> -<p>In addition to Castañeda's narration there are several letters +<p>In addition to Castañeda's narration there are several letters and reports that shed important light on the route traversed by the expedition, the aborigines encountered, and other noteworthy details which the student should consult. These are @@ -10838,7 +10793,7 @@ and containing extracts from a report by Melchior Diaz, who had been sent forward in November, 1539, to explore the route from Culiacan to Chichilticalli, in the valley of the present Gila River, Arizona, for the purpose of verifying the reports -of Fray Marcos. This letter appears in the <cite>Documentos Inéditos +of Fray Marcos. This letter appears in the <cite>Documentos Inéditos de Indias</cite>, II. 356, and in English in Winship's memoir in the <cite>Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</cite>, p. 547, as well as in his <cite>Journey of Coronado</cite>, p. 149.</p> @@ -10861,18 +10816,18 @@ the Discovery of a City which is called Cibola, situated in the New Country." This important document was written evidently by a member of the expedition while the Spaniards were at Cibola. It appears in Spanish in the <cite>Documentos -Inéditos de Indias</cite>, XIX. 529, from which it was translated +Inéditos de Indias</cite>, XIX. 529, from which it was translated into English by Mr. Winship and printed in each of his memoirs.</p> <p>5. The important letter of Coronado to the King, dated Tiguex (the present Bernalillo, New Mexico), October 20, 1541, after the return of the expedition from Quivira. Printed in -the <cite>Documentos Inéditos de Indias</cite>, III. 363; XIII. 261; in +the <cite>Documentos Inéditos de Indias</cite>, III. 363; XIII. 261; in French in Ternaux-Compans' <cite>Voyages</cite>, IX. 355; translated into English by Mr. Winship and printed in each of his memoirs, as well as in <cite>American History Leaflets</cite>, No. 13.</p> -<p>6. The <cite>Relación Postrera de Síbola, y de mas de Cuatrocientas +<p>6. The <cite>Relación Postrera de SÃbola, y de mas de Cuatrocientas Leguas Adelante</cite> (the "Latest Account of Cibola, and of more than Four Hundred Leagues Beyond"). This important anonymous account, written apparently in New Mexico @@ -10882,12 +10837,12 @@ first time, in Mr. Winship's <cite>Coronado Expedition</cite> (<cite>Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</cite>, pp. 566-571). In his <cite>Journey of Coronado</cite> only the translation appears (pp. 190-196).</p> -<p>7. The anonymous <cite>Relación del Suceso</cite>, an "Account of +<p>7. The anonymous <cite>Relación del Suceso</cite>, an "Account of what happened on the Journey which Francisco Vazquez made to discover Cibola." First printed, in Spanish, in Buckingham -Smith's <cite>Colección de Varios Documentos para la Historia de la +Smith's <cite>Colección de Varios Documentos para la Historia de la Florida</cite> (1857), I. 147; it appears also, under the erroneous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> -date 1531, in the <cite>Documentos Inéditos de Indias</cite>, XIV. 318, +date 1531, in the <cite>Documentos Inéditos de Indias</cite>, XIV. 318, whereas the account was written apparently in 1541 or early in 1542. An English translation appears in each of Mr. Winship's works, and also in <cite>American History Leaflets</cite>, @@ -10895,14 +10850,14 @@ No. 13.</p> <p>8. "Account given by Captain Juan Jaramillo of the Journey which he made to the New Country, on which Francisco -Vazquez Coronado was the General." Next to Castañeda's +Vazquez Coronado was the General." Next to Castañeda's narration this is the most important document pertaining to the expedition, inasmuch as it contains many references to directions, distances, streams, etc., that are not noted in the other accounts. The Jaramillo narration was written long after the events transpired, and is based on the keen memory of the writer. It is printed in Spanish in Buckingham Smith's -<cite>Coleccion</cite>, I. 154, and in the <cite>Documentos Inéditos</cite>, XIV. 304. +<cite>Coleccion</cite>, I. 154, and in the <cite>Documentos Inéditos</cite>, XIV. 304. A French translation is given by Ternaux-Compans, IX. 364, and an English translation in both of Mr. Winship's works.</p> @@ -10911,7 +10866,7 @@ Juan de Padilla discovered going in Search of the South Sea." A brief account of the journey of Alvarado from Hawikuh (Coronado's Granada) to the Rio Grande pueblos in 1540. Printed in Spanish in Buckingham Smith's <cite>Coleccion</cite>, I. 65, -and in the <cite>Documentos Inéditos</cite>, III. 511. An English translation +and in the <cite>Documentos Inéditos</cite>, III. 511. An English translation by Mr. Winship is included in each of his works on the expedition, and was printed also in the <cite>Boston Transcript</cite>, October 14, 1893. The title of this document is a misnomer, @@ -10919,7 +10874,7 @@ as Alvarado did not go in search of the Pacific.</p> <p>10. "Testimony concerning those who went on the Expedition with Francisco Vazquez Coronado." This testimony is -printed in the <cite>Documentos Inéditos de Indias</cite>, XIV. 373, and +printed in the <cite>Documentos Inéditos de Indias</cite>, XIV. 373, and an abridgment, freely translated, is included in Mr. Winship's works.</p> @@ -10930,8 +10885,8 @@ it. These are: Herrera's <cite>Historia General</cite>, dec. VI., lib. IX., cap. XIII. (1601-1615), and in various subsequent editions;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> Ramusio's <cite>Navigationi et Viaggi</cite> (1556), III., fol. 363-370; Hakluyt's <cite>Voyages</cite>, IX. 279-318 (1904); Ternaux-Compans' -Voyages, IX. 299-348; <cite>Coleccion de Documentos Inéditos para -la Historia de España</cite>, IV. 218-219.</p> +Voyages, IX. 299-348; <cite>Coleccion de Documentos Inéditos para +la Historia de España</cite>, IV. 218-219.</p> <p>The Coronado expedition was of far-reaching importance from a geographical point of view, for it combined with the @@ -10940,7 +10895,7 @@ hitherto unknown vast interior of the northern continent and formed the basis of the cartography of that region. It was the means also of making known the sedentary Pueblo tribes of our Southwest and the hunting tribes of the Great Plains, -the Grand Cañon of the Colorado and the lower reaches of that +the Grand Cañon of the Colorado and the lower reaches of that stream, and the teeming herds of bison and the absolute dependence on them by the hunting Indians for every want. But alas for the Spaniards, the grand pageant resulted in disappointment @@ -10960,14 +10915,14 @@ so much.</p> <h2>THE NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION -OF CORONADO BY CASTAÑEDA</h2> +OF CORONADO BY CASTAÑEDA</h2> <blockquote> <p class="hanging"><em>Account of the Expedition to Cibola which took place in the year 1540, in which all those settlements, their ceremonies and customs, are described. Written by Pedro de -Castañeda, of Najera.</em><a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a></p></blockquote> +Castañeda, of Najera.</em><a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a></p></blockquote> <p class="center">PREFACE</p> @@ -11110,11 +11065,11 @@ beginning.</p> <blockquote> <p class="hanging"><em>Which treats of the way we first came to know about the Seven -Cities, and of how Nuño de Guzman made an expedition +Cities, and of how Nuño de Guzman made an expedition to discover them.</em></p></blockquote> -<p>In the year 1530 Nuño de Guzman, who was President of +<p>In the year 1530 Nuño de Guzman, who was President of New Spain,<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a> had in his possession an Indian, a native of the valley or valleys of Oxitipar, who was called Tejo by the Spaniards. This Indian said he was the son of a trader who was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> @@ -11129,7 +11084,7 @@ It took forty days to go there from his country, through a wilderness in which nothing grew, except some very small plants about a span high. The way they went was up through the country between the two seas, following the northern direction. -Acting on this information, Nuño de Guzman got together +Acting on this information, Nuño de Guzman got together nearly 400 Spaniards and 20,000 friendly Indians of New Spain, and, as he happened to be in Mexico, he crossed Tarasca, which is in the province of Michoacan, so as to get into @@ -11149,9 +11104,9 @@ region. His whole army had to stay in the district of Culiacan for so long on this account that some rich men who were with him, who had possessions in Mexico, changed their minds, and every day became more anxious to return. Besides -this, Nuño de Guzman received word that the Marquis of the +this, Nuño de Guzman received word that the Marquis of the Valley, Don Fernando Cortes, had come from Spain with his -new title,<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> and with great favors and estates, and as Nuño de +new title,<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> and with great favors and estates, and as Nuño de Guzman had been a great rival of his at the time he was president,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> and had done much damage to his property and to that of his friends, he feared that Don Fernando Cortes would want @@ -11176,7 +11131,7 @@ remains until now, since they have not been discovered.<a name="FNanchor_338_338 the second account which Cabeza de Vaca gave.</em></p></blockquote> -<p>Eight years after Nuño de Guzman made this expedition, +<p>Eight years after Nuño de Guzman made this expedition, he was put in prison by a juez de residencia, named the licentiate Diego de la Torre, who came from Spain with sufficient powers to do this. After the death of the judge, who had also @@ -11193,7 +11148,7 @@ New Spain as an official inspector, and in this way he gained the friendship of many worthy men who afterward went on his expedition with him. It happened that just at this time three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span> Spaniards, named Cabeza de Vaca, Dorantes, and Castillo -Maldonado, and a negro [Estévan], who had been lost on the +Maldonado, and a negro [Estévan], who had been lost on the expedition which Pamfilo de Narvaez led into Florida, reached Mexico. They came out through Culiacan, having crossed the country from sea to sea, as anyone who wishes may find out @@ -11207,7 +11162,7 @@ very different from what turned out to be the truth. The noble viceroy communicated this to the new governor, who gave up the visits he had in hand, on account of this, and hurried his departure for his government, taking with him the -negro [Estévan] who had come [with Cabeza de Vaca] with the +negro [Estévan] who had come [with Cabeza de Vaca] with the three friars of the order of Saint Francis, one of whom was named Friar Marcos of Nice, a regular priest, and another Friar Daniel, a lay brother, and the other Friar Antonio de Santa @@ -11318,7 +11273,7 @@ things seem more important by not talking about them to anyone except his particular friends, under promise of the greatest secrecy, until after he had reached Mexico and seen Don Antonio de Mendoza. Then it began to be noised -abroad that the Seven Cities for which Nuño de Guzman +abroad that the Seven Cities for which Nuño de Guzman had searched had already been discovered, and a beginning was made in collecting an armed force and in bringing together people to go and conquer them. The noble viceroy arranged @@ -11368,12 +11323,12 @@ so well obeyed and beloved, nobody would find fault with his arrangements. After everybody had heard who the general was, he made Don Pedro de Tovar ensign-general, a young gentleman who was the son of Don Fernando de Tovar, the guardian -and lord high steward of the Queen Doña Juana,<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a> our +and lord high steward of the Queen Doña Juana,<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a> our demented mistress—may she be in glory—and Lope de Samaniego, the governor of the arsenal at Mexico,<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a> a gentleman fully equal to the charge, army-master. The captains were Don Tristan de Arellano; Don Pedro de Guevara, the -son of Don Juan de Guevara and nephew of the Count of Oñate; +son of Don Juan de Guevara and nephew of the Count of Oñate; Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas; Don Rodrigo Maldonado, brother-in-law of the Duke of the Infantado; Diego Lopez, alderman of Seville, and Diego Gutierres, for the cavalry. All @@ -11447,7 +11402,7 @@ much pleasure in enjoying the festivals and great receptions which were given him, till he reached Compostela, which is, as I have said, 110 leagues. There he found the whole company assembled, being well treated and entertained by Christobal -de Oñate, who had the whole charge of that government<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a> +de Oñate, who had the whole charge of that government<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a> for the time being. He had had the management of it and was in command of all that region when Francisco Vazquez was made governor. All were very glad when he arrived, and he @@ -11594,7 +11549,7 @@ young soldier named Trugillo (Truxillo) pretended that he had seen a vision while he was bathing in the river. Feigning that he did not want to, he was brought before the general, whom he gave to understand that the devil had told him that if he -would kill the general, he could marry his wife, Doña Beatris, +would kill the general, he could marry his wife, Doña Beatris, and would receive great wealth and other very fine things. Friar Marcos of Nice preached several sermons on this, laying it all to the fact that the devil was jealous of the good which must result @@ -11618,7 +11573,7 @@ as will be related.</p> <blockquote> <p class="hanging"><em>Of how the army started from Culiacan and the arrival of the -general at Cibola, and of the army at Señora and of +general at Cibola, and of the army at Señora and of other things that happened.</em></p></blockquote> @@ -11700,7 +11655,7 @@ of animals.<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footno de los Corazones (Saint Jerome of the Hearts). After it had been started, it was seen that it could not be kept up here, and so it was afterward transferred to a valley which had -been called Señora. The Spaniards call it Señora,<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> and so it +been called Señora. The Spaniards call it Señora,<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> and so it will be known by this name.</p> <p>From here a force went down the river to the seacoast to @@ -11710,7 +11665,7 @@ ships, did not find them, but he brought back with him an Indian so large and tall that the best man in the army reached only to his chest.<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a> It was said that other Indians were even taller on that coast. After the rains ceased the army went on -to where the town of Señora was afterward located,<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a> because<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> +to where the town of Señora was afterward located,<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a> because<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> there were provisions in that region, so that they were able to wait there for orders from the general.</p> @@ -11727,7 +11682,7 @@ He was to go along the coast in search of the ships.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hanging"><em>Of how the army started from the town of Señora, leaving it inhabited, +<p class="hanging"><em>Of how the army started from the town of Señora, leaving it inhabited, and how it reached Cibola, and of what happened to Captain Melchior Diaz on his expedition in search of the ships and how he discovered the Tison @@ -11735,7 +11690,7 @@ search of the ships and how he discovered the Tison <p>After Melchior Diaz and Juan Gallego had arrived in the -town of Señora, it was announced that the army was to depart +town of Señora, it was announced that the army was to depart for Cibola; that Melchior Diaz was to remain in charge of that town with eighty men; that Juan Gallego was going to New Spain with messages for the viceroy, and that Friar Marcos @@ -12072,7 +12027,7 @@ with it, and to make crosses with the fingers of the hands. But to make the most secure peace they put their hands across each other, and they keep this peace inviolably. They made a present of a large number of [turkey-] cocks with very big -wattles, much bread, tanned deerskins, pine [piñon] nuts, flour +wattles, much bread, tanned deerskins, pine [piñon] nuts, flour [cornmeal], and corn.</p> <p>From here they went to a province called Triguex,<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a> three @@ -12100,7 +12055,7 @@ looking for cows, but returned after they had seen some few, to report the rich news to the general. They called the Indian "Turk," because he looked like one. Meanwhile the general had sent Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas to Tiguex with men to -get lodgings ready for the army, which had arrived from Señora +get lodgings ready for the army, which had arrived from Señora about this time, before taking them there for the winter; and when Hernando de Alvarado reached Tiguex, on his way back from Cicuye, he found Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas there, @@ -12126,7 +12081,7 @@ left the army with Don Tristan, who took it to Tiguex.