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diff --git a/42832.txt b/42832.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 67c6d48..0000000 --- a/42832.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21026 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Synopsis of the Birds of North America, by -John James Audubon - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: A Synopsis of the Birds of North America - - -Author: John James Audubon - - - -Release Date: May 28, 2013 [eBook #42832] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SYNOPSIS OF THE BIRDS OF NORTH -AMERICA*** - - -E-text prepared by Sharon Joiner, Thierry Alberto, Tom Cosmas, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page -images scanned by the Google Books Library Project -(http://books.google.com) and generously made available by the HathiTrust -Digital Library (http://www.hathitrust.org/digital_library). - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - the Google Books Library Project - http://www.google.com/books?id=HgA_AAAAYAAJ - or through the HathiTrust Digital Library at - http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015019725202 - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - All oe-ligatures were converted to OE, Oe, or oe. - - Complicated fractions appear in several places. For example, - 3-((7-1/2)/12). This should be read as three and seven and - one-half twelfths. - - This book contains numerous references to numbered Plates. - Each plate had one or more illustrations pertinent to the - species being discussed. The Plates were published and sold - separately and were not included in this book. - - - - - -A SYNOPSIS OF THE BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. - -by - -JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, F.R.SS. L. & E. - -Member of Various Scientific Associations in Europe and America. - - - - - - - -Edinburgh: -Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh; -Longman, Rees, Brown, Green, and Longman, -London. -MDCCCXXXIX. - -Printed by Neill and Co. Old Fishmarket Edinburgh. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -I have been induced to present this Volume to the Public by two -considerations. The figures and descriptions contained in the works -entitled "The Birds of America," and "Ornithological Biography, or an -Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States," having been -issued in the miscellaneous manner which was thought best adapted to -the occasion, or which was rendered necessary by circumstances, seemed -to require a systematic index, in which the nomenclature should be -corrected, and the species arranged agreeably to my present views. -This Synopsis, then, will afford a methodical catalogue of all the -species hitherto discovered in the vast regions, extending from the -northern confines of Mexico to the Polar Seas, and which have been -described, and, with few exceptions, depicted in the works above -named. Another important object has been to present an arrangement of -these birds, so characterized, that a person desirous of studying -them, might, without much difficulty, be enabled to discover their -names, and trace some of the most important features in their -organization. - -The species are disposed into genera and families; and, although the -location of the groups is not such as, in all respects, to satisfy -me, the arrangement will, I trust, be found in some degree useful. It -will be seen that, although I have adopted many of the modern groups, -I have not sectioned our birds on so minutely divided a scale as that -employed by some recent writers. Besides the characters of the -Families, Genera, and Species, which are given with considerable -detail, I have presented a short account of the Geographical -Distribution of the species, and references to the principal authors -by whom they have been described. I am confident that these notices -will suffice to enable the student to determine with certainty any -species that may come under his consideration, and that the -information respecting its habits, which he will find in the works -referred to, will afford him at least sufficient knowledge to form a -basis for the more extended observation which he may contemplate. To -the name of the genus I have appended that of the author by whom it -has been instituted; and with the specific names I have dealt in the -same manner, giving as authorities the individuals who first employed -them, although they may have referred them to different genera. It is -probable that many errors have been made in this department; but I -shall be happy to see them corrected, as my wish is to do justice to -all. - -On this occasion I have again to acknowledge the benefit derived from -the aid of my friend Mr Macgillivray, whose general knowledge of -ornithology, and perfect candour, have rendered his advice peculiarly -valuable. - - J. J. AUDUBON. - - Edinburgh, _1st July 1839_. - - - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS. - - - Page - - FAMILY I. VULTURINAE. VULTURINE BIRDS, 1 - - Genus 1. Cathartes. Turkey-Vulture, 1 - - II. FALCONINAE. FALCONINE BIRDS, 3 - 1. Polyborus. Caracara, 4 - 2. Buteo. Buzzard, 5 - 3. Aquila. Eagle, 8 - 4. Haliaetus. Sea-Eagle, 9 - 5. Pandion. Osprey, 11 - 6. Elanus. Elanus, 12 - 7. Ictinia. Ictinia, 13 - 8. Nauclerus. Swallow-tailed Hawk, 14 - 9. Falco. Falcon, 15 - 10. Astur. Hawk, 17 - 11. Circus. Harrier, 19 - - III. STRIGINAE. OWLS, 20 - 1. Surnia. Day-Owl, 21 - 2. Ulula. Night-Owl, 23 - 3. Strix. Screech-Owl, 24 - 4. Syrnium. Hooting-Owl, 26 - 5. Otus. Eared-Owl, 27 - 6. Bubo. Horned-Owl, 29 - - IV. CAPRIMULGINAE. GOATSUCKERS, 30 - 1. Caprimulgus. Goatsucker, 31 - 2. Chordeiles. Night-Hawk, 32 - - V. CYPSELINAE. SWIFTS, 33 - 1. Chaetura. Spine-Tail, 33 - - VI. HIRUNDINAE. SWALLOWS, 34 - 1. Hirundo. Swallow, 34 - - VII. MUSCICAPINAE. FLYCATCHERS, 37 - 1. Milvulus. Swallow-Tail, 37 - 2. Muscicapa. Flycatcher, 39 - 3. Ptilogonys. Ptilogonys, 45 - 4. Culicivora. Gnat-Catcher, 46 - - VIII. SYLVICOLINAE. WOOD-WARBLERS, 47 - 1. Myiodioctes. Flycatching-Warbler, 48 - 2. Sylvicola. Wood-Warbler, 50 - 3. Trichas. Ground-Warbler, 63 - 4. Helinaia. Swamp-Warbler, 66 - 5. Mniotilta. Creeping-Warbler, 70 - - IX. CERTHIANAE. CREEPERS, 71 - 1. Certhia. Tree-Creeper, 72 - 2. Troglodytes. Wren, 73 - - X. PARINAE. TITS, 77 - 1. Parus. Tit, 78 - - XI. SYLVIANAE. WARBLERS, 80 - 1. Regulus. Kinglet, 81 - 2. Sialia. Blue Bird, 83 - - XII. TURDINAE. THRUSHES, 85 - 1. Cinclus. Dipper, 86 - 2. Orpheus. Mocking-Bird, 86 - 3. Turdus. Thrush, 88 - - XIII. MOTACILLINAE. WAGTAILS, 92 - 1. Seiurus. Wood-Wagtails, 92 - 2. Anthus. Pipit, 94 - - XIV. ALAUDINAE. LARKS, 95 - 1. Alauda. Lark, 96 - - XV. FRINGILLINAE. FINCHES, 97 - 1. Plectrophanes. Lark-Bunting, 98 - 2. Emberiza. Bunting, 100 - 3. Niphaea. Snow-Bird, 106 - 4. Spiza. Painted-Bunting, 107 - 5. Ammodramus. Shore-Finch, 109 - 6. Peucaea. Pinewood-Finch, 112 - 7. Linaria. Linnet, 113 - 8. Carduelis. Goldfinch, 115 - 9. Fringilla. Finch, 118 - 10. Pipilo. Ground-Finch, 123 - 11. Erythrospiza. Purple-Finch, 124 - 12. Corythus. Pine-Finch, 126 - 13. Loxia. Crossbill, 127 - 14. Corydalina. Lark-Finch, 129 - 15. Pitylus. Cardinal Grosbeak, 131 - 16. Coccoborus. Song-Grosbeak, 132 - 17. Coccothraustes. Grosbeak, 134 - 18. Pyranga. Red-Bird, 135 - - XVI. AGELAINAE. MARSH-BLACKBIRDS, 137 - 1. Dolichonyx. Rice-Bird, 138 - 2. Molothrus. Cow-Bird, 139 - 3. Agelaius. Marsh-Blackbird, 139 - 4. Icterus. Hangnest, 142 - 5. Quiscalus. Crow-Blackbird, 145 - - XVII. STURNINAE. STARLINGS, 147 - 1. Sturnella. Meadow-Starling, 148 - - XVIII. CORVINAE. CROWS, 149 - 1. Corvus. Crow, 150 - 2. Pica. Magpie, 151 - 3. Garrulus. Jay, 153 - 4. Nucifraga. Nutcracker, 155 - - XIX. LANIINAE. SHRIKES, 156 - 1. Lanius. Shrike, or Butcher-Bird, 157 - - XX. VIREONINAE. GREENLETS, 159 - 1. Vireo. Greenlet, 159 - - XXI. PIPRINAE. MANAKINS, 162 - 1. Icteria. Chat, 163 - - XXII. AMPELINAE. CHATTERERS, 163 - 1. Bombycilla. Waxwing, 164 - - XXIII. SITTINAE. NUTHATCHES, 166 - 1. Sitta. Nuthatch, 166 - - XXIV. TROCHILINAE. HUMMINGBIRDS, 168 - 1. Trochilus. Hummingbird, 169 - 2. Selasphorus. Ruffed-Hummingbird, 171 - - XXV. ALCEDINAE. KINGFISHERS, 172 - 1. Alcedo. Kingfisher, 172 - - XXVI. PICINAE. WOODPECKERS, 174 - 1. Picus. Woodpecker, 175 - - XXVII. CUCULINAE. CUCKOOS, 186 - 1. Coccyzus. American Cuckoo, 186 - - XXVIII. PSITTACINAE. PARROTS, 188 - 1. Centurus., 188 - - XXIX. COLUMBINAE. PIGEONS, 189 - 1. Columba. Dove, 190 - 2. Starnaenas. Ground Dove, 193 - 3. Ectopistes. Long-tailed Dove, 194 - - XXX. PAVONINAE. PAVONINE BIRDS, 195 - 1. Meleagris. Turkey, 196 - - XXXI. PERDICINAE. PARTRIDGES, 198 - 1. Ortyx. American Partridge, 198 - - XXXII. TETRAONINAE. GROUSE, 201 - 1. Tetrao. Grouse, 201 - 2. Lagopus. Ptarmigan, 206 - - XXXIII. RALLINAE. RAILS, 209 - 1. Gallinula. Gallinule, 209 - 2. Fulica. Coot, 211 - 3. Ortygometra. Crake-Gallinule, 212 - 4. Rallus. Rail, 214 - 5. Aramus. Courlan, 216 - - XXXIV. GRUINAE. CRANES, 218 - 1. Grus. Crane, 218 - - XXXV. CHARADRIINAE. PLOVERS, 219 - 1. Charadrius. Plover, 220 - 2. Aphriza. Surf-Bird, 225 - 3. Strepsilas. Turnstone, 226 - 4. Haematopus. Oyster-catcher, 228 - - XXXVI. SCOLOPACINAE. SNIPES, 229 - 1. Tringa. Sandpiper, 230 - 2. Phalaropus. Phalarope, 238 - 3. Lobipes. Lobefoot, 240 - 4. Totanus. Tatler, 241 - 5. Limosa. Godwit, 246 - 6. Scolopax. Snipe, 247 - 7. Microptera. Bogsucker, 250 - 8. Recurvirostra. Avocet, 251 - 9. Himantopus. Stilt, 252 - 10. Numenius. Curlew, 253 - - XXXVII. TANTALINAE. IBISES, 256 - 1. Ibis. Ibis, 256 - 2. Tantalus. Tantalus, 258 - 3. Platalea. Spoonbill, 259 - - XXXVIII. ARDEINAE. HERONS, 261 - 1. Ardea. Heron, 261 - - XXXIX. ANATINAE. DUCKS, 267 - 1. Phoenicopterus. Flamingo, 268 - 2. Anser. Goose, 270 - 3. Cygnus. Swan, 273 - 4. Anas. Duck, 275 - 5. Fuligula. Sea-Duck, 284 - - XL. MERGINAE. MERGANSERS, 298 - 1. Mergus. Merganser, 297 - - XLI. PELECANINAE. PELICANS, 300 - 1. Phalacrocorax. Cormorant, 301 - 2. Plotus. Anhinga, 305 - 3. Tachypetes. Frigate Bird, 306 - 4. Pelecanus. Pelican, 308 - 5. Sula. Gannet, 310 - 6. Phaeton. Tropic Bird, 312 - - XLII. LARINAE. GULLS, 313 - 1. Rhynchops. Skimmer, 313 - 2. Sterna. Tern, 315 - 3. Larus. Gull, 322 - - XLIII. PROCELLARINAE. FULMARS, 330 - 1. Lestris. Jager, 331 - 2. Diomedea. Albatross, 333 - 3. Procellaria. Fulmar, 335 - 4. Puffinus. Shearwater, 337 - 5. Thalassidroma. Petrel, 339 - - XLIV. ALCINAE. AUKS, 341 - 1. Mormon. Puffin, 342 - 2. Alca. Auk, 344 - 3. Phaleris. Phaleris, 345 - 4. Mergulus. Sea-Dove, 348 - 5. Uria. Guillemot, 349 - - XLV. COLYMBINAE. DIVERS AND GREBES, 351 - 1. Colymbus. Diver, 352 - 2. Podiceps. Grebe, 355 - - - - -SYNOPSIS. - - - - -FAMILY I. VULTURINAE. VULTURINE BIRDS, OR VULTURES. - - -Bill of moderate length, stout, cerate; upper mandible with the tip -elongated and decurved; lower mandible rounded and thin-edged at the -end. Head rather small, or of moderate size, ovato-oblong, and with -part of the neck destitute of feathers. Eyes of moderate size, without -projecting ridges. External aperture of ears rather small and simple. -Skin over the fore part of the neck bare or merely downy. Tarsus -rather stout, bare, and shorter than the middle toe; hind toe much -smaller than the second; anterior toes connected at the base by a web; -claws large, moderately curved, rather acute. Plumage full and rather -compact. Wings very long, subacuminate. Oesophagus excessively wide, -and dilated into a crop; stomach rather large, somewhat muscular, with -a soft rugous epithelium; intestine of moderate length and width; -coeca extremely small. The young when fledged have the head and -upper part of the neck generally covered with down. Eggs commonly two. - - - - -GENUS I. CATHARTES, Illiger. TURKEY-VULTURE. - - -Bill of moderate length, rather slender, somewhat compressed; upper -mandible with its dorsal outline nearly straight and declinate to the -end of the large cere, then decurved, the edges a little festooned, -rather thick, the tip descending and rather obtuse; lower mandible -with the angle long and rather narrow, the dorsal line ascending and -slightly convex, the back broad, the edges sharp, towards the end -decurved. Nostrils oblong, large, pervious. Head oblong. Tongue deeply -concave or induplicate, its edges serrate with reversed papillae. -Oesophagus dilated into an enormous crop; stomach moderately -muscular; duodenum convoluted. Head and upper part of neck denuded, -being only sparingly covered with very short down. Wings very long and -extremely broad; third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest, first -much shorter. Tail of moderate length, nearly even. Tarsus short, -rather stout, roundish, reticulate. Hind toe very small, second a -little shorter than fourth, third very long, all scutellate for more -than half their length. Claws strong, arched, compressed, obtuse. - - -1. 1. Cathartes Californianus, Lath. Californian -Turkey-Vulture.--Turkey-Buzzard. - - Plate CCCCXXVI. Adult. - -Nostrils small, elliptical, occupying only the posterior half of the -nasal groove; feathers of the ruff and breast lanceolate and -acuminate; primaries finely acuminate, fourth and fifth longest; tail -rather short, even. Adult with the head bare and yellowish-red, the -plumage brownish-black, the secondaries grey, tipped with white, their -coverts large, tipped with the same. Young with the head downy and -dusky, the plumage blackish-brown, the feathers edged with light -brown, the secondary coverts tipped with brownish-white. - -_Male_, length 50. _Female_, length 55. - -California and Columbia Rivers. Resident in the south. - - Cathartes Californianus, Bonap. Syn. p. 22. - - Californian Vulture, Nuttall, Man. vi. p. 39. - - Californian Vulture, Cathartes Californianus, Aud. v. v. p. - 240. - - -2. 2. Cathartes Aura, Linn. Red-headed -Turkey-Vulture.--Turkey-Buzzard. Turkey-Vulture. - - Plate CLI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Young fledged. - -Nostrils very large, elliptical, occupying the whole nasal cavity; -feathers of the ruff and breast ovate, rounded; skin over the crop -bare; tail rounded. Adult with the skin of the head and neck wrinkled -and blood-red, the horny part of the bill yellowish-white; the plumage -blackish-brown, deepest on the neck and under parts; feet -flesh-coloured, tinged with yellow. Young when fledged with the skin -of the head and neck dull flesh-coloured and more downy, the horny tip -of the bill light blue, the plumage nearly as in the adult, but the -wing-coverts and secondaries spotted with whitish. - -_Male._--Length 32, extent of wings 76. - -From Texas to Pennsylvania. Inland westward to the Columbia River. -Resident. - - Turkey-Vulture or Turkey-Buzzard, Vultur Aura, Wils. v. ix. p. - 96. - - Cathartes Aura, Bonap. Syn. p. 22. - - Cathartes Aura, Turkey-Vulture, Rich. & Swains. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 4. - - Turkey-Vulture or Turkey-Buzzard, Nuttal, Man. v. ii. p. 43. - - Turkey-Buzzard, Cathartes Aura, Aud. v. ii. p. 296; v. v. p. - 339. - - -3. 3. Cathartes atratus, Wils. Black-headed Turkey-Vulture.--Black -Vulture. Carrion Crow. - - Plate CVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Nostrils very large, oblong, occupying the whole nasal cavity; -feathers of the neck short, very broad, abruptly rounded, advancing -farther on the hind part; skin over the crop feathered; tail even. -Adult with the skin of the head and neck corrugated, dusky, the horny -part of the bill greyish-yellow, the plumage bluish-black, feet -yellowish-grey. Young when fledged with the head and neck closely -covered with dusky down; the plumage blackish-brown. - -_Male_, length 26, extent of wings 54. - -From Texas to New Jersey. Up the Mississippi to the Ohio. Columbia -River. Resident. - - Black Vulture or Carrion Crow, Vultur atratus, Wils. Amer. - Orn. v. ix. p. 104. - - Cathartes Iota, Bonap. Syn. p. 23. - - Black Vulture or Carrion Crow, Cathartes Iota, Nuttal, Man. v. - i. p. 46. - - Black Vulture or Carrion Crow, Aud. v. ii. p. 33; v. v. p. - 345. - - Cathartes atratus, Black Vulture, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 6. - - - - -FAMILY II. FALCONINAE. FALCONINE BIRDS. - - -Bill short, stout, cerate; upper mandible with the tip elongated and -decurved; lower mandible rounded and thin-edged at the end. Head -rather large, broadly ovate, feathered. Eyes large, with prominent -superciliary ridges. External aperture of ears of moderate size, and -simple. Tarsus longer than the middle toe; claws very large, much -curved, extremely acute. Plumage full and generally compact. Wings -very long and broad. Oesophagus excessively wide and dilated into a -crop; stomach large, somewhat membranous, its muscular fasciculi being -placed in a single series; intestine short and rather wide, or very -long and slender; coeca extremely small. The young, when fledged, -generally having the lower parts longitudinally streaked. Eggs from -two to six, ovate, or roundish. Nest on trees, rocks, or the ground. - - - - -GENUS I. POLYBORUS, Vieill. CARACARA. - - -Bill large, high, rather long, much compressed; cere large, covered -with hair-like feathers; upper outline convex and declinate to the -edge of the cere, then decurved; edge of upper mandible slightly -arched and nearly even, tip of lower compressed and rounded. Nostrils -elliptical, oblique, in the anterior part of the cere near the ridge. -Eyelids and space anterior to the eye denuded, as is the skin over the -crop. Feet rather long; tarsi anteriorly scutellate, sharp-edged and -scaly behind; toes rather long, broadly scutellate, the first much -shorter than the second; claws long, little curved, that of the middle -toe being only slightly arched. Wings long, rounded, the third and -fourth quills longest, the first five having the inner web cut out. -Tail rather long, rounded. - - -4. 1. Polyborus Braziliensis, Gmel. Brazilian Caracara.--Caracara -Eagle. - - Plate CLXI. Young. - -Adult with the upper part of the head and nape brownish-black, the -throat and ear-coverts yellowish-white; the upper parts finely barred -with brown and dull white, the rump and tail lighter, the latter with -a large terminal brown band; the lower parts similarly barred with -reddish-white and brown. Young with the upper part of the head brown, -streaked with dusky, the hind neck and part of the breast pale -yellowish-red longitudinally variegated with brown; the middle of the -back, scapulars, wing-coverts and secondaries dark brown, as are the -hind part of the breast and the tibiae; the tail nearly as in the -adult. - -_Male_, 23-1/2, 48. - -Texas and Florida. Resident. - - Caracara Eagle Polyborus vulgaris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 350; v. v. p. 351. - - - - -GENUS II. BUTEO, Bechst. BUZZARD. - - -Bill short, with the upper outline nearly straight and declinate to -the edge of the cere, then decurved, the sides rapidly sloping, the -edges with a slight festoon, the tip trigonal, acute; lower mandible -with the dorsal line convex and ascending, the edges arched, at the -end deflected, the tip rounded. Head large, roundish, flattened above. -Nostrils, obovate, nearer the ridge than the margin. Neck rather -short. Body full. Feet short, robust; tarsi roundish, anteriorly -feathered half-way down, and scutellate, posteriorly also scutellate; -toes of moderate length, scaly for half their length; claws long, -arched, compressed, acuminate. Plumage full and rather blended. Space -between the bill and eye covered with bristly feathers. Wings long, -broad, the fourth quill longest, the first and seventh or eighth about -equal; the first four abruptly cut out on the inner web. Tail rather -long, broad, slightly rounded. Cere and feet yellow; bill light blue -at the base, black at the tip, in all the American species. - - -5. 1. Buteo Harrisii, Aud. Harris's Buzzard. - - Plate CCCXCII. Female. - -Bill higher and feet more robust than in the other species. Wings much -rounded, the first quill four inches shorter than the fourth, which is -longest, the seventh longer than the second. Chocolate-brown; -wing-coverts and tibial feathers brownish-red; upper tail-coverts, -base and end of tail white. - -_Female_, 24, wing 15-1/4. - -Mississippi. Extremely rare. Migratory. - - Louisiana Hawk, Falco Harrisii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 30. - - -6. 2. Buteo vulgaris, Willoughby. Common Buzzard. - - Plate CCCLXXII. Female. - -Upper parts chocolate-brown; primaries black toward the end, part of -their inner webs white, barred with brownish-black; tail with about -ten dusky bars on a reddish-brown ground, the last dark bar broader; -eyelids whitish; throat white, longitudinally streaked with dusky; -the rest of the lower parts yellowish or brownish-white, barred with -brown. This species is subject to much variation in colour. - -_Female_, 23 inches, wing 17. - -Rocky Mountains, Columbia River, and Fur Countries. - - Buteo vulgaris, Common Buzzard, Rich. & Sw. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 47. - - Common Buzzard, Falco buteo, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 108. - - -7. 3. Buteo borealis, Gmel. Red-tailed Buzzard.--Red-tailed Hawk.--Hen -Hawk. - - Plate LI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Male with the upper part of the head and hind neck light -greyish-brown, the back and scapulars dark brown, the latter broadly -margined with brownish-white; smaller wing-coverts chocolate-brown; -larger, lighter, tipped with white; primary quills blackish-brown, -secondaries lighter, tipped with brownish-white, all barred with -blackish; upper tail-coverts whitish, barred with brown; tail bright -yellowish-red, with a narrow bar of black near the end, and tipped -with whitish. Lower parts yellowish-white, the fore part of the breast -with linear, guttiform, or sagittate spots; feathers of the leg and -tarsus pale reddish-yellow. Female similar to the male, but with the -upper parts darker, the lower nearly white, there being only a few -narrow streaks on the sides of the breast. Young with the upper parts -brown, streaked with yellowish-red, the tail-coverts yellowish-white -barred with brown, the tail light greyish-brown, barred with dark -brown and tipped with white; lower parts yellowish-white, with oblong -longitudinal brown spots; the feathers of the sides and tibiae barred -with the same. - -_Male_, 20-1/2, 46. _Female_, 24. - -From Texas northward to the Fur Countries, and westward to the base of -the Rocky Mountains. Resident. - - Red-tailed Hawk, Falco borealis, Wils. Am. Orn. v. vi. p. 76. - Adult. - - American Buzzard or White-breasted Hawk, Falco leverianus, - Wils. Am. Orn. v. vi. p. 78. - - Buteo borealis, Red-tailed Buzzard, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 50. - - Red-tailed Hawk or Buzzard, Falco borealis, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 102. - - Red-tailed Hawk, Falco borealis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. 1. p. 265; - v. v. p. 378. - - -8. 4. Buteo Harlani, Aud. Harlan's Buzzard.--Black Warrior. - -Plate LXXXVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Size of Common Buzzard, which it resembles in form and proportion. -General colour of plumage deep chocolate-brown, glossed with -greyish-blue; inner webs of quills white, those of the primaries -barred with dusky toward the end; tail lighter than the back, rather -narrowly barred with brownish-black, and tipped with brownish-red; -lower parts paler, anteriorly streaked, posteriorly barred with -brownish-black; lower wing-coverts whitish, spotted with deep brown. - -_Male_, 21, 45. _Female_, 22. - -Louisiana. Extremely rare. - - Black Warrior, Falco Harlani, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 441. v. - v. p. 380. - - Black Buzzard, Falco Harlani, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 105. - - -9. 5. Buteo lineatus, Gmel. Red-breasted Buzzard.--Chicken Hawk, -Red-shouldered Hawk, Winter Hawk. - - Plate LVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Adult. - - Plate LXXI. Young male. - -Adult with the head, neck, and back light yellowish-red, -longitudinally spotted with dark brown; smaller wing-coverts deep -yellowish-red, with the centre brown; larger coverts and secondary -quills dusky, broadly barred with white; primary quills -brownish-black, barred with white; tail brownish-black, narrowly -banded and tipped with white. Lower parts of the neck and lower -wing-coverts light yellowish-red, the former longitudinally lined with -dusky and faintly barred with whitish, the rest of the lower parts -barred with light red and reddish-white. Young with the upper parts -deep brown, the tail-coverts, tail, and quills barred with -brownish-white; the lower parts white, longitudinally streaked and -spotted with brown. - -_Male_, 21-1/2, 44. - -From Texas to Nova Scotia, and westward to the Missouri. Very -abundant. Resident. - - Red-shouldered Hawk, Falco lineatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. - p. 86. Young. - - Winter Falcon, Falco hyemalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 73. - Adult. - - Falco hyemalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 33. - - Winter Falcon or Red-shouldered Hawk, Falco hyemalis, Nutt. - Man. v. i. p. 106. - - Red-shouldered Hawk, Falco lineatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 296; v. v. p. 380. - - Winter Hawk, Falco hyemalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 364. - Young. - - -10. 6. Buteo Pennsylvanicus, Wils. Broad-winged Buzzard. - - Plate XCI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -General colour of upper parts umber-brown; quills blackish-brown, the -greater part of their inner webs whitish, with narrow dusky bands; -tail with three very broad bands of dark brown; alternating with two -broad white bands, and the tips brownish-white; cheeks reddish-brown, -with a dark mystachial band; lower parts yellowish-white, barred with -light brown, that colour predominating anteriorly. Female similar, -lighter above, more tinged with red beneath, where the spots are -larger and more irregular. Young with the upper parts brown, streaked -and spotted with white; the tail light greyish-brown, with seven dusky -bars; lower parts yellowish-white, longitudinally marked with -linear-oblong brown spots. - -_Male_, 16, 38. _Female_, 19. - -From Maryland to Nova Scotia. Rare in the interior. - - Broad-winged Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. - v. vi. p. 92. - - Falco Pennsylvanicus, Bonap. Syn. p. 29. - - Broad-winged Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 105. - - Broad-winged Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 461, v. v. p. 377. - - -11. 7. Buteo lagopus, Vigors. Rough-legged Buzzard. - - Plate CCCCXXII. Fig. 1. Old Male. Fig. 2. Young, first - winter. - - Plate CLXVI. Male. Middle age. - -Tarsi feathered in their whole length. Adult male with the general -colour of the plumage blackish-brown; the forehead and a large patch -on the hind neck white, streaked with blackish-brown; all the feathers -of the back, the scapulars, the wing-coverts, the quills, and the -tail-feathers, white toward the base, and more or less barred with -whitish-grey, or brown; axillar feathers, some of those on the sides, -and some of the tibial feathers, with the lower tail-coverts similarly -marked; the white forming a conspicuous patch on the under surface of -the wing, occupying the greater part of the primaries as well as part -of the inner webs of the secondaries; tail brownish-black, barred with -greyish-white, there being six black bands on the middle feathers, the -last very broad. Female of a uniform dark chocolate-brown, the tail -banded, and the same parts white as in the male. Young with the head -and neck streaked with umber-brown, and yellowish-white; back -umber-brown, variegated with light reddish-brown and yellowish-white; -quills dark brown towards the end, the outer webs of the first tinged -with grey, the base of all white, that colour extending farther on the -secondaries, of most of which, and of some of the primaries, the inner -web is irregularly barred with brown; tail white at the base, brown -toward the end, with a broad subterminal bar of brownish-black, the -tips brownish-white; middle and hind part of the breast, with the -sides, brownish-black, the rest of the lower parts pale yellowish-red, -streaked or barred with dusky. - -_Male_, 21-1/2, 51-1/2. _Female_, 23. - -From Maryland northward. Columbia River. Not met with in the interior. -Migratory. Not very abundant. - - Black Hawk, Falco niger, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 82. Adult. - - Falco lagopus, Bonap. Syn. p. 32. Young. - - Falco Sanci-Johannis, Bonap. Syn. p. 32. Adult. - - Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Buzzard, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 52. - - Rough-legged Falcon, Falco lagopus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. - 59, Young; v. v. p. 216, Adult and Young. - - - - -GENUS III. AQUILA, Briss. EAGLE. - - -Bill rather short, deep, compressed; upper mandible with the dorsal -outline nearly straight and sloping at the base, beyond the cere -decurved, the sides sloping and slightly convex, the edges nearly -straight, with a slight convexity and a shallow sinus close to the -strong subtrigonal tip; lower mandible with the dorsal outline convex, -the tip obliquely truncate. Head large, roundish, flattened above. -Nostrils oval, oblique, nearer the ridge than the margin. Neck rather -short. Body very large. Feet rather short, very robust; tarsi -roundish, feathered to the toes; which are rather short, united at the -base by short webs, covered above with a series of angular scales, and -towards the end with a few large scutella; claws long, curved, -rounded, flat beneath, acuminate. Plumage compact, imbricated, glossy; -feathers of the head and neck narrow and pointed; space between the -bill and eye covered with small bristle-pointed feathers disposed in a -radiating manner. Wings long, the fourth quill longest; the first -short; the outer six abruptly cut out on the inner web. Tail rather -long, ample, rounded. - - -12. 1. Aquila Chrysaetos, Linn. Golden Eagle. - - Plate CLXXXI. Female. - -General colour of the plumage dark brown glossed with purple; occiput, -hind part and sides of the neck, light brownish-yellow; wing-coverts -light brown; primary quills brownish-black, secondary with the coverts -brown, those next the body more or less mottled with brownish-white, -excepting at the ends; tail dark brown, lighter towards the base, with -a few irregular whitish markings; feathers of the legs and tarsi, and -lower tail-coverts, light yellowish-brown. Young with the basal -three-fourths of the tail white. - -_Male_, 32, 70. _Female_, 38, 84. - -From Pennsylvania northward. Never seen far in the interior. Resident. - - Falco fulvus, Bonap. Syn. p. 25. - - Aquila Chrysaetos, Golden Eagle, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 12. - - Ring-tailed Eagle, Falco fulvus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. vii. - p. 13. - - Royal or Golden Eagle, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 62. - - Golden Eagle, Falco Chrysaetos, Aud. Ornith. Biog. v. ii. p. - 464. - - - - -GENUS IV. HALIAETUS, Savigny. SEA-EAGLE. - - -Bill rather short, very deep, compressed; upper mandible with the -dorsal outline nearly straight at the base, beyond the cere decurved, -the sides sloping, the edges nearly straight, with a slight obtuse -process, and a shallow sinus close to the strong trigonal tip; lower -mandible, with the dorsal outline slightly convex, the tip obliquely -truncate. Head large, oblong, flattened above. Nostrils oblong, -oblique, near the ridge. Neck of moderate length. Body very large. -Feet rather short, very robust; tarsi roundish, covered anteriorly -with the transverse scutella, posteriorly with large, laterally with -small scales; toes robust, free, scutellate above; claws large, -curved, rounded, flat beneath, acuminate. Plumage compact, imbricated; -feathers of the head and neck narrow and pointed; space between the -bill and eye barish, being sparsely covered with bristle-like -feathers, disposed in a radiating manner. Wings long, the second and -third quills longest, the outer five cut out abruptly on the inner -web. Tail rather long, rounded. Duodenum convoluted. - - -13. 1. Haliaetus Washingtoni, Aud. Washington Sea-Eagle. - - Plate XI. Male. - -Tarsus and toes uniformly scutellate in their whole length. Bill -bluish-black, cere yellowish-brown, feet orange-yellow, claws -bluish-black. Upper part of the head, hind neck, back, scapulars, -rump, tail-coverts, and posterior tibial feathers blackish-brown, -glossed with a coppery tint; throat, fore-neck, breast, and belly -light brownish-yellow, each feather with a central blackish-brown -streak; wing-coverts light greyish-brown, those next the body becoming -darker; primary quills dark brown, deeper on their inner webs; -secondaries lighter, and on their outer webs of nearly the same light -tint as their coverts; tail uniform dark brown. - -_Male_, 43, 122. - -From Louisiana northward. Exceedingly rare. The specimen figured -procured in Kentucky. One seen in Labrador. - - Bird of Washington, Falco Washingtonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 58. - - -14. 2. Haliaetus leucocephalus, Linn. White-headed Sea-Eagle.--Bald -Eagle. - - Plate XXXI. Adult Male. Plate CXXVI. Young. - -Male. Tarsus with a few scutella; toes terminally scutellate. Male -with the bill, cere, iris, and feet yellow; the head, the neck for -half its length, the rump, upper and lower tail-coverts, and tail -white; the rest of the plumage chocolate-brown, the terminal margins -of all the feathers pale greyish-brown. Female similar. Young with the -bill brownish-black, iris dark brown, feet yellow; the general colour -of the plumage very dark chocolate, uniform, the feathers without -edgings, all white at the base, that colour appearing more or less on -the hind part, and more especially on the fore part and sides of the -neck, and on the sides of the body and lower wing-coverts; quills and -tail-feathers brownish-black, tinged with grey toward the base; the -latter with the greater part of the inner webs, and a portion of the -outer brownish-white, freckled with dusky. In more advanced stages the -colours of the plumage vary considerably in different individuals. The -general tint continues brown for several years, a variable and often a -large proportion of white, or brownish-white, appearing on the neck, -the lower part of the body, the sides, and under the wings, the tail -meanwhile gradually becoming white in freckled patches, some have a -large patch of brownish-white across the breast. When the feathers are -new, they are of a glossy deep brown, but when old and worn they -present a bleached appearance, and the upper parts are often patched -with pale brown or brownish-white. On account of these circumstances, -individuals of different ages, and shot at different periods of the -year, differ so much from each other in appearance, that one might, -without a very extended comparison, conceive that in a collection of -specimens, there might be several species. The bill remains dark until -the head and tail become white; the anterior tarsal scutella differ -from none to six, the posterior from nine to twelve; those on the hind -toe are four, on the middle toe from nine to thirteen. - -_Male_, 34, 84. - -Throughout North America. Resident in the south and west. - - Bald Eagle, Falco Haliaetus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. iv. p. 89. - Adult. - - Sea Eagle, Falco ossifragus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. vii. p. - 16. Young. - - Falco leucocephalus, Bonap. Synops. p. 26. - - Aquila leucocephala, White-headed Eagle, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor Amer. v. ii. p. 15. - - White-headed or Bald Eagle, Falco leucocephalus, Nutt. Man. v. - i. p. 72. - - White-headed Eagle, Falco leucocephalus, Aud. Ornith. Biog. v. - i. p. 160, v. ii. p. 160, v. v. p. 354. - - - - -GENUS V. PANDION, Sav. OSPREY. - - -Bill short, as broad as deep at the base, the sides convex, the dorsal -outline straight at the base, decurved towards the end; upper mandible -with a festoon on the edges at the curvature, the tip trigonal, very -acute; lower mandible with the edges slightly arched, the tip obtusely -truncate. Nostrils oval, oblique, large, half-way between the ridge -and the cere. Legs rather long; tarsus very short, remarkably thick, -covered all round with hexagonal scales; toes also remarkably thick, -the outer versatile larger than the inner, all scutellate only towards -the end, and covered beneath with prominent, conical, acuminate -scales; claws long, curved, convex beneath, tapering to a fine point. -Plumage compact, imbricated; feathers of the head and neck narrow, -acuminate; of the tarsus short and very narrow, without the elongated -external tufts seen in all the other genera. Tail rather long, a -little rounded. Intestine extremely long and slender, its greatest -width 2-1/4 twelfths, the smallest 1/2 twelfth. - - -15. 1. Pandion Haliaetus. Common Osprey.--Fish Hawk. Fishing Eagle. - - Plate LXXXI. Adult male. - -Bill bluish-black, cere light blue, feet pale greyish-blue tinged -anteriorly with yellow. General colour of upper parts deep -umber-brown, the tail barred with whitish on the inner webs; the upper -part of the head and neck white, the middle part of the crown dark -brown; a broad band of the latter colour from the bill down the side -of the neck; lower parts white, the neck streaked with light brown; -anterior tibial feather tinged with brown. Young with the feathers of -the upper parts broadly tipped with brownish-white, the lower pure -white. - -_Male_, 23, 54. _Female_, 25-1/2, 58. - -From Texas northward, and throughout the interior, as well as along -the north-west coast. Resident in the south. - - Fish Hawk, Falco Haliaetus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 13. - - Falco Haliaetus, Bonap. Syn. p. 26. - - Fish Hawk or Osprey, Falco Haliaetus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 415, v. v. p. 362. - - - - -GENUS VI. ELANUS, Sav. ELANUS. - - -Bill short, small, very wide at the base, much compressed toward the -end; upper mandible with the dorsal line convex and declinate to the -end of the cere, then decurved, the sides slightly convex, the tip -narrow and acute, the edges with a distinct festoon, lower mandible -with the angle very wide and long, the dorsal line very short, and -slightly convex, the tip obliquely truncate, and narrow. Nostrils -elliptical, rather large, about half-way between the cere and ridge. -Head rather large, broad, flattened above; neck short; body compact. -Legs rather short; tarsus very short, stout, roundish, feathered -anteriorly for half its length, the rest covered with small roundish -scales; toes short, thick, scaly, with a few terminal scutella; claws -long, curved, conical, rounded beneath, acute. Plumage very soft, and -rather blended. Wings very long and pointed, the second quill longest. -Tail of moderate breadth, long, emarginate, and rounded. - - -16. 1. Elanus dispar, Temm. Black-shouldered Elanus. - - Plate CCCLII. Male and Female. - -Ash-grey above; head, tail, and lower parts white, with a large -bluish-black patch on the wing above, and a smaller beneath; feet -orange-yellow. Young with the upper parts brownish-grey, the larger -feathers tipped with white, the patches on the wings brownish-black. - -_Male_, 14, 40. _Female_, 16-3/4, 41-1/2. - -From Texas to North Carolina. Rare. Never far inland. Migrates -southward. - - Black-winged Hawk, Falco melanopterus, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. - - Falco melanopterus, Bonap. Syn. p. 31. Falco dispar, App. p. - 435. - - Black-shouldered Hawk, Falco dispar, Aud. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. - 397. - - - - -GENUS VII. ICTINIA, Vieillot. ICTINIA. - - -Bill very short, wide at the base, much compressed toward the end; -upper mandible with the dorsal line decurved in its whole length, the -sides slightly convex, the tip narrow and acute, the edges with an -obtuse lobe; lower mandible with the angle very wide, the dorsal line -ascending and convex, the tip rather broad and obliquely truncate. -Nostrils round, lateral, with a central papilla. Head rather large, -roundish, broad, flattened; neck short, body compact. Legs rather -short; tarsus stout, covered anteriorly with scutella; toes scutellate -above, scabrous beneath, with pointed papillae; claws rather long, -curved, acuminate, flattened beneath. Plumage rather compact. Wings -very long, the third quill longest. Tail long, emarginate. - -This genus is easily distinguished from Elanus; the tarsi and toes -being scutellate in this, and scaly in that; and the festoon on the -upper mandible is much more prominent in Ictinia, while the nostrils, -instead of being elliptical, are round, as in the Falcons. - - -17. 1. Ictinia plumbea, Gmel. Mississippi Ictinia.--Mississippi Kite. - - Plate CXVII. Male and Female. - -Head, secondary quills, and lower parts light ash-grey; back and wing -coverts dark leaden-grey; primaries black, margined externally with -deep red; tail bluish-black; scutella dark purplish-red. - -_Male_, 14, 36. _Female_, 15. - -From Texas, where it is abundant, to North Carolina; up the -Mississippi to Natchez. Migratory. - - Mississippi Kite, Falco Mississippiensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 80. - - Falco plumbeus, Bonap. Syn. p. 90. - - Mississippi Kite, Falco plumbeus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 108, v. v. p. 374. - - - - -GENUS VIII. NAUCLERUS, Vig. SWALLOW-TAILED-HAWK. - - -Bill short, wide at the base, much compressed toward the end; upper -mandible with the dorsal line decurved from the base, the sides -slightly convex, the edges with a slight festoon, the tip narrow and -acute; lower mandible with the angle very wide, the dorsal line -straightish, the tip rounded and declinate. Nostrils round, with a -central papilla. Head rather large, roundish, flattened; neck short; -body compact. Feet short; tarsus very short, thick, scaly all round; -toes scutellate above, scabrous beneath, with pointed papillae; claws -rather long, curved, acuminate. Plumage blended, glossy. Wings -extremely long, pointed, the third quill longest; secondaries short. -Tail extremely long, very deeply forked. - - -18. 1. Nauclerus furcatus, Linn. Common Swallow-tailed Hawk. - - Plate LXXII. Male. - -Head, neck all round, and lower parts white; back, wings, and tail -black, glossed with blue and purple; feet light blue, tinged with -green; claws flesh-coloured. - -_Male_, 22, 47. _Female_, 25, 51-1/2. - -From Texas to North Carolina. Rather abundant. Up the Mississippi and -Ohio to Louisville. Accidental in Pennsylvania. Migratory. - - Swallow-tailed Hawk, Falco furcatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. - p. 70. - - Falco furcatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 31. - - Swallow-tailed Hawk, Falco furcatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 368. v. v. p. 371. - - - - -GENUS IX. FALCO, Linn. FALCON. - - -Bill short, robust; its upper outline decurved from the base; cere -short, bare; edge of upper mandible with a festoon and a prominent -angular process. Nostrils round, with an internal ridge, ending in a -central tubercle. Feet strong; tarsi moderate, reticulate; toes long, -broadly scutellate, the anterior webbed at the base; claws long, well -curved, very acute. Wings long, pointed; second quill longest, first -and third nearly equal; outer toe abruptly cut out on the inner web. -Tail rather long, nearly even. - - -19. 1. Falco Islandicus, Lath. Iceland or Jer Falcon--Gyr Falcon. -Labrador Falcon. - - Plate CCCLXVI. Adult Female. Plate CXCVI. Young Male and - Female. - -Tooth-like process of the bill generally obsolete in old, festoon -slight in young birds; tail from three to four inches longer than the -wings. Adult white, with slate-grey sagittate spots above, the bill -pale blue, the cere and feet yellow. Younger birds light grey, the -feathers white on the edges; the bill and cere light blue, the feet -greyish-blue. Young brownish-grey above, the feathers margined and -spotted with reddish-white, the lower parts yellowish-white, -longitudinally streaked with dusky. - -_Male_, 22-1/2, 49. _Female_, 23-1/2, 51-1/4. - -Breeds in the extreme north, and in Labrador. In winter, migrates -southward as far as Maine. - - Falco Islandicus, Jer Falcon, Rich. & Swains. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 27. - - Gyr Falcon, Falco Islandicus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 51. - - Iceland or Jer Falcon, Falco Islandicus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 466. Adult Female. - - Iceland or Jer Falcon, Falco Islandicus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 552. Young Male and Female. - - -20. 2. Falco peregrinus, Gmel. Peregrine Falcon.--Large-footed Hawk. -Duck Hawk. Wandering Falcon. - - Plate XVI. Adult Male and Female. - -Wings, when closed, of nearly the same length as the tail. Adult male -with the upper parts greyish-black, excepting the head and hind neck -barred with light greyish-blue, lower parts white, the breast and -sides transversely spotted with black. Female with the upper parts -darker than those of the male, the lower yellowish or reddish-white, -with larger dusky spots on the breast and sides, and oblong streaks on -the neck. Young blackish-brown above, the breast of the male -yellowish-white, of the female pale yellowish-red, with broad -longitudinal dusky streaks. In all stages, a large mystachial patch, -black in adult, brown in young birds. - -_Male_, 16-1/2, 30. _Female_, 19-1/2, 36. - -Breeds in the northern parts, visiting the southern and western in -winter as far as Texas. - - Great-footed Hawk, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 120. - - Falco peregrinus, Bonap. Synops. p. 27. - - Common or Wandering Falcon, Falco peregrinus, Nuttall, Man. v. - i. p. 53. - - Great-footed Hawk, Falco peregrinus, Aud. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 85; v. v. p. 365. - - Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 23. - - -21. 3. Falco columbarius, Linn. Pigeon Falcon.--Pigeon Hawk. - - Plate LXXV. Young Male and Female. Plate XCII. Adult Male. - -Wings from two to three inches shorter than the tail, on the middle -feathers of which are five, on the lateral six broad whitish bands. -Adult male with the cere greenish-yellow, the feet pale orange, the -upper parts light bluish-grey, each feather with a black central line; -lower parts reddish or yellowish white, the breast and sides with -large oblong brown spots; tibial feathers light red, streaked with -blackish-brown. Female with the cere and legs greenish-yellow, the -upper parts dark greyish-brown, the lower pale red, spotted as in the -male. Young with the head light reddish-brown, streaked with dusky, -the upper parts brownish-grey, the feathers margined and spotted with -pale red, throat white, lower parts pale red, streaked with brown. The -tail-bands vary from pale red to white. - -This species is so nearly allied to _Falco Aesalon_, that it is -extremely difficult to distinguish many individuals. The number and -form of the scutella differ; but the most certain distinctive -character is found in the light-coloured bands of the tail, which are -more numerous in the Merlin, there being seven on its middle, and nine -on its lateral tail-feathers. - -_Male_, 10-3/4, 27. _Female_, 14, 30. - -From Texas northward. Breeds in the Labrador and Arctic regions. -Abundant. Migratory. - - Pigeon Hawk, Falco columbarius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. - 107. - - Falco columbarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 38. - - Pigeon Hawk, Falco columbarius, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 60. - - Little Corporal Hawk, Falco temerarius, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 61. Adult Male. - - Falco columbarius, Pigeon Hawk, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 35. - - Falco Aesalon, Merlin, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. - 37. - - Pigeon Hawk, Falco columbarius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 466; - Young, v. i. p. 381, Male; v. v. p. 368. - - -22. 4. Falco sparverius, Linn. Sparrow Falcon.--Sparrow Hawk. - - Plate CXLII. Male and Female. - -Male with the upper part of the head and wing-coverts light -greyish-blue, seven black spots round the head, and a light red patch -on the crown; back light red, spotted with black; tail red, with a -broad subterminal black band. Female with the head nearly as in the -male, the back, wing-coverts, and tail, banded with light red and -dusky. Young similar to the female, but with more red on the head, -which is streaked with dusky. - -_Male_, 12. _Female_, 12. - -Generally distributed. Resident in the south. Abundant. - - American Sparrow-Hawk, Falco sparverius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. p. 117. - - Falco sparverius, Bonap. Syn. p. 27. - - American sparrow-hawk, Falco sparverius, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 58. - - Falco sparverius, Little Rusty-crowned Falcon, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 31. - - American Sparrow-Hawk, Falco sparverius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 246; v. v. p. 370. - - - - -GENUS X. ASTUR, Cuv. HAWK. - - -Bill short, robust; its upper outline sloping, and nearly straight at -the base, then decurved; cere short, bare above; edge of upper -mandible with a festoon, succeeded by a broad sinus. Nostrils -elliptical. Feet of moderate length; tarsi moderate or slender, -feathered at least one-third of their length, broadly scutellate -before and behind; first and second toes strongest and equal, third -much longer, and connected at the base by a web with the third, which -is shortest; claws long, well curved, acuminate. Wings very broad, of -moderate length, much rounded, fourth and fifth quills longest, first -much shorter, outer four abruptly cut out on the inner web. Tail long, -much exceeding the wings, rounded. - -Those of more slender form, with proportionally longer tails and -tarsi, are separated by many authors to form a group, to which the -name of _Accipiter_ and _Nisus_ are given. - - -23. 1. Astur palumbarius, Linn. Gos Hawk. - - Plate CXLI. Fig. 1. Adult Male. Fig. 2. Young. - -Adult male dark bluish-grey above, the tail with four broad bands of -blackish-brown, the upper part of the head greyish-black; a white -band, with black lines, over the eyes; lower parts white, narrowly -barred with grey, and longitudinally streaked with dark brown. Young -brown above, the feathers edged with reddish-white, the head and hind -neck pale red, streaked with blackish-brown, the lower parts -yellowish-white, with oblong longitudinal dark brown spots. - -_Male_, 24, 47. - -From Maryland, northward. From Kentucky, northward. Migratory. - - Ash-coloured or Black-capped Hawk, Falco atricapillus, Wils. - Amer. Ornith. v. vi. p. 80. - - Falco palumbarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 28. - - American Goshawk, Falco atricapillus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 85. - - Accipiter (Astur) Palumbarius, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 39. - - Goshawk, Falco palumbarius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 241. - - -24. 2. Astur Cooperi, Bonap. Cooper's Hawk. - - Plate CXLI. Fig. 3. Adult Male. Plate XXXVI. Young Male and - Female. - -Tail rounded, tarsi moderately stout. Adult male dull bluish-grey -above; the tail with four broad bands of blackish-brown, and tipped -with white; the upper part of the head greyish-black; lower parts -transversely barred with light red and white, the throat white, -longitudinally streaked. Female similar, with the bands on the breast -broader. Young umber-brown above, more or less spotted with white, the -tail with four blackish-brown bars; lower parts white, each feather -with a longitudinal narrow, oblong, brown spot. - -_Male_, 20, 36. _Female_, 22, 38. - -From Louisiana northward, and all over the interior, in winter. Some -breed in the United States. Columbia River. - - Cooper's Hawk, Falco Cooperii. Bonap. Amer. Orn. Young. - - Falco Cooperii, Bon. Syn. App. p. 433. Young. - - Stanley Hawk, Falco Stanleii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 245. - Adult Male. - - Stanley Hawk, Falco Stanleii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 186. - Young. - - -25. 3. Astur fuscus, Gmel. Sharp-shinned Hawk. - - Plate CCCLXXIV. Adult Male and Female. - -Tail even, tarsi extremely slender. Adult male bluish-grey above; the -tail with four broad bands of blackish-brown, and tipped with white; -upper part of head darker; lower parts transversely barred with light -red and white, the throat white, longitudinally streaked. Female -similar, more tinged with yellow beneath, and with the bands on the -breast broader. Young umber-brown above, more or less spotted with -white, the tail with four dark brown bars; lower parts white, each -feather with a longitudinal narrow, oblong, brown spot. Miniature of -_Falco Cooperii_, and intimately allied to _Astur Nisus_. - -_Male_, 11-1/4, 20-1/2. _Female_, 14, 26. - -Generally distributed. Not very abundant. Migratory. - - Slate-coloured Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. - v. vi. p. 13. Adult Male. - - Sharp-shinned Hawk, Falco velox, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. vi. p. - 116. Young Female. - - Falco velox, Bonap. Syn. p. 29. - - Falco fuscus, Bonap. Syn. Append. p. 433. - - Accipiter Pennsylvanicus, Slate-coloured Hawk, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 44. - - American Brown or Slate-coloured Hawk, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. - 87. - - Sharp-shinned or Slate-coloured Hawk, Falco fuscus, Aud. Amer. - Orn. v. iv. p. 522. Adult. - - - - -GENUS XI. CIRCUS, Bechst. HARRIER. - - -Bill short, compressed; upper mandible with the dorsal line sloping to -beyond the cere, then decurved, the sides sloping, the edge with a -festoon a little anterior to the nostril, the tip acute; lower -mandible with the dorsal line ascending and convex, the tip rounded. -Nostrils large, ovato-oblong, with an oblique ridge from their upper -edge. Head of moderate size, oblong, neck rather short; body slender. -Legs long and slender; tarsi long, compressed, anteriorly and -posteriorly scutellate; toes slender, scutellate unless at the base; -claws long, compressed, moderately curved, flat beneath, acuminate. -Plumage very soft; a distinct ruff of narrow feathers from behind the -eye on each side to the chin, the aperture of the ear being very -large. Wings long, much rounded, the fourth quill longest; outer four -quills with their inner webs sinuate. Tail straight, long, slightly -rounded. Quills and tail-feathers covered with velvety down. - - -26. 1. Circus cyaneus, Linn. Common Harrier. - - Plate CCCLVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Fig. 3. Young. - -Adult male light ash-grey; abdomen, tail-coverts, lower wing-coverts, -inner webs of secondary quills and tail-feathers, white, primaries -black toward the end. Female umber-brown above, head, hind neck and -scapulars, streaked with light red; tail-coverts white; tail banded -with light red; lower parts light yellowish-red, the neck streaked -with brown. Young like the female, but lighter. - -_Male_, 19-3/4, 44. _Female_, 20-1/2, 46-3/4. - -Breeds from Texas northward. Columbia River. - - Marsh Hawk, Falco uliginosus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 67. - Young Female. - - Falco cyaneus, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 30. - - Hen-Harrier or Marsh Hawk, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 109. - - Marsh Hawk, Falco cyaneus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 396. - - Buteo (Circus) cyaneus? var? Americanus, American Hen-Harrier, - Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 55. - - - - -FAMILY III. STRIGINAE. OWLS. - - -Bill very short, strong, cerate; upper mandible with the tip elongated -and decurved; lower mandible with the end rounded and thin-edged. Head -extremely large, owing to the wide separation of the tables of the -cranium, roundish, more or less vertically flattened behind, -feathered. Eyes excessively large, with prominent superciliary ridges, -and encircled by series of decomposed feathers. External aperture of -ear always very large, frequently excessive, simple or operculate. -Tarsus short, very short, or of moderate length, always feathered, as -are the toes, of which the outer is versatile, the first shorter than -the second, the anterior free; claws very long, slender, curved, -extremely acute. Plumage very full and soft. Wings long, broad, -rounded, the second, third, and fourth quills longest, the filaments -of the outer more or less enlarged and recurved at the end. Tail -broad, rather short or of moderate length, of twelve feathers. -Oesophagus very wide, without crop or dilatation; stomach very -large, round, somewhat membranous, its muscular fasciculi being placed -in a single series; intestine short and wide; coeca large, oblong, -obtuse, narrowed at the base. Young at first covered with -light-coloured down, when fledged, with the face darker than that of -adults. Eggs white, somewhat globular or broadly ovate, from four to -six. Nests rudely constructed, in hollow trees, on branches, in -buildings, or on the ground. - - - - -GENUS I. SURNIA, Dumeril. DAY-OWL. - - -Bill very short, strong, its upper outline decurved from the base; -lower mandible abruptly rounded, with a sinus on each side. Nostrils -elliptical, rather large. Aperture of ear elliptical, simple, not more -than half the height of the head. Feet strong; tarsi very short or of -moderate length. Plumage rather dense; facial disks incomplete above. -Wings very large, the third quill longest, the first with the -filaments thickened and a little free, but scarcely recurved at the -end. Tail varying in length. - - -27. 1. Surnia funerea, Gmel. Hawk Day-Owl.--Hawk Owl. - - Plate CCCLXXVIII. Male and Female. - -Tail long, much rounded, the lateral feathers two inches shorter than -the middle. Upper part of head brownish-black, closely spotted with -white, hind neck black, with two broad longitudinal bands of white -spots; rest of upper parts dark brown, spotted with white; tail with -eight transverse bars of white, the feathers tipped with the same; -facial disks greyish-white, margined with black; lower parts -transversely barred with brown and dull white. - -_Male_, 15-3/4, 31-1/2. _Female_, 17-1/2. - -From New Jersey on the east, and from Columbia River on the west, -northward; but not in the central plains. Migratory. - - Hawk Owl, Strix hudsonica, Wils. v. vi. p. 64. - - Strix funerea, Bonap. Syn. p. 35. - - Hawk Owl, Strix funerea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 115. - - -28. 2. Surnia nyctea, Linn. Snowy Day-Owl.--Snowy Owl. - - Plate CXXI. Male and Female. - -Tail rather long, moderately rounded; plumage white; head and back -spotted; wings, tail, and lower parts barred with dusky brown. Young -pure white. Individuals vary much in markings. - -_Male_, 21, 53. _Female_, 26, 65. - -From South Carolina on the east, and Columbia River on the west, -northward. Migratory. - - Snowy Owl, Strix nyctea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 116. - - Snowy Owl, Strix nyctea, Aud. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 135: v. v. - p. 382. - - -29. 3. Surnia passerina, Linn. Passerine Day-Owl.--Little Night Owl. - - Plate CCCCXXXII. Fig. 3. Female. - -Tail rather short, arched, nearly even; wings almost as long as the -tail, the outer four quills cut out on the inner web, the outer five -sinuated on the outer; filaments of the first free and slightly -recurved, as are those of the second and third beyond the sinus. -General colour of upper parts chocolate-brown, the feather of the head -with an oblong median white mark; hind neck with very large white -spots, forming a conspicuous patch; on the back most of the feathers -with a single large subterminal roundish spot, as is the case with the -scapulars and wing-coverts, most of which, however, have two or more -spots; quills with marginal reddish-white spots on both webs, the -third with six on the outer and four on the inner, with two very faint -pale bars toward the end; the tail similarly marked with four bands of -transversely oblong, reddish-white spots; feathers of the anterior -part of the disk whitish, with black shafts, of the lower part -whitish, of the hind part brown tipped with greyish-white; a broad -band of white crossing the throat, and curving upwards on either side -to the ear; a patch of white on the lower part of the fore-neck; -between these a brownish-grey band. Lower parts dull yellowish-white, -each feather with a broad longitudinal band of chocolate-brown; -abdomen and lower tail-coverts unspotted; tarsal feathers dull white. - -_Female_, 10-1/2; wing from flex. 6-1/4; tail 3-1/2. - -From Nova Scotia eastward. Rather rare. - - Little Night Owl, Strix passerina, Aud. v. v. p. 269. - - -31. 5. Surnia cunicularia, Gmel. Burrowing Day-Owl. - - Plate CCCCXXXII. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Feet rather long, slender; tarsus covered with short soft feathers, of -which the shafts only remain toward the lower part; toes short, their -upper surface covered with bristles or the shafts of feathers; tail -short, arched, narrow, slightly rounded. Bill greyish-yellow; claws -black. General colour of upper parts light yellowish-brown, or -umber-brown, spotted with white; the quills with triangular -reddish-white spots from the margins of both webs, there being five on -each web of the first; the tail similarly barred, there being on the -middle feathers four double spots, and the tips of all white. Face -greyish-white; throat and ruff white, succeeded by a mottled brown -band, beneath which is a patch of white; the rest of the lower parts -yellowish-white, with broad bars of light reddish-brown, which are -closer on the sides of the breast; abdomen, lower tail-coverts, and -legs without spots. - -_Male_, 10, 24. _Female_, 11. - -Prairies west of the Mississippi. Abundant. - - Burrowing Owl, Strix cunicularia, Say, in Long's Exped. v. i. - p. 200. - - Burrowing Owl, Strix cunicularia, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 68. - - Burrowing Owl, Strix cunicularia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 264. - - Burrowing Owl, Strix cunicularia, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 118. - - -30. 4. Surnia passerinoides, Temm. Columbian Day-Owl. - - Plate CCCCXXXII. Fig. 4, 5. Male. - -Tail of moderate length, straight, slightly rounded; wings rather -short, much rounded, fourth quill longest, outer three abruptly cut -out on the inner web, the first with its filaments thickened but not -recurvate, those of the second and third also thickened toward the -end. General colour of the upper parts olivaceous brown; the head with -numerous small, roundish, yellowish-white spots margined with dusky, -of which there are two on each feather; the rest of the upper parts -marked with larger, angular, whitish spots; the quills generally with -three small and five large white spots on the outer and inner webs; -the tail barred with transversely oblong white spots, of which there -are seven pairs on the middle feathers. Facial disk brown, spotted -with white; throat white, then a transverse brown band, succeeded by -white; the lower parts white, with longitudinal brownish-black -streaks, the sides brown, faintly spotted with paler. Young with the -upper parts rufous, the head with fewer and smaller white spots; those -on the lower part of the hind neck very large; the back, scapulars, -and wing-coverts unspotted; the wings marked as in the adult, but with -pale red spots in the outer, and reddish-white on the inner webs; the -tail with only five bands of spots; the lower parts white, -longitudinally streaked with light red, of which colour are the sides -of the body and neck, and a band across the throat. - -_Male_, 7, wing 3-((7-1/2)/12). - -Columbia River. - - Cheveche chevechoide, Strix passerinoides, Temm. Pl. Col. 344. - - Little Columbian Owl, Strix passerinoides, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 271. - - - - -GENUS II. ULULA. NIGHT-OWL. - - -Bill short, strong, very deep, its upper outline decurved from the -base; lower mandible abruptly rounded, with a notch on each side. -Nostrils broadly elliptical, rather large. Conch of ear very large, -elliptical, extending from the base of the lower jaw to near the top -of the head, with an anterior semicircular operculum in its whole -length. Feet rather short, strong; tarsi and toes covered with very -soft downy feathers. Plumage full, and very soft; facial disks -complete. Wings rather long, very broad, much rounded, the third quill -longest; the filaments of the first, half of the second, and the -terminal part of the third, free and recurved. Tail of moderate -length, arched, slightly rounded. - - -32. 1. Ulula Tengmalmi, Gmel. Tengmalm's Night-Owl. - - Plate CCCLXXX. Male and Female. - -General colour of upper parts greyish-brown tinged with olive; -feathers of the head with an elliptical central white spot; those of -the neck with a larger spot; scapulars with two or four large round -spots near the end, and some of the dorsal feathers and wing-coverts -with single spots on the outer web; all the quills margined with white -spots on both webs, arranged in transverse series, there being six on -the outer web of the third; on the tail five series of transversely -elongated white spots. Disk yellowish-white, anteriorly black; ruff -yellowish-white, mottled with dusky; throat brown, chin white; lower -parts yellowish-white, longitudinally streaked with brown; some of the -feathers of the sides with two white spots; tarsal and digital -feathers greyish-yellow, with faint transverse brown bars. - -_Male_, 11, wing 6-10/12. _Female_, 12. - -From Maine on the east, and from Columbia River on the west, -northward. - - Strix Tengmalmi, Tengmalm's Owl, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 94. - - Tengmalm's Owl, Strix Tengmalmi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 559. - - -33. 2. Ulula Acadica, Gmel. Acadian Night-Owl.--Little Owl. Saw-whet. - - Plate CXCIX. Male and Female. - -General colour of upper part olivaceous brown; scapulars and some of -the wing-coverts spotted with white; the first six primary quills -obliquely barred with white; tail darker, with two narrow white bars; -upper part of head streaked with greyish-white; disks pale -yellowish-grey; ruff white, spotted with dusky. Lower parts whitish, -the sides and breast marked with broad elongated patches of -brownish-red. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 17. _Female_, 8-1/2, 18. - -From North Carolina on the east, and from Columbia River on the west, -northward. - - Little Owl, Strix passerina, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 61. - - Strix acadica, Bonap. Syn. p. 38. - - Strix acadica, American Sparrow Owl, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 97. - - Acadian Owl, Strix acadica, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 137. - - Little or Acadian Owl, Strix acadica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 567: v. v. p. 397. - - - - -GENUS III. STRIX, Linn. SCREECH-OWL. - - -Bill short, compressed, deep, strong; upper mandible with its dorsal -outline straight to the end of the cere, then curved, the sides -nearly flat and erect, the tip deflected, with a rounded but -sharp-edged point; lower mandible with the dorsal line convex, the -sides convex, the edges arched, the tip obliquely truncate. Conch of -the ear semicircular, extending from over the anterior angle of the -eye to the middle of the lower jaw; aperture large, somewhat square, -with an anterior operculum fringed with feathers. Legs rather long, -tarsus long, feathered, scaly at the lower part; toes large, the first -short, the inner nearly as long as the middle, all with series of -small tuberculiform oblong scales, intermixed with a few bristles, and -three broad scutella at the end. Claws arched, long, extremely sharp, -the edge of the third thin and transversely cracked in old birds. -Plumage very soft and downy; facial disks complete. Wings long, ample, -rounded; the first quill with the filaments recurved. Tail rather -short, even. - - -34. 1. Strix Americana, Aud. American Screech-Owl.--Barn Owl. - - Plate CLXXI. Male and Female. - -Feathers margining the operculum with the shaft and webs undeveloped. -Bill pale greyish-yellow; claws and scales brownish-yellow. General -colour of upper parts greyish-brown, with light yellowish-red -interspersed, produced by very minute mottling; each feather having -toward the end a central streak of deep brown, terminated by a small -oblong greyish-white spot; wings similarly coloured; secondary coverts -and outer edges of primary coverts with a large proportion of light -brownish-red; quills and tail transversely barred with brown; lower -parts pale brownish-red, fading anteriorly into white, each feather -having a small dark brown spot at the tip. - -Closely allied to _Strix flammea_, but larger, and differing somewhat -in colour, being generally darker, with the ruff red. A character by -which they may always be distinguished is found in the operculum, the -feathers margining which are in the present species reduced to their -tubes, the shafts and filaments being wanting, whereas in the European -species each tube bears a very slender shaft, about half an inch long, -and furnished with about half a dozen filaments on each side. - -_Male_, 17, 42. _Female_, 18, 46. - -Southern States. Breeds from Texas to North Carolina. Never seen in -the interior, or to the north. Rather common. - - White or Barn Owl, Strix flammea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. - 57. - - Strix flammea, Bonap. Synops. p. 38. - - White or Barn Owl, Strix flammea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 139. - - Barn Owl, Strix flammea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 403: v. v. - p. 388. - - - - -GENUS IV. SYRNIUM, Cuv. HOOTING-OWL. - - -Bill short, stout, broad at the base; upper mandible with its dorsal -outline convex to the end of the cere, then curved, the sides sloping -and nearly flat, the tip compressed, decurved, acute; lower mandible -small, with the dorsal line convex, the tip narrow, the edges decurved -toward the end. Nostrils large, elliptical. Conch of the ear of medium -size, and furnished with an anterior semicircular operculum, beset -with slender feathers. Legs rather short; tarsi very short, and with -the toes feathered. Claws slightly curved, long, slender, compressed, -acuminate. Plumage very soft and downy; facial disks complete. Wings -very large, much rounded, the outer quill with the tips of the -filaments separated and recurved, as are those of the terminal portion -of the next; the outer six with the inner webs sinuate. Tail broad, -rounded. - - -35. 1. Syrnium cinereum, Linn. Great Cinereous Hooting-Owl.--Cinereous -Owl. - - Plate CCCLI. Female. - -Upper parts greyish-brown, variegated with greyish-white in irregular -undulated markings; the feathers on the upper part of the head with -two transverse white spots on each web; the smaller wing-coverts of a -darker brown, and less mottled than the back; the outer scapulars with -more white on their outer webs; primaries blackish-brown toward the -end, in the rest of their extent marked with a few broad light grey -oblique bands, dotted and undulated with darker; tail similarly -barred; ruff-feathers white toward the end, dark brown in the centre; -disks on their inner sides grey, with black tips, in the rest of their -extent greyish-white, with six bars of blackish-brown very regularly -disposed in a concentric manner; lower parts greyish-brown, variegated -with greyish and yellowish-white; feet barred with the same. - -_Female_, 30-1/2, 48-1/2. - -From Massachusetts on the east, and Columbia River on the west, -northward. Migratory. - - Great Grey or Cinereous Owl, Strix cinerea, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 128. - - Cinereous Owl, Strix cinerea, Swain. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 77. - - Great Cinereous Owl, Strix cinerea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 364. - - -36. 2. Syrnium nebulosum, Linn. Barred Hooting-Owl. Barred Owl. - - Plate XLVI. Male. - -General colour of upper parts light reddish-brown; face and greater -part of the head brownish-white; the feathers of the latter broadly -marked with brown, of which a narrow band passes from the bill along -the middle of the head; feathers of the back and most of the -wing-coverts largely spotted with white; primary coverts, quills, and -tail, barred with light brownish-red; wings and tail tipped with -greyish-white; lower parts pale brownish-red, longitudinally streaked -with brown, excepting the neck and upper part of the breast, which are -transversely marked, the abdomen, which is yellowish-white, and the -tarsal feathers, which are light reddish. - -_Male_, 18, 40. - -From Texas to Nova Scotia. Resident in the south and west. Very -abundant. - - Barred Owl, Strix nebulosa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 61. - - Strix nebulosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 38. - - Barred Owl, Strix nebulosa, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 133. - - Barred Owl, Strix nebulosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 242: v. - v. p. 386. - - - - -GENUS V. OTUS, Cuv. EARED-OWL. - - -Bill short, stout, broader than high at the base, compressed toward -the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line slightly curved from the -base, toward the end decurved, the ridge broad at the base, narrowed -anteriorly, the sides convex toward the tip, which is acute, and -descends obliquely; lower mandible straight, with the dorsal line very -short and slightly convex, the back and sides convex, the edges toward -the end decurved, and with a slight sinus on each side, the tip -obliquely truncate. Nostrils large, oblique, oblong. Conch of extreme -size; extending from the level of the forehead over the eye to the -chin in a semilunar form, with an anterior semicircular flap in its -whole length, the aperture large, of a rhomboidal form. Feet of -moderate length, and stout; tarsi short, feathered, as are the toes; -the first shortest, the second and fourth nearly equal; claws long, -curved in the fourth of a circle, extremely acute, the first and -second rounded beneath. Plumage extremely soft and downy, facial -disks complete, ruff distinct. Two small tufts of elongated feathers -on the head. Wings long and broad; the second quill longest; the outer -in its whole length, the second toward the end, and the first alular -feather, with the filaments disunited and recurved at the ends. Tail -rather short, a little rounded. - - -37. 1. Otus vulgaris, Fleming. Common Eared-Owl.--Long-eared Owl. - -Tufts elongated; general colour of plumage buff, mottled and spotted -with brown and greyish-white; dirty whitish anteriorly, with the tips -black, posteriorly reddish-white; ruff mottled with red and black; -upper part of head minutely mottled with whitish, brownish-black, and -light red; the tufts light reddish toward the base, brownish-black in -the centre toward the end, the inner edge white, dotted with dark -brown; upper parts buff, variegated with brown and whitish-grey, -minutely mottled or undulatingly barred; first row of coverts tipped -with white; quills and scapulars pale grey barred with dark brown, the -primaries buff toward the base externally. Tail with ten bars on the -middle and eight on the outer feathers; lower parts with more buff and -fewer spots than the upper, each feather with a long dark brown -streak, and several irregular transverse bars; legs and toes pure -buff. - -_Male_, 14-1/2, 38. _Female_, 16, 40. - -From Maryland eastward, and Kentucky westward to the Missouri. Rather -rare. Resident. - - Long-eared Owl, Strix Otus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 52. - - Strix Otus, Bonap. Syn. p. 37. - - Long-eared Owl, Strix Otus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 130. - - Long-eared Owl, Strix Otus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 573. - - -38. 2. Otus brachyotus, Linn. Short-tufted Eared-Owl.--Short-Eared -Owl. - -Tufts inconspicuous, general colour of plumage buff variegated with -dark brown; eye surrounded by a ring of brownish-black, much broader -behind; anterior half of disk white, with the tips black, posterior -yellowish; anterior auricular ruff white, posterior yellowish, each -feather with an oblong dark brown spot; upper parts buff, -longitudinally streaked with dark brown; scapulars and wing-coverts -spotted and banded in large patches, many with a large yellowish-white -spot on the outer web near the end; quills buff, with two or three -dark brown bands; tail similar, with five broad dark bands, the tip -yellowish-white; on the middle feathers, the light-coloured spaces -have a brown central patch; lower parts pale buff, whitish behind, the -neck with oblong, the breast and sides with linear dark brown streaks; -chin, feet, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts unspotted. - -_Male_, 15, 40. _Female_, 17, 45. - -From Texas eastward. Columbia River. Common. Migratory. - - Short-eared Owl, Strix brachyotos, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. - 64. - - Strix brachyotos, Bonap. Syn. p. 37. - - Short-eared Owl, Strix brachyotos, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 132. - - Short-eared Owl, Strix brachyotos, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 273. - - - - -GENUS VI. BUBO, Cuvier. HORNED-OWL. - - -Bill short, stout, broader than high at the base, compressed toward -the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line curved from the base, the -edges with a slight festoon, the tip trigonal, very acute; lower -mandible with the dorsal line convex, the tip obliquely truncate. -Nostrils broadly elliptical, aperture of ear elliptical, less than -half the height of the head, without operculum. Feet of ordinary -length; tarsi and toes feathered. Plumage full and very soft; facial -disks complete; a tuft of elongated feathers on each side of the crown -of the head. Wings ample, the first quill short, the fourth longest. -Tail of ordinary length, rounded. - - -39. 1. Bubo Virginianus, Gmel. Virginian Horned-Owl.--Great -Horned-Owl. - - Plate LXI. Male and Female. - -Upper part of the head brownish-black, mottled with light brown, the -tufts of the same colour, margined with brown; face brownish-red, with -a circle of blackish-brown; upper parts undulatingly banded and -minutely mottled with brownish-black and yellowish-red, behind tinged -with grey; wings and tail light brownish-yellow, barred and mottled -with blackish-brown and light brownish-red; chin white; upper part of -throat light reddish, spotted with black, a band of white across the -middle of fore neck; its lower part and the breast light -yellowish-red, barred with deep brown, as are the lower parts -generally; several longitudinal brownish-black patches on the lower -fore neck; tarsal feathers light yellowish-red, obscurely barred. - -_Male_, 23, 56. _Female_, 25, 60. - -From Texas northward. Resident. Not rare in the south. - - Great Horned-Owl, Strix Virginiana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. - 52. - - Strix Virginiana, Bonap. Syn. p. 37. - - Great Horned-Owl or Cat Owl, Strix Virginiana, Nutt. Man. v. - i. p. 124. - - Great Horned-Owl, Strix Virginiana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 313; v. v. p. 393. - - -40. 2. Bubo Asio, Linn. Mottled Horned-Owl. - - Plate XCVII. Adult and Young. - -Adult with the upper parts pale brown, spotted and dotted with -brownish-black; a pale grey line from the base of the upper mandible -over each eye; quills light brownish-grey, barred with brownish-black, -their coverts dark brown, secondary coverts with the tip white; throat -yellowish-grey, lower parts light grey, patched and sprinkled with -brownish-black; tail-feathers tinged with red. Young with the upper -parts light brownish-red, each feather with a central blackish-brown -line; tail and quills barred with dull brown; a line over the eye, and -the tips of the secondary coverts reddish-white; breast and sides -light yellowish-grey, spotted and lined with brownish-black and bright -reddish-brown, the rest of the lower parts yellowish-grey, the tarsal -feathers pale yellowish-red. - -_Male_, 10, 22. _Female_, 10, 23. - -From Texas eastward. Columbia River. Resident. Abundant. - - Mottled Owl, Strix naevia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 16. - Adult. - - Red Owl, Strix Asio, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 83. Young. - - Mottled and Red Owl, Strix Asio, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 120. - - Little Screech Owl, Strix Asio, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 486; - v. v. p. 392. - - - - -FAMILY VI CAPRIMULGINAE. GOATSUCKERS. - - -Mouth opening to beneath the centre of the eyes; bill much depressed, -generally feeble, the horny part being small; upper mandible with the -tip somewhat decurved. Nostrils elliptical, prominent, marginate. Eyes -extremely large. Aperture of ear elliptical, very large. Head of -extreme breadth, depressed; body very slender. Feet very small; tarsus -partially feathered, scaly; anterior toes webbed at the base; hind toe -small, and versatile, all scutellate above; claw of third toe -generally elongated, with the inner margin thin and pectinate. Plumage -very soft and blended. Wings very long, the second and third quills -longest. Tail long, of ten feathers. Oesophagus rather wide, without -crop; stomach very large, roundish, its muscular coat very thin, and -composed of a single series of strong fasciculi; epithelium very hard, -with longitudinal rugae; intestine short and wide; coeca large, -oblong, narrow at the base; cloaca globular. Trachea of nearly uniform -width, without inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest on the ground, or in -hollow trees. Eggs generally two. Young covered with down. Very nearly -allied in some respects to the Owls. - - - - -GENUS I. CAPRIMULGUS, Linn. GOATSUCKER. - - -Bill feeble, gape extending to beneath the posterior angle of the eye. -Nostrils elliptical, prominent. Wings long, pointed, the second quill -longest; tail long. Claw of middle toe pectinate. Along the base of -the bill on each side, a series of feathers having very strong shafts, -terminating in an elastic filamentous point, and with the barbs or -lateral filaments extremely slender, distant, and not extended beyond -the middle of the shaft. Plumage very soft and blended. Wings long and -pointed, the second quill longest; tail long, rounded. - - -41. 1. Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Gmel. Carolina -Goatsucker.--Chuck-will's-widow. - - Plate LII. Male and Female. - -Bristles with lateral filaments; tail slightly rounded. Head and back -dark brown, minutely mottled with yellowish-red, and longitudinally -streaked with black; three bands of the latter colour, from the lower -mandible diverging along the head; a yellowish-white line over the -eye; wings barred with yellowish-red and brownish-black, and minutely -sprinkled with the latter colour, as are the wing-coverts, which, -together with the scapulars, are largely spotted with black, and -tinged with grey; tail similarly barred and dotted; terminal half of -the inner webs of the three outer feathers white, their extremities -light red; lower parts dull reddish-yellow, sprinkled with dusky; a -band of whitish feathers barred with black on the fore neck. Female -like the male, but without white on the tail. - -_Male_, 12-3/4, 26. _Female_, 13-1/4, 30. - -From Texas to North Carolina. Up the Mississippi to Natchez. Resident -in the Floridas. - - Chuck-will's-widow, Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. vi. p. 95. - - Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 61. - - Chuck-will's-widow, Caprimulgus Carolinensis, v. i. p. 612. - - Chuck-will's-widow, Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. i. p. 273; v. v. p. 401. - - -42. 2. Caprimulgus vociferus, Wils. Whip-poor-will Goatsucker. - -Bristles without lateral filaments; tail much rounded. General colour -of upper parts dark brownish-grey, streaked and minutely sprinkled -with brownish-black; quills and coverts dark brown, spotted in bars -with light brownish-red; four middle tail-feathers like those of the -back, the three lateral white in their terminal half; throat and -breast similar to the back, with a transverse band of white on the -fore neck, the rest of the lower parts paler and mottled. Female like -the male, but with the lateral tail-feathers reddish-white toward the -tip only, and the band across the fore neck pale yellowish-brown. - -_Male_, 9-1/2, 19. _Female._ - -From Texas to Lake Huron, and the base of the Rocky Mountains. A few -remain in winter in Florida. - - Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. - p. 71. - - Caprimulgus vociferus, Bonap. Syn. p. 62. - - Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 422; v. v. p. 405. - - Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 614. - - - - -GENUS II. CHORDEILES, Swainson. NIGHT-HAWK. - - -Mouth opening to beneath the centre of the eyes; bill extremely small; -upper mandible with the tip decurved, and a deep lateral groove. -Nostrils oblong, prominent, marginate. Eyes very large. Aperture of -ear elliptical, very large. Head very large, depressed, but less so -than in Caprimulgus. Claw of middle toe pectinate. No bristles at the -base of the upper mandible. Wings very long, pointed, with the first -quill longest, and the secondaries very short. Tail emarginate. - - -43. 1. Chordeiles Virginianus, Briss. Virginian Night-Hawk.--Bat. -Crapaud volant. - - Plate CXLVII. Male and Female. - -Upper parts brownish-black, mottled with white and pale reddish-brown; -a conspicuous white bar extending across the inner web of the first, -and the whole breadth of the next four quills; tail-feathers barred -with brownish-grey, the four outer on each side plain brownish-black -towards the end, with a large white spot; sides of the head and fore -neck mottled like the back; a broad white band, in the form of the -letter V reversed on the throat and sides of the neck; the rest of the -lower parts greyish-white, transversely undulated with dark brown. -Female similar, with the dark parts more brown, the white more tinged -with red, the band on the throat brownish-white, and the white spots -on the tail-feathers wanting. - -_Male_, 9-1/2, 23-1/2. _Female_, 9-3/4, 23-3/4. - -From Texas northward. Columbia River. Throughout the interior. -Migratory. Very abundant. - - Night-Hawk, Caprimulgus Americanus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. Biog. - v. v. p. 65. - - Caprimulgus Virginianus, Bonap. Syn. p. 62. - - Caprimulgus (Chordeiles) Virginianus, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. i. p. 62. - - Night-Hawk, Caprimulgus Americanus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 619. - - Night-Hawk, Caprimulgus Virginianus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 273; v. v. p. 406. - - - - -FAMILY V. CYPSELINAE. SWIFTS. - - -Mouth opening to beneath the hind part of the eyes; bill extremely -short, very broad at the base, compressed at the end; upper mandible -decurved at the point, the edge inflected, with an indistinct sinus. -Nostrils basal, approximate, oblong. Head large and depressed; neck -short; body rather slender. Feet extremely short; tarsus rounded, -destitute of scutella; toes extremely short, the three anterior nearly -equal; hind toe very small, and versatile; claws strong, compressed, -arched, very acute. Plumage compact; no bristles at the base of the -upper mandible; wings extremely elongated, falciform, the first quill -longest; tail of ten feathers. Oesophagus of moderate width, without -crop; stomach oblong, moderately muscular, with a dense rugous -epithelium; intestine short, and rather wide; no coeca. No inferior -laryngeal muscles. Nest in crevices or holes, or attached to high -places. Eggs elongated, white. - - - - -GENUS I. CHAETURA, Stephens. SPINE-TAIL. - - -All the characters as above. Tarsus bare, longer than the middle toe, -which scarcely exceeds the outer. Tail short, even, the shafts very -strong, and prolonged into acuminate points. - - -44. 1. Chaetura pelasgia, Linn. American Spine-tail.--Chimney Swallow. -American Swift. - -Brownish-black, lighter on the rump, with a slight greenish gloss on -the head and back; throat greyish-white, lower parts greyish-brown, -tinged with green; loral space black, and a greyish-white line over -the eye. Female similar to the male. - -_Male_, 4-1/4, 12. - -Extends as far eastward as Nova Scotia. Abundant. Migratory. - - Chimney Swallow, Hirundo pelasgia, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. v. - p. 48. - - Cypselus pelasgius, Bonap. Syn. p. 63. - - Chimney Swift or Swallow, Cypselus pelasgius, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 609. - - Chimney Swallow or American Swift, Cypselus pelasgius, Aud. - Ornith. Biog. v. ii. p. 329; v. v. p. 419. - - - - -FAMILY VI. HIRUNDINAE. SWALLOWS. - - -Bill very short, much depressed and very broad at the base, compressed -toward the tip; upper mandible with the dorsal line convex, the edges -overlapping, with a small notch close to the slightly decurved tip. -Head broad, depressed; neck very short, body moderate. Feet very -short, tarsus very short, anteriorly scutellate; toes of moderate -size; first large, all scutellate in their whole length; claws rather -strong, compressed, well curved, acute. Plumage soft, blended, glossy. -No bristles at the base of the bill. Wings extremely long, narrow, -pointed, somewhat falciform; secondaries very short. Tail generally -emarginate, of twelve feathers. Mouth extremely wide; oesophagus -rather wide, without crop; stomach elliptical or roundish, muscular, -with a dense rugous epithelium; coeca very small. Four pairs of -inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest in holes in banks, buildings, or -trees, or attached to the surface of these objects. Eggs from four to -six, white, plain, or spotted. - - - - -GENUS I. HIRUNDO, Linn. SWALLOW. - - -Characters as above; tail emarginate or forked. - - -45. 1. Hirundo purpurea, Linn. Purple Martin. - - Plate XXIII. Male and Female. - -Bill rather stout; wings as long as the tail, which is deeply -emarginate. Plumage silky, shining, purplish-black, with steel blue -reflections; quills and tail-feathers brownish-black; tarsi and toes -purplish-black. Female with the upper parts paler, and tinged with -grey, the lower light grey, longitudinally streaked with black. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 16. _Female_, 7-4/12, 15-9/12. - -From the Texas northward. Rocky Mountains, and all intermediate -districts. Migratory. - - Purple Martin, Hirundo purpurea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 58. - - Hirundo purpurea, Bonap. Syn. p. 64. - - Purple Martin, Hirundo purpurea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 598. - - Purple Martin, Hirundo purpurea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 115; - v. v. p. 408. - - -46. 2. Hirundo bicolor. Vieill. White-bellied Swallow. - - Plate XCVIII. Male and Female. - -Wings a little longer than the tail, which is deeply emarginate. Upper -parts steel blue, with green reflections, lower white; feet -flesh-coloured. Female similar to the male. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 10. _Female._ - -From Texas northward. Columbia River, and all intermediate districts. -Winters in Florida and Louisiana. - - Green-blue or White-bellied Swallow, Hirundo viridis, Wils. - Amer. Ornith. v. iii. p. 44. - - Hirundo bicolor, Bonap. Syn. p. 65. - - White-bellied Swallow, Hirundo bicolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 605. - - White-bellied Swallow, Hirundo bicolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 491; v. v. p. 417. - - -47. 3. Hirundo fulva, Vieill. Cliff-Swallow,--Republican Swallow. - -Bill shorter than in the last species; wings of the same length as the -tail, which is slightly emarginate. Upper part of head, back, and -smaller wing-coverts black with bluish-green reflections; forehead -white, generally tinged with red; loral space and a band on the lower -part of the forehead black; chin, throat, and sides of the neck deep -brownish-red; a patch of black on the fore-neck; rump light -yellowish-red; lower parts greyish-white, anteriorly tinged with red. -Female similar to the male. Young dark greyish-brown above, -reddish-white beneath. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 12. _Female_, 5-4/12, 12-3/4. - -From Kentucky northward. Abundant from New York to Nova Scotia. -Columbia River. Rocky Mountains. Migratory. - - Fulvous or Cliff Swallow, Hirundo fulva, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. - i. p. 63. - - Hirundo fulva, Bonap. Syn. p. 64. - - Fulvous or Cliff Swallow, Hirundo fulva, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 603. - - Republican or Cliff Swallow, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 353; v. - v. p. 415. - - -48. 4. Hirundo rustica, Linn. Chimney-Swallow.--Barn-Swallow. - - Plate CLXXIII. Male and Female. - -Tail very deeply forked, the lateral feathers much exceeding the -wings. Forehead and throat bright chestnut; upper parts and a band on -the fore-neck glossy deep steel-blue; quills and tail brownish-black -glossed with green; the latter with a white spot on the inner web of -each of the feathers, except the two middle. Female similar to the -male. Young less deeply coloured, the forehead and throat pale red, -the band on the fore-neck dusky tinged with red; lateral tail-feathers -not exceeding the wings. - -_Male_, 7, 13. _Female_, 6-5/12, 12-9/12. - -Throughout North America, Europe, and Africa. Migratory. - - Barn Swallow, Hirundo Americana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 34. - - Hirundo Americana, American Barn Swallow, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 329. - - Hirundo rufa, Bon. Syn. p. 64. - - Barn Swallow, Hirundo rufa, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 601. - - Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 413; - v. v. p. 411. - - -49. 5. Hirundo thalassina, Swains. Violet-green Swallow. - - Plate CCCLXXXV. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female. - -Bill narrower than in the preceding species; wings extremely long, -extending far beyond the tail, which is emarginate. Upper part of head -deep green, gradually shaded into the dark purple of the hind neck; -back rich grass-green, rump and upper tail-coverts carmine purple; a -line over the eye, cheeks, and all the lower parts pure white, -excepting the wing-coverts, which are light grey. Female with the -upper part of the head and hind neck light greyish-brown, glossed with -green; the back as in the male, the rump greyish-brown; lower parts -white, anteriorly tinged with grey. - -_Male_, 4-10/12, wing 4-6/12. - -California, Rocky Mountains, and Oregon Territory. Migratory. - - Hirundo thalassinus, Swains. Syn. of Mex. Birds, Phil. Mag. - for 1827, p. 365. - - Violet-green Swallow, Hirundo thalassina, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 597. - - -50. 6. Hirundo riparia, Linn. Bank Swallow. - - Plate CCCLXXXV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Fig. 3. Young. - -Tail slightly forked, margin of first quill smooth, tarsus with a tuft -of feathers behind; upper parts greyish-brown, lower whitish, with a -dusky band across the fore part of the neck. Young with the feathers -of the upper parts margined with reddish-white. - -_Male_, 5, 11. _Female_, 4-7/8. - -From Texas northward. Rocky Mountains. Columbia River. Migratory; but -vast numbers winter in Florida. - - Bank Swallow or Sand Martin, Hirundo riparia, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. v. p. 46. - - Hirundo riparia, Bonap. Syn. p. 65. - - Hirundo riparia, Sand Martin, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 333. - - Bank Swallow or Sand Martin, Hirundo riparia, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 607. - - Bank Swallow or Sand Martin, Hirundo riparia, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iv. p. 584. - - -51. 7. Hirundo serripennis, Aud. Rough-winged Swallow. - -Tail slightly emarginate, margin of first quill rough with the strong -decurved tips of the filaments, tarsus bare; upper parts -greyish-brown, lower pale greyish-brown, white behind. Very nearly -allied to the last in form and colour, but readily distinguishable by -drawing the finger along the edge of the wing, when the stiff -projecting tips of the filaments are felt like the edge of a fine saw. - -_Male_, 5-3/4, 12-1/2. - -Louisiana and South Carolina. Migratory. - - Rough-winged Swallow, Hirundo serripennis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 593. - - - - -FAMILY VII. MUSCICAPINAE. FLYCATCHERS. - - -Bill depressed, triangular, compressed at the end, upper mandible -notched, lower with the point slightly ascending. Head rather large, -depressed; neck short; body rather slender. Feet generally short; -tarsus short, slender, with very broad scutella; toes four, free; the -hind toe not proportionally large; claws arched, compressed, acute. -Plumage soft and blended. Wings long, with the first quill generally -long, the outer three longest. Tail various. Tongue flattened, -sagittate, bristly at the tip; oesophagus wide, without crop; -stomach elliptical, moderately muscular, with the lateral muscles -distinct, the epithelium thin, dense, longitudinally rugous; intestine -short; coeca extremely small; cloaca globular. Trachea simple; -inferior laryngeal muscles, forming on each side a large pad, but not -divisible into several portions as in the singing birds. Nests -regularly formed, cup-shaped. Eggs from four to six. - - - - -GENUS I. MILVULUS, Swains. SWALLOW-TAIL. - - -Bill moderate, rather stout, straight, broad at the base, gradually -compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal outline a -little convex, the edges sharp and nearly perpendicular, with a very -small notch close to the small deflected tip; lower mandible with the -ridge very broad at the base, the sides rounded, the tip minute and -ascending. Nostrils basal, broadly elliptical. Head rather large, -depressed; neck short; body rather slender. Feet rather short; tarsus -short, slender, compressed, with very broad scutella, some of which -almost meet behind; toes free, the hind toe not proportionally larger, -all scutellate above; claws of moderate size, arched, compressed, -acute. Plumage soft and blended. Wings long, second quill longest, -first almost as long as third, the three outer abruptly notched near -the attenuated tip. Tail extremely elongated and forked, the middle -feathers being of ordinary length, the lateral longest. - - -52. 1. Milvulus Tyrannus, Linn. Prairie Swallow-tail.--Fork-tailed -Flycatcher. - - Plate CLXVIII. Male. - -Tail more than twice the length of the body; upper part of head and -cheeks deep black, the feathers of the crown bright yellow at the -base; back ash-grey, rump bluish-black; wings and tail brownish-black, -the lateral feathers of the latter with the outer web white for half -its length; lower parts white. - -_Male_, 14-1/4, 14. - -In Louisiana, very rare. Accidental in New Jersey. - - Fork-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa Savana, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. - i. p. 1. - - Muscicapa Savana, Bonap. Syn. p. 67. - - Fork-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa Savana, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 274. - - Forked-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa Savana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 387. - - -53. 2. Milvulus forficatus, Gmel. Red-shouldered -Swallow-tail.--Swallow-tailed Flycatcher. - - Plate CCCLIX. Fig. 3. Male. - -Tail longer than the body; upper part of the head, cheeks, and hind -neck ash-grey; back brownish-grey, rump dusky; anterior wing-coverts -scarlet, quills brownish-black, tail-feathers deep black, the three -outer on each side rose-coloured to near the end; lower parts white -before, rose-coloured behind. - -_Male_, 11, wing 5-1/8. - -Arkansas. Rare in Louisiana. - - Swallow-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa forficata, Bonap. Amer. - Orn. v. i. p. 15. - - Muscicapa forficata, Bonap. Syn. p. 275. - - Swallow-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa forficata, Nutt. Man. v. - i. p. 275. - - Swallow-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa forficata, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. iv. p. 426. - - - - -GENUS II. MUSCICAPA, Linnaeus. FLYCATCHER. - - -Bill moderate, or rather long, stout, straight, broad at the base, -gradually compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal -outline sloping, the edges sharp and overlapping, with a very small -notch close to the small deflected tip; lower mandible with the ridge -very broad at the base, the sides rounded, the tip minute and -ascending. Nostrils basal, roundish. Head rather large, depressed; -neck short; body rather slender. Feet short; tarsus very short, -slender, with six very broad scutella, three of which almost meet -behind; toes free, the hind toe large, all scutellate above; claws -rather long, very slender, arched, finely pointed. Plumage soft and -blended. Wings long, second and third quills longest; outer primaries -generally attenuated at the end. Tail long, even, or emarginate. - -* Bill large. Head with a vermilion patch, outer quills attenuated. -Tyrannus of authors. - - -54. 1. Muscicapa verticalis, Say. Arkansaw Flycatcher. - - Plate CCCLIX. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -The outer five primaries much attenuated toward the end, the first -more so, the fifth least, the third longest, but the outer four nearly -equal; tail almost even. Upper parts ash-grey, the back tinged with -yellow; a patch of bright vermilion on the top of the head; -wing-coverts and quills chocolate-brown; upper tail-coverts and tail -black, the outer web of the lateral feathers yellowish-white; throat -greyish-white, sides and fore part of neck ash-grey, the rest of the -lower parts pure yellow. Female similar. - -_Male_, 9, 15-1/2. - -Columbia River, Rocky Mountains, and across to Texas. Accidental in -Louisiana. Migratory. - - Tyrannus verticalis, Say Long's Exped. v. ii. p. 60. - - Arkansaw Flycatcher, Muscicapa verticalis, Bonap. Amer. Orn. - v. i. p. 18. - - Muscicapa verticalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 67. - - Arkansaw Flycatcher, Muscicapa verticalis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 273. - - Arkansaw Flycatcher, Muscicapa verticalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 422; v. v. - - -55. 