</em></p></blockquote> <p>Everything already related had happened when Don Tristan -de Arellano reached Cibola from Señora. Soon after he +de Arellano reached Cibola from Señora. Soon after he arrived, the general, who had received notice of a province containing eight villages, took thirty of the men who were most fully rested and went to see it, going from there directly to Tiguex @@ -12529,7 +12484,7 @@ so that it will be possible to understand what follows.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hanging"><em>Of how messengers reached the army from the valley of Señora, +<p class="hanging"><em>Of how messengers reached the army from the valley of Señora, and how Captain Melchior Diaz died on the expedition to the Firebrand River.</em></p></blockquote> @@ -12570,7 +12525,7 @@ hostile. He lived about twenty days, during which they proceeded with great difficulty on account of the necessity of carrying him. They returned in good order without losing a man, until he died, and after that they were relieved -of the greatest difficulty. When they reached Señora, Alcaraz +of the greatest difficulty. When they reached Señora, Alcaraz despatched the messengers already referred to, so that the general might know of this and also that some of the soldiers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span> were ill-disposed and had caused several mutinies, and that @@ -12674,7 +12629,7 @@ the devil in the pitcher, as I have said.</p> <p>While all this was going on, preparations were being made to start from Tiguex. At this time people came from Cibola to see the general, and he charged them to take good care of the -Spaniards who were coming from Señora with Don Pedro de +Spaniards who were coming from Señora with Don Pedro de Tovar. He gave them letters to give to Don Pedro, informing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span> him what he ought to do and how he should go to find the army, and that he would find letters under the crosses which @@ -13139,7 +13094,7 @@ of the provinces.</p> <blockquote> <p class="hanging"><em>Which treats of the high villages and provinces and of their -habits and customs, as collected by Pedro de Castañeda, +habits and customs, as collected by Pedro de Castañeda, native of the city of Najara.</em></p></blockquote> <p class="center"><em>Laus Deo</em></p> @@ -13196,7 +13151,7 @@ beasts.</p> <p>Culiacan is the last place in the New Kingdom of Galicia, -and was the first settlement made by Nuño de Guzman when +and was the first settlement made by Nuño de Guzman when he conquered this kingdom.<a name="FNanchor_441_441" id="FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a> It is 210 leagues west of Mexico.<a name="FNanchor_442_442" id="FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a> In this province there are three chief languages, besides other related dialects. The first is that of the Tahus, who are the @@ -13295,13 +13250,13 @@ nor are there any fruits except a few tunas,<a name="FNanchor_448_448" id="FNanc pitahayas.<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a></p> <p>Petlatlan is twenty leagues from Culiacan, and it is 130 -leagues from here to the valley of Señora. There are many +leagues from here to the valley of Señora. There are many rivers between the two, with settlements of the same sort of people—for example, Sinoloa, Boyomo, Teocomo, Yaquimi, and other smaller ones. There is also the Corazones (Hearts), -which is in our possession, down the valley of Señora.<a name="FNanchor_450_450" id="FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a></p> +which is in our possession, down the valley of Señora.<a name="FNanchor_450_450" id="FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a></p> -<p>Señora is a river and valley thickly settled by able-bodied +<p>Señora is a river and valley thickly settled by able-bodied people. The women wear petticoats of tanned deerskin, and little san benitos reaching half way down the body.<a name="FNanchor_451_451" id="FNanchor_451_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a> The chiefs of the villages go up on some little heights they have @@ -13316,12 +13271,12 @@ villages. Seven or eight of them, of which I know the names, are Comupatrico, Mochilagua, Arispa,<a name="FNanchor_452_452" id="FNanchor_452_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a> and the Little Valley. There are others which we did not see.</p> -<p>It is forty leagues from Señora to the valley of Suya.<a name="FNanchor_453_453" id="FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a> The +<p>It is forty leagues from Señora to the valley of Suya.<a name="FNanchor_453_453" id="FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a> The town of San Hieronimo was established in this valley, where there was a rebellion later, and part of the people who had settled there were killed, as will be seen in the third part. There are many villages in the neighborhood of this valley. -The people are the same as those in Señora and have the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> +The people are the same as those in Señora and have the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> dress and language, habits, and customs, like all the rest as far as the desert of Chichilticalli. The women paint their chins and eyes like the Moorish women of Barbary. They are @@ -13391,9 +13346,9 @@ until Cibola is reached, which is eighty leagues, going north. From Culiacan to the edge of the wilderness the route had kept the north on the left hand.</p> -<p>Cibola<a name="FNanchor_463_463" id="FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a> is seven villages. The largest is called Maçaque.<a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a> +<p>Cibola<a name="FNanchor_463_463" id="FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a> is seven villages. The largest is called Maçaque.<a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a> The houses are ordinarily three or four stories high, but in -Maçaque there are houses with four and seven stories. These +Maçaque there are houses with four and seven stories. These people are very intelligent. They cover their privy parts and all the immodest parts with cloths made like a sort of table napkin, with fringed edges and a tassel at each corner, @@ -13888,7 +13843,7 @@ pleasure that these discoveries should remain for other peoples and that we who had been there should content ourselves with saying that we were the first who discovered it and obtained any information concerning it, just as Hercules knew<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span> -the site where Julius Cæsar was to found Seville or Hispales. +the site where Julius Cæsar was to found Seville or Hispales. May the all-powerful Lord grant that His will be done in everything. It is certain that if this had not been His will Francisco Vazquez [Coronado] would not have returned to New Spain @@ -13918,7 +13873,7 @@ and returned to New Spain.</em></p></blockquote> <blockquote> -<p class="hanging"><em>Of how Don Pedro de Tovar came from Señora with some men, +<p class="hanging"><em>Of how Don Pedro de Tovar came from Señora with some men, and Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas started back to New Spain.</em></p></blockquote> @@ -14277,7 +14232,7 @@ they needed, and men, if they needed these. Our men had always treated them well and repaid them for these things. During this journey the juice of the quince was proved to be a good protection against the poison of the natives, because -at one place, several days before reaching Señora, the hostile +at one place, several days before reaching Señora, the hostile Indians wounded a Spaniard called Mesa, and he did not die, although the wound of the fresh poison is fatal, and there was a delay of over two hours before curing him with the juice. @@ -14712,7 +14667,7 @@ Aays, not to be confounded with Ayas, <a href="#Page_225">225</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of, give battle, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Ayas.</span><br /> <br /> -Açamor, mentioned, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> +Açamor, mentioned, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> <br /> Acaxes, Indians of Culiacan, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -14734,7 +14689,7 @@ Acoma, identification of Acuco with, <a href="#Page_311">311</a> n.;<br /> <br /> Acoma Indians, water supply of, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br /> <br /> -Acosta, Maria de, wife of Pedro Castañeda, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br /> +Acosta, Maria de, wife of Pedro Castañeda, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br /> <br /> Acoste, cacique of, comes to De Soto, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -14822,7 +14777,7 @@ Anagados Indians, <a href="#Page_71">71</a> n.<br /> <br /> Anane, a fruit, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> <br /> -Añasco, Juan de, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;<br /> +Añasco, Juan de, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent by De Soto to explore harbor in Florida, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Espiritu Santo, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent in quest of habitations, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> @@ -14928,7 +14883,7 @@ Artillery, at Culiacan, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;<br /> <br /> Astorga, Marquis of, learns what Cabeza de Vaca relates to the Emperor regarding New Spain, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> <br /> -Astudillo, a native of Çafra, to seek Panuco, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> +Astudillo, a native of Çafra, to seek Panuco, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> <br /> Asturian, the, with Figueroa, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">seen by the Avavares, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</span><br /> @@ -14947,7 +14902,7 @@ Attacapan Indians, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> n., <a href="#Page_363">363</a> n.< <br /> Audiencia, definition of, <a href="#Page_285">285</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Audiencia of Española, report to, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br /> +Audiencia of Española, report to, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">edition of report by Oviedo, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Auia, island of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br /> @@ -14993,8 +14948,8 @@ Badthing, story of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-79.<br /> <br /> Baegert, Father Jacob, on Indians of lower California, <a href="#Page_346">346</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Bahíos, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Buhíos.</span><br /> +BahÃos, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> BuhÃos.</span><br /> <br /> Baldwyn, Mississippi, <a href="#Page_212">212</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -15002,7 +14957,7 @@ Bandelier, A. F., researches on the Seven Cities, <a href="#Page_287">287</a> n. <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Topira, <a href="#Page_290">290</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Cicuye, <a href="#Page_355">355</a> n.</span><br /> <br /> -Bandelier, A. F. and Fanny, <cite>Journey of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca</cite>, cited, <a href="#Page_22">22</a> n., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a> n., <a href="#Page_102">102</a> n., <a href="#Page_103">103</a> n.<br /> +Bandelier, A. F. and Fanny, <cite>Journey of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca</cite>, cited, <a href="#Page_22">22</a> n., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a> n., <a href="#Page_102">102</a> n., <a href="#Page_103">103</a> n.<br /> <br /> Baracoa, town in Cuba, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15020,7 +14975,7 @@ Bastian, Francisco, drowning of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br /> <br /> Batuco, identification of, <a href="#Page_376">376</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Báyamo, town in Cuba, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +Báyamo, town in Cuba, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> <br /> Bayou de Vue, <a href="#Page_215">215</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -15028,7 +14983,7 @@ Bayou Macon, <a href="#Page_255">255</a> n.<br /> <br /> Bears, in pueblo region, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> <br /> -Béjar, mentioned, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +Béjar, mentioned, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> <br /> Bermuda, Cabeza de Vaca at, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15055,7 +15010,7 @@ Bison, first printed reference to, <a href="#Page_68">68</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">stampede of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coronado's army supplied with meat of, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">piles of bones of, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's description of, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>-383.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's description of, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>-383.</span><br /> <br /> Black Warrior River, <a href="#Page_188">188</a> n., <a href="#Page_189">189</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -15085,10 +15040,10 @@ Brigantines, built by Spaniards at Aminoya, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;<br /> <br /> Buffalo, <em>see</em> Bison.<br /> <br /> -Buhíos, Arawak word, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Bahíos.</span><br /> +BuhÃos, Arawak word, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> BahÃos.</span><br /> <br /> -Burgos, André de, printer, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> +Burgos, André de, printer, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> <br /> Buriel, cloth used by Franciscan friars, <a href="#Page_383">383</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -15098,21 +15053,21 @@ Burning of Indians at stake by Spaniards, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.<br /> Caballos, Bahia de, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a> n.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Horses, Bay of.</span><br /> <br /> -Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez, narrative of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-126;<br /> +Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez, narrative of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-126;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth and parentage, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">significance of name, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">trades and heals among the Indians, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-7;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">line of travel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of his chronicle, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his accomplishment, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report to Audiencia of Española, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report to Audiencia of Española, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed governor of provinces of Rio de la Plata, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">bibliography of the <cite>Relacion</cite>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-11;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">salutation to Charles V., <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">duration of his wandering, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his idea of the value of his narrative, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves San Lúcar de Barrameda, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves San Lúcar de Barrameda, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">is treasurer and high-sheriff, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Santo Domingo, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">proceeds to Trinidad and is overtaken by a terrible storm, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-17;</span><br /> @@ -15181,7 +15136,7 @@ Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez, narrative of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-126;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">traces of, found by Coronado, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">regard of Indians for, <a href="#Page_381">381</a> n.</span><br /> <br /> -Cabeza de Vaca, Teresa, mother of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +Cabeza de Vaca, Teresa, mother of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> <br /> Cabo Cruz, <a href="#Page_15">15</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -15189,7 +15144,7 @@ Cabo de Santa Cruz, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> <br /> Cabusto, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> <br /> -Caçabe bread, <em>see</em> Cassava bread.<br /> +Caçabe bread, <em>see</em> Cassava bread.<br /> <br /> Cache River, <a href="#Page_215">215</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -15216,11 +15171,11 @@ Caliquen, reached by De Soto, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> <br /> Calpista, mentioned by Ranjel, <a href="#Page_216">216</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Caluça, in northeastern part of Mississippi, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +Caluça, in northeastern part of Mississippi, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> <br /> Camolas Indians, <a href="#Page_87">87</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Camones Indians, are reported to have killed Peñalosa and Tellez, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> +Camones Indians, are reported to have killed Peñalosa and Tellez, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> <br /> Campo, Andres del, Portuguese companion of Padilla, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to New Spain, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span><br /> @@ -15260,7 +15215,7 @@ Carlos, leaves his wife at Havana, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;<br /> <br /> Carmona, Alonzo de, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> <br /> -Casa de Contratación, at Seville, <a href="#Page_135">135</a> n.<br /> +Casa de Contratación, at Seville, <a href="#Page_135">135</a> n.<br /> <br /> Cases, with dead bodies, burned by Xuarez, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15277,7 +15232,7 @@ Casqui, cacique of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;<br /> <br /> Cassava bread, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> <br /> -Castañeda, Pedro de, narrative of Coronado's expedition by, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-387;<br /> +Castañeda, Pedro de, narrative of Coronado's expedition by, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-387;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">facts of life of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">value of narrative of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">manuscript of, in Lenox library, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</span><br /> @@ -15290,7 +15245,7 @@ Castile, mentioned, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> Castillo, Doctor, father of Alonzo de Castillo Maldonado, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> <br /> Castillo Maldonado, Alonzo del, with Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins in report to Audiencia of Española, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins in report to Audiencia of Española, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to New Spain, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes with Cabeza de Vaca to find a harbor, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">again goes on the same errand, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> @@ -15310,7 +15265,7 @@ Castillo Maldonado, Alonzo del, with Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a <span style="margin-left: 1em;">finds evidence of visit by Europeans, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">rejoins Cabeza de Vaca and attaches himself to a Spanish exploring party, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Spain, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned by Castañeda, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned by Castañeda, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Catalte, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15366,7 +15321,7 @@ Chiaha, province of, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, < <br /> Chiametla, death of Samaniego at, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br /> <br /> -Chicaça, De Soto at, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a> n.;<br /> +Chicaça, De Soto at, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of, make an attack, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>-199.</span><br /> <br /> Chicacilla, <a href="#Page_199">199</a> n.<br /> @@ -15413,7 +15368,7 @@ Cibola, reached by expedition of Fray Marcos, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a hr <span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured by Coronado, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">army arrives at, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's description of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's description of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">pueblos of, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Cicuyc, <em>see</em> Cicuye.<br /> @@ -15437,12 +15392,12 @@ Coahuiltecan affinities, <a href="#Page_61">61</a> n.<br /> <br /> Coayos Indians, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> <br /> -Coça, province of, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;<br /> +Coça, province of, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">speech of cacique of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-184;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">inhabitants of, seized by De Soto, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">cacique of, taken, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">is dismissed, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance to Tastaluça, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance to Tastaluça, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">has more maize than Nilco, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">nature of the country, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">direction of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span><br /> @@ -15457,7 +15412,7 @@ Cofitachequi, <em>see</em> Cutifachiqui.<br /> <br /> Cohani Indians, <a href="#Page_59">59</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Coké Indians, <a href="#Page_54">54</a> n.<br /> +Coké Indians, <a href="#Page_54">54</a> n.<br /> <br /> Coles, Juan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15504,7 +15459,7 @@ Coronado, Francisco Vazquez de, on Stake Plains, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">expedition inspired by journey of Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">memoirs of George P. Winship on, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>-277;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">bibliography of accounts of expedition of, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>-279;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's narrative of expedition of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-387;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's narrative of expedition of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-387;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">testimony of companions of, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">expedition of, mentioned, <a href="#Page_97">97</a> n., <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed governor of New Galicia, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br /> @@ -15514,7 +15469,7 @@ Coronado, Francisco Vazquez de, on Stake Plains, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Mexico, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendship of Mendoza for, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives command from Mendoza, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's criticism of, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's criticism of, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointments confirmed by, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">departure of, from Compostela, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives report of Diaz, at Chiametla, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br /> @@ -15578,7 +15533,7 @@ Coronado, Francisco Vazquez de, on Stake Plains, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">inadequacy of equipment of, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Coronado expedition, memoirs of George Parker Winship on, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>-277;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's narrative of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-387;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's narrative of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-387;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">bibliography of other accounts of, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>-280;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">importance of, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">date of, <a href="#Page_293">293</a> n.;</span><br /> @@ -15612,10 +15567,10 @@ Cows, <em>see</em> Bison.<br /> <br /> Creek Indians, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Cremation among Zuñi, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> +Cremation among Zuñi, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> <br /> Cross, raised at Casqui, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sign of, among the Zuñis, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sign of, among the Zuñis, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">venerated by Indians, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Cruz, Bahia de la, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> @@ -15635,7 +15590,7 @@ Culiacan, mentioned, <a href="#Page_115">115</a> n.;<br /> Culiacan, San Miguel de, foundation of, by Guzman, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrival of Cabeza de Vaca at, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">location of, <a href="#Page_296">296</a> n.;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's description of, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castañeda's description of, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">return of Coronado to, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Cultalchulches Indians, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a> n., <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> @@ -15643,7 +15598,7 @@ Cultalchulches Indians, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a Cures among Indians wrought by Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-7, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-107, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">by Alonzo del Castillo, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Cushing, F. H., on Zuñi breadstuff, <a href="#Page_354">354</a> n.<br /> +Cushing, F. H., on Zuñi breadstuff, <a href="#Page_354">354</a> n.<br /> <br /> Cutifachiqui, <a href="#Page_172">172</a> n., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-174;</span><br /> @@ -15666,7 +15621,7 @@ Dances of the Tahus, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> <br /> Daniel, Franciscan friar, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.<br /> <br /> -Dávila, Pedrárias, governor, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +Dávila, Pedrárias, governor, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> <br /> Davis, W. W. H., on the fate of Padilla, <a href="#Page_373">373</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -15709,10 +15664,10 @@ Dogs, eaten by De Soto's men, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;<br /> <br /> Doguenes Indians, <a href="#Page_59">59</a> n., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> <br /> -Dorantes, Pablo, father of Andrés Dorantes, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +Dorantes, Pablo, father of Andrés Dorantes, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> <br /> -Dorantes de Carrança, Andrés, with Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins in report to Audiencia of Española, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> +Dorantes de Carrança, Andrés, with Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins in report to Audiencia of Española, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">later years and death of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to find the sea, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">embarks in open boat, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> @@ -15774,7 +15729,7 @@ Espejo, Antonio de, on the Rio Grande, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">cited, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mexican Indians at Cibola found by, <a href="#Page_374">374</a> n.</span><br /> <br /> -Espíritu Santo, Bay, <a href="#Page_58">58</a> n.;<br /> +EspÃritu Santo, Bay, <a href="#Page_58">58</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned by Oviedo, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Espiritu Santo, port, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;<br /> @@ -15794,9 +15749,9 @@ Esquivel, Hernando de, among Indians, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned by Oviedo, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Estévanico, with Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /> +Estévanico, with Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Fray Marcos de Niza, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">put to death by Zuñis, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">put to death by Zuñis, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">brought by Indians, with Dorantes and Castillo, and meets with Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">stay of, with the Yguazes, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">escapes from Indians, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> @@ -15834,7 +15789,7 @@ Fernandez, Alvaro, a Portuguese sailor to seek Panuco, <a href="#Page_49">49</a> <br /> Fernandez, Alvaro, may have been the Gentleman of Elvas, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> <br /> -Fernandez, Bartolomé, sailor, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> +Fernandez, Bartolomé, sailor, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> <br /> Fewkes, <cite>Aborigines of Porto Rico</cite>, cited, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -15895,7 +15850,7 @@ Fuentes, De Soto's chamberlain, condemned to death, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>. <br /> Galena, <a href="#Page_96">96</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Galeras, Juan, explores Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br /> +Galeras, Juan, explores Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br /> <br /> Galicia, New Kingdom of, in New Spain, <a href="#Page_285">285</a> n., <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15933,7 +15888,7 @@ Gifts, exchange of, on Cabeza de Vaca's line of march, <a href="#Page_97">97</a> <br /> Giralda, great tower of Seville, <a href="#Page_309">309</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Giusiwá, a Jemez pueblo, <a href="#Page_359">359</a> n.<br /> +Giusiwá, a Jemez pueblo, <a href="#Page_359">359</a> n.<br /> <br /> Goat, mountain, seen by Spaniards, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15952,7 +15907,7 @@ Granada, Coronado's name for Hawikuh, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Pag <br /> Grand or Neosho River, <a href="#Page_217">217</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Grand Cañon, discovery of, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br /> +Grand Cañon, discovery of, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br /> <br /> Grande River, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Mississippi River.</span><br /> @@ -16034,7 +15989,7 @@ Guzman, Juan de, made captain of infantry, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent against Indians, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">is taken by them, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Guzman, Nuño de, position of, in New Spain, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;<br /> +Guzman, Nuño de, position of, in New Spain, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">career of, <a href="#Page_285">285</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">cruelty to natives, <a href="#Page_285">285</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">expedition of, to the Seven Cities, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> @@ -16048,7 +16003,7 @@ Hailstones, in Coronado's camp, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> <br /> Hair dress, of pueblo women, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> <br /> -Halona, Zuñi pueblo, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.;<br /> +Halona, Zuñi pueblo, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">excavations at, <a href="#Page_351">351</a> n.</span><br /> <br /> Hano, Hopi pueblo, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.<br /> @@ -16064,7 +16019,7 @@ Havana, fleet of Narvaez nears, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cabeza de Vaca at, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Hawikuh, scene of Estévan's death, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;<br /> +Hawikuh, scene of Estévan's death, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">called Granada by Coronado, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">history of, <a href="#Page_300">300</a> n., <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.</span><br /> <br /> @@ -16190,7 +16145,7 @@ Jefferson County, <a href="#Page_225">225</a> n.