2. Muscicapa dominicensis, Brisson. Pipiry Flycatcher. - - Plate CLXXII. Male. - -The outer six primaries attenuated at the end, the first more so, the -sixth least; the third longest, but the second almost equal, the -fourth and fifth very little shorter, the first much longer than the -seventh; tail emarginate. Upper parts dull ash-grey, shaded with brown -posteriorly; a concealed patch of bright vermilion on the top of the -head; wing-coverts, quills and tail chocolate-brown, margined with -brownish-white; lower parts anteriorly ash-grey, behind greyish-white -tinged with yellow, lower wing-coverts pale sulphur yellow. Female -similar. - -_Male_, 8-7/8, 14-3/8. - -Florida Keys; and southern parts of South Carolina. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Tyrannus griseus, Vieill., Ois. d'Amer. pl. 46. - - Pipiry Flycatcher, Muscicapa dominicensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 392. - - -56. 3. Muscicapa Tyrannus, Linn. Tyrant Flycatcher,--King Bird. - - Plate LXXIX. Male and Female. - -The outer two primaries attenuated at the end, the second longest, the -first longer than the third; tail even. Upper parts dark bluish-grey, -the head greyish-black, with a bright vermilion patch margined with -yellow; quills, coverts, and tail-feathers brownish-black, the former -margined with dull white; the latter largely tipped with white; lower -parts greyish-white, the breast pale grey. Female duller, the upper -parts tinged with brown, the lower more dusky. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, 14-1/2. - -North America generally. Migratory. A few winter in South Florida. - - Lanius Tyrannus, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 136. - - Tyrant Flycatcher, Muscicapa Tyrannus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 66. - - Muscicapa Tyrannus, Bonap. Syn. p. 66. - - King-bird or Tyrant Flycatcher, Muscicapa Tyrannus, Nutt. Man. - v. i. p. 265. - - Tyrant Flycatcher, Muscicapa Tyrannus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 403; v. v. p. 420. - -** Bill large. Head plain, crested, quills not attenuated. - - -57. 4. Muscicapa crinita, Linn. Great Crested Flycatcher. - - Plate CXXIX. Male. - -Third quill longest, first and sixth equal; upper parts dull -greenish-olive; quills and coverts dark brown, the primaries margined -with light red, the secondaries with yellowish-white, of which there -are two bars across the wing, formed by the tips of the secondary -coverts and first row of small coverts; inner webs of the -tail-feathers, except the two middle, light red; margins of inner webs -of quills tinged with the same; fore-neck and sides of the head -greyish-blue, the rest of the lower parts yellow. Female similar. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, 13. - -From Texas northward, generally distributed. Abundant. Migratory. - - Great Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa crinita, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. ii. p. 75. - - Muscicapa crinita, Bonap. Syn. p. 67. - - Great Crested Flycatcher, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 271. - - Great Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa crinita, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. ii. p. 176; v. v. p. 423. - - -58. 5. Muscicapa Cooperi, Nuttall. Cooper's Flycatcher.--Olive-sided -Flycatcher. - -Wing pointed, second quill longest, first longer than third, tail -emarginate, the three first primaries very slightly attenuated at the -ends; upper parts, cheeks, and sides of the neck, dusky brown, tinged -with greyish-olive, the head darker; quills and tail blackish-brown, -the secondaries margined with brownish-white; downy feathers on the -sides of the rump white; lower parts greyish-white, the sides dusky -grey. Young similar to adult. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 12-3/4. - -From Texas northward along the Atlantic. Never seen far in the -interior. Columbia River. Migratory. - - Olive-sided Flycatcher or Pe-pe, Muscicapa Cooperi, Nutt. Man. - v. i. p. 282. - - Tyrannus borealis, Northern Tyrant, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 141. - - Olive-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa Cooperi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 422; v. v. p. 422. - -* Bill more slender. Tyrannula of authors. - - -59. 6. Muscicapa Saya, Bonap. Say's Flycatcher. - - Plate CCCLIX. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female. - -Third quill longest, second and fourth scarcely shorter, first a -little longer than sixth; tail very slightly emarginate; upper parts -greyish-brown; upper tail-coverts and tail brownish-black; wings of a -darker tint than the back, the feathers margined with brownish-white; -a dusky spot before the eye; fore part and sides of neck light -greyish-brown, shaded with pale brownish-red on the breast and -abdomen; lower wing-coverts reddish-white. - -_Male_, 7, wing 4-2/12. - -Arkansas. Columbia River. Fur Countries. Never seen along the -Atlantic. Abundant. Migratory. - - Say's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Saya, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 20. - - Muscicapa Saya, Bonap. Syn. p. 67. - - Tyrannula Saya, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 142. - - Say's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Saya, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 277. - - Say's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Saya, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 428. - - -60. 7. Muscicapa nigricans, Swains. Rocky Mountain Flycatcher. - - Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 6. Male. - -Third quill longest, second and fourth little shorter, first and sixth -about equal; tail very slightly emarginate; head, hind neck, fore part -of back, fore neck, a portion of the head, and sides, dark -sooty-brown; the rest of the upper parts greyish-brown; secondary -coverts tipped, and secondaries margined with greyish-white, of which -colour is the great part of the outer web of the lateral -tail-feathers; middle of breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts -white; lower wing-coverts greyish-brown, edged with white. - -_Male_, 7, wing 3-((7-1/2)/12). - -Mexico and California. Rare. Migratory. - - Tyrannula nigricans, Swains. Syn. of Mex. Birds, Phil. Mag. N. - S. v. i. p. 367. - - Rocky Mountain Flycatcher, Muscicapa nigricans, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. v. p. 302. - - -61. 8. Muscicapa Phoebe, Lath. Short-legged Pewit Flycatcher. - - Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 5. Male. - -Second quill longest, third almost equal, first and fourth nearly -equal; tail slightly emarginate; upper parts dark olivaceous brown; -the head darker, wings and tail blackish-brown, secondary coverts -tipped with brownish-white, and secondary quills margined with the -same; outer edges of lateral tail-feathers pale brownish-grey; fore -part of neck, breast, and sides light dusky grey tinged with olive, -abdomen pale dull yellow, lower tail-coverts brownish-grey margined -with yellowish-white. - -_Male_, 6-9/12, wing 3-1/4. - -Columbia River. Fur Countries. Labrador. Rare. Migratory. - - Tyrannula Richardsonii, Swainson's Short-legged Pewit, Swains. - & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 146. - - Short-legged Pewee Flycatcher, Muscicapa Richardsonii, Aud. - Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 299. - - -62. 9. Muscicapa acadica, Gmel. Small Green-crested Flycatcher. - - Plate CXLIV. Male and Female. - -Bill broad and much depressed; second quill longest, third a little -shorter, first shorter than fourth; tail scarcely emarginate, upper -parts dull greenish-olive, the head darker; wings and tail -dusky-brown; two bands of dull pale yellow on the wing, the secondary -quills broadly edged and tipped with the same; a narrow ring of -yellowish-white round the eye; throat greyish-white; sides of neck and -fore part of breast greyish-olive, the rest of the lower parts -yellowish-white. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2. - -From Texas northward. Migratory. - - Small Green Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa querula, Wils. Amer. - Orn. v. ii. p. 77. - - Small Pewee, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 288. - - Muscicapa acadica, Bonap. Syn. p. 68. - - Small Green-Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa acadica, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. ii. p. 256; v. v. p. 427. - - -63. 10. Muscicapa fusca, Gmel. Pewee Flycatcher. - - Plate CXX. Male and Female. - -Wing much rounded, third quill longest, fourth scarcely shorter, but -considerably longer than second, first intermediate between sixth and -seventh; tail emarginate; upper parts dull olive, the head much -darker; quills and tail dusky brown, secondaries and their coverts -edged with pale brown; outer tail-feathers whitish on the outer edge, -unless toward the tip; lower parts dull yellowish white, the breast -tinged with grey. - -_Male_, 7, 9-1/2. - -Throughout the United States, and northward. Spends the winter in vast -numbers in the southern parts. - - Pewit Flycatcher, Muscicapa nunciola, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 78. - - Muscicapa fusca, Bonap. Syn. p. 68. - - Pewit Flycatcher or Phoebe, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 278. - - Pewee Flycatcher, Muscicapa fusca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 122; v. v. p. 424. - - -64. 11. Muscicapa virens, Linn. Wood Pewee Flycatcher. - - Plate CXV. Male. - -Slightly crested; second quill longest, first shorter than third and -longer than sixth; tail deeply emarginate; upper parts dusky olive, -upper part of head much darker; a pale greyish ring round the eye; two -bands of greyish-white on the wings, secondaries margined with the -same; quills and tail-feathers blackish-brown; throat and breast -ash-grey tinged with green, the rest of the lower parts pale -greenish-yellow. - -_Male_, 6-1/2, 11. - -Throughout the United States. British Provinces. Labrador. -Newfoundland. Rocky Mountains. Columbia River. Migratory. - - Wood Pewee, Muscicapa rapax, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 81. - - Wood Pewee, Muscicapa virens, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 285. - - Muscicapa virens, Bonap. Syn. p. 68. - - Wood Pewee, Muscicapa virens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 93; v. - v. p. 425. - - -65. 12. Muscicapa Traillii, Aud. Traill's Flycatcher. - - Plate XLV. Male. - -Slightly crested; wing rounded, with the third quill longest, second -and fourth almost equal, first a little longer than sixth; tail -slightly rounded, and faintly emarginate; upper parts dusky olive, -upper part of head much darker; a pale greyish ring round the eye; two -bands of greyish-white on the wings, secondaries margined with the -same; throat and breast ash-grey, the rest of the lower parts shaded -into pale yellow. - -_Male_, 5-3/4, 8-1/2. - -Arkansas. Columbia River. Migratory. - - Traill's Flycatcher, Muscicapa virens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 236; v. v. p. 426. - - -66. 13. Muscicapa pusilla, Swains. Least Pewee Flycatcher. - - Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 1. Adult. - -Third quill longest, fourth scarcely shorter, second nearly -one-twelfth shorter, and exceeding the first by three and a quarter -twelfths; tail slightly emarginate; upper parts light greenish-brown; -loral band whitish, a narrow pale ring surrounding the eye; wings -olive-brown, with two bands of dull white, secondaries margined with -the same; tail olive-brown, the lateral feathers lighter, the outer -web pale brownish-grey; fore part of neck and a portion of the breast -and sides ash-grey, the rest of the lower parts pale yellow. - -_Male_, 5-2/12, wing 2-5/12. - -Columbia River. Fur countries. Labrador. Newfoundland. Rare in the -Atlantic States. - - Tyrannula pusilla, Little Tyrant Flycatcher, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 144. - - Little Tyrant Flycatcher, Muscicapa pusilla, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 288. - - -67. 14. Muscicapa minuta, Wils. Small-headed Flycatcher. - - Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 2. Male. - -Wings short, the second quill longest; tail of moderate length, even; -general colour of upper parts light greenish-brown; wings and tail -dark olive-brown, the outer feathers of the latter with a terminal -white spot on the inner web; a narrow white ring surrounding the eye; -two bands of dull white on the wing; sides of the head and neck -greenish-yellow, the rest of the lower parts pale yellow, gradually -fading into white behind. - -_Male_, 5, 8-2/8. - -Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Exceedingly rare. Migratory. - - Small-headed Flycatcher, Muscicapa minuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - vi. p. 62. - - Sylvia minuta, Bonap. Syn. p. 86. - - Small-headed Sylvan Flycatcher, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 296. - - -68. 15. Muscicapa Ruticilla, Linn. Redstart Flycatcher.--American -Redstart. - - Plate XL. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Second and third quills equal and longest, fourth longer than first; -tail rounded. Male with the head, neck all round, fore part of breast, -and back, glossy bluish-black; sides of the breast, lower -wing-coverts, a patch on the wings formed by the margins of the -primaries and the basal half of most of the secondaries, together with -three-fourths of both webs of the outer four tail-feathers on each -side, and the outer web of the next, bright orange-red; abdomen and -lower tail-coverts white. Female with the upper parts yellowish-brown, -the head grey, the quills greyish-brown, the tail darker, the parts -yellow which in the male are bright orange; the rest of the lower -parts white, tinged with yellow. Young similar to the female, more -grey above, and with less yellow beneath. - -_Male_, 5, 6-1/2. _Female._ - -Throughout the United States. Abundant. Migratory. - - American Redstart, Muscicapa Ruticilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 103. - - Muscicapa Ruticilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 68. - - American Redstart, Muscicapa Ruticilla, Aud. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 202; v. v. p. 428. - - American Redstart, Muscicapa Ruticilla, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 291. - - - - -GENUS V. PTILOGONYS, Swains. PTILOGONYS. - - -Bill short, rather strong, somewhat triangular, depressed at the base, -a little compressed at the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line -convex at the end, the nasal groove wide, the sides convex toward the -end, with a distinct notch, the tip short, rather obtuse; lower -mandible with the angle rather long and wide, the dorsal line -ascending and convex, the sides convex toward the end, the tip small, -with a slight notch behind. Nostrils linear, oblong, partially -concealed by the feathers. Head ovato-oblong; neck rather short; body -slender. Feet short, and rather slender; tarsus shorter than the -middle toe with its claw, compressed, covered anteriorly with a long -plate and three inferior scutella; toes free, the outer only adherent -at the base; hind toe rather large, stouter, outer a little longer -than inner; claws moderate, arched, much compressed, laterally -grooved, acute. Plumage soft and blended; slight bristles at the base -of the upper mandible, and the feathers in the angle of the lower jaw -bristle-tipped and curved forward. Wings long, rounded; first quill -very small, fourth longest. Tail very long, straight, emarginate, and -rounded, of twelve feathers. - -This genus seems to connect the Thrushes with the Flycatchers. - - -69. 1. Ptilogonys Townsendi, Aud. Townsend's Ptilogonys. - - Plate CCCCXIX. Fig. 2. Female. - -General colour dull brownish-grey; quills and coverts dusky brown; -edge of wing dull white; basal part of primaries pale yellow, of -secondaries ochre-yellow; edges of all the quills dull greyish-white; -secondaries with a faint patch of light brownish-grey on the outer web -toward the end; middle tail-feathers greyish-brown, the rest -blackish-brown, the outer with an oblique white space, including, from -the tip, a considerable portion of the inner web, and more than -two-thirds of the outer; the next with a white patch at the end; lower -parts paler than the upper; lower tail and wing-coverts broadly tipped -with dull white, some of the inner wing-coverts white. - -_Female_, 8-1/4, wing, 4-1/2. - -Columbia River. - - Townsend's Ptilogonys, Ptilogonys Townsendi, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 206. - - - - -GENUS IV. CULICIVORA, Swains. GNAT-CATCHER. - - -Bill of moderate length, depressed at the base, rapidly attenuated, -becoming very slender toward the end; upper mandible with the ridge -distinct, the tip extremely narrow and deflected, the edges -overlapping, the notch distinct, but very small; lower mandible with -the angle of moderate length, the ridge narrowed towards the end, the -edges inclinate, the tip acute. Nostrils oblong, exposed. Head ovate; -neck short; body slender. Feet of moderate length, tarsus longer than -the middle toe, extremely slender, with the upper scutella indistinct; -toes very small, extremely compressed; hind toe proportionally very -large; outer adherent at the base. Claws well arched, extremely -compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage very soft and blended. -Wings of moderate length, concave; the first quill about a third of -the length of the second, fourth longest, third and fifth little -shorter. Tail long, slender, much rounded. - - -70. 1. Culicivora coerulea, Lath. Blue-grey Gnat-catcher. - - Plate LXXXIV. Male and Female. - -Upper parts bright blue, deeper on the head, paler on the -tail-coverts; a narrow black band on the forehead, extending over the -eyes; wings brownish-black, margined with blue, some of the -secondaries with bluish-white; tail glossy black, the outer feather on -each side nearly all white, the next with its terminal half, and the -third with its tip of that colour; lower parts greyish-white. Female -similar, but with the tints duller, and the black band on the head -wanting. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, 6-1/2. - -From Texas northward. Abundant. Migratory. - - Blue-grey Flycatcher, Muscicapa coerulea, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. ii. p. 164. - - Sylvia coerulea, Bonap. Syn. p. 85. - - Blue-grey Sylvan Flycatcher, Muscicapa coerulea, Nutt. Man. - v. i. p. 297. - - Blue-grey Flycatcher, Muscicapa coerulea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - i. p. 431. - - - - -FAMILY VIII. SYLVICOLINAE. WOOD-WARBLERS. - - -Bill short, or of moderate length, rather slender, somewhat conical, -considerably broader than high at the base, gradually compressed -toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal outline straight until -near the end, the point very narrow, the notches very slight; lower -mandible with the angle rather short and narrow, the dorsal line -straight, the edges somewhat involute, the tip acute. Head moderate, -ovate; neck short; body rather slender. Feet of moderate length; -tarsus longer than the middle toe, slender, much compressed, with -eight anterior scutella, of which the upper are blended; toes rather -small, or of moderate size, hind toe proportionally stout, outer -adherent for a short way at the base; claws moderate, much compressed, -arched, acute. Plumage generally soft and blended. Wings of moderate -length. Tail of moderate length, of twelve feathers. Tongue of -moderate length, sagittate, tapering. Oesophagus of moderate width, -without dilatation, proventriculus bulbiform; stomach of moderate -size, roundish or elliptical, moderately muscular, with the muscles -distinct; epithelium dense, longitudinally rugous; intestine short, -rather wide; coeca very small; cloaca oblong. Trachea simple; with -four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. MYIODIOCTES, Aud. FLYCATCHING-WARBLER. - - -Bill of moderate length, stoutish, straight, considerably broader than -high, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the ridge -distinct, the dorsal line convex toward the end, the edges sharp and -overlapping, with a very faint notch close to the slightly deflected -tip; lower mandible with the ridge indistinct, the sides rounded, the -edges somewhat involute, the tip narrow, not ascending. Nostrils -basal, oblong. Head ovate, of moderate size; neck short; body rather -slender. Feet of moderate length; tarsus pretty stout, much -compressed; scutella blended, excepting the lower three; toes of -moderate length, very slender, the hind toe proportionally large, the -third and fourth united at the base, all scutellate. Claws moderate, -extremely compressed, well arched, very acute. Bristles at the base of -the bill elongated but slender. Wings of moderate length, the second -and third quills longest, the first scarcely shorter than the fourth. -Tail moderate, slightly rounded. Name from [Greek: Myia], an insect, -[Greek: Diochtes], a pursuer. - - -71. 1. Myiodioctes mitratus, Lath. Hooded Flycatching-Warbler.--Hooded -Flycatcher. Hooded Warbler. - - Plate CX. Male and Female. Plate IX. Young. - -Third quill longest, second longer than fourth, which slightly exceeds -the first; tail slightly emarginate and rounded. Male with the -forehead, sides of the head, breast, sides, abdomen, lower wing and -tail coverts, rich pure yellow; hind head and neck all round black; -upper parts yellowish-olive; wings and tail dusky brown, margined with -yellowish-olive, an oblique patch of white on the inner webs of the -three outer tail-coverts. Female with the forehead, the sides of the -head, the throat, and all the lower parts yellow, the hind part of the -head dusky, the upper part as in the male. Young similar to the -female, but with the tints a little duller. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8. - -From Texas to Virginia. In the interior, as far as Memphis on the -Mississippi. Rather common. Migratory. - - Hooded Flycatcher, Muscicapa cucullata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 101. - - Sylvia mitrata, Bonap. Syn. p. 79. - - Hooded Warbler, Sylvia mitrata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 66. - Adult Male and Female; v. v. p. 465. - - Selby's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Selbyii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 46. Young. - - -72. 2. Myiodioctes canadensis, Linn. Spotted Canadian Flycatching -Warbler.--Canadian Flycatcher. Canada Warbler. - - Plate CIII. Male and Female. - -Third quill longest, scarcely exceeding the second, fourth slightly -shorter, first intermediate between the fourth and fifth; tail -rounded. Male with the upper parts ash-grey; the feathers of the wings -and tail brown, edged with grey; the head spotted with black; loral -space, a band beneath the eye, proceeding down the side of the neck, -and a belt of triangular spots across the lower part of the fore neck, -black; the lower parts, and a bar from the nostril over the eye, pure -yellow; lower wing and tail-coverts white. Female similar to the male, -but with the black spots on the neck smaller and fainter. Young -similar to the female, with the tints paler, and the neck unspotted. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 9. - -From Kentucky northward. Not found in the Atlantic districts. -Migratory. - - Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 27. - - Canada Flycatcher, Muscicapa canadensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 100. - - Sylvia pardalina, Bonap. Syn. p. 79. - - Canada Flycatcher, Muscicapa canadensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 17. - - -73. 3. Myiodioctes Bonapartii, Aud. Bonaparte's Flycatching Warbler. - - Plate V. Male. - -Bristles longer than in the last, second quill longest; tail very -long, nearly even; upper parts light greyish-blue; quills dusky brown, -their outer webs greyish-blue, the two outer margined with white; -middle tail-feathers and edges of the rest like the back; lower parts -and a band on the forehead ochre-yellow, with a few faint dusky spots -on the lower part of the fore neck. This species differs from the last -chiefly in being of a more elongated form, in having the bristles much -longer, the upper parts of a much lighter tint; in wanting the black -band down the side of the neck, and the yellow band over the eye, the -bill is straighter and more pointed, and the outer primaries are edged -with white. - -_Male_, 5-1/4. - -Louisiana. Only one specimen ever found. - - Bonaparte's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Bonapartii, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. i. p. 27. - - -74. 4. Myiodioctes formosus, Wils. Kentucky Flycatching -Warbler.--Kentucky Warbler. - - Plate XXXVIII. Male and Female. - -Third quill longest, second scarcely shorter, first longer than -fourth, the outer three being nearly equal. Tail slightly emarginate -and slightly rounded. Male with the upper part of the head and a band -from the base of the upper mandible under the eye and down the side of -the neck black; a streak from the nostril over the eye, and all the -lower parts bright yellow; the upper parts yellowish-olive; wings -brown, the feathers margined with yellowish-olive; tail light -greenish-brown. Female similar, without the black band on the cheek -and neck, and the black of the head less extended. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8. - -Valley of the Mississippi, and Kentucky. Migratory. - - Kentucky Warbler, Sylvia formosa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 85. - - Sylvia formosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 34. - - Kentucky Warbler, Sylvia formosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 196. - - -75. 5. Myiodioctes Wilsonii, Bonap. Wilson's Flycatching Warbler. - - Plate CXXIV. Male and Female. - -Wings short, the second and third quills longest and about equal, the -first much shorter than the fourth and a little longer than the fifth; -tail even. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts yellowish-green; crown -glossy bluish-black, bordered on the forehead and over the eyes with -a broad band of bright yellow, of which colour are all the lower -parts; wings and tail dusky brown, the feathers margined with -yellowish-green. Female similar to the male, but with the black of the -crown of much less extent. Young similar to the female, without black -on the head. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, 6-3/4. - -From Texas northward, Columbia River, and intervening regions. Not in -the Fur Countries. Rather rare. Migratory. - - Green Black-capt Flycatcher, Muscicapa pusilla, Wils. Amer. - Orn. v. iii. p. 103. - - Sylvia Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 86. - - Green Black-capt Warbler, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 149. - - Green Black-capped Flycatcher, Muscicapa Wilsonii, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. ii. p. 148. - - - - -GENUS II. SYLVICOLA, Swainson. WOOD-WARBLER. - - -Bill short, straight, rather strong, tapering, scarcely broader than -high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its -dorsal outline declinate and nearly straight, the tip slightly -declinate, the edges overlapping, with a slight notch; lower mandible -with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line straight, the sides -convex, the edges a little inclinate, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, -oval or oblong, partially concealed by the feathers. Head of ordinary -size; neck short; body rather slender. Feet of ordinary length, rather -slender; tarsus longer than the middle toe, much compressed, covered -anteriorly with seven scutella, very sharp behind; toes of moderate -length, slender, free, the outer united as far as the second joint, -the hind toe proportionally large; claws moderate, well arched, much -compressed, laterally grooved, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. -Bristles at the base of the upper mandible feeble. Wings rather long, -little curved, pointed; the second quill longest, the first and third -slightly shorter. Tail rather long, emarginate. - - -76. 1. Sylvicola coronata, Lath. Yellow-crowned -Wood-Warbler.--Yellow-crowned Warbler. Yellow-rump Warbler. - -Second quill longest, third scarcely shorter, first longer than -fourth; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts deep -ash-grey, streaked with black; crown, rump, and a patch on the sides -of the body, rich yellow: secondary coverts, and first row of small -coverts tipped with white, which forms two bars on the wing; quills -dark brown, margined with light greyish-brown; tail feathers -brownish-black, margined with ash-grey, the outer three on each side -with a white patch on the inner web near the end; a slender white line -over the eye; feathers of the eyelids white; lore and cheek black; -throat white; lower neck, fore part of breast and sides variegated -with black, the tips of the feathers being white; the rest of the -lower parts white. Female without the yellow spot on the crown, -although the feathers there are tinged with that colour at the base; -the upper parts tinged with light brown, the yellow spots on the sides -and rump paler. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 8-1/2. - -From Texas northward, and throughout the interior. Extremely common. -Migratory. - - Yellow-rump Warbler, Sylvia coronata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 138. - - Sylvia coronata, Bonap. Syn. p. 78. - - Yellow-crowned Warbler, or Myrtle Bird, Sylvia coronata, Nutt. - Man. v. i. p. 361. - - Yellow-rump Warbler, Sylvia coronata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 303. - - -77. 2. Sylvicola Auduboni, Townsend. Audubon's -Wood-Warbler,--Audubon's Warbler. - - Plate CCCXCV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Outer four quills nearly equal, second longest; tail slightly -emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish ash-grey, streaked with -black; crown, rump, upper part of throat, and a patch on the sides of -the body, rich yellow; first row of small coverts largely tipped, and -secondary coverts broadly margined and tipped with white, which thus -forms a conspicuous patch on the wing; quills and tail brownish-black, -narrowly margined with greyish-white; a patch of white on the inner -webs of all the tail-feathers, but on the central reduced to a mere -edging; a small white spot on each of the eyelids; loral space and -cheek black; lower part of neck anteriorly, fore part of breast, and -sides, variegated with black and white or ash-grey, the latter colours -margining the feathers; the rest of the lower parts white. Female -without the yellow spot on the crown, although the feathers there are -tinged with that colour at the base; upper parts light brownish-grey, -streaked with dusky; lower parts whitish, tinged with brown, and -streaked with dusky; throat and rump yellow, but of a lighter tint -than in the male, and but slight indications of the yellow patch on -the sides; there is much less white on the wings, and the white -patches on the tail-feathers are of less extent. - -In size, form, and proportion, this species and _Sylvicola coronata_ -are almost precisely similar; and their colours are almost exactly -alike, the only remarkable difference in this respect being, that the -throat of the present species is yellow, while that of the former is -white. - -_Male_, 5-3/4, wing, 3-1/12. - -Columbia River, northward. Common. Migratory. - - Sylvia Audubonii, Audubon's Warbler, Townsend, Journ. Acad. - Nat. Sc., Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190. - - Audubon's Warbler, Sylvia Audubonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 52. - - -78. 3. Sylvicola striata, Lath. Black-poll Wood-Warbler. - - Plate CXXXIII. Male and Female. - -First and second quills equal and longest, third a little shorter; -tail emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish ash-grey, streaked -with black; the upper part of the head deep black; the secondary -coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with white; -quills and tail-feathers blackish-brown; primaries narrowly edged with -greenish-yellow, secondaries broadly with white; three outer -tail-feathers with a patch of white on the inner web at the end; -cheeks and lower parts white; a band of black spots from the base of -the lower mandible down the side of the neck and body. Female with the -upper parts oil-green, streaked with black; the rump and upper -tail-coverts plain and edged with grey; white wing-bands tinged with -yellow; cheeks yellowish-grey, mottled with dusky, lower parts dull -white, tinged with yellow and reddish the sides of the neck and body -with fainter dark streaks. Young like the female. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 8-1/2. - -From Texas to Labrador, where it breeds. Columbia River. Common. -Migratory. - - Black-poll Warbler, Sylvia striata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. - 40. - - Sylvia striata, Bonap. Syn. p. 81. - - Sylvicola striata, Black-poll Warbler, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 218. - - Black-poll Warbler, Sylvia striata, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 383. - - Black-poll Warbler, Sylvia striata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 201. - - -79. 4. Sylvicola pensilis, Lath. Yellow-throated Wood-Warbler. - - Plate LXXXV. Male. - -Outer three quills almost equal, second quill longest, fourth shorter -than first; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts light -greyish-blue; the forehead black, the crown spotted with the same; a -white line over the eye; secondary coverts and first row of small -coverts largely tipped with white; quills greyish-black, margined with -light greyish-blue; tail-feathers of the same colour, the outer three -with a patch of white on the inner web at the end; loral space, a band -under the eye, ear-coverts, a band down the side of the neck, and -numerous oblong spots on the sides of the body, black; throat bright -yellow; rest of lower parts white. Female similar, but with the tints -paler. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2. - -From Texas to New Jersey. In the interior along the Mississippi to -Natchez. Common. Migratory. - - Yellow-throated Warbler, Sylvia flavicollis, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. ii. p. 64. - - Sylvia pensilis, Bonap. Syn. p. 79. - - Yellow-throated Warbler, Sylvia pensilis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - i. p. 434. - - -80. 5. Sylvicola castanea, Wils. Bay-breasted -Wood-Warbler.--Bay-breasted Warbler. - - Plate LXIX. Male and Female. - -Outer three quills almost equal, fourth considerably shorter; tail -slightly emarginate. Male with the upper part of the head, the fore -neck, and the sides, chestnut-red; forehead and cheeks, including a -small space over the eye, deep black, behind which is a transverse -patch of yellowish-white on the sides of the neck; back bluish -ash-grey, streaked with black; tips of the secondary coverts and first -row of small coverts white; quills and tail-feathers brownish-black -edged with grey, the outer three of the latter with a white patch on -the inner web near the end; middle of breast, abdomen, and lower -tail-coverts, white, tinged with reddish. Female similar to the male, -but with the tints fainter, especially the chestnut of the head and -throat, which are converged into light brownish-red. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 11. - -From Texas northward. Rather common. Migratory. - - Bay-breasted Warbler, Sylvia castanea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 97. - - Sylvia castanea, Bonap. Syn. p. 80. - - Bay-breasted Warbler, Sylvia castanea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 382. - - Bay-breasted Warbler, Sylvia castanea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 358. - - -81. 6. Sylvicola icterocephala, Lath. Chestnut-sided -Wood-Warbler.--Chestnut-sided Warbler. - - Plate LIX. Male and Female. - -Outer three quills nearly equal, second slightly longer; tail slightly -emarginate. Male with the upper part of the head light yellow, a small -part of the forehead white; loral space and two bands proceeding from -it, one over and behind the eye, the other downwards, black; upper -parts bluish ash-grey, tinged behind with greenish-yellow, and -streaked with black; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts -largely tipped with pale yellow; quills and tail-feathers -brownish-black, primaries edged with greyish-white, secondaries with -yellowish-green; outer three tail-feathers on each side with a white -patch on the inner web at the end; lower parts white, sides of the -neck and body deep chestnut. Female similar, but with the chestnut on -the sides less extended, and the yellow on the head tinged with green. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 8. - -From Texas northward. Rather common. Migratory. - - Chestnut-sided Warbler, Sylvia icterocephala, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. i. p. 99. - - Sylvia icterocephala, Bonap. Syn. p. 80. - - Chestnut-sided Warbler, Sylvia icterocephala, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 380. - - Chestnut-sided Warbler, Sylvia icterocephala, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. i. p. 806. - - -82. 7. Sylvicola pinus, Lath. Pine-creeping Wood-Warbler. - - Plate CXI. Male and Female. Plate XXX. Young Male. - -Wings of moderate length, with the outer three quills almost equal, -the first and second longest; tail emarginate. Male with the upper -parts light yellowish-green, inclining to olive, the rump brighter; a -streak over the eye, the eyelids, throat, breast, and sides, bright -yellow, with a greenish tinge, the rest of the lower parts white; -wings and tail blackish-brown; secondary coverts and first row of -small coverts largely tipped with dull white; primaries edged with -whitish, secondaries with brownish-grey; outer two tail-feathers with -a patch of white on the inner web near the end. Female with the upper -parts yellowish-brown tinged with grey, the lower parts of paler and -duller tints than in the male. Young similar to the female. - -_Male_, 5, 8. - -From Texas to Maine. Very abundant. Resident in the Southern and -Middle States. - - Pine Creeping Warbler, Sylvia pinus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. - p. 25. - - Sylvia pinus, Bonap. Syn. p. 81. - - Pine Warbler, Sylvia pinus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 387. - - Pine Creeping Warbler, Sylvia pinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 232. - - Vigors's Warbler, Sylvia Vigorsii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 153. Young. - - -83. 8. Sylvicola parus, Wils. Hemlock Warbler. - - Plate CXXXIV. Male and Female. Plate LXXXVIII. Young. - -Wings of moderate length, with the outer two quills almost equal, the -first longest, the third little shorter; tail very slightly -emarginate. Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, spotted with -dusky, the head greenish-yellow; secondary coverts and first row of -small coverts largely tipped with white; quills and tail-feathers -blackish-brown; primaries narrowly edged with greenish-white, -secondaries broadly with white; outer two tail-feathers with the -greater part white; a bright yellow streak over the eye; a dusky band -on the lore and behind the eye; fore neck and breast bright yellow, -the rest of the lower parts white, the sides streaked with black. -Female similar to the male, but rather paler. Young with the upper -parts light olive-brown; a pale line over the eye, which is encircled -by a narrow line of whitish; wings and tail dark brown, the former -with two brownish-white bands, the quills edged with brownish-white, -the two outer tail-feathers with a white patch on the inner web; the -lower parts dull white, tinged on the neck with yellow, on the sides -with greyish-brown. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2. - -Middle districts. Rather common. Migratory. - - Hemlock Warbler, Sylvia parus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 114. - Male. - - Autumnal Warbler, Sylvia autumnalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. - p. 65. Young. - - Sylvia parus, Bonap. Syn. p. 82. - - Sylvia autumnalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 74. - - Hemlock Warbler, Sylvia parus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 205. - Adult. - - Autumnal Warbler, Sylvia autumnalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 447. - - -84. 9. Sylvicola virens, Lath. Black-throated Green Wood-Warbler. - - Plate CCCXCIX. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Outer three quills almost equal, second very slightly longer; tail -slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts very light -yellowish-green; the anterior part of the forehead, a band over the -eye, the cheeks, and the sides of the neck, bright yellow; the fore -part of the neck, anterior part of the sides, and some spots on the -hind parts of the latter, black; the rest of the lower parts white, -partially tinged with yellow; quills and tail-feathers brownish-black; -secondary coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with -white, quills margined with greyish-white, as are the tail-feathers, -of which the greater part of the outer three, and a patch on the inner -web of the fourth, are white. Female with the upper parts similar, but -with less yellow on the forehead; ear-coverts greenish; the yellow -band over the eye less bright, the yellow on the sides of the neck of -less extent; the lower parts dull yellowish-white, the sides streaked -with dusky. - -_Male_, 4-10/12, wing, 2-1/2. _Female_, 4-1/2, wing, 2-((5-1/2)/12). - -From Texas to Newfoundland. Abundant. Migratory. - - Black-throated Green Warbler, Sylvia virens, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. ii. p. 127. - - Sylvia virens, Bonap. Syn. p. 80. - - Black-throated Green Warbler, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 376. - - Black-throated Green Warbler, Sylvia virens, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iv. p. 70. - - -85. 10. Sylvicola maritima, Wils. Cape May Wood-Warbler. - - Plate CCCCXIV. Male and Female. - -Wings pointed, first quill longest, the second a quarter of a twelfth -shorter, the third a twelfth shorter; tail slightly emarginate. Male -with the upper part of the head and fore part of the back -yellowish-olive, streaked with black; the rump, throat, and a collar -scarcely meeting behind, yellow; ear-coverts and a band over the eye -yellowish-red, loral space paler; a white patch on the wing, formed by -the first row of small coverts and the outer edges of the secondary -coverts; quills and tail-feathers blackish-brown, edged with dull -greyish-white, the secondaries more broadly; tail-feathers edged with -yellow at the base, the outer three with a white patch on the inner -web near the end; lower parts yellow, streaked with black, abdomen and -lower tail-coverts white, the latter tinged with yellow. Female -similar to the male, with the tints duller, the dusky streaks on the -upper parts very faint, the rump greenish-yellow, the ear-coverts dull -yellow, the white of the abdomen more extended, and the black streaks -on the breast less distinct. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2. - -New Jersey, and Blue Mountains of Vermont. Exceedingly rare. - - Cape May Warbler, Sylvia maritima, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. - 99. - - Sylvia maritima, Bonap. Syn. p. 79. - - Cape May Warbler, Sylvia maritima. Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 156. - - Cape May Warbler, Sylvia maritima, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 156. - - -86. 11. Sylvicola coerulea, Wils. Coerulean Wood-Warbler. - - Plate XLVIII. Males. Plate XLIX. Young Male. - -Wings long, with the outer three quills nearly equal, the first and -second longest; tail slightly emarginate, upper parts of a fine light -blue, brighter on the head, the back marked with longitudinal streaks -of blackish; a narrow band of black from the forehead along the lore -to behind the eye; two conspicuous white bands on the wings, formed by -the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; -quills black, margined with pale blue; tail-feathers black, edged with -blue, all with a white patch on the inner web near the end; lower -parts white, with a band of dark bluish-grey across the fore neck, and -oblong spots of the same along the sides. Female with the upper parts -light bluish-green, the lower and a streak over the eye very pale -yellow. Young of both sexes like the female. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, 8. - -From Texas to Nova Scotia. Columbia River. Rather common. Migratory. - - Coerulean Warbler, Sylvia coerulea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. p. 141. Male. - - Blue-green Warbler, Sylvia rara, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 119. Young. - - Sylvia azurea, Bonap. Syn. p. 85. - - Sylvia rara, Bonap. Syn. p. 82. - - Coerulean Warbler, Sylvia azurea, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 27. Female. - - Azure Warbler, Sylvia azurea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 255, - Male; v. v. p. 456. - - Blue-green Warbler, Sylvia rara, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 258. - Young Male. - - -87. 12. Sylvicola Blackburniae, Lath. Blackburnian -Wood-Warbler.--Blackburnian Warbler. - - Plate CXXXV. Male. Plate CCCXCIX. Fig. 3. Female. - -Outer three quills nearly equal, first generally longest; tail -slightly emarginate. Male black above, streaked with white; a small -patch on the top of the head, a band from the base of the upper -mandible over the eye, passing down the neck and curving forwards, and -a small band under the eye, orange-yellow; lore and a patch behind the -eye black; quills black, the outer margined with grey, the inner with -white, of which there is a large patch on the wing, including the -inner secondary coverts, and the tips of the outer, with those of the -first row of small coverts; three outer tail-feathers on each side -white, excepting an oblong portion toward the end, the next also -partially white; throat and fore part of breast rich reddish-orange; -breast dull yellow, the rest white; the sides of the neck and body -streaked with black. Female with the upper parts light olivaceous, -each feather dusky in the centre, the other parts as in the male, but -the tints much paler, the spot on the top of the head greenish-yellow, -the feathers tipped with dusky, the band over the eye pale yellow, -that on the lore and ear-coverts brown, the fore part of the neck -yellow, and the sides less strongly streaked than black. - -_Male_, 4-3/4, 7-3/4. _Female_, 4-8/12, wing 2-((7-1/2)/12). - -From Texas northward. Rather rare. Migratory. - - Blackburnian Warbler, Sylvia Blackburniae, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 67. - - Sylvia Blackburniae, Bonap. Syn. p. 80. - - Blackburnian Warbler, Sylvia Blackburniae, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 379. - - Blackburnian Warbler, Sylvia Blackburniae, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 208; v. v. p. 78. - - -88. 13. Sylvicola aestiva, Gmel. Yellow-Poll Warbler. - - Plate XCV. Male. Plate XXXV. Young Male and Female. - -Outer four quills nearly equal, second longest; tail emarginate. Male -with the upper parts pale yellowish-green, the rump greenish-yellow, -the fore part of the head, cheeks, throat, sides of the neck and lower -parts pure yellow, the breast and sides streaked with brownish-red; -feathers of the wings deep brown, primaries margined with -yellowish-green, secondaries, their coverts, and the first row of -small coverts with yellow; tail-feathers brown, with the greater part -of the inner webs and a portion of the outer yellow, excepting the -middle two. Female similar, but with the colours less bright, and the -streaks on the breast and sides obsolete. Young with the upper parts -yellowish-green, tinged with brown, forehead, sides of head, and lower -parts deep yellow. - -_Male_, 4-3/4, 8. - -From Texas northward, and throughout the interior. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Blue-eyed Warbler, Sylvia citrinella, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 111. - - Sylvia aestiva, Bonap. Syn. p. 83. - - Yellow-poll Warbler, Sylvia aestiva, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 476. Adult Male. - - Children's Warbler, Sylvia Childrenii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 180. Young. - - -89. 14. Sylvicola Rathbonii, Aud. Rathbone's Wood-Warbler. - - Plate LXV. Male and Female. - -Wings of ordinary length, the second quill longest; tail nearly even. -The general colour of the plumage bright yellow, the upper parts -olivaceous; quills and tail wood-brown, the former yellow on the outer -web, the latter margined externally with the same. Female similar. - -_Male_, 4-1/2. - -Mississippi. Only one pair seen. - - Rathbone Warbler, Sylvia Rathbonia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 333. - - -90. 15. Sylvicola petechia, Lath. Yellow Red-poll Wood-Warbler. - - Plate CLXIII. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Young Male. - - Plate CLXIV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Wings of ordinary length, with the outer three quills almost equal, -the second longer than the first, which slightly exceeds the fourth; -tail emarginate. Male with the crown of the head deep brownish-red, -the upper parts yellowish-olive, streaked with brown, the rump -greenish-yellow, without streaks; quills dusky brown, primaries edged -with whitish, secondaries with yellowish; tail feathers dusky brown, -margined with greenish-yellow, the outer two with a white patch on the -inner web at the end, sometimes the outer white on both webs at the -end; a bright yellow streak from the nostril over the eye; lore dusky; -ear-coverts brownish-red; lower parts yellow, the sides of the neck, -its lower part, and the sides of the body, streaked with deep red. -Female similar to the male, but with the tints duller and paler, the -red of the head scarcely apparent, and the fore-neck very faintly -streaked. Young dull light greenish-brown, tinged with grey, the head -streaked with dusky; lower parts yellowish-grey, the sides of the neck -and body, with the breast, faintly streaked with greyish-brown. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, 8-1/2. - -From Texas northward. Very abundant. Spends the winter in all the -Southern States. - - Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - vi. p. 19. - - Sylvia petechia, Bonap. Syn. p. 83; S. palmarium, p. 78. - - Sylvicola petechia, Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Swain. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 215. - - Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 364. - - Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 259, Adult Male and Young; p. 360, Adult Male and - Female. - - -91. 16. Sylvicola Americana, Lath. Blue Yellow-backed -Wood-Warbler,--Yellow-backed Warbler,--Blue Yellow-back Warbler. - - Plate XV. Male and Female. - -Bill much attenuated; outer three quills nearly equal, first or second -longest; tail almost even, with the feathers pointed. Male with the -upper parts light blue, the fore part of the back yellowish-green; two -broad bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the secondary -coverts, and first row of small coverts; quills and tail-feathers -dusky, margined with blue; a white spot on the outer three of the -latter; loral space black; both eyelids with a white spot; throat -yellow, with whitish patches, a lunular band of blackish on the fore -neck; breast yellow, spotted with dull orange, the rest of the lower -parts yellowish, fading into white, the sides pale greyish-blue. -Female similar but paler; the loral band wanting; throat, fore neck, -and breast yellow, without the black lunule. - -Although the bill of this species is much attenuated, it is not -essentially different in form from that of S. Blackburniae, and others -of this genus; the wings are similar to those of the rest, and there -seems no reason for setting it apart to form a genus, as has been done -by Bonaparte. - -_Male_, 4-1/6, 6-1/2. - -From Texas, generally distributed. Exceedingly abundant. Migratory. - - Blue Yellow-back Warbler, Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iv. p. 17. - - Sylvia Americana, Bonap. Syn. p. 33. - - Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Sylvia Americana, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. i. p. 78. - - -92. 17. Sylvicola Townsendi, Nutt. Townsend's Wood-Warbler. - - Plate CCCXCIII. Fig. 1. Male. - -Wings of moderate length, rather pointed, with the second and third -quills longest, the first and second nearly equal and very little -shorter; tail scarcely emarginate. Upper parts light greenish-olive, -more yellow behind, all the feathers dusky in the centre; cheeks, -ear-coverts, and throat black; a band over the eye, a broader band on -the side of the neck, and the fore part of the breast bright yellow; -the rest of the lower parts white, but the sides marked with oblong -dusky spots; wings blackish-brown; the secondary coverts and first row -of small coverts largely tipped with white, the quills margined with -light grey; tail-feathers blackish-brown, edged with grey; outer two -on each side almost entirely white, the next with a small white spot. - -_Male_, 4-10/12, wing 2-8/12. - -Columbia River, northward. Migratory. - - Sylvia Townsendi, Townsend's Warbler, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. - Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 191. - - Townsend's Warbler, Sylvia Townsendi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 36. - - -93. 18. Sylvicola occidentalis, Towns. Hermit Wood-Warbler. - - Plate CCCXCV. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female. - -Wings of moderate length, the outer three quills almost equal, the -third longest; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts -bluish-grey, spotted with black; the upper part of the head, which is -similarly spotted, the cheeks, and sides of the neck, bright yellow; -throat black; breast and abdomen white; ground and tail-feathers -greyish-dusky; two white bands on the wing formed by the tips of the -secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; two outer -tail-feathers on each side almost entirely white. Female with the -upper parts of a duller grey, the yellow of the head less extended and -not so bright; throat whitish, spotted with dusky. - -_Male_, 3-5/12, wing 2-8/12. - -Columbia River. Migratory. - - Sylvicola occidentalis, Hermit Wood-Warbler, Towns. Journ. - Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190. - - Hermit Warbler, Sylvia occidentalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 55. - - -94. 19. Sylvia nigrescens, Towns. Black-throated Grey Wood-Warbler. - - Plate CCCXCV. Figs. 5 and 6. Male. - -Wings of moderate length, with the outer three quills nearly equal, -the second longest, the first shorter than the fourth; tail slightly -rounded and emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish ash-grey, the -middle of the back and tail-coverts streaked with black; the upper -part of the head and neck, the loral space and cheeks, and the fore -part of the neck, with a small portion of the breast black; a band -from the nostril to near the eye yellow; a band over the eye, and -another from the lower mandible along the side of the neck white; -breast and abdomen white, the sides tinged with grey, and streaked -with black; wings blackish-brown, with two white bands formed by the -tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; quills -edged with light grey; tail blackish-brown, the two outer feathers on -each side almost entirely white, the next with a white patch on the -inner web. - -_Male_, 5, wing 2-8/12. - -Columbia River. Migratory. - - Sylvia nigrescens, Black-throated Grey Warbler, Journ. Acad. - Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 191. - - Black-throated Grey Warbler, Sylvia nigrescens, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. v. p. 57. - - -95. 20. Sylvicola canadensis, Linn. Canada or Black-throated Blue -Wood-Warbler. - - Plate CLV. Male. Plate CXLVIII. Female and Young. - -Wings rather long, with the third quill longest, the second almost -equal, the fourth longer than the first; tail even. Male dull light -blue above, white beneath; frontal band, cheeks, throat, and sides, -black; a white patch on the wing formed by the bases of the primaries; -outer three tail-feathers with a patch of white on the inner web near -the end, all the rest with a touch of the same. Female greenish-olive -above, light dull-yellow below, with a less extended white patch on -the wing, the white on the tail unconspicuous. Young similar to the -female. - -_Male_, 5, 7-1/2. - -From Texas northward. Migratory. Abundant. - - Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 334. - - Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis, Wils. Amer. - Orn. v. ii. p. 115. Male. - - Sylvia canadensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 84. Male. - - Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis, Nutt. Man. v. - i. p. 398. Male. - - Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. ii. p. 309. Male. - - Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. - 100. Young. - - Sylvia sphagnosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 85. Young. - - Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia sphagnosa, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 406. - Young. - - Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia sphagnosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 279. Female and Young. - - -96. 21. Sylvicola maculosa, Lath. Blue-headed Yellow-rumped -Wood-Warbler.--Black-and-Yellow Warbler. - - Plate CXXIII. Male and Female. Plate L. Young. - -Wings of moderate length, the outer four quills nearly equal, the -second and third longest and equal, the fourth longer than the first; -tail almost even. Upper part of head and hind neck ash-grey; eyelids, -and a band over the eye, white; part of forehead, loral space, and a -broad band down the side of the neck, with the fore part of the back, -and upper tail-coverts deep black; lower parts and rump bright yellow; -the lower part of the throat, the breast and sides, spotted with -black; wings and tail-feathers brownish-black, edged with grey; two -white bands on the wing; all the tail-feathers, except the middle two, -with a large patch of white on the inner web, at about two-thirds of -their length. Young yellowish-grey above, with the head light grey, -the rump yellow; lower parts of a duller yellow, with only faint dusky -streaks on the sides. - -_Male_, 5, 7-1/2. - -From Texas northward. Very abundant. Migratory. - - Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia magnolia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 63. Adult. - - Sylvia maculosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 78. - - Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia maculosa, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 370. - - Sylvicola maculosa, Yellow-rump Warbler, F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. - p. 213. - - Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia maculosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 145, Adult; v. i. p. 260, Young; v. v. p. 458. - - -97. 22. Sylvicola discolor, Vieill. Prairie Wood-Warbler. - - Plate XIV. Male and Female. - -Wings rather short, with the outer four quills nearly equal, the -second and third longest; tail emarginate and rounded. Male with the -upper parts yellowish-green, the back spotted with chestnut-red; lower -parts, and a band over the eye, bright yellow; two bands of dull -yellow on the wing; outer four tail-feathers with a white patch on the -inner web; a small streak before and behind the eye, one on the cheek, -a spot on the side of the neck, and oblong markings on the sides, -black. Female similar, but paler, especially beneath, and without the -black streaks on the side of the head. - -_Male_, 5, 7. - -From Texas to Massachusetts. Migratory. Abundant. - - Prairie Warbler, Sylvia minuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 87. - - Sylvia discolor, Bonap. Syn. p. 83. - - Prairie Warbler, Sylvia discolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 294. - - Prairie Warbler, Sylvia discolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 76. - - -98. 23. Sylvicola montana, Wils. Blue-Mountain Warbler. - - Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 3. Male. - -No bristles at the base of the bill; wings rather short, the third and -fourth quills longest; tail much rounded. Upper parts light -greenish-olive; a band across the forehead, one over the eye, the -cheeks, throat, fore part and sides of neck bright yellow; the rest of -the lower parts yellowish-white, the sides marked with narrow -longitudinal dusky streaks; wings dusky brown, all the feathers edged -with yellowish-white, the secondary quills more broadly, the first row -of small coverts and the secondary coverts tipped with white, forming -two conspicuous bands; tail brownish-black, the feathers edged with -yellowish-green, the two outer on each side white in their terminal -half. - -_Male_, 4-1/12, wing 2-6/12. - -Blue Mountains. Only one individual seen. - - Blue-Mountain Warbler, Sylvia montana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. - p. 113. - - Sylvia tigrina, Bonap. Syn. p. 83; but not of Gmelin or - Latham, as the figure of Edwards, to which reference is - made, has the tail not rounded, but emarginate. - - -99. 24. Sylvicola agilis, Wils. Connecticut Wood Warbler.--Connecticut -Warbler. - - Plate CXXXVIII. Male and Female. - -Wings long, with the first quill longest, and exceeding the first -secondary by eleven-twelfths of an inch; middle toe and claw longer -than the tarsus; tail of moderate length, nearly even, with acuminate -feathers. Male olive-green above; a ring of yellowish-white round the -eye; the head, neck all round, and part of the breast ash-grey, the -sides greyish-green; the rest of the lower parts bright yellow. Female -olive-green above, yellow beneath, the sides of the neck and a band -across the breast tinged with brown. - -_Male_, 5-3/4, 8. - -New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. Very rare. Migratory. - - Connecticut Warbler, Sylvia agilis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. - 64. - - Sylvia agilis, Bonap. Syn. p. 84. - - Connecticut Warbler, Sylvia agilis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 399. - -This species forms a connecting link between _Sylvicola_ and -_Trichas_, having the long pointed wings of the former, and the -general appearance of the latter, which it resembles, especially in -its tail, which is neither emarginate, nor marked with the white spots -seen on that of almost all the other Sylvicolae, but which do not exist -in the genus Trichas. Some of the Sylvicolae are, in like manner, -assimilated to Myiodoctes, and others to Vermivora. Of the former may -be mentioned, _Sylvicola Auduboni_ and _S. coronata_; of the latter, -_S. Blackburniae_. - - - - -GENUS III. TRICHAS, Swains. GROUND-WARBLER. - - -Bill of moderate length, similar in form to that of Sylvicola, -differing only in being a little decurved. The general form does not -differ materially from that of Sylvicola, the head being ovate and of -moderate size, the neck short, the body rather slender; the feet of -moderate length, slender; tarsus slender, much compressed, longer -than the middle toe with its claw, anteriorly covered with eight -scutella, of which the upper are blended; toes of moderate size, hind -toe proportionally large, lateral toes equal, fourth adherent at the -base; claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, -very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Wings rather short, convex, -considerably rounded, the third and fourth quills longest, the fifth -little shorter. Tail of moderate length, rounded, always plain, or -without white spots. - - -100. 1. Trichas Macgillivrayi, Aud. Macgillivray's -Ground-Warbler.--Macgillivray's Warbler. - - Plate CCCXCIX. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female. - -Wings rather short, the second quill longest, the fourth longer than -the first, the tail long, considerably rounded, its feathers rounded; -tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw. Male olive-green above; -the head, hind part, and sides of the neck bluish-grey; the fore neck -and part of the breast greyish-black, lunulated with greyish-white; a -black loral band; a conspicuous white spot on each eyelid; the lower -parts bright yellow. Female olive-green above, yellow beneath, the -sides of the neck and a band across the breast ash-grey. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 6-1/2. _Female_, 5, wing 2-((4-1/2)/12). - -Columbia River. Common. - - Macgillivray's Warbler, Sylvia Macgillivrayi, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 75. - - -101. 2. Trichas Philadelphia, Wils. Mourning Ground-Warbler.--Mourning -Warbler. - -Wings of moderate length, with the second quill longest, the fourth -shorter than the first; the tail long, considerably rounded, its -feathers scarcely pointed; tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw. -Male olive-green above, the head, hind part and sides of the neck, -bluish-grey; the fore neck and part of the breast deep black, -lunulated with white; a blackish loral band, margins of eyelids dusky -grey; the lower parts bright yellow. Female olive-green above, yellow -beneath, the sides of the neck and a band across the breast ash-grey, -the throat yellowish-white. - -_Male_, 5, 8. - -New Jersey and Blue Mountains of Vermont. Rare. Migratory. - - Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 101. - - Sylvia Philadelphia, Bonap. Syn. p. 85. - - Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 404. - - Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 79. - - -102. 3. Trichas Marilandica, Linn. Maryland Ground-Warbler.--Maryland -Yellow-throat. Yellow-breasted Warbler. - - Plate XXIII. Male and Female. Plate XXIV. Young Male. - -Wings rather short, with the third and fourth quills longest, fifth -longer than second, first and sixth equal; tail considerably rounded, -the lateral feathers being three-twelfths shorter than the middle. -Male with a broad band of black across the forehead, including the -loral space and eyes, and terminating in a rather pointed form behind -the ear-coverts; over this band a narrow one of very pale blue, or -bluish-white; upper parts yellowish-green, on the head slightly tinged -with red; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown, margined with -yellowish-green; the edge of the wing and the margin of the outer -primary yellow; fore part of neck bright yellow, as is the anterior -part of the breast and the lower tail-coverts, the rest pale, the -sides shaded with dull yellowish-brown; the axillaries and some of the -lower wing-coverts white. Female with the upper parts lighter, the -lower less bright, tinged with reddish-brown, the head of pale -brownish-red, without the bands so conspicuous in the male. Young -similar to the female, the males with a black mystachial band. - -_Male_, 4-3/4, 6-1/2. - -From Texas northward to Nova Scotia, and throughout the interior; -Columbia River. - - Maryland Yellow-throat, Sylvia Marilandica, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. i. p. 88, Male; v. ii. p. 163, Female. - - Sylvia Marilandica, Bonap. Syn. p. 85. - - Maryland Yellow-throat, Nutt. Man. v. i. - - Yellow-breasted Warbler, or Maryland Yellow-throat, Sylvia - Trichas, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 121, Adult; v. v. p. - 463. - - Roscoe's Yellow-throat, Sylvia Roscoe, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 124. Young. - - -103. 4. Trichas Delafieldii, Aud. Delafield's Ground-Warbler. - -Wing rather long, much rounded, with the third and fourth quills -longest, sixth longer than second, first and tenth about equal; tail -much rounded, the lateral feathers being half an inch shorter than the -middle. Male with a band of black across the forehead, including the -loral space and eyes, and terminating on the ear-coverts; upper part -of head light greyish-blue, tinged behind with green; the rest of the -upper parts dull yellowish-green; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown -on the inner webs, the edge of the wing and margin of the outer -primary yellow; all the lower parts rich yellow, excepting the sides, -which are shaded into dull greenish-yellow. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, wing, 2-5/12. - -North California. - - Delafield's Yellow-throat, Sylvia Delafieldii, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 307. - - - - -GENUS IV. HELINAIA, Aud. SWAMP-WARBLERS. - - -Bill rather long, being nearly of the same length as the head, -straight, or slightly decurved, tapering to a very acute point, much -compressed; the upper mandible with the ridge distinct, the sides -declinate and flat at the base, the edges somewhat inflected beyond -the middle, the notch obsolete; lower mandible with the dorsal line -straight, the edges involute, the tip extremely acute. Nostrils -oblong; exposed. Feet of moderate length; tarsus about equal to the -middle toe and claw, slender, much compressed, with the upper scutella -blended; toes slender; claws rather long, moderately arched, slender, -much compressed, laterally grooved, extremely acute, plumage soft and -blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings rather long, somewhat pointed, the -outer three nearly equal, the second longest. Tail of moderate length, -nearly even.--Name from [Greek: Helos], a swamp, and [Greek: Naio], to -inhabit. - - -104. 1. Helinaia Swainsonii, Aud. Swainson's Swamp-Warbler. - - Plate CXCVIII. Male. - -Bill as long as the head, much compressed; wings rather long, second -and third quills equal and longest; tail even; upper parts -olive-brown, the head strongly tinged with red; lower parts and a band -over the eye pale yellowish-grey, the feathers on the cheeks tipped -with brown, the sides of the neck and body more grey, the abdomen -whitish. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 8-1/2. - -South Carolina to Massachusetts. Very rare. Migratory. - - Swainson's Warbler, Sylvia Swainsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 568; v. v. p. 462. - - -105. 2. Helinaia vermivora, Lath. Worm-eating Swamp-Warbler. - - Plate XXXIV. Male and Female. - -Bill nearly as long as the head, less compressed than in the last; -wings rather long, second quill longest, first and third equal; tail -very slightly rounded. Upper parts light olive-green; head and lower -parts pale brownish-yellow, the former with four longitudinal black -bands; throat and abdomen nearly white. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2. - -From Texas northwards, and in the interior to the Missouri. Not very -abundant. Migratory. - - Worm-eating Warbler, Sylvia vermivora, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 74. - - Sylvia vermivora, Bonap. Syn. p. 86. - - Worm-eating Warbler, Sylvia vermivora, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 177; v. v. p. 460. - - -106. 3. Helinaia Protonotarius, Lath. Prothonotary Swamp-Warbler. - - Plate III. Male and Female. - -Bill nearly as long as the head; first quill longest; tail even. Male -with the head, neck, breast, and sides rich yellow, abdomen and lower -tail-coverts white; hind neck and fore part of back greenish-yellow, -rump, tail-coverts, smaller wing-coverts and margin of the quills and -tail-feathers light greyish-blue; the latter, except the middle, -having the greater part of their inner webs white. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2. - -From Texas eastward to Nova Scotia. In the interior to Kentucky. -Saskatchewan. Rather rare. Migratory. - - Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. iii. p. 72. - - Sylvia Protonotarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 86. - - Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, v. i. p. 410. - - Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - i. p. 22; v. v. p. 460. - - -107. 4. Helinaia chrysoptera, Linn. Golden-winged Swamp-Warbler. - - Plate CCCCXIV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Bill slightly shorter than the head, tapering to an acute point; wings -with the second and third quills equal and longest, the fourth and -first about equal; tail even. Male light ash-grey above, greyish-white -beneath; upper part of head, and a patch on the wing, formed by the -first row of small coverts and the secondary coverts, bright yellow; a -band from the bill to the eye, continued under it, and including the -ear-coverts, black, as is the throat; a white band from the upper -mandible over the eye, and another from the lower mandible down the -neck. Female with the tints less bright, the back tinged with green, -the side of the head and the throat grey, and the white bands on the -head narrower and less extended. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 7-5/8. _Female_, 5, 7-1/4. - -From Texas to Nova Scotia. In the interior to Kentucky. Rather rare. -Migratory. - - Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. p. 113. - - Sylvia chrysoptera, Bonap. Syn. p. 87. - - Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 411. - - Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 154. - - -108. 5. Helinaia Bachmanii, Aud. Bachman's Swamp-Warbler. - - Plate CLXXXV. Male and Female. - -Bill nearly as long as the head, slightly decurved, much attenuated; -outer four quills nearly equal, second longest, tail even. Male with -the upper parts yellowish-green, the feathers of the crown black, with -greyish margin; the hind neck grey; forehead, a line over the eye, -cheeks, chin, sides of neck, flexure of wing, lower wing-coverts, and -breast, yellow; sides greenish-grey, lower tail-coverts white; a patch -of black, enlarging beneath, on the fore neck; quills and tail -greyish-brown; a patch of white on each of the tail-feathers, -excepting the middle. Female with the tints fainter, the forehead -yellowish-green, the fore neck dusky. - -_Male_, 4-1/12, 6-1/4. _Female_, 3-10/12. - -South Carolina. Rare. Migratory. - - Bachman's Warbler, Sylvia Bachmanii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 483. - - -109. 6. Helinaia carbonata, Aud. Carbonated Swamp-Warbler. - - Plate LX. Male. - -Bill shorter than the head, straight, very acute; wing with the second -quill longest; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper part of -the head black; fore part of back, smaller wing-coverts, and sides -dusky green, spotted with black; a line over the eye, the sides of the -neck, throat, the rest of the lower parts, and the rump yellow. - -_Male_, 4-3/4. - -Kentucky. Only two specimens procured. Migratory. - - Carbonated Warbler, Sylvia carbonata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 308. - - -110. 7. Helinaia peregrina, Wils. Tennessee Swamp-Warbler. - - Plate CLIV. Male. - -Bill shorter than the head, straight, very acute; wing with the second -and third quills longest; tail nearly even. Upper parts -yellowish-olive, the head darker; lower parts cream-coloured, fading -behind into white; a pale yellow line over the eye; quills and -tail-feathers dusky, the primaries margined with whitish, the -secondaries with greenish-yellow. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, 8. - -Florida to New York, and in the interior to Kentucky. Rare. Migratory. - - Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. - p. 83. - - Sylvia peregrina, Bonap. Syn. p. 87. - - Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 412. - - Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 307. - - -111. 8. Helinaia solitaria, Wils. Blue-winged Yellow Swamp-Warbler. - - Plate XX. Male and Female. - -Bill shorter than the head, straightish, very acute; wings with the -outer four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail nearly even. -Forehead, crown, and lower parts bright yellow; hind part of the head, -neck, and back light green, rump greenish-yellow; lore black; wings -and tail greyish-blue, the feathers margined with greyish-white; two -bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the first row of -small coverts and the secondary coverts; tail-feathers, except the -middle, with a patch of white on the inner web. Young with the upper -parts, including the forehead, yellowish-green, the lower pale -greenish-yellow. - -_Male_, 4-3/4, 7. - -From Texas to Massachusetts. In the interior, to Kentucky. Rather -rare. Migratory. - - Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 109. - - Sylvia solitaria, Bonap. Syn. p. 87. - - Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Sylvia solitaria, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 410. - - Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Sylvia solitaria, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. i. p. 102. - - -112. 9. Helinaia celata, Say. Orange-crowned Swamp-Warbler. - - Plate CLXXVIII. Male and Female. - -Bill shorter than the head, very much attenuated; wings with the outer -four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail even. Male with the -upper parts dull green, the rump yellowish-green; a patch of dull -reddish-orange on the crown, concealed by the grey tips of the -feathers; lower parts dull olivaceous yellow; lower tail-coverts light -yellow; quills and tail-feathers greyish-brown, edged with -yellowish-green. Female similar, with the orange on the crown duller. -Young with the lower parts paler, and without red on the head. - -This species and the next seem to form the transition from the -Sylvicolinae to the Reguli, as _Mniotilta varia_ does to the Certhiae. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 7-11/12. - -In summer from Texas to Nova Scotia. Winters in the southern states. -Columbia River. Rather common. - - Sylvia celata, Say, Long's Exped. v. i. p. 169. - - Sylvia celata, Bonap. Syn. p. 38. - - Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 45. - - Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 413. - - Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 449. - - -113. 10. Helinaia rubricapilla, Wils. Nashville Swamp-Warbler. - - Plate LXXXIX. Male and Female. - -Bill shorter than the head, very much attenuated; wings with the -outer four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail slightly -emarginate. Upper part of the head, cheeks, hind part and sides of -neck light bluish-grey; a patch of dull red on the crown, concealed -by the grey tips of the feathers; upper parts of the body -yellowish-green, lower parts greenish-yellow; quills and tail-feathers -greyish-brown, edged with yellowish-green, the primaries with -greyish-white. Female similar but paler, and with faint indications of -red on some of the feathers on the crown. Young similar to the female. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, 7. - -Texas to Massachusetts. Inland to Kentucky. Columbia River. Rare. -Migratory. - - Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 120. - - Sylvia rubricapilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 87. - - Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 412. - - Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 450. - - - - -GENUS V. MNIOTILTA, Vieill. CREEPING-WARBLER. - - -Bill rather long, straight, very slender, nearly as broad as high at -the base, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the -dorsal line very slightly convex, the edges a little inflected toward -the end, the notches obsolete, the tip acute; lower mandible with the -dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges involute, the tip -attenuated. General form slender. Feet of moderate length, very -slender; tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, much compressed, -the upper scutella blended; toes rather long, extremely compressed, -the first very long, the second shorter than the third, which is -adherent at the base, claws rather long, well arched, extremely -compressed, and acute. Plumage very soft and blended. Bristles -obsolete. Wings long, with the second and third quills longest and -about equal, the first slightly shorter, and exceeding the fourth. -Tail of moderate length, nearly even. This genus connects the -Sylvicolinae with the Certhianae. - - -114. 1. Mniotilta varia, Linn. Black-and-white Creeping Warbler. - - Plate XC. Male. - -Male with the plumage white, variegated with glossy black, -longitudinally disposed; a band along the middle of the head and hind -neck, a streak over the eyes, a band along the sides of the neck, two -bars on the wings, the middle of the breast and abdomen, with a patch -at the end of the outer two tail-feathers, white. Female with the -upper parts similar, but with the black less deep, the lower parts -greyish-white, the sides and lower tail-coverts marked with black. -Young light brownish-grey above, paler beneath, with the abdomen -white. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 7-1/2. - -Generally distributed. Migratory. - - Black-and-white Creeper, Certhia varia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 23. - - Sylvia varia, Bonap. Syn. p. 81. - - Black-and-white Creeper, Certhia varia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 452; v. v. p. 471. - - - - -FAMILY IX. CERTHIANAE. CREEPERS. - - -Bill of moderate length or rather long, slender, slightly arched, much -compressed, acute; upper mandible with its dorsal outline convex or -arched, the ridge narrow, the notches slight or obsolete, lower -mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, the dorsal line -straight or slightly decurved, the edges inclinate, the tip acute. -Head moderate, ovate; neck short, body slender. Feet of moderate -length, or rather short; tarsus about the same length as the middle -toe, compressed, with eight anterior scutella, toes of moderate -length, much compressed, hind toe proportionally long, outer adherent -at the base; claws rather long, extremely compressed, arched, acute. -Wings short or of moderate length. Tail of twelve feathers, generally -much rounded. Tongue slender, emarginate and papillate at the base, -very narrow, tapering to a lacerated point. Oesophagus of moderate -width, without crop; proventriculus bulbiform; stomach of moderate -size, oblong, or elliptical, moderately muscular, with the muscles -distinct; epithelium dense, longitudinally rugous; intestine short, -rather wide; coeca very small; cloaca globular. Trachea simple, with -four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. CERTHIA, Linn. TREE-CREEPER. - - -Bill about the same length as the head, very slender, arched, much -compressed, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line arched, the -ridge narrow, the sides sloping at the base, nearly erect in the rest -of their extent, the edges sharp, arched, without notch, the tip -acute; lower mandible with the angle rather long, narrow, and pointed, -the outline decurved, the sides erect and convex, the edges inclinate, -the tip acute. Nostrils linear-oblong, operculate. Head ovate; neck -short; body slender. Feet rather short, very slender, tarsus rather -shorter than the middle toe, very slender, much compressed; toes -extremely compressed; the first comparatively large, longer than the -middle toe, including the claw; the inner toe shorter than the outer; -claws long, moderately arched, slender, extremely compressed, -laterally grooved, acute, that of the hind toe very long. Plumage -long, loose, very soft. Bristles obsolete. Wings of moderate length, -very broad; the first quill very short, the fourth and fifth longest. -Tail long, graduated, of twelve moderately stiff pointed feathers. - - -115. 1. Certhia familiaris, Linn. Brown Tree-Creeper. - - Plate CCCCXV. Male and Female. - -Upper parts reddish-brown, the head darker, the rump light -brownish-red; all the feathers with a central dull whitish streak; -wings deep brown, the coverts tipped, the secondaries barred at the -base with dull yellow, of which a broad band, in the midst of a -brownish-black space, crosses both webs of the quills, excepting -the inner webs of the outer four, and the outer webs of the outer -three; most of the quills also with a greyish-yellow patch along -the outer web toward the tip, which is dull white; tail-feathers -yellowish-brown; with shafts of a lighter tint, the webs darker toward -the end; a silvery white band over the eye; cheeks dark brown; lower -parts silvery white, sides tinged with brown. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2. - -From Louisiana to Maryland, and in the interior to Kentucky, during -winter. From Pennsylvania eastward to Nova Scotia, in summer, breeding -in all the intermediate parts. Common. - - Brown Creeper, Certhia familiaris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 122. - - Certhia familiaris, Bonap. Syn. p. 280. - - Brown Creeper, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 585. - - Brown Creeper, Certhia familiaris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 158. - - - - -GENUS II. TROGLODYTES, Cuv. WREN. - - -Bill of moderate length, or nearly as long as the head, slender, -slightly arched, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with -the dorsal line slightly convex, the edges a little inflected toward -the end, the notches slight, the tip rather acute; lower mandible with -the angle rather long and narrow, the outline slightly decurved, the -sides erect and convex, the edges inclinate, the tip acute. Nostrils -oblong, operculate, exposed. Head oblong; neck short; body slender. -Feet of ordinary length, rather strong; tarsus longer than the middle -toe, compressed, with eight anterior distinct scutella; toes of -moderate size, the third and fourth united at the base, the first very -large, the lateral nearly equal; claws rather long, moderately arched, -much compressed, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles -obsolete. Wings of moderate length, or short, convex, much rounded; -the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail rather -short, rounded, of twelve slightly arched, weak, rounded feathers. - - -116. 1. Troglodytes obsoletus, Say. Rock-Wren. - - Plate CCCLX. Fig. 4. Female. - -Upper parts dull yellowish-brown, and, excepting the rump, barred with -greyish-brown; wings similarly barred, excepting the primaries; -secondary coverts with a small white spot near the tip; tail-coverts -and two middle tail-feathers barred with dusky; the rest broadly -tipped with pale yellowish-red, undulated with dusky, behind which is -a broad band of brownish-black, the remaining or basal part banded -like the central feathers, the outer with four reddish-white spots or -bars on the outer web, the intervals being brownish-black, and a spot -of white on the inner web; lower parts greyish-white, tinged with -sienna, the sides inclining to yellowish-red; lower tail-coverts -barred with dusky. - -_Female_, 6, wing 2-11/12. - -Rocky Mountains and Columbia River. Abundant. Migratory. - - Troglodytes obsoleta, Say, Long's Exped. - - Troglodytes obsoleta, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 6. - - Rocky Mountain Wren, Troglodytes obsoleta, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 435. - - Rock Wren, Troglodytes obsoletus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 443. - - -117. 2. Troglodytes ludovicianus, Bonap. Great Carolina Wren. - - Plate LXXVIII. Male and Female. - -Bill stouter than in the last, nearly as long as the head; wing with -the fourth and fifth quills longest; tail much rounded; upper parts -brownish-red; a yellowish-white streak over the eye, extending far -down the neck, and edged above with dark brown; a broader band of -reddish-brown behind the eye; quills, coverts, and tail barred with -blackish-brown; secondary and first row of small coverts tipped with -white, shafts of the latter also white; throat greyish-white, lower -parts light reddish-buff, deeper behind; lower tail-coverts white, -barred with black. Female lighter above, tinged with grey beneath, -without white on the wing-coverts. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 7-1/2. - -From Texas to New York, along the Atlantic coast. In the interior to -the Missouri, and up the Ohio to Pittsburgh. Resident in the Southern -States. Abundant. - - Great Carolina Wren, Certhia Caroliniana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. p. 61. - - Troglodytes ludovicianus, Bonap. Syn. p. 93. - - Great Carolina Mocking Wren, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 429. - - Great Carolina Wren, Troglodytes ludovicianus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. i. p. 399; v. v. p. 466. - - -118. 3. Troglodytes Bewickii, Aud. Bewick's Wren. - - Plate XVIII. Male. - -Bill more slender than that of the last, nearly as long as the head, -slightly arched; wing very short, with the fifth quill longest, but -little exceeding the fourth and sixth; tail rather long, graduated. -Upper parts dusky brown tinged with grey; lower greyish-white, the -sides tinged with brown; a band of yellowish-white from the upper -mandible over the eye to half-way down the neck; quills and -wing-coverts barred with dusky, as are the tail-coverts and two middle -tail-feathers; outer web of the lateral tail-feathers, and the -terminal portions of the others whitish, barred with black, their -middle parts black, toward the base barred with reddish-brown. - -_Male_, 5, 6-1/2. - -From Louisiana to Columbia River on the one hand, and to Pennsylvania -on the other, principally on high grounds. Not very common. Migratory. - - Bewick's Wren, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 434. - - Bewick's Wren, Troglodytes Bewickii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 96; v. v. p. 467. - - -119. 4. Troglodytes Americanus, Aud. Wood-Wren. - - Plate CLXXIX. Male. - -Bill of moderate length, nearly straight; wings short, with the third, -fourth, and fifth quills almost equal, the fourth longest; tail rather -long, much rounded. Upper parts dark reddish-brown, duller and tinged -with grey on the head, indistinctly barred with dusky; lower parts -brownish-grey, faintly barred on the fore neck, breast, and sides, the -abdomen and lower tail-coverts distinctly barred; feathers of the -cheeks light grey tipped with brown, wings and tail undulatingly -banded with blackish-brown. - -_Male_, 4-7/8, 6-3/4. - -Northern parts of Vermont and Maine, during summer. Winters in South -Carolina. Not very rare. - - Wood-Wren, Troglodytes Americana. Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 452; v. v. p. 469. - - -120. 5. Troglodytes aedon, Vieill. House-Wren. - - Plate LXXXIII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Bill of moderate length, nearly straight, a little stouter than that -of the last; wings short, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills -almost equal, the fourth longest; tail rather short, much rounded. -Upper parts dull reddish-brown, darker on the head, brighter on the -tail-coverts, indistinctly barred with dusky; lower parts -brownish-grey, faintly barred on the fore neck and breast, the sides, -abdomen, and lower tail-coverts distinctly barred; feathers of the -cheeks grey, tipped with brown; wings and tail undulatingly banded -with blackish-brown. This species differs from the last in being -considerably smaller, in having the bill shorter and stouter, the -lower parts more tinged with brown; but the colouring of the two is -extremely similar. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, 5-1/2. - -From Maryland to Nova Scotia, and across the continent to the Columbia -River. Very abundant. Migratory. - - House Wren, Sylvia domestica, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 129. - - Troglodytes aedon, Bonap. Syn. p. 92. - - House Wren, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 422. - - Troglodytes aedon, House Wren, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 316. - - House Wren, Troglodytes aedon, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 427; v. - v. p. 470. - - -121. 6. Troglodytes hyemalis, Vieill. Winter-Wren. - - Plate CCCLX. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Fig. 3. Young. - -Bill of moderate length, nearly straight; wings shortish, with the -fourth quill longest; tail short, much rounded. Upper parts -reddish-brown, faintly barred with dusky, darker on the head, brighter -on the tail-coverts, quills, and tail; lower parts pale reddish-brown, -the sides and abdomen barred with brownish-black and greyish-white; -fore neck and breast more faintly barred; lower wing-coverts and -axillars greyish-white, barred with dusky, lower tail-coverts -brownish-red, barred with dusky, and having the tip white; a whitish -streak over the eye; cheeks brown, spotted with brownish-white; -secondary coverts, and first small coverts, each with a white spot at -the tip, forming two inconspicuous bands; wing-coverts and quills -banded with blackish-brown and brownish-red; tail with twelve dusky -bands. - -This species is very nearly allied to _Troglodytes Europaeus_. - -_Male_, 3-7/8, 6-((1-1/2)/12). _Female_, 3-5/8, 5-3/8. - -Generally distributed in the middle and southern districts during -winter. Breeds from Pennsylvania northwards to Hudson's Bay. Columbia -River. - - Winter-Wren, Sylvia Troglodytes, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 139. - - Troglodytes europaeus, Bonap. Syn. p. 93. - - Troglodytes hyemalis, Winter Wren, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 318. - - Winter-Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 427. - - Winter-Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 430. - - -122. 7. Troglodytes Parkmanii, Aud. Parkman's Wren. - -Bill rather long, slightly arched (much longer, stouter, and more -curved than that of the last species); wings of moderate length, with -the fourth quill longest; tail rather long, much rounded, (half an -inch longer, and more rounded). Upper parts reddish-brown, faintly -barred with dusky; lower parts dull brownish-white, sides barred with -brownish-black and greyish-white, fore neck and breast with scarcely -any markings, lower wing-coverts and axillars greyish-white, obscurely -barred with dusky. - -Length, 4-2/12, wing 2-1/4. - -Columbia River. Not very rare. - - Parkman's Wren, Troglodytes Parkmanii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 310. - - -123. 8. Troglodytes palustris, Wils. Marsh Wren. - - Plate C. Male and Female. - -Bill rather long, slightly arched; wings short, with the fourth quill -longest. Upper parts dark brown, the sides of the head deeper, the -fore part of the back brownish-black, longitudinally and conspicuously -streaked with white, the quills externally margined with lighter -brown, the tail barred with dark brown; a white line over the eye, -extending down the neck; the sides of the latter mottled with light -brown and grey; the lower parts of a silvery greyish-white; abdominal -feathers and lower tail-coverts tipped with brown. Female differs only -in having the black of the back of a less deep tint, the white lines -less conspicuous, and the lower parts of a duller white. - -_Male_, 5, 6-1/4. - -Breeds from Texas to Massachusetts, along all the shores of the -Atlantic. Resident in Louisiana. Occurs accidentally far in the -interior. - - Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 58. - - Troglodytes palustris, Bonap. Syn. p. 93. - - Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 439. - - Troglodytes palustris, Marsh Wren, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 319. - - Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 500; v. v. p. 467. - - -124. 9. Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutt. Short-billed Marsh-Wren. - - Plate CLXXV. Male and Female. - -Bill comparatively very short, nearly straight; wings short, very -convex, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills almost equal. Upper -parts blackish-brown, each feather with a brownish-white line along -the shaft, and the outer edge toward the end reddish-brown; quills -dusky, the outer webs barred with pale yellowish-brown; upper -tail-coverts and tail similarly barred; a pale yellowish streak over -the eye; throat and central part of the breast greyish-white, the rest -of the lower parts pale reddish-brown, the sides under the wings -faintly barred with dusky. - -_Male_, 4-3/8, 5-5/8. - -Resident during winter from Texas to South Carolina. In spring -proceeds as far eastward as Massachusetts, breeding in all the -fresh-water marshes. - - Short-billed Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutt. Man. - v. i. p. 436. - - Nuttall's Short-billed Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes brevirostris, - Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 427; v. v. p. 469. - - - - -FAMILY X. PARINAE. TITS. - - -Bill very short or of moderate length, straight, strong, compressed, -rather sharp; both mandibles with the dorsal line sloping and slightly -convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp; notches obsolete. Nostrils -basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head rather large, -roundish; neck short; body short, and rather full. Feet of moderate -length, rather stout; tarsus rather short, compressed, with eight -distinct scutella; toes large, the three anterior united as far as the -second joint, the hind toe much stronger and flattened beneath; claws -rather long, stout, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage very soft, -blended, and full. Feathers at the base of the bill directed forwards. -Wings of moderate length, much rounded, with the first quill very -small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail rather long, slender, of -twelve narrow rounded feathers. Tongue emarginate and papillate at the -base, abrupt at the tip, with four bristles. Oesophagus narrow, -without dilatation; proventriculus oblong; stomach a rather strong -oblong gizzard, with the muscles distinct, the epithelium dense, thin, -longitudinally rugous; intestine short, of moderate width; coeca -very small; cloaca oblong. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior -laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. PARUS, Linn. TIT. - - -Bill short, stout; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly -decurved toward the end, the edges overlapping, with a slight lobe or -festoon near the base, destitute of notch, rather acute; lower -mandible with the dorsal outline slightly convex, the edges direct, -the tip rather acute. Nostrils roundish, covered by bristly feathers. -Head rather large, roundish; neck short. Feet proportionally large; -tarsus of moderate length; hind toe very large and strong, the two -lateral nearly equal, the outer adherent at the base; claws large, -much compressed, very acute. Wings of moderate length, convex. Tail -long, or of moderate length, rounded or graduated, of twelve rather -narrow feathers. - - -125. 1. Parus bicolor, Linn. Tufted Titmouse.--Crested Titmouse. Great -Chicadee. - - Plate XXXIX. Male and Female. - -Bill very stout; feathers of the upper part of the head elongated into -a crest; tail long, slightly rounded; upper parts leaden-blue, -forehead black, lower parts greyish-white, the sides light red. - -_Male_, 6-1/2, 9. - -From Texas, where it breeds, to the Fur Countries, generally -distributed eastward of the Rocky Mountains. Resident in the middle, -southern, and western districts. Abundant. - - Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 187. - - Parus bicolor, Bonap. Syn. p. 100. - - Tufted Titmouse, Parus bicolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 236. - - Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 199; - v. v. p. 472. - - -126. 2. Parus atricapillus, Linn. Black-cap Tit.--Black-cap Titmouse, -or Chicadee. - - Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female. - -Bill moderately stout; tail long, emarginate, and rounded. Upper part -of the head and hind neck, with a large patch on the fore neck, black; -cheeks and sides of the neck white; back yellowish-grey; quills and -tail-feathers dark greyish-brown, margined with bluish-white; the -secondaries broadly edged with white; lower parts pale yellowish-red, -the breast white. - -_Male_, 5-1/8, 8-1/4. - -From Maryland eastward and northward to Lat. 65 deg. In Kentucky during -winter. Never in the southern parts. - - Black-capt Titmouse, Parus atricapillus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - i. p. 134. - - Parus atricapillus, Bonap. Syn. p. 100. - - Black-capt Titmouse, Nutt. Man. p. 241. - - Black-capt Titmouse, Parus atricapillus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 374. - - -127. 3. Parus Carolinensis, Aud. Carolina Tit. - - Plate CLX. Male and Female. - -Bill very short, moderately stout; tail rather long, emarginate, and -rounded. Upper part of the head and hind neck, with a large patch on -the fore neck, black; cheeks and sides of the neck greyish-white; back -yellowish-grey; quills and tail-feathers dark greyish-brown, margined -with bluish-white, secondaries not conspicuously; lower parts -greyish-white, tinged with yellow. This species is very similar to the -last, but much inferior in size. - -_Male_, 4-1/4, 6. - -Breeds from Texas to New Jersey. Rather abundant. Resident. - - Carolina Titmouse, Parus Carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 341; v. v. p. 474. - - -128. 4. Parus Hudsonicus, Lath. Hudson's Bay Tit. - - Plate CXCIV. Male, Female, and Young. - -Bill short, moderately stout; tail long, emarginate, and considerably -rounded. Upper parts dull light brown, tinged with grey; fore neck -black; cheeks and sides of the neck white; breast and abdomen white, -sides light yellowish-brown. - -_Male_, 5, 7. - -Northern parts of Maine, during winter. Breeds from New Brunswick to -Labrador and Hudson's Bay. Common. Migratory. - - Parus Hudsonicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. v. ii. p. 566. - - Hudson's Bay Titmouse, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 543. - - -129. 5. Parus rufescens, Towns. Chestnut-backed Tit. - - Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Bill moderately stout; tail rather long, emarginate, scarcely rounded; -upper part of head and hind neck dark brown, fore neck of a deeper -tint of the same; cheeks and sides of neck white; back, rump, and -sides of the body under the wings bright chestnut; the rest of the -lower parts greyish-white. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, wing, 2-3/8. - -Columbia River. Abundant. Resident. - - Parus rufescens, Chestnut-backed Titmouse, Towns. Journ. Acad. - Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190. - - Chestnut-backed Titmouse, Parus rufescens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 371. - - -130. 