<br /> Jemez, pueblos of, <a href="#Page_339">339</a> n., <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by Barrionuevo, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Jeréz de la Frontera, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +Jeréz de la Frontera, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> <br /> John III., king, <a href="#Page_272">272</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -16209,9 +16164,9 @@ Karankawan Indians, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> n., <a href="#Page_57">57</a> n., <br /> Kaw or Kansa Indians, <a href="#Page_328">328</a> n., <a href="#Page_364">364</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Kiakima, Zuñi pueblo, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.<br /> +Kiakima, Zuñi pueblo, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Kyanawe, Zuñi pueblo, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.<br /> +Kyanawe, Zuñi pueblo, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacane, Moscoso at, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.<br /> @@ -16232,7 +16187,7 @@ League, Spanish, <a href="#Page_22">22</a> n.<br /> <br /> Lee County, Arkansas, <a href="#Page_214">214</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Lenox Library, manuscript of Castañeda in, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br /> +Lenox Library, manuscript of Castañeda in, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br /> <br /> Leopard, <em>see</em> Wildcat.<br /> <br /> @@ -16280,7 +16235,7 @@ Macaco, <a href="#Page_150">150</a> n.<br /> <br /> Macanoche, presented to De Soto, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.<br /> <br /> -Maçaque, <em>see</em> Matsaki.<br /> +Maçaque, <em>see</em> Matsaki.<br /> <br /> McGee, W. J., account of Seri Indians, <a href="#Page_301">301</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -16298,7 +16253,7 @@ Maize, shown by Indians to Narvaez, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /> <br /> Malapaz, town, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br /> <br /> -Maldonado, Doña Aldonça, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +Maldonado, Doña Aldonça, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> <br /> Maldonado, Alonzo del Castillo, <em>see</em> Castillo Maldonado, Alonzo del.<br /> <br /> @@ -16331,7 +16286,7 @@ Mallets, use of, as weapons by Indians, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br /> <br /> Mamei, a fruit, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br /> <br /> -Mançano, is lost, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br /> +Mançano, is lost, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br /> <br /> Mantelets of thread, found at Apalachen, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16354,7 +16309,7 @@ Marriage, among the Tahus, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;<br /> <br /> Mats, used in building houses, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Matsaki, Zuñi pueblo, <a href="#Page_315">315</a> n.;<br /> +Matsaki, Zuñi pueblo, <a href="#Page_315">315</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>-316, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.</span><br /> <br /> @@ -16375,7 +16330,7 @@ Meat, scarcity of, among De Soto's men, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-168.<br /> Meirinho, <em>see</em> Tapile.<br /> <br /> Melgosa, Pablo de, appointed captain, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">explores Colorado River Cañons, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">explores Colorado River Cañons, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Tiguex, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Melons, native American, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.<br /> @@ -16443,10 +16398,10 @@ Mochilagua, settlement of, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br /> <br /> Mochilla, presented to De Soto, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.<br /> <br /> -Mocoço, town of, <a href="#Page_150">150</a> n.;<br /> +Mocoço, town of, <a href="#Page_150">150</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">speech of cacique of, to De Soto, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Moçulixa, <a href="#Page_194">194</a> n.<br /> +Moçulixa, <a href="#Page_194">194</a> n.<br /> <br /> Monroe County, Arkansas, <a href="#Page_253">253</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -16463,9 +16418,9 @@ Moscoso de Alvarado, Luis, direction pursued by, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;<br <span style="margin-left: 1em;">lodges with Ucita, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cale, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">overtakes De Soto, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent forward to Tastaluça, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent forward to Tastaluça, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">advises a halt, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fails to keep a careful watch over the Indians at Chicaça, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fails to keep a careful watch over the Indians at Chicaça, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">succeeds De Soto as governor, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">holds a conference, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>-236;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Guachoya, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> @@ -16515,7 +16470,7 @@ Musical instruments of Indians, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_354" Muskhogean tribes, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> n.<br /> <br /> <br /> -Naçacahoz, Moscoso at, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> +Naçacahoz, Moscoso at, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> <br /> Naguatex, mentioned, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian advance at, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</span><br /> @@ -16523,15 +16478,15 @@ Naguatex, mentioned, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">found full of maize, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">pottery made at, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Najera, birthplace of Castañeda, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br /> +Najera, birthplace of Castañeda, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br /> <br /> Nambe, Tewa pueblo, <a href="#Page_359">359</a> n.<br /> <br /> Napetaca, engagement at, between De Soto and the Indians, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br /> <br /> -Naquiscoça, Moscoso at, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> +Naquiscoça, Moscoso at, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> <br /> -Narvaez, Pámfilo de, receives grant, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br /> +Narvaez, Pámfilo de, receives grant, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sets sail, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">failure of his expedition, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">size of his fleet, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br /> @@ -16617,16 +16572,16 @@ Nondacao, reported to have plenty of maize, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;<br /> <br /> North Carolina, <a href="#Page_176">176</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar. <em>See</em> Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez.<br /> +Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar. <em>See</em> Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez.<br /> <br /> -Nuño de Guzman, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +Nuño de Guzman, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> <br /> Nut pine, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> <br /> Nuts, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.<br /> <br /> <br /> -Oaxaca, Marqués del Valle de, title given to Cortes, <a href="#Page_286">286</a> n.<br /> +Oaxaca, Marqués del Valle de, title given to Cortes, <a href="#Page_286">286</a> n.<br /> <br /> Ochete, skulls of horses found at, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16637,7 +16592,7 @@ Ochuse, Maldonado at, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<br /> <br /> Ocilla River, boundary of Muskhogean territory, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Oçita, <em>see</em> Ucita.<br /> +Oçita, <em>see</em> Ucita.<br /> <br /> Ocmulgee River, <a href="#Page_166">166</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -16655,11 +16610,11 @@ Ogechee River, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> n.<br /> <br /> Ohoopee River, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Oñate, Christobal de, governor of New Galicia, entertains Coronado, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.<br /> +Oñate, Christobal de, governor of New Galicia, entertains Coronado, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.<br /> <br /> -Oñate, Count of, nephew of, appointed captain, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br /> +Oñate, Count of, nephew of, appointed captain, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br /> <br /> -Oñate, Juan de, settlement made at Yukiwingge by, <a href="#Page_340">340</a> n.<br /> +Oñate, Juan de, settlement made at Yukiwingge by, <a href="#Page_340">340</a> n.<br /> <br /> Opata Indians, <a href="#Page_305">305</a> n., <a href="#Page_348">348</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">poisoned arrows of, <a href="#Page_326">326</a> n.;</span><br /> @@ -16687,7 +16642,7 @@ Otter, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> Ovando, Francisco de, companion of Coronado, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">treatment of, by Indians, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de, edits report to Audiencia of Española, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> +Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de, edits report to Audiencia of Española, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">edition cited, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> n., <a href="#Page_25">25</a> n., <a href="#Page_31">31</a> n., <a href="#Page_39">39</a> n., <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-70, <a href="#Page_92">92</a> n., <a href="#Page_112">112</a> n.</span><br /> <br /> Oviedo, Lope de, at Malhado, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /> @@ -16748,16 +16703,16 @@ Pantoja, Juan, ordered by Narvaez to proceed to Trinidad, <a href="#Page_15">15< <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">made lieutenant, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed by Soto-Mayor, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Pánuco, Narvaez orders ships to find, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br /> +Pánuco, Narvaez orders ships to find, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be sought by four men of Cabeza de Vaca's party, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guzman, governor of, <a href="#Page_285">285</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mention of, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Panico.</span><br /> <br /> -Pánuco River, <a href="#Page_265">265</a> n.<br /> +Pánuco River, <a href="#Page_265">265</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Papa, title given priests at Zuñi, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> +Papa, title given priests at Zuñi, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> <br /> Papagos, tribe of Sonora, <a href="#Page_348">348</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -16804,7 +16759,7 @@ Pedro, Indian guide, is baptized, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;<br /> <br /> Pemmican, used by Indians, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br /> <br /> -Peñalosa, embarks in open boat, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;<br /> +Peñalosa, embarks in open boat, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">repulses Indians, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">overtaken by Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported killed by the Camones, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</span><br /> @@ -16987,12 +16942,12 @@ Redland, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br /> <br /> Red River, <a href="#Page_225">225</a> n., <a href="#Page_261">261</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moscoso at, <a href="#Page_241">241</a> n.;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">identification of, with Zuñi River, <a href="#Page_299">299</a> n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">identification of, with Zuñi River, <a href="#Page_299">299</a> n.</span><br /> <br /> -<cite>Relación del Suceso</cite>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;<br /> +<cite>Relación del Suceso</cite>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">cited, <a href="#Page_337">337</a> n., <a href="#Page_365">365</a> n., <a href="#Page_367">367</a> n.</span><br /> <br /> -<cite>Relación Postrera de Síbola</cite>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br /> +<cite>Relación Postrera de SÃbola</cite>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br /> <br /> Riberos, el Factor, companion of Coronado, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17016,7 +16971,7 @@ Rojas, Juan de, made governor's lieutenant of Cuba, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. Romo, Alfonso, sent in quest of habitations, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">overtakes De Soto, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Ruiz, Gonçalo, death of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> +Ruiz, Gonçalo, death of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> <br /> <br /> Saabedra, Fernandarias de, appointment of, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.<br /> @@ -17069,7 +17024,7 @@ Sancti Spiritus, town in Cuba, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144"> <br /> Sandia Mountains, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> <br /> -San Gabriel de los Españoles, settlement of, <a href="#Page_340">340</a> n.<br /> +San Gabriel de los Españoles, settlement of, <a href="#Page_340">340</a> n.<br /> <br /> San Hieronimo de los Corazones, founding of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">dispatches from, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> @@ -17080,11 +17035,11 @@ San Ildefonso, Tewa pueblo, <a href="#Page_359">359</a> n.<br /> <br /> San Juan, Tewa pueblo, <a href="#Page_340">340</a> n., <a href="#Page_359">359</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Sanlúcar, Bay of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +Sanlúcar, Bay of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> <br /> -Sanlúcar, muster of De Soto's forces at, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +Sanlúcar, muster of De Soto's forces at, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> <br /> -San Lúcar de Barrameda, port in Spain, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a> n.<br /> +San Lúcar de Barrameda, port in Spain, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a> n.<br /> <br /> San Luis, island, <a href="#Page_57">57</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -17100,7 +17055,7 @@ Sant Anton, Cape, westernmost point of Cuba, <a href="#Page_18">18</a> n.<br /> <br /> Santa Clara, Tewa pueblo, <a href="#Page_359">359</a> n.<br /> <br /> -Santa Fé, seat of provincial government, <a href="#Page_340">340</a> n.<br /> +Santa Fé, seat of provincial government, <a href="#Page_340">340</a> n.<br /> <br /> Santa Maria, Rio, <a href="#Page_105">105</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -17172,7 +17127,7 @@ Slavery, Spanish, among the Indians, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">by Moscoso, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">five hundred men and women abandoned, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Smith, Buckingham, <cite>Relation of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca</cite>, cited, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> n., <a href="#Page_24">24</a> n., <a href="#Page_25">25</a> n., <a href="#Page_30">30</a> n., <a href="#Page_31">31</a> n., <a href="#Page_71">71</a> n., <a href="#Page_79">79</a> n., <a href="#Page_90">90</a> n., <a href="#Page_92">92</a> n.;<br /> +Smith, Buckingham, <cite>Relation of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca</cite>, cited, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> n., <a href="#Page_24">24</a> n., <a href="#Page_25">25</a> n., <a href="#Page_30">30</a> n., <a href="#Page_31">31</a> n., <a href="#Page_71">71</a> n., <a href="#Page_79">79</a> n., <a href="#Page_90">90</a> n., <a href="#Page_92">92</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">translation of Oviedo's <cite>Letter</cite>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-70;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><cite>Coleccion de varios Documentos para la Historia de la Florida</cite>, edited by, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span><br /> <br /> @@ -17214,7 +17169,7 @@ Soto, Hernando de, wishes services of Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, < <span style="margin-left: 1em;">places mentioned, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">parentage of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">captain of horse in Peru, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marries Doña Ysabel de Bobadilla, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marries Doña Ysabel de Bobadilla, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">is made governor of Cuba, and Adelantado of Florida, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">members of his company, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-138;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sails with six hundred men and seven ships, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> @@ -17250,19 +17205,19 @@ Soto, Hernando de, wishes services of Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, < <span style="margin-left: 1em;">hears speech of cacique of that place, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends men to see if there is gold at Chisca, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">hears speech of cacique of Coste, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-183;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and speech of cacique of Coça, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-184;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rests at Coça twenty-five days, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and speech of cacique of Coça, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-184;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rests at Coça twenty-five days, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">hears speech at Tallisi, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-187;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hears speech of cacique of Tastaluça, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distances traversed to Tastaluça, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>-189;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hears speech of cacique of Tastaluça, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distances traversed to Tastaluça, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>-189;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded in encounter with Indians at Mauilla, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">hears that Maldonado is at Ochuse, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his losses in the Florida expedition, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Mauilla, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Chicaça and takes some Indians, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Chicaça and takes some Indians, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">cuts off an Indian's hands for theft, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">repulses Indians, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>-199;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Chicaça and sustains two more attacks made by the natives, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-201;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Chicaça and sustains two more attacks made by the natives, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-201;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sets out for Quizquiz, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">crosses the Mississippi, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">hears speeches of the cacique of Casqui, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>-207;</span><br /> @@ -17372,20 +17327,20 @@ Tapile, equivalent of meirinho, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br /> <br /> Tarasca, a district in Michoacan, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> <br /> -Tascaluça, De Soto seeks, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;<br /> +Tascaluça, De Soto seeks, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">cacique of, addresses De Soto, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-187;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance to Mississippi, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">nature of the country, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">direction of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Tastaluça.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Tastaluça.</span><br /> <br /> -Tastaluça, cacique of, sends a chief to De Soto, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-187;<br /> +Tastaluça, cacique of, sends a chief to De Soto, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-187;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">dwelling of, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">speech to De Soto, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">is taken by De Soto, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">asks to be allowed to remain, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Mauilla, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Tascaluça.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Tascaluça.</span><br /> <br /> Tatalicoya, De Soto at, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17412,7 +17367,7 @@ Tepoca Indians, <a href="#Page_108">108</a> n.<br /> Terceira, island, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">produces batata, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Ternaux-Compans, Henri, translation of Castañeda by, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a> n., <a href="#Page_341">341</a> n.<br /> +Ternaux-Compans, Henri, translation of Castañeda by, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a> n., <a href="#Page_341">341</a> n.<br /> <br /> Tesuque, Tewa pueblo, <a href="#Page_359">359</a> n.<br /> <br /> @@ -17459,7 +17414,7 @@ Toalli, De Soto at, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<br Toasi, <a href="#Page_185">185</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">De Soto at, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Tobar, Nuño de, at court, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;<br /> +Tobar, Nuño de, at court, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanies De Soto, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">is deprived of his rank as captain-general, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves his wife at Havana, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> @@ -17539,7 +17494,7 @@ Turquoises, presented to Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>,117;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">gifts of, made by Indians, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">of pueblo Indians, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Tusayan, description of, by Zuñi Indians, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;<br /> +Tusayan, description of, by Zuñi Indians, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by Tovar, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">cotton cultivated at, <a href="#Page_308">308</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> @@ -17594,7 +17549,7 @@ Vacas, Rio de las, <a href="#Page_103">103</a> n.<br /> Valdevieso, killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned by Oviedo, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span>Valençuela, captain, ordered by Narvaez to follow river to the sea, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span>Valençuela, captain, ordered by Narvaez to follow river to the sea, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> <br /> Valladolid, Spanish name of Braba, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17604,7 +17559,7 @@ Vargas, Juan de, killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br /> <br /> Vargas, Luis Ramierez de, companion of Coronado, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br /> <br /> -Vasconcelos, André de, of Elvas, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;<br /> +Vasconcelos, André de, of Elvas, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands a ship in De Soto's expedition, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">slave of, espouses cacica of Cutifachiqui, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies at Aminoya, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> @@ -17627,9 +17582,9 @@ Velazquez, Juan, first man of Narvaez' exploring party to be lost, <a href="#Pag <br /> Venison, a thing little known, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br /> <br /> -Vera, Francisco de, father of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +Vera, Francisco de, father of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> <br /> -Vera, Pedro de, conqueror of the Canaries, grandfather of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> n., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +Vera, Pedro de, conqueror of the Canaries, grandfather of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> n., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> <br /> Vera Cruz, Cabeza de Vaca at, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned, <a href="#Page_265">265</a> n., <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</span><br /> @@ -17694,17 +17649,17 @@ Xagua, <em>see</em> Jagua.<br /> Xalisco, establishment of, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alarcon's destination at, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Xeréz de Badajóz, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +Xeréz de Badajóz, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> <br /> -Xeréz de la Frontera, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> +Xeréz de la Frontera, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> <br /> Ximena, <em>see</em> Galisteo.<br /> <br /> Xuala, direction of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.<br /> <br /> Xualla, mentioned, <a href="#Page_176">176</a> n., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance to Tastaluça, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance to Coça, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance to Tastaluça, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance to Coça, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Xuarez, Juan, commissary of Narvaez' fleet, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">burns cases containing dead men, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> @@ -17735,7 +17690,7 @@ Young County, Texas, <a href="#Page_244">244</a> n.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sails for Havana, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">is in much danger, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">remains in Havana, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives twenty women, sent by Añasco, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives twenty women, sent by Añasco, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">has not heard from De Soto in three years, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Ysopete, Indian of Quivira, with Coronado, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;<br /> @@ -17764,14 +17719,14 @@ Zamora, printing press at, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> Zebreros, an alcalde, acts as guide to Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Culiacan, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Zuñi Indians, pueblos of, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.;<br /> +Zuñi Indians, pueblos of, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> n.;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">pottery of, <a href="#Page_340">340</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">tame eagles of, <a href="#Page_348">348</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">dress of women of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a> n.;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">population of pueblos of, <a href="#Page_351">351</a> n.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See also</em> Cibola.</span><br /> <br /> -Zuñi River, crossed by Coronado, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +Zuñi River, crossed by Coronado, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> </div> @@ -17808,14 +17763,14 @@ and reached New Spain overland in April, 1536—eight years later.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> At the mouth of the Guadalquivir, in the province of Cadiz, Spain; -noted as the point of debarkation of Fernão Magalhães, or Magellan, September +noted as the point of debarkation of Fernão Magalhães, or Magellan, September 20, 1519.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Probably the Rio de Santander, which enters the Gulf of Mexico one hundred miles north of Tampico. The name was later applied to the province -that joined the province of Pánuco on the north. The latter was, in +that joined the province of Pánuco on the north. The latter was, in general terms, the region drained by the streams that empty into the Gulf about Tampico.</p></div> @@ -17843,11 +17798,11 @@ in Florida, but returned to Cuba early in the history of the expedition.</p></di <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> On the southern coast, longitude 80°.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> On the southern coast, longitude 80°.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Now Cabo Cruz, longitude 77° 40'.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Now Cabo Cruz, longitude 77° 40'.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -17910,7 +17865,7 @@ Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology</cite>, 1906.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> For the interesting if farcical formula used in taking possession of a country in the name of Spain, see Buckingham Smith, <cite>Relation of Alvar -Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca</cite> (ed. 1871), App. III., 215-217, and Lowery, <em>op. cit.</em>, +Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca</cite> (ed. 1871), App. III., 215-217, and Lowery, <em>op. cit.</em>, pp. 178-180.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -17970,7 +17925,7 @@ chroniclers of the same journey.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> "Jerónimo de Albaniz" in the edition of 1542 (Bandelier translation).</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> "Jerónimo de Albaniz" in the edition of 1542 (Bandelier translation).</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -17978,7 +17933,7 @@ chroniclers of the same journey.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Buckingham Smith has "Sunday," translating <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Sábado</i> ("Sabbath") +<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Buckingham Smith has "Sunday," translating <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Sábado</i> ("Sabbath") literally; the Christian Sabbath is the Spanish <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Domingo</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -17996,7 +17951,7 @@ to which we often inadvertently apply the diminutive termination <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Evidently the Withlacoochee, which enters the Gulf at latitude 29°.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Evidently the Withlacoochee, which enters the Gulf at latitude 29°.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18073,7 +18028,7 @@ short for nine days' travel, as will be seen.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See Buckingham Smith, <cite>Relation of Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca</cite>, 1871, +<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See Buckingham Smith, <cite>Relation of Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca</cite>, 1871, p. 42, note 7, regarding this Aztec prince of the blood.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18248,7 +18203,7 @@ before the landing of Cabeza de Vaca's party.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Pánuco, previously referred to.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Pánuco, previously referred to.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18296,7 +18251,7 @@ Indians, but refusal to see or to speak to the wife's father is very rare.</p></ <p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> An <em>areito</em>, or <em>areyto</em>, was a dance ceremony of the Arawak Indians of the West Indies in which their traditions were recounted in chants. Like -<em>buhío</em>, previously mentioned, the word was now carried to the continent.</p></div> +<em>buhÃo</em>, previously mentioned, the word was now carried to the continent.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18324,7 +18279,7 @@ and stocks represented on the island of Malhado—the Capoque and the Han—would seem to apply to the Karankawan and Attacapan families respectively. The Capoques (called Cahoques on p. 87) are seemingly identical with the Cocos who lived with the Mayayes on the coast between -the Brazos and Colorado Rivers in 1778, and with the Cokés, who as late as +the Brazos and Colorado Rivers in 1778, and with the Cokés, who as late as 1850 are described as a branch of the Koronks (Karankawa). Of the Han people nothing more definite is known than that which is here recorded.</p></div> @@ -18336,7 +18291,7 @@ references to these "weepers."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Diego Dorantes and Pedro de Valdivieso were cousins of Andrés Dorantes. +<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Diego Dorantes and Pedro de Valdivieso were cousins of Andrés Dorantes. See p. 69.