6. Parus minimus, Towns. Chestnut-crowned Tit. - - Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 5. Male. Fig. 6. Female. - -Upper mandible with its outline more arched, the tip acute and -considerably elongated; tail very long, emarginate, and much rounded; -upper part of the head and hind neck pale brown; upper parts -brownish-grey; wings and tail dusky, margined with greyish-white; -cheeks of a paler tint than the head; all the lower parts -brownish-white, the sides tinged with reddish. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, wing, 1-((10-1/2)/12). - -Columbia River. Common. Migratory. - - Parus minimus, Chestnut-crowned Titmouse, Towns. Journ. Acad. - Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190. - - Chestnut-crowned Titmouse, Parus minimus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 382. - - - - -FAMILY XI. SYLVIANAE. WARBLERS. - - -Bill of moderate length, slender, straight, a little broader than high -at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal -line straight and declinate, convex at the end, the tip small, acute, -the notches small; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length -and narrow, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the tip -narrow. Nostrils basal, oval or oblong. Head rather large, ovate; neck -short; body rather slender. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus -compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes moderate, compressed; -first stouter, second and fourth nearly equal, third much longer, and -adherent at the base; claws moderate, arched, slender, compressed, -acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles short or weak. Wings of -moderate length or long; the first quill very small, the second, -third, and fourth longest. Tail long or of moderate length, of twelve -feathers. Tongue, sagittate, slender, tapering to a slit and lacerated -point. Oesophagus rather narrow, without crop; proventriculus -oblong; stomach a gizzard of moderate strength, with the muscles -distinct, the epithelium dense and rugous; intestine of moderate -length; coeca very small. Trachea simple, with four pairs of -inferior laryngeal muscles. - -Of this family, which in Europe is so numerous, there are in North -America only two genera, _Regulus_ and _Sialia_, the former composed -of very small birds, allied in manners to the Tits, the latter -approaching the Thrushes in form. The connecting links being wanting -with us, these genera might seem at first sight very dissimilar. - - - - -GENUS I. REGULUS, Cuv. KINGLET. - - -Bill short, straight, very slender, a little broader than high at the -base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible nearly straight in its -dorsal outline, the edges slightly notched, the tip a little -declinate, acute; lower mandible with its outline ascending, nearly -straight, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, elliptical, concealed by the -reversed feathers. Head large, broadly ovate; neck short; body short. -Legs rather long; tarsus slender, longer than the middle toe, much -compressed, scutella blended, excepting the lower four toes, rather -small, much compressed, hind toe large; lateral equal; claws rather -long, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage very loose and full. -Short bristles at the base of the bill. Feathers of the head elongated -and silky in the adults. Wings of ordinary length, with the first -quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail of ordinary -length, emarginate. - - -131. 1. Regulus Cuvieri, Aud. Cuvier's Kinglet. - - Plate LV. Male. - -Upper parts dull greyish-olive; anterior part of forehead, lore, and a -line behind the eye, black; a greyish-white band across the forehead -over the eye; a semilunar band of black on the forehead and sides of -the head, enclosing a vermilion space; wings and tail dusky, edged -with greenish-yellow; secondary coverts, and first row of small -coverts tipped with greyish-white; lower parts greyish-white. - -_Male_, 4-1/4, 6. - -Pennsylvania. Only one specimen found. - - Cuvier's Crested Wren, Regulus Cuvierii, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 416. - - Cuvier's Regulus, Regulus Cuvierii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 288. - - -132. 2. Regulus Satrapa, Lichtenstein. American Golden-crested -Kinglet. - - Plate CLXXXIII. Male and Female. - -Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, changing to ash-grey on the -neck and sides of the head, to greenish-yellow on the rump; a band of -greyish-white across the anterior part of the forehead, which, at the -eye, separates into two bands, one extending over, the other under the -eye; above this, a broadish band of black, also margining the head on -either side; the inner webs and tips of the feathers of this black -band pure yellow; the crown of the head, in the included space, bright -orange with silky gloss; a dusky spot at the anterior angle of the -eye; an obscure dusky line from the angle of the mouth to beneath the -eye; quills and coverts dusky, the former margined with -greenish-yellow; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts -broadly tipped with yellowish-white; base of all the quills, except -the four outer yellowish-white; from the seventh primary to the -innermost secondary but two, a broad bar of blackish-brown; tail -dusky, the feathers edged with greenish-yellow, lower parts -greyish-white. Female differs chiefly in having pale yellow -substituted for the flame colour of the crown, and less grey on the -hind neck. Young without coloured feathers on the head. - -_Male_, 4, 7. - -Breeds in Labrador and Newfoundland. In autumn migrates to the -Southern States, as far as Texas. Columbia River. - - Golden-crested Wren, Sylvia Regulus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 126. - - Regulus cristatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 91. - - American Fiery-crowned Wren, Regulus tricolor, Nutt. Man. v. - i. p. 420. - - American Golden-crested Wren, Regulus tricolor, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. ii. p. 476. - - -133. 3. Regulus Calendula, Linn. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. - - Plate CXCV. Male and Female. - -Upper parts greenish-olive, anteriorly tinged with grey, on the rump -inclining to yellow; a patch of vermilion on the crown of the head; -quills and tail dusky, edged with greenish-yellow; secondary coverts -and first row of small coverts tipped with greyish-white, a circle of -the same round the eye; lower parts greenish-white. Female similar, -with the tints duller, especially the greenish-yellow of the wings. -Young without the coloured patch on the crown, and more deeply tinged -with yellow beneath. - -_Male_, 4-1/4, 6. - -Breeds in Labrador. In autumn migrates to the Southern States, as far -as Texas. Abundant. - - Ruby-crowned Wren, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 83. - - Regulus Calendula, Bonap. Syn. p. 91. - - Ruby-crowned Wren, Sylvia Calendula, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 415. - - Ruby-crowned Regulus, Regulus Calendula, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 546. - - - - -GENUS II. SIALIA, Swains. BLUE BIRD. - - -Bill of ordinary length, nearly straight, broader than high at the -base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line -straight and slightly declinate, until near the end, when it becomes -convex, the ridge narrow, the sides convex toward the end, the edges -overlapping, with a distinct notch close to the narrow deflected tip; -lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, and narrow, the -dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges direct, the tip -narrow. Nostrils basal, oval. Head rather large, ovate, neck short; -body moderately full. Feet of ordinary length, rather slender; tarsus -shorter than the middle toe and claw, its lower scutella only -distinct; toes of moderate length, the first stouter, the lateral -equal, the third much longer; the fourth adherent at the base; claws -moderate, well curved, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage -soft and blended; short bristles at the base of the upper mandible. -Wings very long, pointed; the first quill very small, second, third, -and fourth longest. Tail rather long, emarginate, of twelve rather -strong feathers. - - -134. 1. Sialia Wilsoni, Swains. Common Blue Bird. - - Plate CXIII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Male with the upper parts ultramarine blue, the lower parts light -chestnut-red, excepting the abdomen, which is white. Female with the -upper parts dull greyish-blue, brighter behind; lower parts as in the -male, but much duller. Young with the upper part of the head, hind -neck, and part of the back greyish-brown, the rest as in the female, -the lower parts light grey, the feathers on the breast and sides -margined with brown. - -_Male_, 7, 10. _Female_, 6-1/2. - -Generally distributed from Texas to the Fur Countries. Vast numbers -spend the winter in the Southern States. Columbia River. Migratory. - - Blue Bird, Sylvia Sialis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 56. - - Saxicola Sialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 39. - - Erythaca (Sialia) Wilsonii, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 210. - - Blue Bird, Ampelis Sialis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 444. - - Blue Bird, Sylvia Sialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 84; v. v. - p. 452. - - -135. 2. Sialia occidentalis, Townsend. Western Blue Bird. - - Plate CCCXCIII. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female. - -Male with the upper parts and throat ultramarine blue; fore part of -back, breast, and sides, light chestnut-red; rest of lower parts light -blue, the abdomen whitish. Female with the upper parts dull -greyish-blue, the back tinged with brown, the wing-coverts and rump -brighter; lower parts pale red, the abdomen light grey. - -_Male_, 7; wing, 4-5/12. _Female_, 6-3/4. - -North California, and Oregon Territory. Abundant. Migratory. - - Sialia occidentalis, Western Blue Bird, Towns. Journ. Acad. - Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 188. - - Western Blue Bird, Sylvia occidentalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 41. - - -136. 3. Sialia arctica, Swains. Arctic Blue Bird. - - Plate CCCXCIII. Fig. 2. Male. Fig. 3. Female. - -Male with the upper parts light ultramarine, with a tinge of green; -sides of the head, fore neck, and sides of neck, and the anterior half -of the breast, light greenish-blue, that colour gradually fading into -white behind. Female with the upper parts light greyish-brown, the -rump and wing-coverts blue; fore part of neck and anterior portion of -the breast reddish-grey, the rest of the lower parts pale -brownish-grey. - -_Male_, 7-1/4; wing, 4-((7-1/2)/12). _Female_, 6-3/4; wing, 4-2/12. - -Columbia River, Rocky Mountains, and Fur Countries. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Erythaca (Sialia) Arctica, Arctic Blue Bird, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 209. - - Arctic Blue Bird, Sialia Arctica, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 573. - - Arctic Blue Bird, Sylvia Arctica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 38. - - - - -FAMILY XII. TURDINAE. THRUSHES. - - -Bill short, or of moderate length, rather strong, straight, compressed -toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal outline a little convex -and declinate, the tip small, rather acute, the notches small; lower -mandible with the angle rather short, of moderate width, the dorsal -line straight, the sides convex, the tip acute. Head oblong, -compressed, of moderate size; neck rather short; body moderate. Eyes -of moderate size. External aperture of ear large and roundish. Feet of -moderate strength; tarsus compressed, with seven anterior scutella; -toes rather strong, compressed; first, second, and fourth, nearly -equal, third much longer, and adherent to the fourth at the base; -claws rather long, arched, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. -Plumage rather blended. Bristles small. Wings of moderate length, -broad, rounded; the first quill very small, third and fourth longest. -Tail of twelve feathers, varying in length. Tongue sagittate, and -papillate at the base, slender, tapering, its tip slit. Oesophagus -rather narrow, without crop; proventriculus oblong; stomach a gizzard -of moderate strength, its lateral and lower muscles distinct; the -epithelium dense and rugous; intestine of moderate length; coeca -very small, cylindrical. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior -laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. CINCLUS, Bechst. DIPPER. - - -Bill rather short, slender, slightly ascending, much compressed toward -the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line straight until toward the -end, the ridge rounded, the sides convex, the edges somewhat -inflected, with an obscure notch close to the narrow deflected tip; -lower mandible slightly bent upwards, the angle medial and very -narrow, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the tip narrow -and rather acute. Nostrils linear, direct, exposed. General form -short, full, and compact. Head oblong, compressed. Legs strong; tarsus -of moderate length, compressed, covered anteriorly with a long -undivided plate and four inferior scutella; toes rather large and -strong; claws arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, that of the -hind toe considerably larger. Plumage ordinary, rather blended. -Bristles obsolete. Wings rather short, convex, rounded. Tail short, -even. - - -137. 1. Cinclus Americanus, Swains. American Dipper. - - Plate CCCLXX. Adult. Plate CCCCXXXV. Young. - -Head and neck chocolate-brown, upper parts very deep bluish-grey, -lower somewhat lighter, and tinged anteriorly with brown. Young with -the upper parts deep bluish-grey, the head and hind neck slightly -tinged with brown; lower parts lighter, the feathers margined with -whitish, the throat with a slight tinge of brown. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 10-1/2. - -Rocky Mountains. Oregon Territory. North California. Not abundant. - - Cinclus Pallasii, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 173. - - Cinclus Americanus, American Dipper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 173. - - Black Water-Ouzel or Dipper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 358. - - American Dipper, Cinclus Americanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 493; v. v. p. 303. - - - - -GENUS II. ORPHEUS, Swains. MOCKING-BIRD. - - -Bill of moderate length or longish, rather slender, straight or -slightly arched, broader than high at the base, compressed toward the -end, acute; upper mandible with the ridge rather narrow, the sides -convex toward the end, the notches very slight, the tip narrow; lower -mandible with the angle of moderate length, the dorsal line straight -or slightly decurved toward the end, the sides nearly erect, the tip -narrow. Nostrils oblong, partially concealed by the feathers. Head of -ordinary size, ovato-oblong; neck of moderate length; body rather -slender. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus scarcely so long as -the middle toe and claw; hind toe of moderate length, stout, lateral -toes equal; claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft -and blended. Bristles rather long. Wings of ordinary length, broad, -rounded, the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. -Tail very long, straight, much rounded, or graduated. - - -138. 1. Orpheus polyglottus, Linn. Grey Mocking-Bird. - - Plate XXI. Male and Female. - -Upper parts light grey tinged with yellowish-brown; feathers of the -wings and tail greyish-black; primary coverts white, as are the -primary quills in their proximal part; secondary coverts and first row -of small coverts tipped with white; outer tail-feather white, as are -the greater part of the next, and a portion of the third toward the -end; lower parts greyish-white, on the breast tinged with brown, on -the sides and under the tail with yellow. Female smaller, with the -tints duller, and the white markings on the wings less extended. - -_Male_, 9-1/2, 13-1/2. _Female_, 9, 12-1/2. - -From Texas to Massachusetts. In the interior up the Mississippi and -Ohio, to Henderson in Kentucky. Abundant and resident in the southern -parts. - - Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. - 14. - - Turdus polyglottus, Bonap. Syn. p. 74. - - Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 320. - - Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 108; v. v. p. 438. - - -139. 2. Orpheus montanus, Townsend. Mountain Mocking-Bird. - - Plate CCCLXIX. Fig. 1. Male. - -Upper parts greyish-brown; feathers of the wings and tail -greyish-black; tips of secondary coverts, edges of primary quills, and -a large spot at the end of the three lateral tail-feathers, white; -lower parts whitish, marked with triangular dusky spots, of which -there is a distinct line from the base of the bill; throat, middle of -the breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, unspotted. - -_Male_, 8; wing, 3-9/12. - -Rocky Mountains. Common. Migratory. - - Orpheus montanus, Mountain Mocking-Bird, Towns. Journ. Acad. - Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 192. - - Mountain Mocking Bird, Turdus montanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 487. - - -140. 3. Orpheus Carolinensis, Linn. Black-capped Mocking-Bird.--Cat -Bird. - - Plate CXXVIII. Male and Female. - -Blackish-grey, lighter beneath; upper part of head black; lower -tail-coverts deep red. Female with the tints duller. Lateral -tail-feathers more or less banded with lighter, sometimes whitish -tints. - -_Male_, 9, 12. - -From Texas to Massachusetts, inland to the Missouri. Accidental in the -Fur Countries. Constant resident in the Southern States. Abundant. - - Cat Bird, Turdus lividus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 90. - - Turdus felivox, Bonap. Syn. p. 75. - - Orpheus felivox, Cat Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 192. - - Cat Bird, Turdus felivox, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 332. - - Cat Bird, Turdus felivox, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 171; v. v. - p. 440. - - -141. 4. Orpheus rufus, Linn. Ferruginous Mocking-Bird.--Thrushes. -Brown Thrush. - -Bill and tail more elongated than in the other species, wings shorter. -Upper parts light brownish-red; inner webs of quills dusky. Wings -crossed by two white bars margined anteriorly with black, being on the -tips of the first row of small and secondary coverts; lower parts -yellowish-white, the breast and sides marked with triangular dark -brown spots. Female smaller. - -_Male_, 11-1/2, 13. - -From Texas eastward, and to the Fur Countries, breeding everywhere. -Abundant, and resident in the Southern and Western States. - - Ferruginous Thrush, Turdus rufus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. - 83. - - Turdus rufus, Bonap. Syn. p. 75. - - Orpheus rufus, Fox-coloured Mocking-Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 189. - - Ferruginous Thrush or Thrasher, Turdus rufus, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 328. - - Ferruginous Thrush, Turdus rufus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 102; v. v. p. 441. - - - - -GENUS IV. TURDUS, Linn. THRUSH. - - -Bill of moderate length or shortish, rather stout, straight, broader -than high at the base, compressed toward the end, acute; upper -mandible with the ridge rather narrow, the sides convex toward the -end, the notches small, the tip narrow; lower mandible with the angle -of moderate length, the dorsal line ascending, slightly convex, the -sides rounded, the tip narrow. Nostrils oblong, partially concealed by -the feathers. Head of ordinary size, ovate; neck rather short; body -rather full. Feet longish, rather strong; tarsus as long as the middle -toe and claw; hind toe rather stout; lateral toes equal; claws arched, -compressed, acute. Plumage soft and rather blended. Wings of moderate -length, rounded, the first quill very small, the third and fourth -longest. Tail rather long, nearly even. - - -142. 1. Turdus migratorius, Linn. Migratory Thrush.--Robin. - - Plate CXXXI. Male, Female, and Young. - -Male with the bill yellow, the upper part and sides of the head black; -upper parts dark grey with an olivaceous tinge; quills blackish-brown, -margined with light grey; tail brownish-black, the outer two feathers -tipped with white; three white spots about the eye, throat white, -densely streaked with black; lower part of fore neck, breast, sides, -axillars, and lower wing-coverts reddish-orange; abdomen white; lower -tail-coverts dusky, tipped with white. Female with the tints paler. -Young with the fore neck, breast, and sides, pale-reddish, spotted -with dusky, the upper parts darker than in the adult. Bill at first -dusky, ultimately pure yellow. - -_Male_, 10, 14. _Female_, 9, 13. - -From Texas eastward and northward, to the Fur Countries. Throughout -the interior. Winters in abundance in all the southern States. -Columbia River. Abundant. - - Robin, Turdus migratorius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 35. - - Turdus migratorius, Bonap. Syn. p. 75. - - Merula migratoria, Red-breasted Thrush, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 176. - - American Robin or Migratory Thrush, Turdus migratorius, Nutt. - Man. v. i. p. 338. - - American Robin or Migratory Thrush, Turdus migratorius, Aud. - Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 190; v. v. p. 442. - - -143. 2. Turdus naevius, Gmel. Varied Thrush. - - Plate CCCLXIX. Fig. 2, 3. Male. Plate CCCCXXXIII. Fig. 6. - Female. - -Male with the bill black, the upper parts deep leaden-grey, the head -darker; quills and tail-feathers dusky, the outer webs of the latter -tinged with grey, and their tips white; lore dusky; a band of -reddish-orange from over the fore part of the eye down the side of the -neck; two conspicuous bands of the same crossing the wing obliquely, -being formed by the tips of the first row of small coverts, and those -of the secondary coverts; outer webs of primary coverts about the -middle, a band on the primaries near the base, part of their outer -webs towards the end, and the tips of the secondaries pale -reddish-orange; lower parts light reddish-orange, paler behind; a band -of greyish-black passing down the side of the neck, and a belt of the -same crossing its lower part; feathers of the sides tipped with -bluish-grey; those of the middle of the abdomen white; lower -tail-coverts tipped with white; axillar feathers white, tipped with -grey, smaller coverts grey, tipped with reddish-white; primary coverts -grey, secondary nearly white. Female similar, with the upper parts -tinged with olive-brown, the reddish-orange bands much paler, the -tail-feathers margined with dull reddish-brown; a band on the lore -down the sides of the neck and across it light greyish-brown; the -orange tints of the lower parts much paler. - -_Male_, 10-1/2, wing, 5-1/4. _Female_, 10, wing, 5-2/12. - -Columbia River, North California, and Fur Countries. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Orpheus meruloides, Thrush-like Mock-Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 187. - - Varied Thrush, Turdus naevius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 489; - v. v. p. 284. - - -144. 3. Turdus mustelinus, Gmel. Wood-Thrush. - - Plate LXXIII. Male and Female. - -Upper parts light yellowish-brown, the head and hind neck of a tint -approaching to reddish-orange; the rump and tail-coverts duller and of -an olivaceous tint; quills and tail-coverts light olive-brown, the -outer webs of the coverts and quills like the back; eyes margined with -a whitish circle; lower parts white, anteriorly tinged with yellow, -the sides and lower part of the neck, the fore part of the breast, and -the sides of the body marked with large roundish or broadly -ovato-triangular decided brownish-black spots. - -_Male_, 8, 13. - -From Texas to Nova Scotia, and throughout the interior. Many spend the -winter in Louisiana, Florida, and Texas. Abundant. - - Wood Thrush, Turdus melodus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 35. - - Turdus mustelinus, Bonap. Syn. p. 75. - - Wood Thrush, Turdus mustelinus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 343. - - Wood Thrush, Turdus mustelinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 372; - v. v. p. 446. - - -145. 4. Turdus Wilsoni, Bonap. Tawny Thrush. - - Plate CLXVI. Male. - -Wings with the third quill largest, the fourth scarcely shorter, and -slightly exceeding the second. Upper parts uniform light -reddish-brown, a little deeper on the head; quill and tail-coverts -light olive-brown, the outer webs of the former like the back; lower -parts greyish-white, the sides and lower part of the neck, and a small -portion of the breast tinged with pale yellowish-brown, and marked -with small faint and undecided triangular brown spots. Female an inch -less in length than the male, but otherwise similar. - -_Male_, 7-2/12, 12. - -From Texas to the Fur Countries, as well as in the interior. Resident -in winter in the Floridas, though the greater number remove beyond the -United States. Rather abundant. - - Tawny Thrush, Turdus mustelinus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 98. - - Turdus Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 76. - - Merula minor (Swainson), Little Tawny Thrush, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 179, Plate 36. The description and - figure clearly refer to the present species. - - Wilson's Thrush or Veery, Turdus Wilsonii, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 349. - - Tawny Thrush, Turdus Wilsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 362; - v. v. p. 446. - - -146. 5. Turdus solitarius, Wils. Hermit Thrush. - - Plate LVIII. Male and Female. - -Wings with the fourth quill longest, the third and fifth equal and -slightly shorter, the second nearly equal to the sixth. Upper parts -light olivaceous brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts brownish-red, -as is the tail; quills dusky brown, margined with reddish-brown; a -whitish ring round the eye; lower parts white, the sides tinged with -greyish-olive, the fore part of the neck very slightly with -yellowish-brown, and marked with rather decided ovato-triangular dusky -brown spots of moderate size. The female is smaller, but otherwise -similar. - -_Male_, 7, 10-1/2. - -From Texas to the Fur Countries. Resident in winter from the Carolinas -southward. Rather common. - - Hermit Thrush, Turdus solitarius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. - 95. - - Turdus minor, Bonap. Syn. p. 75. - - Little or Hermit Thrush, Turdus minor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 346. - - Merula solitaria, Hermit Thrush, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 184. - - Hermit Thrush, Turdus minor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 303; v. - v. p. 445. - - -147. 6. Turdus nanus, Aud. Dwarf Thrush. - - Plate CCCCXIX. Fig. 1. Male. - -Wings with the fourth quill longest, the third and fifth equal and -slightly shorter, the second shorter than the sixth. Upper parts light -olivaceous-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts brownish-red, as is -the tail; quills dusky brown, margined with light brownish-red; a -whitish ring round the eye; lower parts greyish-white, the sides -tinged with greyish-brown, the neck and breast tinged with -yellowish-red, and marked with broad triangular blackish-brown spots, -becoming fainter on the hind part of the breast and sides. - -Although this species closely resembles the last in its colours, and -the proportions of the quills, it is yet so much inferior in size, and -its bill, tarsi, and toes are so much shorter, that it cannot be -considered otherwise than as distinct. - -_Male_ 6, 9-1/2. - -Columbia River. Accidental in the Middle Atlantic districts. -Migratory. - - Turdus nanus, Dwarf Thrush, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 201. - - - - -FAMILY XIII. MOTACILLINAE. WAGTAILS. - - -Bill of moderate length, straight, slender, a little broader than high -at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal -line sloping, a little convex toward the end, the nostrils slight, the -tip acute; lower mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, the -dorsal line ascending and scarcely convex, the edges somewhat -involute, the tip acute. General form slender; head ovato-oblong; neck -short. Feet of ordinary length, slender; toes very slender, the -lateral equal, the outer adherent at the base, the hind toe rather -large; claws rather long, arched, compressed, acute, that of the hind -toe generally very long. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles small. -Wings long and pointed, one of the minor secondaries often much -elongated and tapering. Tongue sagittate, slender, with the tip slit; -oesophagus uniform; stomach a very muscular gizzard, roundish, with -large tendons, and thin rugous epithelium; intestine of moderate -length; coeca very small. Trachea simple, with four pairs of -inferior laryngeal muscles. - -This family is connected with the Turdinae by _Seiurus_, and with the -Alandinae by _Anthus_, which are the only two American genera. - - - - -GENUS I. SEIURUS, Swains. WOOD-WAGTAILS. - - -Bill rather short, straight, slightly broader than deep at the base, -compressed toward the end, the edges a little inflected, the dorsal -lines of both mandibles slightly convex, the notches very slight, the -tip acute. Nostrils basal elliptical. General form slender; head -ovato-oblong. Feet of ordinary length; tarsus slender, compressed, -covered anteriorly with a long undivided piece and three inferior -scutella; toes of moderate length, slender; the first a little stouter -than the third, the inner slightly shorter than the outer, which is -adherent at the base; claws of moderate length, very slender, much -compressed, moderately arched, acute. Plumage soft, blended. Bristles -very small. Wings of moderate length; the first or outer quill little -shorter than the third, which is longest. Tail of moderate length, -even. - - -148. 1. Seiurus aurocapillus, Lath. Golden-crowned Wood-Wagtail. - - Plate CXLIII. Male and Female. - -Upper parts yellowish-olive, the crown brownish-orange, with two -lateral bands of brownish-black spots; lower parts white, the throat -with two lateral lines of brownish-black, the lower neck, fore part of -breast, and sides, marked with triangular spots of the same. Female -similar to the male. Young without the orange crown. - -_Male_, 6, 9. - -From Texas eastward. Fur Countries. Not seen in Labrador. Throughout -the interior. Resident in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. Abundant. - - Golden-crowned Thrush, Turdus aurocapillus, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. ii. p. 88. - - Sylvia aurocapilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 77. - - Seiurus aurocapillus, Golden-crowned accentor, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 227. - - Golden-crowned Thrush or Oven Bird, Turdus aurocapillus, Nutt. - Man. v. i. p. 355. - - Golden-crowned Thrush, Turdus aurocapillus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 253; v. v. p. 447. - - -149. 2. Seiurus Novaeboracensis, Gmel. Aquatic Wood-Wagtail. - - Plate XIX. Plate CCCCXXXIII. Fig. 7. - -Upper parts dull greenish-brown, wings and tail dark chocolate-brown, -lower parts pale yellow; a streak of the latter from the bill over the -eye; loral space, and a streak behind the eye dusky; cheeks -yellowish-grey, streaked with brown; the whole fore part and sides of -the neck, the breast, and sides, marked with triangular -blackish-brown spots, which are more elongated on the sides; abdomen -and lower tail-coverts unspotted; bill dusky; feet flesh-coloured and -transparent. Individuals vary, the throat sometimes without spots, the -lower parts pale or yellowish-white, the feet dusky tinged with -purple. - -_Male_, 6-2/12, 9-1/2. _Female_, 5-8/12, 8-7/12. - -In winter resident from Texas to Florida, including Louisiana. In -summer migrates as far as the Fur Countries. Not Abundant. - - Water Thrush, Turdus aquaticus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 66. - - Sylvia novaeboracensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 77. - - Seiurus aquaticus, Aquatic Accentor, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 229. - - New York or Aquatic Thrush, Turdus novaeboracensis, Nutt. Man. - v. i. p. 353. - - Louisiana Water Thrush, Turdus ludovicianus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. i. p. 99. - - Common Water Thrush, Turdus aquaticus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 284. - - - - -GENUS II. ANTHUS, Bechst. PIPIT. - - -Bill of moderate length, straight, very slender, as broad as high at -the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the ridge -narrow at the base, the notches slight, the tip a little deflected; -lower mandible with the dorsal line straight, the edges involute, the -tip acute. General form very slender. Tarsus of moderate length, much -compressed; toes slender; claws arched, extremely compressed, acute, -that of the hind toe much elongated. Plumage soft and blended. Wings -long; the outer three quills about equal and longest; inner -secondaries tapering, one of them nearly as long as the outer -primaries when the wing is closed. Tail rather long, emarginate. - - -150. 1. Anthus Ludovicianus, Lichtenstein. American Pipit. - - Plate X. Male and Female. Plate LXXX. Young. - -Hind claw longer than the toe, slightly arched, and very slender. -Male, in winter plumage, with the bill dusky, the legs and claws deep -greenish-brown; upper parts greyish-olive, tinged with green, and -obscurely streaked with dusky; a whitish band over the eye, cheeks -brown; lower parts brownish-white, the throat white, the sides and -lower part of the neck, fore part of breast, and sides of body marked -with elongated, distinct, blackish-brown spots; quills and -tail-feathers dusky, margined with greenish-grey, the lateral -tail-feathers half white, the next obliquely white at the end. Female -similar. Male in summer with the bill black, the upper parts -olive-brown, tinged with grey; a greyish-white line over the eye, -cheeks greyish-brown; lower parts light yellowish-grey, the fore neck -and breast often deeply tinged with red, and marked with short, -slender, brownish-black spots, the sides streaked; quills and -tail-feathers as in winter with the pale margins less distinct. Young -more tinged with green above, the bill paler, with a great part of the -lower mandible yellowish-red, the lower parts pale yellowish-grey, -with an obscure lunule of brownish-black on the fore neck, the lower -part of which and the sides are streaked with dark brown, and tinged -with reddish-brown. - -_Male_, 6-1/2, 10-1/2. - -Throughout the Western and Southern Districts during autumn and -winter. Breeds in Labrador and the Fur Countries. Abundant. - - Brown Lark, Alauda rufa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 89. - - Anthus Spinoletta, Bonap. Syn. p. 90. - - Brown Titlark, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p 49. Adult. - - Prairie Titlark, Anthus pipiens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 408, - Young. Brown Titlark and Prairie Titlark, v. v. p. 449. - -This species is nearly allied to _Anthus aquaticus_ and _A. -pratensis_, more especially to the latter, from which it is -distinguished by having the bill much stouter, the tarsus longer, the -hind claws stouter, more curved, and much shorter, the colour of the -feet much darker, in being always much more rufous beneath, and in -sometimes, when the summer is advanced, being almost entirely -unspotted there. From _A. aquaticus_ it is at once distinguished by -the whitish band over the eye, and the white on the outer -tail-feathers. It indeed seems wonderful that any ornithologist should -have mistaken it for that species. - - - - -FAMILY XIV. ALAUDINAE. LARKS. - - -Bill rather short, or of moderate length, somewhat conical, compressed -toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line sloping and -slightly convex, the edges sharp and overlapping, the notches -generally obsolete; the tip narrow and a little deflected; lower -mandible with the angle of moderate length and narrow, the dorsal line -ascending and nearly straight, the edges slightly inflected, the tip -acute; gape-line straight. Nostrils elliptical or oblong, basal. Head -oblong, of moderate size; neck rather short; body ovate. Feet of -moderate length, or rather long; tarsus compressed, with eight -anterior scutella; toes slender, compressed; the hind toe elongated, -second and fourth about equal, third much longer. Claws rather long, -arched, slender, much compressed, laterally grooved, acute, that of -the hind toe very long, straightish, tapering. Plumage generally soft -and blended. Wings rather long, broad, the inner secondaries tapering, -and one so elongated as nearly to equal the longest primary, when the -wing is closed. Tail of twelve feathers, generally emarginate. Roof of -the upper mandible concave, generally with three prominent lines; -tongue slender, thin, flat, tapering to a slit and bristly tip; -oesophagus of uniform width; stomach a very strong muscular gizzard -of a roundish form and compressed, its lateral muscles very large, its -epithelium dense and rugous; intestines short, of moderate width; -coeca very small, cylindrical. Nest on the ground. Eggs five or six, -oval, spotted. - - - - -GENUS I. ALAUDA, Linn. LARK. - - -Bill rather short, stout, somewhat conical, compressed, straightish, -acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly arched, the edges -without notch, the tip acute; lower mandible with the dorsal line -ascending, slightly convex, the edges a little inflected, the tip -acute. Head rather large; neck short; body ovate. Legs of ordinary -length, anteriorly scutellate; lateral toes nearly equal, hind toe of -moderate size, with a very long, tapering, acute, and nearly straight -claw. Plumage rather dense and compact. Wings of moderate length, the -second and third quills longest; inner secondaries much elongated. -Tail of moderate length, emarginate. - - -151. 1. Alauda alpestris, Linn. Shore Lark.--Horned Lark. - -Male with two erectile pointed tufts of feathers on the anterior -lateral parts of the head. In winter the upper parts dusky brown, the -feathers paler on the edges; on the forehead a recurved crescentic -band of brownish-black; another curved downwards, proceeding on each -side from the base of the upper mandible; a band of yellowish-white -over the eye and forehead; throat pale-yellow, with a broad dusky -patch on the lower neck, the rest of the lower parts brownish-white; -quills dusky, tail-feathers blackish, excepting the two middle, which -are reddish-brown, like the upper tail-coverts. In summer, the -brownish-black bands on the head and neck become deep black, the -throat and frontal band white, and the upper parts light brownish-red. -Female dusky brown above, dull white beneath; the wings and tail as in -the male, but the black bands on the head and neck wanting. Young from -the nest with the upper parts deep brown, mottled with pale -reddish-brown, lower parts pale yellowish-grey. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 14. - -Breeds in Labrador and northwards. Migrates in autumn southward, as -far as the Texas. Not uncommon in the Western Country at that season. - - Shore Lark, Alauda cornuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 85. - - Alauda alpestris, Bonap. Syn. p. 102. - - Horned or Shore Lark, Alauda cornuta. Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 245. - - Shore Lark, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - - Shore Lark, Alauda alpestris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 570; - v. v. p. 488. - - - - -FAMILY XV. FRINGILLINAE. FINCHES. - - -Bill short, stout, conical, acute; upper mandible generally with its -dorsal line more or less convex, the sides rounded, the edges -inflected or direct, the tip acute; lower mandible with the dorsal -line ascending and slightly convex, the edges involute. Gape-line -ascending for more than a fourth of its length, then direct. Nostrils -basal, roundish, partly concealed by the feathers. Head of moderate -size, or rather large, ovate or roundish; neck short; body compact; -tarsus generally shorter than the middle toe with its claw, -compressed, with seven or eight anterior scutella; hind toe stout; -outer toe adherent at the base, lateral about equal. Claws long or -moderate, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage soft and -blended, but firm. Wings various, acute, or rounded. Tail of twelve -feathers. Roof of upper mandible concave, with three prominent lines, -of which the middle is sometimes elevated into an oblong hard -prominence. Tongue much compressed, pointed; oesophagus rather wide, -with a dilatation or crop on the right side; stomach roundish or -oblong, muscular, with the epithelium thin, dense, and longitudinally -rugous; intestine short, rather wide; coeca very small, -cylindrical. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal -muscles. The Fringillinae pass into the Icterinae on the one hand, and -the Alaudinae on the other. The Buntings scarcely differ from the -Finches in any other character than the knob on the palate, which is -common to them with the Icterinae. - - - - -GENUS I. PLECTROPHANES, Meyer. LARK-BUNTING. - - -Bill very short, robust, tapering, somewhat compressed; upper mandible -considerably narrower than the lower, its dorsal outline very slightly -convex, the sides rounded, the edges inflected, the marginal outline -slightly angulate; lower mandible with the dorsal line ascending and -slightly convex, the edges involute. Nostrils basal, roundish, partly -concealed by the feathers. Head of moderate size, ovate; neck short; -body compact, tarsus shorter than the middle toe with its claw, -compressed, with seven anterior scutella; hind toe stout; claws long, -rather stout, little arched, acute, that of the hind toe much -elongated. Plumage soft and blended. Wings long, pointed; the first -quill longest. Tail rather long, emarginate. - - -152. 1. Plectrophanes Lapponica, Linn. Lapland Lark-Bunting. - - Plate CCCLXV. Male and Female. - -Male, in summer, with the head and fore part of the neck black; a -white band over the eye, passing along the neck, and margining the -black; a brownish-red crescent on the hind neck; the feathers on the -rest of the upper parts black, broadly margined with yellowish-red; -first row of small coverts tipped with white; lower parts white, the -sides streaked with black. Male, in winter, with the upper part of the -head black, the feathers edged with brownish-red, cheeks and band over -the eye greyish-yellow; feathers of the fore neck black, broadly -tipped with white; dark streaks on the sides not apparent. Female with -the upper parts reddish-grey, spotted with black; a greyish-white band -over the eye; the cheeks greyish-brown; lower parts greyish-white, the -sides streaked with dusky. - -_Male_, 6-9/8; wing, 3-10/12. - -Fur Countries in summer. In winter, as far westward as Kentucky. -Abundant. Migratory. - - Lapland Longspur, Emberiza lapponica, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 53. - - Emberiza lapponica, Bonap. Syn. p. 440. - - Emberiza (Plectrophanes) lapponica, Lapland Buntling, Swains. - & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 248. - - Lapland Longspur, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 463. - - Lapland Longspur, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 473. - - -153. 2. Plectrophanes pictus, Swains. Painted Lark-Bunting. - - Plate CCCC. Fig. 5. Male. - -Male with the upper part and sides of the head deep black, with three -bands of white on each side, one from the base of the upper mandible -over the eye and along the neck, another under the eye and over the -ear, the third bordering the throat; upper parts brownish-yellow -spotted with black; a band of white on the smaller wing-coverts; lower -parts, and a band across the fore part of the back, buffy orange. - -_Male_, 6-2/12; wing, 3-1/4. - -Fur Countries. Accidental, in winter, on the banks of the Mississippi. -Migratory. - - Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta, Painted Bunting, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 250. - - Painted Bunting, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 589. - - Painted Bunting, Emberiza picta, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 91. - - -154. 3. Plectrophanes ornatus, Towns. Chestnut-collared Lark-Bunting. - - Plate CCCXCIV. Fig. 1. Male. - -Male, in summer, with the upper part of the head, a streak, and some -spots behind the ear, and the breast black; a broad band over the eye, -the throat and sides of the neck, the abdomen, lower tail-coverts, and -three lateral tail-feathers, white; a transverse belt of yellowish-red -on the hind neck; upper parts yellowish-grey, spotted with dusky. - -_Male_, 5-1/4; wing, 3-2/12. - -Rocky Mountains. - - Plectrophanes ornata, Chestnut-collared Lark-Finch, Towns. - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 189. - - Chestnut-collared Lark-Bunting, Emberiza ornata, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. v. p. 44. - - -155. 4. Plectrophanes nivalis, Linn. Snow Lark-Bunting. - - Plate CLXXXIX. Male and Female in winter. - -Male, in winter, with the head, neck, lower parts, a great portion of -the wings, including the smaller coverts, secondary coverts, several -secondary quills, the bases of the primaries and their coverts, and -the greater part of the outer tail-feathers on each side, white; the -head and hind neck more or less tinged with brownish-red, the upper -parts reddish-grey or yellowish-red, mottled with black, the concealed -part of the plumage being of the latter colour, the bill -brownish-yellow. Female, in winter, with the white less extended. -Young, at this season, like the female, but more brown. Male, in -summer, with the back, scapulars, inner secondaries, terminal portion -of primaries, and four middle tail-feathers, deep black, all the other -parts pure white, the bill black. Female with the black parts tinged -with brown, and more or less reddish-brown on the head and rump. - -_Male_, 7, 13. - -In winter, from Nova Scotia to Kentucky. Abundant. Much rarer along -the Atlantic coast. Some breed in Vermont and Massachusetts. Fur -Countries in summer. - - Snow-Bunting, Emberiza nivalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 86. - - Emberiza nivalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 103. - - Emberiza (Plectrophanes) nivalis, Snow Buntling, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 247. - - Snow Bunting, Emberiza nivalis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 458. - - Snow Bunting, Emberiza nivalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 515; - v. v. p. 496. - - - - -GENUS II. EMBERIZA, Linn. BUNTING. - - -Bill short, robust, tapering, somewhat compressed; upper mandible with -its dorsal line declinate and slightly convex, the ridge indistinct, -the sides convex, the edges a little inflected, ascending to beneath -the nostrils, then descending or direct, with a slight notch close to -the narrow tip; lower mandible with the angle short and wide, the -dorsal line ascending, and very slightly convex, the ridge broad at -the base, the sides convex, the edges inclinate, their outline -ascending for a third or more of its length, then direct, the tip -narrow. Nostrils basal, roundish. Head large, ovate; neck very short; -body rather stout. Feet of moderate length, rather strong; tarsus of -ordinary length, compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes rather -large; the hind toe strong, and longer than the lateral, which are -equal, the third much longer, and united to the fourth at the base. -Claws long, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage soft and blended, -but firm. Bristles feeble. Wings of moderate length, rather acute; -the first three quills longest. Tail of moderate length, emarginate. - -* Wings rather long, with the second and third quills longest. - - -156. 1. Emberiza Americana, Gmel. Black-throated Bunting. - - Plate CCCLXXXIV. Male and Female. - -Bill very stout; tail-feathers acute. Male with the upper part of the -head, the cheeks, and the hind neck dark ash-grey, faintly streaked -with dusky; loral space whitish, a band over the eye, and a patch -below the cheek, yellow; the fore part of the back greyish-brown, with -longitudinal streaks of brownish-black, the hind part brownish-grey; -the smaller wing-coverts bright chestnut; chin white, throat black; -the lower neck and part of the breast, yellow, the rest of the breast -and abdomen, white. Female similar to the male, but paler, and without -the black patch on the throat. - -_Male_, 6-1/2, 10-3/8. - -Breeds abundantly in Texas and all the Western Prairies; less so from -Virginia to Massachusetts. Rare in Ohio and Kentucky. Migratory. - - Black-throated Bunting, Emberiza Americana, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. i. p. 411. - - Fringilla Americana, Bonap. Syn. p. 107. - - Black-throated Bunting, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 461. - - Black-throated Bunting, Emberiza Americana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 599. - - -157. 2. Emberiza Townsendii, Aud. Townsend's Bunting. - - Plate CCCC. Fig. 4. Male. - -Bill very stout, with the upper outline considerably convex. Head, -cheeks, hind neck, sides of the neck, fore part of the breast, and -sides of the body, deep bluish-grey, the head streaked with black; -back yellowish-brown, streaked with dusky, the feathers edged with -grey, rump yellowish-grey; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown, -slightly edged with paler; a narrow white line over the eye; throat -white, with a narrow band of black on each side; abdomen and middle -part of breast greyish-white. - -_Male_, 5-3/4, 9. - -One specimen (in my possession) procured in Pennsylvania. - - Townsend's Bunting, Emberiza Townsendii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 183; v. v. p. 90. - - -158. 3. Emberiza Grammaca, Say. Lark Bunting. - - Plate CCCXC. Fig. 1. Male. - -Second and third quills longest, first and fourth about equal; tail -rather long, rounded. Male with three longitudinal bands of white on -the head, separated by two bands of bright chestnut-red, the anterior -part of which is black; upper parts light greyish-brown, -longitudinally streaked with dusky, the central part of each feather -being of the latter colour, the hind part of the back and the rump -without streaks; two faint bands of yellowish-white on the wings, -formed by the tips of the first row of small coverts, and those of the -secondary coverts, and a patch of the same formed by the bases of the -outer primaries; quills dusky brown, primaries margined with whitish, -secondaries more broadly with light red; tail darker, all the feathers -except the middle, terminated by white, which, on the outer, occupies -more than a third of its length, and extends nearly to the base of the -outer web; below the eye a white streak, cheeks bright chestnut, with -an anterior black spot, under them a broad white band from the lower -mandible, curving upwards, separated from the throat, which is white, -by a short line of black on each side; lower parts white, the lower -part of the neck greyish, the sides tinged with greyish-white. Female -similar to the male, but with the head simply coloured like the back, -and the sides streaked with brown. - -_Male_, 6-1/2, 8-1/4. - -Upper Missouri, and eastern declivities of the Rocky Mountains. -Common. Migratory. - - Fringilla grammaca, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 47. - - Lark Finch, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 480. - - Lark Finch, Fringilla grammaca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 17. - - -159. 4. Emberiza graminea, Gmel. Grass or Bay-winged Bunting. - - Plate XC. Male. - -Second, third, and fourth quills longest, first and fourth nearly -equal; tail rather long, slightly emarginate. Upper parts light -greyish-brown, streaked with dusky; smaller wing coverts yellowish-red -or bay; quills and larger coverts dusky brown, margined with -greyish-white; two whitish bands on the wing, formed by the tips of -the first row of small coverts, and the secondary coverts; tail dusky -brown, the greater part of the outer feather, and the terminal portion -of the outer web of the next white; a narrow circle of white round the -eye; lower parts dull white, the throat, fore part of neck, and sides -streaked with dark brown. - -_Male_, 5-3/4, 10. - -From Texas to the Columbia River and Fur Countries. Breeds from -Maryland eastward and northward. Resident in winter from Carolina -southward and westward. Extremely abundant. - - Bay-winged Bunting, Emberiza graminea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. - p. 51. - - Fringilla graminea, Bonap. Syn. p. 108. - - Fringilla (Zonotrichia) graminea, Bay-winged Finch, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 254. - - Bay-winged or Grass Finch, Fringilla graminea, Nutt. Man. v. - i. p 482. - - Grass Finch or Bay-winged Bunting, Fringilla graminea, Aud. - Orn Biog. v. i. p. 473; v. v. p. 502. - - -160. 5. Emberiza Savanna, Bon. Savannah Bunting. - - Plate CIX. Male and Female. - -Outer four quills almost equal; tail emarginate, with the feathers -pointed. Upper parts light greyish-brown, streaked with dusky; smaller -wing-coverts like the back; a faint yellow band over the eye, and a -faint whitish band in the middle of the crown; two whitish bands on -the wing, formed by the tips of the first row of small coverts and the -secondary coverts, the latter very inconspicuous, quills and -tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with paler, the lateral tail-feathers -merely of a lighter tint; cheeks dull yellow, streaked with brown; -lower part white, the throat and sides streaked with dusky. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2. - -From Texas to the Columbia River, and along the whole Atlantic coast -to Nova Scotia. Extremely abundant during winter in all the Southern -States. Breeds from Maryland eastward. - - Savannah Finch, Fringilla savanna, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. - 72. - - Fringilla savanna, Bonap. Syn. p. 109. - - Savannah Sparrow, Fringilla savanna, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 489. - - Savannah Finch, Fringilla savanna, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 63; v. v. p. 516. - - -161. 6. Emberiza pallida, Swains. Clay-coloured Bunting. - - Plate CCCXCVIII. Fig. 2. Male. - -Bill more slender and pointed than in the preceding species; wings -more rounded, the second, third, and fourth quills being about equal, -the first and fifth equal; tail long, emarginate, and a little -rounded, upper parts light yellowish-brown, streaked with -brownish-black, the streaks on the rump fainter; quills and -tail-feathers greyish-brown, margined with brownish-white; over the -eye a band of brownish-white; cheeks pale brown; sides of neck very -light buff; the rest of the lower parts greyish-white, the sides -tinged with greyish-brown. Female similar to the male, but with less -yellow on the sides of the neck. - -_Male_, 5-2/12, wing 2-7/12. - -Platte River, Missouri Plains, and Fur Countries. Common. Migratory. - - Emberiza pallida, Clay-coloured Bunting, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 251. - - Clay-coloured Bunting, Emberiza pallida, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 66. - - -162. 7. Emberiza passerina, Wils. Yellow-winged Bunting. - - Plate CXXX. Male. - -Bill very short and stout; tail-feathers acute. Upper parts light -greyish-brown, mixed on the neck with ash-grey, the central parts of -all the feathers brownish-black, the margins of those of the back -bright chestnut; upper part of the head brownish-black, with a -longitudinal central line of yellowish-white, and a yellow line over -each eye; secondary coverts dusky, margined with greyish-white; the -edge of the wing at the flexure bright yellow; quills and -tail-feathers dusky brown, margined with whitish; lower parts pale -yellowish-grey, the fore neck and lower tail-coverts of a richer tint; -the sides inclining to grey, and faintly streaked with dusky. - -_Male_, 4-9/12, 8. - -Passes from Texas to Connecticut; breeds from Maryland to Connecticut. -Columbia River. Rather Common. Migratory. - - Yellow-winged Sparrow, Fringilla passerina, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. iii. p. 76. - - Fringilla passerina, Bonap. Syn. p. 109. - - Savannah Finch or Yellow shouldered Bunting, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 494. - - Yellow-crowned Sparrow, Fringilla passerina, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. ii. p. 180; v. v. p. 497. - - -163. 8. Emberiza Henslowii, Aud. Henslow's Bunting. - - Plate LXX. Male. - -Bill very stout; wings short, convex, the first quill equal to the -fourth, and scarcely shorter than the second and third; tail -emarginate and rounded, with the feathers acute. Upper parts light -yellowish-brown, streaked with brownish-black, the margins of the -feathers on the back and scapulars light red; the edge of the wing -pale yellow; quills dusky, primaries edged with brownish-yellow, -secondaries with light red; tail-feathers dusky, the outer margined -with yellowish-brown, the middle more broadly with light red; lower -parts light brownish-yellow, the abdomen and throat paler, the sides -of the neck and body, and the fore part of the breast streaked with -black. - -_Male_, 5. - -Winters in Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Florida. Breeds -from Maryland to New York. Abundant. Accidental in Ohio. - - Henslow's Bunting, Emberiza Henslowii, Nutt. Man. App. v. ii. - p. - - Henslow's Bunting, Emberiza Henslowii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 360; v. v. p. 498. - -* Wings considerably rounded, with the third and fourth quills -longest. Tail rather long, emarginate. - - -164. 9. Emberiza pusilla, Wils. Field Bunting.--Field Sparrow. - - Plate CXXXIX. Male. - -Bill light brownish-red; upper part of the head chestnut-red; anterior -part of the back streaked with dusky, bright chestnut, and -yellowish-grey; a faint ring on the neck, a band over the eyes, and -the throat pale bluish-grey; rump yellowish-grey; quills and tail -dusky brown, the former margined with light red, the latter with -yellowish-grey, lower parts greyish-white, the sides of the neck and -body, and the fore part of the breast, tinged with yellowish-brown. - -_Male_, 6, 8. - -From Texas to Maryland, in Kentucky and the intermediate parts, during -winter. Breeds from Maryland to Maine. Abundant. - - Field Sparrow, Fringilla pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. - 121. - - Fringilla pusilla; Bonap. Syn. p. 110. - - Field or Rush Sparrow, Fringilla juncorum, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 499. - - Field Sparrow, Fringilla pusilla, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 229. - - -165. 10. Emberiza socialis, Wils. Chipping Bunting.--Chipping Sparrow. - - Plate CIV. Male. - -Bill with the upper mandible blackish-brown; upper part of the head -bright chestnut-red, part of forehead black; anterior part of the back -streaked with dusky, bright chestnut, and yellowish-grey; a faint ring -on the neck, a band over the eyes, the throat, and fore part of the -breast, pale bluish-grey; rump bluish-grey, streaked with dusky; -quills and tail dusky brown, the former margined with light red, the -latter with yellowish-grey; two white bands on the wing; breast and -sides pale grey, inclining to white. This species closely resembles -the last in colour, but may be distinguished by the black on the -forehead, and the dusky colour of the bill. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 8. - -Abundant throughout the United States. Winter resident in all the -Southern States. Not seen in Texas, Nova Scotia, or Labrador. - - Chipping Sparrow, Fringilla socialis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 127. - - Fringilla socialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 109. - - Chipping Sparrow, Fringilla socialis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 497. - - Chipping Sparrow, Fringilla socialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 21; v. v. p. 517. - - -166. 11. Emberiza Canadensis, Lath. Canada Bunting.--Tree Sparrow. - - Plate CLXXXVIII. Male and Female. - -Bill with the upper mandible blackish-brown above, yellowish-red -beneath; upper part of the head bright chestnut-red; anterior part of -the back streaked with dusky, bright chestnut, and yellowish-grey; a -faint ring on the neck, a band over the eyes, the throat and fore part -of the breast pale bluish-grey; rump pale yellowish-grey, faintly -streaked with dusky; quills and tail dusky brown, the former margined -with light red, the latter with greyish-white; two white bands on the -wing; breast and sides pale grey, inclining to white, the latter -tinged with yellowish-brown. - -This species is much larger than the last, wants the black spot on the -forehead, and has the wing-bands more conspicuous. - -_Male_, 6-1/4, 8-3/4. - -Rarely reaches the Carolinas during winter, or Louisville on the Ohio. -Breeds from Maine northward to the Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory. - - Tree Sparrow, Fringilla arborea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. - 12. - - Fringilla canadensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 109. - - Emberiza canadensis, Tree Bunting, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 252. - - Tree Sparrow, Fringilla canadensis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 495. - - Tree Sparrow, Fringilla canadensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 511; v. v. p. 504. - - - - -GENUS III. NIPHAEA, Aud. SNOW-BIRD. - - -Bill short, rather small, conical, acute; upper mandible a little -broader than the lower, its dorsal line straight, slightly declinate -at the tip, the sides convex, the edges nearly straight, slightly -inflected, but overlapping; lower mandible with the angle short and -rounded, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges a -little inflected, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed -by the feathers. Head broadly ovate; neck short; body full. Feet of -moderate length; tarsus rather short, stout, with seven scutella; toes -rather strong, the first stout, the lateral equal. Claws rather long, -arched, compressed, laterally grooved, tapering to a fine point. -Plumage very soft and blended. Wings rather short, curved, rounded, -second, third, and fourth quills longest, first longer than fifth. -Tail rather long, slightly emarginate. Roof of upper mandible concave, -with thin ridges, and a small knob at the base; tongue narrow, deep, -grooved above, tapering to a horny point; oesophagus dilated about -the middle; stomach rather small, roundish, muscular; intestine rather -short; coeca very small. Name from [Greek: Niphos], snow. - - -167. 1. Niphaea hyemalis, Linn. Common Snow-Bird. - - Plate XIII. Male and Female. - -Male with the head, hind neck, fore part of the breast, back, wings, -and upper parts of the sides, greyish-black, deeper on the head and -throat; quills margined with whitish; tail with the two lateral -feathers on each side, and a patch on the inner web of the next white, -as are the breast and abdomen. Female lighter grey, on the back tinged -with brown. - -_Male_, 6-1/4, 9. - -Distributed, in winter, over the Southern, Western, and Middle -Districts, as far as the base of the Rocky Mountains, and in the Fur -Countries. Breeds from Maryland eastward, on the mountains. Very -abundant. - - Snow Bird, Fringilla nivalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 129. - - Fringilla hyemalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 109. - - Fringilla hyemalis, Black Finch, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 505. - - Common Snow-Bird, Fringilla Hudsonia, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 491. - - Snow-Bird, Fringilla hyemalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 72; v. - v. p. 505. - - -168. 2. Niphaea Oregona, Towns. Oregon Snow-Bird. - - Plate CCCXCVIII. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female. - -Male with the head, neck all round, and a portion of the breast black; -the rest of the lower parts white, excepting the sides, which are -tinged with brown; fore part of back reddish-brown, rump dull grey; -quills dusky, the primaries edged with grey, the secondaries with -reddish-brown; tail dusky, with the outer two feathers on each side -white. Female with the head and neck blackish-grey, the back and -wing-coverts dull brownish-red, the other parts as in the male. - -_Male_, 6-1/4; wing, 3-1/12. - -Columbia River. Common. Migratory. - - Fringilla oregona, Oregon Snow-Finch, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. - Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 188. - - Oregon Snow-Finch, Fringilla oregona, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 68. - - - - -GENUS IV. SPIZA, Bonap. PAINTED-BUNTING. - - -Bill short, moderately stout, conical, acute; upper mandible rather -narrower, with the dorsal line somewhat convex, the ridge narrow, the -sides sloping and a little convex, the edges inclining upwards for a -third of their length, then direct, with a slight notch close to the -narrow declinate tip; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, -the dorsal line very slightly convex, the sides rounded, the edges -involute, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, roundish, partly concealed by -the feathers. Head broadly ovate; neck short; body rather full. Feet -of moderate length; tarsus much compressed, with seven scutella; toes -of moderate size, hind toe large, lateral equal. Claws slender, -compressed, well arched, acute. Plumage full, soft, and blended. Wings -of moderate length, the second and third quills longest, the first -about equal to the fourth. Tail of moderate length, emarginate. Palate -anteriorly with their narrow ridges, forming a large oblong hard knob -at their base; tongue higher than broad, deeply grooved above, -pointed; oesophagus dilated into a crop; stomach elliptical, -muscular; intestine of moderate length; coeca very small. - - -169. 1. Spiza Ciris, Wils. Blue-headed -Painted-Bunting.--Painted-Bunting. Painted-Finch. - - Plate LIII. Male and Female. - -Male with the head and hind neck ultramarine-blue, eyelids vermilion; -fore part of back and scapulars yellowish-green; rump purplish-red; -smaller wing-coverts purplish-blue, secondary coverts green; quills -and tail-feathers dusky; lower parts bright vermilion. Female -yellowish-green above, greenish-yellow beneath. Young like the female. -In the second year, the male with the upper parts olive-green, the -lower dull orange, paler behind, head as in the adult; in the third -year, with the back mottled with yellow and light green, the secondary -coverts green, the rest as in the adult. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 7-1/2. - -From Texas to North Carolina, and up the Mississippi to Natchez. -Abundant. Migratory. - - Painted Bunting, Emberiza Ciris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 68. - - Fringilla Ciris, Bonap. Syn. p. 107. - - Painted Bunting, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 477. - - Painted Finch, Fringilla Ciris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 279; - v. v. p. 517. - - -170. 2. Spiza cyanea, Wils. Indigo Painted-Bunting.--Indigo Bird. - - Plate LXXIV. Male and Female. - -Male blue, tinged with verdigris-green, on the head approaching to -ultramarine; quills and tail-feathers dusky, edged with greenish-blue. -Female yellowish-brown above, paler beneath. Young like the female. -Male, in the first autumn, of a lighter and duller blue than in the -adult, the feathers of the upper parts tipped with brown, of the lower -with yellowish, in the second year nearly as in the adult, but with -the smaller coverts dull brown. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 7-1/2. - -Distributed throughout the United States during summer. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Indigo Bird, Fringilla cyanea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 100. - - Fringilla cyanea, Bonap. Syn. p. 107. - - Indigo Bird, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 473. - - Indigo Bird, Fringilla cyanea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 377; - v. v. p. 503. - - -171. 3. Spiza amoena, Say. Lazuli Painted-Bunting.--Lazuli Finch. - - Plate CCCXCVIII. Fig. 1. Male. Plate CCCCXXIV. Fig. 1. - Female. - -Male with the head, neck, and upper parts, light greenish-blue, the -fore part of the back duller; loral space black; wings and tail dusky, -the feathers margined with blue; two white bands on the wing; on the -fore part of the breast a broad band of yellowish-red, the rest of the -lower parts white. Female with the upper parts light yellowish-brown, -the rump greenish-blue; fore parts pale yellowish-red, fading behind -into white. - -_Male_, 5-1/2; wing, 3-1/12. - -From the Arkansas to the Columbia River. Never seen near the Atlantic -coast. Plentiful. Migratory. - - Emberiza amoena, Say, Long's Exped. - - Lazuli Finch, Fringilla amoena, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 61. - - Fringilla amoena, Bonap. Syn. p. 106. - - Lazuli Finch, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 478. - - Lazuli Finch, Fringilla amoena, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 64, - and p. 230. - - - - -GENUS V. AMMODRAMUS, Swains. SHORE-FINCH. - - -Bill rather long, being little shorter than the head, rather slender, -straight, considerably compressed, acute; upper mandible with the -dorsal line considerably convex, the ridge narrow, the sides convex, -the edges inflected, with a slight festoon about the middle, and a -faint notch, close to the tip, which is deflected and acute; lower -mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line ascending -and straight, the ridge rounded, the sides convex, the edges involute, -the tip acute. Nostrils small, elliptical, basal, partially concealed -by the plumage. Head ovate; neck short; body slender. Tarsus rather -short, stoutish, compressed, with seven scutella; toes rather long, -hind toe large, outer shorter than inner, and adherent at the base. -Claws long, slender, little arched, much compressed, laterally -grooved, tapering to a fine point. Plumage soft and blended, with the -filaments stiffish and disunited. No bristles. Wings short, convex, -rounded, the second, third, and fourth quills longest, the first -considerably shorter. Tail of moderate length, graduated, slender, of -twelve narrow, acuminate feathers. No difference in the colours of the -sexes. - - -172. 1. Ammodramus maritimus, Wils. Grey Shore-Finch.--Sea-side Finch. - - Plate XCIII. Male and Female. - -Third and fourth quills longest, first and eighth equal; tail -graduated; upper parts brownish-grey, tinged with olivaceous, two -faint longitudinal bands of darker on the head; the feathers on the -fore part of the back brown in the centre; margin of the wing at the -flexure light yellow, smaller wing-coverts and outer webs of secondary -coverts dull reddish-brown; quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, -edged with pale brownish-grey; a yellow band from the base of the -upper mandible over the eye, fainter behind; throat greyish-white, -with a longitudinal bluish-grey band on each side; lower part of neck, -fore part of breast, and sides, light bluish-grey, streaked with light -olivaceous-brown; middle of breast pale grey, abdomen white, lower -tail-coverts pale yellowish-brown, with a central dusky streak. - -_Male_, 8, 11. - -From Texas to Massachusetts along the shores of the Atlantic. Resident -in the Southern States. Abundant. - - Sea-side Finch, Fringilla maritima, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. - 68. - - Fringilla maritima, Bonap. Syn. p. 110. - - Sea-side Finch, Fringilla maritima, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 505. - - Sea-side Finch, Fringilla maritima, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 471. - - -173. 2. Ammodramus Macgillivrayi, Aud. Macgillvray's Shore-Finch. - - Plate CCCLV. Male and Female. - -Second, third, and fourth quills longest, first and seventh equal; -tail rounded. Upper parts dull olivaceous-grey, streaked with -blackish-brown, the central parts of all the feathers being of the -latter colour; margin of the wing at the flexure yellowish-white; all -the feathers of the wings dusky brown, margined with pale olivaceous; -tail-feathers blackish-brown, margined with olivaceous; a -yellowish-brown streak from the base of the upper mandible over the -eye; throat and fore neck greyish-white, with an indistinct dusky -streak on each side; breast and sides pale dull yellowish-grey marked -with brownish-black streaks; middle of the breast and abdomen -greyish-white, tinged with yellowish-brown; lower tail-coverts pale -yellowish-brown, with a central dusky streak. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 7-3/4. - -Abundant in Texas and along the Gulf of Mexico. Rather rare in South -Carolina, from which it migrates in autumn. - - Macgillivray's Finch, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 285; v. iv. - p. 394; v. v. p. 499. - - -174. 3. Ammodramus caudacutus, Lath. Buff-breasted -Shore-Finch.--Sharp-tailed Finch. - - Plate CXLIX. Male and Female. - -Second, third, and fourth quills longest, first and fifth equal; tail -graduated. Upper part of the head with a central bluish-grey streak, -deep brown at the sides with the feathers black in the centre; hind -neck dull grey, tinged with brown; back brown, tinged with grey, some -of the feathers marked with black and edged with greyish-white; quills -dusky brown, edged with reddish-brown, the secondary and smaller -coverts with their outer webs chiefly of the latter colour; -tail-feathers dusky brown, margined with greyish-olive; a broad band -of light yellowish-red from the base of the upper mandible over the -eye, and extending beyond the middle of the neck, where it is broader; -ear-coverts grey; a broad band of yellowish-red from the lower -mandible down the neck; throat whitish, with a line of dusky streaks -on each side; the lower part of the neck, a portion of the breast, the -lower tail-coverts, and the sides, pale yellowish-red, streaked with -dusky; the rest of the lower parts white. - -_Male_, 5, 7-1/4. - -Breeds from Texas along the coast to Massachusetts. Never in the -interior. Resident in the Southern States. Very abundant. - - Sharp-tailed Finch, Fringilla caudacuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iv. p. 70. - - Fringilla caudacuta, Bonap. Syn. p. 110. - - Shore Finch, Fringilla littoralis, Nutt. Man, v. i. p. 504. - - Sharp-tailed Finch, Fringilla caudacuta, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 281; v. v. p. 499. - - -175. 4. Ammodramus palustris, Wils. Marsh Shore-Finch. Swamp Sparrow. - - Plate LXIV. Male. - -Bill shorter than in the other species; tail-feathers less acuminate; -upper part of head deep chestnut-red, streaked with black; hind part -and sides of the neck light bluish-grey, cheeks dusky brown; a -greyish-yellow streak over the eye; upper parts of body -yellowish-brown, streaked with brownish-black; wing-coverts and -secondaries broadly edged with yellowish-red, primaries with duller -red; tail similar; throat greyish-white, with two small dusky streaks, -the rest of the fore neck and part of the breast pale bluish-grey, -the abdomen whitish, the sides yellowish-brown, streaked with dusky. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 7-1/2. - -From Texas to North Carolina in winter. Spreads in spring and summer -to the Missouri westward, and to Labrador eastward. Abundant. - - Swamp Swallow, Fringilla palustris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. - p. 49. - - Fringilla palustris, Bonap. Syn. p. 110. - - Swamp Sparrow, Fringilla Georgiana, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 502. - - Swamp Sparrow, Fringilla palustris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 331; v. v. p. 508. - - - - -GENUS VI. PEUCAEA, Aud. PINEWOOD-FINCH. - - -Bill of moderate length, rather stout, straight, considerably -compressed, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line somewhat -convex, the ridge rather narrow, the sides convex, the edges -inflected, with the notches obsolete, the tip acute; lower mandible -with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line ascending and -slightly convex, the ridge rounded, the sides convex, the edges -involute, the tip acute. Nostrils small, roundish, partially concealed -by the plumage. Head ovate; neck short; body moderately stout. Tarsus -rather short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes moderate, very -slender, hind toe rather large, lateral toes about equal, outer -adherent at the base. Claws of moderate length, very slender, -extremely compressed, arched, tapering to a fine point. Plumage very -soft, blended. Wings very short, convex, rounded, the third and fourth -quills longest, the first and seventh about equal. Tail rather long, -graduated, of twelve narrow rounded feathers. No difference in the -colours of the sexes. Name from [Greek: Peuche], a pine. - - -176. 1. Peucaea Bachmanii, Aud. Bachman's Pinewood-Finch. - - Plate CLXV. Male. - -Feathers of the upper parts brownish-red margined with bluish-grey, -those on the fore part of the back darker; quills dusky brown, -primaries margined with yellowish-grey, secondaries with brownish-red; -tail-feathers dusky brown margined with grey; a band of ochre-yellow -from the base of the upper mandible over the eye; throat pale -yellowish-grey, with a short dusky streak on each side; lower parts -light yellowish-grey, the fore part of the breast and the sides tinged -with brown. - -_Male_, 6, 7-1/2. - -Georgia and South Carolina. Rather rare. Migratory. - - Bachman's Finch, Fringilla Bachmanii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 366. - - -177. 2. Peucaea Lincolnii, Aud. Lincoln's Pinewood-Finch. - - Plate CXCIII. Male and Female. - -Bill shorter and more slender. Upper parts yellowish, streaked with -brownish-black: on the head a thin greyish-blue longitudinal band; -quills dusky brown, margined with yellowish-brown; tail-feathers -broadly margined with yellowish-brown; cheeks greyish-brown, with an -inferior band of ochreous; throat white, streaked with dusky, and -having a line of dusky spots on each side; fore part of breast and -sides pale greyish-yellow, streaked with dusky; the rest of the lower -parts greyish-white. - -_Male_, 5-3/4, 8-2/12. - -New York and Labrador. Rather rare. Migratory. - - Lincoln's Finch, Fringilla Lincolnii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 539. - - - - -GENUS VII. LINARIA, Ray. LINNET. - - -Bill short, conical, moderately stout, higher than broad at the base, -compressed toward the end, acuminate; upper mandible with the dorsal -line straight, the nasal sinus very short and broad, the ridge -distinct and narrow, the sides convex, the edges ascending at first, -afterwards direct, the tip very narrow, without notches; lower -mandible with the angle short and semicircular, the dorsal line -straight or very slightly concave, the sides convex, the tip -acuminate. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head -of moderate size, roundish; neck short; body moderate. Feet of -moderate length; tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes -rather stout, the first large. Claws long, moderately arched, much -compressed, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Wings rather long, -the first three quills nearly equal, the second generally longest, the -first longer than the third. Tail rather long, deeply emarginate or -forked, with the feathers pointed. Roof of upper mandible concave, -with two ridges; tongue deeper than broad, concave above toward the -point, which is acute; oesophagus enlarged about the middle; stomach -roundish, muscular; intestine of moderate length, slender; coeca -very small. - - -178. 1. Linaria borealis, Temm. Mealy Redpoll Linnet. - - Plate CCCC. Fig. 2. Male. - -Male with the upper part of the head crimson, the cheeks, sides of the -body, and hind part of the rump pale carmine; a band edging the -forehead, the loral space, and the throat black; upper parts dusky, -streaked with brownish-white, the fore part of the rump nearly white; -feathers of the wings and tail dusky, margined with greyish-white, of -which there are two transverse bands on the wings, formed by the tips -of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; lower parts -greyish-white, the sides streaked with dusky. Female somewhat less, -with the black on the forehead and throat tinged with brown, the -crimson patch on the head of less extent, the sides and rump destitute -of red. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 9. - -Accidental in New Jersey and New York. More common from Maine -northward. Labrador and Fur Countries. Columbia River. - - Grosbec boreal, Fringilla borealis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. v. iii. - p. 264. - - Mealy Redpoll, Fringilla borealis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 87. - - -179. 2. Linaria minor, Ray. Lesser Redpoll Linnet. - - Plate CCCLXXV. Male and Female. - -Male with the upper part of the head crimson; the sides of the neck, -its fore part, the breast, and flanks, rich carmine; a band edging the -forehead, the loral space, and the throat, brownish-black; the hind -part of the head, the neck, the fore part of the back, and the -scapulars deep-brown, streaked with pale yellowish-brown; the feathers -on the rump margined with whitish, and tipped with carmine; feathers -of the wings and tail brown, edged with yellowish-brown, of which -there are two bands on the wings formed by the tips of the secondary -coverts and first row of small coverts; middle of the breast, abdomen, -and lower tail-coverts white, tinged with rose-colours; the sides -longitudinally streaked with dusky. Female somewhat less, with the -back of the forehead and throat more brown, less red on the head, and -little or none on the rump or lower parts, which are white, the breast -and flanks streaked with dusky. Young with the feathers of the upper -parts blackish-brown, edged with yellowish-brown, the rump -yellowish-grey, the lower parts dull white, streaked with -blackish-brown; no red on any part. - -_Male_, 5, 8-3/4. - -From Pennsylvania and New Jersey to Maine, in winter; inland, to -Kentucky. Breeds in Maine, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador, and -the Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory. - - Lesser Redpoll, Fringilla linaria, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. - 42. - - Fringilla linaria, Bonap. Syn. p. 112. - - Linaria minor, Lesser Redpoll, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. i. p. 267. - - Lesser Redpoll, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 512. - - Lesser Redpoll, Fringilla Linaria, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 533. - - -180. 3. Linaria pinus, Wils. Pine Linnet. - - Plate CLXXX. Male and Female. - -Upper parts yellowish-grey, streaked with dark brown; feathers of the -wings dusky, the primaries margined with yellow, of which there is a -patch formed by the bases of all the quills, except the outer three, -and a few of the inner; tips of first row of small coverts, secondary -coverts and outer edges of secondary quills dull white; tail-feathers -dusky, their bases and outer edges yellow; lower parts greyish-white, -streaked with brown, the fore neck tinged with reddish. - -_Male_, 4-9/12, 8-1/2. - -Wanders during winter to South Carolina, Louisiana, and Kentucky. -Breeds north of the United States, in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and -Labrador. Columbia River. Plentiful. - - Pine Finch, Fringilla pinus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 133. - - Fringilla pinus, Bonap. Syn. p. 111. - - Pine Finch, Fringilla pinus, Nutt. Man. v.i. p. 511. - - Pine Finch, Fringilla pinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 455; v. - v. p. 509. - - - - -GENUS VIII. CARDUELIS, Cuv. GOLDFINCH. - - -Bill short, or of moderate length, conical, very stout at the base, -compressed toward the end, and tapering to a fine point; upper -mandible a little broader, with the nasal sinus very broad, the dorsal -outline very slightly convex, the ridge narrowed toward the end, the -sides convex, the edges a little inflected and overlapping, the edges -slightly ascending at the base, the notches obsolete, the tip very -acute; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal -line straight, the sides convex, the tip very acute. Nostrils basal, -roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head roundish-ovate; neck short; -body rather full. Legs rather short; tarsus short, compressed, -slender, with seven scutella; toes moderate, the first large, the -lateral nearly equal. Claws long, compressed, moderately curved, very -acute. Plumage very soft and blended. Wings rather long, pointed, the -first, second, and third quills about equal and longest. Tail rather -short, deeply emarginate. Roof of upper mandible deeply concave; -tongue grooved above, pointed; oesophagus dilated about the middle; -stomach small, broadly elliptical, moderately muscular; intestine -short; coeca very small. - - -181. 1. Carduelis tristis, _Linn._ American Goldfinch. - - Plate XXXIII. Male and Female. - -Bill rather slender, second and third quills longest. Male rich -lemon-yellow, fading behind into yellowish-white; upper part of head, -wings, and tail black; smaller coverts yellow, quills margined, and -secondary coverts tipped with yellowish-white; inner webs of -tail-feathers in their terminal half white. Female brownish-olive -above, without black on the head; fore neck and breast greyish-yellow, -the rest of the lower parts greyish-white. Young like the female, as -is the male in winter. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, 8. - -Abundant in the Middle and Western Districts, during summer. -Accidental in the Southern States during winter. Columbia River and -Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory. - - American Goldfinch, Fringilla tristis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 20. - - Fringilla tristis, Bonap. Syn. p. 111. - - Carduelis Americana (Edwards), American Goldfinch, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 268. - - Yellow Bird or American Goldfinch, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 507. - - American Goldfinch, Fringilla tristis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 172; v. v. p. 510. - - -182. 2. Carduelis magellanicus, Vieill. Black-headed Goldfinch. - - Plate CCCXCIV. Fig. 2. Male. - -Bill moderately stout; first and second quills equal and longest. Male -with the head and throat black, back yellowish-green, rump and lower -parts greenish-yellow; wings black, with two bands of yellowish-green, -terminating the first row of small coverts, and the secondary coverts; -a conspicuous band of yellow on the basal portion of all the quills, -most of which are margined with the same toward the end; tail yellow, -with the terminal half black. - -_Male_, 4-3/4, wing 2-10/12. - -Five seen in winter at Henderson in Kentucky, of which I procured two. - - Black-headed Siskin, Fringilla magellanica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 46. - - -183. 3. Carduelis psaltria, Say. Arkansaw Goldfinch. - - Plate CCCC. Fig. 1. Male. - -Bill moderately stout; second quill longest, third scarcely shorter. -Male with the upper part of the head black; hind neck, back, and -scapulars yellowish-green, spotted with greenish-brown; rump -greenish-yellow; upper tail-coverts dusky, margined with yellow, as on -the smaller wing-coverts; the other coverts and quills black; -secondary coverts broadly tipped with pale yellow, forming a -conspicuous band; quills margined with yellowish-white, all except the -outer three and the inner secondaries, white toward the base; -tail-feathers brownish-black, narrowly edged with whitish, and all, -except the middle and lateral with a whitish space at the base, -running out along the outer margin so as to form a conspicuous patch. -Female similar, but without the black on the head. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, 8. - -Eastern bases of Rocky Mountains, and Western Plains. Accidental in -Lower Louisiana. Common. Migratory. - - Arkansaw Siskin, Fringilla psaltria, Say, Long's Exped. v. ii. - p. 40. - - Fringilla psaltria, Bonap. Syn. p. 111. - - Arkansas Siskin, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 510. - - Arkansaw Siskin, Fringilla psaltria, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 85. - - -184. 4. Carduelis Yarrellii, Aud. Yarrell's Goldfinch. - - Plate CCCCXXXIII. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female. - -Bill very thick; second quill longest, third slightly longer than -first. Male with the upper part of the head black, the back and -scapulars yellowish-green, the hind neck and rump yellow; the wings -and tail brownish-black; the former, when extended, crossed by two -bands, one greenish-yellow, tipping the first row of small coverts, -the other bright yellow and broad, on the base of the primary and -secondary quills; tail also yellow in its basal half; lower parts -bright yellow. Female with the upper parts yellowish-green, the lower -dull greenish-yellow. This species, which has the bill thicker than -any other here described, although it is otherwise inferior in size, -not having been found by me any where noticed, I propose to honour -with the name of my excellent friend Mr Yarrell. In my ornithological -biography it is described as the Mexican Goldfinch, but that species -has the back black, and the bases of the quills and tail-feathers -white. - -_Male_, 4, wing, 2-1/2. - -Upper California. - - Mexican Goldfinch, Fringilla Mexicana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 282. - -185. 5. Carduelis Stanleyi, Aud. Stanley Goldfinch. - - Not figured. - -Bill thick; second and third quills equal, first little shorter. Male -with the upper part of the head black, the back and scapulars -yellowish-green, faintly streaked with dusky, the rump inclining to -greenish-yellow; the wings and tail black; the former, when extended, -crossed by two bands, one greenish-yellow, tipping the first row of -small coverts, the other bright yellow and broad at the base of the -primary and secondary quills; tail also yellow in its basal third, -except on the middle feather; lower parts greenish-yellow, feeding -into white on the abdomen; feathers on the throat black at the base; -lower tail-coverts yellow, tipped with white, and having a central -dusky streak. Female dull yellowish-green above, faintly streaked with -dusky, paler beneath. - -In this species, which I have named in honour of the illustrious Earl -of Derby, the bill is so thick and short as to approach in form to -that of the European Greenfinch. - -_Male_, 4-9/12, wing, 2-10/12. - -Upper California. - - - - -GENUS IX. FRINGILLA, Linn. FINCH. - - -Bill short, stout, conical, somewhat compressed, pointed; upper -mandible of the same breadth as the lower, with its dorsal line -straight, the ridge indistinct, the sides rounded, the edges ascending -at the base, the notches obsolete, the tip scarcely deflected; lower -mandible with the angle very short and rounded, the dorsal line -straight, the sides convex, the edges inflected, the tip acute. -Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head rather -large, ovate; neck short; body compact. Legs of moderate length; -tarsus rather short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes moderate; -hind toe stout, lateral equal. Claws rather long, arched, compressed, -acute. Plumage rather compact, but blended. Wings of moderate length, -with the second, third, and fourth quills longest. Tail of moderate -length, slightly emarginate. Roof of upper mandible moderately -concave, with three longitudinal ridges; tongue compressed, channelled -above, horny, rather obtuse and concave at the end; oesophagus -dilated about the middle; stomach roundish, muscular; intestine rather -short; coeca small. - -* Wings rather short, claws long, little arched. - - -186. 1. Fringilla iliaca, Merrem. Fox-coloured Finch. - - Plate CVIII. Male and Female. - -Upper parts light red, claws long, hind toe and its claws of equal -length, tail lighter, the head and neck intermixed with light -bluish-grey; inner webs of quills brown, secondary coverts slightly -tipped with whitish; lower parts white, and, except the abdomen, -spotted with light red, the spots on the breast smaller and inclining -to black; a patch of dusky on its fore part, produced by the inner -webs of several of the feathers. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 10-1/2. _Female_, 7-1/2. - -Dispersed in winter throughout the Southern and Western Districts. -Breeds from Nova Scotia to Labrador and the Fur Countries. Rather -common. - - Fox-coloured Sparrow, Fringilla rufa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. - p. 53. - - Fringilla iliaca, Bonap. Syn. p. 112. - - Fringilla (Zonotrichia) iliaca, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 257. - - Ferruginous Finch, Fringilla iliaca, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 514. - - Fox-coloured Sparrow, Fringilla iliaca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 58; v. v. p. 512. - - -187. 2. Fringilla Townsendi, Aud. Townsend's Finch. - - Plate CCCCXXIV. Fig. 7. Female. - -Claws very long, hind toe much shorter than its claw; upper parts very -dark olivaceous-brown, with a slight tinge of red, which is more -conspicuous on the rump and outer webs of the tail-feathers, and -margins of the wings and quills; sides of the neck and body and -feathers of legs similar, the rest white with dark brown triangular -spots, lower tail-coverts brown, broadly margined with pale dull -yellow. - -_Female_, 7, 10-1/2. - -Colorado of the West. Rocky Mountains. - - Townsend's Finch, Fringilla Townsendi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 236. - - -188. 3. Fringilla cinerea, Gmel. Brown Finch. - - Plate CCCXC. Fig. 4. Male. - -Hind claw and toe of equal length; upper parts brownish-grey tinged -with olivaceous, streaked with dark reddish-brown; three longitudinal -bands of bluish-grey on the head; secondaries and their coverts -broadly margined with dull chestnut; tail-feathers with a fainter tint -of the same; on the cheek a whitish line, and beneath it a dusky brown -band; throat and fore part of the neck white, with longitudinal dark -reddish-brown streaks; the middle of the breast yellowish-white, the -sides dark yellowish-brown, streaked with dark reddish-brown; lower -tail-coverts brown, broadly margined with pale yellowish-grey. - -_Male_, 6, 8. - -Platte River, North California, and Columbia River. Common. Migratory. - - Fringilla cinerea, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 922. - - Cinereous Finch, Arct. Zool. v. ii. N. 260. - - Brown Song Sparrow, Fringilla cinerea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 22. - - -189. 4. Fringilla melodia, Wils. Song Finch. - - Plate XXV. Male and Female. - -Hind toe and claw of equal length; upper parts yellowish-grey, -streaked with brownish-black and brownish-red; on the head three -greyish-blue longitudinal bands; quills dusky brown, margined with -brownish-red, tail-feathers dull light brown, edged with lighter; -sides of the head yellowish-grey, with two bands of dusky brown; -throat white, with a broad band of dusky brown on each side; lower -parts white, the fore neck and sides tinged with reddish, and streaked -with dusky brown. Bill stouter than in the preceding species. - -_Male_, 6, 8-1/2. - -Breeds from Texas to Nova Scotia. Not observed in Kentucky. Winter -resident in the Southern States. Very abundant. - - Fringilla melodia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 125. - - Fringilla melodia, Bonap. Syn. p. 108. - - Common Song Sparrow, Fringilla melodia, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 486. - - Song Sparrow, Fringilla melodia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 126; - v. v. p. 507. - - -190. 5. Fringilla Mortoni, Aud. Morton's Finch. - - Not figured. - -Wings of moderate length, the first quill two-twelfths of an inch -shorter than the second, which is almost equal to the third; tail of -moderate length, nearly even; bill dusky; feet and claws -yellowish-brown; upper part of head ash-grey, with a longitudinal band -of black on each side, externally of which is a greyish-white band; -loral space, cheek-feathers, and auriculars dusky, the feathers under -the eye tipped with white; throat white, surrounded with a black band; -a light chestnut-red band surrounding the neck unless for a short -space in front; fore-part of back and scapulars light dull -yellowish-red, streaked with brownish-black, the hind part, rump, and -upper tail-coverts yellowish-grey; the smaller wing-coverts -yellowish-grey, the first row brownish-black toward the end with the -tip white, the secondary coverts and inner secondary quills -brownish-black, broadly margined with light yellowish-red, the former -tipped with white, the rest of the quills dusky brown, edged with -yellowish-red fading on the outer whitish; tail-feathers -blackish-brown, narrowly edged with pale yellowish-grey, the lateral -of a lighter tint; lower parts dull brownish-white, sides light -greyish-brown, lower wing-coverts yellowish-white. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, wing, 2-11/12. - -North California. - - Morton's Finch, Fringilla Mortoni, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 312. - -* Claws shorter and more curved. - - -191. 6. Fringilla Pennsylvanica, Lath. White-throated Finch. - - Plate VIII. Male and Female. - -Male with the bill dusky; the upper part of the head black, with a -central white band; a bright yellow band from the nostril to the eye -continued into a white band passing over and behind it, and margined -beneath with black; fore part of back bright bay, streaked with dusky -and reddish-yellow; rump yellowish-grey; edge of wing light yellow; -quills brownish-black, primaries edged with yellowish-grey, -secondaries and their coverts with light red; two narrow bands of -white on the wings, formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and -first row of small coverts; tail-feathers brown, edged with rufous; -throat white; cheeks, sides, and fore part of neck, and a portion of -breast, ash-grey, the rest of the lower parts greyish-white, the sides -tinged with yellowish-grey. Female similar, but with the colours -duller. - -_Male_, 6-1/2, 9. _Female_, 6-1/4, 8-1/2. - -Winter resident from Louisiana to Maryland, and inland as far as -Kentucky. Breeds from Maine to the Fur Countries. Abundant. - - White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla albicollis, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. iii. p. 51. - - Fringilla Pennsylvanica, Bonap. Syn. p. 108. - - Fringilla (Zonotrichia) Pennsylvanica, White-throated Finch, - Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 256. - - White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla Pennsylvanica, Nutt. Man. v. - i. p. 481. - - White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla Pennsylvanica, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. i. p. 42; v. v. p. 497. - - -192. 7. Fringilla leucophrys, Gmel. White-crowned -Finch.--White-crowned Sparrow. - - Plate CXIV. Adult Male and Female in second plumage. - -Male with the bill yellowish-red, tipped with brown; upper part of the -head with four longitudinal black, and three white bands; fore part of -the back streaked with reddish-brown and yellowish-grey; rump -light yellowish-brown; quills dark brown, primaries edged with -yellowish-grey, secondaries and their coverts with yellowish-red; -edge of wing whitish; two bands of white on the wing, formed by -the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; -tail-feathers brown, edged with yellowish-brown; throat greyish-white; -cheeks, sides, and fore part of the neck, and a portion of the -breast, ash-grey; abdomen white, sides, and lower tail-coverts -yellowish-brown. Female similar to the male. Young in first plumage -with the back, wings, and tail as in the adult, but duller, and the -bands inconspicuous; on the head three greyish-white bands, streaked -with dusky, and four dull greyish-brown bands similarly streaked; -cheeks, sides, and fore part of the neck, with a portion of the breast -dull greyish-white, streaked with dusky, the rest of the lower parts -dull yellowish-white. At the second moult the colours approximate to -those of the old bird, but the central band on the head is dull -yellowish-brown, the lateral bands brownish-red; while the lower parts -are of much duller tints. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 10-1/2. - -Breeds from Newfoundland and Labrador northward. Abundant. Migratory. -Passes southward in autumn beyond the Texas. - - White-crowned Bunting, Emberiza leucophrys, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. iv. p. 49. - - Fringilla leucophrys, Bonap. Syn. p. 479. - - Fringilla (Zonotrichia) leucophrys, White-crowned Finch, - Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 255. - - White-crowned Bunting or Finch, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 479. - - White-crowned Sparrow, Fringilla leucophrys, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. ii. p. 88; v. v. p. 515. - - -193. 