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18383,12 +18338,12 @@ also flowed into the open gulf, a condition satisfied by Caney Creek. The San Bernardo may well have escaped notice in travelling near the coast, from the fact that it flows into Cedar Lake. Five or six leagues more brought them to another large river (the Colorado), which the Indians carried them -across in a canoe; and in four days they reached the bay of Espíritu Santo +across in a canoe; and in four days they reached the bay of EspÃritu Santo (La Vaca Bay?). "The bay was broad, nearly a league across. The side -toward Pánuco [the south] forms a point running out nearly a quarter of a +toward Pánuco [the south] forms a point running out nearly a quarter of a league, having on it some large white sand-stacks which it is reasonable to suppose can be descried from a distance at sea, and were consequently -thought to mark the River Espíritu Santo." After two days of exertion they +thought to mark the River EspÃritu Santo." After two days of exertion they succeeded in crossing the bay in a broken canoe; and at the end of twelve leagues they came to a small bay not more than the breadth of a river. Here they found Figueroa, the only survivor of the four who had attempted @@ -18411,7 +18366,7 @@ when he was ill on the mainland. See p. 55.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Esquivel was one of the party under Enrriquez the comptroller; Mendez was one of the good swimmers who started from the island in the hope of -reaching Pánuco.</p></div> +reaching Pánuco.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18518,7 +18473,7 @@ this name to them. Buckingham Smith suggests that they may have been the Nacadoch (Nacogdoches), but this does not seem probable, as the latter tribe lived very far to the northeast of the point where the Spaniards now were, that is, some thirty leagues inland from the coast between latitude -28° and 29°. The name sounds more like <em>Nădáko</em>, the designation which the +28° and 29°. The name sounds more like <em>Nădáko</em>, the designation which the Anadarcos give themselves. This Caddoan tribe, when first known, lived high up on the Brazos and the Trinity, but in 1812 their village was on the Sabine. They are now incorporated with the Caddo in Oklahoma.</p></div> @@ -18534,7 +18489,7 @@ north of Malhado Island; unidentified.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Estévanico.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Estévanico.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18569,7 +18524,7 @@ shelters.</p></div> in northeastern Texas, about Red River and the Sabine; nevertheless they may have wandered very far during the prickly-pear season. There is evidence that in 1792, fourteen families of the Adai migrated to a region south -of San Antonio de Béjar, where they were merged with the tribes living +of San Antonio de Béjar, where they were merged with the tribes living thereabout. The main body, although greatly reduced, did not leave their old home until the nineteenth century, when the remnant, who had been missionized, were incorporated with their kindred the Caddo.</p></div> @@ -18611,7 +18566,7 @@ direction.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> The name suggests the Bidai, a Caddoan tribe that lived at a later -period west of the Trinity, about latitude 31°, but this locality does not agree +period west of the Trinity, about latitude 31°, but this locality does not agree with the narrative.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18640,7 +18595,7 @@ p. 76, note 2, and p. 59, note 1.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> In the 1542 edition, as given by Mrs. Bandelier, "Among them is a language wherein they call men <em>mira aca</em>, <em>arraca</em>, and dogs <em>xo</em>." Compare -<em>háka</em>, "sit down," in Karankawa (Gatschet, <cite>Karankawa Indians</cite>, Cambridge, +<em>háka</em>, "sit down," in Karankawa (Gatschet, <cite>Karankawa Indians</cite>, Cambridge, Mass., 1891, p. 80). In the above it would appear as if the Spanish <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">mira</i> had been regarded as a part of the Indian exclamation.</p></div> @@ -18650,8 +18605,8 @@ had been regarded as a part of the Indian exclamation.</p></div> and the custom of preparing and partaking of the liquid (known also as Carolina tea) was general among the tribes of the South, including the Gulf coast. The drink was known among the Catawbas as <em>yaupon</em>, among the Creeks as -<em>ássi-lupútski</em>, the latter signifying "small leaves," commonly abbreviated -<em>ássi</em>, whence the name of the celebrated Seminole chief <em>Osceola</em>, <em>i.e.</em>, "Black-drink +<em>ássi-lupútski</em>, the latter signifying "small leaves," commonly abbreviated +<em>ássi</em>, whence the name of the celebrated Seminole chief <em>Osceola</em>, <em>i.e.</em>, "Black-drink Hallooer," or "Black-drink Singer." The partaking of the black drink was an important part of the <em>puskita</em>, or <em>busk</em>, ceremony among the Creeks.</p></div> @@ -18679,7 +18634,7 @@ Guadalquivir at Seville is about a hundred paces in width.</p></div> and receptacles, especially dippers, from time immemorial. If the Pecos were the stream, or one of the streams, whence the gourds were derived, they might have come from the pueblo of Pecos, southeast of the present Santa -Fé; if from the Rio Grande, they might have come from various villages +Fé; if from the Rio Grande, they might have come from various villages along that river and its tributaries in the north. See p. 95, note 1.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18715,7 +18670,7 @@ westward direction.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> The possession of one of these "medicine" rattles was not improbably -one of the causes of the death of Estévanico at the hands of the Zuñis of +one of the causes of the death of Estévanico at the hands of the Zuñis of Cibola in 1539. See the Introduction, and compare p. 90, note 2; p. 117, note 2.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18770,7 +18725,7 @@ would bless them as Cabeza de Vaca and Dorantes had done <em>when they passed through here</em>." Captain Jaramillo does not mention this occurrence in his narrative (<cite>Fourteenth Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology</cite>, p. 588), but he speaks of reaching a settlement of Indians, in advance of that, according -to the narrations, of which Castañeda speaks, "among whom there was an old +to the narrations, of which Castañeda speaks, "among whom there was an old blind man with a beard, who gave us to understand by signs which he made, that he had seen four others like us many days before, whom he had seen near there and rather more toward New Spain [Mexico], and we so understood @@ -18796,7 +18751,7 @@ from the north.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Eighty leagues would probably be a reasonable estimate of the distance from the Pecos to the Rio Grande, which the travellers had now reached. -It would seem strange that no mention is made of the cañon of the latter +It would seem strange that no mention is made of the cañon of the latter stream (which hereabouts flows through a territory four thousand feet above sea level), were it not for the fact that they had become thoroughly inured to suffering and hard travelling; nevertheless, the terribly rough country @@ -18828,11 +18783,11 @@ Grande for twelve days' journey, and as numbering ten thousand souls—but Espejo's estimates of population are always greatly exaggerated. More important is his statement that the Jumanos knew something of Christianity which they had gleaned years before from three Christians and a negro, -whom he naturally believed to have been "Alvaro Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, +whom he naturally believed to have been "Alvaro Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, y Dorantes, y Castillo Maldonado, y un negro," who had made their escape from Narvaez's fleet. This is one of the few definite points of the narrative that can be established without question. See <cite>Coleccion de Documentos -Inéditos relativos ... de América y Oceanía</cite>, XV. 107 (1871).</p></div> +Inéditos relativos ... de América y OceanÃa</cite>, XV. 107 (1871).</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18900,7 +18855,7 @@ also used for the purpose.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> For the clothing of the Opata Indians, see Castañeda's narration in +<p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> For the clothing of the Opata Indians, see Castañeda's narration in this volume.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18911,7 +18866,7 @@ this volume.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Town of the Hearts, at or near the present Ures, on the Rio Sonora. The place became celebrated in 1540, when Coronado's army passed -through the country. See the Castañeda narration in this volume.</p></div> +through the country. See the Castañeda narration in this volume.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18925,7 +18880,7 @@ Cabeza de Vaca does not here speak from personal knowledge.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> See the Castañeda narration, p. 326, <em>post</em>; and compare the <cite>Rudo Ensayo</cite> +<p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> See the Castañeda narration, p. 326, <em>post</em>; and compare the <cite>Rudo Ensayo</cite> (<em>ca.</em> 1763), p. 64, 1863, which says: "<em>Mago</em>, in the Opata language, is a small tree, very green, luxuriant, and beautiful to the eye; but it contains a deadly juice which flows upon making a slight incision in the bark. The @@ -18945,11 +18900,11 @@ although the distance is greater than that given later.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> Petatlan; so also in the edition of 1542. This is the Rio Sinaloa. See -Castañeda's narration of the Coronado expedition, part 2, ch. 2, <em>post</em>.</p></div> +Castañeda's narration of the Coronado expedition, part 2, ch. 2, <em>post</em>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> See the note on Guzman in the Castañeda relation. The narrative +<p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> See the note on Guzman in the Castañeda relation. The narrative is here slightly confused, as the town at which they first heard of Christians was the one in which they were overtaken by the rain, according to Cabeza de Vaca's previous statement in this chapter.</p></div> @@ -18970,7 +18925,7 @@ estimate is considerably below the actual distance.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Alcaraz later served as a lieutenant under Diaz in the Coronado expedition. -Castañeda characterizes him as a weakling.</p></div> +Castañeda characterizes him as a weakling.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18978,7 +18933,7 @@ Castañeda characterizes him as a weakling.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> San Miguel Culiacan. See Castañeda's narration.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> San Miguel Culiacan. See Castañeda's narration.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -18991,7 +18946,7 @@ related languages. The Pima do not call themselves <em>Pima</em>, but <em>O-otam <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> For the later career of this officer, see Castañeda's narration. +<p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> For the later career of this officer, see Castañeda's narration. Melchior Diaz was a man of very different stamp to Guzman, Alcaraz, and Zebreros (or Cebreros), so far as his treatment of the Indians is concerned.</p></div> @@ -19019,7 +18974,7 @@ were the Yaqui, who have been hostile to the whites to this day.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> The Viceroy Mendoza and Cortés.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> The Viceroy Mendoza and Cortés.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19102,7 +19057,7 @@ Southern Antarctic Pole. Golden Pole is used because the region is rich. <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Ucita or Oçita. This first town was on the point at the mouth of Charlotte +<p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Ucita or Oçita. This first town was on the point at the mouth of Charlotte Harbor, Florida.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19112,7 +19067,7 @@ to have been located on the northeast arm of the harbor.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> The town of Mocoço was located west of Miakka River (Macaco of the +<p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> The town of Mocoço was located west of Miakka River (Macaco of the old maps), which enters the northwest arm of the harbor.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19249,7 +19204,7 @@ Here they left the river.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Coça may not have been the Coosa of the last century, which was located +<p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Coça may not have been the Coosa of the last century, which was located some two miles north of Childersburg, in Talladega County, Alabama.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19264,7 +19219,7 @@ above the elbow of the Tallapoosa River, in Tallapoosa County.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Tascaluça is correct Creek (meaning Black Warrior), and Tastaluça, +<p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Tascaluça is correct Creek (meaning Black Warrior), and Tastaluça, there can be little doubt, is a misspelling; nevertheless we think it better to present all the native names in the spellings of the Portuguese original.</p></div> @@ -19288,10 +19243,10 @@ Black Warrior and east of the Tombigbee River, in Greene County, Alabama.</p></d <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> According to Ranjel they crossed a large river at a town called Moçulixa +<p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> According to Ranjel they crossed a large river at a town called Moçulixa which was located one-half league from Taliepataua, and recrossed the river at Cabusto. Apparently Cabusto was above the Sipsey River and west -of the Tombigbee River, while Moçulixa was below the former and east of +of the Tombigbee River, while Moçulixa was below the former and east of the latter stream.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19313,7 +19268,7 @@ located in Tallahatchie County.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Chicacilla of the Inca, which was probably located about three and one-half -miles north of Chicaça.</p></div> +miles north of Chicaça.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19356,7 +19311,7 @@ but not further northward.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> It was from Chicaça that the expedition was sent. This province was +<p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> It was from Chicaça that the expedition was sent. This province was probably located in the northeastern part of Mississippi, extending from Baldwyn, Prentiss County, to the Tennessee River, in Tishomingo County.</p></div> @@ -19572,7 +19527,7 @@ current that they encountered.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Or Pánuco. A Mexican river which flows into the Gulf about a hundred +<p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Or Pánuco. A Mexican river which flows into the Gulf about a hundred and fifty miles north of Vera Cruz.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19596,7 +19551,7 @@ Lima in September, 1551, and died July 21 of the year following.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> Castañeda is supposed to have been writing at Culiacan, in western +<p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> Castañeda is supposed to have been writing at Culiacan, in western Mexico, about 1565.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19605,33 +19560,33 @@ Mexico, about 1565.