8. Fringilla atricapilla, Gmel. Black-and-yellow-crowned Finch. - - Plate CCCXCIV. Fig. 3. Male. - -Bill dusky above, reddish-brown beneath; upper part of head black, -with a median longitudinal band of yellow, changing behind to grey; -upper parts yellowish-brown, tinged with grey; the feathers of the -fore part of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, with a central -dusky spot; quills and larger coverts dark brown, bordered with -reddish-brown, paler on the primaries; the tips of the secondary -coverts and first row of small coverts white, forming two bands across -the wing; tail-feathers brown, edged with yellowish-grey; sides of the -head, throat, fore part and sides of the neck, and breast, light grey, -the sides and lower tail-coverts pale yellowish-brown, the abdomen -brownish-white. Young with the upper parts dull yellowish-grey, -streaked with dusky; wings and tail dusky brown, the primaries and -tail-feathers edged with yellowish-green; the lower parts -greyish-white, streaked with dusky, the throat white, with a dusky -band on each side, the sides and lower tail-coverts tinged with light -yellowish-brown. - -_Male_, 8, wing 3-5/12. - -Rocky Mountains and Columbia River. Rare. Migratory. - - Emberiza atricapilla, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 875. - - Black-and-yellow-crowned Finch, Emberiza atricapilla, Aud. - Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 47. - - - - -GENUS X. PIPILO, Vieill. GROUND-FINCH. - - -Bill short, stout, narrower than the head, conical, somewhat -compressed, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly -convex, the ridge narrow and distinct, the sides convex, the edges -somewhat inflected, ascending for more than a third, then direct, with -a slight festoon; notches very slight, tip declinate, narrow; lower -mandible with the angle very short and broad, the dorsal line slightly -convex, the sides rounded, the edges involute, the point acute. -Nostrils basal, roundish, partially concealed by the feathers. Tarsus -of moderate length, compressed, with seven scutella; toes rather -large, scutellate above, the first stronger, the lateral nearly equal. -Claws rather long, moderately arched, slender, compressed, laterally -grooved, acute. Small bristles at the base of the upper mandible. -Plumage full, soft, and blended. Wings of ordinary length, much -rounded, the fourth quill longest; tail long, rounded. Roof of upper -mandible rather flat, with a narrow median and two broad lateral -flattened ridges, tongue compressed, convex above, with a median -groove, horny at the end, and pointed; oesophagus slightly dilated -about the middle; stomach a strong muscular gizzard; intestine short; -coeca small. - - -194. 1. Pipilo arcticus, Swains. Arctic Ground-Finch. - - Plate CCCXCIV. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female. - -Head, neck all round, a part of the breast, and upper parts in -general, black; sides and lower tail-coverts orange-red, the latter -paler; central part of the breast and abdomen white; feathers of the -tibia dusky, margined with whitish; an elongated patch on the outer -web of all the scapulars, a small terminal spot on the first row of -small coverts, and on the secondary coverts, and a large patch at the -end of the inner web of the outer three tail-feathers on each side, -white. Female smaller, differing only in having the parts which are -black in the male dull brownish-black. - -_Male_, 8-1/2; wing, 3-1/2. _Female_, 8; wing, 3-1/4. - -Columbia River, and northward to the Fur Countries. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Pyrgita (Pipilo) arctica, Arctic Ground-Finch, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 260. - - Arctic Ground-Finch, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 589. - - Arctic Ground-Finch, Fringilla arctica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 49. - - -195. 2. Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Linn. Towhe Ground-Finch.--Towhe -Bunting. Ground Robin. Swamp Robin. - - Plate XXIX. Male and Female. - -Head, neck all round, a portion of the breast, and upper parts in -general, black; sides and lower tail-coverts orange-red, the latter -paler; central part of the breast and abdomen white; feathers of the -tibia dusky, margined with whitish (no white spots on the scapulars or -wing-coverts); a white patch on the wing, formed by the bases of the -outer webs of six or seven of the primaries; outer three tail-feathers -with a white patch toward the end on their inner webs chiefly (much -more extended than in the last species). Female smaller, differing -from the male only in having the parts which in him are deep black, -dusky reddish-brown. Young in first plumage with the upper parts dull -reddish-brown, streaked with brownish-black; the wings and tail as in -the adult, the lower parts pale yellowish-grey, marked with short -longitudinal streaks of dusky. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, 12. - -Breeds from Texas along the Atlantic districts, as well as in the -interior, northward to Labrador. Abundant. Migratory. - - Towhe Bunting, Emberiza erythrophthalma, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. p. 35. - - Fringilla erythrophthalma, Bonap. Syn. p. 112. - - Ground Robin or Towhe Finch, Fringilla erythrophthalma, Nutt. - Man. v. i. p. 515. - - Towhe Bunting, Fringilla erythrophthalma, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - i. p. 151; v. v. p. 511. - - - - -GENUS XI. ERYTHROSPIZA, Bonap. PURPLE-FINCH. - - -Bill rather short, robust, bulging, conical, pointed; upper mandible a -little broader, with the nasal sinus very short and broad, the dorsal -line a little convex, the ridge indistinct, the sides rounded, the -edges a little inflected, ascending at the base, afterwards direct, -the notches faint, the tip slightly deflected, rather acute; lower -mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line ascending, -straight, the back and sides rounded, the edges involute, the tip -acute. Nostrils roundish, partially concealed by the short reflexed -bristly feathers. Head large, roundish-ovate; neck short, body -moderate. Tarsus short, slender, compressed, with seven scutella; toes -rather small, first stout, lateral nearly equal. Claws slender, much -compressed, well arched, acute. Plumage soft and rather blended; -feathers of the hind head somewhat elongated and pointed. Wings of -moderate length, rather pointed, the outer four quills longest. Tail -of moderate length, deeply emarginate. Upper mandible concave beneath, -with two prominent lines, of which the lateral are much larger; tongue -higher than broad, channelled above, the tip somewhat rounded and -concave; oesophagus dilated about the middle; stomach roundish, -muscular; intestine short; coeca very small. - - -196. 1. Erythrospiza purpurea, Gmel. Crested Purple-Finch.--Purple -Finch. - - Plate IV. Male and Female. - -Second quill longest, first shorter than third. Male with the head, -neck, breast, back, and upper tail-coverts, crimson, paler behind; -fore part of the back spotted with brown; quills, larger coverts, and -tail, deep brown, margined with dull red. Female with the upper parts -yellowish-olive, streaked with brown; a whitish band over the eye; -lower parts greyish-white, streaked with brown. Young like the female. - -_Male_, 6, 9. - -During winter, from Texas to the Carolinas, and northward to Kentucky. -In summer, from St Louis to the Columbia, and in the Fur Countries. -Abundant. - - Purple Finch, Fringilla purpurea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 119. - - Purple Finch, Bonap. Syn. p. 114. - - Fringilla purpurea Wilson, Crested Purple Finch, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 264. - - Purple Finch, Fringilla purpurea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 24; - v. v. p. 200. - - -197. 2. Erythrospiza frontalis, Say. Crimson-fronted Purple-Finch. - - Plate CCCCXXIV. Fig. 2. Male. - -Third quill longest, second and fourth equal; tail long, slightly -emarginate, and a little rounded. Male with the forehead and a band -over the eye, proceeding down the neck, crimson; throat, fore part of -breast and sides, with the rump, rich carmine, the latter paler; upper -parts greyish-brown, the head, hind neck, and fore part of back, -tinged with crimson; feathers of wings and tail dusky, edged with -brownish-grey; hind part of breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts -yellowish-white, streaked with dusky. Female with the feathers of the -upper parts brown, edged with brownish-white; the lower parts -brownish-white, streaked with brown. - -_Male_, 6-1/4, wing, 3-1/2. - -Bases of Rocky Mountains. Rare. Migratory. - - Fringilla frontalis, Say, Long's Exped. v. ii. p. 40. - - Crimson-necked Bullfinch, Pyrrhula frontalis, Bonap. Amer. - Orn. v. i. pl. 1. - - Crimson-fronted Bullfinch, Pyrrhula frontalis, Nutt. Man. v. - i. p. 534. - - Crimson-necked Finch, Fringilla frontalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 230. - - -198. 3. Erythrospiza tephrocotis, Swains. Grey-crowned Purple-Finch. - - Plate CCCCXXIV. Fig. 3. Male. - -Male dark umber-brown; upper part of head ash-grey, anteriorly spotted -with black; first row of small wing-coverts, rump, and upper -tail-coverts broadly edged and tipped with rose-red, as are the -feathers of the sides, and the lower tail-coverts, feathers of wings -and tail dusky brown, margined with brownish-white, the secondary -coverts with dull red. - -_Male_, 6; wing, 4. - -Saskatchewan River. Very rare. Migratory. - - Linaria (Leucosticte) tephrocotis, Swainson's Grey-crowned - Linnet, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 265. - - Grey-crowned Linnet, Fringilla tephrocotis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 232. - - - - -GENUS XII. CORYTHUS, Cuv. PINE-FINCH. - - -Bill short, robust, bulging at the base, conical, acute; upper -mandible of the same breadth as the lower, with its dorsal line very -convex, the nasal sinus semicircular, the sides convex, the edges -sharp, overlapping, gently ascending at the base, then arched, with a -slight festoon, the notches obsolete, the tip declinate, acute; lower -mandible with the angle semicircular, the dorsal line slightly convex, -the back rounded at the base, the sides convex, the edges somewhat -inflected, the tip obtuse. Nostrils basal, round, concealed by bristly -feathers. Head large, roundish-ovate; neck short; body moderately -stout; feet short; tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes -stout, the first proportionally large, the lateral nearly equal, the -outer adherent at the base. Claws long, moderately arched, -compressed, acute, that of the third toe longer than that of the -first. Plumage soft, full, rather blended; two tufts of bristly -feathers at the base of the upper mandible directed forwards. Wings of -moderate length, pointed, the first, second, and third, nearly equal. -Tail rather long, deeply emarginate. Roof of the mouth concave, with -five prominent ridges; tongue deeper than broad, in its distal half -oblong, concave, obtuse, and horny; oesophagus dilated about the -middle; stomach large, muscular, with the lateral muscles distinct, -and the epithelium rugous, intestine long, and rather slender; coeca -very small; cloaca oblong. - - -199. 1. Corythus Enucleator, Linn. Common Pine-finch.--Pine Grosbeak. - - Plate CCCLVIII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Male bright carmine, tinged with vermilion; the feathers on the fore -part of the back and the scapulars greyish-brown in the centre; -bristly feathers at the base of the bill blackish-brown; middle of the -breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, light grey, the latter with a -central dusky streak; wings blackish-brown; primaries edged with -reddish-white, secondaries more broadly with white; secondary coverts -and first row of small coverts tipped with reddish-white; smaller -coverts edged with red. Female with the upper part of the head and -hind neck yellowish-brown, the rump brownish-yellow, the rest of the -upper parts light brownish-grey, wings and tail as in the male, but -the white edgings and tips tinged with grey; cheeks and throat -greyish-white, or yellowish; lower parts ash-grey, anteriorly tinged -with brownish-yellow. The young resemble the female. Young males -yellow and red, like those of Loxia curvirostra. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, 14. _Female_, 8-1/4, 13-1/2. - -From Pennsylvania and New Jersey, in winter, eastward to Newfoundland. -Breeds from Maine northward. Common. Migratory. - - Pine Grosbeak, Loxia Enucleator, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 80. - - Pyrrhula Enucleator, Bonap. Syn. p. 119. - - Pyrrhula (Corythus) Enucleator, Pine Bullfinch, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 262. - - Pine Grosbeak or Bullfinch, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 535. - - Pine Grosbeak, Pyrrhula Enucleator, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 414. - - - - -GENUS XIII. LOXIA, Linn. CROSSBILL. - - -Bill rather long, stout at the base, where it is much higher than -broad, extremely compressed toward the end, the mandibles towards -their extremity deflected to opposite sides, so as to cross each -other; upper mandible with the dorsal line convex and deflected, the -sides slightly convex, the edges sharp, and towards the end united, -the tip excessively compressed and decurved; lower mandible with its -angle semicircular, the dorsal line ascending and convex, the edges -sharp, inflected, and approximated at the tip, which is extremely -acute. Nostrils small, basal, round, covered by the short bristly -feathers. Head large, broadly ovate; neck short; body compact. Feet -rather short and strong; tarsus short, compressed, with seven -scutella; toes of moderate size, the first strong, the lateral nearly -equal. Claws long, arched, very slender, much compressed, tapering to -a fine point, that of the middle toe nearly as long as that of the -first. Plumage soft, full, and blended. Two tufts of bristly feathers -at the base of the upper mandible directed forwards. Wings of moderate -length, pointed, the outer three primaries longest, the first -generally exceeding the rest. Tail short, distinctly emarginate. Roof -of the mouth concave, with three ridges, of which the median is much -smaller; tongue deeper than broad, at the end oblong, obtuse, concave -above, and horny; oesophagus dilated into a very large crop; stomach -roundish, muscular, with the epithelium rugous; intestine of moderate -length; coeca very small. - - -200. 1. Loxia curvirostra, Linn. Common Crossbill. - - Plate CXCVII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Male dull light red, inclining to vermilion; the wings and tail -blackish-brown, the feathers narrowly margined with dull red. Female -with the upper parts greyish-brown, tinged with green, the rump dull -greenish-yellow, the sides of the head and neck of the same colour as -the back, the lower parts pale greyish-yellow, brighter on the fore -part of the breast, wings and tail as in the male, but the feathers -edged with dull yellowish. Young with the central part of the feathers -greyish-brown, the edges yellowish-grey, the upper parts thus -appearing spotted, the lower streaked with dusky. Young males vary in -the tints of the plumage from yellowish-green to orange and vermilion. - -_Male_, 7, 10. - -From Maryland eastward and northward, to lat. 52. Breeds in -Pennsylvania, New York, and the north-eastern States to Nova Scotia. -Common. Migratory. - - American Crossbill, Curvirostra americana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iv. p. 44. - - Loxia curvirostra, Bonap. Syn. p. 117. - - Common Crossbill, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 583. - - Common Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 559; v. v. p. 511. - - -201. 2. Loxia leucoptera, Gmel. White-winged Crossbill. - - Plate CCCLXIV. Male, Female, and Young. - -Bill excessively compressed, with the mandibles less curved. Male rich -carmine, inclining to crimson; the feathers on the fore part and -middle of the back dusky, excepting the tips; the scapulars, wings, -upper tail-coverts, and tail black; two broad bands of white on the -wings, the anterior formed by the first row of small coverts, and -several of those adjoining, the other by the secondary coverts, of -which the basal half only is black. Female with the feathers of the -upper parts dusky, edged with greyish-yellow, the rump wax-yellow; the -wings and tail as in the male, but with the white bands of less -breadth; lower parts yellowish-grey, streaked with dusky, the fore -part of the breast wax-yellow. Young similar to the female, but with -the lower parts dull yellowish-grey, spotted and streaked with dark -brown. - -_Male_, 6-1/2, 10-5/8. _Female_, 6-1/4, 10. - -During winter, as far south as Maryland. Not uncommon in New Jersey -and Pennsylvania, where a few breed. Common in Maine, Nova Scotia, -Labrador, and the Fur Countries. Migratory. - - White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iv. p. 48. - - Loxia leucoptera, Bonap. Syn. p. 117. - - White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. p. - - Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 263. - - White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 540. - - White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 467. - - - - -GENUS XIV. CORYDALINA, Aud. LARK-FINCH. - - -Bill of the same form as in the Guiraca, but smaller, and approaching -to that of Dolichonyx, being short, robust, conical, a little -compressed; upper mandible a little narrower, with the dorsal line -very slightly convex, the ridge indistinct, the nasal sinus very broad -and short, the sides convex, the edges ascending for a third of their -length, then direct, the notches almost obsolete, the tip narrow; -lower mandible with the angle short and very broad, the dorsal line -ascending and slightly convex, the back broad, the sides rounded, the -edges inflected, the tip pointed. Nostrils basal, roundish. Head -large, ovate; neck short; body full. Feet of moderate length, stout; -tarsus of ordinary length, compressed, with seven scutella; toes -rather large, the first stouter, the lateral equal, the third very -long. Claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, -tapering to a very acute point. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles at -the base of upper mandible feeble. Wings of moderate length, the outer -three quills nearly equal, the second longest, the fourth slightly -shorter than the third; outer secondaries broadly rounded and -emarginate; inner tapering to a rounded point, one of them, when the -wing is closed, little shorter than the outer primaries. Tail of -moderate length, a little rounded. Name from [Greek: Korydalos], a -lark. - - -202. 1. Corydalina bicolor, Towns. Prairie Lark-Finch. - - Plate CCCXC. Fig. 2. Male. Fig. 3. Female. - -Male black, slightly tinged with grey; a large patch of white on the -wing, including some of the smaller coverts, the tips of the first -row, and their secondary coverts; primaries and outer secondaries -narrowly, inner secondaries broadly margined with white; tail-feathers -narrowly edged with white, and having a narrow speck of the same at -the end of the inner web. Female smaller, with the upper parts -greyish-brown, streaked with dusky brown; the lower white, with oblong -spots of brownish-black, the abdomen nearly pure white, their sides -tinged with reddish-brown; quills dark brown, edged and tipped with -reddish-white; the patch on the wing of the same tint; tail-feathers -dark brown, the outer externally edged, and all tipped with white on -the inner web. - -_Male_, 7, wing 3-5/12. - -Plains of the Platte River. Plentiful. Migratory. - - Fringilla bicolor, Prairie Finch, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. - Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 189. - - Prairie Finch, Fringilla bicolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 19. - - - - -GENUS XV. PITYLUS, Cuvier. CARDINAL GROSBEAK. - - -Bill rather short, very robust, much higher than broad, tapering to a -point; upper mandible considerably smaller than the lower, with the -dorsal line convex, the ridge indistinct, the nasal sinus very wide, -the sides convex, the edges ascending rapidly for a third of their -length, then direct, with a slight festoon, slightly inflected, the -notches faint, the tip a little deflected and narrow; lower mandible -with the angle semicircular, the dorsal line straight, the sides at -the base inflected, toward the end convex, the edges involute, the tip -acute. Nostrils basal, round, concealed by the feathers. Plumage soft -and blended, feathers of the head elongated and erectile; distinct -bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Wings of moderate length, -much rounded, the fourth and fifth quills longest, the first and -eighth about equal. Tail long, rounded. Tarsus short, compressed, with -seven scutella; toes moderate, hind toe stout, broad beneath, outer -toe slightly longer than inner, and adherent at the base. Claws -moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Upper mandible concave beneath, -with three longitudinal ridges; tongue as high as broad, convex above, -tapering to a point. Oesophagus nearly uniform, stomach pretty -large, roundish, its lateral muscles strong. - - -203. 1. Pitylus Cardinalis, Linn. Common Cardinal Grosbeak.--Cardinal -Bird. Red Bird. Virginian Nightingale. - - Plate CLIX. Male and Female. - -Male with the bill coral-red; plumage vermilion, duller on the upper -parts; anterior part of forehead, lores, and throat black, inner webs -of quills brown. Female with the bill paler, the upper parts -yellowish-grey, the lower greyish-yellow, capistrum dusky; some of the -crest-feathers, the wings and tail, as in the male, but of a fainter -tint. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, 11-1/2. - -Breeds abundantly from Texas to New York. Very rare in Massachusetts. -Valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri, Kentucky and Ohio. Resident -from Maryland southward. - - Cardinal Grosbeak, Loxia cardinalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 38. - - Fringilla cardinalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 113. - - Cardinal Grosbeak or Red Bird, Fringilla cardinalis, Nutt. - Man. v. i. p. 519. - - Cardinal Grosbeak, Fringilla cardinalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 336; v. v. p. 514. - - - - -GENUS XVI. COCCOBORUS, Swains. SONG-GROSBEAK. - - -Bill rather short, extremely robust, almost as broad as the head and -somewhat compressed, tapering to a point; upper mandible considerably -smaller than the lower, with the dorsal line convex, the ridge -indistinct, the nasal sinus very wide, the sides convex, the edges -ascending for a third of their length, then direct, with a slight -festoon, and inflected, the notches faint, the tip a little deflected, -and narrow; lower mandible with the angle short and semicircular, the -dorsal line straight, the sides at the base inflected, toward the end -convex, the edges involute, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, round. -Plumage somewhat compact, blended; distinct bristles at the base of -the upper mandible. Wings of moderate length, pointed, the outer three -quills nearly equal, the second longest. Tail of moderate length, -slightly emarginate. Tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; -toes moderate, hind toe stout, broad beneath, outer toe slightly -longer than inner, and adherent at the base. Claws moderate, arched, -compressed, acute. Upper mandible concave beneath, with three -longitudinal ridges; tongue as high as broad, convex above, tapering -to a point; oesophagus rather wide, dilated about the middle; -stomach rather small, roundish, compressed, with its muscles distinct -and of moderate thickness, the epithelium longitudinally rugous; -intestine short, and of moderate width; coeca very small. - - -204. 1. Coccoborus coeruleus, Linn. Blue Song-Grosbeak. - - Plate CXXII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Male blue; with the lores, chin, and a line round the base of the -mandibles black; wings and tail brownish-black, the latter and the -primaries edged with blue, the first row of small coverts and the -secondary coverts tipped with reddish-brown. Female with the head and -hind part of the back blue; the fore part of the back brown, the wings -and tail as in the male, the lower parts light greyish-brown, the -sides, and fore part of the neck and the breast tinged with blue. -Young yellowish-brown, lighter beneath; the upper part of the head, -the back, smaller wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts tinged with -dusky. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 11. - -From Texas to New Jersey, and up the Mississippi to Memphis. Rocky -Mountains. Rather rare. Migratory. - - Blue Grosbeak, Loxia coerulea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 78. - - Fringilla coerulea, Bonap. Syn. p. 114. - - Blue Grosbeak, Fringilla coerulea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 529. - - Blue Grosbeak, Fringilla coerulea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 140; v. v. p. 508. - - -205. 2. Coccoborus Ludovicianus, Linn. Rose-breasted Song-Grosbeak. - - Plate CXXVII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Male with the head, neck, fore part of back, wings, and tail, black; -lower part of the fore neck, a portion of the breast, axillars, and -lower wing-coverts, rich carmine; hind part of the back, two bands on -the wings, bases of primary quills, tips of secondaries, and terminal -half of inner webs of outer three tail-feathers, white. Female with -the upper parts light yellowish-brown, streaked with darker, the lower -yellowish-white, the sides of the neck, fore part of breast, and sides -streaked with yellowish-brown; three white bands on the head; white -wing-bands narrower than in the male; axillars and lower wing-coverts -light buff. Young like the female. - -_Male_, 7-3/4, 13. - -Passes from Texas northward and eastward in great numbers. Breeds on -the Missouri, in the Middle States, Newfoundland, and Labrador. Rather -common. Migratory. - - Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Loxia rosea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 135. - - Fringilla ludoviciana, Bonap. Syn. p. 113. - - Coccothraustes ludoviciana, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, F. Bor. - Amer. v. i. p. 271. - - Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Fringilla ludoviciana, Nutt. Man. v. - i. p. 527. - - Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Fringilla ludoviciana, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. ii. p. 166; v. ii. p. 513. - - -206. 3. Coccoborus melanocephalus, Swains. Black-headed Song-Grosbeak. - -Plate CCCLXXIII. Male and Female. - -Male with the head, cheeks, a small portion of the throat, wings, and -tail, black; a band on the hind neck, the fore part and sides of the -neck, a portion of the breast, and the sides, dull reddish-orange; the -middle of the breast, axillars, and lower wing-coverts, light yellow; -back black, streaked with yellowish-red; rump of the latter colour; -two bands on the wings, the base and outer margins of the primaries, -the tips of the secondaries, and a terminal patch on the inner webs of -the outer three tail-feathers, white. Female with the upper parts -light yellowish-brown, streaked with darker, the lower light -yellowish-brown; the axillars and lower wing-coverts light yellow; -white wing-bands narrower than in the male. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, wing 4-1/4. - -Central Table-land of Rocky Mountains. Common. Migratory. - - Black-headed Grosbeak, Fringilla melanocephala, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. iv. p. 519. - - - - -GENUS XVII. COCCOTHRAUSTES, Briss. GROSBEAK. - - -Bill of moderate length, extremely robust, almost as broad as the -head, not compressed, conical, pointed; upper mandible rather broader -than the lower, with the dorsal line slightly convex, the ridge -indistinct, the nasal sinus extremely wide and short, the sides -rounded, the edges simply arched and a little inflected, the notches -almost obsolete, the tip a little deflected; lower mandible with the -angle extremely short and wide, forming the fourth of a circle, the -dorsal line straight, the sides at the base and in their whole length -convex, the edges involute, the tip acute; nostrils basal, round. -Plumage blended. Wings of moderate length, pointed, the outer three -quills nearly equal, the second longest. Tail of moderate length, -emarginate. Tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes -moderate, hind toe stout, broad beneath; outer toe a little longer -than the inner, and adherent at the base. Claws moderate, or rather -stout, arched, compressed, acute. Upper mandible concave beneath, with -three prominent lines. - - -207. 1. Coccothraustes vespertina, Cooper. Evening Grosbeak. - - Plate CCCLXXIII. Fig. 1. Male. - - Plate CCCCXXIV. Fig 5. Female. Fig. 6. Young Male. - -Male with the upper part of the head and hind neck black, bounded -anteriorly by a broadish band of bright yellow passing over the eyes; -a narrow line of black margining the base of the bill; cheeks, lower -part of hind neck, and throat, dark yellowish-olive, this colour -gradually brightening on the body, until, on the outer edges of the -scapulars, the rump, the axillars, lower wing-coverts, abdomen, and -lower tail-coverts, it becomes pure yellow; smaller wing-coverts, -alula, primary coverts, primaries, outer three secondaries, outer web -of the next, and the bases of the inner secondaries black, as is the -tail; six inner secondaries, and their coverts, the basal part -excepted, black. Female with the upper parts brownish-grey, the head -and cheeks darker, the lower parts pale grey, the throat white, with -two longitudinal black bands; a band of greenish-yellow across the -fore part of the back, axillars and lower wing-coverts light yellow; -wings and tail, with their coverts, brownish-black, secondary coverts, -and quills edged with yellowish-white, bases of some of the primaries, -tips of the tail-coverts, and inner webs of all the tail-feathers at -the end, white. Young male similar to the female, but without the -black bands on the throat. - -_Male_, 8, wing 4-3/4. _Female_, 7-1/2, wing 4-1/4. - -Michigan. Columbia River. Saskatchewan. Common. Migratory. - - Fringilla vespertina, Cooper, Ann. Lyc. New York, v. i. p. - 220. - - Evening Grosbeak, Fringilla vespertina, Bonap. Syn. p. 113. - - Evening Grosbeak, Fringilla vespertina, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. pl. 14. - - Coccothraustes vespertina, Evening Grosbeak, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 269. - - Evening Grosbeak, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 594. - - Coccothraustes Bonapartii, Lesson, Young Male. - - Evening Grosbeak, Fringilla vespertina, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 515; v. v. p. 235. - - - - -GENUS XVIII. PYRANGA, Vieill. RED-BIRD. - - -Bill of moderate length, robust, tapering, compressed toward the end, -acute; upper mandible with its dorsal line declinate and considerably -convex, the ridge rather narrow, nasal sinus very short and wide, the -sides convex, the edges sharp, slightly arched, with a festoon about -the middle, the notches distinct, the tip very slender, declinate; -lower mandible strong, with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal -line straight, the sides convex, the edges direct, the tip acute. -Nostrils basal, round. Head ovate; neck short; body compact. Tarsus -short, with seven scutella; toes rather small, the first moderate, the -outer slightly longer than the inner, and adherent at the base. Claws -moderate, well arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, acute, -those of the first and third toes equal. Plumage soft and blended; -distinct bristles at the base of upper mandible. Wings rather long, -with the second and third quills longest, the first a little shorter. -Tail of moderate length, emarginate. Upper mandible concave, with -three longitudinal ridges; tongue somewhat triangular, convex above, -with the point thin-edged and lacerated; oesophagus dilated about -the middle; stomach broadly elliptical, small, its lateral muscles -rather small; epithelium thin, longitudinally rugous; intestine short; -coeca extremely small. Inferior laryngeal muscles four on each side, -but very small. - - -208. 1. Pyranga aestiva, Gmel. Summer Red-bird. - - Plate XLIV. Male and Female. - -Male vermilion, brighter beneath; inner webs of quills brown. Female -greenish-yellow above. Young like the female; young males variegated -according to age; old females sometimes like the males, but duller. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 11. - -From Texas to Massachusetts. In the interior to Canada. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Summer Red Bird, Tanagra aestiva, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 95. - - Tanagra aestiva, Bonap. Syn. p. 105. - - Summer Red Bird, Tanagra aestiva, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 469. - - Summer Red Bird, Tanagra aestiva, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 232; - v. v. p. 518. - - -209. 2. Pyranga rubra, Linn. Scarlet Red-bird.--Scarlet Tanager. - - Plate CCCLIV. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female. - -Male scarlet, with the wings and tail black. Female yellowish-green -above, greenish-yellow beneath, wings and tail dusky, the feathers -margined with yellowish-green. Males have been met with, having a -scarlet band on the wing, formed by the first row of small coverts. -Young like the female. - -_Male_, 7, 11-3/4. _Female_, 6-1/2, 10-3/4. - -From Texas to Lake Huron. Throughout the Valley of the Mississippi, -Kentucky, and Ohio. Common. Migratory. - - Scarlet Tanager, Tanagra rubra, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 42. - - Tanagra rubra, Bonap. Syn. p. 105. - - Scarlet Tanager or Black-winged Summer Red Bird, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 273. - - Scarlet Tanager, Tanagra rubra, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 465. - - Scarlet Tanager, Tanagra rubra, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 388. - - -210. 3. Pyranga Ludoviciana, Wils. Louisiana Red-bird.--Louisiana -Tanager. - - Plate CCCLIV. Fig. 1, 2. Male. Plate CCCC. Fig. 4. Female. - -Male with the head and throat rich carmine; lower parts, neck, rump, -and a broad band on the wing, rich yellow; middle of the back, wings, -and tail black; secondary coverts and inner secondaries tipped with -yellowish-white. Female with the upper parts yellowish-green, the fore -part of the back greyish-olive; lower parts greenish-yellow; two bands -on the wings, the anterior pale yellow, the other whitish. - -_Male_, 7-1/4, wing, 3-((9-1/2)/12). - -Platte River. Columbia River. Common. Migratory. - - Louisiana Tanager, Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 27. - - Tanagra ludoviciana, Bonap. Syn. p. 105. - - Louisiana Tanager, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 471. - - Louisiana Tanager, Tanagra ludoviciana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 385; v. v. p. 90. - - - - -FAMILY XVI. AGELAINAE. MARSH-BLACKBIRDS. - - -Bill of moderate length, sometimes short, seldom longer than the head, -stout, straight, conical, compressed, tapering, pointed; upper -mandible with the dorsal line nearly straight, the nasal sinus short -and very wide, the ridge thus appearing to encroach on the forehead, -the sides rounded, the edges without notch; lower mandible with the -angle short and rounded, the dorsal line straight, the edges involute. -Nostrils basal, roundish or oblong. Head rather large, ovate; neck -short; body moderately full. Legs of moderate length, stout, rather -slender; tarsus compressed, with eight anterior scutella; hind toe -large, lateral toes equal, the outer adherent at the base. Claws -generally long, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft, blended, in -the males usually glossy. Wings of moderate length, with the outer -three or four quills longest, the first being very little shorter than -the second, or sometimes even exceeding it; tail of twelve feathers, -of moderate length, or elongated. The roof of the upper mandible -concave, with three longitudinal ridges, of which the middle is -larger, and at the base forms a hard prominence; tongue sagittate and -papillate at the base, narrow, deep, pointed. Oesophagus wide, -dilated about the middle; proventriculus oblong; stomach roundish or -elliptical, with the lateral muscles distinct and well developed; the -epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous; intestine short and rather -wide; coeca very small, cylindrical; cloaca oblong. Trachea simple, -with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles. Female much smaller. -Nest various, on trees or bushes, or on the ground, generally -elaborate. Eggs about five, ovate, spotted and streaked. - - - - -GENUS I. DOLICHONYX, Swains. RICE-BIRD. - - -Bill rather short, very stout, moderately compressed, conical; upper -mandible with the dorsal line straight, a little convex at the base, -and very slightly deflected at the end, its ridge rather broad, -indistinct, sides rounded, edges direct, overlapping, tip rather -acute; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, very broad, -dorsal outline ascending, slightly convex at the base, sides erect and -convex, tip acute; gape-line ascending for a fourth of its length, -then direct. Nostrils small, elliptical, operculate. Plumage blended, -but firm, with little gloss. Wings rather long, pointed, the first -quill longest. Tail of moderate length, the feathers narrow and -acuminate. Toes large; claws very long, little arched, slender, -tapering to a fine point. - - -211. 1. Dolichonyx oryzivora, Linn. Wandering Rice-bird.--Bob-o-link. -Maybird. Ortolan. - - Plate LIV. Male and Female. - -Male with the head, cheeks, lower parts, wings, and tail, black; a -band of brownish-yellow across the hind neck; the back anteriorly -black, the feathers with yellowish edges, posteriorly light grey, -passing into white, of which colour are the scapulars. Female with the -upper parts light yellowish-brown, longitudinally streaked with -blackish-brown; the lower parts light greyish-yellow, the sides -streaked with dusky. In autumn, the males assume the plumage of the -female. - -_Male_, 7, 11. - -Passes from Texas eastward and northward. Breeds from the Middle -Districts northward. Extremely abundant. Migratory. - - Rice-Bunting, Emberiza oryzivora, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. - 48. - - Icterus agripennis, Bonap. Syn. p. 53. - - Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Sharp-Tailed Rice-Bird, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 278. - - Rice-Bird, or Bob-o-link, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 185. - - Rice-Bird, Icterus agripennis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 283; - v. v. p. 486. - - - - -GENUS II. MOLOTHRUS, Swains. COW-BIRD. - - -Bill rather short, very stout, moderately compressed, conical; upper -mandible with the dorsal line slightly convex, its ridge flattened for -half its length, afterwards narrow, sides convex, edges direct, tip -rather acute; lower mandible with the angle short and wide, the dorsal -outline ascending, straight, sides erect and convex, edges involute, -tip acute; gape-line gently ascending for a third of its length, -afterwards direct. Nostrils small, elliptical. Plumage blended, -glossy. Wings rather long, pointed, the second quill longest, the -first almost equal. Tail of moderate length, the feathers broad and -rounded. - - -212. 1. Molothrus pecoris, Gmel. Common Cow-bird. - - Plate XCIX. Male and Female. Plate CCCCXXIV. Fig. 4. Young. - -Male with the head and neck sooty-brown, the body black, glossed with -green, the fore part of the back with blue. Female considerably -smaller, greyish-brown, the lower parts lighter. Young with the upper -parts greyish-brown, the quills and tail darker; wing-coverts and -secondary quills narrowly edged with light brown, primaries with -whitish; lower parts dull yellowish-white, the sides marked with a -series of dark brown pointed spots. - -_Male_, 7, 11-1/2. - -Dispersed from Texas northward to Lat. 68 deg., and throughout the -United States. Great numbers winter in the Southern States. - - Cow Bunting, Emberiza pecoris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 145. - - Icterus pecoris, Bonap. Syn. p. 53. - - Molothrus pecoris, Cow-pen or Cuckoo Bunt, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 277. - - Cow Troopial, or Cow Blackbird, Icterus pecoris, Nutt. Man. v. - i. p. 178. - - Cow-pen Bird, Icterus pecoris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 493; - v. v. p. 233, 490. - - - - -GENUS III. AGELAIUS, Swains. MARSH-BLACKBIRD. - - -Bill shorter than the head, stout, straight, conical, tapering to an -acute point; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, slightly -convex at the base, the ridge flattened toward the base, where it -forms a short tapering process on the forehead, the sides rounded, the -edges inflected, the tip a little depressed; lower mandible with the -angle short and wide, the sides convex at the base, toward the end -rounded, the edges involute, the tip acute; the gape-line ascending at -the base, afterwards direct. Nostrils basal, oval, with a small -operculum. Head ovate, of moderate size; neck short; body moderately -stout. Feet of ordinary length, rather stout; tarsus compressed, with -seven anterior scutella; toes rather large, the first much stronger, -the outer a little shorter than the inner, and adherent at the base. -Claws long, little arched, compressed, laterally grooved, very acute. -Plumage soft and blended, glossy in the males. Wings of moderate -length, with the outer four quills nearly equal. Tail rather long, -rounded. Roof of the upper mandible with three longitudinal ridges; -tongue tapering to a horny, flattened, slightly emarginate tip; -oesophagus wide, considerably dilated about the middle; stomach -roundish, muscular; intestine short and of moderate width; coeca -very small, cloaca oblong. - - -213. 1. Agelaius xanthocephalus, Bonap. Saffron-headed -Marsh-Blackbird. - - Plate CCCLXXXVIII. Fig. 2. Male. Fig. 3. Female. Fig. 4. - Young. - -Male with the head, upper part of hind neck, sides of the neck, its -fore part, and a portion of the breast, orange-yellow, the throat -paler; feathers along the base of the bill, loral space, a band below -the eye, and a narrower one above it, black; the rest of the plumage -glossy black, excepting two bands on the outer part of the wing, -formed by some of the smaller coverts, and the primary coverts, which -are white. Female much smaller, of a uniform chocolate-brown, with the -edges of the feathers paler, the feathers at the base of the upper -mandible, a band over the eye, and the fore part of the neck light -yellow, the throat dull white, and the feathers on the middle of the -breast margined with white toward the end. Young similar to the -female, but without yellow on the fore neck. - -_Male_, 9; wing, 5-10/12. - -Western Plains, California, and Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory. - - Yellow-headed Troopial, Icterus icterocephalus, Bonap. Amer. - Orn. v. i. p. 27. - - Icterus xanthocephalus, Bonap. Syn. p. 52. - - Agelaius xanthocephalus, Saffron-headed Maize-Bird, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 281. - - Yellow-headed Troopial, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 176. - - Yellow-headed Troopial, Icterus xanthocephalus, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. v. p. 6. - - -214. 2. Agelaius tricolor, Aud. Red-and-white-shouldered -Marsh-Blackbird. - - Plate CCCLXXXVIII. Fig. 1. Male. - -Tail almost even. Male with the plumage glossy bluish-black; the -smaller wing-coverts deep carmine, their first or posterior row white. -Bill considerably longer than in the two following species. - -_Male_, 9; wing, 5. - -North California. Abundant. Migratory. - - Red-and-white-winged Troopial, Icterus tricolor, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. v. p. 1. - - -215. 3. Agelaius Gubernator, Wagler. Red-and-black-shouldered -Marsh-Blackbird. - - Plate CCCCXX. Male and Female. - -Tail slightly rounded. Male with the plumage glossy bluish-black; the -smaller wing-coverts carmine scarlet, their first or posterior row -tinged with yellow, and broadly tipped with black. Female much -smaller, with the upper parts dark brown, the feathers edged with -light brown; some of the smaller wing-coverts edged with dull scarlet, -the first row with brownish-white; the larger coverts, quills, and -tail-feathers, blackish-brown, edged with dull reddish-brown; lower -parts longitudinally streaked with dusky and whitish, the fore neck -strongly tinged with dull carmine. - -_Male_, 9; wing, 5-7/12. - -California. - - Psarocolius Gubernator, Wagler, Syst. Avium. - - Crimson-winged Troopial, Icterus Gubernator, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 211. - - -216. 4. Agelaius phoeniceus, Linn. Red-and-yellow-shouldered -Marsh-Blackbird.--Red-winged Starling. - - Plate LXVII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Tail considerably rounded. Male with the plumage glossy black, the -smaller wing-coverts scarlet, their first or posterior row -buff-coloured, at the tip whitish. Female much smaller, with the upper -parts dark brown, the feathers edged with light brown; some of the -smaller wing-coverts tinged with red; wings and tail blackish-brown, -the feathers margined with brownish-red, the first row of small -coverts and secondary coverts narrowly tipped with whitish; a -yellowish-brown band over the eye; lower parts longitudinally streaked -with dusky and whitish, the fore neck strongly tinged with dull -carmine. Young similar to the female, but without red on the small -wing-coverts or throat, the latter part with the sides of the head -being pale yellowish-brown. - -_Male_, 9, 14. _Female_, 7-1/2. - -Breeds from Texas throughout the United States, and northward to the -Saskatchewan. Vast numbers spend the winter in the Southern and -Western States. - - Red-winged Starling, Sturnus praedatorius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iv. p. 30. - - Icterus phoeniceus, Bonap. Syn. p. 52. - - Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Maize-bird, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 280. - - Red-winged Blackbird, Icterus phoeniceus, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 169. - - Red-winged Starling or Marsh-Blackbird, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 348; v. v. p. 487. - - - - -GENUS IV. ICTERUS, Briss. HANGNEST. - - -Bill a little shorter than the head, conical, very slightly decurved, -compressed, tapering to a very attenuated point; upper mandible with -the dorsal line almost straight, being very slightly convex, the ridge -indistinct, narrowed at the base; the sides convex, the edges -overlapping, the tip extremely sharp; gape-line ascending at the base, -afterwards direct; lower mandible with the angle long and of moderate -width, the dorsal line and that of the crura slightly concave, the -sides erect at the base, convex towards the end, the edges slightly -inflected, the tip extremely slender. Nostrils basal, elliptical, with -a small operculum. Head ovate, of moderate size; neck short; body -rather slender. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tarsus much -compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes of moderate size, the -hind toe much stronger, the lateral about equal, the third and fourth -united at the base. Claws rather long, moderately arched, much -compressed, laterally grooved, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. -Wings of moderate length, with the outer four quills nearly equal. -Tail of moderate length, rounded and slightly emarginate. Roof of the -upper mandible with a broad median ridge, somewhat prominent at the -base; tongue tapering to a deeply slit point; oesophagus wide, -considerably dilated about the middle; stomach elliptical; intestine -short, and of moderate width; coeca very small; cloaca globular. - - -217. 1. Icterus Baltimore, Linn. Baltimore Hangnest.--Golden Robin. - - Plate XII. Adult and Young Male. Plate CCCCXXIII. Fig. 3. - Female. - -Second and third quills longest, fourth longer than first; tail -slightly rounded. Male with the head, throat, sides, and hind part of -the neck, with the fore part of the back, black; lower parts, rump, -upper tail-coverts, and smaller wing-coverts rich orange, passing into -orange-red on the breast; wings black, the secondary coverts largely -tipped, and the quills margined with white; tail black, all the -feathers tipped with rich yellow, the outer for half their length, the -middle on a very small space. Female considerably smaller, with the -upper part of the head, hind neck, sides of the neck at the middle, -and anterior half of the back, brownish-black, the feathers edged with -dull yellowish-green; hind part of the back light brownish-yellow, -purer on the rump; tail yellowish-brown, the middle feathers darker; -wing-coverts blackish-brown, quills dark brown, all margined with -whitish; first row of small coverts and secondary coverts largely -tipped with white; loral space, a band over the eye, and another -beneath it, dull yellow; below the latter the cheeks spotted with -dusky; lower parts yellowish-orange, duller than in the male, paler -behind; some dusky streaks on the throat. Young similar to the female, -but with the upper parts brownish-yellow, the head and back faintly -spotted with dusky. - -_Male_, 7-3/4, 12. _Female_, 7, 11. - -In summer dispersed over the United States, to Nova Scotia. Columbia -River. Texas. Abundant. Migratory. - - Baltimore Oriole, Oriolus Baltimore, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 23. - - Icterus Baltimore, Bonap. Syn. p. 51. - - Baltimore Oriole or Golden Robin, Icterus Baltimore, Nutt. - Man. v. i. p. 152. - - Baltimore Oriole, Icterus Baltimore, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 66; v. v. p. 278. - - -218. 2. Icterus Bullockii, Swains. Bullock's Hangnest. - - Plate CCCLXXXVIII. Fig. 5. Male. - - Plate CCCCXXXIII. Fig. 1. Young Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -First quill longer than fifth, the intermediate quills almost equal. -Male with the upper part of the head, the hind neck, and the anterior -portion of the back, with the loral space, some feathers at the base -of the lower mandible, and a rather narrow longitudinal band on the -fore neck, deep black; anterior part of the forehead, a band over the -eye, the cheeks, sides of the neck, and the breast, rich -orange-yellow, the rest of the lower parts paler; lower wing-coverts -and anterior edge of the wing pale yellow; hind parts of the back and -upper tail-coverts yellow tinged with green; wings brownish-black, -with a large patch of white formed by the outer small coverts and the -edges of the secondary coverts; quills edged with white; four middle -tail-feathers black, the rest orange-yellow, with a dusky patch near -the end. Female smaller, with the upper parts greyish-olive, lighter -on the rump; on the head and upper tail-coverts tinged with yellow; -loral space somewhat dusky; anterior part of the forehead, a band over -the eye, the cheeks, and sides of the neck, with the fore part of the -breast, light greenish-yellow; throat dull white, the rest of the -lower parts greyish-white, slightly tinged with yellow; wings dark -brown, the larger small coverts tipped with greyish-white; secondary -coverts and quills edged with the same; tail dull olivaceous-yellow. -Young like the female. - -_Male_, 7-1/4, wing, 4-1/12. - -Rocky Mountains, Columbia River, and California. Common. Migratory. - - Xanthornus Bullockii, Swains. Syn. of Mex. Birds, Phil. Mag. - 1827, p. 436. - - Bullock's Troopial, Icterus Bullockii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 9. - - -219. 3. Icterus spurius, Gmel. Orchard Hangnest.--Orchard Oriole. - - Plate XLII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Tail much rounded. Male with the head, neck, and fore part of the -back, black; the rest of the body chestnut-red; quills and larger -coverts black, the former margined, the latter tipped with -greyish-white; tail-feathers black, tipped with dull white. Female -with the head and upper parts dull yellowish-green, the fore part of -the back tinged with brown; lower parts pale yellow; wings and tail -greyish-brown, the feathers of the former margined with greyish-white, -of the latter with yellowish-green. Young, like the female. Young -males in various stages variously coloured. - -_Male_, 6-1/2, 9. - -From Texas to Connecticut, over the valley of the Mississippi, -Kentucky, and Ohio. Abundant. Rare in Massachusetts and Maine. -Missouri to the bases of the Rocky Mountains. Migratory. - - Orchard Oriole, Oriolus mutatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 64. - - Icterus spurius, Bonap. Syn. p. 51. - - Spurious or Orchard Oriole, Icterus spurius, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 165. - - Orchard Oriole, Icterus spurius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 221; - v. v. p. 485. - - - - -GENUS V. QUISCALUS, Vieill. CROW-BLACKBIRD. - - -Bill as long as the head or somewhat longer, nearly straight, strong, -tapering, compressed from the base; upper mandible with its outline -slightly declinate, a little convex, the ridge narrow at the base and -encroaching a little on the forehead, afterwards broad, rounded, and -indistinct, the sides convex, the edges sharp and direct, or slightly -inflected, with a faint festoon anterior to the nostrils, the tip -deflected, acute; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the -dorsal line straight, slightly deflected at the end, the ridge convex, -the sides rounded, the edges inflected, the tip very acute. Nostrils -basal, oval, half-closed by a membrane. Head of moderate size, ovate, -flattened above; neck of moderate length; body rather slender. Feet of -moderate length; tarsus as long as the middle toe and claw, -compressed, with eight anterior scutella; toes rather long, with large -scutella, the hind toe stronger, the lateral toes nearly equal, the -middle toe much longer. Claws rather long, slightly arched, -compressed, not laterally grooved, acute. Plumage blended, highly -glossed. Wings of moderate length, the second and third quills -longest, the first and fourth little shorter. Tail long, graduated or -rounded, the feathers flat or slightly concave, slightly emarginate, -with the inner webs longer than the outer. Roof of the upper mandible -concave with three longitudinal ridges, of which the middle is -enlarged at the base and prominent; tongue slender, sagittate, concave -above, tapering to a thin lacerated point; oesophagus rather wide, -considerably dilated about the middle; stomach of moderate size, -elliptical or roundish, moderately muscular, the lateral muscles -distinct, the epithelium dense, horny, slightly rugous, with two -roundish grinding surfaces; intestine of moderate length, rather wide; -coeca very small; cloaca oblong. - - -220. 1. Quiscalus major, Vieill. Great Crow-Blackbird.--Boat-tailed -Grakle. - - Plate CLXXXVII. Male and Female. - -Tail very long, graduated, with the feathers slightly concave above. -Male with the plumage silky, splendent, the head and neck deep -purplish-blue, the back, breast, and sides deep blue, passing into -green behind, the rump bronzed black; the wings and tail black, -glossed with green, the abdomen, lower tail-coverts, and tibial -feathers, plain black. Female much smaller, with the tail shorter, the -plumage unglossed beneath, and but slightly glossy above, the upper -parts dusky, with slight tints of green and blue; the head and neck -dull brown; the lower parts light yellowish-brown, the tibial feathers -and lower tail-coverts dusky. - -_Male_, 15-7/8, 23-3/4. _Female_, 12-5/8, 18. - -Abundant from Texas to North Carolina along the coast. Up the -Mississippi about 200 miles. Constantly resident. - - Quiscalus major, Bonap. Syn. p. 54. - - Great Crow Blackbird, Quiscalus major, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 35. - - Great Crow Blackbird, Quiscalus major, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 192. - - Boat-tailed Grakle or Great Crow Blackbird, Quiscalus major, - Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 504; v. v. p. 480. - - -221. 2. Quiscalus versicolor, Vieill. Common or Purple -Crow-Blackbird.--Purple Grakle. - - Plate VII. Male and Female. - -Tail long, much rounded, with the feathers flat. Male with the plumage -silky and splendent, the head, neck, and anterior part of the breast -blackish, with vivid reflections of violet, steel-blue, and green; -general colour of the body dusky, glossed with purple, green, and -blue, these colours arranged in three terminal zones, on each feather; -rump violet-purple; wings and tail black, glossed with green and blue. -Female considerably smaller, with the body more brown, the reflections -much less brilliant. Young brown. - -_Male_, 13, 19. _Female_, 11, 16. - -Breeds from Texas to the Fur Countries. Resident in the Southern -States. Extremely abundant. - - Purple Grakle, Gracula quiscala, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 44. - - Purple Grakle, Gracula quiscala, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 42. - - Gracula quiscala, Bonap. Syn. p. 54. - - Common Crow Blackbird, Quiscalus versicolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 194; v. v. p. 481. - - Quiscalus versicolor, Common Purple Boat-tail, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 485. - - Purple Grakle or Common Crow Blackbird, Quiscalus versicolor, - Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 35; v. v. p. 481. - - -222. 3. Quiscalus ferrugineus, Lath. Rusty Crow-Blackbird.--Rusty -Grakle. - - Plate CXLVII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Tail of moderate length, slightly rounded. Male with the plumage -glossy black, with green and bluish reflections, the feathers, when -new, slightly margined with reddish. Female with the plumage somewhat -duller, a reddish band over, and another under, the eye. Young with -the head and neck light brown, the rest of the upper parts -brownish-black, the feathers edged with light reddish-brown, the rump -tinged with grey; a band over the eye, and the fore part and sides of -the neck and body pale yellowish-brown; abdomen dusky, lower -tail-coverts dusky brown. - -_Male_, 9-1/2, 14-1/4. - -From Texas to Maryland, and along the Mississippi and Ohio to -Kentucky, during winter. Migrates northward to the Fur Countries, and -to the Columbia River, in summer. Common. - - Rusty Grakle, Gracula ferruginea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 41. - - Quiscalus ferrugineus, Bonap. Syn. p. 55. - - Scolecophagus ferrugineus, Rusty Maggot-eater, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 286. - - Rusty Blackbird, Quiscalus ferrugineus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 199. - - Rusty Grakle, Quiscalus ferrugineus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 325; v. v. p. 483. - - - - -FAMILY XVII. STURNINAE. STARLINGS. - - -Bill nearly as long as the head, moderately stout, or rather slender, -nearly straight, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its -outline straight, slightly convex toward the tip, the ridge somewhat -flattened, the sides sloping and convex, the edges sharp and -overlapping, with a very slight or obsolete notch, close to the -depressed tip; lower mandible with the angle long and rather acute, -the crura rather broad and flat at the base, the dorsal line straight, -the edges sharp, the tip slender; gape-line ascending gently at the -base, then direct. Head ovate or oblong, flattened above; neck of -moderate length; body rather full. Feet moderately stout; tarsus -rather short, compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes moderate, -or rather long, the first stouter, the lateral toes equal, the outer -adherent at the base. Claws rather long, moderately arched, -compressed, acute. Plumage rather compact. Wings of moderate length, -with the first quill very small, the third and fourth longest. Tail -short or of moderate length, rounded, and generally emarginate. Roof -of upper mandible with a median ridge; tongue slender, thin-edged, -with the tip slit and lacerated; oesophagus without dilatation; -stomach roundish, its muscular coat rather thin, the epithelium dense, -and longitudinally rugous; intestine of moderate length and width; -coeca very small, cylindrical; cloaca ovate or oblong. Trachea -simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest on the -ground, or in cavities; eggs about five. - - - - -GENUS I. STURNELLA, Vieill. MEADOW-STARLING. - - -Bill rather long, almost straight, conico-subulate, depressed toward -the end; upper mandible with the ridge somewhat flattened, the edges -sharp and overlapping; the tip narrow, but rounded; lower mandible -with the outline straight, the ridge convex, the sides ascending; the -tip slightly rounded. Nostrils oval, with an arched membrane above. -Head of ordinary size, depressed; neck of moderate length; body rather -full. Feet of moderate length, strong; tarsus distinctly scutellate; -lateral toes nearly equal, hind toe stout. Claws arched, compressed, -acute, that of the hind toe large. Plumage rather compact. Upper -eyelid margined with strong bristles. Wings of moderate length, broad; -the second, third, and fourth quills longest; one of the inner -secondaries nearly as long when the wing is closed. Tail short, much -rounded, of twelve acute feathers. - - -223. 1. Sturnella Ludoviciana, Linn. Crescent Meadow-Starling.--Meadow -Lark. - - Plate CXXXVI. Male and Female. - -Upper parts variegated with dark brown, bay, and dull yellowish, the -latter bordering the feathers; those of the hind parts of the back -barred, as are the secondary quills and their coverts; primary quills -dark brown, margined, the outer with whitish, the rest with pale -yellowish; edge of the wing yellow; three outer tail-feathers white, -with a dash of black on the outer web near the end, the next feather -also more or less white, and barred on the outer web; on the upper -part of the head a central and two lateral bands of brownish-yellow, -the lateral hand sometimes white, anteriorly tinged with yellow; -sides of the head and neck greyish-white, flanks and lower -tail-coverts reddish-white, streaked with black; fore neck and breast -rich yellow, the former with a large crescent of black. Female -smaller, but otherwise similar. - -_Male_, 11-2/12, 16-1/2. - -Breeds from Texas to the Columbia River, and along the Atlantic coast -to Nova Scotia and the Fur Countries. Resident in the Southern and -Western States. Abundant. - - Meadow Lark, Alauda magna, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 20. - - Sturnus ludovicianus, Bonap. Syn. - - Sturnus ludovicianus, Crescent Starlet, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 282. - - American Starling or Meadow Lark, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 147. - - Meadow Lark or American Starling, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 216; v. v. p. 492. - - - - -FAMILY XVIII. CORVINAE. CROWS. - - -Bill about the length of the head, robust, nearly straight, -compressed; upper mandible with the dorsal line more or less arched, -its tip slightly deflected, the edges sharp, with a slight notch or -sinus. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by reversed slender stiff -feathers. Head rather large, ovate; neck of moderate length, body -compact. Feet of ordinary length, rather stout; tarsus compressed, -with about eight large scutella; toes four, first stronger, but about -the same length as the second and fourth, which latter is adherent at -the base. Claws rather large, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage -various; wings long or of moderate length, much rounded, the first -quill about half the length of the fourth or fifth, which are longest; -tail of twelve broad feathers. Upper mandible concave, with several -longitudinal ridges; tongue oblong, flat above, horny, thin edged, -with the tip slit and lacerated; oesophagus of moderate width, -without dilatation; proventriculus bulbiform; stomach, a gizzard of -moderate power, with a rugous dense epithelium; intestine of moderate -length and width; coeca small, cylindrical, adnate. Trachea with -four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest in high places, or in -cavities, rudely constructed; eggs from four to six, ovate or oblong. - - - - -GENUS I. CORVUS, Linn. CROW. - - -Bill rather long, stout, considerably compressed; upper mandible with -the dorsal line declinate and arched, the sides somewhat convex, the -edges nearly straight, and overlapping, the notches faint, the tip -declinate, rather sharp; lower mandible with the angle rather long, -and of moderate width, the dorsal line ascending, and slightly convex, -the edges direct, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, lateral, round, -covered by narrow stiff feathers directed forwards. Head large, ovate; -neck rather short; body robust. Legs of moderate length, strong; -tarsus stout, compressed, with eight scutella; toes of moderate -length, stout, first and second nearly equal, fourth longer, and -slightly adherent at the base. Claws strong, arched, compressed, -acute. Plumage compact, glossed. Wings long, with the first quill -short, the fourth longest. Tail of moderate length, rounded. Roof of -upper mandible concave, with five ridges; tongue emargined and -papillate at the base, horny toward the end, thin-edged, with the -point slit. - - -224. 1. Corvus Corax, Linn. Raven. - - Plate CI. Male. - -Feathers of the fore neck lanceolate and elongated; tail much rounded; -plumage deep black, glossed with blue and purplish-blue, the lower -parts with green. Young with the feathers of the throat oblong, the -upper parts less glossy, the lower dull greyish-black. - -_Male_, 26, 50. - -From the Highlands of South Carolina, northward to the Polar Seas. -Missouri, Kentucky, Ohio, Canada. Rocky Mountains and Columbia River. -Rather common in some parts. - - Raven, Corvus Corax, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 136. - - Corvus Corax, Bonap. Syn. p. 56. - - Corvus Corax, Raven, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. - 290. - - Raven, Corvus Corax, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 202. - - Raven, Corvus Corax, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 1; v. v. p. - 476. - - -225. 2. Corvus Americanus, Aud. American Crow. - - Plate CLVI. Male. - -Feathers of the head and neck oval and blended; fourth quill longest; -general colour black, with purplish-blue reflections; the hind parts -of the neck tinged with purplish-brown; the lower parts less glossy. -Young of a rather dull brownish-black, with the blue and purple -reflections much less brilliant. - -_Male_, 18, 38. - -Generally distributed from the Gulf of Mexico to Columbia River; -throughout the interior, and along the coast, northward to Lat. 55 deg. -Congregates in immense numbers in the Southern and Western States -during winter. - - Crow, Corvus Corone, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 79. - - Cervus Corone, Bonap. Syn. p. 56. - - Cervus Corone, Crow, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. - 291. - - Crow, Corvus Corone, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 209. - - American Crow, Corvus Americanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 317; v. v. p. 477. - - -226. 3. Corvus ossifragus, Wils. Fish-Crow. - - Plate CXLVI. Male and Female. - -Feathers of the head and neck oval and blended; third quill longest; -tail considerably rounded, a small space at the base of the lower -mandible on each side bare; general colour black, with blue and purple -reflections above, blue and greenish beneath. Young brownish-black, -with the blue and purple reflections less brilliant. - -_Male_, 16, 33, _Female_, 15, 31. - -From the mouths of the Mississippi upwards to Natchez, and along the -Atlantic to New York. Common. Resident in the Southern States. -Columbia River. - - Fish Crow, Corvus ossifragus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 27. - - Corvus ossifragus, Bonap. Syn. p. 57. - - Fish Crow, Corvus ossifragus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 216. - - Fish Crow, Corvus ossifragus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 268; - v. v. p. 479. - - - - -GENUS II. PICA, Briss. MAGPIE. - - -Bill of moderate length, stout, considerably compressed; upper -mandible with the dorsal line declinate and arched, the sides convex, -the ridge narrow, the edges nearly straight and overlapping, the -notches faint, the tip declinate, and rather sharp; lower mandible -with the angle rather long and wide, the dorsal line ascending and -slightly convex, the edges inclinate, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, -lateral, roundish, covered by narrow stiff feathers directed forwards. -Head large, ovate; neck rather short; body compact. Legs of moderate -length, strong; tarsus stout, compressed, with eight scutella; toes of -moderate length, stout, first large, stronger; lateral nearly equal, -third considerably longer. Claws strong, arched, compressed, acute. -Plumage full, soft, blended. Wings of moderate length, much rounded, -the first quill very short, extremely narrow and falciform, fourth and -fifth longest. Tail very long, graduated. Digestive organs as in -Corvus. - - -227. 1. Pica melanoleuca, Vieill. Common Magpie. - - Plate CCCLVII. Male and Female. - -Bill black; head, neck, fore part of breast and back black, glossed -with green and blue; middle of the back greyish-white; scapulars -white; smaller wing-coverts black, secondary coverts, alula and -primary coverts splendent with green and blue; primaries black, -glossed with green, their inner webs white, except at the end, and for -some way along their margin; secondaries bright blue, changing to -green, their inner webs greenish-black; tail splendent with bright -green, changing to greenish-yellow, purplish-red, bluish-purple, and -dark green at the end; breast and sides pure white; legs, abdomen, -lower tail-coverts, and lower wing-coverts, black. - -_Male_, 18-1/2, 22-1/2. - -Interior of Texas, West Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Rocky -Mountains, and Saskatchewan. Common. Resident. - - Corvus Pica, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 157. - - Magpie, Corvus Pica, Wils. Amer. Orn. - - Corvus Pica, Bonap. Syn. p. 57. - - Magpie, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 219. - - Common Magpie, Corvus Pica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 408. - - -228. 2. Pica Nuttallii, Aud. Yellow-billed Magpie. - - Plate CCCLXII. Fig. 1. Male. - -Bill and bare space beneath the eyes yellow; in form, proportion, and -size, similar to the last; the feathers of the tail narrower; the -colours similar, but the top of the head glossed with green, and the -black of the back and fore neck tinged with brown. - -_Male_, 18; wing, 7-3/4. - -Upper California. Common. Resident. - - Corvus Nuttali, Yellow-billed Magpie, Aud. Orn. Biog, v. iv. - p. 450. - - -229. 3. Pica Bullockii, Wagler. Columbia Magpie.--Columbia Jay. - - Plate XCVI. Adult. - -Feathers of the head long and recurvate; tail extremely elongated; -general colour blue; cheeks, fore neck, and anterior part of the -breast black, the rest of the lower parts, with the tips of the outer -four tail-feathers on each side, white. - -_Male_, 31, 26. - -Woody portions of North California. - - Columbia Jay, Garrulus Bullockii, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 220. - - Columbia Jay, Corvus Bullockii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 483. - - - - -GENUS III. GARRULUS, Briss. JAY. - - -Bill of moderate length, strong, straight, compressed, rather pointed; -upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly arched, the ridge -scarcely distinct, the sides sloping, the edges nearly straight, -sharp, and overlapping, the notches slight, the tip slightly -depressed; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, rather -wide, the dorsal line ascending, slightly convex, the sides sloping -outwards, the edges direct, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, elliptical, -covered by reversed stiffish feathers. Head rather large; neck short; -body stout. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tarsus of ordinary -length, compressed, with eight scutella; toes moderate, the first -large, the outer considerably longer than the inner; claws -well-arched, rather long, compressed, acute. Plumage blended; small -bristles at the base of the upper mandible; feathers of the head -generally elongated; wings rather short, first quill very short, -fourth and fifth longest; tail rather long, much rounded. Roof of -upper mandible concave, with three ridges; digestive organs as in -Corvus. - - -230. 1. Garrulus Stelleri, Gmel. Steller's Jay. - - Plate CCCLXII. Fig. 2. Male. - -Occipital crest of linear-oblong, slightly recurved feathers; tail -long, moderately rounded; head, neck, and fore part of back -brownish-black, feathers of the forehead tipped with light blue; hind -part of back, rump, upper tail-coverts and lower parts light blue; -wings blue, secondary quills and their coverts rich ultramarine, -narrowly barred with black, outer webs of primaries paler, their inner -webs dusky; tail blue, with numerous narrow inconspicuous dusky bars. - -_Male_, 13, wing 5-11/12. - -Rocky Mountains, Columbia River, and north-west coast. Common. -Migratory. - - Corvus Stelleri, Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 370. - - Corvus Stelleri, Bonap. Syn. p. 433. - - Steller's Jay, Corvus Stelleri, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. - 44. - - Garrulus Stelleri, Steller's Jay, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 294. - - Steller's Jay, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 229. - - Steller's Jay, Corvus Stelleri, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 453. - - -231. 2. Garrulus cristatus, Linn. Blue Jay. - - Plate CII. Male and Female. - -Feathers of the head elongated, oblong; tail much rounded. Upper parts -light purplish-blue; wings and tail ultramarine, secondaries, their -coverts, and tail-feathers barred with black, and tipped with white; a -narrow band margining the forehead, loral space, and a band round the -neck, black; throat and cheeks bluish-white; lower parts greyish-white -tinged with brown. - -_Male_, 12, 14. - -Breeds from Texas eastward and northward to the Fur Countries, and as -far as the bases of the Rocky Mountains. Abundant. Resident in the -Middle, Interior, and Southern States. - - Blue Jay, Corvus cristatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 2. - - Corvus cristatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 58. - - Garrulus cristatus, Blue Jay, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 293. - - Blue Jay, Corvus cristatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 11; v. - v. p. 475. - - -232. 3. Garrulus ultramarinus, Bonap. Ultramarine Jay. - - Plate CCCLXII. Fig. 3. Male. - -Feathers of the head short; tail much rounded; upper part of head, -sides, and hind part of neck, wings and tail, with its coverts, light -blue; back light greyish-brown; a faint band over the eye, formed by -the tips of the feathers; cheeks dusky; fore neck greyish-white, -faintly streaked with dusky, and banded below by a narrow semilunar -band of light blue, continuous with that of the neck; lower parts pale -grey passing into white. - -_Male_, 12, wing 5-8/12. - -Columbia River, and Upper California. Common. Migratory. - - Ultramarine Jay, Corvus ultramarinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 456. - - -233. 4. Garrulus Floridanus, Bartram. Florida Jay. - -Feathers of the head short; tail much rounded; upper part of head, -sides, and hind part of neck, wings and tail, with its coverts, light -blue; back very light greyish-brown; a bluish-white band over the -forehead and eyes; cheeks dusky; fore neck greyish-white, with the -shafts of the feathers dusky, and bordered below by a rather broad -band of light blue, continuous with that of the neck; lower parts pale -purplish-grey. - -Intimately allied in colour to the Ultramarine Jay, but -distinguishable by its smaller size, and more rounded tail, and by its -having a band of whitish across the forehead, and extended over the -eye, where it is not in dots as in that species. - -_Male_, 11-1/4, 14. - -Confined to the Floridas. Not very common. Resident. - - Corvus floridanus, Bonap. Syn. p. 58. - - Florida Jay, Garrulus floridanus, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. - - Florida Jay, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 230. - - Florida Jay, Corvus floridanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 444. - - -234. 5. Garrulus Canadensis, Linn. Canada Jay. - - Plate CVII. Male and Female. Plate CCCCXXX. Fig. 3. Young. - -Upper parts dull leaden-grey; lower dull yellowish-white; forehead -yellowish-white; hind part of the head and neck greyish-black; throat -and band passing round the neck, greyish-white; secondary quills and -tail-feathers narrowly tipped with white. Young very dull -slate-colour, paler on the abdomen, on the head blackish, wings and -tail as in the adult, their tips of a duller white. - -_Male_, 11, 15. - -Rare, and only in winter, from Pennsylvania to New York. More abundant -in Massachusetts. Common from Maine northward to the Fur Countries. -Columbia River. - - Canada Jay, Corvus canadensis, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. iii. p. - 33. - - Corvus canadensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 58. - - Garrulus canadensis, Whisky Jack, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 295. - - Garrulus brachyurus, Short-billed Jay, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 296. Young. - - Garrulus canadensis, Canada Jay, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 232. - - Short-billed Jay. Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 599. - - Canada Jay, Corvus canadensis. Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 58; - v. v. p. 208. - - - - -GENUS IV. NUCIFRAGA, Briss. NUTCRACKER. - - -Bill as long as the head, moderately stout, conical, compressed, at -the tip rather depressed; upper mandible with its dorsal line slightly -arcuato-declinate, the ridge convex, the sides rounded, the edges -sharp and overlapping, without notch, the tip flattened and obtuse; -lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line -straight, the sides convex, the edges sharpened a little involute, the -tip flattened and rather obtuse. Nostrils basal, lateral, roundish, -covered by bristly feathers, which are directed forwards. Head large, -broadly ovate, neck rather short; body moderately stout. Tarsus rather -short, compressed, with eight scutella; toes stout, the first very -large, the inner a little shorter than the outer, which is adherent at -the base. Claws large, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage soft -and blended; no distinct bristles at the base of the upper mandible, -wings long, much rounded, the first quill very short, the fourth -longest; tail of moderate length, rounded. - - -235. 1. Nucifraga Columbiana, Wils. Columbian Nutcracker.--Clark's -Crow. - - Plate CCCLXII. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female. - -Light brownish-grey; forehead, throat, fore part of cheeks, and space -round the eye yellowish-white; wings glossy bluish-black, seven of the -secondaries largely tipped with white; upper tail-coverts -greyish-black; tail pure white, except the two middle feathers, and -the greater part of the inner webs of the next pair, which are -bluish-black. - -_Male_, 12, wing 7-11/12. - -Rocky Mountains. - - Clarke's Crow, Corvus columbianus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 29. - - Corvus columbianus, Bonap. Syn. p. 57. - - Columbian Crow, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 218. - - Clarke's Nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 459. - - - - -FAMILY XIX. LANIINAE. SHRIKES. - - -Bill short, or of moderate length, stout, broader than high at the -base, compressed toward the end; the gape-line slightly arched, the -ridge narrow, the notch and dentiform process large, the tip narrow -and decurved. Head large, roundish, ovate; neck short; body compact. -Legs of moderate length; tarsus compressed, with seven anterior -scutella; toes moderate, compressed; hind toe rather stout, lateral -about equal, the outer adherent at the base. Claws arched, compressed, -acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles rather strong. Wings and -tail various. Roof of upper mandible narrow, with a median ridge; -tongue slender, concave above, horny toward the end, with the -margins lacerated, and the tip slit; oesophagus wide, uniform; -proventriculus elliptical; stomach broadly elliptical or roundish; its -muscular coat thin, the epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous; -intestine of moderate length; coeca very small; cloaca oblong or -globular. Trachea simple; four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. LANIUS, Linn. SHRIKE, or BUTCHER-BIRD. - - -Bill of moderate length, strong, compressed; upper mandible with the -dorsal line a little arched, towards the end decurved, the sides -convex, the edges direct, with a large prominence succeeded by a deep -notch, the tip decurved and acute; lower mandible with the angle short -and wide, the dorsal line convex, the sides convex, the edges -inflected, the tip ascending, acute. Nostrils basal, lateral, oval, -concealed by the bristly feathers. Head large, broadly ovate; neck -short; body robust. Tarsus rather short, compressed, slender, with -eight scutella; toes small, the first stout, the lateral nearly equal. -Claws rather large, arched, compressed, extremely acute. Plumage soft -and blended. Bristles stiff. Wings of ordinary length, first quill -very short, fourth longest. Tail long, graduated, or rounded. - - -236. 1. Lanius borealis, Vieill. Great American Shrike. - - Plate CXCII. Male and Female. - -Fourth quill longest, third little shorter, second shorter than sixth, -first half the length of second; tail long, graduated; bill -brownish-black at the end, paler towards the base; upper parts light -ash-grey, the ends of the scapulars and the upper tail-coverts -grayish-white; a streak of whitish over the eye; loral space and a -patch behind the eye brownish-black; first row of smaller -wing-coverts, larger coverts, and quills, brownish-black; secondary -quills and coverts edged and tipped with whitish; base of primaries -white, forming a conspicuous patch, when the wing is extended; -tail-feathers brownish-black, outer web of lateral feathers, and more -than a third of its inner web from the tip, white; the extremities of -all the rest, excepting the middle two, also white, gradually -occupying less extent on the inner feathers; lower parts -greyish-white, the fore part of the breast tinged with brown, and -faintly marked with transverse undulating lines of dark grey, as are -the sides. Female similar, but with the head and neck slightly tinged -with brown, and the lower parts more banded. - -_Lanius Excubitor_ differs in being considerably smaller, and in -having the white on the wings and tail more extended, the bases and a -great portion of the inner webs of the secondaries, except the inner -three, being of that colour, as well as the bases of the primaries, -and forming a conspicuous spot when the wing is closed, and the outer -tail-feathers being often white in their whole length. - -_Male_, 10-2/12, 14-2/12. - -Breeds from Pennsylvania northward. During winter, migrates westward -to the Mississippi, and as far south as Natchez. Not uncommon. - - Great American Shrike or Butcher Bird, Lanius Excubitor, Wils. - Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 74. - - Lanius septentrionalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 72. - - Lanius borealis, Greater Northern Shrike, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 111. - - Great American Shrike, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 258. - - Great American Shrike, Lanius Excubitor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 534; v. v. p. 434. - - -237. 2. Lanius Ludovicianus, Linn. Loggerheaded Shrike. - - Plate LVII. Male and Female. - -Third quill longest, fourth scarcely shorter, second and sixth equal; -tail rather long, graduated; bill black, upper parts deep leaden-grey, -lower greyish-white, the sides bluish-grey; a streak of whitish over -the eye, and margining the forehead; loral space, and a patch behind -the eye, black; posterior scapulars almost entirely white; quills and -coverts black, secondaries narrowly tipped with white; bases of -primaries white, forming a conspicuous patch on the extended wing; -tail-feathers black, all except the middle pair white at the end, that -colour occupying nearly two-thirds of the outer, and gradually -diminishing on the rest. Female with the plumage somewhat darker. -Young brownish-white beneath, the breast and sides transversely barred -with dark grey. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, 13. - -From Louisiana to Carolina, laterally to the Columbia River, and -northward to the Fur Countries. Abundant. Resident in the south. -Migratory in the north. - - Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 57. - - Lanius ludovicianus, Bonap. Syn. p. 72. - - Lanius Excubitorides, American Grey Shrike, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 115. - - Loggerhead Shrike, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 261. - - Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius Ludovicianus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 300; v. v. p. 300. - - - - -FAMILY XX. VIREONINAE. GREENLETS. - - -Bill of moderate length, straight, rather stout, compressed toward the -end; gape-line slightly arched, notches distinct, tip very small, -declinate. Head rather large, ovate; neck short; body rather slender. -Feet of moderate length; tarsus compressed, slender, with seven -anterior scutella; toes rather small, hind toe rather stout, lateral -equal. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft and -blended. Wings of moderate length, rather pointed. Tail of moderate -length, even or emarginate. Roof of upper mandible concave, with a -median ridge; tongue narrow, flat above, with the point slit; -oesophagus of moderate length, without dilatation; stomach, -roundish, muscular, with a dense rugous epithelium; intestine short, -and rather wide; coeca very small. Trachea simple, with four pairs -of inferior laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. VIREO, Vieill. GREENLET. - - -Bill rather short or of moderate length, rather strong, straight, -broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper -mandible with the dorsal line slightly convex, the ridge narrow, the -sides sloping and towards the end somewhat convex, the edges straight, -the notches distinct, the tip small, decurved, acute; lower mandible -with the angle of moderate length and rather narrow, the dorsal line -ascending and rather convex, the sides convex, the edges inclinate, -the tip acute and ascending. Nostrils basal, oblong. Head rather -large, ovate; neck short; body rather stout. Tarsus rather short, -slender, compressed, with seven scutella; toes small, first large, -inner considerably shorter than outer, which is adnate at the base. -Plumage soft and blended; bristles small. Wings rather long, with the -second and third quills longest, the first not much shorter. Tail of -moderate length, nearly even. - - -238. 1. Vireo flavifrons, Vieill. Yellow-throated Greenlet. - - Plate CXIX. Male. - -Upper parts light green, the rump, scapulars, and smaller wing-coverts -bluish-grey; quills and coverts brownish-black; two bands of white on -the wing, formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of -small coverts; primaries narrower, edged with yellowish-green, -secondaries broadly with white; tail-feathers brownish-black, the -outer edged with white; sides of the neck yellowish-green; a line over -the eye, throat, and breast yellow, the rest of the lower parts white. - -_Male_, 5-3/4, 9-1/2. - -From Texas to Nova Scotia. Rare in the interior, more abundant in the -middle Atlantic districts. Migratory. - - Yellow-throated Flycatcher, Muscicapa sylvicola, Wils. Amer. - Orn. v. ii. p. 117. - - Vireo flavifrons, Bonap. Syn. p. 70. - - Yellow-throated Vireo, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 302. - - Yellow-throated Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo flavifrons, Aud. - Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 119; v. v. p. 428. - - -239. 2. Vireo solitarius, Vieill. Solitary Greenlet. - - Plate XXVIII. Male and Female. - -Upper parts light olive-green, head greyish-blue; lower white, the -sides greenish-yellow; eyelids and a band of white from the bill over -the eye; a dusky spot before the eye; quills and coverts -brownish-black; two bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of -the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; primaries -narrowly edged with yellowish-green, secondaries broadly with white; -tail-feathers brownish-black, the outer edged with white; head and -sides of neck inclining to greyish-blue. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2. - -From Texas to Nova Scotia, rather abundant. Rare in the interior. -Columbia River. Migratory. - - Solitary Flycatcher, Muscicapa solitaria, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. p. 143. - - Vireo solitarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 79. - - Solitary Vireo or Flycatcher, Vireo solitarius, Nutt. Man. v. - ii. p. 305. - - Solitary Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo solitarius, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. i. p. 147; v. v. p. 432. - - -240. 3. Vireo Noveboracensis, Gmel. White-eyed Greenlet. - - Plate LXIII. Male. - -Upper parts light green, inclining to olivaceous, forehead tinged with -yellow; lower parts greyish-white, the sides yellow; eyelids and a -band from the bill over the eye yellow; quills and coverts brown; two -bands of yellowish-white on the wing formed by the tips of the -secondary coverts, and first row of small coverts; primaries narrowly -margined with yellowish-green, secondaries broadly with white; -tail-feathers brown, without white edgings; iris white. - -_Male_, 5, 7. - -Throughout the United States and Nova Scotia. Columbia River. -Migratory, but great numbers spend the winter in the Southern States. - - White-eyed Flycatcher, Muscicapa cantatrix, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. ii. p. 266. - - Vireo noveboracensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 70. - - White-eyed Vireo or Flycatcher, Vireo noveboracensis, Nutt. - Man. v. i. p. 806. - - White-eyed Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo noveboracensis, Aud. - Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 328; v. v. p. 431, 433. - - -241. 4. Vireo gilvus, Vieill. Warbling Greenlet. - - Plate CXVIII. Male and Female. - -Upper parts light greenish-olive, the head and hind neck -greyish-brown; a white band over the eye; wings and tail brown, quills -edged with green; lower parts dull yellowish-white, the sides tinged -with yellow. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 8-1/2. - -From Texas to Maine, and in the interior to Columbia River. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Warbling Flycatcher, Muscicapa melodia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. - p. 85. - - Vireo gilvus, Bonap. Syn. p. 70. - - Warbling Vireo, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 309. - - Warbling Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo gilvus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 114; v. v. p. 433. - - -242. 5. Vireo Bartrami, Swains. Bartram's Greenlet. - - Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 4. Male. - -Wings of moderate length, with the second and third quills longest and -about equal, the fourth scarcely shorter, the first considerably -shorter than the fifth. Upper parts light yellowish-olive, the crown -of the head deep grey, bordered on each side by a blackish line, below -which is a band of yellowish-white from the nostril over the eye; -loral space dusky; quills and tail-feathers brown, margined with -greenish-yellow; lower parts greyish-white, the sides greenish-yellow. - -_Male_, 4-7/8, 7-3/4. - -From Texas to New York. Not met with in the interior. Rather rare. -Migratory. - - Vireo Bartramii, Swains. Bartram's Greenlet, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 235. - - Bartram's Vireo, Vireo Bartramii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 296. - - -243. 6. Vireo olivaceus, Linn. Red-eyed Greenlet. - - Plate CL. Male. - -Wings long, with the second quill longest, the third slightly shorter, -the first considerably longer than the fourth, upper parts light -yellowish-olive, crown of the head deep grey, bordered on each side by -a blackish line, below which is a band of white; quills and -tail-feathers brown, margined with greenish-yellow; lower parts -greyish-white, the sides greenish-yellow; iris red. - -_Male_, 5-1/2, 9. - -From Texas to Nova Scotia, and through the interior. Accidental in the -Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory. - - Red-eyed Flycatcher, Muscicapa olivacea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. p. 55. - - Vireo olivaceus, Bonap. Syn. p. 71. - - Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Greenlet, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 233. - - Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 287; v. v. p. 430. - - - - -FAMILY XXI. PIPRINAE. MANAKINS. - - -Bill short, stout, straight, depressed, being much broader than high -at the base, with the dorsal line arched, the ridge narrow, the sides -sloping, the gape-line straightish or slightly arched, the notches -rather large, the tip very small and declinate. Head rather large, -broadly ovate; neck short; body compact. Tarsus of moderate length, -compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes small, the hind one not -much stouter, the lateral equal. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, -acute. Plumage soft, full, and blended. Wings of moderate length, -broad, and rounded. Tail short or of moderate length, generally -rounded. Roof of upper mandible concave, with a prominent median line; -tongue triangular, horny, thin-edged, rather obtuse, bristly at the -end; oesophagus wide, without dilatation; stomach rather small, -roundish, moderately muscular, with a dense rugous epithelium; -intestine short, of moderate width; coeca very small. - - - - -GENUS I. ICTERIA. Vieill. CHAT. - - -Bill of moderate length, stout, slightly arched, broad at the base, -compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the sides convex, the -edges sharp, destitute of notch, the tip acute and a little declinate; -lower mandible with the dorsal line nearly straight, the edge-line -slightly arched and inflected. Nostrils roundish, half covered by a -vaulted membrane. General form rather robust; head ovate, neck short, -body moderate. Legs of moderate length, slender; tarsus compressed, -anteriorly covered with eight scutella, of which the upper are -blended; two lateral toes nearly equal, the hind one not much stouter. -Claws moderate, arch much compressed, laterally grooved, very acute. -Plumage soft and blended. Bristles very small. Wings of moderate -length, rounded, third and fourth primaries longest, second little -shorter, first longer than sixth. Tail rather long, rounded. - - -244. 1. Icteria viridis, Gmel. Yellow-breasted Chat. - - Plate CXXXVII. Male and Female. - -Upper parts deep olive-green; fore part of neck and breast bright -yellow; abdomen and lower tail-coverts white; eyelids, a band over the -eye, and a shorter one from the base of lower mandible, white; loral -space black. - -_Male_, 7, 9. - -From Texas to Connecticut. Inland as far as Kentucky. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Yellow-breasted Chat, Pipra polyglotta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 90. - - Icteria viridis, Bonap. Syn. p. 69. - - Yellow-breasted Chat, Icteria viridis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 299. - - Yellow-breasted Chat, Icteria viridis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 223; v. v. p. 433. - - - - -FAMILY XXII. AMPELINAE. CHATTERERS. - - -Bill short, depressed, rather weak, triangular when viewed from above, -compressed at the end, its upper outline arched, the gape-line nearly -straight, the notches very small, the tip very small and declinate. -Nostrils elliptical, partially concealed by reversed bristly -feathers. Head ovate; neck short; body moderate or full. Feet short; -tarsus short, rather stout, compressed; toes rather small. Claws -rather long, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage generally blended -and glossy. Wings of moderate length, broad. Tail short or of moderate -length. Roof of upper mandible rather concave, with three longitudinal -ridges; tongue horny, deeply slit; oesophagus very wide, dilated -about the middle; stomach small, elliptical, moderately muscular; -intestine of moderate length and very wide; coeca very small. -Trachea simple, with four pairs of very small inferior laryngeal -muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. BOMBYCILLA, Briss. WAXWING. - - -Bill short, rather stout, straightish, broader than high at the base, -compressed towards the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line convex -and declinate towards the tip, which is deflected, narrow, and rather -acute, its sides convex, the edges sharp and overlapping, the notches -distinct; lower mandible with the angle short and wide, the dorsal -line convex and ascending, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip very -small, acute, ascending, with a small sinus behind; gape-line nearly -straight. Nostrils oval, partially concealed by the reversed stiffish -feathers. Head of ordinary size, ovate; neck short; body full. Feet -rather short; tarsus short, rather stout, compressed, with six -scutella; toes of moderate size, first stout, broad beneath, outer -slightly adherent at the base; inner a little shorter. Claws rather -long, arched, much compressed, very acute. Plumage blended, very soft, -somewhat silky, but with little gloss; head tufted; no bristles. Wings -rather long, broad, and pointed, the first quill longest. Tail of -moderate length, even. This genus is remarkable for the oblong bright -red horny appendages to the tips of the wings and tail-feathers, -which, however, are not seen in all the species. Roof of upper -mandible slightly concave, with three ridges; tongue triangular, -concave, horny, deep slit, with two slender points; oesophagus very -wide, much dilated about the middle; stomach rather small, elliptical, -muscular; intestine short and extremely wide; coeca very small. - - -245. 1. Bombycilla garrula, Vieill. Black-throated Waxwing.--Bohemian -Chatterer. - - Plate CCCLXIII. Male and Female. - -General colour light greyish-brown, passing behind in ash-grey, before -into brownish-orange, of which colour are the forehead, a patch on -each side of the throat near the base of the bill, and the feathers -under the tail; a band of deep black from the nasal membrane over the -eye to the top of the head, where it is concealed by the crest; -feathers at the base of the lower mandible and a narrow streak below -the eye, white; upper part of throat deep black; feathers of the wings -greyish-black; primary coverts largely tipped with white; primary -quills with a bright yellow, secondary with a white elongated spot at -the end of the outer web, and tipped with oblong wax-red appendages; -tail light grey at the base, gradually shaded into deep black, with a -broad band of bright yellow. Female similar to the male, but somewhat -smaller. Oblong waxen appendages to the secondary quills, varying from -seven to three, sometimes wanting, especially in young birds; males -with the shafts of the tail-feathers very slightly enlarged at the -end, and bright red. Carefully compared with European specimens. - -_Male_, 9-3/4, 16-1/4. - -From New York, eastward and northward, to the Fur Countries. - - Bombycilla garrula, European Chatterer, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 237. - - Bombycilla garrula, Bonap. Syn. p. 438. - - Bombycilla garrula, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iii. pl. 16. - - European Waxen Chatterer, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 579. - - Bohemian Chatterer, Bombycilla garrula, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 462. - - -246. 2. Bombycilla Carolinensis, Briss. Cedar Waxwing.--Cedar Bird. - - Plate XLIII. Male and Female. - -General colour light greyish-brown, passing behind into ash-grey, -before into pale brownish-red, of which colour is the upper part of -the head; a black band on the forehead passing backwards over the eye -to the occiput, and margined above and below by a narrow white band; -feathers in the angle of the lower mandible black; abdomen pale -yellow; lower tail-coverts white; wings and tail dull leaden-blue, -darker toward the end; primaries with a very small pale yellow spot -at the tip, secondaries tipped with an oblong wax-red appendage, as -are the tail-feathers, of which the extremity is bright yellow. Female -similar to the male but somewhat smaller. The oblong appendages to the -wings vary from nine to three. Young with the upper parts of a uniform -dull greenish-brown, lower parts of the same colour, the throat pale -buff, abdomen and lower tail-coverts yellowish-white. - -_Male_, 6-3/4, 11. - -From Texas northward to the Fur Countries. Westward to the Columbia -River. Extremely abundant in Louisiana during winter. - - Bombycilla carolinensis, Briss. v. ii. p. 337. - - Cedar Bird, Ampelis americana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 107. - - Bombycilla carolinensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 59. - - Cedar Bird or Cherry Bird, Nutt. Man. v. i. - - Cedar Bird, Bombycilla carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 227; v. v. p. 494. - - - - -FAMILY XXIII. SITTINAE. NUTHATCHES. - - -Bill of moderate length or rather long, straight, rather slender, -conico-subulate, somewhat compressed, with the tips acute, or cuneate. -Head ovate; neck short; body full. Tarsi rather short, or of moderate -length, slender, compressed, with seven or eight scutella; toes long, -very slender; hind toe extremely long; anterior little spreading; -claws long, little arched, slender, much compressed, acute. Plumage -soft and full. Wings of moderate length, broad, rounded. Tail short, -broad, of twelve feathers. Roof of upper mandible very narrow, -slightly concave, with three ridges; tongue very slender, with the tip -abrupt and bristly; oesophagus without dilatation; stomach roundish, -moderately muscular; intestine short and wide; coeca very small. -Trachea simple; with a single pair of large inferior laryngeal -muscles. Allied to the Titmice on the one hand, and the Woodpeckers on -the other. - - - - -GENUS I. SITTA, Linn. NUTHATCH. - - -Bill rather long, or of moderate length, straight, conico-subulate, a -little compressed, rather obtuse; upper mandible with the dorsal -outline very slightly arched, the ridge rather narrow, the sides -sloping, the edges sharp without notches, the tip rather blunt; lower -mandible with the angle of moderate length and narrow, the dorsal line -ascending and very slightly convex, the sides slightly convex, the tip -narrow. Nostrils basal, round operculate, partially concealed by the -reversed bristly feathers. Head ovate; neck short; body short. Tarsi -rather short, stout, compressed, with eight scutella; toes long, much -compressed; first very long, second much shorter than fourth; anterior -toes adherent at the base. Claws long, arched, much compressed, -laterally grooved, acute. Plumage very soft and blended. Small -bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Wings rather long, first -quill extremely small, third and fourth longest. Tail short, of twelve -feathers broad, nearly even. Upper mandible slightly concave with -three ridges; tongue slender, very thin, with the point abrupt and -terminated by strong bristles; oesophagus without dilatation; -stomach rather large, roundish, moderately muscular; intestine rather -short and wide; coeca very small. - - -247. 1. Sitta Carolinensis, Linn. White-breasted Nuthatch. - - Plate CLII. Male and Female. - -Upper part of head and hind neck deep black; back light greyish-blue; -quills black, edged with light greyish-blue; middle tail-feathers of -the same colour, the rest black, with a broad band of white near the -end; sides of the head and lower parts white; lower tail-coverts with -the inner webs brownish-red. Young without black on the head. - -_Male_, 5-1/4, 11. - -Common from Texas to Maine. Throughout the interior to the Columbia. -Resident. - - White-breasted American Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis, Wils. - Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 10. - - Sitta carolinensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 96. - - White-breasted American Nuthatch, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 581. - - White-breasted Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. ii. p. 299; v. v. p. 473. - - -248. 2. Sitta Canadensis, Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch. - - Plate CV. Male and Female. - -Upper parts of head and hind neck deep black; back light greyish-blue; -quills brownish-black, edged with light greyish-blue; middle -tail-feathers of the same colour, the rest black, the outer two with a -white band near the end; lower parts yellowish-red. Female with the -head paler. - -_Male_, 4-1/2, 8. - -From Maryland to Nova Scotia. Common. One seen in Labrador. Columbia -River. Resident. - - Red-bellied Nuthatch, Sitta canadensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 40. - - Sitta canadensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 96. - - Red-bellied Nuthatch, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 583. - - Red-bellied Nuthatch, Sitta canadensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 24; v. v. p. 474. - - -249. 3. Sitta pusilla, Lath. Brown-headed Nuthatch. - - Plate CXXV. Male and Female. - -Upper part of head and hind neck light reddish-brown, the latter with -a white spot; back light greyish-blue; quills brownish-black, edged -with light greyish-blue; middle tail-feathers of the same colours, the -rest black, the outer three with a broad band of white near the end; -lower parts yellowish-white, the sides greyish-blue. - -_Male_, 4, 8. - -From Texas to Maryland. In the interior to Mississippi. Extremely -abundant. Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and the Carolinas. -Resident. - - Brown-headed Nuthatch, Sitta pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 105. - - Sitta pusilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 97. - - Brown-headed Nuthatch, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 584. - - Brown-headed Nuthatch, Sitta pusilla, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. - p. 151. - - -250. 4. Sitta pygmaea, Vigors. Californian Nuthatch. - - Plate CCCCXV. Figs. 3, 4. Adult. - -Upper part of head and hind neck dull greyish-brown; back dull -leaden-grey; quills and tail-feathers dusky, margined with light grey, -the lateral two feathers on each side with a white band toward the -base; lower parts brownish-white. - -_Adult_, 3-10/12, wing, 3-5/12. - -California. - - Californian Nuthatch, Sitta pygmaea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 163. - - - - -FAMILY XXIV. TROCHILINAE. HUMMINGBIRDS. - - -Bill long, very slender, straight or arched, somewhat depressed at the -base, subcylindrical, flexible, acute. Head rather large; neck of -moderate length; body moderately robust. Feet very short, rather -stout; tarsus extremely short; toes of moderate size; the anterior -coherent at the base, and nearly of equal length, the hind toe -articulated high on the tarsus; claws rather long, arched, much -compressed, very acute. Plumage compact above, soft and blended -beneath, often with metallic lustre; wings very long, extremely -narrow, falciform, with the first quill longest, the other primaries -rapidly diminishing; secondaries extremely short. Tail various, of ten -feathers. Tongue very long, slender, with two flat, thin-edged -terminal filaments, and extensile by means of the elongation of the -hyoid bones, which curve over the head to the fore part of the -forehead, and with their muscles slide in a groove, like those of the -Woodpeckers. Oesophagus narrow, considerably enlarged about the -middle; stomach extremely small, roundish, moderately muscular, its -epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous; intestine very short and -of moderate width; no coeca; cloaca globular. Trachea simple, but -divided very high up on the neck, so that the bronchi are of excessive -length, with a large pair of inferior laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. TROCHILUS, Linn. HUMMINGBIRD. - - -Bill long, subulate, depressed at the base, cylindrical, straight, or -slightly arched, flexible; upper mandible with the ridge narrow at the -base, convex in the rest of its extent, the sides sloping, the edges -soft; lower mandible with the angle extremely acute and elongated, the -sides erect, the tip acute. Nostrils linear, with a membranous flap -above. Head small; neck short; body moderately stout. Feet very short; -middle toe scarcely longer than the rest. Plumage rather blended and -glossy above. Wings very long, extremely narrow; tail rather long, -broad, nearly even. The other characters as above. - - -251. 1. Trochilus Mango, Linn. Mango Hummingbird. - - Plate CLXXXIV. Male and Female. - -Male with the head, hind neck, and back green, splendent with bronze -and golden reflections; wings dusky, changing to purplish-brown; -middle tail-feathers black, glossed with green and blue, the rest deep -crimson-purple, tipped and partially margined with steel-blue; fore -part of neck, and middle of breast velvet-black, margined on each side -with emerald-green, the sides yellowish-green, with a tuft of white -downy feathers; lower tail-coverts dark purple. Female with the upper -parts similar, the tail-feathers more broadly and extensively margined -with blue, and tipped with white; fore neck and centre of the breast -white, with a central longitudinal band of black, and an emerald-green -margin along the sides of the neck and body; lower tail-coverts green. - -_Male_, 4-3/4, 8. - -Florida Keys. Rare. Migratory. - - Trochilus Mango, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 191. - - Mango Humming Bird, Trochilus Mango, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 480. - - -252. 2. Trochilus Anna, Less. Anna Hummingbird. - - Plate CCCCXXV. Male and Female. - -Bill almost straight, acuminate; tail of moderate length, emarginate -and rounded. Head, cheeks, and throat blood-red, changing to gold, and -having a tinge of blue; upper parts light gold-green; quills and -tail-feathers dusky brown; lower parts brownish-white. Female with -merely a patch of red on the throat, upper part of head and cheeks -greenish-grey; upper parts glossy green as in the male; wings dusky, -middle tail-feathers green, the rest greenish-grey at the base, black -toward the end, with the tips white; lower parts dull grey, sides -tinged with brown. - -_Male_, 3-10/12, wing, 2-1/12. - -Rocky Mountains towards California. Common. Migratory. - - Oiseau-mouche Anna, Ornismya Anna, Less. Traite d'Ornith. p. - 281. - - Anna Humming Bird, Trochilus Anna, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 238. - - -253. 3. Trochilus Colubris, Linn. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. - - Plate XLVII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Bill straight, acute; tail of moderate length, even. Upper parts light -green with golden reflections; quills and tail purplish-brown, the two -middle feathers like the back; throat, sides of the head, and fore -neck carmine-purple, spotted with black, varying to crimson, orange, -and deep black; sides light green, the rest of the lower parts -greyish-white mixed with green. Female differs in wanting the -brilliant patch on the throat, which is white, as are the lower parts -generally, and having the three lateral tail-feathers tipped with the -same colour. Young with the lower parts brownish-white, the tail -tipped with white, the upper parts light green. - -_Male_, 3-1/4, 4-1/2. - -In summer, from Texas to Lat. 57 deg., and in all intermediate -districts, east of the Rocky Mountains. Common. Migratory. - - Humming Bird, Trochilus Colubris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. - 26. - - Trochilus Colubris, Bonap. Syn. p. 98. - - Trochilus Colubris, Northern Humming Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 323. - - Ruby-throated Humming Bird, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 588. - - Ruby-throated Humming Bird, Trochilus colubris, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. i. p. 248; v. v. p. 544. - - - - -GENUS II. SELASPHORUS, Swains. RUFFED-HUMMINGBIRD. - - -Bill long, straight, subulate, extremely slender, somewhat depressed -at the base, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, the -ridge narrow at the base, broad and convex toward the end, the sides -convex, the edges overlapping, the tip acuminate; lower mandible with -the angle very long and extremely narrow, the dorsal line straightish, -the edges erect, the tip acuminate. Nostrils basal, linear. Head of -ordinary size, oblong; neck short; body short and ovate. Feet very -small; tarsus very short, feathered more than half-way; toes small, -the lateral equal, the third not much longer, the first a little -shorter than the lateral; claws rather long, arched, compressed, very -acute. Plumage soft and blended; elongated feathers on the sides of -the neck in the males. Wings rather short, falcate, pointed, the -second primary longest. Tail rather long, broad, graduated. - - -254. 1. Selasphorus rufus, Gmel. Rufous Ruffed-Hummingbird.--Nootka -Hummingbird. - - Plate CCCLXXIX. Male and Female. - -Male with the upper parts bright cinnamon or reddish-orange, the head -bronzed green, the wings dusky purple, their coverts glossed with -green; each of the tail-feathers with a narrow, longitudinal, -lanceolate, median streak toward the end; loral space, a narrow band -over the eye, another beneath it, and auricular, orange-red; -scale-like feathers of the throat and sides of the neck splendent, -fire-red, changing to purplish-red, yellowish-red, greenish-yellow, or -yellowish-green; behind them on the fore neck a broad band of -reddish-white; the rest of the lower parts like the upper, the abdomen -inclining to white. Female with the upper parts gold-green, the head -inclining to brown; wings as in the male; tail-feathers orange-red at -the base, brownish-black toward the end, the tip white; lower parts -white, tinged with rufous, especially the sides; throat with roundish -spots of metallic greenish-red. - -_Male_, 3-7/12, wing, 1-((7-1/4)/12). - -From California along the north-west coast to Nootka Sound. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Trochilus rufus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 497. - - Trochilus (Selasphorus) rufus, Cinnamon or Nootka Humming - Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 324. - - Ruffed-necked Humming Bird, Trochilus rufus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iv. p. 555. - - - - -FAMILY XXV. ALCEDINAE. KINGFISHERS. - - -Bill long, straight, stout, broader than high at the base, much -compressed, tapering to a rather acute point, and gape-line commencing -beneath the middle of the eyes. Head large, ovato-oblong; neck short; -body stout. Tarsus extremely short; anteriorly scaly; anterior toes -united for more than half their length, outer longer than inner, hind -toe small. Claws stout, compressed, arched, very acute. Plumage rather -compact. Wings rather long, pointed. Tail various, of twelve feathers. -Tongue very short, fleshy, with the sides parallel, the tip tapering -to a bluntish point. Roof of upper mandible moderately concave, with a -median ridge and oblique lateral grooves. Oesophagus very wide, -without crop; stomach very large, round, with its muscular coat very -thin; the epithelium dense, very thin, with tortuous rugae; intestine -very long, extremely slender; no coeca; cloaca very large, globular. -Trachea with three pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. ALCEDO, Linn. KINGFISHER. - - -Bill long, straight, rather stout, broader than high at the base, but -suddenly much compressed, and tapering to an acute point; upper -mandible with the dorsal line almost straight, the ridge distinct, but -somewhat flattened, the edges nearly straight, without notch, the tip -acute; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length and narrow, -the dorsal line ascending and nearly straight; gape-line commencing -beneath the middle of the eye; nostrils basal, near the ridge, linear, -obliquely ascending, half closed by a bare membrane. Head large, -oblong; neck short; body robust. Feet very short; tarsus extremely -short, roundish, anteriorly faintly scaly; anterior toes cohered for a -great part of the length, outer longer than inner, first small. Claws -rather short, stout, arched, acute. Plumage rather compact, more -blended above. Wings long, pointed, with the second and third quills -longest. Tail short, even, of twelve rounded feathers. - - -255. 1. Alcedo Alcyon, Linn. Belted Kingfisher. - - Plate LXXVII. Male and Female. - -Crested, with the upper parts, cheeks, and a broad belt across the -fore part of the breast, light blue, the shaft of each feather darker; -lower parts, with a small spot before the eye, and another on the -lower eyelid, white; many of the feathers on the sides light blue, -banded with white; quills black; the primaries barred with white at -the base, and having the inner web of that colour for half its length; -the secondaries broadly edged with light blue, dotted and tipped with -white, and having the inner web barred with the same; tail-feathers -dusky, edged with blue, barred and tipped with white. Female similar -to the male, with the tints duller, and the sides with a band across -the middle of the breast light red. - -_Male_, 12-1/2, 20. - -Breeds from Texas all over the United States, to the Fur Countries, -Missouri, Rocky Mountains, and Columbia River. Common. Resident. - - Belted Kingfisher, Alcedo Alcyon, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 59. - - Alcedo Alcyon, Bonap. Syn. p. 48. - - Alcedo Alcyon, Belted Kingfisher, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 339. - - Belted Kingfisher, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 594. - - Belted Kingfisher, Alcedo Alcyon, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 394; v. v. p. 548. - - - - -FAMILY XXVI. PICINAE. WOODPECKERS. - - -Bill long or of moderate length, straight, stout, angulate, tapering, -compressed toward the tip, which is generally wedge-shaped and abrupt; -mandibles nearly equal, outline of the upper slightly convex, the -ridge narrow, sides sloping, with a lateral ridge, edges straight; -lower with the angle short and narrow, the dorsal line nearly -straight, the ridge narrow, the sides with a faint ridge. Nostrils -basal, elliptical or oblong, concealed by reversed bristly feathers. -Head of moderate size, oblong; neck of moderate length; body stout. -Legs short; tarsus short, moderately stout, anteriorly scutellate, -scaly behind; toes usually four, first short, rudimentary, or -sometimes wanting, fourth very long and reversed, equalling or -exceeding the third. Claws large, strong, much curved, much -compressed, very acute. Plumage soft, blended, rather compact on the -back; wings of moderate length or long; with the first quill very -small, the third, fourth, and fifth longest. Tail of moderate length, -much rounded or cuneate, of twelve feathers, of which the lateral are -extremely small, and placed above the next, the rest, but especially -the three middle pairs, with the shafts exceedingly large and strong, -the webs narrowed toward the end, with their filaments deflected and -stiff, the tip pointed or emarginate from being worn. Tongue slender, -with the tip horny and furnished with reversed prickles or bristles, -capable of being protruded to a great length by the elongation of the -hyoid bones, which curve over the head to between the right eye and -nostril, or even extend round a great part of that eye. Oesophagus -of uniform width; proventriculus extremely large; stomach of moderate -size, or rather small, broadly elliptical or roundish, moderately -muscular; epithelium thin, dense, and longitudinally rugous; intestine -of moderate length, rather wide; no coeca; cloaca very large, -globular, or elliptical. Trachea simple, with a single pair of -inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest a cavity dug in a tree; eggs from -four to six, elliptical, white. - -The groups present characters which are so undecided, and exhibit such -gradual approximations, that I think it better here to consider all -our Woodpeckers as of one genus. - - - - -GENUS I. PICUS, Linn. WOODPECKER. - - -Character as above. - -* Bill straight, with the angles prominent. - - -256. 1. Picus imperialis, Gould. Imperial Woodpecker. - - Not figured. - -Glossy greenish-black; the elongated occipital crest scarlet; a -triangular spot on the fore part of the back; the secondary quills, -and the inner webs of most of the primaries, white; bill -yellowish-white. Female similar, but without red on the head. Gould. - -_Male_, 24, wing 12. - -Rocky Mountains and North California. - - Picus imperialis, Gould. Proceed. of Com. Sc. and Corresp. of - Zool. Soc. of Lond. part ii. p. 140. - - Imperial Woodpecker, Picus Imperialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 313. - - -257. 2. Picus principalis, Linn. Ivory-billed Woodpecker. - - Plate LXVI. Male and Female. - -Toes very long, fourth longer than third. An occipital crest of -elongated linear feathers; general colour glossy black, with blue -reflections on the upper, green on the lower parts; crest rich -carmine; bristly feathers covering the nostrils, and a short band at -the base of the upper mandible, a band on each side of the neck, from -the cheek to the end of the scapulars, secondary quills, their bases -excepted, and terminal portion of four inner secondaries, with the -axillars and lower wing-coverts, white; bill yellowish-white. Female -similar, but with the crest black, and the lateral tail-feathers, with -two patches of white at the tip. - -_Male_, 21, 30. _Female_, 19-1/2, wing 10. - -Common in Texas, Louisiana, and along the Mississippi, to the Ohio. -Rare on the latter, to Henderson. From Florida to North Carolina. -Resident. - - Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Picus principalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. iv. p. 20. - - Picus principalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 44. - - Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Picus principalis, Nutt. Man. v. i. - p. 564. - - Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Picus principalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - i. p. 341; v. v. p. 525. - - -258. 3. Picus pileatus, Linn. Pileated Woodpecker.--Log-cock. - - Plate XIII. Male and Female. - -Fourth toe longer, considerably shorter than third; an occipital crest -of elongated linear feathers; general colour black glossed with blue, -upper part of head, and a band from the lower mandible, deep carmine; -loral space and a broad band from the eye to the occiput, -greyish-black; a narrow band from the eye margining the red of the -crest, a band from the base of the upper mandible, down to the side of -the neck, the throat, axillars, lower wing-coverts, and bases of the -quills, white. Female similar, with the fore part of the head dusky, -and the red on the cheek substituted by blackish-brown. - -_Male_, 18, 28. - -From Texas to the Columbia River, and along the Atlantic coast, as -well as in the interior, to the Fur Countries. More abundant in the -south. Resident everywhere. - - Pileated Woodpecker, Picus pileatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. - p. 27. - - Picus pileatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 44. - - Picus (Dryotomus) pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 304. - - Pileated Woodpecker or Log-cock, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 567. - - Pileated Woodpecker, Picus pileatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 74; v. v. p. 533. - - -259. 4. Picus lineatus, Linn. Lineated Woodpecker. - - Not figured. - -Third and fourth toes about equal, hind toe very small; an occipital -crest of elongated near feathers; upper part of the head carmine, -inclining to scarlet; a narrow dusky line from the nostril to the eye; -a patch, including the eyelids and ear-coverts, leaden-grey; a narrow -band down the hind part of the neck, gradually enlarging, the back, -wings, and tail, deep black; a band from the nostrils descending -obliquely over the side of the head, passing backwards and behind the -ear, then much enlarged, and running down the side of the neck to the -shoulders, a large oblique patch at the commencement of the wing, -including the outer scapulars, the small feathers on the edge of the -wing under the alula, the lower wing-coverts, and the inner webs of -the quills for about half the length, pure white; an elongated crimson -patch at the base of the lower jaw; chin yellowish-white, -longitudinally streaked with dusky; the rest of the fore neck and part -of the breast black; the lower parts and sides brownish-white, -transversely barred with black. - -_Male_, 15, wing, 7-2/12. - -Columbia River. - - Picus lineatus, Linn. Syst. Nat v. i. p. 174. - - Lineated Woodpecker, Picus lineatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 315. - - -260. 5. Picus Canadensis, Gmel. Canadian Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXVII. Fig. 7. Male. - -Fourth toe considerably longer than third; fourth quill longest, fifth -longer than second; bristly feathers over the nostrils dull yellow; -upper part of head and hind neck glossy black; over the eye a band of -white, continuous with a transverse band of scarlet on the occiput, -usually interrupted in the middle; a black band from near the bill to -the eye, continued behind it over the auriculars, and joining the back -of the hind neck; beneath this a white band from the angle of the -mouth, curving backwards below the middle of the neck, so as to meet -the other behind; then a narrow band of black from the base of the -lower mandible and continuous with the black of the shoulders; upper -part of the body, wings, and tail, black, feathers along the middle of -the back tipped with white; wing-coverts, the anterior excepted, and -quills spotted with the same, there being on the four longest -primaries seven spots on the outer, and five on the inner webs, on -most of the secondaries five on each web, but on the outer quill only -one patch on each web, and on the second three spots on the outer, and -four on the inner web; four middle tail-feathers glossy black, the -rest black towards the base, that colour gradually diminishing, so -that the outermost is almost entirely white; lower parts white. - -Extremely similar to Picus villosus, but always much larger. - -_Male_, 10-1/2, 17-3/4. - -From the northern parts of New York to the Fur Countries. Common. -Migratory in winter to New York. - - Picus canadensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 437. - - Picus (Dendrocopus) villosus, Hairy Woodpecker, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 305. - - Canadian Woodpecker, Picus canadensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 188. - - -261. 6. Picus Phillipsii, Aud. Phillips's Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXVII. Figs. 5, 6. Male. - -Fourth toe a little longer than third; fourth quill longest; bristly -feathers over the nostrils yellowish-white; fore part of the head, to -a little beyond the top, orange-yellow; occiput and hind neck glossy -black; over the eye a band of white passing to behind the auriculars; -a black band from above the angle of the mouth to the eye, and behind -it, including the auriculars; below this a white band from the angle -of the mouth joining that over the eye; then a narrower black band -from the lower mandible; upper parts black, tinged with brown behind; -feathers along the middle of the back tipped with white; some of the -wing-coverts also tipped with white, and the quills spotted with the -same, there being on the four largest primaries seven spots on the -outer, and five on the inner web; the four middle tail-feathers glossy -black, the rest black at the base, that colour gradually diminishing, -so that the outermost is entirely white; lower parts white. - -_Male_, 10-1/2; wing, 5. - -Massachusetts. Very rare. - - Phillips's Woodpecker, Picus Phillipsii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 186. - - -262. 7. Picus Martinae, Aud. Maria's Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXVII. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Fourth toe slightly longer than third; fourth quill longest, third -longer than fifth; tufts of bristly feathers over the nostrils dull -yellow; upper part of head scarlet; forehead and occiput black; a band -of white over the eye; a black band from the bill to the eye, -continued behind it over the auriculars, and joining the black of the -hind neck; beneath this a band of white from the angle of the mouth, -curving backwards below the middle of the neck, so as almost to meet -its fellow behind; then a band of black from the base of the lower -mandible, and continuous with the black of the shoulders; upper parts -black; feathers along the middle of the back tipped with white; -wing-coverts and quills spotted with the same, there being on the four -longest primaries seven spots on the outer, and four on the inner web, -on most of the secondaries five on each web, but on the outer quill -only one patch on each web, and on the second four spots on the outer, -and three on the inner web; four middle tail-feathers glossy black, -the next black on the inner web, and on the greater part of the outer -toward the base, the rest black only at the base, the two outer being -almost entirely white; lower parts white, tinged with grey, and a -little red, the sides faintly mottled with dusky grey. - -_Male_, 9-2/12; wing, 4-((10-1/2)/12). - -A pair found at Toronto, Upper Canada. - - Maria's Woodpecker, Picus Martinae, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 181. - - -263. 8. Picus Harrisii, Aud. Harris's Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXVII. Fig. 8. Male. Fig. 9. Female. - -Fourth toe considerably longer than third; fourth quill longest, fifth -longer than second; bristly feathers over the nostrils dull yellow, -with the tips black; upper part of the head and hind neck glossy -black; over the eye a band of white, continuous with a transverse -scarlet band on the occiput; a black band in the loral space continued -behind the eye over the auriculars, and joining the black of the hind -neck; beneath is a band of white, from the angle of the mouth, curving -backward below the middle of the neck, but without meeting the other; -then a band of black from the base of the lower mandible, and -continuous with the black of the hind neck and shoulders; upper parts -black, the quills tinged with brown; feather along the middle of the -back largely tipped with white; quills, excepting the inner three, -marked with small roundish spots, of which there are five on the outer -and four on the inner web of the four longest quills, while on the -outer there is only an elongated spot on the inner web, and on the -next one spot on the outer and three on the inner; four middle -tail-feathers black, the next black, with a small part of the inner -web, and a large portion of the outer toward the end, white; the rest -white, with the base black; the outermost small feathers almost -entirely white; lower parts brownish-white. Female wants the red -occipital band. This species is distinguishable from all the other -spotted species, by having no white spots on the wing-coverts. - -_Male_, 9; wing, 5-2/12. - -Columbia River. Rare. - - Harris's Woodpecker, Picus Harrisii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 191. - - -264. 9. Picus villosus, Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -Bill as long as the head; fourth toe considerably longer than third; -fourth and fifth quills longest and equal; bristly feathers over the -nostrils dull yellow, tipped with black; upper part of head and hind -neck glossy black; over the eye a band of white, continuous with a -transverse band of scarlet on the occiput, usually divided in the -middle; a black band from the bill to the eye, continued behind it -over the auriculars, and joining the black of the hind neck; beneath -this, a band of white from the angle of the mouth, curving backwards -below the middle of the neck, so as to meet its fellow behind; then a -black band from the base of the lower mandible; upper parts black, -tinged with brown behind; feathers along the middle of the back, -tipped with white; wing-coverts, the anterior excepted, and quills -spotted with white, there being on the four longest primaries seven on -the outer and five on the inner web, on most of the secondaries five -on each web, but on the outer quill only one patch on each web, and on -the second, two spots on the outer and three on the inner; four middle -tail-feathers glossy black, the rest black only towards the base; -lower parts white, tinged with dull green on the fore neck and breast, -the sides with blackish-grey. Female without red on the head. - -_Male_, 8-3/4, 14-1/2. _Female_, 8-1/2, 15. - -Breeds from Texas to New Hampshire, Kentucky, and Valley of the -Mississippi. Common. Resident. - - Hairy Woodpecker, Picus villosus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 150. - - Picus villosus, Bonap. Syn. p. 46. - - Hairy Woodpecker, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 575. - - Hairy Woodpecker, Picus villosus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 164. - - -265. 10. Picus pubescens, Linn. Downy Woodpecker. - - Plate CXII. Male and Female. - -Bill much shorter than the head, slender; fourth toe considerably -longer than third; fourth quill longest; upper bristles over the -nostrils yellowish, tipped with black; upper part of the head glossy -black; a band of white over the eye ending in a scarlet occipital -band; then a band of black from the eye to the hind neck, succeeded by -one of white from the angle of the mouth, curving so as nearly to meet -its fellow on the hind neck, and a black band from the lower mandible -down the side of the neck. Upper parts black; feathers along the -middle of the back tipped with white; coverts and quills spotted with -white, there being six spots on the outer, and five on the inner webs -of the four longest primaries, the outermost quill with one patch of -white on the inner web, and the next with four spots on each web; -outer small tail-feathers white, with a single black spot, next two -white, with two terminal black bands, the rest variegated, except the -two middle, which are black. Female without red. - -_Male_, 6-3/4, 12. - -Breeds from Texas to Labrador, and northward to Lat. 58 deg. Common -throughout the interior to the eastern bases of the Rocky Mountains. -In every district, a constant resident. - - Downy Woodpecker, Picus pubescens, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 153. - - Picus pubescens, Bonap. Syn. p. 46. - - Picus (Dendrocopus) pubescens, Downy Woodpecker, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 307. - - Downy Woodpecker, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 576. - - Downy Woodpecker, Picus pubescens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 81; v. v. p. 539. - - -266. 11. Picus Gairdnerii, Aud. Gairdner's Woodpecker. - - Not figured. - -Bill shorter than the head, slender; fourth toe considerably longer -than third, fifth quill longest; black above, with a scarlet occipital -band, brownish-white beneath; spotted with white, and in all respects -as to colour like the last species, only the spots on the wings are -much smaller, and the patch of red brocade; the toes and bill larger. - -Length, 6-8/12; wing, 3-10/12. - -Columbia River. - - Gairdner's Woodpecker, Picus Gairdnerii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 317. - - -267. 12. Picus querulus, Wils. Red-cockaded Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCLXXXIX. - -Upper part of the head, hind neck, and a band on each side of the -neck, glossy black; a large patch on the side of the head and neck -white; back black, barred with white; wings brownish-black, spotted -with white, there being eight spots on the outer, and six on the inner -webs of the longest quills; middle tail-feathers black, outer four on -each side white, with black bars; lower parts white, sides of the neck -and body with oblong black spots. Male with a small carmine line -behind the eye. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, 14-1/2. _Female_, 7-3/8, 13-1/4. - -From Texas to New Jersey, along the Atlantic districts. Common. In the -interior to Lower Mississippi. Resident. - - Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Picus querulus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - ii. p. 103. - - Picus querulus, Bonap. Syn. p. 46. - - Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 577. - - Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Picus querulus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 12. - - -268. 13. Picus Auduboni, Trudeau. Audubon's Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXVII. Adult. - -Bill about the length of the head, with the outlines considerably -arched, the tips acute, and not laterally worn; upper parts black, -lower white, with a tinge of brown, the sides very faintly barred with -dusky; tufts covering the nostrils white; on the anterior part of the -top of the head some feathers largely tipped with yellow; a band of -white over the eye; loral space and a broad band behind the eye black; -feathers along the middle of the back tipped with white; wings spotted -with white; six spots on the outer, and four on the inner webs of the -longer primaries; four middle tail-feathers black, the next with the -tip obliquely white, that colour enlarging on the rest, so as to -include almost the whole of the outer feathers. - -_Adult_, 7, 13-1/2. - -Louisiana. - - Picus Auduboni, Audubon's Woodpecker, Trudeau, Journ. Acad. - Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 404. - - Audubon's Woodpecker, Picus Auduboni, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 194. - - -269. 14. Picus ruber. Gmel. Red-breasted Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXVI. Fig. 9. Male. Fig. 10. Female. - -Head, neck, and fore part of breast, deep carmine; upper parts black, -variegated with white, lower pale yellow, with the sides undulated -with dusky; middle tail-feathers with the inner web white, obliquely -banded with black. - -_Male_, 8, 14. _Female_, 8; wing, 5-2/12. - -Upper California. Columbia River. Nootka. Common. Migratory. - - Red-breasted Woodpecker, Picus ruber, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 179. - - -270. 15. Picus varius, Linn. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. - -Male with the crown of the head and throat bright carmine; a -semicircular patch of black on the lower fore neck, and a semilunar -band on the occiput; upper parts bluish-black, variegated with white -and yellow, lower yellow, with the sides undulated with dusky; middle -tail-feathers with the inner web white, obliquely banded with black. -Female similar, but with the throat white, and the yellow of the lower -parts less pure. Young without red on the head or throat, the former -dusky, streaked with faint brown, the latter greyish-white, the upper -parts as in the adult, but duller, the tail variegated with white, the -lower parts dull yellowish-grey, undulated with dusky, the abdomen -dull yellowish. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, 15. - -Breeds from Maryland northward to the Saskatchewan. Rather rare in the -interior in summer. Many spend the winter in the Southern and Western -Districts. - - Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Picus varius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - i. p. 147. - - Picus varius, Bonap. Syn. p. 45. - - Picus (Dendrocopus) varius, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Swains. - & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 309. - - Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 574. - - Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Picus varius. Aud. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 519; v. v. p. 537. - -** Hind toe wanting. Genus _Apternus_ of authors. - - -271. 16. Picus arcticus, Swains. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. - - Plate CXXXII. Male and Female. - -Three-toed, with the upper parts glossy bluish-black, the lower white, -the sides and lower wing-coverts transversely barred with black; tufts -of bristly feathers black; crown of the head saffron-yellow; a white -line from behind the eye, a band of the same from the base of the -upper mandible to beneath the ear-coverts, succeeded by a black band; -inner webs of all the quills and outer webs of the primaries spotted -with white, there being seven spots on the outer, and five on the -inner webs of the three longest; four middle tail-feathers black, the -next with an oblique band of white, the rest black only at the base, -except the outermost, of which nearly all the inner web is of that -colour. Female without yellow on the head. - -_Male_, 10-1/2, 16. - -From the northern parts of New York to the Fur Countries, as well as -along the eastern declivities of the Rocky Mountains. Rather common. -Partially migratory. - - Picus tridactylus, Bonap. Syn. p. 46. - - Northern Three-toed Woodpecker, Picus tridactylus, Bonap. - Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 14. - - Picus (apternus) arcticus, Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, - Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 313. - - Northern Three-toed Woodpecker, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 578. - - Three-toed Woodpecker, Picus tridactylus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 198. - - -272. 17. Picus hirsutus, Vieill. Banded Three-toed Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXVII. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female. - -Three-toed, with the upper parts deep glossy-black, the head with blue -reflections, the back and wings tinged with brown; tufts over nostrils -dull yellow; anterior part of head pale yellow, spotted with white; a -band of white, with small dusky lines, from the angle of the mouth to -the occiput; the back transversely banded with white; inner webs of -all the quills and outer webs of the primaries spotted with white, -there being seven spots on the outer, and five on the inner, webs of -the three longest quills; four middle tail-feathers black, the next -white at the end, the rest white, unless at the base, but the -outermost banded with black. Female with the head black, streaked with -white. - -_Male_, 9; wing, 4-5/12. - -From Lake Superior to the Arctic Sea. Abundant. Resident. - - Picus hirsutus, Vieill. Ois. de l'Amer. v. ii. p. 124. - - Picus (Apternus) tridactylus, Common Three-toed Woodpecker, - Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 311. - - Common Three-toed Woodpecker, Picus hirsutus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 184. - -*** Bill straight, with the angles obsolete, and the upper outline -somewhat arched. - - -273. 18. Picus Carolinus, Linn. Red-bellied Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXV. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female. - -Male with the upper part of the head and hind neck bright carmine; the -back and scapulars transversely banded with black and white; the rump -and tail-coverts with the white predominating; primaries black, with a -band of white; tail black, with the inner webs of the middle, and both -webs of the outer barred with white; lower parts yellowish-white, -abdomen red; lower wing and tail-coverts white, spotted with dusky. -Female similar, but with the top of the head ash-grey and with less -red on the abdomen. - -_Male_, 7-3/4, 15-3/4. _Female_, 8, 14-1/2. - -Breeds from Kentucky in the West, and from Maryland to Nova Scotia and -Canada. Abundant in winter in all the Southern States, from Carolina -to Texas, and especially in the Floridas. - - Red-bellied Woodpecker, Picus carolinus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - i. p. 113. - - Picus carolinus, Bonap. Syn. p. 45. - - Red-bellied Woodpecker, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 572. - - Red-bellied Woodpecker, Picus carolinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 169. - - -274. 19. Picus erythrocephalus, Linn. Red-headed Woodpecker. - - Plate XXVII. Male and Female. - -Head and neck bright crimson, that colour descending on the fore neck, -and margined with a semilunar band of black; back wings and tail -glossy bluish-black; inner secondaries, rump, and lower parts, pure -white. Young with the head and neck brownish-grey, streaked with -dusky; feathers of back and wing-coverts dusky, edged with grey; -secondary quills yellowish-white barred with black; lower parts -greyish-white, the sides streaked with dusky. - -_Male_, 9, 17. _Female_, 8-1/2. - -Breeds from Texas to Nova Scotia, and throughout the interior to the -head waters of the Missouri; thence to Lake Huron. Extremely common. -Great numbers spend the winter in Louisiana. - - Red-headed Woodpecker, Picus erythrocephalus, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. i. p. 142. - - Picus erythrocephalus, Bonap. Syn. p. 45. - - Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 316. - - Red-headed Woodpecker, Picus erythrocephalus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. i. p. 141; v. v. p. 536. - - -275. 20. Picus torquatus, Wils. Lewis's Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXVI. Fig. 7. Male. Fig. 8. Female. - -Upper parts black, highly glossed with dark green; a band across the -forehead, the chin, and a broad patch on the side of the head, -surrounding the eye, deep carmine, or blood-red; beyond this, the -throat and part of the sides of the neck black; a band of dull white -across the hind neck, continuous anteriorly with a large patch of -yellowish-white, occupying the fore neck and part of the breast; the -rest of the breast and the sides bright red; lower wing-coverts, -abdomen, and lower tail-coverts black. Young with the red on the head -scarcely apparent, that on the lower parts mixed with greyish-white, -the fore part of the neck dull grey, and the white ring on the hind -neck wanting; many of the feathers there with one or two white spots -near the end. - -_Male_, 11, wing, 7-2/12. - -Rocky Mountains, and Columbia River. Abundant. Migratory. - - Lewis's Woodpecker, Picus torquatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. - p. 31. - - Picus torquatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 46. - - Lewis's Woodpecker, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 577. - - Lewis's Woodpecker, Picus torquatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 176. - -**** Bill comparatively slender, slightly arched, acute, with the -lateral angles obsolete. Genus _Colaptes_ of authors. - - -276. 21. Picus auratus, Linn. Golden-winged Woodpecker.--Flicker. -Tucker. High-holder. - - Plate XXXVII. Male and Female. - -Male with the upper part of the head and neck ash-grey; a transverse -band of carmine on the hind neck; back, scapulars, and secondaries -light greenish-brown, transversely spotted with black, rump white; -tail-coverts white, with black markings; primaries and tail-feathers -blackish-brown, the shafts yellow; sides of the head and fore neck -light pale purplish-red, inclining to lilac; a black streak on each -side of the throat, and a semilunar patch of the same on the fore part -of the breast; lower parts reddish-white, tinged with yellow, and -spotted with black; lower wing-coverts and inner edges of quills clear -buff, lower surface of quills and tail-feathers yellow, the latter -black toward the end. Female similar, but without the black bands on -the throat. - -_Male_, 12-1/2, 16. - -Breeds from Texas to Nova Scotia, and the Fur Countries. Generally -distributed in the United States. Eastern bases of Rocky Mountains. -Extremely common. Resident in the Southern States. - - Gold-winged Woodpecker, Picus auratus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. - p. 45. - - Picus auratus, Bonap. Syn. p. 44. - - Colaptes auratus, Golden-shafted Woodpecker, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 314. - - Flicker or Golden-winged Woodpecker, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 561. - - Golden-winged Woodpecker, Picus auratus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 191; v. v. p. 540. - - -277. 22. Picus Mexicanus, Swains. Red-shafted Woodpecker. - - Plate CCCCXVI. Fig. 5. Male. Fig. 6. Female. - -Male with the upper part of the head and hind neck light -greyish-brown; forehead and a band over the eye dull red; sides and -fore part of neck ash-grey, with an oblong patch of bright carmine on -each side of the throat; back, scapulars, and secondaries light -reddish-brown, transversely spotted with black; rump white; upper -tail-coverts black, barred with white; primaries blackish-brown, -tail-feathers black, their shafts vermilion; lower parts -reddish-white, spotted with black, of which there is a semilunar patch -on the fore part of the breast; lower wing-coverts, and inner webs of -quills of roseate tints; lower surface of quills and tail-feathers -orange-red, inclining to vermilion, the tail black toward the end. - -_Male_, 13-1/2, wing, 6-10/12. _Female_, 13. - -Rocky Mountains, Columbia River, and northward to the Saskatchewan. -Abundant. Migratory. - - Colaptes mexicanus, Swains. Synop. Birds of Mex. Phil. Mag. N. - 84. - - Colaptes mexicanus, Red-shafted Woodpecker, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 315. - - Red-shafted Woodpecker, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 603. - - Red-shafted Woodpecker, Picus mexicanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 314. - - - - -FAMILY XXVII. CUCULINAE. CUCKOOS. - - -Bill long or of moderate length, broader than high at the base, -compressed toward the end, straight or somewhat arched; upper mandible -with the dorsal line convex or arched, the ridge indistinct, the sides -convex, the edges arched, sharp, without notch, the tip decurved; -lower mandible with the angle rather short, the dorsal line straight -or decurved, the ridge thin, the sides erect or convex, the tip -slightly decurved, acute. Nostrils basal, oblong, generally marginate. -Head of moderate size; neck of ordinary length; body rather slender. -Feet of moderate length; tarsus with broad scutella; toes long, -slender, flat beneath, outer directed outwards or backwards. Claws -long or of moderate length, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage -blended; wings generally long, with the first quill short, the third -and fourth longest. Tail long, of ten feathers; upper mandible very -narrow beneath, with three longitudinal ridges; tongue slender, -emarginate, and papillate at the base, the tip horny, thin, lacerated, -and slit; oesophagus rather wide, without dilatation; stomach large, -round, with the muscular coat very thin, the epithelium soft, rugous; -intestine of moderate length and width; coeca long, oblong, narrowed -at the base. Trachea simple, with a single very slender pair of -inferior laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. COCCYZUS, Vieill. AMERICAN CUCKOO. - - -Bill of moderate length, rather slender, somewhat arched, much -compressed, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line arched, the -ridge rounded, the sides erect toward the end, the edges thin, direct, -the tip narrow, decurved; lower mandible with the angle of moderate -length, rather wider, the dorsal line decurved toward the end, the -sides nearly erect, the edges decurved, the tip narrow; the nostrils -small, oblong, operculate. Eyelids bare, except at the margin. Head -rather small; neck of moderate length; body slender. Feet rather -short; tarsus compressed, rather stout, with seven very broad -scutella; toes slender, compressed, anterior united at the base, first -small. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. -Plumage soft and blended, somewhat compact on the back. Wings of -moderate length, with the first quill very short, the third and fourth -longest. Tail very long, cuneate or graduated. - - -278. 1. Coccyzus Americanus, Linn. Yellow-billed American -Cuckoo.--Rain Crow. Cow-bird. - - Plate II. Male and Female. - -Bill brownish-black above, with the margin of the upper, and nearly -the whole of the lower mandible yellow; margin of the eye yellow; -upper parts light greenish-brown, with a tinge of grey on the head; -lower parts silvery white; quills with the inner webs brownish-orange; -middle tail-feathers like the back, glossed with green, the rest -brownish-black, all tipped with white, that colour gradually enlarging -to the outer, which, besides, has nearly the whole outer web white. - -_Male_, 12-1/2, 16. _Female_, 11-3/4, 15-1/2. - -Breeds from Texas to Nova Scotia, and throughout the interior, to the -eastern bar of the Rocky Mountains. Common. Many spend the winter in -the Floridas. - - Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Cuculus carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. iv. p. 13. - - Coccyzus americanus, Bonap. Syn. p. 42. - - Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 551. - - Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - i. p. 18; v. v. p. 520. - - -279. 2. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Wils. Black-billed American -Cuckoo.--Rain-Crow. Cuckoo-Bird. - - Plate XXXII. Male and Female. - -Bill black; margin of the eye blue, before and behind bright red; -upper parts light greenish-brown; lower parts silvery-white, the -breast and sides faintly tinged with yellow; quills with the inner -webs pale buff toward the base; tail-feathers like the back, tipped -with white. - -_Male_, 11-1/2, 15. - -From Texas to Nova Scotia, and in the interior to Kentucky. Rather -common. Migratory. - - Black-billed Cuckoo, Cuculus erythrophthalmus, Wils. Amer. - Orn. v. iv. p. 15. - - Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Bonap. Syn. p. 42. - - St. Domingo Cuckoo, Coccyzus dominicus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 556. - - Black-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. i. p. 170; v. v. p. 523. - - -280. 3. Coccyzus Seniculus, Lath. Mangrove American Cuckoo. - - Plate CLXIX. Male. - -Upper mandible, and the tip and edges of the lower black, the rest -yellow; upper parts light greenish-brown, with a tinge of grey on the -head; lower parts brownish-orange; inner webs of quills uniform with -the rest; middle tail-feathers like the back, the rest brownish-black, -tipped with white, that colour gradually enlarging to the outer. - -_Male_, 12, 15. - -Florida Keys. Common. Migratory. - - Mangrove Cuckoo, Coccyzus Seniculus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 558. - - Mangrove Cuckoo, Coccyzus Seniculus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 390. - - - - -FAMILY XXVIII. PSITTACINAE. PARROTS. - - -Bill short, bulging, very strong, deeper than broad, convex above and -below; upper mandible cerate at the base, its outline decurved, the -sides convex, the edges sharp, with an angular process, the tip -trigonal, decurved, elongated, acute; lower mandible with the angle -short and wide, the tip thin-edged, rounded, or abrupt. Nostrils -basal, round, open, in the cere. Head very large; neck of moderate -length; body compact. Feet short and robust; tarsus short, scaly; toes -stout, the outer directed backwards, the third and fourth coherent at -the base. Claws stout, curved, acute. Plumage generally blended, but -firm. Wings and tail various. Tongue short, fleshy, rounded, or -emarginate; oesophagus wide, with a large crop; stomach small, -muscular; intestine of moderate length; coeca small; cloaca -globular. - - - - -GENUS I. CENTURUS, Kuhl. PARRAKEET. - - -Bill short, very strong, bulging; upper mandible with the dorsal line -decurved, the sides convex, the edges ascending at the base, then -direct, with a deep notch, the tip decurved, acute; lower mandible -very deep at the base, with the dorsal line convex and ascending, the -tip sharp-edged and truncate. The nostrils basal, round. Feet short, -stout; tarsus very short; toes of moderate length, stout; claws -strong, curved, acute. Plumage blended, compact on the wings, which -are long and pointed, with the second quill longest. Tail long, -cuneate. - - -281. 1. Centurus Carolinensis, Linn. Carolina Parrakeet. - - Plate XXVI. Male, Female, and Young. - -Fore part of the head and cheeks bright carmine, that colour extending -over and behind the eyes, the rest of the head and neck pure bright -yellow; upper parts emerald-green, with light blue reflections, lower -parts lighter; edge of wing yellow, primary coverts deep bluish-green, -secondary coverts yellowish-green; quills with the inner webs dusky, -the outer yellow at the base, blue toward the end; tail green; tibial -feathers yellow, the lowest bright red. Young with the head green. - -_Male_, 14, 22. - -South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, and up the -Mississippi to Kentucky. Abundant. Resident. - - Psittacus carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 141. - - Carolina Parrot, Psittacus carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - iii. p. 89. - - Psittacus carolinensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 41. - - Carolina Parrot, Psittacus carolinensis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. - 545. - - Carolina Parrot, Psittacus carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 135. - - - - -FAMILY XXIX. COLUMBINAE. PIGEONS. - - -Bill short, soft for half its length, horny toward the end; upper -mandible with a tumid fleshy covering at the base, its dorsal line -straight, toward the end convex and deflected, the tip narrow, but -obtuse; lower mandible at its base wider than the upper, its sides -elastic and slender, the angle long and obtuse, the dorsal line short -and convex, the tip obtuse. Nostrils linear in the lower and fore part -of the nasal membrane. Head small, oblong; neck of moderate length; -body rather full. Feet short; tarsus partially feathered, scutellate, -or scaly; toes four, on the same level, broad beneath, marginate; the -first short, the lateral nearly equal, all scutellate above. Claws -moderate, arched, compressed, rather blunt. Plumage generally compact, -the feathers with thick spongy shaft, and destitute of plumule. Wings -and tail various. Tongue rather broad at the base, toward the end -narrow, horny, induplicate, pointed; oesophagus very wide, enlarged -into an enormous crop; stomach a very large and strong gizzard, placed -obliquely, its lateral muscles exceedingly thick, the lower prominent, -the tendons very large, the epithelium dense, with longitudinal broad -rugae, and two opposite grinding surfaces; intestine long, of moderate -width; coeca very small; cloaca oblong. Trachea simple, flattened, -with a single pair of inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest flat, rudely -constructed. Eggs two, elliptical, white. - - - - -GENUS I. COLUMBA, Linn. DOVE. - - -Bill straight, rather short, slender, compressed; upper mandible with -the dorsal line straight at the base, convex toward the end, the -nostrils linear, oblique, covered with a fleshy bare membrane, the -edges sharp toward the end, with a distinct notch, the tip narrow, -sharp-edged, rounded; lower mandible with the angle long and pointed, -the sides erect, the base sloping outwards toward the end, the edges -sharp, the tip narrow, but blunt. Head small, oblong, compressed; neck -of moderate length; body full. Feet short, strong; tarsus very short, -roundish, with a single row of scutella above, and two anterior rows -of large hexagonal scales; toes beneath rather slender, broad and flat -beneath, marginate, with large scutella; hind toe smallest, lateral -about equal. Claws of moderate size, arched, compressed, acute. -Plumage rather compact above, blended beneath; wings long, pointed, -the second and third quills longest. Tail of moderate length, rounded, -of twelve broad rounded feathers. - - -282. 1. Columba fasciata, Say. Band-tailed Dove. - - Plate CCCLXVII. Male and Female. - -Wings long, the second quill longest, the first with the outer web -narrower at the base than beyond the middle; tail of moderate length, -rounded. Head, fore neck, and breast, light reddish-purple, that -colour fading on the abdomen and lower tail-coverts into whitish; a -narrow half-ring of white on the hind neck, the lower part of which is -of a metallic greenish-brown tint; upper parts greyish-blue, tinted -with brown; rump and sides of the body blue; quills brownish-black, -very narrowly margined with brownish-white; tail greyish-blue at the -base, much paler, and tinged with yellow toward the end, these colours -being separated at the distance of two inches from the tip by a band -of black. Female with the black band on the tail less decided, the -middle feathers being but slightly marked with it. - -_Male_, 16, wing, 9. _Female_, 15-1/2. - -From the eastern spurs of the Rocky Mountains, and across them to the -Columbia River. Common. Migratory. - - Columba fasciata. Say, Long's Exped. v. ii. p. 10. - - Columba fasciata, Bonap. Syn. p. 119. - - Band-tailed Pigeon, Columba fasciata, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 77. - - Band-tailed Pigeon, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 624. - - Band-tailed Pigeon, Columba fasciata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 479. - - -283. 2. Columba leucocephala, Linn. White-headed Dove. - - Plate CLXXVII. Male and Female. - -Upper parts dusky greyish-blue, lower paler; quills and tail-feathers -darker; upper part of head white, hind neck dark purplish-brown, lower -part and sides green, changing gold-colour, each feather margined with -deep black. - -_Male_, 14-1/4, 23-1/2. _Female_, 14. - -Florida Keys. Common during summer only. - - Columba leucocephala, Bonap. Syn. p. 119. - - White-headed Pigeon, Columba leucocephala, Bonap. Amer. Orn. - v. ii. p. 15. - - White-crowned Pigeon, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 625. - - White-headed Pigeon, Columba leucocephala, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 443; v. v. p. 557. - - -284. 3. Columba Zenaida, Bonap. Zenaida Dove. - - Plate CLXII. Male and Female. - -Wings of moderate length, with the second quill longest; tail rounded, -upper parts light yellowish-brown; quills brownish-black, narrowly -margined with whitish, seven of the secondaries broadly tipped with -white, the inner secondaries and the coverts with a broad black spot -on the inner web toward the end; middle tail-feathers like the back, -the rest greyish-blue, with broad black band toward the end, the -extremity bluish-white; lower parts light brownish-red, paler on the -throat, and passing into greyish-blue on the sides; lower wing-coverts -light blue; a small spot of deep blue immediately behind the eye, a -large one of brilliant rich blue a little below, on the side of the -neck; and a band of splendent purple over the back and sides of the -neck. - -_Male_, 11-1/2, 18-1/8. _Female_, 10-1/2. - -Florida Keys during summer only. Common. - - Columba Zenaida, Bonap. Syn. p. 119. - - Zenaida Dove, Columba Zenaida, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. - - Zenaida Dove, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 625. - - Zenaida Dove, Columba Zenaida, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 354; - v. v. p. 558. - - -285. 4. Columba montana, Linn. Key-West Dove. - - Plate CLXVII. Male and Female. - -Wings of moderate length, with the third quill longest, the outer webs -of the outer five quills narrowed in the middle; tail rounded. Upper -part brownish-red; upper part of head and hind neck shining with -purplish and light green reflections; sides of the neck -cream-coloured, changing to lilac, with green, blue, and purple tints -behind; back and scapulars also splendent with purplish-red; a broad -band from the lower mandible beneath the eye, and the throat white; -fore neck and breast pale purple, the rest cream-coloured. - -_Male_, 11-3/4, 17-1/2. - -Key West only during summer. Not rare. - - Columba montana, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 281. - - Key-West Pigeon, Columba montana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. - 382. - - -286. 5. Columba passerina, Linn. Passerine Dove.--Ground Dove. - - Plate CLXXXII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Wings of moderate length, with the third quill longest, the first -having the outer web narrow at the base, the next four with a -contraction toward the end; tail rounded. Male with the forehead, -sides of the head, anterior and lateral parts of the neck, breast, and -sides, light purplish-red, the central part of the neck-feathers -dusky; hind head and neck pale blue, the feathers edged with dark -grey; back brownish-grey; primaries and their coverts deep -chestnut-red, margined externally, and tipped with dusky; secondary -quills and their coverts pale grey, tinged with red; smaller inner -secondaries, with their coverts and some of the smaller coverts, with -oblong glossy blue spots; lower wing-coverts deep chestnut-red; -tail-feathers, except the middle two, blue at the base, bluish-black -toward the end. Female paler; the forehead and wing-coverts but -slightly tinged with red, the hind neck less blue, and the spots on -the wings of smaller extent, and more purple. Young resemble the -female, with a tinge of yellow beneath. - -_Male_, 6-3/4, 11. _Female_, 6-1/4. - -Throughout the Floridas and their Keys, as well as from Louisiana to -North Carolina, including Alabama and Georgia. Pretty abundant. -Resident. - - Columba passerina, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 285. - - Ground Dove, Columba passerina, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 15. - - Columba passerina, Bonap. Syn. p. 120. - - Ground Dove, Columba passerina, Aud. Amer. Ornith. v. ii. p. - 471; v. v. p. 558. - - - - -GENUS II. STARNAENAS, Bonap. GROUND-DOVE. - - -Bill of moderate length, slender, compressed toward the end; upper -mandible with a tumid fleshy covering at the base, the tip convex, -declinate, obtuse. Nostrils oblique, linear. Head small, compressed; -neck of moderate length; body full, robust. Legs stout; tarsus longer -than the hind toe, covered anteriorly and laterally with subhexagonal -scales; toes of moderate length. Claws rather small, arched, -compressed, obtuse. Plumage compact. Wings short, rounded; third, -fourth, and fifth quills longest, and almost equal; second, third, -fourth, fifth, and sixth, cut out on the outer web. Tail of moderate -length, slightly rounded, of twelve broad, rounded feathers. Tongue -and digestive organs as in the preceding genus. - - -287. 1. Starnaenas cyanocephala, Linn. Blue-headed Ground-Dove. - - Plate CLXXII. Male and Female. - -Upper parts rich chocolate, slightly tinged with olive; lower parts -brownish-red, anteriorly tinged with purplish-red, lighter on the -middle of the breast, the sides and lower tail-coverts approaching to -the colour of the back; upper part of head bright blue, encircled by a -band of deep black, broader on the occiput, and very narrow in front; -a band of white, under the eye, meeting its fellow on the chin; a -broad patch of black on the fore neck, margined with white beneath, -and on the sides having a patch of light blue. - -_Male_, 12-1/4, 17-1/2. - -Accidental on the southernmost Florida Keys in summer only. - - Columba cyanocephala, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 282. - - Blue-headed Pigeon, Columba cyanocephala, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - ii. p. 411; v. v. p. 557. - - - - -GENUS III. ECTOPISTES, Swains. LONG-TAILED-DOVE. - - -Bill straight, of ordinary length, rather slender, broader than high -at the base, with a tumid fleshy covering, compressed toward the end. -Head small, oblong; neck of moderate length; body rather slender. Feet -short; tarsus as short as the hind toe and claw, anteriorly -scutellate; outer toe slightly shorter than inner; claws rather short, -stout, arched, obtuse. Plumage compact above; blended, but firm -beneath. Wings long; first and second quills longest, and about equal. -Tail long, cuneate, pointed. Digestive organs as in the preceding -genus. - - -288. 1. Ectopistes migratoria, Linn. Wandering -Long-tailed-Dove.--Passenger Pigeon. - - Plate LXII. Male and Female. - -Twelve tail-feathers. Male with the upper part and sides of the head -light blue; throat, fore neck, and breast, light brownish-red, sides -and lower wing-coverts light blue, abdomen and lower tail-coverts -white; upper parts greyish-blue; lower part of neck behind and along -the sides changing to gold, emerald-green, and rich crimson; some of -the wing-coverts with a black spot; quills and larger coverts -blackish-brown; primaries edged with blue at the base, with -reddish-white toward the end; middle tail-feathers bluish-black, the -rest pale blue at the base, with a patch of red and a band of black on -the inner web, white in the rest of their extent. Female with the -tints much duller, the upper parts inclining to yellowish-brown, the -dark spots on the wings more numerous, the lower parts pale greyish, -anteriorly tinged with yellowish-brown. In a female examined, the -anterior part of the tarsus has two rows of scales, while in a male -that part is broadly scutellate. - -_Male_, 16-1/4, 25. _Female_, 15, 23. - -Wanders continually in search of food throughout all parts of North -America. Wonderfully abundant at times in particular districts. - - Columba migratoria, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 285. - - Passenger Pigeon, Columba migratoria, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. - p. 102. - - Columba migratoria, Bonap. Syn. p. 120. - - Columba (Ectopistes) migratoria, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 363. - - Passenger Pigeon, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 629. - - Passenger Pigeon, Columba migratoria, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. - 319; v. v. p. 561. - - -289. 2. Ectopistes Carolinensis, Linn. Carolina Long-tailed-Dove. - - Plate XVII. Male and Female. - -Fourteen tail-feathers. Male with the crown of the head and hind part -of the neck light blue; fore neck and breast light purplish-red, sides -and lower wing-coverts light blue, abdomen and lower tail-coverts pale -yellow; upper parts light yellowish-brown; lower part of neck behind -and along the sides changing to gold and purplish-red; some of the -wing-coverts with a black spot; quills and larger coverts -greyish-brown, inclining to greyish-blue at the base, and very -narrowly edged with whitish; middle tail-feathers like the back, the -rest blue at the base, bluish-white toward the end, with a black band -intervening between the two colours. Female smaller, with the tints -duller, the upper part of the head scarcely tinged with blue. - -_Male_, 12, 17. _Female_, 11, 15-1/2. - -Breeds from Texas to Massachusetts, and throughout the interior to the -eastern bases of the Rocky Mountains, and again on the Columbia River. -Common. Resident in all the Southern Districts. - - Columba carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 286. - - Carolina Pigeon or Turtle-Dove, Columba carolinensis, Wils. - Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 91. - - Columba carolinensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 119. - - Carolina Pigeon or Turtle-Dove, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 626. - - Carolina Turtle-Dove, Columba carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - i. p. 91; v. v. p. 555. - - - - -FAMILY XXX. PAVONINAE. PAVONINE BIRDS. - - -Bill rather short, moderately stout, broader than high at the base, -somewhat compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its extremity -arched, thin-edged, and obtuse; lower narrowed and blunt. Head -partially denuded, rather small, oblong; neck long; body very large. -Feet stout, rather long; tarsus anteriorly scutellate; hind toe -elevated, anterior toes webbed at the base. Claws rather denuded, -obtuse. Plumage full, the feathers with a very large plumule and short -tube; those of the hind part of the back much developed. Wings of -moderate length, convex, rounded. Tail very large, of more than twelve -feathers. Tongue triangular, pointed; oesophagus dilated into an -enormous crop; stomach a very powerful gizzard, roundish, or -transversely elliptical, with very large muscles, and dense -epithelium, having two concave grinding surfaces; intestines long, and -rather wide; coeca very large, oblong, internally with elevated -reticulated ridges. Trachea cylindrical, without inferior laryngeal -muscles. Nest on the ground, rudely constructed. Eggs numerous. Young -covered with stiffish down. - - - - -GENUS I. MELEAGRIS, Linn. TURKEY. - - -Bill rather short, moderately stout, nearly straight, broader than -high at the base, somewhat compressed toward the end; upper mandible -with the dorsal line sloping and straight, toward the end decurved, -nasal membrane large and bare, ridge and sides rounded, edges sharp, -without notch, tip thin-edged, rounded; lower mandible with the angle -very long, and rather wide, the dorsal line slightly convex, the edges -sharp toward the end, decurved, the tip thin-edged and obtuse. -Nostrils linear, with a large horny operculum. Head bare, with a long -fleshy wattle at the base of the bill; neck bare, carunculate, -slightly feathered behind. Head small, oblong; neck rather long; body -very full. Feet large and strong; tarsus rather long, stout, -compressed, with two rows of scutella in front, and the same behind, -where there is also a conical slightly recurved spur, about a third -from the lower extremity; toes of moderate length, stout, scutella; -first small and elevated; lateral about equal, third much longer; -anterior webbed at the base. Claws of moderate length, stout, arched, -somewhat compressed, obtuse. Plumage compact, glossy; feathers very -broad and truncate; those of the rump elongated. Wings of moderate -length, concave, much rounded, with the fourth and fifth quills -longest; secondaries very long and broad. Tail rather long, very -broad, much rounded, of fourteen or eighteen very broad, broadly -rounded feathers. Oesophagus dilated into a very large crop; stomach -transversely elliptical, extremely muscular; intestines long and wide; -coeca very large, oblong. - - -290. 1. Meleagris Gallopavo, Linn. Common Turkey. - - Plate I. Male. Plate VI. Female and Young. - -Tail with eighteen feathers. Male with a long tuft of bristles pendent -from the lower part of the neck in front; frontal wattle blue and red, -skin of the neck and head of various tints of blue and purple, -caruncles bright red, changing to blue, legs purplish-red; upper parts -brownish-yellow, with metallic lustre, changing to deep purple, -fire-red, and bronzed green, the truncated tips of the feathers -margined with velvet-black; on the hind parts, the black bands much -broader; upper tail-coverts deep chestnut, glossed; wing-coverts like -the back, excepting the primary coverts, which, with the quills, are -dusky, transversely banded with white, the inner minutely mottled with -dusky, on a light brownish-red ground; tail-feathers chestnut-red, -narrowly barred and minutely dotted with black, a subternal broad band -of black, the tips plain chestnut; lower parts like the upper, the -tuft of bristles black. Female considerably inferior in size, with the -wattles much smaller, the tuft on the breast comparatively small, and -only in old birds; the colours of the plumage duller, there being -little of the refulgent hues of the male; the lower parts -brownish-black. Young before being fledged, are pale brownish-yellow -above, pale yellowish-grey beneath, the top of the head brighter, -marked in the middle with a longitudinal pale brown band; the back and -wings spotted with brownish-black, excepting the smaller wing-coverts, -which are uniformly dull brown. - -_Male_, 49, 68. _Female_, 37, 54. - -Breeds from Texas to Massachusetts and Vermont. In the interior to the -Missouri, and thence northward to Michigan. Common. Resident, though -removing to considerable distances in autumn, in quest of food. - - Meleagris Gallopavo, Bonap. Syn. p. 122. - - Wild Turkey, Meleagris Gallopavo, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. - 79. - - Wild Turkey, Meleagris Gallopavo, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 630. - - Wild Turkey, Meleagris Gallopavo, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 1, - 33; v. v. p. 559. - - - - -FAMILY XXXI. PERDICINAE. PARTRIDGES. - - -Bill very short, stout, broader than high at the base, with the upper -mandible convex, thin-edged, obtuse, the lower with the dorsal line -convex, the tip rounded. Head small, oblong; neck of moderate length, -or rather short; body very bulky. Feet rather of moderate length, -stout; tarsus bare, anteriorly scutellate; hind toe rather small, -third long, lateral nearly equal, all scutellate, anterior webbed at -the base. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, obtuse. Plumage full and -strong; feathers with the plumule much developed. Wings rather short, -convex, rounded. Tail generally short and rounded, of more than twelve -feathers. Tongue triangular, pointed; oesophagus with a very large -crop; stomach a very strong muscular gizzard, with the lateral muscles -highly developed, the epithelium dense, with two concave grinding -surfaces; intestine long, and of moderate width; coeca very large, -oblong, internally with reticulate ridges. Trachea without inferior -laryngeal muscles. Nest on the ground, rudely constructed. Eggs -numerous. Young covered with stiffish down. - - - - -GENUS I. ORTYX, Steph. AMERICAN PARTRIDGE. - - -Bill very short, robust, rather obtuse; upper mandible with the -outline decurved from the base, the ridge narrow at the base, on -account of the breadth of the nasal membrane, somewhat distinct in its -whole length, with the sides convex, the gape-line arched, the edges -thin, without notch, the tip decurved, thin-edged, obtuse; lower -mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line slightly -convex, the sides rounded, the edges involute, the tip rounded. -Nostrils basal, linear, operculate, nearly concealed. Head of ordinary -size, ovato-oblong; neck rather short; body full. Feet of moderate -length; tarsus shorter than the middle toe, with two anterior series -of large scales; first toe small and elevated; third very long, second -shorter than third, scutellate, connected at the base by webs of a -considerable extent. Claws rather stout, arched, compressed, rather -acute. Plumage dense, rather compact; wings short, concave, rounded. -Tail short, rounded, of twelve feathers. A bare space behind the eyes. -Tongue triangular, fleshy; oesophagus with an ovate oblique crop on -the fore part of the neck; stomach a very large and strong gizzard, -broader than long, placed obliquely, with concave grinding surfaces; -intestine long and wide; coeca large. - - -291. 1. Ortyx Virginiana, Linn. Common American Partridge. - - Plate LXXVI. Male, Female, and Young. - -Male with a short broad crest; the forehead, a broad band over the -eye, and the throat, white; loral space, a band below the eye, and a -broad semilunar band on the fore neck, black; upper part of the head, -hind and lower part of the neck all round, brownish-red; upper parts -variegated with chestnut-red, black, grey, and yellowish; lower -yellowish-white, undulatingly barred with black, the sides streaked -with red. Female similar, but without a black band on the fore neck, -its place being merely spotted, and with the throat and a band over -the eye brownish-yellow. Young with the feathers having a central -yellowish line, the lower parts dull yellowish-brown, without black -bands. - -_Male_, 10, 15. _Female_, 9-1/2, 14. - -Breeds abundantly from Texas to Massachusetts; in the interior, high -on the Missouri, and in all intermediate districts. - - Quail or Partridge, Perdix virginiana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. - p. 21. - - Perdix virginiana, Bonap. Syn. p. 124. - - American Partridge or Quail, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 647. - - Virginian Partridge, Perdix virginiana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. - p. 388; v. v. p. 564. - - -292. 2. Ortyx Californica, Lath. Californian Partridge. - - Plate CCCCXIII. Fig. 10. Male and Female. - -On the top of the head an elegant crest of six elongated, recurved, -clavate feathers, of which the webs are deflected. Male with the -forehead dull yellow, the crest black; upper part of head dark brown, -margined with a band of white; throat deep black, margined with a -semilunar band of white, curving up to the eyes; hind part and sides -of neck light ash-grey, beautifully marked with black, each feather -having a marginal band and central line of that colour; lower half of -neck anteriorly, and a part of the breast, greyish-blue, the rest of -the breast light yellowish, its central part chestnut, with semilunar -black bands; sides olive-brown, each feather with a central white -streak; the rest of the lower parts light yellowish-brown, faintly -barred with dusky, the lower tail-coverts with a central dark brown -streak; back and wings greyish-brown, tinged with olive, outer -secondaries margined externally, inner internally, with light red; -tail bluish-grey, edged with olivaceous. Female with the tuft shorter, -the colours duller; the upper part of the head dull brown, throat and -cheeks brownish-white, streaked with dusky; hind part and sides of -neck greyish-brown, each feather with a medial and marginal band of -black, as in the male, but fainter; lower part of neck and part of -breast brownish-grey; the rest of the upper and lower parts as in the -male. - - _Male_, 9-1/4, wing 4-7/12. _Female_, 9, wing 4-7/12. - -Upper California. Abundant. Resident. - - Californian Partridge, Perdix californica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 152. - - -293. 3. Ortyx plumifera, Gould. Plumed Partridge. - - Plate CCCCXXII. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. - -On the top of the head two linear-lanceolate decurved feathers, having -their webs deflected; upper part of head, hind neck, fore part of -back, lower part of fore neck, and a part of the breast, greyish-blue; -feathers along the base of the bill, and a band from the eye down the -side of the neck, white; elongated feathers on the head black; throat -deep chestnut, margined on each side with a black line; back and rump -reddish-brown; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown, margined with -reddish-brown; inner secondaries broadly margined internally with -white; middle of breast chestnut, as are the upper hypochondrial -feathers, which are margined on their inner web toward the end with a -narrow black and a broad white band, the intervening space on the -sides broadly banded with white, black, and chestnut. Female somewhat -less, similar to the male, but less brightly coloured. - -_Male_, 11, wing 5-3/4. _Female_, 10, wing 5-1/2. - -Columbia River, and Upper California. Rather rare. Migratory. - - Plumed Partridge, Perdix plumifera, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 226. - - -294. 4. Ortyx neoxenus, Vigors. Welcome Partridge. - - Plate CCCCXXIII. Fig. 3. Young. - -Crest short, straight, directed backwards, of about half a dozen -elongated feathers; upper parts olive-brown, a rufous streak behind -the eye; wing-coverts dark brown, with light margins; quills dusky -brown, some of them slightly marked on the edges with paler spots; -tail dusky, with about eight waved irregular lines of pale brown; -lower parts dark brown, copiously marked with roundish white spots. - -Length 7-1/2, wing 4-3/8. - -California. - - Welcome Quail, Ortyx neoxenus, Vig. Gard. and Menag. of Zool. - Soc. v. ii. p. 311. - - Welcome Partridge, Perdix neoxenus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 228. - - - - -FAMILY XXXII. TETRAONINAE. GROUSE. - - -Bill short, stout, with the upper mandible convex, thin edged, without -notches, its tip thin edged, obtuse, the lower mandible with the -dorsal line slightly convex, the edges thin, the tip rounded. Head -small, oblong; neck of moderate length; body very bulky. Feet short, -stout; tarsus partially or entirely feathered; hind toe small, third -long, lateral nearly equal, all scutellate, anterior webbed at the -base. Claws moderate or long, arched, rather depressed, blunt. Plumage -full and soft; feathers with the plumule much developed. Wings rather -short, convex, rounded. Tail various, of more than twelve feathers. A -bare coloured space on each side of the neck, usually concealed by the -feathers; but in some species capable of being distended so as to -protrude. A bare red membrane over the eye, more developed in the -males. Tongue triangular, pointed; oesophagus with an enormous crop; -stomach a very powerful gizzard, having the lateral muscles extremely -developed, the epithelium dense, with two concave grinding surfaces; -the intestine long and wide; coeca excessively elongated, -cylindrical, with internal longitudinal ridges. Nest on the ground, -rudely constructed. Eggs numerous, spotted. Young covered with -stiffish down. - - - - -GENUS I. TETRAO, Linn. GROUSE. - - -Bill short, robust; upper mandible with the dorsal line decurved, the -ridge convex, narrowed at the base, the sides convex, the edges sharp -and overlapping, the tip thin-edged and rounded; lower mandible with -the angle long and wide, the dorsal line convex, the sides rounded, -the edges inflected, the tip rounded. Nostrils roundish, in the fore -part of the large and feathered nasal depression. Head small, ovate; -neck of ordinary length; body large and full. Feet stout, of moderate -length; tarsus short, feathered, at the lower part sometimes bare, and -scutellate; toes bare, scutellate, with a marginal fringe of pectinate -scales. Claws rather large, arched, compressed, obtuse. Plumage full, -soft, rather blended. Wings rather short, convex, much rounded, the -third and fourth quills longest. Tail rounded, of more than twelve -feathers. - -* Tarsus partially bare. - - -295. 1. Tetrao Umbellus, Linn. Ruffed Grouse.--Partridge Pheasant. - - Plate XLI. Male and Female. - -Male with the feathers of the head narrow and elongated into a -decurved tuft; an erectile ruff of broad, abrupt, glossy feathers, in -two tufts; tail of eighteen feathers, rounded. Upper part of head and -hind part of neck bright yellowish-red, variegated with dusky; back -chestnut, marked with oblong white spots, margined with black; quills -brown, their outer webs pale yellowish-red, spotted with dusky; upper -tail-coverts banded or spotted with black; tail reddish-yellow, -narrowly barred and minutely mottled with black, and terminated by a -broad band of the latter, between two narrow bands of greyish-white; a -yellowish-white band from the bill to the eye, beyond which it is -prolonged; throat and fore neck light brownish-yellow; lower -ruff-feathers of the same colour, barred with reddish-brown, upper -black, glossed with blue; lower parts yellowish-white, with broad -transverse spots of dusky or brown. Female with the crest and ruff -less developed, the latter of a duller black; the tints of the plumage -duller than in the male. In the northern parts the plumage is -generally less red, but otherwise similar. - -_Male_, 18, 24. - -Common from Maryland to Labrador, and in the interior, from the -mountainous districts to Canada and the Saskatchewan. Columbia River. -Resident. - - Ruffed Grouse, Tetrao umbellus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 46. - - Tetrao umbellus, Bonap. Syn. p. 126. - - Tetrao umbellus, Ruffed Grouse, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 342. - - Ruffed Grouse, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 657. - - Ruffed Grouse, Tetrao Umbellus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 211; - v. v. p. 560. - -** Tarsus feathered to the toes. Tail rather long, broad, rounded. - - -296. 2. Tetrao Canadensis, Linn. Canada Grouse.--Spotted Grouse. - - Plate CLXXVI. Male and Female. - -Tail of sixteen feathers, rounded. Male with the upper parts -transversely banded with brownish-black and light grey; wings -variegated with dusky and greyish-yellow; quills brown, the outer webs -of the primaries mottled with yellowish; tail blackish-brown, tipped -with a band of reddish-yellow; lower parts black; the feathers on the -throat with a white spot near the end; a band of white spots behind -the eye; on the breast, the feathers with a broad subterminal spot; -and the lower tail-coverts largely tipped with white. Female with the -upper parts as in the male, but more broadly barred; head, sides of -neck, fore neck, and anterior part of breast, yellowish-red, barred -with brownish-black; lower parts greyish-black, barred with -reddish-white; tail minutely mottled, and tipped with reddish-brown. - -_Male_, 15-3/4, 21-3/4. _Female_, 15-1/2, 21. - -Plentiful from the northern parts of New York to Labrador, as well as -from Canada to the Arctic Sea. Columbia River. Partially migratory in -winter. - - Spotted Grouse, Tetrao canadensis, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iii. - pl. 20. - - Tetrao canadensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 127. - - Tetrao canadensis, Spotted Grouse, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 346. - - Tetrao Franklinii, Franklin's Grouse, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 348. - - Spotted Grouse, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 667. - - Spotted or Canada Grouse, Tetrao canadensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. ii. p. 437; v. v. p. 563. - - -297. 3. Tetrao obscurus, Say. Dusky Grouse. - - Plate CCCLXI. Male and Female. - -A slender crest of narrow feathers; tail of twenty feathers; rounded. -Male with the upper parts blackish-brown, the wings lighter; elongated -feathers on the head greyish-brown; hind neck minutely undulated with -bluish-grey; scapulars, inner secondaries, and smaller wing-coverts -also minutely undulated with grey and brownish-red; rump and upper -tail-coverts and quills clove-brown, secondaries bordered and tipped -with yellowish-grey, primaries mottled with grey on their outer webs, -tail black; sides of head, fore part and sides of neck, and fore part -of breast, greyish-black; loral space and throat barred with white; -lower parts generally blackish-grey, the feathers of the sides with a -median streak and terminal patch of white, and more or less barred -with dusky, as are the lower tail-coverts; axillary feathers and -inner wing-coverts white; tarsal feathers brownish-grey. Female -considerably smaller, with the upper parts greyish-brown, barred with -dusky, and minutely undulated; the fore neck banded with brown and -pale sienna, the rest of the lower parts as in the male, but paler. - -_Male_, 22, wing 9-1/2. _Female_, 19-1/2, wing 9. - -From the eastern spurs of the Rocky Mountains, to the Columbia River, -and northward to Hudson's Bay. Abundant. Resident. - - Tetrao obscurus, Say, Long's Exped. - - Tetrao obscurus, Bonap. Syn. p. 127. - - Dusky Grouse, Tetrao obscurus, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iii. pl. - 18. - - Tetrao obscurus, Dusky Grouse, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 344. - - Dusky Grouse, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 666. - - Dusky Grouse, Tetrao obscurus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 446. - -*** Tail very short, transversely arched, much rounded. - - -298. 4. Tetrao Cupido, Linn. Pinnated Grouse. - -Feathers of the crown elongated; two tufts of lanceolate elongated -feathers on the sides of the neck, under which is an oblong bare -orange-coloured space on either side, capable of being inflated; tail -very short, much rounded, of eighteen feathers. Male with the upper -parts blackish-brown, transversely marked with broad undulating bands -of light yellowish-red; wing-coverts and secondaries of a lighter -brown, tinged with grey, and barred with pale red: primary quills -greyish-brown, with black shafts, and spots of pale reddish on the -outer webs, tail dark brown, narrowly tipped with dull white, the two -middle feathers mottled with brownish-red; loral space, a band from -the lower mandible over the cheek, and the throat, pale yellowish-red; -a band of blackish-brown under the eye; extending to the ear-coverts, -and another on the side of the throat; cervical tufts, with the -feathers dark brown on the outer webs, pale yellowish-red and margined -with dusky on the inner; lower parts greyish-white, tinged with yellow -on the sides, with large transverse curved bands of greyish-brown; -lower tail-coverts arranged in three series, dusky at the base, white -at the end; tibial and tarsal feathers grey, obscurely and minutely -banded with yellowish-brown. Female considerably smaller, without the -crest, cervical tufts, or air-bags, but otherwise similar to the male. - -_Male_, 18, 27-1/2. - -Abundant from Texas throughout all the western prairies, to very high -up the Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, and Ohio. Almost extirpated in -the Middle and Eastern Districts. Resident. - - Pinnated Grouse, Tetrao Cupido, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. - 104. - - Tetrao Cupido, Bonap. Syn. p. 126. - - Pinnated Grouse, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 662. - - Pinnated Grouse, Tetrao Cupido, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 490; - v. v. p. 559. - -**** Toes partially feathered. Tail graduated. - - -299. 5. Tetrao Urophasianus, Bonap. Pheasant-tailed Grouse.--Cock of -the Plains. - - Plate CCCLXXI. Male and Female. - -Male with bristle-feathers on the sides of the neck, on its lower part -small, scale-like feathers; a large bare yellow space on each side, -capable of being inflated; tail long, graduated, of twenty, stiffish, -acuminate feathers. Upper parts light yellowish-brown, variegated with -brownish-black, and yellowish-white; primary quills chocolate-brown, -thin outer webs, and part of their inner margins mottled with -yellowish-white; tail with about ten bands of yellowish-white on the -outer webs, which are otherwise variegated like the back, the inner -webs nearly plain brown; throat and fore part of neck whitish, -longitudinally spotted with brownish-black; a narrow white band across -the throat; sides of the neck, and fore part of breast pure white; -sides variegated like the back; axillars and lower wing-coverts white; -and part of breast and abdomen black; lower tail-coverts -brownish-black, largely tipped with white; tibial and tarsal feathers -brownish-grey, faintly barred with brown. Female much smaller, and -differing in being destitute of the bare skin on the neck, the plumage -entirely of ordinary texture, the tail less elongated, with the -feathers less narrow; upper parts variegated as in the male, lower -dull yellowish-grey, undulated and streaked with dusky; middle of -breast brownish-black, lower tail-coverts tipped with white. - -_Male_, 30, 36. _Female_, 22. - -Rocky Mountains and Columbia River, northward. Once seen on the -Missouri. Abundant. Partially migratory from high to low grounds in -autumn and winter. - - Tetrao urophasianus, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iii. pl. 21. - - Tetrao (Centrocercus) urophasianus. Cock of the Plains, - Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 358. - - Cock of the Plains, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 666. - - Cock of the Plains, Tetrao urophasianellus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 503. - - -300. 6. Tetrao Phasianellus, Linn. Sharp-tailed Grouse. - - Plate CCCLXXXII. Male and Female. - -A decurved crest of narrow feathers; a bare space on each side of the -neck capable of being inflated; tail short, much graduated, of sixteen -feathers, all of which are more or less concave, excepting the two -middle ones along the inner edge, obliquely and abruptly terminated, -the two middle projecting an inch beyond the next. Upper parts -variegated with light yellowish-red, brownish-black, and white, the -latter in terminal triangular, or guttiform spots on the scapulars and -wing-coverts; quills greyish-brown, primaries with white spots on the -outer web, secondaries tipped and barred with white; tail white, at -the base variegated, the two middle feathers like the back; loral -space, and a band behind the eye yellowish-white, a dusky streak under -the eye; throat reddish-white, with dusky spots; fore parts and sides -of neck barred with dusky and reddish-white; on the breast the dusky -spots become first curved, and then arrow-shaped; and so continue -narrowing on the hind part of the breast and part of the sides, of -which the upper portion is barred; abdomen, lower tail-coverts, and -axillars, white; tarsal feathers light brownish-grey, faintly barred -with whitish. Female smaller, but similar to the male, with the tints -duller. - -_Male_, 17-1/2, 23. - -Missouri, Lat. 41 deg., to Slave Lake, Lat. 61 deg. Rocky Mountains. -Abundant on the Saskatchewan Plains. Accidental in the northern parts -of Illinois. Resident. - - Tetrao Phasianellus, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 37. - - Tetrao Phasianellus, Bonap. Syn. p. 127. - - Tetrao (Centrocercus) Phasianellus, Sharp-tailed Grouse, - Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 361. - - Sharp-tailed Grouse. Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 669. - - Sharp-tailed Grouse, Tetrao Phasianellus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 569. - - - - -GENUS II. LAGOPUS. PTARMIGAN. - - -Bill short, robust; upper mandible with its dorsal outline decurved, -the ridge indistinct and rounded, the sides convex, the edges -overlapping, the tip declinate, thin-edged, rounded; lower mandible, -with the angle of moderate length and rounded, the dorsal line convex, -the sides rounded, the edges a little inclinate, the tip rounded; -nasal sinuses large and covered with feathers, leaving the ridge -narrow between them. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the -feathers. Head small, ovate; neck rather long; body bulky. Feet rather -short, stout; tarsus feathered, as are the toes, which have two or -three terminal scutella; hind toe extremely short, lateral toes equal. -Claws slightly arched, depressed, thin-edged, rounded. Plumage full -and compact, the feathers rounded. Wings short, convex, the primaries -strong, narrow, tapering, the third longest, the fourth and second -little shorter. Tail short, nearly even, of more than twelve broad -feathers. - - -301. 1. Lagopus albus, Gmel. Willow Ptarmigan.--Willow-Grouse. - - Plate CXCI. Male, Female, and Young. - -Bill very thick, convex, with a strong ridge on each side of the lower -mandible; claws (when entire) elongated, arched with the sides -sloping, edges thin and nearly parallel, the tip rounded; tail short, -slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers, independently of the long -incumbent coverts. Bill black, claws dusky at the base, yellowish-grey -on the edges and tip. In winter, the plumage white, excepting the -shafts of the primaries, which are brown, and the tail-feathers, which -are black, narrowly tipped with white, and with the base of the same -colour. In summer, the male with the head and neck bright chestnut, -more or less variegated with dusky; the upper parts and sides having -the feathers brownish-black, transversely barred with reddish-yellow, -and narrowly tipped with white; the quills and larger coverts, with -most of the smaller, middle of breast, abdomen, and feet, white; tail -as in winter, the middle incumbent feather like the back. Female -similar, with the markings larger, the breast and abdomen coloured -like the sides, the head and neck without chestnut. Young, when in -down, of a yellowish tint, variegated above with large streaks of dark -brown, the top of the head with a longitudinal patch of brown, edged -with black. When fledged, the young resemble the female. - -_Male_, 17, 26-1/2. _Female_, 16, 26. - -In Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, during winter. Breeds -plentifully in Newfoundland, Labrador, and the Fur Countries. Rocky -Mountains. - - Tetrao (Lagopus) saliceti, Willow Grouse, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 351. - - Willow Grouse or Large Ptarmigan. Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 674. - - Willow Grouse, Tetrao saliceti, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 528. - - -302. 2. Lagopus Americanus, Aud. American Ptarmigan. - - Not figured. - -Bill much narrower, with the ridge on each side of the lower mandible -obsolete; claws (when entire) elongated, arched, with the sides -sloping, the edges thin and nearly parallel, the tip round; tail -short, even, of fourteen feathers, independently of the long incumbent -coverts. In winter, the plumage white, excepting the shafts of the -primaries, which are brown, and the tail-feathers, which are black, -narrowly tipped with white; male with a black loral band, extending -beyond the eye. In summer, the general colour of the upper parts, fore -neck, and sides, reddish-yellow, finely undulated transversely with -blackish-brown, and greyish-white; the bars on the head and neck -larger; the two long incumbent tail-feathers similar to those of the -back; the rest brownish-black, tipped with white; little white on the -lower parts, and only in patches, some greyish-white undulations -occasionally seen, tend to approximate the colouring to that of some -specimens of _Lagopus mutus_ of Scotland, but the prevailing tint is -not grey, as in that species, but brownish-yellow. Young similar to -the adult, with the bands larger; the fore part of the wings, the -primaries, secondary coverts, and abdomen, white. - -_Male_, 14-3/4, wing, 8-1/4. - -Melville Island. Churchill River. - - Tetrao lagopus, Sabine, Richardson, &c. - - Tetrao (Lagopus) mutus, Ptarmigan, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 350. - - Common Ptarmigan, Tetrao mutus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 196. - - -303. 3. Lagopus rupestris, Gmel. Rock Ptarmigan. - - Plate CCCLXVIII. Male and Female. Plate CCCCXVIII. Fig. 1. - -Bill very short, thick, convex (stronger than that of _L. -americanus_), with the ridges on the lower mandible faint; claws -elongated, arched, with the sides sloping, the edges thin and nearly -parallel, the tip narrowed, (broader than in _L. albus_). Tail short, -slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers, independently of the long -incumbent coverts. Bill black, claws dusky, with the edges and tip -inclining to yellowish-grey. In winter, the plumage white, excepting -the shafts of the primaries, which are brownish-black, and the -tail-feathers, which are black, narrowly tipped with white, and with -the base of the same colour. In summer, the plumage variegated with -black, reddish-yellow, and white; the feathers being chiefly of the -first colour, transversely and irregularly banded with reddish-yellow, -and terminally margined with white; lower parts more broadly and -regularly barred with brownish-black and light reddish-yellow; edge of -wing, alula, primary coverts, nearly all the secondary coverts, -primaries, and outer secondaries white, as are the lower surface of -the wing, the axillars, and some of the feathers on the abdomen, as -well as those on the feet, the latter tinged with yellowish; shafts of -primaries brownish-black; tail as in winter, but with the lateral -feather white on a great part of the outer web. Female similar, with -the bands broader. - -_Male_, 13-1/2, wing, 7-10/12. - -Breeds from Labrador to the Arctic Seas. Rocky Mountains. Abundant. -Migratory. - - Tetrao (Lagopus) rupestris, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 354. - - Rock Grouse, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 610. - - Rock Grouse, Tetrao rupestris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 483. - - -304. 4. Lagopus leucurus, Swains. White-tailed Ptarmigan. - - Plate CCCCXVIII. Adult in winter. - -Claws slightly arched, depressed, broad, thin-edged, rather pointed; -tail rather short, slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers. Plumage in -winter entirely pure white. In summer, the head and neck barred with -blackish-brown and brownish-white; upper parts blackish-brown, barred -with reddish-yellow; breast, belly, and sides pale reddish-yellow, -broadly barred with blackish-brown; tail white. - - Tetrao (Lagopus) leucurus, White-tailed Grouse, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii, p. 356. - - White-tailed Grouse, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 612. - - White-tailed Grouse, Tetrao leucurus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 200. - - - - -FAMILY XXXIII. RALLINAE. RAILS. - - -Bill moderately stout, or slender, short or elongated, compressed, -with the point narrow, but obtuse. Head small, oblong, compressed; -neck of moderate length; body large, much compressed. Feet large; -tibia bare at the lower part; tarsus stout, compressed, with very -broad anterior scutella; toes very long, scutellate, marginate; hind -toe rather short. Claws long, little arched, compressed, acute. -Plumage blended, but stiffish. Wings short, convex, rounded, tail very -short, rounded. Tongue slender, channelled above, tapering to a -bristly point; oesophagus long, rather narrow; proventriculus -bulbiform; stomach roundish, compressed, very muscular, with the -lateral and inferior muscles prominent, the epithelium dense, with two -flattish grinding surfaces; intestine long, of moderate width; coeca -long, narrowed toward the base; cloaca globular. Trachea simple, -flattened, with a pair of slender inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest -bulky, and rudely constructed, on the ground, or supported by grass, -or on trees. Eggs numerous, oblong. Young covered with stiffish black -down. - - - - -GENUS I. GALLINULA, Briss. GALLINULE. - - -Bill as long as the head, nearly straight, stout, deep, compressed, -tapering; upper mandible with a soft ovate or oblong tumid plate at -the base, extending over the forehead, the dorsal line beyond this -slightly declinate, toward the tip arcuate, the ridge gradually -narrowed to the middle, then slightly enlarged, the sides nearly -erect, the edges sharp, the notches obsolete, the tip rather obtuse; -nasal sinus extending nearly to the middle; lower mandible with the -angle rather long and narrow, the dorsal line ascending, nearly -straight, the sides nearly erect, the tip narrow. Nostrils submedial, -lateral, oblong, direct. Head small, oblong, compressed; neck of -moderate length; body large, much compressed. Feet large; tibia bare -at the lower part; tarsus stout, of moderate length, compressed, with -very broad anterior scutella; hind toe rather small and slender; -anterior toes very long, fourth longer than second, third considerably -longer, all scutellate. Claws very long, slender, slightly arched, -much compressed, tapering to a very acute point. Plumage blended, form -and wings of moderate length, broad, convex, with the second and third -quills longest; tail very short, much rounded, of twelve weak -feathers; lower coverts almost as long. - - -305. 