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> Nuño Beltrán de Guzman was appointed governor of Pánuco, Mexico, +<p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> Nuño Beltrán de Guzman was appointed governor of Pánuco, Mexico, in 1526, assuming the office in May, 1527. In December he became president of the Audiencia, the administrative and judicial board which governed the -province, and in the following year participated in the trial of Cortés, his +province, and in the following year participated in the trial of Cortés, his personal and political enemy, for strangling his wife to death in 1522. Guzman's barbarous cruelty, especially to the natives, whom he enslaved and bartered for his personal gain, resulted in a protest to the crown by Bishop -Zumárraga, and in the hope of finding new fields for the gratification of his +Zumárraga, and in the hope of finding new fields for the gratification of his avarice he raised a large force, including 10,000 Aztecs and Tlascaltecs, and started from Mexico late in 1529 to explore the northwest (later -known as Nueva Galicia), notwithstanding Cortés had already penetrated +known as Nueva Galicia), notwithstanding Cortés had already penetrated the region. </p> <p> He conquered the territory through which he passed, laying waste the settlements and fields and inflicting unspeakable punishment on the native -inhabitants. Guzman built a chapel at Tonalá, which formed the beginning +inhabitants. Guzman built a chapel at Tonalá, which formed the beginning of the settlement of the present city of Guadalajara, named from his native town in Spain; he also founded the towns of Santiago de Compostela and San Miguel Culiacan, in Tepic and Sinaloa respectively, and started on his return journey late in 1531. Meanwhile a new Audiencia had arrived in New Spain, and Guzman was summoned to appear at the capital. This he -refused to do, and when Luis de Castilla was sent by Cortés, the captain-general +refused to do, and when Luis de Castilla was sent by Cortés, the captain-general of the province, to subdue him, Guzman captured him and his force of 100 men by a ruse. In May, 1533, the king commanded him to submit to the provincial authorities; many of his friends and adherents deserted him, -and he was stripped of his title as governor of Pánuco. In 1536 (March 17) +and he was stripped of his title as governor of Pánuco. In 1536 (March 17) the licentiate Diego Perez de la Torre was appointed <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">juez de residencia</i>, an officer whose duty was to conduct a rigid investigation of the accounts and administration of governmental officials—this time with special reference @@ -19642,7 +19597,7 @@ penniless and despised.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca y Capitan General de la Nueva España y +<p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca y Capitan General de la Nueva España y de la Costa del Sur. He arrived at Vera Cruz in July, 1529.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19654,15 +19609,15 @@ American Series, V. (Cambridge, 1890).</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> See the narrative of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in the present volume.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> See the narrative of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in the present volume.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> See the account of this journey by Marcos de Niza in <cite>Coleccion de Documentos -Inéditos de Indias</cite>, III. 325-351; Ramusio, <cite>Terzo Volume delle Navigationi</cite> +Inéditos de Indias</cite>, III. 325-351; Ramusio, <cite>Terzo Volume delle Navigationi</cite> (Venice, 1556); Hakluyt, <cite>Voyages</cite>, IX. 125-144 (1904); Ternaux-Compans, <cite>Voyages</cite>, IX. 249-284 (1838); and an English translation by -Fanny Bandelier in <cite>The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca</cite> (1905). <em>Cf.</em> +Fanny Bandelier in <cite>The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca</cite> (1905). <em>Cf.</em> also A. F. Bandelier, "The Discovery of New Mexico by Fray Marcos of Nizza," in <cite>Magazine of Western History</cite>, IV. 659-670 (Cleveland, 1886).</p></div> @@ -19688,7 +19643,7 @@ is mentioned as the warden of a fortress.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> The correct date is 1540. Castañeda carries the error throughout his +<p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> The correct date is 1540. Castañeda carries the error throughout his narration, although he gives the year correctly in the preface.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19697,8 +19652,8 @@ narration, although he gives the year correctly in the preface.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> That is, from a point on the Pacific coast in latitude 19° to another in -latitude 21° 30´.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> That is, from a point on the Pacific coast in latitude 19° to another in +latitude 21° 30´.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19718,7 +19673,7 @@ See p. 285, note 1.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> Culiacan, or San Miguel Culiacan, as it was named by Guzman, is in -central Sinaloa. Castañeda was a resident of this town and evidently +central Sinaloa. Castañeda was a resident of this town and evidently joined the expedition there.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19730,24 +19685,24 @@ Solomonsville in southern Arizona.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> The Zuñi River, within the present Arizona. Its waters are very muddy +<p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> The Zuñi River, within the present Arizona. Its waters are very muddy in springtime, which is the only time of the year that it flows into the Little Colorado.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> This was the Zuñi Indian pueblo of Hawikuh, one of their seven villages, +<p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> This was the Zuñi Indian pueblo of Hawikuh, one of their seven villages, from which Coronado wrote to the Viceroy Mendoza, dating his letter "from the province of Cevola, and this city of Granada, the 3d of August, 1540." (See Winship's translation in <cite>Fourteenth Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</cite>, pp. 552-563.) Hawikuh, or "Granada," was situated about fifteen miles -southwest of the present Zuñi, near the Zuñi River, in New Mexico, and -its ruins are still to be seen. This was the pueblo in which Estévan doubtless +southwest of the present Zuñi, near the Zuñi River, in New Mexico, and +its ruins are still to be seen. This was the pueblo in which Estévan doubtless lost his life the year before, and which was viewed from an adjacent height by Fray Marcos. Hawikuh was the seat of a mission established by the Franciscans in 1629; it was abandoned in 1670 after having been raided by the Apaches and its priest killed. The name "Cibola," now and later -applied to Hawikuh, is believed to be a Spanish form of <em>Shiwina</em>, the Zuñi +applied to Hawikuh, is believed to be a Spanish form of <em>Shiwina</em>, the Zuñi name for their tribal range. <em>Cibolo</em> later became the term by which the Spaniards of Mexico designated the bison.</p></div> @@ -19804,7 +19759,7 @@ The Cocopa now number perhaps 800.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> It had been supposed that Lower California, the "Isle of the Marquis" -(Cortés), was an island, yet notwithstanding its determination as a peninsula +(Cortés), was an island, yet notwithstanding its determination as a peninsula it appeared as an island on maps of a much later period.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19834,7 +19789,7 @@ Mountains, were noted for this animal.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> Castañeda speaks as a member of the "army," not of the advance guard. +<p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> Castañeda speaks as a member of the "army," not of the advance guard. See the preceding chapter.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19850,7 +19805,7 @@ of 1680.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> Castañeda, speaking from hearsay with respect to the Tovar expedition, +<p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> Castañeda, speaking from hearsay with respect to the Tovar expedition, errs in this statement, as the Hopi were the principal cotton growers and weavers of all the Pueblos. Later Spanish accounts all agree on this point. Indeed, even now the Hopi cotton kilts, sashes, and ceremonial robes are @@ -19858,12 +19813,12 @@ bartered throughout the Pueblo region.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> Piñon nuts.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> Piñon nuts.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> Obtained by trade with the Rio Grande Pueblos, who mined them in the -Cerillos, southeast of Santa Fé, New Mexico. It is from the same deposits +Cerillos, southeast of Santa Fé, New Mexico. It is from the same deposits that much of the "matrix turquoise" of our present-day commerce is derived.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19873,7 +19828,7 @@ Chapter 10.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> The Grand Cañon of the Colorado, now visited and described by white +<p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> The Grand Cañon of the Colorado, now visited and described by white men for the first time.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19889,10 +19844,10 @@ in the <cite>Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</cite> (Washing <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> This is the pueblo of Acoma, about fifty miles east of Zuñi. It occupies +<p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> This is the pueblo of Acoma, about fifty miles east of Zuñi. It occupies the summit of the same rocky mesa, 357 feet high, that it did in Coronado's -time. The name here given is doubtless an attempt to give the Zuñi designation, -<em>Hákukia</em>, from <em>Ako</em>, the name by which it is known to the Acoma +time. The name here given is doubtless an attempt to give the Zuñi designation, +<em>Hákukia</em>, from <em>Ako</em>, the name by which it is known to the Acoma people. The present population is 650. Acoma has the distinction of being the oldest continuously occupied settlement in the United States.</p></div> @@ -19924,7 +19879,7 @@ established a mission at Acoma in 1629.</p></div> various attempts have been made to determine its application. Jaramillo, one of Coronado's captains, applies the name to Acoma, and indeed its final syllables are the same as the native name of Acoma. In the heading to -Chapter 11 Castañeda erroneously makes Tutahaco synonymous with +Chapter 11 Castañeda erroneously makes Tutahaco synonymous with Tusayan. The description indicates that the Tigua village of Isleta and others in its vicinity on the Rio Grande in the sixteenth century were intended.</p></div> @@ -19939,7 +19894,7 @@ of the mysterious province of Quivira. See p. 337, note 1.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> This was Matsaki, at the northwestern base of Thunder Mountain, about -three miles east of the present Zuñi and eighteen miles northeast of Hawikuh, +three miles east of the present Zuñi and eighteen miles northeast of Hawikuh, where the advance force had encamped. The ruins may still be seen, but no standing walls are visible.</p></div> @@ -19947,13 +19902,13 @@ no standing walls are visible.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> The first-story rooms were entered by means of hatchways through the roof. As the necessity for defence no longer exists, the rooms of the lower -stories of Zuñi houses are provided with doors and windows.</p></div> +stories of Zuñi houses are provided with doors and windows.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> The army passed from Cibola by way of the present farming village of -Pescado, Inscription Rock or El Morro (thirty miles east of Zuñi), and over -the Zuñi Mountains to Acoma. Alvarado followed an almost impassable trail +Pescado, Inscription Rock or El Morro (thirty miles east of Zuñi), and over +the Zuñi Mountains to Acoma. Alvarado followed an almost impassable trail eastward from Hawikuh, across a great lava flow, to reach Acoma.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -19970,7 +19925,7 @@ Tiguas and Spaniards.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> Antonio de Espejo learned of this occurrence at "Puala" (Puaray) -when the place was visited by him in 1583 (see <cite>Documentos Inéditos de Indias</cite>, +when the place was visited by him in 1583 (see <cite>Documentos Inéditos de Indias</cite>, XV. 175).</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20035,7 +19990,7 @@ livelihood, owing to lack of water for irrigation.</p></div> of the pueblos of Cochiti, San Felipe, and Santo Domingo, of to-day—all on the Rio Grande. Sia and Santa Ana are and were also Queres villages in Coronado's time, but as these were not on the Rio Grande, they may not -have been included in Castañeda's group. When Espejo visited the Queres +have been included in Castañeda's group. When Espejo visited the Queres in 1583, they occupied only five pueblos on the Rio Grande; now only the three above mentioned are inhabited.</p></div> @@ -20102,7 +20057,7 @@ or the Mississippi, hundreds of miles away.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> The Turk was evidently lying, at least so far as the distance was concerned. The Texas Indians were not canoeists. The army was now in the western part of the staked plains of Texas, but had changed its course from -northeasterly to south of east. The country is greatly broken by the cañons +northeasterly to south of east. The country is greatly broken by the cañons of the streams which take their rise in these parts.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20115,7 +20070,7 @@ of the streams which take their rise in these parts.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Castañeda here refers to the buffalo-hunting Indians in contrast to +<p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Castañeda here refers to the buffalo-hunting Indians in contrast to the Pueblo tribes which the Spaniards had left.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20184,7 +20139,7 @@ straw lodges, according to the Spaniards, a fact that was true of the Wichitas only of all the northern plains tribes. The habitations of their congeners and northern neighbors, the Pawnee (who may be regarded as the inhabitants of the province of Harahey), were earth lodges. The word -<em>acochis</em>, mentioned by Castañeda as the Quivira term for "gold," is merely +<em>acochis</em>, mentioned by Castañeda as the Quivira term for "gold," is merely the Spanish adaptation of <em>hakwichis</em>, which signifies "metal," for of gold our Indians knew nothing until after the advent of the white man. After exploring Quivira for twenty-five leagues, Coronado sent "captains and men @@ -20204,7 +20159,7 @@ Roswell.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> Castañeda is writing about twenty years later. De Soto's army was +<p><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> Castañeda is writing about twenty years later. De Soto's army was exploring the eastern country as Coronado was traversing the buffalo plains. The Espiritu Santo is the Mississippi.</p></div> @@ -20214,7 +20169,7 @@ plains. The Espiritu Santo is the Mississippi.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> As usual Castañeda gives a date a year later than the actual one.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> As usual Castañeda gives a date a year later than the actual one.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20228,9 +20183,9 @@ enters the latter stream above Bernalillo, New Mexico. See p. 359, note 2.</p></ at the mouth of the Rio Chama, opposite San Juan pueblo. The other one of the two villages was doubtless San Juan. Both of these were occupied by Tewa Indians. At Yukiwingge was established, in 1598, by Juan de -Oñate, the colonizer of New Mexico, the settlement of San Gabriel de los -Españoles, which was occupied until the spring of 1605, when the seat of the -provincial government was moved to Santa Fé, founded for the purpose in +Oñate, the colonizer of New Mexico, the settlement of San Gabriel de los +Españoles, which was occupied until the spring of 1605, when the seat of the +provincial government was moved to Santa Fé, founded for the purpose in that year. See p. 359, note 4.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20245,7 +20200,7 @@ post-Spanish times.</p></div> the black, highly polished earthenware characteristic of the Tewa Indians of the neighborhood is here meant. The ancient Pueblos manufactured a ware with decoration in what appears to be a salt glaze. Specimens of this have -been gathered in the Pajarito Park, at Zuñi, among the Hopi of Arizona, and +been gathered in the Pajarito Park, at Zuñi, among the Hopi of Arizona, and from ancient ruins around Acoma, but the art seems to have been lost. There is abundant evidence that this form of decoration was prehistoric. The finding of the "shining metal" (called antimony in Pt. 2, chap. 4) @@ -20259,7 +20214,7 @@ village of the same name, on both sides of the little stream (Taos River). The present Taos has 425 inhabitants. The swift and deep river without the ford, here referred to, must have been the Rio Grande in the neighborhood of Taos, rather than the Rio de Taos, which is insignificant except in -seasons of freshet. Castañeda was evidently not one of Barrionuevo's party.</p></div> +seasons of freshet. Castañeda was evidently not one of Barrionuevo's party.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20278,7 +20233,7 @@ still reside.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_438_438" id="Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> This rendering, doubtless correct, is due to Ternaux. The Guadiana, however, reappears above ground some time before it begins to mark the -boundary of the Spanish province of Estremadura. The Castañeda family +boundary of the Spanish province of Estremadura. The Castañeda family had its seat in quite the other end of the peninsula. (Winship.)</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20295,7 +20250,7 @@ had its seat in quite the other end of the peninsula. (Winship.)