1. Gallinula Martinica, Linn. Purple Gallinule. - - Plate CCCV. Male. - -Frontal plate blue; bill carmine, tipped with yellow; head, fore part -of neck, and breast, purplish-blue; abdomen and tibial feathers dusky; -sides and lower wing-coverts green; lower tail-coverts white; upper -parts olivaceous green; sides of neck, and outer part of wings -greenish-blue. - -_Male_, 13-1/2, 21-1/2. - -Breeds and resides from Texas to South Carolina. Stragglers seen as -far as Massachusetts. Up the Mississippi to Memphis. Rather common in -Louisiana and Florida. - - Purple Gallinule, Gallinula Porphyrio, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. - p. 67. - - Gallinula martinica, Bonap. Syn. p. 336. - - Purple Gallinule, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 221. - - Purple Gallinule, Gallinula martinica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 37. - - -306. 2. Gallinula Chloropus, Linn. Common Gallinule. - - Plate CCXLIV. - -Frontal plate, eyes, ring on tibiae, and bill carmine, the latter -tipped with yellow; head, neck, and lower parts, greyish-black; -abdomen greyish-yellow; lower tail-coverts and some streaks on the -sides, with the edge of the wing, and the outer web of the first quill -white; upper parts brownish-olive; quills and tail dusky. Female -similar, with the frontal plate small. Young similar, but with the -bill dull green, and the breast faintly barred with whitish. - -_Male_, 14, 22. - -From Texas to South Carolina, common, and resident. Stragglers are -seen as far as Massachusetts. Abundant in Louisiana and Florida. Up -the Mississippi to Natchez. Fresh water. - - Gallinula galeata, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 128. - - Florida Gallinule, Gallinula galeata, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. - 223. - - Common Gallinule, Gallinula Chloropus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 330. - - - - -GENUS II. FULICA, Linn. COOT. - - -Bill as long as the head, nearly straight, stout, deep, compressed, -tapering; upper mandible with a soft ovate or oblong tumid plate at -the base, extending over the forehead, the dorsal line declinate, -toward the tip arcuate, the ridge narrowed to the middle, then -slightly enlarged, the sides nearly erect, the edges sharp, the -notches obsolete, the tip rather obtuse; nasal sinus extending nearly -to the middle; lower mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, -the dorsal line ascending, nearly straight, the sides nearly erect, -the tip narrow. Nostrils submedial, lateral, linear, direct. Head -small, oblong, compressed; neck of moderate length, slender; body -full, compressed. Feet large; tibia bare at the lower part; tarsus -stout, of moderate length, compressed, with very broad anterior -scutella; hind toe rather small and slender; anterior toes very long, -their margins dilated into flat lobes, the hind toe with a single -inferior lobe. Claws of moderate length, slightly arched, much -compressed, acute. Plumage, blended, soft. Wings short, broad, convex, -with the second quill longest. Tail very short, much rounded, of -twelve weak feathers; lower coverts nearly as long. Gizzard extremely -muscular; coeca very long, being a fifth part of the length of the -intestine. - - -307. 1. Fulica Americana, Gmel. American Coot.--Mud-Hen. - - Plate CCXXXIX. - -Frontal plate and bill white, the latter dusky toward the end; head -and neck greyish-black, upper parts deep bluish-grey, with an -olivaceous tinge on the scapulars and inner secondaries; quills -greyish-brown, tail brownish-black; breast and abdomen dull -bluish-grey, lighter behind; edge of wing, outer margin of first -quill, tips of outer secondaries, and lower tail-coverts white. Female -of a lighter tint, with the frontal plate smaller. - -_Male_, 13-10/12, 25. - -From Texas to the northern parts of Maine. Exceedingly abundant in -Louisiana and the Floridas, during winter and spring, where some -remain to breed. The greater number breed in Maine and New Brunswick, -as well as along the Great Lakes. Rare in the Middle Atlantic -districts. Columbia River. - - Common Coot, Fulica atra, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 61. - - Fulica americana, Bonap. Syn. p. 338. - - Cinereous Coot, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 229. - - American Coot, Fulica americana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 291; v. v. p. 568. - - - - -GENUS III. ORTYGOMETRA, Leach. CRAKE-GALLINULE. - - -Bill shorter than the head, rather stout, deep, compressed, tapering; -upper mandible with the dorsal line nearly straight, being slightly -convex toward the end, the ridge flattish for a short space at the -base, very slightly extended on the forehead, narrow in the rest of -its extent, the sides nearly erect, the edges sharp, with a slight -sinus close to the rather obtuse tip; nasal groove broad and extending -to two-thirds; lower mandible with the angle long and narrow, the -dorsal line ascending, nearly straight, the sides erect, the tip -narrowed. Nostrils linear, lateral, submedial. Head rather small, -oblong, compressed; neck of moderate length; body rather slender, much -compressed. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tibia bare below; -tarsus of ordinary length, compressed, with broad anterior scutella; -hind toe short and slender, anterior toes very long, compressed, -scutella, the outer slightly longer than the inner. Claws of moderate -length, slender, extremely compressed, tapering to a fine point. -Plumage rather stiff, but blended; feathers of the forehead with the -shaft enlarged. Wings short and broad, somewhat convex, the second -quill longest. Tail extremely short, much rounded, of twelve weak -feathers. Digestive organs as in Gallinula. - - -308. 1. Ortygometra Carolinus, Linn. Carolina Crake-Gallinule.--Sora -Rail. - - Plate CCXXXIII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Upper parts olive-brown, the feathers brownish-black in the centre, -those on the back with two marginal lines of white; a broad band -surrounding the base of the bill, the central part of the crown, the -chin, and the middle of the fore neck in its whole length, -brownish-black; a band over the eye, cheeks, and sides of neck -ash-grey; middle of breast and abdomen greyish-white; sides -olivaceous, barred with brownish-black and white; lower tail-coverts -chiefly white, the feathers over them reddish-yellow. Female similar, -but duller. Young like the female, but without black on the head or -throat. - -_Male_, 9-3/4, 14. - -Passes across the United States, both by the interior and along the -coast. Some breed in New Jersey. Rarely seen east of Massachusetts. -Extremely abundant in autumn on the Delaware, and other streams or -lakes furnished with wild oats. A few reside in Florida and Louisiana -in winter. - - Rail, Rallus carolinus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 24. - - Rallus carolinus, Bonap. Syn. p. 334. - - Carolina Rail, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 208. - - Sora Rail, Rallus carolinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 251; - v. v. p. 572. - - -309. 2. Ortygometra Noveboracensis, Lath. Yellow-breasted -Crake-Gallinule.--Yellow-breasted Rail. - -Upper parts and sides brownish-black, longitudinally streaked with -yellow, and transversely barred with white; a broad band of -reddish-yellow over the eye; loral space and a short band behind the -eye blackish-brown, fore part of neck and breast light reddish-yellow, -each feather terminally margined with brown; axillaries, lower -wing-coverts, and middle of abdomen, white; lower tail-coverts -brownish-red, with faint whitish dots. - -_Male_, 7-3/4, 12-1/4. - -Common in Lower Louisiana and Florida, where it breeds. Stragglers go -as far as Hudson's Bay. Occasionally met with far in the interior. -Prefers fresh water. - - Rallus noveboracensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 335. - - Rallus noveboracensis, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 136. - - Yellow-breasted Rail, Rallus noveboracensis, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 402. - - Yellow-breasted Rail, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 402. - - Yellow-breasted Rail, Rallus noveboracensis. Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iv. p. 25. - - -310. 3. Ortygometra Jamaicensis, Briss. Least Crake-Gallinule. - - Plate CCCXLIX. Adult and Young. - -Head and lower parts dark purplish-grey, approaching to black, the -sides and lower wing-coverts and abdomen, barred with greyish-white; -hind neck and fore part of back dark chestnut; the rest of the upper -parts greyish-black tinged with brown, and transversely barred with -white; the wings inclining to reddish-brown. - -_Male_, 6, wing, 3-7/8. - -From Louisiana to New Jersey, in fresh-water meadows and marshes, -difficult of access. Migratory. - - Rallus jamaicensis, Briss. Suppl. p. 140. - - Least Water Rail, Rallus jamaicensis. Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 359. - - - - -GENUS IV. RALLUS, Linn. RAIL. - - -Bill much longer than the head, slender, compressed, very slightly -decurved, high at the base; upper mandible with the dorsal line almost -straight, until towards the end, where it is slightly curved, the -ridge a little flattened at the base, and extending slightly on the -forehead, convex toward the end, nasal sinus forming a groove -extending to two-thirds, the sides nearly erect, the edges slightly -inflected, the notches very slight, the tip rather obtuse; lower -mandible with the angle very long and extremely narrow, the dorsal -line almost straight, the sides erect and a little convex, the edges -involute, the tip narrowed but obtuse. Nostrils lateral, subbasal, -linear. Head, small, oblong, much compressed; neck long and slender; -body slender, much compressed. Feet long; tibia, bare below; tarsus -rather long, stout, compressed anteriorly covered with broad scutella; -hind toe very small and tender, fourth little longer than second, -anterior toes very long, scutellate, compressed. Claws of moderate -length, arched, slender, much compressed, acute. Plumage rather -stiff; feathers of the forehead with the shaft enlarged, and extended -beyond the tip. Wings very short and broad; third quill longest. Tail -very short, much rounded, of twelve feeble rounded feathers, scarcely -longer than the coverts. - - -311. 1. Rallus elegans, Aud. Great Red-breasted Rail.--Fresh-water -Marsh-Hen. - - Plate CCIII. Male and Young. - -Upper part of head and hind neck dull brown; a brownish-orange line -over the eye; lower eyelid white; loral space and band behind the eye -dusky; upper parts of the body streaked with brownish-black and light -olive-brown, the two sides of each feather being of the latter colour; -wing-coverts dull chestnut; most of the irregularly tipped with white -primaries deep olive-brown; secondaries and tail-feathers like the -back; sides and fore part of neck, with the breast, bright -orange-brown; sides of the body and lower wing-coverts undulated with -deep brown and greyish-white; tibial feathers pale greyish-brown, -faintly barred with darker, as is the hind part of the abdomen; lower -tail-coverts white, each with a blackish-brown spot near the end, -those in the middle barred with black and white. Female and young -similar, but with the tints duller. Iris bright red. - -_Male_, 19, 25. _Female_, 18, 24. - -From Texas to New Jersey, more common from Louisiana to North -Carolina. Inland swamps and marshes. Once met with in Kentucky. - - Great Red-breasted Rail, Rallus elegans, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 27. - - -312. 2. Rallus crepitans, Gmel. Clapper Rail.--Salt-water Marsh-hen. - - Plate CCIV. Male and Female. - -Upper part of head and hind neck olivaceous brown; a brownish-orange -line from the bill to the eye; lower eyelid white; loral space, -cheeks, and part of the sides of the neck bluish-grey; upper parts of -the body streaked with greenish-olive and light grey, the two sides of -each feather being of the latter colour; wing-coverts dull olive, -tinged with grey, some of them with slight irregular whitish markings; -primaries olive-brown, secondaries and tail-feathers like the back; -upper part of throat yellowish-white, edged on either side with pale -yellowish-brown; sides and fore part of neck bluish-grey, tinged with -pale yellowish-brown; the fore part of the breast of the latter -colour; lower wing-coverts, sides, hind part of abdomen, and middle -lower tail-coverts undulated with deep greyish-brown and -greyish-white; lateral tail-coverts with the outer webs white; tibial -feathers similarly barred, but paler; middle of abdomen greyish-white; -iris pale yellow. Female with the tints duller. - -_Male_, 15, 20-3/4. _Female_, 14, 19-1/4. - -Exceedingly abundant from Texas to New Jersey, breeding in all -salt-water marshes. Few proceed eastward beyond Long Island. -Constantly resident from the Carolinas southward. Not inland. - - Clapper Rail, Rallus crepitans, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. - 112; but not the figure, which is that of R. elegans. - - Clapper Rail, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 201. - - Clapper Rail or Salt-water Marsh-Hen, Rallus crepitans, Aud. - Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 33; v. v. p. 570. - - -313. 3. Rallus Virginianus, Linn. Virginian Rail. - - Plate CCV. Male, Female, and Young. - -Upper parts deep brownish-black, streaked with live olive-brown; sides -of the head dull bluish-grey, loral space of a deeper tint; a -brownish-orange line to the eye; quills and primary coverts; -blackish-brown; smaller coverts dark chestnut; throat reddish-white; -fore neck and breast bright orange-brown, approaching to -yellowish-red; sides, abdomen, and lower wing-coverts barred with -brownish-black and white, the bands of the latter narrower; tibial -feathers dusky anteriorly, light reddish behind; lower tail-coverts -with a central brownish-black spot, their edges white, the tips pale -reddish. Female and young similar, but with somewhat duller tints. - -_Male_, 10-1/2, 14-1/4. _Female_, 9-1/4. - -Distributed through the country, and along the Atlantic shores, from -Texas to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; breeding in all the districts. -Frequents fresh and salt water. Returns southward in autumn, when -great numbers spend the winter from Carolina to Louisiana. - - Virginian Rail, Rallus virginianus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 109. - - Rallus virginianus, Bonap. Syn. p. 334. - - Lesser Clapper Rail, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 205. - - Virginian Rail, Rallus virginianus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 41; v. v. p. 573. - - - - -GENUS V. ARAMUS, Vieill. COURLAN. - - -Bill long, being double the length of the head, rather slender, but -strong, much compressed, straight, its breadth less before the -nostrils, than towards the point; upper mandible with the dorsal line -straight until towards the end, then slightly arcuato-declinate, the -ridge convex in its whole length, the sides nearly erect, more convex -toward the extremity, the tip blunted, the edges broad and obtuse for -half their length, sharp but thick in the rest of their extent; lower -mandible slightly ascending at the base, then direct, much compressed -toward the tip, which is acute, the angle long and very narrow, the -dorsal line slightly convex, the edges obtuse, becoming sharp towards -the end; nasal groove nearly half the length of the bill. Nostrils -direct, linear, long. Head rather small, oblong, compressed; neck long -and slender; body ovato-oblong, much compressed. Feet very long, -rather stout; tibia bare in its lower half; tarsus long, compressed, -anteriorly broadly scutellate; toes long, rather slender; hind toe -small; fourth considerably longer than second; anterior toes divided -to the base, scutellate. Claws of moderate length, very slightly -arched, compressed, tapering to a point. Plumage rather compact above, -blended beneath. Wings of moderate length, very broad, concave, -rounded; first short, falciform, with the inner web broader toward the -end; fourth quill longest; inner secondaries much elongated. Tail -short, broad, convex, rounded, of twelve broad rounded feathers. -Digestive organs as in the Rails and Gallinules. - - -314. 1. Aramus scolopaceus, Vieill. Scolopaceous Courlan. - - Plate CCCLXXVII. Male. - -Bill greenish-yellow; feet leaden-grey; plumage chocolate-brown, the -upper parts glossed, with purple and brown reflections; fore part of -the head paler, inclining to grey, each feather with a greyish-white -central line; sides of the head and throat still lighter, and a small -portion of the throat whitish, these parts being streaked with -greyish-brown and greyish-white; lower eyelid white; hind part and -sides of neck marked with elliptical spots of white in regular series, -there being one on each feather, some of them extending forwards to -the posterior angle of the eye; some of the feathers on the middle of -the breast and the lower wing-coverts similarly marked with lanceolate -white spots; quills and tail glossy blackish-purple. Female somewhat -less, but similar. Young, when fledged, of a much lighter tint; head -and fore neck brownish-grey; excepting the quills, primary coverts, -tail-feathers, and rump, all the plumage marked with spots of white; -those on the neck elongated, on the back, wings, and breast -lanceolate. - -_Male_, 25-3/4, 41. _Female_, 25, 42. _Young_, 23. - -Confined to the Everglades and central parts of Florida, where it is -resident, but rather rare. Accidental on the Florida Keys. - - Aramus scolopaceus, Bonap. Syn. p. 39. - - Scolopaceous Courlan, Aramus scolopaceus, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. - iv. p. 111. - - Scolopaceous Courlan, Aramus scolopaceus, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. - 68. - - Scolopaceous Courlan, Aramus scolopaceus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 543. - - - - -FAMILY XXXIV. GRUINAE. CRANES. - - -Bill about the length of the head, straight, depressed at the base, -compressed toward the end, rather obtuse. Nostrils subbasal, lateral -oblong. Head rather small, oblong; neck long; body large, compressed. -Legs long and slender; tibia bare at the lower part; tarsus somewhat -compressed, anteriorly scutellate; toes rather long, first short and -somewhat elevated; claws obtuse. Plumage full and rather compact. -Wings broad, convex, the inner secondaries elongated and decurved; -tail short, rounded. - - - - -GENUS I. GRUS, Briss. CRANE. - - -Bill longer than the head, straight, rather slender, but strong, -compressed, obtusely pointed; upper mandible with the dorsal line -nearly straight, a little concave at the middle, slightly declinate -toward the tip, the ridge flat and rather broad as far as the middle, -the sides sloping, towards the end convex; the nasal sinus narrow, -bare, and extending to nearly two-thirds, the edges direct, thick; -lower mandible with the angle narrow and very long, the sides -perpendicular at the base, the edges thick, the tip narrow and obtuse. -Nostrils subbasal, lateral, oblong, large, pervious. Head small, -compressed; neck very long and slender; body very large, but -compressed. Feet very long; tibia bare to a great extent; tarsus long, -stout, moderately compressed, anteriorly covered with broad decurved -scutella; toes stout, scutellate, of moderate length, marginate, the -first very small and elevated, the fourth webbed at the base. Claws of -moderate size, strong, considerably curved, rather compressed, -blunted. Plumage imbricated; upper part of head bare. Wings ample, the -second, third, and fourth longest, inner secondaries and their coverts -curved downwards. Tail short, rounded, of twelve broad, rounded -feathers. - - -315. 1. Grus Americana, Forster. Whooping Crane.--Sand-hill Crane. -White Crane. Blue Crane. Brown Crane. - - Plate CCXXVI. Male. Plate CCLXI. Young. - -Adult with the bill dusky green, the feet black, the bare part of the -head carmine, the plumage pure white, except the alula, primaries, and -primary coverts, which are brownish-black. Young with the bill and -feet brownish-black, the bare part of the head carmine, but less -extended, the plumage bluish-grey, the feathers margined with -yellowish-brown, chin and sides of head greyish-white, primary quills -and coverts dark brown towards the end, with brownish-white shafts. - -_Male_, 54, 92. - -From Texas to North Carolina during autumn and winter, and across to -the Rocky Mountains. Breeds from Upper California northward to the -Arctic Regions, from which it removes southward early in autumn. -Abundant in Georgia and Florida, and from thence to Texas. - - Whooping Crane, Ardea Americana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. - 20. - - Grus Americana, Bonap. Syn. p. 302. - - Grus Americana, Whooping Crane, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 372. Adult. - - Grus canadensis, Brown Crane, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 273. - - Whooping Crane, Grus Americana, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 34. - Adult. - - Brown Crane, Grus canadensis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 38. Young. - - Whooping Crane, Grus Americana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 202, Adult; p. 441, Young. - - - - -FAMILY XXXV. CHARADRIINAE. PLOVERS. - - -Bill short, straight, subcylindrical, obtusely pointed; upper -mandible, with its dorsal line straight for half its length, -afterwards convex; nasal groove bare, extended along two-thirds of the -length of the bill. Head of moderate size, rather compressed, rounded -in front. Eyes large. Neck rather short; body ovate, rather full. -Plumage soft, blended, somewhat compact above; wings long, pointed, -with the first quill longest. Tail of moderate length, somewhat -rounded, or with the middle feathers projecting, of twelve feathers. -Oesophagus of moderate width; stomach roundish, compressed, very -muscular, with the epithelium dense and rugous; intestine rather long, -and of moderate width; with rather long coeca. A single pair of -inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest on the ground, shallow; eggs -generally four, large, pyriform, spotted. Young densely covered with -down, and able to walk immediately after birth. - - - - -GENUS I. CHARADRIUS, Linn. PLOVER. - - -Bill short, or as long as the head, straight, rather stout, somewhat -compressed, pointed; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, and -slightly declinate for at least half its length, then bulging a -little, and arched to the tip, which is rather acute, the sides flat -and sloping at the base, convex towards the end, where the edges are -sharp and inclinate; nasal groove extended to half the length, and -bare; lower mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, the sides -at the base erect and nearly flat, the dorsal line ascending and -slightly convex, the edges sharp and involute towards the tip, which -is narrow and rather pointed. Nostrils subbasal, linear, open, and -pervious. Eyes rather large. Head of moderate size, roundish, the -forehead much rounded; neck rather short; body ovate, rather full. -Feet rather long, slender; tibia bare for a considerable space; tarsus -rather compressed, covered all round with reticulated hexagonal -scales; toes of moderate length, slender, scutellate, second shorter -than fourth, first wanting or rudimentary; anterior toes broadly -marginate, webbed at the base. Claws small, compressed, slightly -arched, rather acute. Plumage soft, blended, the feathers broad and -rounded. Wings long and pointed, the primaries tapering, the first -longest; inner secondaries tapering and elongated. Tail rather -short, or of moderate length, rounded, of twelve rounded feathers. -Tongue tapering, grooved above; oesophagus of moderate width; -proventriculus oblong; stomach roundish, very muscular, its lateral -and inferior muscles prominent, epithelium dense, longitudinally -rugous; intestine rather long and of moderate width; coeca rather -long. - - -316. 1. Charadrius Helveticus, Linn. Black-bellied Plover.--Bull-head. -Ox-eye. - - Plate CCCXXXIV. Male and Young. - -An extremely diminutive hind toe; bill and feet black. In summer, the -upper parts variegated with black, yellowish-brown, and white, the -feathers being tipped with the latter; forehead yellowish-white, the -rest of the head and hind neck greyish-white, spotted with dusky; hind -part of rump, upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers white, transversely -barred with brownish-black, the tail tipped with white, and having -four dark bars on the middle feathers, and seven or eight on the outer -webs of the rest; primary quills and coverts brownish-black, the -latter terminally margined with white; shafts of the primaries about -the middle, and part of the inner webs toward the base, white; inner -six with a white patch on the outer web toward the base, and margined -with white externally; outer secondary feathers white at the base, and -margined with the same; inner dusky, with marginal triangular white -spots; a narrow ring round the eye, and a broad longitudinal band on -each side of the neck, together with the abdomen and lower -tail-coverts, white; loral space, cheeks, fore part of neck, breast, -and axillar feathers, black. In winter, the upper parts spotted with -pale yellow, the lower greyish-white, the throat, neck, and sides -streaked with dusky, the axillars black. Young pale brownish-yellow, -mottled with dusky, rump whitish. After the second moult, the upper -parts brownish-black, spotted with white, some of the spots yellow; -fore part and sides of neck and body, greyish-white, mottled with -brownish-grey, the rest of the lower parts white. - -_Male_, 11-3/4, 25. - -From Texas along the coast to the northern extremity of the Continent. -Breeds from Virginia northward. Not abundant. - - Tringa helvetica and Squatarola, Linn. Syst. Nat p. 250, 252. - - Black-bellied Plover, Charadrius helveticus, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. vii. p. 41. Summer. - - Charadrius helveticus, Bonap. Syn. p. 298. - - Grey Lapwing, Vanellus melanogaster, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 370. - - Black-bellied or Swiss Plover, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 26. - - Black-bellied Plover, Charadrius helveticus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iv. p. 280. - - -317. 2. Charadrius marmoratus, Wagler. American Golden Plover. - - Plate CCC. Adult in summer, winter, and spring. - -Bill black, feet bluish-grey. In summer the upper part of head, fore -part of back, and scapulars variegated with brownish-black and bright -yellow, the latter in spots along the edges of the feathers; rump with -smaller spots, two on each feather; quills and coverts dark -greyish-brown, secondaries paler, the inner margined with -yellowish-white spots, the smaller coverts spotted with the same; -tail-feathers greyish-brown, faintly banded with paler, the two -central with marginal yellowish spots; a broad band of white across -the forehead and over the eyes, and extending along the side of the -neck; the rest of the lower parts brownish-black, excepting the lower -tail-coverts, which are chiefly white, the lateral banded or spotted -with black, and the axillary and lower wing-coverts, which are light -grey. In winter, the upper parts are blackish-brown, marked with small -yellow spots, the lower parts pale grey, passing behind into -greyish-white, the neck and breast streaked with greyish-brown. This -species, which closely resembles _Charadrius pluvialis_, is -distinguishable by having the tarsus slightly longer, the toes -somewhat shorter, and the axillar feathers always light grey, they -being white in that species, which very probably exists in North -America, although I am not at present in possession of specimens, and -cannot with certainty describe it as belonging to that country. - -_Adult_, 10-1/2, 22-3/8. - -Migrates southward in autumn and winter in vast flocks, from the -northern regions, resting by the way, both in the interior and along -the coast. Breeds on the Northern Barren Grounds, and islands of the -Arctic Sea. - - Charadrius marmoratus, Wagler, Syst. Avium. - - Golden Plover, Charadrius pluvialis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 71. Winter. - - Charadrius pluvialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 297. - - Charadrius pluvialis, Golden Plover, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 623. - - American Golden Plover, Charadrius marmoratus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 575. - - -318. 3. Charadrius vociferus, Linn. Kildeer Plover. - - Plate CCXXV. Male and Female. - -Tail rather long, much rounded; bill black, feet light greyish-blue, -hind part of tarsus pale flesh-colour; upper part of head, fore part -of back, smaller wing-coverts, and inner secondary quills -brownish-olive; rump orange-red; lower parts white; a brown band from -the base of the bill, under the eye, to the occiput; over this a white -band on the forehead, and extending behind the eye, where it is tinged -with light red; surmounted by a brownish-black band between the eyes; -on the neck two broad rings, the upper white, the lower black, -succeeded by a band of white, and another of black in front; -primaries brownish-black, each with a white mark, linear on the outer, -enlarging on the inner quills; secondaries, excepting the inner, -white, but most of them with a large patch of blackish-brown toward -the end, their tips and most of those of the primaries white, as are -those of the larger coverts. Tail-feathers white at the base, -succeeded by orange, the four middle brown, all with a broad -subterminal band of black, the tips white, those of the middle -feathers pale reddish, the outer on each side white, with three bands -of black on the inner web. - -_Male_, 10, 20. - -Common. Breeds from Texas to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, -and in all the central and Atlantic districts, to Massachusetts. Fur -Countries. - - Kildeer Plover, Charadrius vociferus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 73. - - Charadrius vociferus, Bonap. Syn. p. 297. - - Charadrius vociferus, Kildeer Plover, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 368. - - Kildeer Plover, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 22. - - Kildeer Plover, Charadrius vociferus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 191; v. v. p. 577. - - -319. 4. Charadrius montanus, Townsend. Rocky-mountain Plover. - - Plate CCCL. Female. Male unknown. - -Bill black, feet dull yellow. Forehead, a band over the eye, fore part -of neck, and all the rest of the lower surface, white; crown of the -head and nape dark yellowish-brown, sides and hind part of the neck -dull ochre-yellow, which is the prevailing colour on the upper parts, -the feathers being broadly margined with it while their central -portion is greyish-brown; wing-coverts lighter; primary coverts and -quills dusky, their shafts and margins white, that colour becoming -more extended on the inner and on some of the secondaries, so as to -form a conspicuous patch on the wing; inner secondaries like the back; -tail yellowish-brown, tipped with yellowish-white, the two outer -feathers margined with the same. - -_Female_, 8-1/4, wing 6-1/8. - -Rocky Mountains. - - Charadrius montanus, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. - Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 192. - - Rocky Mountain Plover, Charadrius montanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 362. - - -320. 5. Charadrius Wilsonius, Ord. Wilson's Plover. - - Plate CCLXXXIV. Male. Plate CCIX. Female. - -Bill very large, nearly as long as the head, black; feet -flesh-coloured; upper parts light greyish-brown, lower white; lower -part of forehead, a broad band over the eyes, throat, and a ring round -the neck, white; a band between the eyes, and one on the fore neck, -brownish-black; quills dusky brown, outer webs of inner primaries -white toward the base, most of the quills tipped with white; tail -brown, darker toward the end, the lateral feathers becoming white. -Female similar, but without the black band on the forehead, and having -that on the neck light brown. - -_Male_, 7-8/12, 14-1/4. - -Common, and breeds from Texas along the coast to Long Island. Resident -in the Southern States. - - Wilson's Plover, Charadrius Wilsonius, Ord. Amer. Orn. v. ix. - p. 77. - - Charadrius Wilsonius, Bonap. Syn. p. 296. - - Wilson's Plover, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 21. - - Wilson's Plover, Charadrius Wilsonius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 73; v. v. p. 577. - - -321. 6. Charadrius semipalmatus, Bonap. American Ring Plover. - - Plate CCCXXX. Male and Female. - -Anterior toes connected by webs of considerable extent; bill small, -half the length of the head, reddish-orange, tipped with black; upper -parts greyish-brown tinged with olive, lower white; forehead, loral -space, a band passing below the eye, and a broad ring on the neck, -black; a band between the eyes, throat, and a ring on the neck, white; -quills dusky, darker towards the end, an elongated white spot on the -inner primaries; tips of the secondary coverts, and two or three of -the inner secondaries, with the tips of the rest white; tail-feathers -brown, darker toward the end, tipped with white, enlarging toward the -outer, which is entirely of that colour. Female similar, with the -black bands lighter. Young with the upper parts paler, the feathers -narrowly margined with dusky and dull yellow, the black bands on the -head wanting, that on the fore neck brown. - -_Male_, 7-1/4, 14. - -From Texas to the Arctic Regions, after passing through the interior, -as well as along the Atlantic shores. Breeds in Labrador and the Fur -Countries. Many spend the winter in the Floridas. - - Ring Plover, Tringa Hiaticula, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 65. - - Charadrius semipalmatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 296. - - American Ring Plover, Charadrius semipalmatus, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 367. - - Semipalmated Ringed Plover, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 21. - - American Ringed Plover, Charadrius semipalmatus, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. iv. p. 256; v. v. p. 579. - - -322. 7. Charadrius melodus, Ord. Piping Plover. - - Plate CCXX. Male and Female. - -Bill scarcely half the length of the head, orange, with the end black; -upper parts pale brownish-grey, lower part of forehead, sides of the -face, and all the lower parts white; a black band across the upper -part of the forehead, and a ring of the same on the lower part of the -neck, broad on the sides, but narrow above and below, where it is -formed merely by the tips of some of the feathers; above this is a -white band on the hind neck; primaries dusky; a white band on the -wing, narrow on the outer primaries, and enlarging so as to include -the whole of some of the inner secondaries; secondary coverts also -tipped with white; tail white, all the feathers, except the lateral, -dusky toward the end. Young paler, the feathers of the upper parts -edged with faint brown and yellowish; the black bands wanting. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 15-1/2. - -From Texas, along the whole coast, to the Magdeleine Islands, Gulf of -St Lawrence, breeding everywhere. Common. Great numbers spend the -winter from South Carolina to the mouths of the Mississippi. - - Ring Plover, Charadrius Hiaticula, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. - 30. - - Charadrius melodus, Ord., Bonap. Syn. p. 296. - - Piping Ring Plover, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 18. - - Piping Plover, Charadrius melodus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 154; v. v. p. 578. - - - - -GENUS II. APHRIZA, Aud. SURF-BIRD. - - -Bill a little shorter than the head, rather stout, compressed, -tapering, straightish, being recurvate in a slight degree; upper -mandible with the dorsal line straight, and a little declinate as far -as the middle, then concave, and towards the end convex, the nasal -grooves extending to near the end, the ridge rather broad and -flattened, the tip compressed and bluntish; lower mandible with the -angle rather long and narrow, the dorsal line ascending, and slightly -convex, the sides grooved for half their length, convex toward the -end, the tip narrowed, but blunt. Nostrils subbasal, linear, near the -margin. Head rather small, ovate, rounded in front; neck of ordinary -length; body rather full. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tibia -bare at the lower part, and reticulated; tarsus roundish, with small -angular scales all round, those on the fore part larger; toes four, -with numerous scutella, the first very small, and placed higher, the -anterior toes free to the base, distinctly margined on both edges, -flat beneath, the inner considerably shorter than the outer. Claws -rather small, curved, compressed, blunted. Plumage full, soft, rather -dense, on the neck and lower parts blended. Wings very long, narrow, -and pointed; first primary longest, inner secondaries much elongated. -Tail rather short, even, of twelve moderately broad feathers. Name -from [Greek: Aphros], foam; and [Greek: xao], to live. - - -323. 1. Aphriza Townsendii, Aud. Townsend's Surf-Bird. - - Plate CCCCXXVIII. Female. - -Bill dusky, toward the base orange, feet bluish-green; upper parts -blackish-grey; quills greyish-black; a broad band of white on the -wing, occupying the tips of the primary coverts; the terminal third of -the secondary coverts, the bases, and more or less of the margins and -tips of the quills, several of the inner secondaries having only a -streak of dusky on the inner web; shafts of quills also white, as are -some of the feathers of the rump, the upper tail-coverts, and the -basal half of the tail, of which the rest is black, the feathers -narrowly edged with white at the end; throat greyish-white; cheeks, -sides, and fore part of neck, and anterior part of breast, dull grey, -of a lighter tint than the back; the rest of the lower parts white, -with small longitudinal oblong dark grey streaks; axillaries and lower -wing-coverts white. - -_Female_, 11; wing, 7-1/2. - -Cape Disappointment, Columbia River. - - Townsend's Surf-Bird, Aphriza Townsendi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 249. - - - - -GENUS III. STREPSILAS, Illiger. TURNSTONE. - - -Bill a little shorter than the head, rather stout, compressed, -tapering, straightish, being recurvate in a slight degree; upper -mandible with the dorsal line very slightly concave, the nasal groove -extending to the middle, the sides beyond it sloping, the tip -depressed and blunted; lower mandible with the angle short, the dorsal -line ascending and slightly convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp, -the tip depressed and blunted. Nostrils subbasal, linear-oblong, -pervious. Head rather small, ovate; neck of ordinary length; body -rather full. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tibia bare at the -lower part, and covered with reticulated scales; tarsus roundish, with -numerous broad anterior scutella; toes four, the first very small and -elevated, anterior toes free to the base, distinctly margined, the -inner a little shorter than the outer. Claws rather small, arched, -compressed, blunted. Plumage full, soft, rather dense, and glossy. -Wings long, pointed, of moderate breadth, first quill longest, inner -secondaries elongated. Tail rather short, slightly rounded, of twelve -moderately broad feathers. - - -324. 1. Strepsilas Interpres, Linn. Turnstone. - - Plate CCCIV. Summer and winter plumage. - -Adult in summer with the bill black, feet deep orange; plumage varied -with white, black, brown, and red; upper parts of the head and nape -streaked with black and reddish-white; a broad band of white crossing -the forehead, passing over the eyes, and down the sides of the neck, -the hind part of which is reddish-white, faintly mottled with dusky; a -frontal band of black curving downwards before the eye, enclosing a -white patch on the lore, and meeting another black band glossed with -blue, which proceeds down the neck, from the base of the lower -mandible, enlarging behind the ear, covering the whole anterior part -of the neck, and passing along the shoulders over the scapulars; the -throat, hind part of the back, outer scapulars, upper tail-coverts, -and under parts of body and wings, white; anterior smaller, -wing-coverts dusky, the rest bright chestnut or brownish-orange, as -are the outer webs of the inner tertiaries; alula, primary coverts, -outer secondary coverts and quills blackish-brown, the inner webs -becoming white towards the base; a broad band of white across the -wing, including the bases of the primary quills, excepting the outer -four, and the ends of the secondary coverts; shafts of primaries -white; tail white, with a broad blackish-brown band towards the end, -broader in the middle, the tips white; a dusky band crossing the rump. -In winter, the throat, lower parts, middle of the back, upper -tail-coverts, and band across the wing, white, as in summer; tail and -quills also similarly coloured, but the inner secondaries destitute of -red, of which there are no traces on the upper parts, they being of a -dark greyish-brown colours, tipped or margined with paler; outer edges -of outer scapulars, and some of the smaller wing-coverts, white; on -the sides and fore part of the neck, the feathers blackish. - -_Male_, 9, 18-3/4. - -Not uncommon along the shores of the Southern States during winter, -though the greater number remove much farther south. Breeds in high -northern latitudes, Hudson's Bay, and shores of Arctic Seas. Never in -the interior. - - Turnstone, Tringa Interpres, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 32. - - Strepsilas Interpres, Bonap. Syn. p. 299. - - Strepsilas Interpres, Turnstone, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 371. - - Turnstone or Sea Dotterel, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 30. - - Turnstone, Strepsilas Interpres, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 31. - - - - -GENUS IV. HAEMATOPUS. OYSTER-CATCHER. - - -Bill long, slender, straight, or slightly recurvate, higher than broad -at the base, extremely compressed toward the end; upper mandible with -the dorsal line straight and slightly sloping at the base, somewhat -convex beyond the nostrils, then straight and sloping to the point, -the ridge broad and flattened as far as the prominence, afterwards -extremely narrow, the sides sloping at the base, perpendicular towards -the end, the edges rather sharp, the tip abrupt and wedge shaped; -nasal groove long, bare; lower mandible with the angle of moderate -length, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the sides -erect, the edges thin, the tip abrupt and wedged. Nostrils subbasal, -linear, near the margin. Head of moderate size, ovate, the forehead -rounded; neck of moderate length; body compact. Feet of moderate -length, rather stout; tibia bare for about a fourth of its length; -tarsus slightly compressed, covered all round with hexagonal scales; -toes of moderate length, stout, marginate, flat beneath, webbed at the -base, the outer considerably longer than the inner, the first wanting. -Claws rather small, arched, moderately compressed, obtuse. Plumage -generally blended, on the back compact. Wings long, pointed, the first -quill longest. Tail short, nearly even, of twelve feathers. Tongue -short, triangular, fleshy; oesophagus dilated into a pretty large -crop; stomach oblong, muscular, with the epithelium dense and -longitudinally rugous; intestine long and rather slender; coeca long -and nearly cylindrical; cloaca globular. - - -325. 1. Haematopus palliatus, Temm. American Oyster-catcher. - - Plate CCXXIII. Male. - -Bill vermilion, feet very pale flesh-colour; head and neck dull black -tinged with bluish-grey; upper parts light greyish-brown, tinged with -olive, and faintly glossed with reddish-purple; lower eyelid, edge of -wing, tips of secondary coverts, secondary quills except the inner, -pure white; as are the lower parts generally, the rump, and basal half -of the tail; primaries and terminal part of tail brownish-black. - -_Male_, 18-1/2, 32-1/2, bill 3-5/8. _Female_, 21, 36. - -Breeds from Texas along the coast to New York, again from Maine to -Labrador. Returns south in autumn, spending the winter from Maryland -to West Florida. Rather common. - - Haematopus palliatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. v. ii. p. 532. - - Mantled Oyster-catcher, Haematopus palliatus, Nutt. Man. v. ii. - p. 15. - - American Oyster-catcher, Haematopus palliatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iii. p. 181; v. v. p. 580. - - -326. 2. Haematopus Bachmanii, Aud. Bachman's Oyster-catcher. - - Plate CCCCXXVII. Fig. 1. Male. - -Bill vermilion, fading to yellow on the worn parts towards the -end; feet white, slightly tinged with flesh-colour; plumage -chocolate-brown, darker and tinged with bluish-grey on the head and -neck; the under surface of the quills lighter. - -_Male_, 17-1/2, wing 10; bill 2-3/4. - -North-west coast, Regent's Sound, and about the mouth of the Columbia -River. Rather common. Migratory. - - Bachman's Oyster-catcher, Haematopus Bachmani, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 245. - - -327. 3. Haematopus Townsendii, Aud. Townsend's Oyster-catcher. - - Plate CCCCXXVII. Fig. 2. Female. - -Bill vermilion, paler toward the end; feet blood-red; plumage -chocolate-brown, darker and tinged with bluish-grey on the head, neck, -and breast; under surface of quills light brownish-grey, with the -shafts whitish; many of the wing-coverts narrowly tipped with -brownish-white. - -_Female_, 20; wing 11; bill 3-2/12. - -Coast of California, and along the shores of the North Pacific, -southward and northward. Rather common. Migratory. - - Townsend's Oyster-catcher, Haematopus Townsendi, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. v. p. 247. - - - - -FAMILY XXXVI. SCOLOPACINAE. SNIPES. - - -Bill longer than the head, subulate, slender, straight, or recurved, -or decurved; upper mandible with the nasal groove very long, the -edges flattened or rounded, the tip generally rather obtuse; lower -mandible with the angle extremely long and narrow, the sides -longitudinally grooved. Nostrils basal, linear, small. Head rather -small, oblong, anteriorly rounded; neck of moderate length or long; -body ovate, deep. Legs generally long, slender; tarsus long, -compressed, scutellate; toes generally four, first small, sometimes -wanting; anterior toes of moderate length, slender. Claws small, -arched, compressed, rather acute. Wings long, pointed, with the first -quill longest, and the inner secondaries tapering and much elongated; -tail rather short, of twelve feathers. Tongue long, slender, trigonal, -pointed; oesophagus of moderate width, stomach oblong or roundish, -moderately muscular, with dense rugous epithelium; intestine long, of -moderate width; coeca rather long, cylindrical, contracted at the -base. Trachea flattened, with a single pair of inferior laryngeal -muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. TRINGA, Linn. SANDPIPER. - - -Bill little longer than the head, slender, straight, compressed, -tapering, with the tip a little enlarged and blunt; upper mandible -with the dorsal line straight and slightly declinate, the ridge narrow -and flattened until towards the end, when it becomes considerably -broader, the sides sloping, the tip convex above and ending in a blunt -point, the edges thick and flattened; nasal groove extending to near -the tip; lower mandible with the angle long and very narrow, the -dorsal line straight, the sides sloping outwards, with a long narrow -groove, the tip a little broader, but tapering. Head rather small, -oblong, compressed; neck of ordinary length; body rather full. Feet -rather long, slender; tibia bare a third part of its length; tarsus -anteriorly and posteriorly scutellate; hind toe very small, or -wanting, the rest of moderate length, slender, the fourth slightly -longer than the second, the third longest, all free, broadly -marginate, with numerous scutella. Claws small, slightly arched, -compressed, rather obtuse. Plumage soft, blended, on the back -distinct. Wings very long, pointed; primaries tapering, obtuse, the -first longest; one of the inner secondaries very long. Tail rather -short, nearly even, of twelve feathers. - - -328. 1. Tringa Bartramia, Wils. Bartramian Sandpiper.--Highland -Plover. Papabote. - - Plate CCCIII. Male and Female. - -Bill scarcely longer than the head, slender, slightly deflected at the -end, yellowish-green, with the tip dusky; legs rather long, light -greyish-yellow, toes greenish; upper part of head dark brown, with a -median pale yellowish-brown line, of which colour are the margins of -the feathers; hind part and sides of the neck light yellowish-brown, -streaked with dusky; fore part of neck and breast paler, with -longitudinal pointed dusky streaks, becoming transverse on the breast -and sides; throat and the rest of the lower parts yellowish-white, -except the axillars and lower wing-coverts which are white, banded -with brownish-black; on the upper parts the feathers dark brown -glossed with green, their margins with alternate yellowish-brown and -dusky spots; the hind part of the back darker, without spots; alula, -primary coverts, and primary quills, blackish-brown, the inner webs -crossed by white bands until about an inch from the end; the shaft of -first quill brownish-white, of the rest brown; secondaries -greyish-brown, the outer margins pale brown, with dusky spots, the -inner darker; two middle feathers of tail dark olive, tinged with -grey, transversely barred with black, the last bar arrow-shaped, the -margins cream-coloured; the next feather on each side lighter, and -tinged with yellowish-red, the rest gradually lighter, the outer -white, all barred with black. - -_Male_, 12-1/2, 22. _Female_, 13, 22-3/4. - -From Texas along the coast to Nova Scotia. Breeds from Maryland -northward to the Saskatchewan. In vast flocks in Louisiana, -Oppelousas, and the Western Prairies, in autumn and spring. Rare in -Kentucky. - - Bartram Sandpiper, Tringa Bartramia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 63. - - Totanus Bartramius, Bonap. Syn. p. 262. - - Totanus Bartramius, Bartram Tatler, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 391. - - Bartramian Tatler, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 169. - - Bartramian Sandpiper, Totanus Bartramius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 24. - - -329. 2. Tringa Islandica, Linn. Ash-coloured Sandpiper.--Knot. -Grey-back, Red-breasted Sandpiper. - - Plate CCCXV. Summer and winter plumage. - -In summer, the bill and feet black, upper part of the head and hind -neck light grey, tinged with buff, and longitudinally streaked or -spotted with dusky; fore part of back and scapulars variegated with -brownish-black and yellowish, and each feather with several spots of -the latter, and tipped with whitish; hind part of the back, rump, and -upper tail-coverts, barred with black; wing-coverts ash-grey, edged -with paler; alula and primary coverts brownish-black, tipped with -white; primaries similar, their shafts, and the outer margins of all, -excepting the first three white, the inner webs toward the base light -grey; secondaries and their coverts grey, margined with white; sides -of head, fore part of neck, breast, and abdomen, rich brownish-orange; -lower tail-coverts and feathers of legs white, each of the former with -a central dusky arrow-shaped or elongated spot; axillaries white, -barred with dusky; lower wing-coverts dusky with white margins. In -winter the bill greenish-black, feet yellowish-green; upper parts deep -ash-grey, each feather margined with whitish; feathers of rump -greyish-white; upper tail-coverts white, barred with dusky; quills and -tail as in summer; a band from the bill over the eye to the hind part -of the head, white; loral space, cheeks, and sides of neck pale grey, -streaked with darker; throat and lower parts white; sides, axillar -feathers, and lower wing-coverts, barred or spotted with dusky; lower -tail-coverts as in summer. Young in autumn like the adult in winter, -but each feather on the upper parts with a narrow margin of white, -within which is a dusky line. - -_Male_, 10-1/4, 21. - -In autumn and spring ranges along the coast from Texas to Labrador. -Breeds in the Fur Countries, to a very high latitude. Common. - - Ash-coloured Sandpiper, Tringa cinerea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - vii. p. 36. Winter. - - Red-breasted Sandpiper, Tringa rufa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 57. Summer. - - Tringa islandica, Bonap. Syn. p. 350. - - Tringa cinerea, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 387. - - Knot or Ash-coloured Sandpiper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 125. - - Knot or Ash-coloured Sandpiper, Tringa islandica, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. iv. p. 130. - - -330. 3. Tringa pectoralis, Bonap. Pectoral Sandpiper. - - Plate CCXCIV. Male and Female. - -Bill dull olive-green, dusky towards the point; feet dull -yellowish-green; upper part of head reddish-brown, the central part of -each feather brownish-black; a faint whitish line from the bill to a -little beyond the eye; lores dusky; sides of head and anterior and -lateral parts of neck, with a portion of the breast, light -brownish-grey, with longitudinal dark brown lines; chin, breast, and -abdomen white; feathers of the upper part brownish-black, edged with -reddish-brown, those on the wings lighter; primary quills dusky, outer -secondaries tinged with grey, and narrowly tipped with white, inner -like the back; tail-feathers light brownish-grey, slightly margined -and tipped with white, the two central dark like the back. - -_Male_, 9-1/4, 18. - -From Nova Scotia to Maryland, along the coast. Rather common. -Migratory. Breeds in the north. - - Tringa pectoralis, Pectoral Sandpiper, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. - iv. p. 44. - - Tringa pectoralis, Bonap. Syn. p. 318. - - Pectoral Sandpiper, Tringa pectoralis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. - 111. - - Pectoral Sandpiper, Tringa pectoralis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 601; v. v. p. 582. - - -331. 4. Tringa maritima, Brunnich. Purple Sandpiper. - - Plate CCLXXXIV. Fig. 1. Adult in summer. Fig. 2. In winter. - -Bill deep orange, dusky toward the end; feet light orange. Head -greyish-brown, tinged with purple, its sides and those of the neck -deep purple; back and wings brownish-black, with purple gloss, the -margins of the feathers white; quills brownish-black, their shafts, -the tips of all the secondaries, and the greater part of the middle -ones, white; middle tail-feathers brownish-black, tinged with purple, -the lateral shaded with ash-grey; upper part of throat greyish-white, -fore neck grey; breast, sides, and abdomen white. In winter, the lower -parts are pale grey, the upper parts have the purplish tints much -fainter, the white edgings substituted by dull grey. - -_Male_, 9-1/2, 14-3/4. - -Abundant from Maine to New York, in autumn and spring. Breeds in -Hudson's Bay, and on Melville Island. - - Tringa maritima, Bonap. Syn. p. 318. - - Tringa maritima, Purple Sandpiper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 382. - - Purple Sandpiper, Tringa maritima, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 558. - - -332. 5. Tringa rufescens, Vieill. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. - - Plate CCLXV. Male and Female. - -Bill not longer than the head, dull olive-green, dusky toward the -point; feet dull yellowish-green; upper parts greyish-yellow, each -feather blackish-brown in the centre; wing-coverts lighter; quills and -coverts light greyish-brown, greenish-black at the end, with the tip -whitish, the inner webs whitish in the greater part of their breadth, -and beautifully dotted with black, in undulating lines; the inner -secondaries like the back; the two middle tail-feathers greyish-brown, -at the end dark brown glossed with green, and slightly margined and -tipped with white, the rest gradually paler to the outer, margined and -tipped with white, within which are two lines of blackish-brown; sides -of the head, fore neck, and sides light yellowish-red, the throat -paler, the sides of the neck and body spotted with brownish-black, the -rest of the lower parts paler and unspotted; lower wing-coverts -white, those near the edge of the wing black in the centre, primary -coverts dotted with black, and having a spot of the same near the end. - -_Male_, 8, 18. - -Along the Atlantic shores from Maine to New York. Rare. Migratory. -Breeds in high northern latitudes. - - Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Tringa rufescens, Nutt. Man. v. ii. - p. 113. - - Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Tringa rufescens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 451. - - -333. 6. Tringa alpina, Linn. Red-backed Sandpiper. - - Plate CCXC. Adult in summer and winter. - -Bill one-third longer than the head, slender, slightly curved toward -the end, and with the feet black. Upper part of the head, back, and -scapulars, chestnut-red, each feather brownish-black in the centre, -and the scapulars barred with the same colour; wing-coverts -greyish-brown, as are the quills; the bases and tips of the -secondaries, and part of the outer webs of the middle primaries white; -tail light brownish-grey, the two middle feathers darker; forehead, -sides of head, and hind neck, pale reddish-grey, streaked with dusky; -fore neck and anterior part of breast greyish-white, streaked with -dusky; on the breast a large patch of brownish-black; abdomen and -lower tail-coverts white, the latter with dusky markings. In winter, -the general colour of the upper parts brownish-grey; the wings and -tail as in summer; throat greyish-white; sides of head and neck, and -fore part of the latter, pale brownish-grey, faintly streaked with -darker, as are the sides; the rest of the lower parts white, with a -few streaks on the breast. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, 15. - -From Nova Scotia to Texas, along all muddy or sandy shores, during -autumn and spring. Common. Breeds in great numbers on the Arctic -coasts. - - Tringa Cinclus and alpina, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 251, 429. - - Red-backed Sandpiper, Tringa alpina, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 5. - - Tringa alpina, Bonap. Syn. p. 317. - - Tringa alpina, American Dunlin, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 383. - - Dunlin or Ox-bird, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 106. - - Red-backed Sandpiper, Tringa alpina, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 580. - - -334. 7. Tringa subarquata, Temm. Curlew Sandpiper. - - Plate CCLXIII. Adult and Young. - -Bill one-third longer than the head, slightly decurved, dark olive; -feet light olive-green; head, neck, and breast, bright yellowish-red, -sides whitish, lower tail-coverts white, with a brownish-black spot -towards the end; on the upper part of the head the central parts of -the feathers dark brown, and the hind neck and sides of the breast -slightly streaked with the same; upper parts mottled with -brownish-black and light red, the rump pale brownish-grey, as are the -smaller wing-coverts; quills greyish-brown, primaries darker, outer -secondaries light and tipped with white, inner darker, and glossed -with green; upper tail-coverts white, spotted with brown and red; tail -pale brownish-grey, glossed with green. In winter, the feathers of the -upper parts dark brown, edged with darker, and margined with -greyish-yellow; lore, cheeks, and sides of the neck and body -greyish-yellow, with dusky lines; a broad band from mandible over the -eye, the fore part of the neck, and the rest of the lower parts white; -quills and tail as in winter, but lighter. Young in autumn like the -adult in winter. - -Accidental on the Florida coast in winter, rare on those of the middle -districts. Breeds in high latitudes. Migratory. - - Tringa subarquata, Bonap. Syn. p. 317. - - Cape Curlew or Sandpiper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 104. - - Curlew Sandpiper, Tringa subarquata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 444. - - -335. 8. Tringa Himantopus, Bonap. Long-legged Sandpiper. - - Plate CCCXLIV. Adult in spring and winter. - -Bill a third longer than the head, slender, very slightly decurved; -greenish-black; legs long, slender, yellowish-green. In summer, their -upper parts brownish-black, the feathers margined with reddish-white, -the edges of the scapulars with semiform markings of the same; rump -and upper tail-coverts white, transversely barred with dusky; tail -light grey, the feathers white at the base and along the middle; -primary quills and coverts brownish-black, inner tinged with grey, the -shaft of the outer primary white; secondaries brownish-grey, margined -with reddish-white, the inner dusky; a broad whitish line over the -eye; loral space dusky; auriculars pale brownish-red; fore part and -sides of neck greyish-white tinged with red, and longitudinally -streaked with dusky, the rest of the lower parts pale reddish, -transversely barred with dusky, the middle of the breast and the -abdomen without markings. In winter, the upper parts brownish-grey, -the head narrowly streaked with dusky, the scapulars plainly margined -with whitish; the rump and wings as in summer; the band over the eye -lighter, the fore part and sides of neck greyish-white, longitudinally -streaked with grey, the sides similar, and with the lower coverts -barred with grey, the rest of the lower parts white. - -_Male_, 7-1/2-8-3/4, 15-1/2-17. _Female_, 8-1/2-10-1/2, 16-1/2-18. - -Abundant in Texas in spring. Rare in the Middle Districts. Breeds in -the Fur Countries. Migratory. - - Tringa himantopus, Bonap. Syn. p. 316. - - Tringa Douglassii, Swains. Douglass' Sandpiper, Swains. & - Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 379. - - Tringa himantopus, Slender-shank Sandpiper, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 380. - - Long-legged Sandpiper, Audubon's Stilt Sandpiper, Douglass' - Stilt Sandpiper. Nutt. Man. v. ii. pp. 138, 140, 141. - - Long-legged Sandpiper, Tringa himantopus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 332. - - -336. 9. Tringa Schinzii, Brehm. Schinz's Sandpiper. - - Plate CCLXXVIII. Male and Female. - -Bill about the length of the head, straight, and with the feet -greenish-dusky; general colour of upper parts brownish-black, each -feather edged with yellowish-grey, the scapulars with light red; -wing-coverts greyish-brown, the shaft black; primary and secondary -coverts tipped with white; quills brownish-grey, darker toward the -tips, inner primaries and outer secondaries more or less edged and -tipped with white; tail-feathers white, with a dusky spot, excepting -the central two, which are blackish, with a few greyish-white -markings; tail-feathers light grey, the two middle brownish-black -towards the end; sides of the head, fore neck, anterior part of breast -and sides greyish-white, with small lanceolate central brownish-black -spots; the rest of the lower parts white. - -_Male_, 7-1/2, 14-3/4. - -From Labrador to St Augustine in Florida, and Kentucky, during autumn. -Missouri. Saskatchewan Plains. Not very rare. Migratory. Breeds in -high northern latitudes. - - Tringa Schinzii, Bonap. Syn. p. 249. - - Tringa Schinzii, Schinz's Sandpiper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 384. - - Schinz's Sandpiper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 109. - - Schinz's Sandpiper, Tringa Schinzii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 529. - - -337. 10. Tringa semipalmata, Wils. Semipalmated Sandpiper. - - Plate CCCCV. Adult. - -Bill as long as the head, greenish-dusky; feet dull yellowish-green; -upper part of head, cheeks, hind part and sides of neck, ash-grey, -streaked with dusky; on the rest of the upper parts the feathers -dusky-brown, margined with pale grey, those on the rump and the upper -tail-coverts blackish-brown; secondary coverts tipped with white; -alula and primary coverts brownish-black, the latter tipped with -white; primary quills greyish-black, with white shafts; secondary -quills more grey; primaries externally edged with white towards the -base, as are the outer secondaries in a fainter degree, as well as -terminally, some of them also having the greater part of the inner web -greyish-white; two middle tail-feathers greyish-black on the inner -web, their outer web and all the other feathers ash-grey; anterior -part of forehead, and a band over the eye greyish-white; lower parts -white. - -_Adult_, 6-3/4, 12-1/2. - -Exceedingly abundant from Texas to Maine, in winter, spring, and -autumn. Breeds from Labrador northward. Columbia River. Migratory. - - Semipalmated Sandpiper, Tringa semipalmata, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. vii. p. 131. - - Tringa semipalmata. Bonap. Syn. p. 316. - - Semipalmated Sandpiper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 136. - - Semipalmated Sandpiper, Tringa semipalmata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 111. - - -338. 11. Tringa pusilla, Wils. Little Sandpiper. - - Plate CCCXX. Male and Female. - -Bill a little shorter than the head, straight, greenish-dusky, feet -pale dull yellowish-green; feathers of the upper parts brownish-black, -broadly margined with light brownish-red, some of the scapulars -margined externally with white, and the larger glossed with green; -alula, primary coverts, primary quills, and outer secondaries, -greyish-black, all more or less narrowly tipped with greyish-white; -secondary coverts largely tipped with the same; primaries externally -edged with white toward the base, as are the outer secondaries in a -fainter degree, the inner webs of some of the latter greyish-white -toward the base, their shafts white; rump and upper tail-coverts -black; two middle tail-feathers black, with pale brownish-red edges, -the next feather on each side greyish-brown, edged with greyish-white, -the outer four pale greyish-brown, very narrowly margined externally, -more broadly internally, and along their points with greyish-white; -lateral tail-coverts with the outer web white; from the forehead over -the eye to the occiput, a band of dull greyish-white, faintly streaked -with dusky; loral band and ear-coverts brownish-dusky; cheeks dull -greyish-white, faintly streaked with dusky; throat greyish-white; -sides and fore part of neck of the same colour, faintly streaked with -dusky; the rest of the lower parts, including the axillars, pure -white; lower surface of wing pale brownish-grey. In autumn and winter -the red edgings of the upper parts are substituted by light grey. - -_Male_, 5-5/8, 11-3/8. - -Distributed along the whole coast from Texas eastward, and throughout -all intermediate districts to the Columbia River. Breeds in Labrador -and the Fur Countries. Found even along the lakes and ponds in the -woods. Very abundant. Migratory. - - Little Sandpiper, Tringa pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. - 32. - - Tringa pusilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 319. - - Wilson's Sandpiper, Tringa Wilsonii, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 120. - - Little Sandpiper, Tringa pusilla, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 180. - -* Third toe wanting. - - -339. 12. Tringa arenaria. Sanderling Sandpiper. - - Plate CCLXXXV. Summer. Plate CCXXX. Male and Female in - winter. - -Bill about the length of the head, straight, and with the feet black; -hind toe wanting. In winter the general colour of the plumage -ash-grey, the lower parts pure white; alula and primaries -brownish-black, the latter with more or less white on their outer -webs, or along the shaft; secondaries white, the outer with a patch of -black towards the end, the inner ash-grey; primary coverts -greyish-black, tipped with white; middle tail-feathers greyish-brown, -their shafts white, the rest of a paler tint on the outer webs, white -on the inner, the lateral almost pure white. In summer the upper parts -of the head, hind neck, lateral, and fore part of the neck, pale -yellowish-red, streaked with brownish-black; the back similarly -marked, with larger spots, and on the scapulars disposed in bars; the -tips of most of the feathers greyish-white; the other parts as in -winter. - -_Male_, 7-10/12, 12-1/2. - -From Texas along the coast to Maine in autumn and spring, extremely -abundant. Breeds from Lat. 55 deg. northward. - - Ruddy Plover, Charadrius rubidus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. - 129. Summer. - - Sanderling Plover, Charadrius Calidris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - vii. p. 68. Winter. - - Calidris arenaria, Sanderling, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 366. - - Sanderling Plover, Calidris arenaria, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 4. - - Sanderling, Tringa arenaria, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 231; - v. v. p. 582. - - - - -GENUS II. PHALAROPUS, Briss. PHALAROPE. - - -Bill scarcely longer than the head, straight, slender, at the base -somewhat cylindrical, toward the end broader and flattened, the tips -narrowed; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, excepting at -the end, where it is a little decurved, the ridge convex, flattened at -the broad part, the sides slightly sloping, the edges rounded, and -near the tip inflected; nasal groove linear, extending to near the -tip; lower mandible with the angle very long and narrow, the sides -convex and sloping outwards, the tip narrowed. Nostrils basal, -linear-elliptical. Head small, with the fore part high and rounded; -neck of moderate length; body rather full. Feet rather short, slender; -tibia bare a short way above the joint; tarsus much compressed, -narrowed before and behind, covered anteriorly with numerous scutella; -toes very slender, first extremely small, free, with a slight membrane -beneath; second shorter than the fourth; third toe much longer, all -scutellate above, the anterior margined on both sides with lobed and -pectinated membranes, which are united at the base, so as to render -the foot nearly half-webbed, the outer web much longer than the inner. -Claws very small, compressed, arched, obtuse. Plumage soft and -blended; wings long and pointed, first quill longest, secondary quills -rather short, the inner much elongated. Tail of moderate length, much -rounded, of twelve feathers, the lower tail-coverts as long. - - -340. 1. Phalaropus fulicarius, Bonap. Red Phalarope. - - Plate CCLV. Male and Female in summer. Male in winter. - -In summer, the bill greenish-yellow, black at the point; feet pale -green; upper part of head black; loral space and chin blackish-grey; -sides of head, and a band round the occiput, white; sides and fore -part of neck, breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts deep orange-red; -fore part of back, scapulars, and inner secondaries, black, the -feathers edged with whitish; wing-coverts deep ash-grey; quills dark -greenish-brown, their shafts and basal parts white; the ends of the -secondary and primary coverts, and the basal part of the outer webs of -the primaries white, forming a band of that colour on the wing; upper -tail-coverts orange-red; tail deep grey, darker towards the end, -slightly tipped with reddish. Female in summer with the upper part -variegated with light red and brownish-black, the central part of each -feather being of the latter colour; the upper tail-coverts entirely of -the former; tail deep grey, as in the male; lower parts of a less pure -red, being paler, and tinged with grey. In winter the bill nearly -black, upper and fore part of head, fore part and sides of neck, -breast, abdomen, lower and lateral upper tail-coverts, with a band -across the wing, white; a brownish-black line from the eye to the -occiput, which is of the same colour, as well as in the middle of the -hind neck; back, scapulars, and inner secondaries, ash-grey. - -_Adult_, 7-1/2, 13. - -Occasionally in flocks in Kentucky, on the Ohio, during autumn often -at sea on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Breeds in high northern -latitudes, as far as Melville Peninsula. Stragglers at times reach as -far south as New Jersey, but the route of this species toward warmer -regions, is along the Pacific coast. - - Red Phalarope, Phalaropus hyperboreus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. - p. 75. - - Phalaropus fulicarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 341. - - Phalaropus fulicarius, Flat-billed Phalarope, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 407. - - Red Phalarope, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 236. - - Red Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 404. - - - - -GENUS III. LOBIPES, Cuv. LOBEFOOT. - - -Bill at least as long as the head, extremely slender, straight, nearly -cylindrical, towards the end tapering; upper mandible with the dorsal -line straight, unless at the end, where it is a little decurved, the -ridge broad and depressed, the sides slightly sloping, the edges -rounded, and inflected towards the narrow acute tip; nasal groove -long, linear; lower mandible with the angle very long and narrow, the -sides convex, the tip narrowed. Head small, with the fore part high -and rounded; neck of moderate length; body rather slender. Feet -moderate, slender; tibia bare at the lower part; tarsus extremely -compressed, narrowed before and behind, covered anteriorly with -numerous scutella; toes slender, first extremely small, free, with a -slight membrane beneath, second slightly shorter than fourth; toes all -scutellate above, the anterior webbed at the base, and margined on -both sides with a lobed or sinuated membrane. Claws very small, -arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft, and blended. Wings long and -pointed, the first quill longest; inner secondaries very long and -tapering; tail of twelve feathers rounded or nearly even. Tongue -extremely slender, grooved above, tapering to a horny point; -oesophagus narrow, uniform; stomach rounded, muscular, with the -epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous; intestine of moderate -length and width; coeca rather long. Trachea much flattened, with a -single pair of inferior laryngeal muscles. - - -341. 1. Lobipes hyperboreus, Lath. Hyperborean Lobefoot. - - Plate CCXV. Male and Female. - -Bill about the same length as the head, membranes of the toes -scolloped, tail much rounded; upper parts greyish-black, the head -lighter and more tinged with grey, the scapulars and some of the -feathers of the back edged with yellowish-red, of which colour are the -sides of the head and neck; throat and sides of the upper part of the -neck white; wing-coverts and quills brownish-black, tinged with grey, -the shafts of the quills, margins, and tips of secondaries, and a -broad bar on the tip of the secondary coverts white; tail light grey, -the feathers margined with white, the two middle dark brownish-grey, -lateral upper tail-coverts white, barred with dusky; breast and -abdomen white. Young similar, but with the colours paler. - -_Male_, 6, 13-1/2; wing 5-3/4. - -Rarely seen south of New York. Plentiful at some periods from -Massachusetts to Maine. Abundant in the Bay of Fundy during spring and -autumn. Breeds in Labrador and along all the Arctic coast. Migratory. - - Phalaropus hyperboreus. Bonap. Syn. p. 342. - - Hyperborean Phalarope, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 239. - - Hyperborean Phalarope, Phalaropus hyperboreus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iii. p. 118; v. v. p. 595. - - -342. 2. Lobipes Wilsonii, Sabine. Wilson's Lobefoot. - - Plate CCLIV. Male and Young. - -Bill half as long again as the head; membranes of the toes merely -sinuous, tail nearly even; general colour of upper parts -brownish-grey, hind neck and rump greyish-white, crown of head -ash-grey; a white line over the eye; a band of black on the lore, -under the eye, and down the side of the neck, where it enlarges, and -changes into chestnut-red, extending down the back; another chestnut -band crosses the wing, and includes part of the inner secondaries; -quills greyish-brown, outer primaries and their coverts much darker, -the shaft of the first white, tail-feathers pale brownish-grey on the -outer, white more or less mottled on the inner webs; throat and cheeks -white; fore neck orange-brown, fading below, and extending paler over -the sides of the body; breast, abdomen, and lower wing-coverts white. - -_Adult_, 10, 17-1/2. - -Procured in Kentucky, New Jersey, and Boston. Breeds abundantly on the -Rocky Mountains. Saskatchewan River. Winters in Mexico. - - Grey Phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. - 72. - - Phalaropus Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 342. - - Wilson's Phalarope, Phalaropus Wilsonii, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. - iv. p. 59. - - Phalaropus Wilsonii, Wilson's Phalarope, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 405. - - American Phalarope, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 245. - - Wilson's Phalarope, Phalaropus Wilsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 400. - - - - -GENUS IV. TOTANUS, Bechst. TATLER. - - -Bill much longer than the head, very slender, subcylindrical, -straight, flexible, compressed at the base, the point rather -depressed and obtuse; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, -the ridge convex, as are the sides, the edges thick, the tip slightly -deflected; lower mandible with the angle very long and narrow, the -dorsal line straight, the sides convex, with a slight groove in their -basal half, the edges grooved longitudinally, as are those of the -upper, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, linear. Head of moderate size, -oblong; neck rather long and slender; body slender. Feet very long and -slender; tibia bare for half its length; tarsus compressed, scutellate -before and behind; hind toe very small, anterior of moderate length, -connected by webs at the base, all scutellate above. Claws small, -slightly arched, rather obtuse. Plumage soft and blended; wings long, -narrow, pointed; first quill longest, inner secondaries long; tail -short, of twelve rounded feathers. - - -343. 1. Totanus macularius, Wils. Spotted Tatler.--Spotted Sandpiper. -Peet-weet. - - Plate CCCX. Male and Female. - -Bill a little longer than the head, very slender, flexible, greenish -above, yellow beneath, legs rather long and slender, pale -flesh-colour; upper parts glossy greenish-olive, with bronze -reflections, the head longitudinally streaked, the back transversely -undulated with dusky; lower parts white, marked with numerous -brownish-black spots, smaller on the throat, largest and roundish on -the breast and sides. Young with the upper feathers of the upper parts -terminally margined with dusky, the wing-coverts barred, the lower -parts pure white. - -_Male_, 8, 13-3/4. - -Breeds from the Texas along the shores to Maine, the islands of the -Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Labrador. Inland all over the country. Very -common. Resident in the Southern States. Columbia River. - - Spotted Sandpiper, Tringa macularia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 60. - - Totanus macularius, Bonap. Syn. p. 325. - - Spotted Tatler or Peet-weet, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 162. - - Spotted Sandpiper, Totanus macularius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 81. - - -344. 2. Totanus solitarius, Wils. Solitary Tatler.--Solitary -Sandpiper. - - Plate CCLXXXIX. Male and Female. - -Bill a little longer than the head, very slender, greenish-black; -feet greenish-grey, long; upper part of head, lores, cheeks, hind -part and sides of neck greyish-brown, streaked with brownish-white; a -dull white line from the bill to the eye; upper part of throat -greyish-white; fore neck of the same colour, streaked with -greyish-brown; the rest of the lower parts white; the axillars and -wing-coverts broadly barred with dusky; back and scapulars deep -greenish-brown, the feathers edged with a few small spots of white and -dusky, those of the inner secondaries more numerous; larger -wing-coverts similar; smaller coverts, primary coverts, and primaries, -deep brownish-black, secondaries greyish-brown; tail feathers and -coverts broadly banded with white and brownish-black, except the two -middle, which are merely spotted with white on the edges. - -_Male_, 8-1/2, 16-1/2. - -Distributed from Texas over the United States, breeding in deep woody -situations, in the Fur Countries on the bare sand. Columbia River. -Partially migratory. - - Solitary Sandpiper, Tringa solitaria, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 53. - - Totanus chloropygius, Bonap. Syn. p. 325. - - Totanus chloropygius, Green rump Tatler, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 393. - - Green-rump Tatler, Totanus chloropygius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 576; v. v. p. 583. - - -345. 3. Totanus flavipes, Lath. Yellowshanks Tatler.--Yellowshanks -Snipe. - - Plate CCLXXXVIII. Male. - -Bill a fourth longer than the head, black; feet long, bright yellow; -upper part of the head, lores, cheeks, hind part and sides of the neck -deep brownish-grey, streaked with greyish-white; a white line from the -bill to the eye; fore neck greyish-white, streaked with greyish-brown, -as are the sides; the rest of the lower parts white; the lower -tail-coverts slightly marked with grey, the axillars and loral -wing-coverts banded or spotted with the same; back and scapulars -olivaceous brown, tinged with grey, the feathers edged with small -dusky and white spots; wing-coverts and inner secondary quills -similar, the marginal spots on the latter forming bands; primary -quills blackish-brown, the shaft of the outer brownish-white, of the -rest dark brown, the edges of the inner, and of the middle secondaries -white; hind part of back brownish-grey; rump white, upper tail-coverts -and tail barred with greyish-brown and white. - -_Male_, 10-3/ , 20. - -From Texas to Maine, in autumn and spring. Very abundant at the same -seasons throughout the interior. Breeds in the Fur Countries, up to -the highest northern latitudes. - - Yellowshanks Snipe, Scolopax flavipes, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - vii. p. 55. - - Totanus flavipes, Bonap. Syn. p. 324. - - Totanus flavipes, Yellowshanks Tatler, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 390. - - Yellowshanks Tatler, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 152. - - Yellowshank, Totanus flavipes, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 573; - v. v. p. 586. - - -346. 4. Totanus vociferus, Wils. Tell-tale Tatler.--Tell-tale Godwit -or Snipe. Greater Yellowshanks. Long-shanks. Humility. Clou-Clou. - - Plate CCCVIII. Male and Female in winter. - -Bill about half longer than the head, black, at the base bluish-grey; -legs long, bright yellow. Upper part of head, lores, cheeks, and neck -all round, excepting the throat, streaked with brownish-black, on a -white ground, tinged with grey on the head and hind neck; breast, and -abdomen, white; almost entirely spotted and barred with -brownish-black, as are the sides and tail-coverts, together with the -axillar feathers and lower wing-coverts; the lower surface of the -primaries light grey, their shafts white; upper parts black, glossed -with green, and variegated with white, each feather being margined -with triangular spots of that colour; hind part of rump and upper -tail-coverts white, barred with dusky; anterior small. Wing-coverts, -alula, primary coverts, and primary quills, brownish-black, without -spots, shaft of first primary white, of the rest brown; tail-feathers -white, with numerous bands of dark greyish-brown, the middle six -feathers more or less of a light brownish-grey toward the end, the -bars not extending over their central part. In winter, the upper parts -much paler, the lower having the greater part of the breast and -abdomen pure white. - -_Male_, 14, 24-3/4. _Female_, 13-3/4, 25-1/2. - -Abundant during autumn, winter, and spring, from Texas along the -Atlantic, and throughout the interior to Labrador. Few breed in the -Jerseys; most from Labrador northward. - - Tell-tale Godwit or Snipe, Scolopax vociferus, Wils. Amer. - Orn. v. vii. p. 57. - - Totanus melanoleucus, Bonap. Syn. p. 324. - - Totanus vociferus, Tell-tale, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 389. - - Tell-tale or Greater Yellowshanks, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 148. - - Tell-tale Godwit, Totanus melanoleucus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 68. - - -347. 5. Totanus Glottis, Linn. Greenshank Tatler. - - Plate CCLXIX. Male. - -Bill nearly one-half longer than the head, dusky green; legs long dull -greyish-green; all the lower parts, and the back, excepting a small -portion anteriorly, pure white; the fore part of head and cheeks also -white; loral band with small oblong spots of greyish-brown, sides of -lower part of fore neck and a portion of the breast faintly undulated -with grey; upper part of head, hind part and sides of neck, -greyish-white, lineated with greyish-brown; scapulars and inner -secondaries greyish-brown, edged with greyish-white, and lined or -mottled with dark brown towards the margins; smaller wing-coverts -plain brown, the larger darker near the edge, and margined with -whitish, as are the outer secondaries; primary quills and coverts dark -brown, the shaft of the outer white; tail greyish-white, undulated -with light brown, the outer four feathers on each side with only a -series of spots on the outer edge, which on the outermost feathers is -almost obliterated. - -_Male_, 11, wing, 7. - -Only three procured on Sand Key, Florida. - - Scolopax Glottis, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 245. - - Greenshank, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 68. - - Greenshank, Totanus Glottis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 483. - - -348. 5. Totanus semipalmatus, Lath. Semipalmated Tatler.--Willet. -Stone Curlew. - - Plate CCLXXIV. Fig. 1. Male in spring. Fig. 2. Female in - winter. - -Bill nearly a half longer than the head, rather stout, light blue, -dusky toward the end; feet long, rather stout, light blue, the basal -membranes large. In summer, the head and neck brownish-grey, streaked -with blackish-brown; throat and a band from the bill over the eye -white; fore part of back and scapulars brownish-grey, variegated with -central marks of blackish-brown; third part of back brownish-grey with -a gloss of olive; wing-coverts grey, with central lines of -brownish-black; primary coverts and primary quills brownish-black, the -latter white in their basal half; outer secondaries white, inner like -the scapulars; lower wing-coverts and axillar feathers blackish-brown; -breast and sides white, the latter transversely undulated with -brownish-black; abdomen, and lower and upper tail-coverts white, with -a few dusky bars; four middle tail-feathers barred with brownish-black -and brownish-grey, the rest pale grey, fading to white on the outer, -and all more or less minutely undulated with pale brownish-grey. - -_Male_, 15-1/2, 27-3/4. _Female_, 15-1/2, 31. - -Breeds abundantly in Texas, and along the Atlantic shores to New York, -sparingly as far as Massachusetts. Constant resident in the Southern -States. Rare in the interior. - - Semipalmated Snipe, Scolopax semipalmata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - vii. p. 27. - - Totanus semipalmatus, Semipalmated Tatler, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 388. - - Semipalmated Snipe or Willet, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 144. - - Semipalmated Snipe or Willet, Totanus semipalmatus, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. iii. p. 510; v. v. p. 585. - - - - -GENUS V. LIMOSA, Briss. GODWIT. - - -Bill very long, slender, subcylindrical, tapering to an obtuse point, -slightly recurved; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly curved -upwards, the ridge convex, the sides with a narrow groove extending -almost to the point, the edges rather obtuse, the tip very slightly -enlarged; lower mandible with the angle very long and extremely -narrow, the sides with a narrow groove extending almost to the end, -the edges blunt, the tip obtuse. Nostrils basal, linear, nearer the -edge. Head small, oblong; neck rather long, slender; body slender. -Feet long and slender; tibia bare for about a third, anteriorly -scutellate; tarsus long, slender, scutellate before and behind; toes -small, slender, scutellate above; anterior connected by webs at the -base, first very small. Claws small, compressed, slightly arched, -obtuse. Plumage soft and blended. Wings rather long, narrow, very -acute; primaries tapering, the first longest, the inner secondaries -elongated. Tail short, even, of twelve narrow rounded feathers. - - -349. 1. Limosa Fedoa, Linn. Great Marbled Godwit. - - Plate CCXXXVIII. Male and Female. - -Bill dull flesh-colour at the base, blackish-brown toward the end; -feet bluish-grey; head and neck light yellowish-grey, streaked with -dusky; the rest of the upper parts spotted and barred with -brownish-black and greyish-yellow; alula and primary coverts -brownish-black, as are the outer webs of the first three quills, those -of the other primaries, and both webs of the secondaries, -reddish-ochre, all more or less finely mottled with dusky, and the -primaries of that colour towards the end, but with the terminal -margins whitish; the inner secondaries barred like the back, as are -the tail-feathers; breast, abdomen, and lower surface of wings, light -reddish-yellow, the axillar feather of a deeper tint, the sides -faintly barred with dusky. - -_Male_, 16-1/2, 28-1/2. _Female_, 20-1/2. - -Passes in spring from Texas along the coast, in immense flocks, to -Massachusetts, and apparently across the land, to the Saskatchewan, -where it breeds. None seen in Labrador. A few breed in South Carolina, -perhaps also in Texas. Not observed in the Western Country. In autumn -returns southward beyond the limits of the United States. - - Great Marbled Godwit, Scolopax Fedoa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 30. - - Limosa Fedoa, Bonap. Syn. p. 328. - - Limosa Fedoa, Great Marbled Godwit, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 395. - - Great Marbled Godwit, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 173. - - Great Marbled Godwit, Limosa Fedoa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 287; v. v. p. 590. - - -350. 2. Limosa Hudsonica, Lath. Hudsonian Godwit. - - Plate CCLVIII. Adult, Male, and Young Female. - -Bill greyish-yellow, dark brown along the ridge of the upper mandible, -and blackish toward the tips of both; feet light greyish-blue; head -and neck brownish-grey, with darker lines; a band from the bill over -the eye, and the throat, greyish-white; back deep grey, the scapulars -brownish-black, with small white markings on the edges of the -feathers; smaller wing-coverts, alula, primary quills, and their -coverts brownish-black; secondaries lighter, and with their inner webs -pale grey; tips of primary coverts and bases of quills white, as is a -broad band over the rump; tail-feathers and upper tail-coverts -brownish-black, their bases white; lower parts bright yellowish-red, -the sides mottled with dark brown; abdomen and lower tail-coverts -paler and variegated with dusky; lower wing-coverts blackish-brown, -edged with whitish. Young in winter with the lower parts pale -brownish-grey, the upper brownish-grey, the fore part of the back and -scapular brownish-black, the feathers edged with light brownish-red, -wing-coverts brownish-grey. - -_Male_, 15-3/4, 28. _Female_, 16-3/4, 29. - -Rather rare along the Atlantic Districts in spring and autumn. Breeds -in the barren grounds of the Arctic seas in great numbers. Migratory. - - Scolopax hudsonica, Lath. Ind. Orn. v. ii. p. 720. - - Limosa hudsonica, Hudsonian Godwit, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 396. - - Hudsonian Godwit, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 175. - - Hudsonian Godwit, Limosa hudsonica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 426; v. v. p. 592. - - - - -GENUS VI. SCOLOPAX, Linn. SNIPE. - - -Bill twice as long as the head; subulate, straight, compressed for -half its length, depressed toward the end; upper mandible with the -dorsal line declinate at the base, then straight, at the end slightly -arched, that part being considerably enlarged, the ridge convex, -towards the end flattened, the sides with a narrow groove extending to -near the tip, the edges soft and obtuse or flattened, the tip -narrowed, but blunt; lower mandible with the angle extremely long and -narrow, the sides erect, with a longitudinal groove, the edges -flattened, and directly meeting those of the upper mandible, the -extremity enlarged, the tip contracted and rather blunt. Nostrils -basal, linear, very small. Head rather small, oblong, the forehead -elevated and rounded; neck rather short; body rather full. Legs of -moderate length, slender; tibia bare below; tarsus scutellate before -and behind; toes very slender, free, scutellate; first toe very small -and elevated, lateral toes nearly equal, the outer connected with the -third by a basal web. Claws small, slightly arched, compressed, rather -acute. Plumage very soft, rather dense. Wings long, narrow, pointed; -the first quill longest; inner secondaries much elongated. Tail -moderate, nearly even. - - -351. 1. Scolopax Wilsonii, Temm. Wilson's Snipe.--Common Snipe. -English Snipe. - - Plate CCXLIII. Male and Female. - -Tail of sixteen feathers; upper part of head with two brownish-black -longitudinal broad bands, separated by a narrower central pale brown -band; another band of the latter colour on each side over the eye, -then a loral band of dark brown; chin whitish; neck pale -reddish-brown, spotted with brownish-black; general colour of upper -parts brownish-black, variegated with pale reddish-brown, of which -latter colour are the outer edges of the scapulars and of the lateral -feathers on the anterior part of the back; wing-coverts and inner -secondaries similarly mottled, the smaller anterior coverts, primary -coverts, primary quills, and outer secondaries, deep brown, more or -less tipped with white; first quill with the outer web brownish-white, -rump barred with yellowish-grey and dusky; upper tail-coverts similar, -but the larger barred with brownish-red and black; tail-feathers -brownish-black at the base, with a broad subterminal band of -brownish-red on the outer web of the two middle, and on both webs of -the rest, excepting the outer on each side, which is barred with -brownish-black and white, the black bars five, the tips of all white; -anterior part of breast like the neck, the rest white; abdomen and -lower tail-coverts greyish-yellow, barred with brownish-black, as are -the sides; axillars white, barred with greyish-black, lower -wing-coverts similarly marked. - -Male, 10-1/2, 17. - -Distributed throughout the country. Breeds from Virginia northwards. -Exceedingly abundant in the Southern and Western Districts during -winter. - - Scolopax Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 330. - - Snipe, Scolopax Gallinago, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 18. - - Scolopax Wilsonii, Wilson's Snipe, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 401. - - Wilson's Snipe, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 185. - - American Snipe, Scolopax Wilsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 322; v. v. p. 583. - - -352. 2. Scolopax Drummondii, Swains. Drummond's Snipe. - - Not figured. - -"Dorsal plumage and wings mostly brownish-black; the top of the head, -scapulars, interscapulars, intermediate coverts, posterior greater -ones, and tertiaries, reflecting green and mottled, or barred with -yellowish-brown; this colour also forming stripes from the forehead to -the nape, over the eyes to the sides of the neck, and more broadly on -the exterior edges of the scapulars and interscapulars; middle dorsal -plumage and first quill fringed with white, and most of the -wing-coverts and lesser quills tipped with the same. Shafts of the -primaries deep brown, an inch of the first near its point whitish. -Rump and tail-coverts rich greenish-black, with reddish-orange or -ferruginous ends, crossed by a blackish subterminal line, and tipped -with white; the three exterior pairs barred externally with -clove-brown and brownish-white, the white tips broader; the two -intermediate pairs coloured nearly like the middle ones, but partly -barred and tipped with white. Under plumage, a dark brown stripe on -the lores, another under the ear; sides of the head, front of the -neck, and breast pale wood-brown, with central spots of dark umber; -the flanks, insides of the wings, and under tail-coverts barred with -black and white, which on the latter is tinged with brown; belly -white; bill blackish towards its tip, dark wood-brown at the base. -Length 11-1/2, wing 5-3/8. - -"Fur Countries to Lat. 55 deg. Rocky Mountains." - - Scolopax Drummondii, Drummond's Snipe, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 400. - - Drummond's Snipe, Scolopax Drummondii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 319. - - -353. 3. Scolopax Noveboracensis, Gmel. Red-breasted Snipe. - - Plate CCCXXXV. Adult in summer and winter. - -Tail of twelve feathers; bill dark olive; feet light yellowish-olive. -In summer, the upper parts brownish-black, variegated with light -brownish-red, the feathers being margined and the scapulars obliquely -barred with that colour; hind part of back, upper tail-coverts, and -tail-feathers light buff or white, barred with black, the bars on the -tail seven or eight, and its tip white; wing-coverts and secondaries -greyish-brown, margined with greyish-white; secondary coverts tipped -with white, the quills tipped and obliquely banded with the same; -alula, primary coverts, and quills brownish-black, the shaft of the -first quill white; from the base of the bill to the eye, and -surrounding it, a dull reddish-white band; loral space dusky; all the -lower parts dull orange-red, with streaks and spots of black, more -numerous along the sides and on the tail-coverts. In winter, the upper -parts of a nearly uniform brownish-grey, the hind part of the back and -tail barred as in summer, head and neck all round ash-grey, streaked -with dusky, the rest of the lower parts greyish-white, the sides -barred with dusky. - -_Adult_, 10-1/4, 18-1/2. - -Passes in immense numbers from Texas eastward and northward to the -highest latitudes, where it breeds, and returns in autumn. -Occasionally seen in groups through the interior. Columbia River. - - Red-breasted Snipe, Scolopax noveboracensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. vii. p. 48. - - Scolopax grisea, Bonap. Syn. p. 330. - - Scolopax noveboracensis, New York Godwit, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 398. - - Brown or Red-breasted Snipe, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 181. - - Red-breasted Snipe, Scolopax noveboracensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iv. p. 285. - - - - -GENUS VII. MICROPTERA, Nutt. BOGSUCKER. - - -Bill double the length of the head, straight, slender, tapering, -subtrigonal, and deeper than broad at the base, slightly depressed -towards the end; upper mandible with the ridge narrow, towards the end -flattened, the sides with a narrow groove extending to near the tip, -the tip blunt, knob-like, and longer than that of the lower. Head -rather large, oblong; eyes large, and placed high; neck short; body -full. Feet rather short; tibia feathered to the joint; tarsus rather -short, compressed, scutellate; first toe very small, the third much -longer than the tarsus. Claws very small, arched, acute. Wings short, -rounded, the fourth and fifth quills longest, the first three -extraordinarily attenuated. Tail very short, cuneate, of twelve -feathers. - - -354. 1. Microptera Americana, Aud. Common Bogsucker.--American -Woodcock. - - Plate CCLXVIII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Bill and feet flesh-coloured; forehead yellowish-grey, with a few dark -mottlings in the centre; on the upper part of the head two broad -blackish-brown transverse bands, and on the occiput two narrower, -separated by bands of light red; a brownish-black loral band, and a -narrow irregular line of the same across the cheek, and continued to -the occiput; upper parts variegated with brownish-black, light -yellowish-red, and ash-grey; inner wing-coverts and secondary quills -similarly barred, the outer pale greyish-red, faintly barred with -dusky; quills brown, tipped with dull grey, secondaries spotted on the -outer web with dull red; upper tail-coverts barred; tail-feathers -brownish-black, their tips grey, their outer edges mottled with -reddish; sides of the neck grey, tinged with red; lower part in -general light red, tinged with grey on the breast, on the sides and -lower wing-coverts deeper; lower tail-coverts with a central dusky -line, the tip white. Young with a longitudinal black band on the head. - -_Male_, 11, 16. _Female_, 11-7/12, 17-1/4. - -Distributed throughout the country. Extremely abundant in the Middle -and Eastern Districts, as well as in the interior, where it breeds, as -far as Nova Scotia. Equally abundant in winter in the Southern States, -though many migrate southward. - - Scolopax minor, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 661. - - Woodcock, Scolopax minor, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 40. - - Scolopax minor, Bonap. Syn. p. 331. - - Lesser Woodcock, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 194. - - American Woodcock, Scolopax minor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 474. - - - - -GENUS VIII. RECURVIROSTRA, Linn. AVOCET. - - -Bill twice the length of the head, very slender, much depressed, -tapering to a point, and slightly recurved; upper mandible with the -dorsal line straight for half its length, then a little curved -upwards, and at the tip slightly decurved, the ridge broad and -flattened, the edges rather thick; nasal groove rather long and very -narrow; lower mandible with the angle long and very narrow, the dorsal -line slightly curved upwards, the point very slender, extremely thin, -and a little curved upwards. Nostrils linear, basal. Head small, -rounded above, rather compressed; neck long; body compact. Legs very -long, slender; tibia bare for half its length, and reticulated; tarsus -very long, compressed, reticulated with hexagonal scales; toes rather -short, the first extremely small; outer toe a little longer than -inner; anterior toes connected by webs of which the anterior margin is -deeply concave. Claws very small, compressed, rather acute. Plumage -soft and blended. Wings long, pointed, the first quill longest; inner -secondaries elongated and tapering. Tail short, even, of twelve rather -narrow rounded feathers. Tongue short in proportion to the length of -the bill, slender, tapering to a point; oesophagus wide, -considerably dilated at the lower part of the neck; stomach an oblong -gizzard of moderate strength, its epithelium hard, longitudinally -rugous; intestine long and of moderate width; coeca rather long. - - -355. 1. Recurvirostra Americana, Linn. American Avocet. - - Plate CCCXVIII. Adult, and Young in winter. - -Bill black; feet light blue; head, neck, and fore part of breast -reddish-buff, the parts around the base of the bill and the eye nearly -white; back white, with a longitudinal band of brownish-black -elongated feathers on each side; inner scapulars of the same colour, -the outer and interior edge of the wing being white; wing -brownish-black, with a broad band of white, formed by the tips of the -secondary coverts, four of the inner secondaries, and the basal part, -with the inner webs and outer edges of the rest; lower parts white. - -_Male_, 18, 30-5/8. - -Passes along the coast from Texas northward, in small numbers, a few -breeding in New Jersey. Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. Abundant in -the Rocky Mountains, and the Fur Countries. Migratory. - - American Avocet, Recurvirostra Americana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - vii. p. 126. - - Recurvirostra Americana, Bonap. Syn. p. 394. - - Recurvirostra Americana, American Avocet, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 375. - - American Avocet, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 74. - - American Avocet, Recurvirostra Americana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 168. - - - - -GENUS IX. HIMANTOPUS, Briss. STILT. - - -Bill about twice as long as the head, very slender, roundish, -tapering, slightly recurved; upper mandible with its outline slightly -curved upwards, the ridge rather flattened, the sides convex, the -edges inflected, the tip narrow and rather acute; nasal groove nearly -half the length of the bill; lower mandible with the angle very long -and narrow, the sides grooved as far as the angle. Nostrils linear, -direct, subbasal. Head small, ovate, rounded above; neck very long -and slender; body rather compact. Legs extremely elongated, slender; -tibia bare for more than half its length, covered anteriorly with -large curved scutella; tarsus very long, moderately compressed, -scutellate before, reticulate on the sides; toes of moderate length, -slender; first toe wanting; outer a little longer than inner, anterior -toes webbed at the base. Claws small, nearly straight, moderately -compressed. Plumage ordinary. Wings very long, of moderate breadth, -acute, the first quill longest. Tail short, even, of twelve feathers. - - -356. 1. Himantopus nigricollis, Vieill. Black-necked Stilt.--Lawyer. - - Plate CCCXXVIII. Male. - -Bill black; feet lake-coloured; upper part of head, fore part and -sides of neck, and all the lower parts, together with the hind part of -the back, rump, and tail, white, the middle feathers of the latter -tinged with ash-grey; hind neck, fore part of back, scapulars, wings, -and lower wing-coverts, bluish-black, glossed with green. Young -individuals have only the forehead white, and the back greyish-brown. - -_Male_, 14-1/2, 27. _Female_, 14, 25-3/4. - -Rather common in Texas during spring. Breeds on different parts of the -Atlantic coast, as far as Long Island. A few spend the winter about -the mouths of the Mississippi. Migratory. - - Long-legged Avocet, Recurvirostra Himantopus, Wils. Amer. Orn. - v. vii. p. 48. - - Himantopus nigricollis, Bonap. Syn. p. 322. - - Black-necked Stilt, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 8. - - Black-necked Stilt, Himantopus nigricollis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 247. - - - - -GENUS X. NUMENIUS, Briss. CURLEW. - - -Bill very long, slender, subcylindrical, slightly compressed, more or -less arcuate or decurved; upper mandible with the ridge broad and -flattened at the base, broad and rounded in the rest of its extent, a -deep groove running from the nostrils to near the tip, which is -decurved, enlarged so as to form an oblong obtuse knob, projecting -beyond the point of the lower mandible, the edges rounded; lower -mandible similar in its curvature to the upper, its angle extremely -narrow, and extending to near the middle, the ridge rounded, the -sides with a shallow groove to near the end, the edges directly -meeting those of the upper, the tip obtuse. Head rather small, oblong, -compressed; neck long; body compact. Feet long; tibia bare below; -tarsus scaly above, scutellate for two-thirds; toes rather small, -scutellate, first very small, lateral nearly equal. Claws small, -compressed, blunted. Wings long, very acute, the first quill longest, -some of the inner secondaries greatly elongated. Tail short, much -rounded, of twelve rounded feathers. - - -357. 1. Numenius longirostris, Wils. Long-billed Curlew. - - Plate CCXXXI. Male and Female. - -Bill more than four times the length of the head, nearly straight to -the middle, beyond which it is slightly decurved, deep brown, toward -the base dark flesh-coloured; feet light greyish-blue; general ground -colour of the plumage light yellowish-red; the head marked with oblong -spots; the back with spots and bars of brownish-black; alula and outer -web of first four quills deep brown, the rest of the quills of the -general colour, barred on both webs with dark brown, as are the -tail-feathers; upper part of throat and lower eyelid whitish; neck -marked with longitudinal lines of brownish-black; sides barred with -the same, as are the lower larger wing-coverts; the rest of the lower -parts unspotted, the sides and lower wing-coverts of a richer -yellowish-red than the rest. The bill varies from seven to nine -inches. - -_Male_, 26, 40. - -Resident, and breeds in the Texas and on the Islands off South -Carolina. Stragglers go far north. Columbia River. Occasionally seen -in the interior. - - Long-billed Curlew, Numenius longirostris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - viii. p. 23. - - Numenius longirostris, Bonap. Syn. p. 314. - - Numenius longirostris, Long-billed Curlew, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 376. - - Long-billed Curlew, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 94. - - Long-billed Curlew, Numenius longirostris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 240; v. v. p. 587. - - -358. 2. Numenius Hudsonicus, Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. - - Plate CCXXXVII. Male. - -Bill little more than twice the length of the head, brownish-black, -base of lower mandible flesh-coloured; upper part of head deep brown, -with a central and two lateral lines of whitish; a brown line from the -bill to the eye, and another behind the latter; neck all round pale -yellowish-grey, longitudinally streaked with brown, excepting the -upper part of the throat, which is greyish-white; upper parts in -general blackish-brown, marked with numerous spots of brownish-white, -there being several along the margins of each feather; wings and rump -somewhat lighter; upper tail-coverts and tail barred with dark brown -and olivaceous grey; primaries and their coverts blackish-brown, all -with transverse yellowish-grey markings on the inner web, the shaft of -the first quill white, of the rest brown; breast and abdomen -greyish-white, the sides tinged with cream-colour and barred with -greyish-brown. - -_Male_, 18, 33. - -Passes from Texas northward, returning in autumn. Abundant in the -middle districts at both periods. Breeds at Hudson's Bay, and farther -north. - - Esquimaux Curlew, Scolopax borealis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 92. - - Numenius hudsonicus, Bonap. Syn. p. 314. - - Numenius hudsonicus, Hudsonian Curlew, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 377. - - Esquimaux Curlew, Numenius hudsonicus, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. - 97. - - Hudsonian Curlew, Numenius hudsonicus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 283; v. v. p. 589. - - -359. 3. Numenius borealis, Lath. Esquimaux Curlew. - - Plate CCVIII. Male and Female. - -Bill half as long again as the head, slender, brownish-black, the -lower mandible flesh-coloured at the base; upper part of head -brownish-black, streaked with pale yellowish-brown, and having an -indistinct central and two lateral lines of whitish; upper parts -brownish-black, marked with numerous spots of light brownish-yellow, -there being several along the margin of each feather; wing-coverts and -secondaries of a lighter tint, similarly spotted; alula, primary -quills, and coverts, dark brown, the shaft of the first quill white, -of the rest brown; inner webs not barred as in _N. Hudsonicus_; tail -barred with light greyish-brown and dark brown; sides of head and neck -all round pale yellowish-grey, striped with dark brown; breast and -sides greyish-yellow, with longitudinal and transverse dark markings; -lower wing-coverts and tail-coverts similarly barred, axillars of a -rufous buffy tint, regularly banded. - -_Male_, 14-1/2, 27-3/8. - -Passes in spring from Texas along the coast eastward to the Fur -Countries, returning in autumn. Abundant at times in the Middle -Atlantic Districts. Rarely seen in the interior. Breeds in the -northern barren grounds. - - Numenius borealis, Bonap. Syn. p. 314. - - Numenius borealis, Esquimaux Curlew, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 378. - - Esquimaux Curlew, Numenius borealis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 101. - - Esquimaux Curlew, Numenius borealis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 69; v. v. p. 590. - - - - -FAMILY XXXVII. TANTALINAE. IBISES. - - -Bill very long, arcuate, rather stout at the base, obtuse. Nostrils -basal, linear or oblong. Head bare in front, rather large or of -moderate size; neck long and slender; body ovate. Legs long and rather -stout; tibia bare to a large extent; tarsus reticulate, sometimes -scaly in front; toes four, articulated on the same level, the anterior -webbed at the base, the first more slender. Claws arched, compressed, -rather obtuse. Wings long and very broad, with the second quill -longest. Tail short, of twelve feathers. Tongue triangular, extremely -short, flat, and thin. Oesophagus wide; stomach large, muscular, -broadly elliptical, with the epithelium dense, longitudinally rugous; -intestines generally of moderate length and width, coeca very small; -cloaca globular. Trachea without inferior laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. IBIS, Cuv. IBIS. - - -Bill very long, slender, higher than broad, compressed, tapering, -arched, obtuse; upper mandible with the dorsal line arched in its -whole length, the ridge convex, broader towards the end, the sides at -the base erect, towards the end very convex and narrow, separated in -their whole length from the ridge by a deep narrow groove, the edges -inflected and sharp; lower mandible more slender, its angle very -narrow, and protracted in the form of a groove to the tip. Nostrils -basal, dorsal, linear. Head small, compressed, oblong, bare before the -eyes; neck long and slender; body rather slender. Feet very long, -slender; tarsi scutellate; anterior toes connected by membranes at the -base. Claws rather small, slightly arched, pointed. Wings long, ample, -with the second quill longest. Tail short, nearly even, of twelve -feathers. Oesophagus wide, like that of a heron; stomach muscular. - - -360. 1. Ibis Falcinellus, Linn. Glossy Ibis. - - Plate CCCLXXXVII. - -Bill black, bare part of head greyish-blue, feet greyish-black; upper -part and sides of head dark glossy green, with purplish reflections; -neck, part of the back anteriorly, breast, abdomen, and tibiae, deep -rich brownish-red or dark chestnut; part of the breast shaded with -green, the sides dusky, tinged with green, as are the lower -wing-coverts and lower tail-coverts; except the anterior edge of the -wing, and the anterior scapulars, which are deep brownish-red, the -upper parts splendent dark green, glossed with purple; primaries -black, shaded with green; tail glossy, with purple reflection. Young, -in its second plumage, with the head, neck, and lower parts -greyish-brown, the head and greater part of the neck marked with small -longitudinal streaks of white, of which there are two on each feather; -all the upper parts blackish-green, glossy in a less degree than those -of the adult. - -_Male_, 25, 42; wing, 11-1/4. - -Rare or accidental in the Middle Atlantic Districts; more common in -South Florida and Texas, where it breeds. Rarely seen far inland. -Migratory. - - Ibis Falcinellus, Bonap. Syn. p. 312. - - Bay or Glossy Ibis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 88. - - Glossy Ibis, Ibis Falcinellus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 608. - - -361. 2. Ibis rubra, Linn. Scarlet Ibis. - - Plate CCCXCVII. Adult Male and Young. - -Bill, feet, and bare parts of head, pale lake; plumage bright scarlet, -excepting the quills, which are white, and the terminal portion of the -outer four primaries, which are bluish-black. Young in first plumage -with the bill and feet brownish-grey, the bare parts of the head pale -flesh-colour; plumage of head, neck, and upper parts, brownish-grey, -of lower, white. - -_Adult_, 29; wing, 11-1/4. - -Accidental. Three specimens seen by me in Louisiana. - - Scarlet Ibis, Tantalus ruber, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 41. - - Ibis rubra, Bonap. Syn. p. 311. - - Scarlet Ibis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 84. - - Scarlet Ibis, Ibis rubra, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 62. - - -362. 3. Ibis alba, Linn. White Ibis. - - Plate CCXXII. Adult and Young. - -Bill and bare parts of the head light orange-red, feet paler; plumage -pure white, excepting the ends of from three to five of the outer -primaries, which are deep black, glossed with blue and green. Young -with the bill greyish-yellow, the feet leaden-coloured, the plumage -dull brown all over, excepting the rump, which is whitish, and the -tail, which is tinged with grey. Young after first moult with the bill -pale yellow, the feet pale blue; the plumage dull olivaceous brown, -the quills dark, the tail lighter, the hind part of the back white, as -are the breast and abdomen. - -_Adult_, 24-1/2, 40. - -Constant resident in South Florida, where it is abundant. Breeds along -the coast to Texas, westward, and occasionally as far as New Jersey -eastward, inland as far up the Mississippi as Natchez and Red River. -Returns to the Floridas in autumn. - - White Ibis, Tantalus albus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 43. - - Ibis alba, Bonap. Syn. p. 312. - - White Ibis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 86. - - White Ibis, Ibis alba, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 173; v. v. - p. 593. - - - - -GENUS II. TANTALUS, Linn. TANTALUS. - - -Bill long, stout, at the base as wide as the face, deeper than broad, -compressed, tapering towards the end, which is decurved; upper -mandible with the ridge rather broad and flattened at the base, -narrowed at the middle, convex towards the end, the sides sloping at -the base, convex toward the end, the edges inflected and sharp, the -tip declinate, rounded, with a notch on each side; nostrils basal, -close to the ridge, direct, oblong; lower mandible with the angle -rather wide, with a bare dilatable membrane, the edges erect and -sharp, the tip blunted. Head of ordinary size, and with part of the -hind neck bare and scurfy. Feet very long, like those of the Herons; -tibia and tarsus reticulate; hind toe rather large, third longest; -claws small, arched, that of the third toe not serrate. Wings long, -ample, with the third quill longest. Tail of twelve broad rounded -feathers. - - -363. 1. Tantalus Loculator, Linn. Wood Ibis. - - Plate CCXVI. Male. - -Head all round, and hind neck half-way down, destitute of feathers, -the skin wrinkled and covered with irregular scurfy scales; bill -dusky yellowish-brown, sides of head dark bluish-purple, upper part -of head horn-colour; legs indigo-blue; toes yellowish, with the -scutella black; plumage white, tinged with yellow; alula, primary -coverts, primary and secondary quills, excepting the inner, and tail, -black, with green and purplish-blue reflections. Young dusky grey all -over, the quills and tail brown and black, the head covered with down. - -_Male_, 44-1/2, 62; bill, 9. - -Resident from Texas to North Carolina, in deep woody swamps; or -fresh-water lakes, not on the sea-shores; breeds on trees in swamps; -moves in large flocks. Up the Mississippi to Natchez. Abundant in -Florida and Lower Louisiana. - - Wood Ibis, Tantalus Loculator, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. - 39. - - Tantalus Loculator, Bonap. Syn. p. 310. - - Wood Ibis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 82. - - Wood Ibis, Tantalus Loculator, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 128. - - - - -GENUS III. PLATALEA, Linn. SPOONBILL. - - -Bill very long, excessively depressed, being, when viewed laterally, -very slender; but, when seen from above, nearly as broad as the head -at the base, considerably contracted in the middle, and at the end -expanded into a large obovate disk much broader than the head; upper -mandible with the dorsal line almost straight, at the tip decurved, -the ridge extremely broad and flat, gradually widening beyond the -nostrils, at the end terminated by the very small, decurved, blunt -unguis, the sides declinate at the base, horizontally flattened -towards the end, separated in their whole length from the ridge by a -narrow groove, their margins soft and blunt; lower mandible with the -angle very long, narrow, rounded, the coma narrow, and gradually -flattened, the extremity expanded into a flattened disk, as in the -upper; both mandibles covered with soft skin, which, for half their -length, is rough, with roundish plates, having their anterior margin -somewhat prominent. Nostrils basal, oblong-linear, of moderate size. -Head of moderate size, flattened above; neck long and slender; body -compact, ovate; legs long and rather stout; tibia bare in its lower -half, and reticulate; tarsus rather long, stout, roundish, covered all -round with subhexagonal scales; toes rather long, moderately stout, -scutellate, at the base reticulate; first more slender, articulated at -the same level, second considerably shorter than third. Claws -moderate, arched, compressed, laterally grooved, rather obtuse. Head, -gular sac, and a small part of neck, destitute of feathers. Wings long -and very broad, the second quill longest. Tail short, even, of twelve -rather broad feathers. Tongue extremely small, broader than long; -gular sac dilatable; oesophagus wide, with a dilatation at the lower -part of the neck; proventriculus bulbiform; stomach a powerful -gizzard, roundish, with large muscular fasciculi not disposed into -distinct muscles, the epithelium very thick, longitudinally fissured; -intestine very long, of moderate width; coeca two slight knobs. - - -364. 1. Platalea Ajaja, Linn. Roseate Spoonbill. - - Plate CCCXXI. Male. - -Bill greyish-blue, at the base mottled with dusky; feet pale lake; -head yellowish-green; space around the eye and gular sac -orpiment-orange; a band of black from the lower mandible to the -occiput; feathers of the neck white; back and wings rose-coloured; -lower parts of a deeper colour; tuft of recurved feathers on fore -neck, a broad band across the wing, along the cubitus, and the upper -and lower tail-coverts, rich carmine, with silky lustre; shafts of -quills and scapulars light carmine; on each side of the lower part of -the neck a patch of pale ochre; tail-feathers ochre-yellow, but at the -base roseate. - -_Male_, 30-3/4, 53. _Female_, 28, 48. - -Constant resident in the Texas, South Florida, and as far eastward as -North Carolina, where it is however very rare. Occasionally in summer -up the Mississippi to Natchez. Breeds in flocks on trees, low bushes, -or cactuses. - - Roseate Spoonbill, Platalea Ajaja, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. - 123. - - Platalea Ajaja, Bonap. Syn. p. 346. - - Roseate Spoonbill, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 79. - - Roseate Spoonbill, Platalea Ajaja, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 188. - - - - -FAMILY XXXVIII. ARDEINAE. HERONS. - - -Bill longer than the head, stout, tapering, compressed, pointed, its -edges often irregularly serrate. Head oblong, compressed; neck very -long; body much compressed. Eyes large or moderate. Nostrils basal, -linear, longitudinal. Legs long, rather slender; tibia bare to a great -extent; tarsus compressed, anteriorly scutellate; toes rather long, -the first on the same place, of moderate size, the outer toe a little -longer than the inner, and with a slight web at the base; all -compressed and scutellate. Claws rather long, arched, compressed, -acute, that of the hind toe larger and more curved. Plumage blended. -Wings long, very broad, with the outer four quills longest, -secondaries very long. Tail very short, nearly even, of twelve rather -weak feathers. Oesophagus very wide, without dilatation; stomach -small, very thin, with the inner coat soft and smooth; intestine very -long and extremely narrow; no coecal appendages, but the large -intestine forming a small sac at its commencement; cloaca very large, -globular. Trachea simple, generally cylindrical, with the bronchi -wide, and a single pair of slender inferior laryngeal muscles. Nests -large, flat, widely constructed, placed on trees, bushes, sometimes on -the ground; eggs from three to four, oval, light blue. Young remain in -the nest until fledged. - - - - -GENUS I. ARDEA, Linn. HERON. - - -* Night Herons. Bill slightly longer than the head, stout, tapering, -compressed, with the upper outline somewhat curved; legs of moderate -length, bare part of tibia short; neck thick; body full; feathers of -the neck elongated and curved backwards. - - -365. 1. Ardea Nycticorax, Linn. Black-crowned Night Heron.--Qua-Bird. - - Plate CCXXXVI. Adult and Young. - -Male with the feathers of the upper and hind part of the head -elongated and loose, three or four very long linear, incurved -occipital feathers, not present in winter; upper part of the head and -back glossy blackish-green; anterior part of forehead and elongated -occipital feathers white; neck anteriorly yellowish-white, on the -sides and behind shaded into pale lilac, the lower elongated feathers -tinged with cream-colour; breast and abdomen white; wings, rump, and -tail light greenish-blue, tinged with lilac. Female similar. Young, -when fledged, with the upper parts pale purplish-brown, streaked and -spotted with yellowish-white; lower parts yellowish-white, streaked -with light purplish-brown. Young after first moult purplish-brown, -tinged with grey above, brownish-white beneath, the upper part of the -head dull greenish-black. - -_Male_, 25-7/12, 44. - -Resident in the Floridas and Texas, where it breeds. Migrates in -spring eastward as far as Maine, up the Mississippi to Memphis. Occurs -one hundred miles inland. Rather common. Returns southward early in -autumn. - - Night Heron or Qua-Bird, Ardea Nycticorax, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - vii. p. 3. - - Ardea Nycticorax, Bonap. Syn. p. 306. - - Qua-Bird or American Night Heron, Ardea discors, Nutt. Man. v. - ii. p. 54. - - Night Heron, Ardea Nycticorax, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 275; - v. v. p. 600. - - -366. 2. Ardea violacea, Linn. Yellow-crowned Night Heron. - - Plate CCCXXXVI. Male and Young. - -Male with the feathers on the upper part of the head lanceolate and -acuminate, those on the occiput very long and linear; between the -scapulae two longitudinal series of very elongated feathers with loose -margins, the longest extending far beyond the tail; occipital and -dorsal plumes not present in winter; head and throat greenish-black, -crown and band on each side below the eye white, the former tinged -with reddish-yellow; general colours light greyish-blue; the feathers -of the fore part of the back and wings with their central parts -bluish-black, margined with bluish-white; quills and tail dark -greyish-blue; edge of wings white. Female similar. Young in its first -plumage dark greyish-white, beneath dull yellowish-white, streaked -with dark brown. - -_Adult_, 23-1/2, 43-1/2. _Young_ in October 23-1/2, 40. - -A few spend the winter in Florida. Migrates in spring as far as New -Jersey, up the Mississippi to Natchez. Never goes far inland. Not very -abundant. Migratory. - - Yellow-crowned Heron, Ardea violacea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - viii. p. 26. - - Ardea violacea, Bonap. Syn. p. 306. - - White-crowned Heron, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 52. - - Yellow-crowned Heron, Ardea violacea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 290. - -Bitterns. Bill considerably longer than the head, stout, tapering, -compressed, with the upper outline slightly curved; legs of moderate -length, bare part of tibia short; neck thick; body exceedingly -compressed; feathers of the neck elongated and curved backwards. -Trachea and bronchi wider. - - -367. 3. Ardea lentiginosa, Swains. American Bittern. - - Plate CCCXXXVII. Male and Female. - -Feathers of the head and occiput elongated and loose; tail of ten -feathers; bill and feet dull yellowish-green; upper part of head -brownish-grey; a streak of pale buff on the eye; cheek and an oblique -band to the middle of the neck light brownish-yellow, beneath which a -dusky brown band from the base of the lower mandible, continuous with -a gradually enlarged band of black running along the sides of the -neck; upper parts yellowish-brown, patched, mottled, freckled, and -barred with dark-brown; most of the quills deep greyish-blue, tipped -with light reddish-brown; fore part of neck white above, -yellowish-white beneath, the throat with a middle longitudinal line of -yellowish-brown spots; on the rest of the neck each feather with a -light brown central mark edged with darker; the rest of the lower -parts dull yellowish-white, most of the feathers marked like those on -the neck. Female similar, but with the upper part of the head -reddish-brown. - -_Male_, 27, 45. _Female_, 26-1/2, 42-1/2. - -Winter resident in the Floridas. Migrates over most part of the United -States. Not seen in Kentucky. Abundant in Texas. Migratory. - - American Bittern, Ardea minor, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 35. - - Ardea minor, Bonap. Syn. p. 307. - - American Bittern, Ardea lentiginosa, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 374. - - American Bittern, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 60. - - American Bittern, Ardea minor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 296. - - -368. 4. Ardea exilis, Wils. Least Bittern. - - Plate CCX. Male, Female, and Young. - -Bill rather slender; feathers on the crown and occiput somewhat -elongated and loose. Male with the upper part of the head, back, and -tail, glossy greenish-black, some of the lateral feathers edged with -white; sides of head and hind part of neck light chestnut; -wing-coverts brownish-yellow; quills purplish-grey, tipped with -yellowish-brown, inner secondaries broadly margined with light -chestnut, of which colour also are the secondary coverts and edge of -the wing at the flexure; throat and fore neck reddish-white, with a -series of reddish-brown spots; fore part of breast, under the -elongated feathers, blackish-brown; the rest of the lower parts -reddish-white; tibia reddish-brown in front. Female smaller, with the -colours duller, the upper part of the head inclining to brown. Young -with the upper parts light brownish-red, variegated with -brownish-yellow; primary quills and tail black. - -_Male_, 13-1/2, 17-3/4. _Female_, 12, wing 14-3/4. - -Resident in Florida. Migrates in spring eastward as far as Maine, and -throughout the Western Country, far up the Missouri. Retires southward -in winter. Texas. - - Least Bittern, Ardea exilis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 37. - - Ardea exilis, Bonap. Syn. p. 308. - - Least Bittern, Ardea exilis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 66. - - Least Bittern, Ardea exilis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 77; v. - v. p. 606. - - -369. 5. Ardea virescens, Linn. Green Heron. - - Plate CCCXXXIII. Male and Young. - -Bill rather slender; feathers of the crown and occiput elongated, of -the fore part of the back much elongated and acuminate. Upper part of -the head and nape glossy deep green; neck purplish-red behind, with an -anterior longitudinal band of white, spotted with dusky brown; -elongated feathers of the back greyish-green, changing to bluish-grey, -with the shafts bluish-white; scapulars, wing-coverts, and inner -secondaries deep glossy green, bordered with yellowish-white; -primaries and outer secondaries greyish-blue tinged with green; hind -part of back and tail deep green; lower parts pale purplish tinged -with yellow; lower tail-coverts greyish-white. Young in first plumage -without the elongated feathers on the back, otherwise similar, but -with the wing-coverts tipped with a triangular white spot, the lower -parts chiefly white with brown streaks. - -_Male_, 17-3/4, 27. _Female_, 17, 25. - -Resident in the Floridas and along the Gulf of Mexico to Texas. In -spring and summer disperses over the whole country as far as Maine, -and up the Missouri. Returns southward at the approach of winter. Very -common. - - Green Heron, Ardea virescens, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 97. - - Ardea virescens, Bonap. Syn. p. 307. - - Green Heron, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 63. - - Green Heron, Ardea virescens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 274. - -*** Bill much longer than the head, with its outline scarcely curved; -legs very long, tibiae bare to a great extent; feathers of the lower -fore neck very long and tapering. Ardea and Egretta of authors. - - -370. 6. Ardea occidentalis, Aud. Great White Heron. - - Plate CCLXXXI. Male. - -Bill, tibiae, and hind part of tarsi yellow; anterior part of the -latter and toes dull green; feathers of the head elongated, -lanceolate, and loose, of the back not much elongated; plumage -entirely pure white. - -_Male_, 54, 83. _Female_, 50, 75. - -Resident in the Southern Florida Keys. Texas. Never seen to the -eastward of Cape Florida, nor on the mainland. Common. - - Great White Heron, Ardea occidentals, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 542; v. v. p. 596. - - -371. 7. Ardea Herodias, Linn. Great Blue Heron. - - Plate CCXI. Male. - -Bill dusky green above, yellow beneath; feet dull green, paler behind; -feathers of the head long, tapering, decurved, two of them extremely -elongated; very long, tapering, pointed feathers from the anterior -part of the back; forehead pure white, the rest of the crest feathers -bluish-black; throat white, neck pale purplish-brown, the elongated -feathers beneath greyish-white, with part of the inner webs -purplish-blue, forming a longitudinal band; upper parts light -greyish-blue, the elongated tips of the dorsal feathers greyish-white; -edge of the wing, some feathers at the base of the fore neck, and the -tibial feathers, brownish-orange; two tufts of large curved feathers -on the fore part of the breast bluish-black, some of them with a -central stripe of white; lower surface of wings and sides light -greyish-blue; elongated feathers of breast, white, their inner edge -black, of the abdomen chiefly black; lower tail-coverts white, some of -them with an oblique mark of black near the tip. Young in first -plumage without the elongated dorsal feathers, the colours duller and -tinged with brown; upper part of head streaked with white, as is the -breast. - -_Male_, 48, 72. - -Resident from Texas to South Carolina. In spring migrates over the -United States, and along the Atlantic coast to the Gulf of St -Lawrence. Breeds everywhere. Retires southward in autumn. Common. - - Great Heron, Ardea Herodias, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 106. - - Ardea Herodias, Bonap. Syn. p. 304. - - Great Heron, Ardea Herodias, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 42. - - Great Blue Heron, Ardea Herodias, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 87; v. v. p. 599. - - -372. 8. Ardea Egretta, Gmel. Great American White Egret. - - Plate CCCLXXXVI. Male. - -Feathers of the head scarcely elongated, those of the fore part of the -back extremely long, slightly decurved, with loose filaments, and -extending about ten inches beyond the tail; bill yellow; feet black; -plumage pure white. Young white, the elongated feathers not fully -developed until the second year, bill greenish-black. - -_Male_, 37, 57. - -Resident in Florida, and Galveston Bay in Texas. Migrates in spring -sometimes as far as Massachusetts; up the Mississippi, to Natchez, -Breeds in all intermediate districts. Returns south before winter. -Very Abundant. - - Ardea Egretta, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 629. - - Great White Heron, Ardea Egretta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. - 106. - - Ardea alba, Bonap. Syn. p. 304. - - Ardea Egretta, Wagler, Syst. Av. - - Great White Heron, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 47. - - Great American Egret, Ardea Egretta, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 600. - - -373. 9. Ardea rufescens, Gmel. Reddish Egret. - - Plate CCLVI. Adult and Young. - -Feathers of the upper and hind part of the head and of the neck -generally, much elongated, very narrow, loose, with linear-acuminate -compact tips; of the back extremely long, slightly recurved, with -loose filaments, and extending several inches beyond the tail; bill -pale flesh-colour, with the terminal third black; feet ultramarine -blue, the scutella bluish-black; plumage of the head and neck light -reddish-brown; back and wings greyish-blue; long train-feathers -yellowish toward the end; lower parts greyish-blue, paler than the -upper. Young with the plumage white, the feet dusky green, the soles -yellow. - -_Male_, 31, 46. - -Resident on the Florida Keys, and in Galveston Bay. Never seen inland. -Extremely abundant. - - Ardea rufescens, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 628. - - Peale's Egret Heron, Ardea Pealii, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. - 96. Young. - - Peak's Egret, _Nutt._ Man. v. ii. p. 49. Young. - - Reddish Egret, Ardea rufescens, _Aud._ Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 411; v. v. p. 604. - - -374. 10. Ardea coerulea, Linn. Blue Heron. - - Plate CCCVII. Male and Young. - -Feathers of the upper and hind part of the head very long and linear; -of the middle of the back extremely long, linear-acuminate, compact, -their tips extending about five inches beyond the tail; bill blue; -feet black; plumage of head and neck vinaceous purple, of the other -parts deep greyish-blue. Young with the plumage white, becoming -patched with blue as they advance in age. - -_Male_, 24-1/2, 42. - -Resident in Florida and Texas, where it breeds. In spring migrates as -far as Long Island; up the Mississippi to a hundred miles above -Natchez. Never seen far inland. - - Blue Heron, Ardea coerulea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 117. - - Ardea coerulea, Bonap. Syn. p. 300. - - Blue Heron, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 58. - - Blue Heron, Ardea coerulea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 58. - - -375. 11. Ardea Ludoviciana, Wils. Louisiana Heron. - - Plate CCXVII. Male. - -Feathers of the upper and hind part of the head elongated, tapering, -curved, about six of them larger and much longer; of the back -extremely elongated, with loose threadlike filaments, extending beyond -the tail; bill brownish-black above, yellow beneath; feet light -greenish-yellow, with the scutella dusky; general colour of upper -parts light purplish-blue; elongated feathers of head and neck above, -reddish-purple, as are those of the lower part of the neck; six -longest feathers of head white; elongated loose feathers of back dull -purplish-yellow; throat white, its lower part chestnut; a line of -white down the fore neck; rump and lower parts pure white, except the -anterior feathers of the breast, which have their inner webs dusky -blue. Young with the neck and fore part of the back light -brownish-red; throat and lower parts white, as is the hind part of the -back; quills, larger wing-coverts and tail light purplish-blue. -Plumage and colouring completed at the end of the second year. - -_Male_, 27, 37. - -Resident in the Floridas and Texas, where it is abundant. Migrates -eastward to New Jersey, where it is rare; up the Mississippi to -Natchez. Never seen far inland. - - Louisiana Heron, Ardea Ludoviciana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. - p. 13. - - Ardea Ludoviciana, Bonap. Syn. p. 305. - - Louisiana Heron, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 51. - - Louisiana Heron, Ardea Ludoviciana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 136; v. v. p. 605. - - -376. 12. Ardea candidissima, Gmel. Snowy Heron. - - Plate CCXLII. Male. - -Feathers of the upper and hind part of the head very long, loose, -decurved; of the middle of the back very long, loose, decurved, with -their extremities recurved; bill and legs black; toes yellow. Plumage -pure white. Young white, with the legs and toes dull green. - -_Male_, 22-1/2, 38. - -Resident from Texas to Florida. Migrates in spring as far as -Massachusetts. Breeds in all intermediate districts; up the -Mississippi to Memphis. Abundant. - - Snowy Heron, Ardea candidissima. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. - 120. - - Ardea candidissima, Bonap. Syn. p. 305. - - Snowy Heron, Ardea candidissima, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 49. - - Snowy Heron, Ardea candidissima, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 317; v. v. p. 606. - - - - -FAMILY XXXIX. ANATINAE. DUCKS. - - -Bill of moderate length, stout, straight, depressed toward the end, -obtuse, covered with soft skin; upper mandible transversely convex, -with the margins internally lamellate, the tip furnished with a -decurved horny broad unguis; lower mandible with the angle long and -narrow, the crura slender, flattened, the edges internally lamellate, -the tip a flattened unguis. Nostrils elliptical, open, subbasal. Head -of moderate size; neck long or of moderate length, slender; body full; -legs generally short, stout, with little of the tibia bare; tarsus -scutellate; toes four, first small; anterior three palmate. Claws -moderate, arched, compressed, obtuse. Plumage very full, dense, soft. -Wings of moderate length, curved, acute, outer two quills longest. -Tail short, of twelve or more feathers. Tongue fleshy, with a median -groove, lateral reversed papillae, laminae, or bristles, and a -semicircular thin horny tip; oesophagus narrow, slightly enlarged at -the lower part of the neck; stomach a transversely elliptical gizzard, -of which the lateral muscles are excessively developed, the epithelium -dense, with two concave grinding surfaces; intestine long and wide; -coeca long, cylindrical, contracted at the base. Trachea various, -generally much enlarged at the bifurcation, without inferior laryngeal -muscles, or only with the slips of the lateral muscles prolonged. Nest -generally on the ground; eggs numerous. Young clothed with stiffish -down, and able to walk and swim from birth. - - - - -GENUS I. PHOENICOPTERUS, Linn. FLAMINGO. - - -Bill more than double the length of the head, straight and higher than -broad for half its length, then deflected, and tapering to an obtuse -point; upper mandible with its dorsal line at first straight, then -convex, and again straight nearly to the end, when it becomes convex -at the tip, the ridge broad and concave, on the deflected part -expanded into a lanceolate plate, having a shallow groove in the -middle, and separated from the edges by a narrow groove, its extremity -narrow and thin edged, but obtuse, this part being analogous to the -unguis of ducks; lower mandible narrower than the upper at its base, -but much broader in the rest of its extent; its angle rather long, -wide, and filled with bare skin; its dorsal line concave, but at the -tip convex, the ridge deeply depressed, there being a wide channel in -its place, the sides nearly erect and a little convex, with six ridges -on each side toward the tip. Both mandibles internally lamellate, the -edge of the lower much incurved. Nostrils linear, direct, and -subbasal, operculate. Head small, ovate; neck extremely elongated, and -very slender; body slender; legs extremely long; tibia bare for more -than half its length, and with the long tarsus anteriorly scutellate; -hind toe very small and elevated; anterior toes connected by -emarginate webs, scutellate above, tesselate beneath. Claws oblong, -obtuse, depressed. Space between the bill and the eye bare; plumage -compact; wings long, very broad, pointed; second quill longest; some -of the secondaries extremely elongated, so as to extend far beyond the -primaries when the wing is closed. Tail very short. Tongue confined by -the lower mandible, fleshy, compressed, decurved, with recurved -conical papillae; oesophagus extremely narrow, but at the lower part -of the neck enlarged into a crop; proventriculus elliptical; stomach a -very muscular, transversely elliptical gizzard, exactly resembling -that of a goose or duck, with the epithelium dense, and longitudinally -sulcate; intestine very long, and of considerable width; coeca -rather long; cloaca globular. - - -377. 1. Phoenicopterus ruber, Linn. American Flamingo. - - Plate CCCCXXXI. Male. - -Bill yellow tinged with bright orange, at the end black; feet lake; -plumage scarlet, excepting the ten primaries, and twenty of the -secondaries, which are black. - -_Male_, 45-1/2, 66. - -Rather rare, and only during summer in the Florida Keys, and the -western coast of Florida. Accidental as far as South Carolina. -Constantly resident in Cuba. - - Red Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber, Wils. Amer. Orn, v. - viii. p. 145. - - Phoenicopterus ruber, Bonap. Syn. p. 348. - - American or Red Flamingo, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 71. - - American Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 255. - - - - -GENUS II. ANSER, Briss. GOOSE. - - -Bill shorter than the head, rather higher than broad at the base, -somewhat conical, depressed toward the end, rounded at the tip; upper -mandible with the dorsal line sloping, the ridge broad and flattened, -the sides sloping, the edges soft and obtuse, internally with numerous -oblique marginal lamellae, the unguis obovate, convex; nasal groove -oblong, filled by the soft membrane of the bill; nostrils medial, -lateral, longitudinal, narrow-elliptical, open, pervious, lower -mandible straight, with the angle very long, narrow, and rounded, the -edges soft and obtuse, with numerous oblique lamellae, the tip broadly -convex. Head small, oblong, compressed; neck long and slender; body -very full, slightly depressed. Feet short, stout; tibia bare for a -short space below; tarsus short, a little compressed, covered all -round with angular scales; hind toe very small and elevated, third toe -longest, fourth longer than second; all reticulated at the base, -scutellate toward the end, the anterior webbed. Claws small, arched, -rather compressed. Plumage close, compact above, blended beneath. -Wings long, convex, the second quill longest, the first and third -nearly equal. Tail very short, of sixteen or more feathers. - - -378. 1. Anser Canadensis, Linn. Canada Goose. - - Plate CCI. Male and Female. - -Tail of eighteen feathers; bill, feet, and claws black, head and two -upper thirds of neck glossy black; forehead, cheeks, and chin, tinged -with brown; lower eyelid white; a broad band of white across the -throat to behind the eye; rump and tail-feathers black; general colour -of the rest of upper parts greyish-brown, wing-coverts shaded into -ash-grey, all the feathers terminally edged with very pale brown; -lower part of neck passing to greyish-white, which is the general -colour of the lower parts, unless in old birds where it is buff, with -the exception of the abdomen, which is pure white, the sides, which -are pale brownish-grey, the feathers tipped with white, and the lower -wing-coverts, which are also pale brownish-grey; margins of rump and -upper tail-coverts pure white. Female with the tints somewhat duller. - -_Male_, 43, 65. _Female_, 41. - -Breeds sparingly from the Mississippi to Nova Scotia; abundantly in -Labrador, and farther north. In the interior, on the Missouri, and -across to the Columbia River. Abundant. Migrates far south in winter. - - Canada Goose, Anas canadensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. - 52. - - Anser canadensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 377. - - Anser canadensis, Canada Goose, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 468. - - Canada Goose, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 349. - - Canada Goose. Anser canadensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 1; - v. v. p. 607. - - -379. 2. Anser Hutchinsii, Richardson. Hutchins's Goose. - - Plate CCLXXVII. Adult. - -Tail of sixteen feathers; bill, feet, and claws black; head and two -upper thirds of neck glossy black; a large subtriangular patch of -white on each side of the head and neck; general colour of the upper -parts brownish-grey, the feathers margined with paler, of the lower -parts pale greyish-brown, margined with yellowish-grey; abdomen and -lower tail-coverts white; hind part of back brownish-black; primary -quills and tail-feathers deep brown. - -_Adult_, 25, 50. - -From New Jersey to Maine, during winter. Breeds in the Arctic Regions. -Columbia River. Abundant. - - Anser Hutchinsii, Hutchins's Bernacle Goose, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 470. - - Hutchins's Goose, Anser Hutchinsii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 526. - - -380. 3. Anser leucopsis, Bechst. Bernacle Goose. - - Plate CCXCVI. Male and Female. - -Tail very short, rounded, of sixteen feathers; bill, feet, and claws -black; anterior parts of head, including a broad space above the eye, -the sides of the head and the throat, white; feathers margining the -bill, and a line from the bill to the eye, curving beneath the lower -eyelid, and running along the upper, brownish-black; neck all round -glossy bluish-black, of which colour are the anterior feathers; the -scapulars, and the wing-coverts, towards their extremities, while the -bases are ash-grey, and their terminal margins white; rump and -tail-feathers deep black; quills greyish-black, darker towards the -tips, the outer webs more or less tinged with ash-grey; upper and -lower tail-coverts, and sides of rump, pure white. - -_Male_, 27, 56. _Female_, 23-1/2, 52. - -Accidental in North America. - - Anser leucopsis, Bonap. Syn. p. 377. - - Bernacle Goose, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 355. - - Bernacle Goose, Anser leucopsis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 609. - -381. 4. Anser Bernicla, Linn. Brent Goose. - - Plate CCCXCI. Male and Female. - -Tail of sixteen feathers, rounded; bill and feet black; head and neck -all round black, glossed with blue; a small streak under the eye, a -spot on the chin, and patch on each side of the neck, white; general -colour of upper parts brownish-grey, the feathers margined with light -greyish-brown; quills and primary coverts greyish-black; upper -tail-coverts white; tail greyish-black; fore part of breast light -brownish-grey, the feathers terminally margined with greyish-white; -abdomen and lower tail-coverts white; sides grey, the feathers broadly -tipped with white; axillar feathers and lower wing-coverts grey. - -_Male_, 24-1/2, 48. _Female_, 23, 44-1/2. - -Abundant along the coast of the Atlantic, from Maine to Maryland, -during winter. Never seen far inland. Breeds from Labrador northward. -Columbia River. - - Brant, Anas Bernicla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 131. - - Anser Bernicla, Bonap. Syn. p. 378. - - Anser Bernicla, Brent Goose, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 469. - - Brant or Brent Goose, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 358. - - Brent Goose, Anser Bernicla, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. pp. 24, - 610. - - -382. 5. Anser albifrons, Bechst. White-fronted Goose. - - Plate CCLXXXVI. Male and Female. - -Tail of sixteen feathers, rounded; bill carmine-red, with the unguis -white; feet orange, claws white; head and neck greyish-brown; a white -band, margined behind with blackish-brown on the anterior part of the -forehead along the bill; general colour of back deep grey, the -feathers of its fore part broadly tipped with greyish-brown, the rest -with greyish-white; hind part of back deep grey; wings greyish-brown, -toward the edge ash-grey, as are the primary coverts, and outer webs -of the primaries; the rest of the primaries and secondaries -greyish-black, the latter with a narrow edge of greyish-white, the -former edged and tipped with white; breast, abdomen, lower -tail-coverts, sides of rump, and upper tail-coverts, white; the breast -and sides patched with brownish-black, on the latter intermixed with -greyish-brown feathers. - -_Male_, 27-1/4, 60. - -Through the interior of the Western and Southern States during winter, -as well as along the coast, from Massachusetts to Texas. Columbia -River. Breeds in the far north. - - Anser albifrons, Bonap. Syn. p. 376. - - Anser albifrons, Laughing Goose, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 456. - - White-fronted Goose, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 346. - - White-fronted Goose, Anser albifrons, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 568. - -383. 6. Anser hyperboreus, Gmel. Snow-Goose. - - Plate CCCLXXXI. Adult Male and Young Female. - -Bill and feet carmine, unguis white, claws dusky; plumage pure white, -fore part of head tinged with yellowish-red; primaries brownish-grey, -toward the end blackish-brown, their shafts white, unless toward the -end. Young in its second plumage, with the bill yellow, or -flesh-coloured, the feet lake; head and upper part of neck, with the -wing-coverts, greyish-white; lower part of neck all round, fore part -of back, scapulars, fore part of breast and sides blackish-grey; hind -part of back and upper tail-coverts, ash-grey; quills greyish-black, -secondaries margined with greyish-white; tail-feathers dusky grey, -margined with greyish-white; breast and abdomen greyish-white. - -_Male_, 31-3/4, 62. _Female_, 26, 55. - -Western and Southern States, in autumn and winter. Breeds in the -Arctic Regions. Abundant. - - Snow Goose, Anas hyperborea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 76. - - Anser hyperboreus, Bonap. Syn. p. 376. - - Snow Goose, Nutt. Man. p. 344. - - Anser hyperboreus, Snow Goose, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 467. - - Snow Goose, Anser hyperboreus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 562. - - - - -GENUS III. CYGNUS, Meyer. SWAN. - - -Bill longer than the head, higher than broad at the base, depressed, -and a little widened toward the end, rounded; upper mandible with the -dorsal line sloping, the ridge very broad at the base, with a large -depression; narrowed between the nostrils, convex toward the end, the -sides nearly erect at the base, gradually becoming more horizontal and -convex toward the end, the sides soft and thin, with numerous -transverse little elevated internal lamellae, the unguis obovate; nasal -groove elliptical, subbasal, covered by the soft membrane of the bill; -lower mandible flattened, with the angle very long, and rather narrow, -the sides convex, the edges with numerous transverse lamellae. Nostrils -submedial, longitudinal, placed near the ridge, elliptical. Head of -moderate size, oblong, compressed; neck extremely long and slender; -body very large, compact, depressed. Feet short, stout, placed a -little behind the centre of the body; tibia bare for a very small -space; tarsus short, a little compressed, covered all round with -angular scales; hind toe extremely small, with a very narrow membrane; -third longest, fourth very little shorter; anterior toes covered with -angular scales for nearly half their length, then scutellate, and -connected by broad reticulated entire membranes. Claws rather small, -strong, arched, compressed, rather obtuse. Space between the bill and -eye bare; plumage dense and soft. Wings long, broad; primaries curved, -stiff, the second longest. Tail very short, graduated, of twenty or -more feathers. Oesophagus very slender, at the lower part of the -neck a little dilated; stomach transversely elliptical, with the -lateral muscles extremely large, the epithelium dense, with two -concave grinding surfaces; intestine long, and of moderate width; -coeca rather large, narrow; cloaca globular. Trachea generally -enters a cavity in the sternum, whence it is reflected, before it -passes into the thorax; no inferior laryngeal muscles. - - -384. 1. Cygnus Buccinator, Richardson. Trumpeter Swan. - - Plate CCCCVI. Adult Male. Plate CCCLXXVI. Young after first - moult. - -Tail-feathers twenty-four; bill and feet black; plumage pure white, -excepting the upper part of the head, which is often brownish-red. -Young after first moult with the bill flesh-coloured in the middle, -the feet dull yellowish-brown; upper part of head and cheeks bright -reddish-brown, each feather tipped with whitish; throat nearly white; -general colour of the other parts greyish-white, slightly tinged with -yellow. - -_Adult_, 68; wing, 27. _Young_, 52-1/2, 91. - -Breeds from North California northward. Fur Countries. Abundant during -winter on the Missouri, Mississippi, Ohio, and in Texas. Never seen -eastward of South Carolina. - - Cygnus Buccinator, Richardson's Trumpeter Swan, F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 464. - - Trumpeter Swan, Cygnus Buccinator, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 370. - - Trumpeter Swan, Cygnus Buccinator, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 536; v. v. p. 114. - - -385. 2. Cygnus Americanus, Sharpless. American Swan. - - Plate CCCCXI. Male. - -Tail feathers twenty; bill and feet black, the former with a small -orange spot on each side at the base; plumage pure white. Young grey. - -_Male_, 53, 84. - -Common during winter in the Middle Atlantic Districts, especially on -Chesapeake Bay. Not seen south of Carolina. Columbia River. Breeds in -the Fur Countries. - - American Wild Swan, Cygnus americanus, Sharpless, Amer. Journ. - of Sc. and Arts, v. xxii. - - American Swan, Cygnus americanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 133. - - - - -GENUS IV. ANAS, Linn. DUCK. - - -Bill about the length of the head, somewhat higher than broad at the -base, depressed and widened towards the end, rounded at the tip; upper -mandible with the dorsal line sloping, and a little concave, the ridge -at the base broad and flat, towards the end broadly convex, as are the -sides, the edges soft and rather obtuse, the marginal lamellae -numerous, oblique; unguis decurved, obovate; nasal groove elliptical, -subbasal, filled by the soft membrane of the bill; lower mandible -flattened, slightly recurvate, with the angle very long and narrow, -the unguis roundish, the lamellae numerous. Nostrils subbasal, -elliptical, near the ridge. Head of moderate size, oblong, compressed; -neck rather long and slender; body full, depressed. Feet short, stout, -placed a little behind the centre of the body; tibia bare a little -above the joint; tarsus short, somewhat compressed, anteriorly with -small scutella, laterally and behind with angular scales; hind toe -extremely small, with a very narrow membrane; third toe longest, -fourth a little shorter, but longer than second; all covered with -numerous oblique scutella; anterior connected by reticulated -membranes. Claws small, arched, compressed, rather acute. Plumage -dense, soft. Wings of moderate length, acute; second quill longest, -first very little shorter; inner secondaries elongated and tapering; -tail short, much rounded, of sixteen feathers. Oesophagus rather -narrow, dilated on the lower part of the neck; stomach an extremely -muscular, transversely elliptical gizzard; intestine long and rather -wide; coeca long. Trachea of the males, with a transverse bony -unsymmetrical dilatation at the inferior larynx. - - -386. 1. Anas Borchas, Linn. Mallard. - - Plate CCXXI. Male and Female. - -Male with the feathers of the head and neck short, blended, and -splendent; tail much rounded, of sixteen acute feathers, of which the -four central are recurved; bill greenish-yellow, feet orange-red; head -and upper part of neck deep green; about the middle of the neck a -white ring; its lower part anteriorly, and the fore part of the -breast, dark brownish-chestnut; fore part of back light -yellowish-brown, rest of the back brownish-black, the rump black, -splendent with green and purplish-blue, as are the recurved -tail-feathers; upper surface of wings greyish-brown, scapulars -lighter, except their inner webs, and with the anterior dorsal -feathers, minutely undulated with brown, speculum on about ten of the -secondaries purple and green, edged with velvet-black and white, the -anterior bands of these colours being on the secondary coverts; -breast, sides, and abdomen very pale grey, minutely undulated with -darker; lower tail-coverts black. Female with the bill black in the -middle, dull orange at the extremities and along the edges; upper -parts pale yellowish, streaked and spotted with dusky; feathers of the -head narrowly streaked, of the back with the margins and a central -streak yellowish-brown, the rest dark, the scapulars similar, but with -the light streak on the outer web; speculum as in the male, but with -less green; lower parts dull ochre, deeper on the lower neck, faintly -streaked and spotted with brown. - -_Male_, 24, 36. _Female_, 22. - -Breeds from Texas sparingly throughout the United States. Columbia -River, and Fur Countries. Abundant during winter in all the Southern -Districts. Not found in Maine, or farther eastward. - - Mallard, Anas Borchas, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 112. - - Anas Borchas, Bonap. Syn. p. 383. - - Anas (Borchas) domestica, Mallard, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 442. - - Mallard Duck, Anas domestica, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 378. - - Mallard, Anas Borchas, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 164. - - -387. 2. Anas obscura, Gmel. Dusky Duck. - - Plate CCCII. Male and Female. - -Tail much rounded, of eighteen acute feathers, none of which are -recurved; bill yellowish-green; feet orange-red, the webs dusky; -upper part of head glossy brownish-black, the feathers margined with -light brown; sides of head and a band over the eye light -greyish-brown, with longitudinal dusky streaks; general colour -blackish-brown, a little paler beneath, all the feathers margined with -pale reddish-brown; wing-coverts greyish-dusky, with a faint tinge of -green; ends of secondary coverts velvet black; primaries and their -coverts blackish-brown; secondaries darker; speculum green, blue, -violet, or amethyst-purple, bounded by velvet-black, the feathers also -tipped with a narrow line of white; under surface of wing and -axillaries white. Female more brown, with the speculum similar, but -without the white terminal line. - -_Male_, 24-1/2, 38-1/2. _Female_, 22, 34-1/4. - -Breeds in Texas, westward, and throughout the United States, British -Provinces, and Labrador. Columbia River. Common in autumn and spring -along the Middle Atlantic Districts. Abundant in the Southern and -Western States, in winter. - - Dusky Duck, Anas obscura, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 141. - - Anas obscura, Bonap. Syn. p. 384. - - Dusky Duck, Anas obscura, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 392. - - Dusky Duck, Anas obscura, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 15. - - -388. 3. Anas Breweri, Aud. Brewer's Duck. - - Plate CCCXXXVIII. Male. - -Very nearly allied to the Mallard, but with the bill narrower, no -recurved feathers in the tail, and the feet dull yellow; the speculum -more green without white bands, and a large patch of light red on the -side of the head; bill dull yellow, dusky along the ridge; head and -upper part of neck deep glossy green; an elongated patch of pale -reddish-yellow from the base of the bill over the cheeks to a -considerable way down the neck; a space immediately over and behind -the eye light dull purple; a narrow ring of pale yellowish-red on the -middle of the neck, of which the lower part is dull brownish-red, the -feathers with a transverse band of dusky, and edged with paler; upper -parts dull greyish-brown, transversely undulated with dusky; smaller -wing-coverts without undulations, but each feather with a dusky bar -behind another of light dull yellow; first row of smaller coverts -tipped with black; primaries and their coverts light brownish-grey; -some of the outer secondaries similar, the next five or six -duck-green, the next light grey with a dusky patch toward the end; -rump and upper tail-coverts black, as are the parts under the tail, -excepting two longitudinal white bands; tail-feathers light -brownish-grey, edged with whitish; all the rest of the lower parts -greyish-white edged with yellow, beautifully undulated with dusky -lines, on the middle of the breast these lines less numerous, and each -feather with a reddish-grey central streak. - -_Male_, 23, 39. - -One specimen procured in Louisiana. - - Brewer's Duck, Anas Breweri, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 302. - - -389. 4. Anas strepera, Linn. Gadwall Duck.--Violon. - - Plate CCCXLVIII. Male and Female. - -Tail short, rounded, of sixteen pointed feathers. Male with the bill -bluish-black, the feet dull orange-yellow, the webs dusky; head light -yellowish-grey, its upper part and nape much darker and barred with -dusky, the rest dotted with the same; lower part of neck, sides of -body, fore part of back, and outer scapulars, undulated with dusky and -yellowish-white, the bands much larger and semicircular on the fore -part of the neck and breast; the latter white; abdomen faintly and -minutely undulated with brownish-grey; elongated scapulars -brownish-grey, broadly margined with brownish-red; hind part of back -brownish-black, rump and upper and lower tail-coverts bluish-black; -anterior smaller wing-coverts light grey undulated with dusky, middle -coverts deep chestnut-red; primary coverts brownish-grey, outer -secondary coverts darker and tinged with chestnut, the rest black, -excepting the inner which are grey; primaries and inner elongated -secondaries brownish-grey, of which colour also are the inner webs of -the rest; part of the outer webs, of five of the outer black, and -their terminal margins, white, of which colour are the whole outer -webs of the three next to the inner elongated quills; tail -brownish-grey, the feathers margined with paler. Female with the bill -dusky along the ridge, upper part of head brownish-black, the feathers -edged with light reddish-brown; a streak over the eye, the cheeks, the -upper part of the neck all round, light yellowish-red tinged with -grey, and marked with small longitudinal dusky streaks, which are -fainter on the throat, that part being greyish-white; the rest of the -neck, the sides, all the upper parts, and the lower rump-feathers -brownish-black broadly margined with yellowish-red; wing-coverts -brownish-grey, edged with paler; wing with the speculum fainter; -tail-feathers and their coverts dusky, laterally obliquely indented -with pale brownish-red, and margined with reddish-white. - -_Male_, 21-3/4, 35. _Female_, 19-1/4, 31. - -Breeds in Texas, and westward to the Columbia River, Fur Countries, -and sometimes in the States of New York, Massachusetts, and Maine. -Rather common in autumn and spring in the middle Atlantic districts; -more so in the Southern and Western States. - - Gadwall, Anas strepera, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 120. - - Anas strepera, Bonap. Syn. p. 383. - - Anas (Chauliodus) strepera, Gadwall, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 440. - - Gadwall or Grey, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 383. - - Gadwall Duck, Anas strepera, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 353. - - -390. 5. Anas Americana, Gmel. American Widgeon. - - Plate CCCXLV. Male and Female. - -Tail short, pointed, of sixteen feathers. Male with the bill and feet -light greyish-blue; upper part of head white, more or less mottled -with dusky on the sides; loral space and cheeks reddish-white, dotted -with greenish-black; a broad band from the eye to behind the occiput -deep green; lower part of hind neck, scapulars, and fore part of back, -minutely transversely undulated with brownish-black and light -brownish-red; the hind part similarly undulated with blackish-brown -and greyish-white; smaller wing-coverts brownish-grey; primary quills -and coverts dark greyish-brown; secondary coverts white, tipped with -black; speculum duck-green, anteriorly bounded by the black tips of -the secondary coverts, black behind, internally black with white -streaks, the inner elongated secondaries having their outer webs -black, margined with white, their inner webs brownish-grey; -tail-feathers light brownish-grey; throat brownish-black, lower part -of neck in front, and fore part of breast light brownish-red; breast, -belly, and sides of rump, white; sides of body finely undulated with -white and dusky; rump beneath and lower tail-coverts black. Female -similar, with less white on the head, the back duller and less -undulated; the wings greyish-brown, the secondary coverts tipped with -white, secondary quills brownish-black, inner greyish-brown, all -margined with white; tail-feathers greyish-brown, edged with white, -lower parts white, except the feathers of the sides and under the -tail, which are broadly barred with dusky and light reddish-brown. -Perhaps not distinct from Anas Penelope. - -_Male_, 20-1/2, 34-1/2. _Female_, 18, 30. - -Breeds in Texas, and in the Northern Districts. Abundant in the south -and west in winter. Columbia River. Middle Atlantic districts in -autumn and spring. - - American Widgeon, Anas americana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. - 86. - - Anas americana, Bonap. Syn. p. 384. - - Mareca americana, Steph. American Widgeon, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 445. - - American Widgeon, Anas americana, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 389. - - American Widgeon, Anas americana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 337. - - -391. 6. Anas acuta, Linn. Pintail Duck. - - Plate CCXXVII. Male and Female. - -Tail tapering, of fourteen tapering feathers, of which the two middle -project far beyond the rest. Male with the bill black, the sides of -upper mandible pale blue; feet greyish-blue; head, throat, and upper -part of neck anteriorly greenish-brown, faintly margined behind with -purplish-red; a small part of hind neck dark green; the rest and the -upper part in general beautifully undulated with very narrow bars of -brownish-black and yellowish-white, smaller wing-coverts, alula, and -primary quills grey, the latter dark brown toward the end; speculum -coppery-red, changing to dull green, edged anteriorly with light -brownish-red, posteriorly with white; inner secondaries and scapulars -black and green with broad grey margins; upper tail-coverts -cream-coloured, the outer webs blackish and green; tail light grey, -the middle feathers dark brown glossed with green; on each side of the -neck an oblique band of white, of which colour are the lower parts in -general, but the sides undulated like the back, the lateral feathers -of the rump cream-coloured, the lower tail-coverts black, and those at -the sides edged with white. Female with the upper parts variegated -with brownish-black and light yellowish-brown, the margins of the -feathers, and a mark on each side of the shaft being of the latter -colour; the speculum dusky green, margined behind with white; primary -quills greyish-brown; lower parts light brownish-yellow, sides -variegated with brown. - -_Male_, 29, 36. _Female_, 22-1/2, 34. - -From Texas, throughout the interior, to the Columbia River, and along -the Atlantic coast to Maine, during winter, and early spring. Breeds -in the Arctic regions. Abundant. - - Pintail Duck, Anas acuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 72. - - Anas acuta, Bonap. Syn. p. 383. - - Anas caudacuta, Pintail Duck, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 441. - - Pintail or Winter Duck, Anas acuta, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 386. - - Pintail Duck, Anas acuta, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 214; v. - v. p. 615. - - -392. 7. Anas Sponsa, Linn. Wood Duck.--Summer Duck. - - Plate CCVI. Male and Female. - -Male with the feathers of the head and upper and hind part of neck -elongated and incurved, inner secondaries very broad, tail much -rounded, of sixteen feathers; bill bright red at the base, yellow on -the sides, ridge and unguis black; feet greenish-yellow; upper part of -head and loral space deep green; below the eye a patch of dark purple, -behind it a larger patch of the same colour; sides of neck, its hind -part under the crest, and the middle all round, very dark purple; a -narrow line along the base of the upper mandible and over the eye, -meeting on the occiput, pure white, as are some of the feathers of the -crest; another from behind the eye meeting below the occiput, and -including several of the lower elongated feathers; throat pure white, -with a process on each side a little beyond the eye, and another -nearly half-way down the neck; sides of the neck and its lower part -anteriorly reddish-purple, each feather on the latter with a -triangular white tip; middle of the neck behind, back and rump, very -dark reddish-brown, the latter deeper, and tinged with green; upper -tail-coverts and tail greenish-black; some of the lateral tail-coverts -dull reddish-purple, a few on either side with their central filaments -light red; smaller wing-coverts, alula, and primaries dull -greyish-brown, most of the latter, with part of the outer web -greyish-white, and the inner toward the end darker and glossed with -green; secondary quills tipped with white, the outer webs green, with -purple reflections, those of the inner secondaries and scapulars -velvet-black, their inner webs partially glossed and changing to -green; the broad feathers anterior to the wings white, terminated with -black; breast and abdomen greyish-white; feathers under the wings -yellowish-grey, minutely undulated with black, and tipped with a white -and two black bands; lower wing-coverts and axillar feathers white, -barred with greyish-brown; lower tail-coverts dull greyish-brown. -Female with the bill blackish-brown, the feet dull green; upper part -of head dusky glossed with green, sides of head and neck, with hind -part of latter, light brownish-grey; throat white, but without the -lateral processes; fore part of neck below and sides light -yellowish-brown, mottled with dark greyish-brown, as are the sides -under the wings; breast and abdomen white, the former spotted with -brown; hind neck, back, and rump dark brown, glossed with green and -purple; wings as in the male, but the speculum less, and the -secondaries externally faint reddish-purple, the velvet-black of the -male diminished to a few narrow markings; tail dark brown, glossed -with green; lower tail-coverts pale greyish-brown, mottled with white. - -_Male_, 20-1/2, 28. _Female_, 19-1/2. - -Breeds throughout the country from Texas to the Columbia, and eastward -to Nova Scotia. Fur Countries. Accumulates in the Southern Districts -in winter. - - Summer Duck or Wood Duck, Anas sponsa, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. viii. p. 97. - - Dendronessa sponsa, Summer Duck, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 446. - - Summer or Wood Duck, Anas sponsa, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 394. - - Wood Duck, Anas sponsa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 52; v. v. - p. 618. - - -393. 8. Anas Carolinensis, Steph. American Green-winged Teal. - - Plate CCXXVIII. Male and Female. - -Male with the feathers of the head and upper part of hind neck -elongated; tail short, acuminate, of sixteen feathers; bill black, -feet light bluish-grey; head and upper part of neck chestnut-red; a -broad band, narrowing backwards, from the eye, down the back of the -neck, deep shining green, edged with black below, under which is a -whitish line, meeting before the eye another that curves forward and -downward to the angle of the mouth; chin brownish-black, as are the -feathers at the base of the upper mandible; upper parts and flanks -beautifully undulated with brownish-black and white lines; anterior to -the wings a short broad transverse band of white; wings brownish-grey; -speculum in its lower half velvet-black, the upper bright green, -changing to purple, and edged above with black, behind margined with -white, before with reddish-white; tail brownish-grey, the feathers -margined with paler; upper coverts brownish-black, edged with light -yellowish-grey; lower part of neck partly barred as behind, -yellowish-white and spotted with black, as is the fore part of the -breast; abdomen white, faintly barred with grey; a patch of black -under the tail; lateral tail-coverts cream-coloured, the larger black, -with broad white margins and tips. Female with the head and neck -streaked with dark brown and light red, the fore neck whitish, the -upper parts mottled with dark brown, the anterior feathers barred, the -posterior margined with yellowish-white; the speculum less extensive; -the lower part of fore neck tinged with yellowish-red, and mottled -with dark brown, as are the sides; the rest of the lower parts white. -This species differs from _Anas Crecca_ chiefly in having a white band -before the wing, which the European bird has not, while the latter has -the greater part of the outer webs of most of the scapulars white, -there being none of that colour on those of our bird. - -_Male_, 14-3/4, 24. _Female_, 13-3/4, 22-1/2. - -Dispersed throughout the country during autumn and spring. Extremely -abundant during winter in all the Southern States and Texas. Breeds -sparingly along the Great Lakes, and far north. - - Green-winged Teal, Anas Crecca, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. - 101. - - Anas Crecca, Bonap. Syn. p. 386. - - American Teal, Anas Crecca, var. Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 400. - - Anas Crecca, Green-winged Teal, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 400. - - Green-winged Teal, Anas Crecca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 218; v. v. p. 616. - - -394. 9. Anas discors, Linn. Blue-winged Teal. - - Plate CCCXIII. Male and Female. - -Male with the feathers of the head and hind neck slightly elongated, -the tail rounded, acuminate, of fourteen feathers; bill bluish-black; -feet dull yellow; upper part of head black; a semilunar white patch on -the side of the head before the eye, margined before and behind with -black, the rest of the head and the anterior parts of the neck -purplish-blue, with purplish-red reflections; lower hind neck and fore -part of back brownish-black, glossed with green, each feather with a -curved band of pale reddish-buff, and a line or band of the same in -the centre, the hind part of the back greenish-brown, the feathers -edged with paler; smaller wing-coverts light blue; alula, primary -coverts, and primary quills greyish-brown, edged with pale bluish; -outer secondaries of the same colour, those of the speculum -duck-green, changing to blue and bronze, with a narrow line of white -along their terminal margin; the inner greenish-black on the outer -web, greenish-brown on the inner, with a central line and narrow -external margin of pale reddish-buff; the more elongated scapulars -similar, but some of them margined with greenish-blue; secondary -coverts greenish-brown, the outer tipped with white, the inner with -blue; tail-feathers chocolate-brown, slightly glossed with green, -their margin buffy; lower parts pale reddish-orange, shaded on the -breast with purplish-red, and thickly spotted with black, the number -of spots on each feather varying from eight to twenty-five, those on -the upper and hind parts of the sides running into transverse bars; -axillar feathers, some of the lower wing-coverts, and a patch on the -side of the rump pure white; lower tail-coverts brownish-black. Female -with the upper parts blackish-brown, the lower lighter, the feathers -edged with greyish-white, the throat and lore whitish; the smaller -wing-coverts light blue, but the scapulars without that colour. - -_Male_, 16, 31-1/4. _Female_, 15, 24. - -Breeds in Texas and westward. Great Lakes. Fur Countries. Columbia -River. Very abundant in autumn and spring in the Middle Atlantic -Districts, as well as in the interior. Abundant also in all the -Southern States. - - Blue-winged Teal, Anas discors, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. - 74. - - Anas discors, Bonap. Syn. p. 385. - - Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 444. - - Blue-winged Teal, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 397. - - Blue-winged Teal, Anas discors, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 111. - - -395. 10. Anas clypeata, Linn. Shoveller Duck.--Micoine. - - Plate CCCXXVII. Male and Female. - -Male with the bill longer than the head, depressed and much widened -towards the end, where its breadth is doubled; laminae of the upper -mandible very numerous, prolonged beyond the edges and tapering to a -point, unless at the commencement of its broadest part; tail rounded, -of fourteen acute feathers; bill greyish-black; feet vermilion; head -and upper part of neck deep green with purple reflections; a -longitudinal band on the hind neck and the back, greyish-brown, the -feathers edged with paler; rump and upper tail-coverts greenish-black; -anterior scapulars white, posterior light blue on the outer web, -longitudinally banded with white and greenish-black on the inner; -smaller wing-coverts light blue; alula, primary coverts and quills -blackish-brown, their shafts white; outer secondaries greyish-brown, -eight of them externally of a rich duck-green, the inner -greenish-black, with a longitudinal white streak; secondary coverts -broadly tipped with white; tail-feathers greyish-brown, margined with -reddish-white; lower part of neck pure white; breast and middle part -of abdomen dull purplish-chestnut; a large patch of white on each side -of the rump, with a band of the same towards the tail; lower -tail-coverts greenish-black; axillaries and lower wing-coverts pure -white. Female with the bill much less dilated, and the laminae less -elongated; the bill dull green; feathers of the upper parts -blackish-brown, edged with light reddish-brown; throat and sides of -the head light reddish-brown, which is the prevailing colour over the -lower part of the neck, part of the breast, and the sides, of which, -however, the feathers are edged with dusky, middle of breast whitish; -smaller wing-coverts dull brownish-grey; alula and primaries as in the -male; inner secondaries brownish-black, speculum as in the male but -paler, and changing to blue. - -_Male_, 20-1/2, 31-1/2. _Female_, 17, 29-1/2. - -Breeds abundantly in the Texas, westward to the Columbia, and Fur -Countries. During winter from the Middle Atlantic Districts to Texas. -Common. - - Shoveller, Anas clypeata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 45. - - Anas clypeata, Bonap. Syn. p. 382. - - Anas clypeata, Shoveller, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. - p. 439. - - Shoveller, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 383. - - Shoveller Duck, Anas clypeata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 241. - - - - -GENUS V. FULIGULA. SEA-DUCK. - - -Bill about the length of the head or shorter, higher than broad at the -base, depressed toward the end, the margins parallel, slightly dilated -towards the end, which is rounded, the frontal angles rather pointed; -upper mandible with the dorsal line generally declinate, but various -at the base, being often prominent, the ridge broad at the base, -narrowed at the middle, enlarged and convex at the end, the sides -nearly erect at the base, gradually more declinate, the edges soft and -internally lamellate, the unguis oblong and decurved; lower mandible -flattened, being but slightly convex, with the angle very long and -rather narrow, the dorsal line very short and straight, the edges -internally lamellate, the unguis flat, obovato-elliptical. Nostrils -submedial, linear-oblong, rather large, near the ridge, in an oblong -depression covered with the soft membrane of the bill. Head rather -large, compressed, convex above; neck of moderate length, rather -thick; body full, depressed. Feet very short, strong, placed rather -far behind; tarsus very short, compressed, anteriorly with narrow -scutella continuous with those of the middle toe, and having another -series commencing half-way down and continuous with those of the outer -toe; hind toe small, with an inner expanded margin; middle toe nearly -double the length of the tarsus, outer a little shorter, all -scutellate. Claws small, compressed, that of the first toe very small -and curved. Plumage dense, firm, blended. Wings shortish, narrow, -pointed, first and second quills longest; inner secondaries elongated -and tapering. Tail very short, rounded or cuneate, of fourteen or more -feathers. Oesophagus rather wide, considerably dilated at the lower -part of the neck; stomach an extremely muscular, roundish gizzard; -intestine long and wide; coeca long. Trachea of the males with a -transverse, bony, unsymmetrical dilatation at the inferior larynx. - -* Bill of ordinary length, broad, without enlargements at the base, -unguis small, decurved. - - -396. 1. Fuligula Valisneriana, Wils. Canvass Back Duck. - - Plate CCCI. Male and Female. - -Bill as long as the head; tail much rounded, of fourteen feathers. -Male with the bill black; upper part of head and a space along the -base of the bill dusky, a small transverse band of white on the chin; -the rest of the head and the neck all round for more than half its -length, rich brownish-red; a broad belt of brownish-black occupying -the lower part of the neck and the fore part of the body; upper parts -white, minutely undulated with dark grey or blackish; primary quills -brownish-black, tinged with grey towards the base; secondaries -ash-grey, toward the end whitish and undulated, five of them also -having a narrow strip of black along their outer margin; rump and -tail-coverts above and below brownish-black; tail brownish-grey; lower -parts white, the sides and abdomen marked with five undulating grey -lines. Female with the upper parts greyish-brown, the top of the head -darker, the chin whitish, the neck greyish-brown, as are the sides and -abdomen; breast white; wing-coverts brownish-grey; primary quills -greyish-brown, dusky at the end, secondaries ash-grey, five of the -inner with an external black margin; the innermost greyish-brown, like -the back, and with some of the scapulars faintly undulated with -darker; tail greyish-brown, paler at the end; axillars and smaller -under wing-coverts white. - -_Male_, 22, 33. _Female_, 20-1/4, 30-3/4. - -Abundant during winter from the mouth of the Delaware to New Orleans, -in all the estuaries. Columbia River. Breeds on the Rocky Mountains -and northward. - - Canvass-backed Duck, Anas valisneria, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - viii. p. 103. - - Fuligula valisneria, Bonap. Syn. p. 392. - - Fuligula valisneria, Canvass-back Duck, Swains. &. Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 450. - - Canvass-backed Duck, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 430. - - Canvass-back Duck, Fuligula valisneriana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 1. - - -397. 2. Fuligula Ferina, Linn. Red-headed Duck.--Dos-gris. - - Plate CCCXXII. Male and Female. - -Bill as long as the head, tail much rounded, of fourteen feathers. -Male with the bill light greyish-blue, with a broad band of black at -the end, and a dusky patch anterior to the nostrils; head and neck all -round, for more than half its length, of a rich brownish-red, glossed -with carmine above; a broad belt of brownish-black occupying the lower -part of the neck and the fore part of the body; back and scapulars -pale greyish-white, being minutely traversed by dark brownish-grey -lines; sides and abdomen similar, the undulations gradually fading -away into the greyish-white of the middle of the breast; upper -wing-coverts brownish-grey, the feathers faintly undulated with -whitish toward the end; primary quills brownish-grey, dusky along the -outer web and at the end; secondaries ash-grey, narrowly tipped with -white, four or five of the inner of a purer tint tinged with blue, and -having a narrow brownish-black line along the margin; the innermost -like the scapulars, but more dusky; tail brownish-grey; axillar -feathers and lower wing-coverts white; rump above and below -brownish-black. Female with the head and upper part of the neck dull -reddish-brown, darker above; the rest of the neck all round, and the -upper parts in general, dull greyish-brown, the feathers paler at -their tips; flanks and fore part of the neck dull reddish-brown, the -feathers broadly tipped with pale greyish-brown; wings as in the male, -but of a darker tint, and without undulations; tail as in the male; -lower wing-coverts light grey, those in the middle white; middle of -breast greyish-white, hind part of abdomen light brownish-grey. - -_Male_, 20, 33. _Female_, 21, 32-1/2. - -Breeds throughout the Fur Countries, from which it migrates southward -in early autumn. Abundant on the Chesapeake, New York Bay, Ohio, and -Mississippi, with their tributaries. None seen westward of the -Mississippi. - - Red-headed Duck, Anas Ferina, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. - 110. - - Fuligula Ferina, Bonap. Syn. p. 392. - - Fuligula Ferina, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 452. - - Red-headed Duck or Pochard, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 434. - - Red-headed Duck, Fuligula Ferina, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 198. - - -398. 3. Fuligula Marila, Linn. Scaup Duck.--Flocking Fowl. - - Plate CCXXIX. Male and Female. - -Bill as long as the head, enlarged toward the end; tail much rounded, -of fourteen feathers. Male with the bill light greyish-blue, the -unguis blackish; head, neck, and fore part of the back and breast -black, the head and neck glossed with purple and green, the rest -tinged with brown; hind part of back, rump, abdomen, and upper and -lower tail-coverts brownish-black; middle of back, scapulars, inner -secondaries, anterior part of abdomen, and sides greyish-white, -beautifully marked with undulating black lines; wings light -brownish-grey; alula, primaries, at the base and end, brownish-black; -speculum white, as are the middle of the breast, the axillars, and -some of the lower wing-coverts. Female with the head, neck, and fore -part of the back and breast, umber-brown; a broad patch of white along -the fore part of the forehead; upper parts in general blackish-brown, -the middle of the back and the scapulars faintly undulated with -whitish dots and lines; primary quills greyish in the middle; speculum -dull white; the greater part of the breast and abdomen white, the -sides and parts under the tail umber-brown. - -_Male_, 16-1/2, 29. _Female_, 16-1/2, 28. - -Abundant during autumn on the Ohio and its tributaries, as well as -those of the Missouri and the Mississippi. Rather common also along -the Middle Atlantic Districts. Breeds far north. - - Scaup Duck, Anas Marila, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 84. - - Fuligula Marila, Scaup Duck, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 456. - - Scaup Duck, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 437. - - Scaup Duck, Fuligula Marila, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 226; - v. v. p. 614. - - -399. 4. Fuligula rufitorques, Bonap. Ring-necked Duck. - - Plate CCXXXIV. Male and Female. - -Bill about the same length as the head, a little enlarged toward the -end; tail much rounded, of sixteen feathers; occiput slightly crested. -Male with the bill black, with a basal and subterminal line -bluish-white; head and upper part of neck greenish-black, with purple -reflections; a very narrow brownish-red collar; lower part of neck all -round, as well as the back, scapulars, smaller wing-coverts, and rump -above and below, brownish-black; inner secondaries of the same colour, -outer bluish-grey on the outer web, light brown on the inner, as are -the primaries, of which the outer webs and tips are dark brown; tail -brownish-grey; chin white; breast greyish-white; sides and abdomen -greyish-white, minutely undulated with grey. Female with the bill -dusky, the neck umber-brown, upper part of head darker, back -blackish-brown, speculum bluish-grey as in the male; breast -brownish-white; loral space and chin pale brown; sides and abdomen -dark umber-brown. - -_Male_, 18, 28. _Female_, 16. - -Abundant on the Ohio during autumn, winter, and early spring; rather -rare along the coasts of the Middle Atlantic Districts. Breeds far -north. - - Fuligula rufitorques, Bonap. Syn. p. 393. - - Tufted Duck, Anas Fuligula, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 60. - - Ring-necked Duck, Anas (Fuligula) rufitorques, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 453. - - Ring-necked Duck, Fuligula rufitorques, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. - 439. - - Ring-necked Duck, Fuligula rufitorques, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 259. - -** Bill very broad, much flattened, the unguis abruptly curved -backwards. - - -400. 5. Fuligula rubida, Wils. Ruddy Duck. - -Plate CCCXLIII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Tail short, much graduated, of eighteen stiff, narrow feathers; -plumage of lower parts stiff and glossy. Male with the bill light -greyish-blue; upper part of head and nape deep bluish-black; a large -white patch on each side of the head, from the bill to behind the ear; -neck all round, all the upper parts, and sides glossy chestnut-red; -lower parts greyish-white, tinged with brown, and marked with -transverse interrupted bands of dusky; wing-coverts, quills, and -tail-feathers blackish-brown. Female with the bill darker, the crown, -and all the upper parts dark reddish-brown, minutely dotted and -undulated with dusky; lower parts duller, but similarly marked; -throat, and a band from the base of the upper mandible to beneath the -eye, brownish-white. Young, in second plumage, reddish-brown above, -barred with dusky; wings and tail dark greyish-brown; cheeks, fore -part and sides of neck, and all the lower parts dull yellowish-white, -undulated with dusky, as in the rump above; lower tail-coverts white. - -_Male_, 14-3/4, 21-1/2. - - Ruddy Duck, Anas rubida, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 137. - - Fuligula rubida, Bonap. Syn. p. 390. - - Fuligula rubida, Ruddy Duck, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 455. - - Ruddy Duck, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 426. - - Ruddy Duck, Fuligula rubida, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 326. - -*** Bill semicylindrical, at the end enlarged by soft membranous -expansions, the unguis broadly obovate and incurved. - - -401. 6. Fuligula Labradora, Lath. Pied Duck. - - Plate CCCXXXII. Male and Female. - -Bill nearly as long as the head; tail much rounded, of fourteen -tapering feathers. Male with the bill pale greyish-blue at the base -above, dull orange on the sides, black toward the end; head and upper -half of neck white, except an elongated patch of black on the crown -and nape; below the middle of the neck a black ring, from the hind -part of which proceeds a longitudinal band of the same colour, -gradually becoming wider on the back and rump; below the black ring -anteriorly, a broad band of white, including the scapulars; all the -under parts black, excepting the axillaries and lower wing-coverts, -which are white, as are the upper wing-coverts and secondary quills, -some of the inner secondaries having a narrow external black margin; -alula, primary coverts, and primary quills brownish-black; tail -brownish-black, tinged with grey; upper tail-coverts dusky, minutely -dotted with reddish-brown. Female brownish-grey, darker on the head, -cheeks, back, rump, and abdomen, lighter on the throat, breast, -wing-coverts, and inner secondaries, which latter are margined -externally with black; seven or eight of the secondaries white, as are -the sides of the forehead. - -_Male_, 20, 30. _Female_, 18-1/4, 29. - -Along the shores of the Atlantic from Nova Scotia to New Jersey, -rather rare, in winter. Breeds from Labrador northward. Never seen in -the interior. - - Pied Duck, Anas labradora, _Wils._ Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 91. - - Fuligula labradora, Bonap. Syn. p. 391. - - Pied Duck, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 428. - - Pied Duck, Fuligula labradora, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 271. - -**** Bill about the length of the head, very broad; upper mandible -with a prominence at the base above, and two lateral protuberances; -unguis very large, slightly arched. - - -402. 7. Fuligula fusca, Linn. Velvet Duck. - -Bill with an abrupt prominence in front, the lateral protuberances -covered with feathers; tail wedge-shaped, of fourteen stiff, narrow -feathers. Male with the basal prominence and sides at the base black, -toward the end bright red; unguis flesh-coloured, with a black line on -each side; feet carmine on the outer, orange-red on the inner side, -webs greyish-black; plumage brownish-black, glossed with blue above, -lighter beneath; outer secondary quills and a spot beneath the eye -white. Female with the bill dusky, its basal prominence slight; -plumage sooty-brown, breast and abdomen lighter; two whitish spots on -each side of the head; outer secondary quills white, as in the male. - -_Male_, 22, 39. _Female_, 22, 38. - -From the coast of Georgia eastward to Nova Scotia, during winter, when -it is extremely abundant in all the estuaries and bays. Breeds from -Labrador northward. - - Velvet Duck, Anas fusca, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 137. - - Fuligula fusca, Bonap. Syn. p. 390. - - Oidemia fusca, Velvet Duck, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 449. - - Velvet Duck, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 419. - - Velvet Duck, Fuligula fusca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 354. - - -403. 8. Fuligula perspicillata, Linn. Surf Duck. - - Plate CCCXVII. Male and Female. - -Bill with a gently sloping prominence in front, the lateral -protuberances bare; tail wedge-shaped, of fourteen stiff narrow -feathers. Male with the bill deep reddish-orange, bluish-white on the -sides, with a black patch, the unguis greyish-yellow; tarsi and toes -orange-red, webs dusky; plumage deep black, glossed with blue; a white -patch on the top of the head, and another on the nape. Female with the -bill greenish-black; the plumage brownish-black, darker on the top of -the head, back, wings, and tail. - -_Male_, 20, 33-1/2. _Female_, 19, 31-1/2. - -Abundant from Nova Scotia to Maryland during winter, and removing -southward to the mouth of the Mississippi in severe weather. Never -seen in the interior. Breeds from Labrador northwards. - - Black or Surf Duck, Anas perspicillata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - viii. p. 49. - - Fuligula perspicillata, Bonap. Syn. p. 389. - - Oidemia perspicillata, Surf Duck, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 449. - - Black or Surf Duck, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 416. - - Surf Duck, Fuligula perspicillata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 161. - - -404. 9. Fuligula Americana, Swains. American Scoter Duck. - - Plate CCCCVIII. Male and Female. - -Bill a little shorter than the head, with an obtuse prominence at the -base of the upper mandible; tail graduated, acuminate, of sixteen -pointed feathers; first quill with the inner web extremely attenuated. -Male with the bill black, the basal prominence rich orange; feet -brownish-black; the general colour of the plumage black, on the lower -parts tinged with brown, the inner webs of the quills brownish-grey. -Female with the bill brownish-black, and having scarcely any -protuberance at the base; the upper parts light sooty-brown, the lower -light brownish-grey. - -This species differs very little from _Fuligula nigra_, being nearly -of the same size, proportions, and colours. The male differs from that -of the other species in having the sides of the unguis narrowed, and -the orange patch on the upper mandible less extended beyond the -nostrils, and destitute of the median black line and lateral streak. - -_Male_, 19, 33-1/2. _Female_, 17, 29-1/2. - -In winter abundant in the Bays of Boston, New York, and Chesapeake, -and as far south as the mouth of the Mississippi. Never inland. Breeds -from Labrador to the Arctic seas. - - Scoter Duck, Anas nigra, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 135. - - Fuligula nigra, Bonap. Syn. p. 390. - - Oidemia americana, Swains. American Scoter, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 450. - - American Scoter Duck, Fuligula americana, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. - 422. - - American Scoter Duck, Fuligula americana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 117. - -***** Bill shorter than the head, with a basal protuberance above, -the inner secondaries curved outwards. - - -405. 10. Fuligula spectabilis, Linn. King Duck. - - Plate CCLXXVI. Male and Female. - -Upper mandible with a soft tumid compressed substance at the base, -extending perpendicularly upon the forehead, and by a medial band of -feathers divided into two broad lobes; tail much rounded, of fourteen -stiff feathers. Male with the bill flesh-coloured. The sides of the -upper mandible and soft frontal lobes bright orange; band of feathers -separating the frontal lobes and margining their upper and posterior -edges, lower eyelid, and a forked patch on the throat, black; upper -part of head ash-grey; hair-like feathers on the sides of the head -pale bluish-green; fore neck cream-coloured; sides and hind part of -neck, a patch on the wings, and another on each side of the rump, -white; hind part of back, scapulars, large wing-coverts, and secondary -quills, brownish-black, the latter glossed with green; primary quills -and tail blackish-brown; breast and abdomen blackish-brown; lower -wing-coverts white, the outer brown. Female with the bill shorter, -pale greenish-grey, with the tumid basal lobes scarcely apparent, so -that the forehead is low; head and neck pale greyish-yellow, with -small lines of brownish-black; feathers of the back brownish-black -towards the end, with yellowish-grey edges; the scapulars brownish-red -on the margins; quills and tail-feathers deep greyish-brown; fore part -of neck, breast, sides, and lower tail-coverts, with a central mark -and submarginal band of brownish-black, the middle of the breast -scarcely spotted, being of the general colour of the lower parts, -which is pale yellowish-brown. - -_Male_, 25; wing, 11-1/4. _Female_, 20; wing, 10-1/2. - -Rare in Massachusetts during winter. Breeds from Labrador to the -Arctic Seas. - - Fuligula spectabilis, Bonap. Syn. p. 389. - - Somateria spectabilis, King Duck, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 447. - - King Duck, Fuligula spectabilis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 414. - - King Duck, Fuligula spectabilis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 523. - - -406. 