</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> Castañeda, like many other early Spanish chroniclers, is careless in his +<p><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> Castañeda, like many other early Spanish chroniclers, is careless in his directions. It will be observed that he frequently says west, east, etc., when he means westwardly, eastwardly. This has led one writer on the Coronado expedition seriously astray. Culiacan is decidedly <em>northwest</em> of Mexico @@ -20364,14 +20319,14 @@ and dry them in a manner similar to that here described.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_456_456" id="Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> The Pueblo Indians, particularly the Zuñi and the Hopi, keep eagles +<p><a name="Footnote_456_456" id="Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> The Pueblo Indians, particularly the Zuñi and the Hopi, keep eagles for their feathers, which are highly prized because regarded as sacred and are much used in their ceremonies.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_457_457" id="Footnote_457_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> Probably Dragoon Pass, through the Dragoon and Galiuro Mountains -of southeastern Arizona, thence between the Pinaleño and Chiricahua +of southeastern Arizona, thence between the Pinaleño and Chiricahua mountains to the plains of San Simon.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20397,7 +20352,7 @@ mouth of the former stream, until the latter part of the eighteenth century.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_461_461" id="Footnote_461_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> The "wilderness," or uninhabited region, extended from the Gila in central Graham County to the crossing of the New Mexico boundary by -Zuñi River, where Cibola began.</p></div> +Zuñi River, where Cibola began.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20413,7 +20368,7 @@ Zuñi River, where Cibola began.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_465_465" id="Footnote_465_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> Identical with the dress of the Zuñi women of to-day. Rabbit-skin +<p><a name="Footnote_465_465" id="Footnote_465_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> Identical with the dress of the Zuñi women of to-day. Rabbit-skin robes have been replaced by woollen blankets, like those woven by the Navaho, who learned the art from the Pueblos. The rabbit-skin robes are now manufactured chiefly by the Paiutes, the Pueblos having almost ceased @@ -20427,11 +20382,11 @@ wear their hair in picturesque whorls, one on each side of the head, until marri <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_467_467" id="Footnote_467_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> See p. 308, note 3. This entire description is characteristic of the -present Zuñi country, except that game is not so abundant.</p></div> +present Zuñi country, except that game is not so abundant.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> Piñon nuts, which are still gathered in large quantities.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> Piñon nuts, which are still gathered in large quantities.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20440,8 +20395,8 @@ each pueblo. It is in these that most of the secret rites are performed.</p></di <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_470_470" id="Footnote_470_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> <em>Pápa</em> is a true Zuñi word, signifying "elder brother," as distinguished -from sú-e, "younger brother." These terms allude both to age and to rank.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_470_470" id="Footnote_470_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> <em>Pápa</em> is a true Zuñi word, signifying "elder brother," as distinguished +from sú-e, "younger brother." These terms allude both to age and to rank.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20468,7 +20423,7 @@ earthen vessels in mounds near by.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_475_475" id="Footnote_475_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475_475"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> This would indicate a population of 10,500 to 14,000, which is doubtless an excessive estimate for the sixteenth century. The present population of -Zuñi is 1514; of the Hopi villages, about 2000.</p></div> +Zuñi is 1514; of the Hopi villages, about 2000.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20504,13 +20459,13 @@ not prevail at the present time.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_483_483" id="Footnote_483_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> A custom still common at Zuñi and other pueblos. Before the introduction +<p><a name="Footnote_483_483" id="Footnote_483_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> A custom still common at Zuñi and other pueblos. Before the introduction of manufactured dyes the Pueblos used urine as a mordant.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_484_484" id="Footnote_484_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484_484"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> See Mindeleff's "Pueblo Architecture," in the <cite>Eighth Annual Report of -the Bureau of Ethnology</cite>, p. 208; also Cushing, "Zuñi Breadstuff," in <cite>The +the Bureau of Ethnology</cite>, p. 208; also Cushing, "Zuñi Breadstuff," in <cite>The Millstone</cite> (Indianapolis, 1884-1885).</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20531,7 +20486,7 @@ but it began to decline after the revolt of 1680-1692, and in 1838 the half-doze survivors removed to Jemez, where one of them still (1906) lives. Cicuye is the Isleta, or Tigua, name for Pecos, while "Pecos" itself is the Keresan, or Queres, appellation, with the Spanish-English plural. The -ruins of the town are plainly visible from the Santa Fé Railway. See +ruins of the town are plainly visible from the Santa Fé Railway. See Bandelier in <cite>Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America</cite>, Amer. ser., I. (1881); Hewett in <cite>American Anthropologist</cite>, n. s., VI. No. 4, 1904.</p></div> @@ -20578,7 +20533,7 @@ of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_495_495" id="Footnote_495_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> Zuñi, including the pueblos of Halona, Matsaki, Kiakima, Hawiku, +<p><a name="Footnote_495_495" id="Footnote_495_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> Zuñi, including the pueblos of Halona, Matsaki, Kiakima, Hawiku, Kyanawe, and two others which have not been identified with certainty.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20611,7 +20566,7 @@ down the valley.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_502_502" id="Footnote_502_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> Toward the north, in the direction of Santa Fé.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_502_502" id="Footnote_502_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> Toward the north, in the direction of Santa Fé.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20624,15 +20579,15 @@ down the valley.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_505_505" id="Footnote_505_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> Jemez, including Giusiwá, Amushungkwá, Patoqua, and Astyalakwá. +<p><a name="Footnote_505_505" id="Footnote_505_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> Jemez, including Giusiwá, Amushungkwá, Patoqua, and Astyalakwá. There are many ruins in the vicinity, including those of a large Spanish -church at Giusiwá. Evidently some of the Sia villages are here included.</p></div> +church at Giusiwá. Evidently some of the Sia villages are here included.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> The Jemez villages about the Jemez Hot Springs, above the present -Jemez pueblo. Castañeda here duplicates his provinces somewhat, as the -Aguas Calientes pueblos were Jemez, Giusiwá being one of the most prominent.</p></div> +Jemez pueblo. Castañeda here duplicates his provinces somewhat, as the +Aguas Calientes pueblos were Jemez, Giusiwá being one of the most prominent.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20640,7 +20595,7 @@ Aguas Calientes pueblos were Jemez, Giusiwá being one of the most prominent.</p> San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Tesuque, Nambe, Pojoaque, and Yukiwingge. Jacona, Cuyamunque, and others were also occupied by the Tewas during this period, no doubt, but these may have been included in -Castañeda's province of the Snowy Mountains.</p></div> +Castañeda's province of the Snowy Mountains.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20653,13 +20608,13 @@ group, above.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_510_510" id="Footnote_510_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> Castañeda lists seventy-one, probably having added others without +<p><a name="Footnote_510_510" id="Footnote_510_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> Castañeda lists seventy-one, probably having added others without altering the total here given.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_511_511" id="Footnote_511_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> The trend of the Rio Grande is really southwestward until after the -southern limit of the old Pueblo settlements is passed. Perhaps Castañeda had +southern limit of the old Pueblo settlements is passed. Perhaps Castañeda had in mind the southeastward course of the stream farther south "toward Florida," as mentioned later in this paragraph. He is probably here speaking from hearsay, as the exploration downstream was not made by the main body.</p></div> @@ -20667,7 +20622,7 @@ hearsay, as the exploration downstream was not made by the main body.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_512_512" id="Footnote_512_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> This would give a total Pueblo population of about 70,000, whereas it -could scarcely have much exceeded Castañeda's estimated number of men +could scarcely have much exceeded Castañeda's estimated number of men alone.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20683,12 +20638,12 @@ Mexico in 1549.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_514_514" id="Footnote_514_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> "The Spanish text," remarks Mr. Winship, "fully justifies Castañeda's +<p><a name="Footnote_514_514" id="Footnote_514_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> "The Spanish text," remarks Mr. Winship, "fully justifies Castañeda's statement that he was not skilled in the arts of rhetoric and geography."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_515_515" id="Footnote_515_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> Castañeda here contradicts himself, as Pecos, Acoma, and the Zuñi and +<p><a name="Footnote_515_515" id="Footnote_515_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> Castañeda here contradicts himself, as Pecos, Acoma, and the Zuñi and Tusayan groups of pueblos are not in the valley of the Rio Grande.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20744,7 +20699,7 @@ to the Study of Sign Language</cite> (Washington, 1880); Clark, <cite>Indian Sig <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_526_526" id="Footnote_526_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> Castañeda is sometimes confused in his directions. In this instance +<p><a name="Footnote_526_526" id="Footnote_526_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> Castañeda is sometimes confused in his directions. In this instance unless "west" (<i lang="es" xml:lang="es">poniente</i>) is a slip of the pen, he evidently forgot that the army travelled for weeks to the north, "by the needle," after journeying for some distance toward sunrise from the ravines of western Texas.</p></div> @@ -20850,7 +20805,7 @@ these friars, see p. 365, note 1. See also p. 355, note 2.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_545_545" id="Footnote_545_545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_545_545"><span class="label">[545]</span></a> Gen. W. W. H. Davis, in his <cite>Spanish Conquest of New Mexico</cite>, p. 231, -gives the following extract, translated from an old Spanish MS. at Santa Fé: +gives the following extract, translated from an old Spanish MS. at Santa Fé: "When Coronado returned to Mexico, he left behind him, among the Indians of Cibola, the father Fray Francisco Juan de Padilla, the father Fray Juan de la Cruz, and a Portuguese named Andres del Campo. Soon after the Spaniards @@ -20868,7 +20823,7 @@ to Juan de la Cruz, who was left behind at Cibola, which people killed him. The Portuguese and his attendants made their escape, and ultimately arrived safely in Mexico, where he told what had occurred." In reply to a request for further information regarding this manuscript, General Davis -stated that when he revisited Santa Fé, a few years ago, he learned that one of +stated that when he revisited Santa Fé, a few years ago, he learned that one of his successors in the post of governor of the territory, having despaired of disposing of the immense mass of old documents and records deposited in his office, by the slow process of using them to kindle fires, had sold the entire lot—an @@ -20879,7 +20834,7 @@ Grant and serving in 1869-1870.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_546_546" id="Footnote_546_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_546_546"><span class="label">[546]</span></a> When Antonio de Espejo visited Cibola, or Zuñi, in 1583, he found three +<p><a name="Footnote_546_546" id="Footnote_546_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_546_546"><span class="label">[546]</span></a> When Antonio de Espejo visited Cibola, or Zuñi, in 1583, he found three Indians, natives of Mexico, who had been left by Coronado but who had forgotten their mother tongue. He also found crosses that had been erected by Coronado.</p></div> @@ -20888,10 +20843,10 @@ by Coronado.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_547_547" id="Footnote_547_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_547_547"><span class="label">[547]</span></a> There were two settlements in Sonora bearing this name, one occupied by the Eudeve and the other by the Tegui division of the Opata. The latter -village, which was probably the one referred to by Castañeda, was situated +village, which was probably the one referred to by Castañeda, was situated on the Rio de Oposura, a western tributary of the Yaqui, eight leagues east -of San José Matape. It became the seat of the Jesuit mission of Santa -María in 1629.</p></div> +of San José Matape. It became the seat of the Jesuit mission of Santa +MarÃa in 1629.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -20948,12 +20903,12 @@ southwestwardly to Mexico.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_558_558" id="Footnote_558_558"></a><a href="#FNanchor_558_558"><span class="label">[558]</span></a> This wild tribe inhabited chiefly the region of the present state of San -Luis Potosí, Mexico. They were known also as Cuachichiles and Quachichiles.</p></div> +Luis PotosÃ, Mexico. They were known also as Cuachichiles and Quachichiles.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_559_559" id="Footnote_559_559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_559_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a> The dictionary of Dominguez says: "Isla de negros; ó isla del Almirantazgo, -en el grande Océano equinoccial; grande isla de la América del Norte, +<p><a name="Footnote_559_559" id="Footnote_559_559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_559_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a> The dictionary of Dominguez says: "Isla de negros; ó isla del Almirantazgo, +en el grande Océano equinoccial; grande isla de la América del Norte, sobre la costa oeste." Apparently the location of this island gradually drifted westward with the increase of geographical knowledge, until it was finally located in the Philippine group. (Winship.)</p></div> @@ -20965,394 +20920,18 @@ Sia pueblo were worthless.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_561_561" id="Footnote_561_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> The Gulf of California (which had been navigated by Cortés) and the +<p><a name="Footnote_561_561" id="Footnote_561_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> The Gulf of California (which had been navigated by Cortés) and the Rio Colorado.</p></div> <div class="tn"><h3>Transcriber's note:</h3> -<p>Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error, and in the following cases: Castaneda has been changed to Castañeda -and Relacion to Relación.</p> +<p>Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error, and in the following cases: Castaneda has been changed to Castañeda +and Relacion to Relación.</p> <p>The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> <p>In the index for Mesa, "Spanish soldier", the transcriber has changed the page number 538 to 376.</p> </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Original Narratives of Early American -History, by Vaca and Others - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY *** - -***** This file should be named 42841-h.htm or 42841-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/8/4/42841/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Julia Neufeld and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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