11. Fuligula mollissima, Linn. Eider Duck. - - Plate CCXLVI. Male and Female. - -Male with the bill nearly as long as the head, greyish-yellow, the -upper mandible with a soft tumid substance at the base, extending upon -the forehead, and deeply divided into two narrow rounded lobes, its -whole surface marked with divergent oblique lines; tail much rounded, -of sixteen narrow feathers; the upper part of the head bluish-black, -with the central part white; the hair-like feathers on the upper part -and sides of the neck of a delicate pale green; sides of the head, -throat, and neck white; fore neck at its lower part cream-coloured; -the rest of the lower surface brownish-black, as are the upper -tail-coverts, and the central part of the rump; the rest of the back, -scapulars, smaller wing-coverts, and inner curved secondary quills -white, the scapulars tinged with yellow; secondary coverts and outer -secondaries brownish-black; primaries and tail-coverts greyish-brown. -Female with the bill shorter, pale greyish-green, its tumid basal part -much less and narrower; head and neck all round light brownish-red, -with small lines of brownish-black; lower part of neck all round, the -whole upper surface, the sides and lower tail-coverts light -brownish-red, with transverse brownish-black markings; secondary -quills and coverts greyish-brown, tipped with white; primaries -brownish-black; tail-feathers greyish-brown; breast and abdomen -greyish-brown, obscurely mottled. - -_Male_, 25, 42. _Female_, 24, 39. - -Breeds in Maine, on the Bay of Fundy, in Labrador, Newfoundland, as -far northward as travellers have proceeded. Common in winter from Nova -Scotia to Massachusetts; rarely seen in New York. - - Eider Duck, Anas mollissima, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 122. - - Fuligula mollissima, Bonap. Syn. p. 389. - - Somateria mollissima, Eider, Swains. &. Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 448. - - Eider Duck, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 406. - - Eider Duck, Fuligula mollissima, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 344; v. v. p. 611. - -****** Bill much shorter than the head, higher than broad at the -base, narrowed toward the end. - - -407. 12. Fuligula Clangula, Linn. Golden-eye Duck. - - Plate CCCCIII. Male in summer. - - Plate CCCXLII. Male and Female in winter. - -Bill shorter than the head, very high at the base; tail short, -graduated, of sixteen feathers. Male in summer with the bill black, -feet orange-yellow, webs dusky; head and upper part of neck deep -greenish-blue, changing to deep dusky purple; back, posterior -scapulars, inner secondaries, edge of wing, alula, primary coverts, -primary quills, and outer four secondaries black; an oblong curved or -semilunar patch of white between the bill and eye; lower part of neck -all round, sides of the body anteriorly, lower parts generally, -scapulars, excepting their margins, which are black, a broad band -across the wing formed by the first row of small coverts, and several -of the others, of which the base only is black, and a large patch -formed by the tips of some of the secondary coverts, and six of the -secondary quills, pure white; the two patches on the wings separated -by an intervening band of black; axillar feathers and lower -wing-coverts dusky; elongated feathers of the sides with the inner, -some of them also the outer margins, and many with a large portion of -the tip black, that colour on those of the innermost covering the -whole inner webs; tail brownish-grey. Male in winter similar, but with -the white patch on the side of the head elliptical, and the black band -separating the white patches on the wing not apparent, although seen -on turning aside the tips of the smaller coverts. Female with the bill -dusky, but having a portion toward the end yellow; head and upper part -of neck dull reddish-brown; lower part of the neck and sides of the -body brownish-grey, the feathers margined with pale grey, the rest of -the lower parts white; upper parts greyish-brown, much darker behind; -wings brownish-black, seven of the coverts, unless at the base, white; -the small coverts lighter and tipped with grey; tail brownish-grey. - -_Male_, 20, 31-1/2. _Female_, 16, 28. - -Abundant during winter on all the running streams of the interior, as -well as along the Atlantic coast, as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. -Breeds in high northern latitudes. Accidental in the North-eastern -Districts. Rocky Mountains, and Columbia River. - - Golden-eye, Anas Clangula, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 62. - - Fuligula Clangula, Bonap. Syn. p. 393. - - Clangula vulgaris, Common Golden-eye, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 456. - - Clangula Barrovii, Rocky-mountain Garrot, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 453. - - Common Golden-eye, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 441. - - Golden-eye Duck, Fuligula Clangula, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 318; v. v. p. 105. - - -408. 13. Fuligula dispar, Gmel. Western Duck. - - Plate CCCCXXX. Male. - -Bill shorter than the head, greyish-blue; tail rather short, pointed, -of fourteen feathers; upper part of head and broad band surrounding -the neck, white; throat and some feathers around the eye black; a -light green patch in the loral space, and a transverse patch of the -same on the nape, margined behind and laterally with black; a broad -band on the neck and the whole of the back velvet-black, with green -reflections; smaller wing-coverts white; secondary coverts -bluish-black, terminating in a broad white band; elongated secondaries -and scapulars with the inner web white, the outer black, with blue -reflections; primaries and coverts brownish-black; tail black, as are -the lower tail-coverts and abdomen; the breast and sides reddish-buff, -fading towards the shoulders and neck into pure white; a bluish-black -spot on each side of the lower part of the neck anterior to the wing. - -_Male_, 16; wing, 8-3/4. - -North-west coast. - - Anas dispar and Anas Stelleri, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 535, - 518. - - Fuligula Stelleri, Bonap. Syn. p. 394. - - Western Duck, Fuligula dispar, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 253. - - -409. 14. Fuligula Albeola, Linn. Buffel-headed Duck.--Spirit Duck. -Butter-box. Dipper. Die-dipper. Marrionette. - - Plate CCCXXV. Male and Female. - -Bill much shorter than the head, light greyish-blue; feet pale -flesh-colour; feathers of head and upper part of neck elongated; tail -short, graduated, of sixteen feathers; fore part of head of a deep -rich green, upper part rich purplish-blue, as are the elongated -feathers on the fore part and sides of the neck; the hind part of the -latter deep green; a broad band of pure white from one cheek to the -other over the occiput; rest of the neck, lower parts, outer -scapulars, and a large patch on the wing, including the greater part -of the small coverts, and some of the secondary coverts and quills, -pure white, the scapulars narrowly margined with black, as are the -inner lateral feathers; axillars brownish-black, some of them white on -the margin and towards the end; lower wing-coverts brownish-black, the -smaller tipped with white; back, inner scapulars, and secondary quills -velvet-black; alula, primary coverts, and primary quills deep black; -rump gradually fading to greyish-white; tail-feathers brownish-grey, -with the tips whitish. Female much smaller, with the feathers of the -head not elongated, unless in the median line; bill darker, feet -greyish-blue; head, upper part of neck, hind neck, back, and wings, -greyish-brown; a short transverse white band from beneath the eye, and -a slight speck of the same on the lower eyelid; six of the secondary -quills white on the outer web; lower parts white, shaded into light -greyish-brown on the sides. - -_Male_, 14-1/2, 23. _Female_, 13, 22-1/4. - -Distributed throughout the country and along the Atlantic shores -during autumn, winter, and spring. Texas, Upper California, Columbia -River. Breeds very far north. - - Buffel-headed Duck, Anas albeola, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. - 51. - - Fuligula albeola, Bonap. Syn. p. 394. - - Clangula albeola, Spirit Duck, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 458. - - Spirit Duck, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 445. - - Buffel-headed Duck, Fuligula albeola, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 217. - - -410. 15. Fuligula histrionica, Linn. Harlequin Duck. - - Plate CCXCVII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Bill much shorter than the head, comparatively narrow, light -yellowish-olive; feet light greyish-blue, the webs dusky; a broad -median band from the base of the bill to the occiput bluish-black, -margined behind with light yellowish-red, before with white, that -colour forming a broad triangular spot on the cheek anterior to the -eye; sides of the head and neck all round purplish-blue; a spot of -white behind the ear, a curved line on the side of the neck, and a -complete ring below the middle of the neck, with a curved band of the -same anterior to the wing, all broadly edged with black; fore part of -back light purplish-blue, hind part gradually deepening in tint, so as -to become almost black, of which colour is the rump all round; -scapulars chiefly white; wing-coverts purplish-blue, as are the alula -and primary coverts; the quills dark greyish-brown; tail -greyish-black; a band of white across the wing, formed by the tips of -the secondaries, of which the inner have their outer webs principally -of the same colour; fore part of breast purplish-blue, hind part and -abdomen greyish-brown, sides light red, generally undulated with -dusky; a lateral spot of white near the root of the tail. Female -greyish-brown, deeper on the head and rump, lighter on the fore neck, -and mottled with greyish-white on the breast; quills dark brown, edged -with lighter, tail blackish-grey; a large whitish spot mottled with -grey before the eye, and another of a purer white behind the ear; bill -and feet dull bluish-grey. - - Harlequin Duck, Anas histrionica, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. - 139. - - Fuligula histrionica, Bonap. Syn. p. 394. - - Clangula histrionica, Harlequin Duck, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 459. - - Harlequin Duck, Fuligula histrionica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 612; v. v. p. 617. - - -411. 16. Fuligula glacialis, Linn. Long-tailed Duck. - - Plate CCCXII. Male, Female, and Young. - -Male with the bill black in its basal half, orange-yellow towards the -end; the scapulars much elongated and tapering, the tail very long, -acuminate, of fourteen feathers; a large oblong greyish-white patch on -each side of the head from the bill to behind the ear; the upper part -of the head and nape black, that colour being narrowed in front by the -encroachment of the white patches; neck all round, and anterior half -of the breast, dark chocolate; back and wing-coverts brownish-black; -scapulars broadly margined with light reddish-brown; quills chocolate, -secondaries externally margined with lighter, primaries internally; -middle four feathers of the tail brownish-black, the outer two of -these margined with white, all the rest white, but the inner with a -longitudinal patch of dusky on the outer webs. Male in winter with the -head, neck, fore part of back, and scapulars, white; space about the -eye pale greyish-red, and a large oblong patch of chocolate-brown on -the side of the neck; upper parts including the middle four -tail-feathers, brownish-black, but the secondary quills tinged with -reddish-brown, and having paler margins; anterior half of breast -chocolate-brown, the rest of lower parts and the four lateral -tail-feathers white. Female considerably smaller, with the scapulars -not elongated, and the tail short and rounded; bill dusky green; head -dark greyish-brown, with a patch of greyish-white surrounding the eye, -but not extending to the bill; a large patch of the same colour on the -side of the neck, the hind part of which is dusky brown, the fore part -greyish-brown, the feathers broadly margined with whitish; the upper -parts dark greyish-brown, the two lateral tail-feathers edged with -white; lower parts white, the feathers under the wings slightly tinged -with grey. - -_Male_, 23, 29-1/2. _Female_, 15-3/4, 26. - -Breeds from Labrador northward to the Arctic Seas. Abundant during -winter along the coasts of the Atlantic Districts to the mouth of the -Mississippi. Never in the interior. - - Long-tailed Duck, Anas glacialis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. - 93. - - Fuligula glacialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 395. - - Long-tailed Duck, Harelda glacialis, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 460. - - Long-tailed Duck, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 453. - - Long tailed Duck, Fuligula glacialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 103. - - - - -FAMILY XL. MERGINAE. MERGANSERS. - - -Bill rather long, straight, rather slender but strong, tapering, -higher than broad at the base, nearly cylindrical toward the end; -upper mandible with the dorsal outline sloping gently to the middle, -then straight, along the unguis suddenly decurved; the ridge broad and -flattened at the base, then convex, the sides sloping, toward the end -convex, the edges serrate internally with oblique dentiform lamellae, -the unguis oblong, much curved, abruptly rounded at the end; nasal -groove elongated, covered by the soft skin of the bill; lower mandible -with the angle very narrow and extended to the unguis, which is -obovate, the sides nearly erect, with a long narrow groove, the edges -internally serrate, the unguis convex, thick-edged. Head rather large, -compressed, oblong; neck of moderate length; body full, depressed, -rather elongated. Feet placed far behind, stout; tibia bare for a -short space; tarsus very short, compressed, anteriorly covered with -small scutella, and another series on the lower half externally. Hind -toe very small, with an inferior free membrane; anterior toes half as -long again as the tarsus, second shorter than the fourth, which is -almost as long as the third, all scutellate, and connected by -anteriorly concave webs. Claws rather small, moderately arched, -compressed, acute. Plumage moderately full, dense, soft, glossy, -blended beneath. Wings of moderate breadth, convex, acute; inner -secondaries elongated and tapering. Tail short, much rounded, of more -than twelve feathers. Upper mandible with an internal series of small -papillae or laminae on each side, besides those on the margin. Tongue -long, fleshy, emarginate and papillate at the base, tapering, with a -double row of slender reversed papillae along the upper surface, and -two lateral series of filaments on each side, the tip lacerated; -oesophagus very wide, of nearly uniform diameter; stomach a strong -gizzard of moderate or small size, with the lateral muscles thick; -epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous; intestine long, rather -narrow; coeca rather long; cloaca globular. Trachea with one or two -extensive dilatations, besides the enormously developed tympanum at -the bifurcation; no inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest on the ground, or -in hollow trees. Eggs numerous. - - - - -GENUS I. MERGUS, Linn. MERGANSER. - - -Character as above. - - -412. 1. Mergus Merganser, Linn. Buff-breasted Merganser or Goosander. - - Plate CCCXXXI. Male and Female. - -Male with a short longitudinal crest, eighteen tail-feathers, the bill -and feet of bright vermilion; the head and upper part of neck -greenish-black, splendent, with bright green reflections; lower part -of neck all round, and all the under parts of a delicate reddish-buff; -sides of rump and part of abdomen greyish-white, finely undulated and -dotted with dark grey; some of the lower wing-coverts dusky, the -larger coverts grey; fore part of back and inner scapulars glossy -black; hind part ash-grey, becoming lighter, and finally undulated on -the rump; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers deep grey; outer -scapulars white; a transverse band of black at the base of the wing -concealed by the scapulars; wing-coverts white; alula, primary coverts -and quills, and a band formed by the base of the first row of large -coverts black; secondaries white, six of them margined externally with -a black line. Female much smaller, with the crest much longer; the -head and upper part of neck brownish-red; throat and lower parts -white, the breast and abdomen tinged with buff; upper parts and sides -ash-grey; smaller wing-coverts and inner secondaries grey; bases and -tips of secondary coverts black, the intermediate part white; middle -secondaries white, outer and primaries greyish-black. - -_Male_, 27, 36. _Female_, 24, 34. - -In winter dispersed over the United States, and westward as far as -Texas. Breeds from Massachusetts northward, and along the Great Lakes. - - Goosander, Mergus Merganser, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 68. - - Mergus Merganser, Bonap. Syn. p. 397. - - Mergus Merganser, Goosander, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 461. - - Goosander, Mergus Merganser, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 460. - - Goosander, Mergus Merganser, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 261. - - -413. 2. Mergus Serrator, Linn. Red-breasted Merganser. - - Plate CCCCI. Male and Female. - -Male with an elongated longitudinal double crest, eighteen -tail-feathers, bill and feet deep carmine; head and upper part of neck -glossy greenish-black, with bright green reflections along the sides, -and purplish on the crest; a broad collar of white, succeeded by -another of light brownish-red, longitudinally streaked with dusky; -lower parts white, except the sides of the body and rump, which are -transversely undulated with greyish-black, and the larger -wing-coverts, which are ash-grey; fore part of back, and inner -scapulars deep black; feathers anterior to the wing white, with a -broad margin of black; some of the anterior wing-coverts ash-grey, the -rest, the outer scapulars, and the terminal half of the secondary -coverts, pure white; basal portion of the latter, primary coverts, and -primary quills, black, the latter tinged with brownish-grey; -secondaries white, with the base and the outer margin of most black, -which colour predominates on the inner; middle and hind part of back -ash-grey, undulated with white and dusky; tail brownish-grey. Female -with crest shorter, the bill and feet paler; head and fore part of -neck light reddish-brown; throat and under part white, excepting the -sides and larger wing-coverts, which are brownish-grey; hind neck, -back, tail-coverts, tail, scapulars, and wing-coverts brownish-grey; -wings greyish-black, with a large white patch, formed by the terminal -portions of the secondary coverts, and the greater part of some of the -outer secondaries. Young, when fledged, resemble the female. Young, in -down, with the head and hind neck reddish-brown, the back -greyish-brown, with three white spots on each side, the lower parts -greyish-white; a white band from the bill to the eye, a reddish-brown -band under the eye, and along the side of the neck; the lower parts -greyish-white. - -_Male_, 24-1/2, 33. _Female_, 24, 34-1/2. - -From Texas westward to the Columbia River and northward. Common during -autumn and spring. Also throughout the United States, and along the -Atlantic shores. Breeds from New York to Labrador and the Fur -Countries, as well as along the Great Lakes, and on the Rocky -Mountains. - - Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus Serrator, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - viii. p. 91. - - Mergus Serrator, Bonap. Syn. p. 397. - - Mergus Serrator, Red-breasted Merganser, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 462. - - Red-breasted Merganser, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 463. - - Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus Serrator, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 92. - - -414. 3. Mergus cucullatus, Linn. Hooded Merganser. - - Plate CCXXXIII. Male and Female. - -Male with an elongated, compressed, rounded crest, the tail with -eighteen feathers; bill black, feet yellowish-brown; upper part of the -head, back, smaller wing-coverts, quills, and tail brownish-black; -sides of the head, upper half of neck all round, the broad extremities -of the large feathers on the shoulders, the scapulars, inner -secondaries, and larger wing-coverts, greenish-black; a broad patch of -white behind the eye, very conspicuous in the erected crest; lower -part of neck and breast also white, as are the speculum and the -central part of the inner secondaries; sides beautifully marked with -undulated transverse lines of yellowish-brown and brownish-black; -lower tail-coverts whitish, similarly undulated. Female much smaller, -with the crest less elongated, and of looser texture; bill -brownish-black, towards the base orange; upper part of head, including -the crest, yellowish-brown; chin whitish; upper part of neck all -round, and sides of head greyish-brown; general colour of the back, -upper surface of wings, tail, and sides, blackish-brown, the feathers -edged with paler. Young, when fledged, like the female, but with the -crest shorter. - -_Male_, 19, 26. _Female_, 17-1/2, 24. - -Breeds sparingly in South Carolina, along the Mississippi, Ohio, and -the Great Lakes, as well as further northward. Abundant, during autumn -and winter, on all the western and southern waters; rarer in the -Middle Atlantic Districts. - - Mergus cucullatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 397. - - Hooded Merganser, Mergus cucullatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. - p. 79. - - Mergus cucullatus, Hooded Merganser, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 463. - - Hooded Merganser, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 465. - - Hooded Merganser, Mergus cucullatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 246; v. v. p. 619. - - -415. 4. Mergus Albellus, Linn. White Merganser.--Smew. White Nun. - - Plate CCCXLVII. Male and Female. - -Male with a longitudinal crest; tail graduated, of sixteen feathers; -bill black, feet livid blue; head, neck, lower parts, scapulars, and a -patch on the wing, white; a short band on each side of the hind neck -bordering the crest, duck-green; a broad patch on the lore and below -the eye, a narrow band across the lower part of the hind neck, formed -by single bars near the tips of the feathers, the middle of the back -in nearly its whole length, a short transverse bar under the fore edge -of the wing, the anterior margin to beyond the carpal joint, the -outer edge of the scapulars, the primary coverts, secondary coverts, -and outer secondary quills, excepting the tip of both, deep black; -quills also black, of a less deep tint; hind part of back tinged with -grey; rump and tail-feathers dusky grey; sides of body and rump white, -finely undulated with blackish-grey. Female much smaller, similarly -crested; all the lower parts white, excepting a belt across the lower -fore part of the neck, and a narrow portion of the sides, which are -pale grey; a patch of brownish-black on the lore and beneath the eye; -upper part of head and half of hind neck light reddish-brown; the rest -of hind neck and all the upper parts bluish-grey, darker behind, and -in the middle of the back approaching to black; tail dusky grey; -wings, bill, and feet as in the male. - -_Male_, 17-1/2, 27. _Female_, 15-1/2, 25. - -Exceedingly rare in America, one specimen only having been procured at -New Orleans. - - Smew or White Nun, Mergus Albellus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. - p. 126. - - Mergus Albellus, Bonap. Syn. p. 398. - - Smew or White Nun, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 467. - - Smew or White Nun, Mergus Albellus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 350. - - - - -FAMILY XLI. PELECANINAE. PELICANS. - - -Bill longer than the head, rather slender, straight, upper mandible -with the ridge separated from the side by a groove, and terminated by -a narrow, generally decurved, pointed unguis; lower mandible with the -crura elastic and extensile, the angle very long and narrow. Nostrils -basal, lateral, linear, small, or obsolete. Space around and before -the eye generally bare, as is a portion of the gular sac. Head -generally of moderate size, but various; neck long; body elongated, -rather slender. Feet short and stout; tibia bare at its lower part; -tarsus short, very stout, compressed, scaly or scutellate in front; -toes four, all connected by webs, and scutellate; first small, fourth -longest. Claws short, strong, curved, rather blunt, that of the third -toe generally pectinate. Plumage soft, blended, on the back compact -and imbricated. Wings long; tail of moderate length, narrow, rounded -or tapering. Tongue extremely small, triangular, fleshy; oesophagus -excessively wide; a gular sac, sometimes of enormous capacity; -proventricular belt generally discontinuous; stomach very small, -slightly muscular, epithelium smooth; a globular pyloric lobe; -intestine very long and slender; coeca small, cylindrical; cloaca -globular. Trachea simple, flattened; no inferior laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. PHALACROCORAX, Briss. CORMORANT. - - -Bill about the length of the head, rather slender, nearly straight, -compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line -concave, until on the unguis, where it is decurved, the ridge convex, -flattened toward the end, separated from the sides by a narrow groove, -the sides convex, the edge sharp and nearly straight as far as the -unguis, which is decurved, convex above, acute, its tip ascending far -beyond that of the lower; lower mandible with the angle long and very -narrow towards the end, filled up by an extensile membrane, which -extends to the level of the angle of the mouth; the outline of the -crura very slightly convex, that of the terminal part descending and -very slightly convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp and inflected, -the tip compressed, with its marginal outline decurved. Nostrils -obliterated (in youth open). Head rather small, oblong; neck long and -rather thick; body full, elongated, depressed. Feet short, stout, -placed far behind; tibia feathered in its whole length; tarsus very -short, strong, much depressed, covered all round with angular scales; -a series on part of the inner side anteriorly, and another on the -lower part of the outer, scutelliform. Toes all placed in the same -plane, connected by webs, and covered above by very numerous oblique -scutella; first the smallest, fourth the longest. Claws rather small, -strong, compressed, acute, convex above, arched, that of the third toe -pectinated on its inner edge. Plumage soft, generally blended, compact -on the back and wings; the small gular sac, and the space before and -beneath the eye, with the eyelids, bare. Wings of moderate size, -broad; primaries curved, pointed, the second longest. Tail of -moderate length, very narrow, much rounded, of twelve or more narrow -strong-shafted feathers. Gular sac small; tongue extremely small; -oesophagus very wide; proventricular glands disposed in two large -roundish masses; stomach small, slightly muscular, inner coat smooth -and soft; a globular or triangular pyloric lobe; duodenum at first -curving upwards; intestine very long, and of moderate width; coeca -small; rectum narrow; cloaca globular. Trachea considerably flattened; -bronchi of moderate width. - - -416. 1. Phalacrocorax Carbo, Linn. Great Cormorant. - - Plate CCLXVI. Male, Female, and Young. - -Tail of fourteen feathers. In summer, a small longitudinal occipital -black crest, and numerous linear elongated white feathers on the head -and upper part of neck; bill dusky, with the lower mandible whitish -toward the base; gular sac yellow; plumage black, glossed with deep -greenish-blue; at the base of the gular sac a broad gorgelet of white; -a patch of white on the side over the thigh; feathers of wings and -part of the back dull bluish-grey, glossed with bronze, their -fringe-like margins greenish-black; primary quills greyish-black, -secondary like the other wing-feathers; tail greyish-black; shafts of -all the feathers black at the end, leaden-grey towards the base. -Female similar. After the breeding season the white feathers on the -head and sides fall off. Young, before being fledged, with the skin -dull livid, the bill dusky, at the base flesh-coloured, the feet -purplish-dusky, the webs yellowish-brown. - -_Male_, 37, 62. - -Ranges during winter southward to New York. Abundant from -Massachusetts eastward. Breeds on high precipitous rocks, in -Newfoundland, Labrador, and Baffin's Bay. Migratory. - - Phalacrocorax Carbo, Bonap. Syn. p. 402. - - Cormorant, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 479. - - Common Cormorant. Phalacrocorax Carbo, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 458. - - -417. 2. Phalacrocorax dilophus, Swains. Double-crested Cormorant. - - Plate CCLVII. Male. - -Tail of twelve feathers. In summer an elongated tuft of about forty -long, slender, loose, recurved feathers, from behind the eye to the -length of an inch and a half on each side; upper mandible dusky, along -the edges greenish-yellow, lower yellow, irregularly marked with -dusky toward the edges; bare space on the head, and gular sac rich -orange; plumage greenish-black, strongly glossed with green; -imbricated feathers on the back and wings greyish-brown, their -fringe-like margins greenish-black; primary quills brownish-black, -secondary like the other wing-feathers; tail black; the shafts of all -the feathers black. Female similar to the male. After the breeding -season the tufts disappear. Young after the first moult have the head -and neck mottled with greenish-black and greyish-brown, the other -parts as in the adult, but the tufts on the head wanting. - -_Male_, 33, 51. - -Common as far south as the coast of Maryland, in winter. Breeds in -Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as on the Saskatchewan. - - Pelecanus (Carbo) dilophus, Double-crested Cormorant, Swains. - & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 473. - - Double-crested Cormorant, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 483. - - Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax dilophus, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. iii. p. 420; v. v. p. 629. - - -418. 3. Phalacrocorax Floridanus, Aud. Florida Cormorant. - - Plate CCLI. Male. - -Tail of twelve feathers. In summer an elongated series of about forty -linear feathers directed backwards, commencing behind the eye, and -extending to the length of an inch and a half on each side; upper -mandible black, along the basal margin bright blue, lower bright blue, -spotted with white; bare space on the head and gular sac rich orange; -plumage greenish-black, strongly glossed with green; imbricated -feathers on the back and wings greyish-brown, tinged with purple, -their fringe-like margins greenish-black; primary quills -brownish-black, secondary like the other feathers of the wing; tail -brownish-black; shafts of all the feathers brownish-black. Female -similar to the male. After the breeding season the tufts disappear. -Young after the first moult with the bill dull yellow, the ridge of -the upper mandible dusky, naked parts of the head rich yellow; upper -part of the head and neck brownish-black, tinged with green, throat -grayish-white; fore neck and anterior part of breast variegated with -pale brownish-grey and black; the rest of the plumage as in the adult, -but the imbricated feathers of the upper parts lighter. This species -differs from the last, chiefly in being smaller, and in having the -elongated feathers behind the eye more slender and directed backwards -instead of being recurved. - -_Male_, 29-1/4, 46-1/2. - -Constantly resident in the Floridas and their Keys, and along the -coast to Texas. The young in summer pass up the Mississippi and Ohio, -returning in autumn to the sea. Abundant. Breeds on trees only. - - Phalacrocorax Floridanus, Florida Cormorant, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iii. p. 387; v. v. p. 632. - - -419. 4. Phalacrocorax Townsendi, Aud. Townsend's Cormorant. - - Plate CCCCXII. Fig. 2. Male. - -Tail of twelve feathers; plumage of the neck and sides interspersed -with linear white feathers: bill yellow, with the ridge brown; gular -sac and bare skin on the head bright orange; upper part of head and -hind neck dusky, tinged with green; hind part of back greenish-black; -the rest of the upper parts brownish-grey, each feather edged with -black; quills brownish-grey, similarly edged with black; outer -primaries and tail-feathers black; sides of the head, fore part of -neck, and breast light yellowish-brown; the middle of the neck in -front darker, the sides, abdomen, and tibial feathers shaded into -brownish-black, tinged with green. This description from a single -individual shot on the 8th of October. Another individual, apparently -a bird in its first plumage, has the head and upper part of the fore -neck darker, the middle of the breast lighter, the feathers on the -back margined with greyish-brown, and an inner band of dark brown; its -bill is longer, but more slender, the unguis less curved, the feathers -not entirely obliterated from the space before the eye, and extending -farther on the gular sac. - -_Male_, 35, wing 12-1/2; tail 6-3/4. - -Cape Disappointment, Columbia River. Common. - - Phalacrocorax Townsendi, Townsend's Cormorant, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 149. - - -420. 5. Phalacrocorax resplendens, Aud. Violet-green Cormorant. - - Plate CCCCXXII. Fig. 1. Female. - -Bill scarcely as long as the head, slender, dusky; tail of twelve -feathers; gular sac and bare skin on the head, bright orange; plumage -silky and splendent, deep green, seeming black in some lights and -bright green and purple in others, the somewhat compact feathers of -the back edged with dark purple; along the sides of the neck and the -hind part of the sides of the body, numerous white piliform feathers -terminated by a pencil of filaments; quills and tail-feathers -brownish-black and less glossy. This description from an individual -shot in October. - -_Female_, 27; wing 10; tail 5-1/2. - -Cape Disappointment, near Columbia River. Abundant. - - Violet-green Cormorant, Phalacrocorax resplendens, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. v. p. 148. - - - - -GENUS II. PLOTUS, Linn. ANHINGA. - - -Bill about twice the length of the head, almost straight, being very -slightly recurved, rather slender, compressed, tapering to a fine -point; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly declinate, very -slightly convex, the ridge convex, gradually narrowed, the sides -sloping, the edges sharp, and beyond the middle cut into minute -slender-pointed serratures directed backwards, the tip acuminate; -lower mandible with the angle very long and narrow, the dorsal line -beyond it straight and ascending, the sides sloping slightly outwards, -the edges sharp and serrated, the point extremely narrow; gape-line -ascending towards the end. No external nostrils in the adult. Head -very small, oblong; neck very long and slender; body elongated and -slender. Feet very short and stout; tibia feathered to the point; -tarsus very short, roundish, reticulated; toes all connected by webs, -the first of moderate length, the fourth longest, the first toe and -the first phalanges of the rest with transverse series of scales; the -rest of their extent scutellate. Claws rather large, very strong, -compressed, curved, very acute, the third with parallel slits on the -inner edge. A bare space at the base of the upper mandible, including -the eye; skin of the throat bare and dilated, as in the Cormorants. -Plumage close, blended, silky, the feathers oblong; scapulars -elongated, lanceolate, compact, the outer web of the largest -undulated. Wings of moderate length and breadth; third quill longest, -inner secondaries elongated and resembling the posterior scapulars. -Tail very long, narrow, of twelve straight feathers, having very -strong shafts, and increasing in breadth to the end. Tongue a slight -oblong knob; oesophagus very wide; proventricular glands placed on -the right side in the form of a globular sac; stomach roundish, of -moderate size, rather thin, with its inner coat soft and smooth; a -large roundish pyloric lobe; intestine long and very slender; no -coeca, but a small rounded termination to the rectum. - - -421. 1. Plotus anhinga, Linn. American Anhinga.--Snake-Bird. - - Plate CCCXVI. Male and Female. - -Upper mandible dusky, lower bright yellow; gular sac orange; tarsus -and toes dusky olive, the hind parts and webs yellow; general colour -of head, neck, and body, glossy blackish-green, of the scapulars, -wings, and tail, glossy bluish-black; long loose feathers on the neck -purplish-white; lower part of neck behind marked with very numerous -minute oblong spots of white, forming two broad bands, extending -backwards, and gradually becoming more elongated, there being one -along the centre of each feather, including the scapulars; smaller -wing-coverts similarly marked with broader white spots disposed in -regular rows; first row of small coverts and secondary coverts white, -excepting a portion of the inner web; five elongated secondaries -marked with a narrow white band; occupying the inner half of the outer -web; tail-feathers tipped with a band of brownish-red fading into -white. Female with only a few inconspicuous elongated feathers on the -neck; upper part of head and hind neck dull greenish-brown, lighter on -the lower part; fore part of neck pale reddish-brown, tinged with -grey, lighter on the throat, that colour extending over part of the -breast, and terminating abruptly in a transverse band of deep -reddish-chestnut; the other parts as in the male, only the fore part -of the back is tinged with brown, and its spots are less distinct. - -_Male_, 35-3/4, 44. _Female_, 34, 43. - -Constant resident from Florida to Georgia; in summer as far east as -North Carolina, and up the Mississippi to Natchez. Common. - - Plotus Anhinga, Bonap. Syn. p. 411. - - Black-bellied Darter, Plotus melanogaster, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. - ix. p. 75. - - Black-bellied Darter, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 507. - - Anhinga or Snake-Bird, Plotus Anhinga, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 136. - - - - -GENUS III. TACHYPETES, Vieill. FRIGATE BIRD. - - -Bill longer than the head, strong, broader than high, unless towards -the curved extremity; upper mandible with its dorsal line slightly -concave, at the tip decurved, its ridge broad and nearly flat at the -base, narrowed and more convex towards the end, the sides separated -from the ridge by a narrow groove, convex, the edges sharp, direct, -irregularly jagged, with a prominence at the commencement of the curve -at the elongated, compressed, tapering, decurved point; lower mandible -with the angle extremely long, narrow, the membrane bare and dilatable -into a small pouch, the very short dorsal line decurved, the sides -erect at the base, convex in the rest of their extent, the edges -sharp, much inflected, irregularly jagged, at the tip narrow and -decurved. Nostrils basal, linear, inconspicuous. Head of moderate -size, oblong; neck of moderate length, stout; body rather slender. -Feet very short, stout; tibia very short; tarsus extremely short, -feathered; toes all placed in the same plane, and connected by short -deeply emarginate webs, which run out narrow along the sides, -scutellate above, first small, second shorter than fourth, third much -longer. Claws strong, compressed, curved, acute, that of the third toe -long, with the inner edge pectinate. Plumage compact, glossy; feathers -of the head, neck, and back lanceolate. Wings extremely long, pointed, -the first quill longest; the rest rapidly diminishing; secondaries -very short, the inner long and tapering. Tail very long, deeply -forked, of twelve feathers. Tongue exceedingly small, fleshy, -flattened; oesophagus very wide; proventricular glands forming a -complete belt; stomach very small, roundish, its muscular coat thin, -the inner soft and corrugated; no pyloric lobe; intestine of moderate -length; coeca extremely small; cloaca globular. - - -422. 1. Tachypetes Aquilus, Linn. Frigate-Bird.--Man-of-war Bird. - - Plate CCLXXI. Male. - -Male with the bill light purplish-blue, white in the middle, the gular -sac orange; bare skin around the eye blue; feet light carmine above, -orange beneath; general colour of plumage brownish-black, the head, -neck, back, breast, and sides, splendent with green and purple, the -former predominating on the head, the latter on the back; wings tinged -with green; inner secondaries and tail with brown, the shafts of the -former black, of the latter brown. Female with a broad white space on -the breast, that colour extending forwards along the sides of the -neck, and encircling it about the middle; feathers of the back less -elongated, and glossy; the dark parts more tinged with brown. Young at -first covered with yellowish soft down. - -_Adult_, 41, 86. - -Resides constantly on and about the Florida Keys, where it breeds in -vast numbers on trees. Ranges over the Gulf of Mexico, Bays of Texas, -but rarely seen to the eastward of North Carolina. - - Tachypetes Aquilus, Bonap. Syn. p. 406. - - Frigate Pelican, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 491. - - Frigate Pelican. Tachypetes Aquilis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 495; v. v. p. 684. - - - - -GENUS IV. PELECANUS, Linn. PELICAN. - - -Bill about thrice the length of the head, rather slender, almost -straight, depressed; upper mandible linear, depressed, convex at the -base, gradually flattened, and a little enlarged to near the end, when -it narrows, and terminates in a hooked point; ridge broad and convex -at the base, gradually narrowed and flattened beyond the middle, -separated by a groove from the sides, erect at the base, sloping -toward the edges, edges very acute, with an internal groove; lower -mandible with the angle excessively long, extending to the unguis, the -sides erect and convex, the edges thin and involute, the tip decurved. -Nostrils basal, lateral, linear, concealed by the wrinkles of the -skin. Head small, oblong; neck long, stout; body full, rather -flattened. Feet short, and very stout; tarsus short, compressed, -covered all round with hexagonal scales; toes in the same plane, all -connected by webs, first shortest, fourth longer than third. Claws -short, strong, curved, that of the third toe pectinate. Feathers of -head and neck exceedingly small, slender, downy; of the other parts -generally lanceolate and acuminate; wings very long, rather narrow, -rounded; primaries much curved. Tail short, broad, rounded, of more -than sixteen feathers. An enormous bare, extensile, gular sac; tongue -extremely small, papilliform; oesophagus excessively wide; -proventricular glands arranged in broad longitudinal series; stomach -very small, with its muscular coat thin, its epithelium smooth and -soft; a globular pyloric lobe; intestine long and narrow; coeca very -small, cylindrical; cloaca globular. - - -423. 1. Pelecanus Americanus, Aud. American White Pelican. - - Plate CCCXI. Male. - -Bill with an erect crest on the ridge, and with the gular pouch and -feet bright yellow; plumage white; elongated feathers on the occiput -and breast pale yellow, with which also the smaller wing-coverts are -tinged; alula, primary coverts, primary quills, and outer secondaries, -black, with white shafts, inner ten secondaries white; tail of -twenty-four feathers. Female generally without the horny crest, -otherwise similar. - -_Male_, 61-3/4, 103; bill, 13-3/4. - -Common during winter from Texas to South Carolina, both along the -coast, and about the lakes and rivers adjoining Missouri, Mississippi, -and Ohio Rivers. Breeds from California northward, to Lat. 61 deg. -Accidental in the Middle Atlantic Districts. - - American White Pelican, Pelecanus americanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iv. p. 88. - - -424. 2. Pelecanus fuscus, Linn. Brown Pelican. - - Plate CCLI. Male. Plate CCCCXXI. Young. - -Bill greyish-white, tinged with brown, and marked with irregular spots -of pale carmine; bare space between the bill and the eye deep blue, -eyelids pink, gular pouch greenish-black; feet black; hair-like -feathers on the fore part of the head light yellow, the rest of the -head white; a stripe of the same margining the pouch to the middle of -the neck; a short space between these two lines anteriorly, and the -whole of the posterior and lateral parts of the neck dark -chestnut-brown, the small crest paler; back and wings dusky, each -feather with the central part greyish-white; the latter colour -prevailing on the scapulars and larger wing-coverts; primaries and -coverts brownish-black, secondaries greyish-brown; their outer edges -greyish-white; tail light grey, shafts of quills and tail-feathers -white, unless toward the end; lower parts brownish-grey; sides of the -neck and body with narrow longitudinal white lines; on the fore neck, -below the dark chestnut spot a smaller pale yellow mark, behind which -the feathers for a short space are blackish-brown. Young in second -plumage with the bill greyish-blue, its edges and unguis -greyish-yellow; gular pouch dull greyish-blue; bare space around the -eye dusky blue; head and neck dark brown, as are the upper parts -generally; secondary and many of the smaller coverts margined with -pale brown; primaries and their coverts, as well as the tail-coverts, -brownish-black, with white shafts; feet and claws dull leaden. Tail of -twenty-two feathers. - -_Adult_, 52, 80. - -Very abundant and constantly resident from Texas along the shores -eastward to North Carolina. Breeds on trees and also on the ground; -eggs three. - - Pelecanus fuscus, Bonap. Syn. p. 401. - - Brown Pelican, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 476. - - Brown Pelican, Pelecanus fuscus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 376; v. v. p. 212. - - - - -GENUS V. SULA, Briss. GANNET. - - -Bill longer than the head, opening beyond the eyes, straight, -elongated, conical, moderately compressed; upper mandible, with the -dorsal line, straight and declinate, at the end convex and a little -decurved; the ridge very broad, convex, with a slight median carnia, -and separated on each side from the sides, which are perpendicular, -slightly convex, and have an additional narrow-jointed piece below the -eye; edges sharp, direct, irregularly serrate with numerous slender -cuts directed backwards, tip compressed, a little decurved, rather -acute; lower mandible with the angle extremely long and narrow, the -dorsal line straight, ascending, the sides erect, convex, the edges -sharp and serrated, the tip compressed, acute. No external nostrils. -Head large, neck of moderate length, and very thick; body of moderate -bulk, rather elongated. Feet short, strong, placed rather far behind; -tibiae concealed; tarsus very short, rounded before, sharp behind, -scaly, with three lines of small transversely oblong scutella, which -run down the toes, the latter long and slender, all united by -membranes having their margins straight; first toe rather small, -directed inwards and forwards; middle toe longest, the outer almost -equal. Claws of moderate size, slightly arched, that of the third toe -pectinate. Plumage generally close, rather compact, on the head and -neck blended. Wings very long, narrow, acute; first quill longest. -Tail rather long, cuneate, of twelve or fourteen feathers. Gular sac -small, with a small median portion bare; tongue extremely small, -blunt; oesophagus extremely wide; proventricular glands forming a -broad belt partially divided by intervals; stomach extremely small, -its muscular coat thin, the inner soft; intestine of moderate length, -slender; coeca very small; cloaca globular. - - -425. 1. Sula Bassana, Linn. Common Gannet. - - Plate CCCXXVI. Adult Male, and Young. - -Adult with the bill pale bluish-grey, tinged with green towards the -base; bare space about the eye, lines on the bill and gular membrane -blackish-blue; tarsi, toes, and webs, brownish-black, the scutella -light greenish-blue, claws greyish-white; general colour of plumage -white; upper part of head and hind neck buff-coloured; primary quills -brownish-black, their shafts white toward the base. Young at first -covered with very soft white down; when fully fledged, with the bill -light greyish-brown, the bare space around the eye pale greyish-blue; -feet dusky, the narrow bands of scutella pale greyish-blue; head, -neck, and upper parts, chocolate-brown, each feather with a terminal -narrow triangular white spot; lower parts greyish-white, spotted with -greyish-brown, each feather having a broad terminal margin of that -colour; quills and tail-feathers brownish-black. - -_Adult_, 40-1/2, 75. _Young_ fledged, 38, 72. - -Ranges southward off the coast at all seasons as far as the Gulf of -Mexico. Breeds on rocks on the Gulf of St Lawrence, and off the coast -of Labrador. Abundant. Migratory. - - Sula bassana, Bonap. Syn. p. 408. - - Gannet, Sula bassana, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 495. - - Common Gannet, Sula bassana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 222. - - -426. 2. Sula fusca, Linn. Booby Gannet. - - Plate CCVII. Male. - -Bill and naked parts at its base bright yellow, the former -flesh-coloured toward the end; a dusky spot before the eye; tarsi, -toes, and webs pale yellow, claws white; head, neck all round, upper -parts in general, and lower surface of wings dusky brown, tinged with -grey; breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, pure white. Young when -fledged of a greyish-brown colour all over, the breast and abdomen -being merely a little lighter than the rest; bill and claws dusky; -tarsi and toes with their membranes dull yellow. - -_Male_, 31, 49-1/4. - -Gulf of Mexico, and as far east as the coast of Georgia. Breeds on the -Fortugas Keys, south of Florida. Abundant. Migratory. - - Sula fusca, Bonap. Syn. 408. - - Booby, Sula fusca, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 500. - - Booby Gannet, Sula fusca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 63. - - - - -GENUS VI. PHAETON, Linn. TROPIC BIRD. - - -Bill as long as the head, stout, very much compressed, slightly -curved, tapering, acute, opening to beneath the eye; upper mandible -with the dorsal line slightly arched, the ridge narrow, rounded, the -sides sloping and slightly convex at the base, nearly erect towards -the end, the edges sharp, direct, irregularly broken, the tip -acuminate; nasal groove short, near the ridge, lower mandible with the -angle long, and extremely narrow, the dorsal line straight and -ascending, the sides erect and slightly convex, the tip acuminate. -Nostrils basal, linear, very small. Head rather large, ovate; neck -short and thick; body rather full. Feet very short; tibia bare for a -considerable space; tarsus extremely short, roundish, covered with -small round scales; toes rather small, placed in the same plane, and -connected by reticulated webs; first very small, third a little longer -than fourth, all scutellate above. Claws small, arched, compressed, -rather sharp, that of the third toe with a thin entire inner edge. -Plumage soft, blended, on the back rather compact. Wings long, acute, -the first quill longest. Tail of twelve feathers, tapering, the two -middle feathers extremely elongated, narrow, and tapering. This genus -appears to be intermediate between Sula and Sterna. - - -427. 1. Phaeton aethereus, Linn. Common Tropic Bird. - - Plate CCLXII. Male and Female. - -Bill, tarsi, and hind toes yellow, the rest of the foot black; general -colour of plumage pale pink, or white tinged with carmine, the two -middle tail-feathers redder; a curved spot before the eye, and a short -band behind it, black; a band of the same colour across the wing from -the flexure, running narrow along the middle coverts, much enlarged on -the inner secondaries and their coverts, and including the extremities -of the scapulars; outer webs, shafts, and a portion of the inner webs -of the first four primary quills, also black; and a spot of the same -on some of the primary coverts; shafts of two middle tail-feathers -black, unless toward the end; some of the elongated feathers on the -hind part of the sides greyish-black in the centre. Female less tinged -with red, and having the tail-feathers less elongated. - -_Male_, 29-1/2, 38. _Female_, 26, 34. - -Rare on the coast of Florida. Migratory. - - Phaeton aethereus, Bonap. Syn. p. 409. - - Tropic Bird, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 503. - - Tropic Bird, Phaeton aethereus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 442. - - - - -FAMILY XLII. LARINAE. GULLS. - - -Bill of moderate length, straight, compressed, acute; upper mandible -with the dorsal line generally straight until toward the end, when it -is decurved, the ridge convex, the nasal groove rather long, the edges -sharp, direct, overlapping, the tip rather acute and declinate; lower -mandible with the angle long and very narrow, the dorsal line -ascending and nearly straight, with an angular prominence at its -commencement. Nostrils submedial or basal, oblong. Head of moderate -size, ovate; neck of moderate length; body rather stout. Legs short or -of moderate length; tibia bare at its lower part; tarsus anteriorly -scutellate; toes four, the first very small, free, the third longest; -anterior toes connected by webs. Claws small, arched, compressed, -rather acute. Plumage full, soft, blended, somewhat compact on the -back and wings, the latter long and pointed; tail of twelve feathers, -even, rounded, or emarginate. Tongue long, slender, pointed; -oesophagus very wide; stomach rather small, moderately muscular, -with a dense, longitudinally rugous epithelium; intestine of moderate -length and width; coeca small; cloaca globular. Trachea simple, with -a single pair of inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest on the ground, -rudely constructed. Eggs few, not exceeding four, spotted. Young -covered with down. - - - - -GENUS I. RHYNCHOPS, Linn. SKIMMER. - - -Bill longer than the head, nearly straight, tetragonal at the base, -suddenly extremely compressed and continuing so to the end; upper -mandible much shorter than the lower, its ridge sharp, the sides erect -but a little convex, the edges approximated so as to leave merely a -very narrow groove between them, the tip a little rounded, when viewed -laterally; nasal groove rather short, near the margin; lower mandible -with the angle extremely short, the dorsal line straight or slightly -decurved, the sides erect, obliquely grooved, the edges united into a -very thin blade, which fits into the narrow groove of the upper -mandible, the tip rounded or abrupt, when viewed laterally. Nostrils -linear-oblong. Head rather large, oblong, considerably elevated in -front; neck rather short, thick; body short, ovate. Feet short, -moderately stout; tibia bare below, with narrow transverse scutella -before and behind; tarsus short, anteriorly covered with broad -scutella; toes very small, the first extremely short and free, unless -at the base; middle toe slightly longer than outer; anterior toes -united by deeply emarginate webs. Claws long, compressed, slightly -arched, rather obtuse. Plumage moderately full, soft, and blended; -wings extremely long, and very narrow; primary quills excessively -long, the first longest; secondaries short. Tail of moderate length, -deeply forked, of twelve feathers. Tongue short, triangular, tapering; -oesophagus wide; stomach rather small, oblong, muscular, the -cuticular lining dense, with nine broad longitudinal rugae; intestine -rather long, narrow; coeca very small; cloaca large, globular, the -digestive organs are precisely similar to those of the Terns and -smaller Gulls. - - -428. 1. Rhynchops nigra, Linn. Black Skimmer. - - Plate CCCXXIII. Male - -Bill rich carmine in its basal half, the rest black; feet carmine; -upper plumage deep brownish-black; secondary quills and four or five -of the primaries tipped with white, the latter on the inner web -chiefly; tail-feathers black, broadly margined on both sides with -white, the outer more extensively; the middle tail-coverts black, the -lateral black on the inner, and white on the outer web; a broad band -of white over the forehead, extending to the fore part of the eye; -cheeks and throat of the same colour; the rest of the neck, and lower -parts in spring and autumn of a delicate cream-colour; axillary -feathers, lower wing-coverts, and a large portion of the secondary -quills, white, the coverts along the edge of the wing black. Female -smaller, similar to the male, but with the tail-feathers white, -excepting a longitudinal band including the shaft. After the first -autumnal moult, there is on the hind part of the neck a broad band of -white mottled with greyish-black; the lower parts pure white, the -upper of a duller black; bill and feet less richly coloured. - -_Male_, 20, 48. _Female_, 16-3/4, 44-1/2. - -During winter, in vast multitudes on the coast of Florida. In summer -dispersed in large flocks from Texas to New Jersey, breeding on sand -beaches or islands. In the evenings and at night ascends streams -sometimes to the distance of one hundred miles. - - Black Skimmer or Shear-water, Rhynchops nigra, Wils. Amer. - Orn. v. vii. p. 85. - - Rhincops nigra, Bonap. Syn. p. 352. - - Black Skimmer, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 264. - - Black Skimmer or Razor-billed Shear-water, Rhynchops nigra, - Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 203. - - - - -GENUS II. STERNA, Linn. TERN. - - -Bill longer than the head, rather stout or slender, nearly straight, -compressed, very acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly -arched, the ridge rather broad and convex at the base, gradually -narrowed toward the end, sides convex, edges sharp and direct, tip -acute; nasal groove short; lower mandible with the angle very narrow, -acute, extending to the middle, the dorsal line straight, the sides -slightly convex, nearly erect, the sharp edges inflected, the tips -very acute. Nostrils basal, lateral, linear, direct. Head rather -large, oblong; neck of moderate length and thick; body slender. Feet -short, moderately stout; tibia bare for a considerable space; tarsus -short, roundish, covered all round with small scales; first toe very -small, third longest, fourth a little shorter; anterior toes connected -by emarginate webs. Claws slightly curved, compressed, acute. Plumage -soft, close, blended, rather compact on the back and wings. Wings -extremely long, narrow, and pointed, the first quill longest, the rest -rapidly graduated. Tail long, generally forked, of twelve feathers. -Tongue very slender, tapering, with the point slit; oesophagus -extremely wide; proventricular belt complete; stomach rather small, -moderately muscular, with the epithelium dense and longitudinally -rugous; intestine of moderate length, rather narrow; coeca small. - - -429. 1. Sterna Cayana, Lath. Cayenne Tern. - - Plate CCLXXIII. Male. - -Bill longer than the head, stout; wings longer than the tail, which is -moderately forked; bill carmine; feet black; upper part of the head -and occiput greenish-black; back and wings light greyish-blue; primary -quills bluish-grey on their outer webs, darker on the outer part of -the inner, their inner part white, as are the ends and inner webs of -the secondaries; upper tail-coverts and tail greyish-white; all the -other parts pure white. - -_Male_, 19, 44. - -From Texas, in spring, to the Floridas, where it breeds on the -Tortugas. Labrador, but not observed in the intermediate parts of the -Atlantic coast. Abundant. Migratory. - - Sterna cayana, Bonap. Syn. v. ii. p. 353. - - Cayenne Tern, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 208. - - Cayenne Tern, Sterna cayana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 505; - v. v. p. 639. - - -430. 2. Sterna Anglica, Montagu. Gull-billed Tern.--Marsh Tern. - - Plate CCCCX. Male. - -Bill about the length of the head, stout; wings longer than the tail, -which is moderately forked; bill and feet black; upper part of the -head and occiput greenish-black; sides of the head, fore neck, and all -the lower parts, white; upper parts pale greyish-blue, edges of the -wings whitish; primaries hoary on the outer web, deep grey on the -inner, their shafts and those of the tail-feathers white; the tail of -a paler tint than the back, and the outer feather nearly white. - -_Male_, 14, 34. - -Cosmopolite. In America, breeds from the mouth of the Mississippi to -Connecticut. Not abundant. Migratory. - - Marsh Tern, Sterna aranea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 143. - - Sterna aranea, Bonap. Syn. p. 354. - - Marsh Tern, Sterna anglica, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 269. - - Marsh or Gull-billed Tern, Sterna anglica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 127. - - -431. 3. Sterna Cantiaca, Gmel. Sandwich Tern. - - Plate CCLXXIX. Adult. - -Bill considerably longer than the head, rather slender, black, with -the tips yellow; inside of mouth deep blue; feet black; wings longer -than the tail, which is deeply forked; upper part of head and hind -neck bluish-black; sides of head, neck all round, and the rest of the -lower parts white, the sides and breast tinged with pink; fore part of -back, scapulars, and upper surface of wings pale greyish-blue; the -tips and greater part of the inner webs of the scapulars and quills -white, as are the rump and tail; the four outer quills blackish, but -covered with light grey down on the outer webs, and over a -considerable extent of the inner, their shafts white. Young, after the -first moult, of a light greyish-blue on the upper parts, the feathers -tipped and banded in an undulating manner with brownish-black; the -upper part of the head and hind neck brownish-black mottled with -white; quills as in the adult; tail grey, with irregular blackish -markings towards the tips of the feathers; lower parts of a much -lighter pale grey; bill and feet black. - -_Adult_, 15-3/4, 33-3/4. - -From Texas, during spring and summer, to the Floridas, where it breeds -in great numbers. Never observed in any other part of the coast of -America. Migratory. - - Sandwich Tern. Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 276. - - Sandwich Tern, Sterna cantiaca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 531. - - -432. 4. Sterna fuliginosa, Lath. Sooty Tern. - - Plate CCXXXV. - -Bill slightly longer than the head, rather slender, and with the feet -black; tail very deeply forked, much longer than the wings; forehead -white; lores, upper part of head, hind neck, and all the upper parts -deep black, tinged with brown, on the head glossed with blue; edges of -wings and lateral tail-feathers white, the latter with the inner web -toward the end dusky; lower parts and sides of head and neck pure -white. Young with the lower parts and forehead white, the upper parts -greyish-brown, the feathers edged with brownish-white, the primary -quills greyish-black. - -_Male_, 16-1/4, 34-3/4. - -From Texas to the Floridas, in spring. Breeds in immense multitudes on -the Tortugas. Migratory. - - Sterna fuliginosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 355. - - Sooty Tern, Sterna fuliginosa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. - 145. - - Sooty Tern, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 284. - - Sooty Tern, Sterna fuliginosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 263; - v. v. p. 641. - - -433. 5. Sterna Hirundo, Linn. Common Tern. - - Plate CCCIX. Male. - -Bill about the same length as the head, rather slender, bright -coral-red, towards the end black, the tip light yellow; feet -coral-red, lighter than the bill; wings slightly shorter than the -tail, which is very deeply forked; upper part of head and hind neck -half-way down, deep bluish-black, anteriorly tinged with brown; sides -of head, fore neck, and all the lower parts white, with a slight tinge -of greyish-blue on the breast; back, scapulars, and wings light -greyish-blue; edges of wings, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, -slightly tinged with grey; first primary with the outer web deep -black, the shaft white, on the inner web a greyish-black band running -along the shaft, narrow at the base, and widening, so as to occupy the -whole breadth of the web for an inch at the end, where it is hoary; -the next five with the outer web, and a varying portion of the inner -in nearly their whole length hoary, but with a dusky shade, becoming -more apparent at the end; the rest of the quills like the back, but -margined and tipped with white; tail-feathers with the inner webs -white, the outer of the colour of the back, paler on the middle -feathers, gradually deepening outwards, and on the outer feathers dark -grey. Young, in first plumage, with the bill dull greenish-black, its -tip yellowish, feet greenish-yellow; upper parts chiefly light brown. -In winter, the bill black, with the base pale orange, the tip -yellowish, the feet orange-yellow; the colour of the plumage as in the -adult, the forehead white, the rest of the head dusky, the upper parts -having the feathers slightly margined with lighter. - -_Male_, 16, 31-1/2. - -Breeds from Galveston Islands along the shores of the Atlantic to -Labrador, and as far north as Lat. 57 deg. Returns southward in autumn, -passing beyond the Texas. Extremely abundant. - - Great Tern, Sterna Hirundo, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 76. - - Sterna Hirundo, Bonap. Syn. p. 354. - - Sterna Hirundo, Great Tern, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 412. - - Great or Common Tern, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 271. - - Common Tern, Sterna Hirundo, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 74. - - -434. 6. Sterna Havellii, Aud. Havell's Tern. - - Plate CCCCIX. Fig. 1. Adult. - -Bill about the length of the head, rather stout; wings a little -shorter than the tail, which is deeply forked. In winter, the bill -black, towards the base brown, and a small portion of the tip -yellowish; feet orange; a broad band of black surrounding the eye, and -extending toward the nape; fore part of head, cheeks, and all the -lower parts pure white; hind head and nape dusky grey, mixed with -white; the rest of the upper parts light greyish-blue, excepting the -rump, which is white; the primary coverts and quills, as well as the -tail-feathers and their coverts, hoary, with the shafts white, but -five of the quills dusky on the outer web, on the inner along the -shaft, and on the inner margin toward the end. Young, in winter, with -the bill somewhat shorter, and more tinged with brown, the lower -parts, rump, outer web of lateral tail-feathers, and sides of neck, -white; wings as in the adult, but the primaries internally margined -with white, and the secondaries tipped with the same; upper part of -the head, and the rest of the upper parts, light yellowish-brown, -intermixed with greyish-blue; a band of black on the sides of the -head, as in the adult. - -_Adult_, 15-1/2, wing, 10-8/12. - -From Texas to South Carolina. Common. Migratory. - - Havell's Tern, Sterna Havelli, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 122. - - -435. 7. Sterna Trudeaui, Aud. Trudeau's Tern. - - Plate CCCCIX. Fig. 2. Adult. - -Bill about the length of the head, rather slender; wings a little -longer than the tail, which is deeply forked. Bill black, with part of -the base of the lower mandible, the edges of both, and their tips to -the length of five-twelfths of an inch, yellow; feet orange, claws -brown, toward the end yellow; a band of blackish-grey surrounding the -eye, and extending toward the nape; fore part of head, cheeks, and -upper part of throat, white; the rest of the upper and lower parts -light greyish-blue, excepting the axillar feathers, lower -wing-coverts, and rump, which are white; tail-coverts and tail -greyish-white; primary coverts and quills hoary, but the outer five -dusky grey on the inner web, toward the margin, and less so along the -shaft, and on the outer web; the shafts of all the quills and -tail-feathers white, as are the inner edges of the primaries and tips -of the secondaries, the inner excepted. This species has the bill -somewhat longer and more slender than that of Havell's Tern, and -differently coloured; the tarsus longer, and the lower parts of the -body of the same tint as the upper, whereas that species is white -beneath. - -_Adult_, 16; wing, 10-10/12. - -Great Egg Harbour and Long Island. Rare. Migratory. - - Trudeau's Tern, Sterna Trudeaui, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 125. - - -436. 8. Sterna arctica, Temm. Arctic Tern. - - Plate CCL. Male. - -Bill about the same length as the head, slender, and with the mouth -and feet vermilion, tinged with carmine; wings about two inches -shorter than the tail, which is very deeply forked; upper part of -head and occiput greenish-black; sides of head and chin white; upper -parts pale greyish-blue, the rump bluish-white, the tail and its -coverts white, excepting the outer webs of the two lateral feathers, -which are dusky grey; primaries dusky towards the ends, the two outer -with their outer webs blackish, all with the greater part of the inner -web white, secondaries tipped with white; neck, breast, and sides, -pale greyish-blue, like the upper parts, but lighter; abdomen, lower -tail-coverts, and lower surfaces of wings and tail, white. - -_Male_, 15-1/2, 32. - -Along the coast of the Atlantic in autumn and winter, sometimes as far -as New Jersey. Common in Maine, Nova Scotia, and Labrador, where it -breeds in multitudes, as well as on the Magdalene Islands, and on the -shores of the Arctic Seas. Migratory. - - Sterna arctica, Bonap. Syn. p. 354. - - Sterna arctica, Arctic Tern, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 414. - - Arctic Tern, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 275. - - Arctic Tern, Sterna arctica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 366. - - -437. 9. Sterna Dougallii, Mont. Roseate Tern. - - Plate CCXL. Male. - -Bill about the same length as the head, slender, brownish-black, deep -orange at the base; feet vermilion; wings about three inches shorter -than the tail, which is very deeply forked; upper part of the head and -occiput bluish-black; hind neck white; the rest of the upper parts -pale bluish-grey, the tail lighter; edges of wings, tips and inner -edges of quills, and their shafts, white; first quill black on the -outer web and part of the inner, the next two similarly marked, but -with the black shaded over with pale grey, the loose barbules being of -that colour, the other primaries becoming gradually lighter; lower -parts of a beautiful roseate hue, soon fading after death; under -surface of wings and tail white. - -_Male_, 14-10/12, 30. - -Florida Keys, where it is abundant, and breeds. Migratory. - - Sterna Dougallii, Mont. Temm. - - Roseate Tern, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 278. - - Roseate Tern, Sterna Dougallii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 296. - - -438. 10. Sterna nigra, Linn. Black Tern. - - Plate CCLXXX. Adult and Young. - -Bill about the same length as the head, rather slender, -brownish-black; feet reddish-brown; wings two inches longer than the -tail, which is merely emarginate; head, neck, breast, sides, and -abdomen, greyish-black; lower tail-coverts white, lower wing-coverts -bluish-grey; upper parts dark bluish-grey, the outer web of the first -quill greyish-black; shafts of quills and tail-feathers white. Young -in second plumage with the upper parts greyish-blue, the feathers of -the fore part of the back, and especially the scapulars, brown towards -the end; the upper and hind part of the head greyish-black, of which -there is a darker mark behind and another before the eye; forehead -greyish-white, as are the sides of the head, the fore neck, breast, -and abdomen; sides dusky grey; lower wing-coverts greyish-white. - -_Adult_, 9, 24. _Young_, in autumn, 7-3/4; wing, 9-8/12. - -Arrives in Texas from the south early in spring, proceeds along the -coast to the Mississippi, then ascends that river and its tributaries, -breeding around ponds, or along the streams; and even advances to the -Fur Countries, where it also breeds. Abundant. Migratory. Occasionally -along the coasts of the Middle Atlantic Districts. - - Sterna nigra, Bonap. Syn. p. 355. - - Sterna nigra, Black Tern, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. - p. 415. - - Black Tern or Stern, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 282. - - Black Tern, Sterna nigra, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 593; v. - v. p. 642. - - -439. 11. Sterna minuta, Linn. Least Tern. - - Plate CCCXIX. Adult and Young. - -Bill about the length of the head, slender, yellowish-orange, with the -tips black, but the extreme points horn-colour; feet light orange-red; -wings an inch or more longer than the tail, which is deeply forked; on -the forehead a triangular white patch, extending to over the middle of -the eye; upper part of head and nape, and loral space, deep black; -sides of head, fore neck, and lower parts pure white; back and wings -very pale bluish-grey; first two quills with the outer web -greyish-black, and rather less than half of their inner web of the -same colour, the rest white, extending to about half an inch from -their extremities; tail white in summer, of a paler tint than the back -at other times. Young, when fledged, with the bill greenish-black, all -the lower parts dull greyish-white, as are the upper, including the -tail, the hind part of the head streaked with dusky, on the back and -rump the feathers with a curved marginal band of greyish-brown; -primary quills greyish-brown, the outer two darker; tail even, each -feather narrowly margined with greyish-white. - -_Adult_, 8-3/4, 18-3/4. - -Breeds from Galveston along the shores to Labrador. Not mentioned as -found in the Fur Countries. Returns southward, and passes beyond Texas -in autumn. Extremely abundant at times on the Great Lakes, as well as -the Ohio and Mississippi. - - Least Tern, Sterna minuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 80. - - Sterna minuta, Bonap. Syn. p. 355. - - Silvery Tern, Sterna argentea, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 280. - - Least Tern, Sterna minuta, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 175. - -* Tail graduated. - - -440. 12. Sterna stolida, Linn. Noddy Tern. - - Plate CCLXXV. Male. - -Bill a little longer than the head, rather slender, a little decurved, -black; tail cuneate; general colour of plumage sooty-brown; primaries -and tail-feathers brownish-black; upper part of head greyish-white; a -black spot anterior to and over the eye. - -_Male_, 16-4/12, 32. - -Abundant on the Gulf of Mexico during the whole year. Breeds in vast -multitudes on the Tortugas Keys. - - Sterna stolida, Bonap. Syn. p. 356. - - Noddy, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 285. - - Noddy Tern, Sterna stolida, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 516; v. - v. p. 642. - - - - -GENUS III. LARUS, Linn. GULL. - - -Bill shorter than the head, nearly straight, moderately stout, -compressed; upper mandible with its dorsal outline straight to the -middle, then decurved, the ridge convex, the sides rapidly sloping, -the edges sharp and direct, the tip rather obtuse; nasal groove rather -long and narrow; nostrils submedial, longitudinal, linear-oblong, -broader anteriorly; lower mandible, with the angle long and pointed, -the outline of its crura decurved anteriorly, that of the ridge -slightly concave and ascending, the sides erect, the edge-line -decurved toward the tip, which is narrow but obtuse. Head of moderate -size, broadly ovate; neck of ordinary length; body compact. Feet -rather long or of moderate length, rather stout; tibia bare at the -lower part; tarsus moderately compressed, with numerous curved -anterior scutella, and smaller behind; toes slender, of moderate -length, scutellate; first very small, third a little longer than -fourth. Claws small, slightly arched, compressed, rather blunt. -Plumage close, soft, blended, on the back and wings rather compact. -Wings very long, pointed; first and second quills longest; secondaries -broad, the inner more elongated. Tail of moderate length, generally -even, rarely rounded or emarginate, of twelve feathers. In those -which have the head white in summer, it is streaked with dusky in -winter; and those which are hooded in summer, have the head white and -slightly streaked in winter. - -* Tail emarginate. - - -441. 1. Larus Sabini, Sabine. Fork-tailed Gull. - - Plate CCLXXXV. Fig. 1, Male. - -Tail of moderate length, forked; bill of moderate length, rather -slender, black, with the terminal third yellow; feet black; head and -upper part of neck all round blackish-grey, that colour terminated by -a collar of pure black; lower neck all round, the whole lower surface, -upper tail-coverts, and tail, pure white; back and wings bluish-grey, -excepting a large terminal portion of the secondaries, and the tips of -the primaries, which are white, the primaries themselves being black, -with their shafts brownish-black. - -_Male_, 13, 33. - -Accidental as far south in winter, as New York. Rather common along -the coast of Nova Scotia. Breeds in Newfoundland, and along the coasts -of the Arctic Seas. Seen on the banks of Newfoundland in great -numbers. - - Larus Sabini, Fork-tailed Gull, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 428. - - Fork-tailed Gull, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 295. - - Forked-tailed Gull, Larus Sabini, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 561. - -** Tail cuneate. - - -442. 2. Larus Rossii, Richardson. Ross's Gull. - - Not figured. - -Tail much rounded, the middle feathers being an inch longer than the -lateral; bill of moderate length, slender, black; feet vermilion; -head, neck, all round, lower parts, rump and tail, white, the lower -parts tinged with pink, which soon fades; a narrow collar of black; -fore part of back, scapulars, and both surfaces of wings light -greyish-blue; tips of scapulars and secondaries white. - -_Adult_, 14; wing 10-1/2. - -Arctic Seas. - - Larus Rossii, Cuneate-tailed Gull, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 427. - - Ross's Gull, Larus Rossii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 324. - -*** Tail even. - - -443. 3. Larus Bonapartii, Richardson. Bonaparte's Gull. - - Plate CCCXXIV. - -Bill slender, black; feet orange, tinged with vermilion; head and -upper part of neck all round greyish-black, that colour extending half -an inch lower on the throat than on the occiput; a white band divided -by a narrow black line margining the eye behind; lower part of neck -all round, anterior edge of wing, alular, smaller coverts on the -carpal margin, four outer primary coverts, shaft and inner web of -outer primary, both webs of second, inner webs of third and fourth, -rump, tail, and all the lower parts, white; back, scapulars, and wings -light greyish-blue; outer web of first quill, excepting a small -portion toward the end, its tips to the length of half an inch, black, -as are the ends of the next six, which however have a small tip of -white, the black on some of them being an inch long, and running along -the inner edge to a considerable extent. Female somewhat smaller, -similar to the male, but with the head and upper part of the neck -umber-brown. Young in second plumage with the bill greyish-black, the -feet flesh-coloured; head and neck greyish-white; a small patch of -black behind the eye; upper parts dull bluish-grey, many of the -wing-coverts greyish-brown, edged with paler; quills as in the adult; -rump and tail white, the latter with a broad band of black at the end, -the tips narrowly edged with whitish. - -_Adult_, 14-1/8, 32-1/4. - -Extremely abundant in winter, on the coast of Florida. Equally -plentiful in spring, along the coasts of the Middle and Eastern -Districts, especially in the Chesapeake. Breeds from the Bay of Fundy -to high latitudes. Not uncommon in autumn, on the Great Lakes, and the -Ohio and Mississippi. - - Brown-masked Gull, Larus capistratus, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iv. - Female. - - Larus capistratus, Bonap. Syn. p. 358. - - Larus Bonapartii, Bonapartian Gull, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 425. - - Bonapartian Gull, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 294. - - Bonapartian Gull, Larus Bonapartii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. - 212. - - -444. 4. Larus Atricilla, Linn. Black-headed Gull.--Laughing Gull. - - Plate CCCXIV. Male and Young. - -Bill moderately stout, and with the feet, margin of eyelids, and -inside of mouth deep carmine; wings extending three inches beyond the -tail, which is even; head and upper neck all round blackish lead-grey, -darker on the upper part of the head and along the posterior margin, -which descends lower in front, or to the extent of about two inches -and a half from the base of the lower mandible; two narrow white bands -bordering the upper and lower eyelids; lower neck all round, the whole -lower surface, rump and tail white, but the fore part of the neck and -the breast down to the legs, of a beautiful light rosy tint; back and -wings greyish-blue, with a slight tinge of purple, excepting a large -terminal portion of the secondaries, and the tips of the primaries, -which are white; first primary black, with a tinge of grey on the -inner web at the base; second and third similar, with the grey more -extended; the fourth with it extending over two-thirds, the fifth -black only for an inch and a half, on the sixth the black reduced to -two spots near the end; the other parts and the remaining primaries of -the same general colour as the back. Female similar, but considerably -smaller. In winter, the head white, the feathers on its upper part and -the nape more or less brownish-grey in their concealed part, that -colour appearing in slight patches here and there, and especially -along the posterior margin of the part that is coloured in summer, as -well as on a small space before the eye; in other respects the plumage -as in summer, but without the rosy tint. Young, when fledged, with the -bill, feet, inside of mouth, and edges of eyelids olivaceous brown; -upper parts brownish-grey, the feathers edged with paler; hind part of -back light bluish-grey; upper tail-coverts nearly white; tail pale -greyish-blue, with a broad band of brownish-black at the end, the -extreme tips narrowly edged with white, the outer margin of the -lateral feathers of the same colour; the first four primaries -destitute of white at the tip; a small patch before the eye, two -slight bands on the eyelids, and the throat, greyish-white; lower part -of neck brownish-grey; the rest of the lower parts greyish-white, the -sides darker, the axillars ash-grey, lower surface of wing dusky grey. - -_Adult_, 17, 40-3/4. - -Most abundant from Texas to Massachusetts, breeding along the coast. -Up the Mississippi to New Orleans. Those which in spring remove to the -eastward of the Floridas return early in autumn. - - Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. - p. 89. - - Larus atricilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 359. - - Black-headed Gull, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 291. - - Black-headed or Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. iv. p. 118. - - -445. 5. Larus Franklinii, Richardson. Franklin's Rosy Gull. - - Not figured. - -"Bill rather stout, and with the feet vermilion; mantle pearl-grey; -wings an inch and a half longer than the tail, which is even; five -exterior quills barred with black, the first one tipped with white for -an inch; tarsus twenty lines long; hood black in summer. Both eyelids, -the neck, rump, tail, and whole under plumage white, the latter and -interior of the wings deeply tinged with peach-blossom red; black hood -covering three-quarters of an inch of the nape, and extending as much -lower on the throat; mantle and wings bluish-grey; the outer web of -the first quill-feathers is black to near the top, and a broad band of -the same crosses the ends of the five outer primaries; all the -quill-feathers are terminated with white, that of the first primary -and of all the secondaries being upwards of an inch long; all the -shafts whitish." - -_Male_, 17, wing, 11. - -Interior of Fur Countries, breeding on the edges of large lakes. - - Larus Franklinii, Franklin's Rosy Gull, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii p. 424. - - Franklin's Rosy Gull, Larus Franklinii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 323. - - -446. 6. Larus tridactylus, Linn. Kittiwake Gull. - - Plate CCXXIV. Adult and Young. - -Bill moderately stout, greenish-yellow; feet black, with the hind toe -rudimentary, and furnished with a minute knob in place of the claw; -head, neck, rump, tail, and lower parts pure white; back and upper -surface of wings light greyish-blue; the first five quills black at -the end, the first on its outer web also; the fifth with a small white -tip; the tips of all the other quills more or less white. Young in its -second plumage with the bill and feet black; hind head and neck -bluish-grey; a semilunar blackish mark before the eye; tips of -auriculars dark grey; forehead, sides of head, throat, and lower -parts, white, as are the rump and tail, the latter with a broad -terminal band of black; mantle bluish-grey, with a broad band of black -crossing the lower part of the hind neck; larger wing-coverts of the -same colour toward the end; primary quills black, more or less -margined with white internally. - -_Adult_, 18, 36-1/2. - -Common as far south as New York. Abundant from Massachusetts eastward. -Breeds from the Bay of Fundy northward. - - Larus tridactylus, Bonap. Syn. p. 359. - - Larus tridactylus, Kittiwake, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 423. - - Kittiwake, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 298. - - Kittiwake Gull, Larus tridactylus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 186. - - -447. 7. Larus eburneus, Gmel. Ivory Gull. - - Plate CCLXXXVII. - -Bill moderately stout, yellow, feet black; wings an inch and a half -longer than the tail; plumage pure white. After the second moult, the -bill dusky for two-thirds, yellow at the end, feet black; plumage -white, the forehead and sides of the head mottled with leaden-grey, -most of the wing-coverts with, a greyish-black spot towards the end; -the quills, large coverts, and tail-feathers similarly marked, the -markings on the tail forming a subterminal bar. - -_Adult_, 19, 41. - -Accidental on the coast of the United States. Common in winter in -Labrador and Newfoundland. Breeds in high latitudes. - - Larus eburneus, Bonap. Syn. p. 360. - - Larus eburneus, Ivory Gull, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - - Ivory Gull, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 301. - - Ivory Gull, Larus eburneus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 571. - - -448. 8. Larus zonorhynchus, Richardson. Ring-billed Gull.--Common -American Gull. - - Plate CCXII. Adult and Young. - -Bill stout, compressed, greenish-yellow, with a broad band of black -opposite the prominence; wings two inches and a half longer than the -tail; feet greenish-yellow; general colour of the plumage pure white, -excepting the back and upper surface of the wings, which are light -greyish-blue; the first-six quills black towards their extremities, -the first and second being almost entirely so, the sixth with only a -small spot; the tips of these feathers white, the first moreover with -a long patch of white, over its whole breadth, the second with a -smaller patch, not occupying the entire breadth, sometimes confined to -the inner web, the other quills white at the end. Young after second -moult with the bill black, the feet purplish-grey; general colour of -plumage dull white, mottled with greyish-brown beneath, on the back -with large brownish-black spots, the dark markings being central; -anterior to the eye a crescent of greyish-black; outer primary quills -black, terminally edged with white. - -_Adult_, 20, 48. - -Common during winter from Texas, along the coast, to Maine. Up the -Mississippi to Natchez. Breeds from Maine to Labrador, Hudson's Bay, -and Arctic shores. Columbia River. Migratory. - - Larus canus, Mew or Common Gull, Rich. & Swains. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 420. - - Larus zonorhynchus, Ring-billed Mew-Gull, Ibid. p. 421. - - Larus brachyrhynchus, Short-billed Mew-Gull, Ibid. p. 422. - - Ring-billed Mew-Gull, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 300. - - Common American Gull, Larus zonorhynchus. _Aud._ Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 98; v. v. p. 638. - - -449. 9. Larus leucopterus, Fabr. White-winged Silvery Gull. - - Plate CCLXXXII. Adult and Young. - -Bill stout, gamboge-yellow, with a spot of orange-red near the end of -the lower mandible; angle of the mouth and edges of eyelids -orange-red; feet pale flesh-colour; wings more than two inches longer -than the tail; plumage pure white, excepting the back and upper -surface of the wings, which are light greyish-blue; the tips of the -secondaries, the terminal third of the primaries, and the upper -tail-coverts, also white. Young in second plumage with the bill -yellow, tipped with black, the feet yellowish flesh-colour; plumage -yellowish-grey, marked on the head and neck with longitudinal streaks -of pale brown, on the back and wings with transverse undulations, -those on the tail much fainter; the first six quills destitute of -markings. - -_Adult_, 26, 50. - -During winter from New York to Nova Scotia. Not rare. Breeds on the -islands and peninsulas of the Arctic Seas. - - Larus leucopterus, Bonap. Syn. p. 361. - - Larus leucopterus, White-winged Silvery Gull, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 418. - - White-winged Silvery Gull, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 305. - - White-winged Silvery Gull, Larus leucopterus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iii. p. 553. - - -450. 10. Larus occidentalis, Aud. Western Gull. - - Not figured. - -Bill robust, compressed, yellow, with an orange-red patch toward the -end of the lower mandible; iris light hazel; feet flesh-coloured; -head, neck, lower parts, rump, and tail pure white; back and wings -light greyish-blue, of a deeper tint than in L. argentatus; edges of -the wings and extremities of the quills white; first seven quills -greyish-black toward the end, that colour including the outer webs and -the greater part of the inner of the two first, and on the rest -gradually diminishing, so as on the seventh merely to form a -subterminal bar; the first quill with a patch of white on both webs -near the end; the tips of all white. Young male in winter with the -bill black, feet flesh-coloured; upper part and sides of the head, -hind part and sides of the neck, light brownish-grey, faintly mottled -and streaked with white; upper parts in general greyish-brown, -confusedly mottled with whitish; rump white barred with brown; primary -quills greyish-black, without white at the end; secondary quills -similar, more grey toward the base, margined and tipped with white, -undulated with brown; tail greyish-black, tipped with whitish; lower -parts greyish-white, mottled with greyish-brown. This species, which -is very intimately allied to _Larus argentatus_, is remarkable for the -great depth and comparative shortness of its bill. - -_Male_, 27, wing 17-1/4, but the feathers not complete. - - Western Gull, Larus occidentalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 320. - - -451. 11. Larus argentatus, Brunnich. Herring or Silvery Gull. - - Plate CCXCI. Adult and Young. - -Bill robust, compressed, gamboge-yellow, with an orange-red patch -toward the end of the lower mandible; iris silvery-white; feet -flesh-coloured; head, neck, lower parts, rump, and tail pure white; -back and wings light greyish-blue; edges of wing and extremities of -quills white; the first six quills brownish-black towards the end, -that colour including the outer webs and the greater part of the inner -of the first two, and on the rest gradually diminishing, so as on the -sixth merely to form a bar; the first quill with a patch of white -about an inch and a half long on both webs near the end, the second -with a circular patch on the inner web; the tips of all white. The -terminal markings of the outer quills vary. Young with the bill -brownish-black, paler at the base of the lower mandible, feet purplish -flesh-colour; general colour of plumage light purplish-grey, the upper -part of the head darker, the lower parts mottled with pale -yellowish-grey; feathers of upper parts and upper tail-coverts -irregularly edged and barred with greyish-white; primary quills -greyish-black, terminally margined with whitish; tail of the same -colour, its base and the outer webs of the lateral feathers -irregularly mottled with whitish, the tips brownish-white. - -_Male_, 23, 53. _Young_, in winter, 18-3/4, 51. - -Abundant in autumn, winter, and early spring, from Texas along the -whole Atlantic coast to Newfoundland. Breeds from the Bay of Fundy to -Melville Island. Common in autumn on the Great Lakes, the Ohio, and -Mississippi. - - Larus argentatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 360. - - Herring Gull, Larus argentatus, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 304. - - Herring Gull, Larus argentatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 588; v. v. p. 638. - - -452. 12. Larus glaucus, Brunn. Glaucous Gull.--Burgomaster. - - Plate CCCXCVI. Adult and Young. - -Bill stout, compressed, gamboge yellow, with a carmine patch toward -the end of the lower mandible; iris yellow; feet flesh-coloured; -second quill slightly longer than the first; tail slightly rounded; -head, neck, lower parts, rump, and tail pure white; back and wings -light greyish-blue; the edges of the wing and a large portion of all -the quills toward the end, white. Young when fledged with the bill -yellow, in its terminal third black; feet flesh-coloured; plumage very -pale yellowish-brown, the feathers of the upper parts with a large -dusky spot toward the end, the quills and tail-feathers barred with -the same. - -_Adult_, 30; wing, 19-1/2. - -Met with in Labrador in summer. Baffin's Bay and Arctic Seas -generally. Not observed within the limits of the United States. - - Larus glaucus, Bonap. Syn. p. 361. - - Larus glaucus, Burgomaster Gull, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 416. - - Glaucous Gull or Burgomaster, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 306. - - Glaucous Gull or Burgomaster, Larus glaucus, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 59. - - -453. 13. Larus marinus, Linn. Great Black-backed Gull. - - Plate CCXLI. Male. - -Bill robust, compressed, gamboge yellow, with a patch of carmine -toward the end of the lower mandible, feet flesh-coloured; head, neck, -lower parts, rump and tail, pure white; back and wings deep -blackish-purple or dark slate-colour; edges of wing and a large -portion of the extremities of all the quills white; the second, third, -fourth, and fifth primaries with a broad band of black across their -ends. Young when fledged with the bill brownish-black, the iris dark -brown, the feet as in the adult; the head and neck greyish-white, -streaked with pale brownish-grey; upper parts mottled with -brownish-black, brownish-grey, and dull white, the rump paler; primary -quills blackish-brown, slightly tipped with brownish-white; -tail-feathers white, with a large brownish-black patch towards the -end, larger on the middle feathers, which are also barred towards the -base with dusky; lower parts greyish-white, sides and lower -tail-coverts obscurely mottled with greyish-brown. - -_Male_, 29-1/2, 67. - -Not uncommon during winter as far south as Florida, the young -especially. Common from New York to Labrador, where it breeds. Lake -Erie, Ontario, the St Lawrence, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers. Columbia -River. - - Larus marinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 225. - - Black-backed Gull or Cobb, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 308. - - Great Black-billed Gull, Larus marinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 305; v. v. p. 636. - - - - -FAMILY XLIII. PROCELLARINAE. FULMARS. - - -Bill generally shorter than the head, moderately stout, compressed; -upper mandible with the ridge formed of two generally united plates, -at the anterior part of which, usually about half the length of the -bill, are the nostrils; the sides separated by a groove, the tip a -decurved, compressed, pointed unguis; lower mandible with the angle -very long and narrow, the tip more or less decurved. Head of moderate -size, ovate; neck of moderate length; body compact. Feet of ordinary -length, rather slender; tibia bare below for a short space; tarsus -little compressed, anteriorly scutellate; toes four, the first -extremely small and elevated, with a conical deflected claw; anterior -toes webbed; the third and fourth nearly equal. Claws arched, -compressed, acute. Plumage full, soft, rather compact above. Wings -long, rather broad, pointed, the first quill generally longest. Tail -short, of from twelve to sixteen feathers. Oesophagus very wide, -often enormously dilated, especially at its lower part, stomach small, -moderately muscular; intestine of moderate length; coeca rather -long; cloaca oblong or globular. Trachea simple, with a single pair of -inferior laryngeal muscles. - - - - -GENUS I. LESTRIS, Illiger. JAGER. - - -Bill shorter than the head, strong, slightly compressed, straight, -with the tip curved; upper mandible with the dorsal line nearly -straight, toward the tip decurved, the ridge broad and convex, formed -by two plates, which overlap the nostrils, the sides narrow and -convex, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip or unguis decurved, -compressed, acute; nasal groove long, narrow; the nostrils in its fore -part medial, lateral, longitudinal, broad before, extremely narrow -behind, open and pervious; lower mandible with the angle long and -narrow, a slight prominence at its extremity, beyond which the dorsal -line is slightly concave, the sides erect, and slightly convex, the -edges sharp and inflected, the tip obliquely truncate. Head rather -large; neck of moderate length; body rather full. Feet of moderate -length, rather stout; tibia bare at its lower part, and rough all -round, with small convex scales; tarsus compressed behind and -scabrous, anteriorly scutellate; hind toe extremely small and -elevated; fore toes of moderate size, connected by convex webs, the -third toe longest, the fourth little shorter. Claws strong, much -curved, very acute, compressed. Plumage full, soft, blended, on the -back rather compact. Wings very long, rather broad, pointed, the first -quill longest. Tail of moderate length, or elongated, of twelve -feathers, of which the middle are longest. Tongue broadly channelled -above, contracted and induplicate toward the end, with the point slit; -oesophagus very wide; stomach small, moderately muscular, with the -epithelium thin, dense, and longitudinally rugous; intestine rather -short and wide; coeca rather long; cloaca oblong. - - -454. 1. Lestris pomarinus, Temm. Pomarine Jager. - - Plate CCLIII. Adult Female. - -Tail of moderate length, rounded, but with the two middle broad -rounded feathers extending an inch beyond the next; bill dull green, -toward the end dusky; tibia, toes, webs, and lower half of tarsus -black, the upper half light blue; upper part and sides of head -anteriorly brownish-black; upper part of neck all round -yellowish-white; the rest of the neck white, barred with -brownish-black, each feather having two transverse bands of that -colour; breast white; sides, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts white, -barred with brownish-black, as are the upper tail-coverts; back and -wings brownish-black; primary quills of the same colour, white on the -inner webs toward the base, as are the secondaries and tail-feathers; -lower surface of wings mottled and barred with white and dusky. - -_Female_, 20-1/4, 48. - -From Massachusetts northward. Seen in Labrador. Breeds in high -northern latitudes. - - Lestris pomarina, Bonap. Syn. p. 364. - - Lestris pomarina, Pomarine Jager, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 429. - - Pomarine Jager, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 315. - - Pomarine Jager, Lestris pomarinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 396; v. v. p. 643. - - -455. 2. Lestris Richardsonii, Swains. Richardson's Jager. - - Plate CCLXXII. Male and Young. - -Male with the bill greyish-black, tinged with blue above; feet black; -tail-feathers of moderate length, except the middle two, which extend -about three inches beyond the rest, and taper to a point; plumage -sooty-brown; the upper part of the head, primary quills, and tail -darker; cheeks and sides of neck dull yellow; fore part of neck and -breast white. Female similar, but without white on the neck and -breast, those parts being merely of a lighter brown. Young, when -fledged, with the bill light blue, dusky at the end; tarsi and basal -portion of the toes and webs light blue, the rest black; general -colour of the plumage sooty-brown, lighter on the neck and lower -parts, feathers of the back and wings all marginally tipped with -whitish; breast, sides, lower wing-coverts, abdomen, and lower -tail-coverts, undulatingly barred with pale greyish-yellow. - -_Male_, 18-1/2, 40. _Young_, in September, 15-1/2; wing, 11-1/2. - -Coast of Massachusetts and Maine, during winter. Breeds in the -northern barren grounds, away from the coast. - - Lestris Richardsonii, Richardson's Jager, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 433. - - Richardson's Jager, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 319. - - Richardson's Jager, Lestris Richardsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 503. - - -456. 3. Lestris parasiticus, Linn. Arctic Jager. - - Plate CCLXVII. - -Bill greyish-black, tinged with blue above; feet black, but with the -greater part of the tarsus yellow; tail-feathers of moderate length, -except the two middle, which are extremely elongated and attenuated, -extending eight inches or more beyond the next, the rest broad and -rounded; neck and lower parts white, the former tinged with yellow; -upper and fore part of head, with the space before the cheeks, -blackish-brown; lower part of hind neck, and all the upper parts, -blackish-grey; primary quills and tail-feathers brownish-black, the -shafts of the former white. Female similar to the male, but with the -middle tail-feathers about three inches shorter. - -_Male_, 23, 45. - -Ranges, during winter, along and off the coast, though always in sight -of land, as far as the Gulf of Mexico. Breeds in high latitudes. - - Lestris Buffonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 364. - - Lestris parasitica, Arctic Jager, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 430. - - Arctic Jager, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 317. - - Arctic Jager, Lestris parasiticus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 470. - - - - -GENUS II. DIOMEDEA, Linn. ALBATROSS. - - -Bill rather longer than the head, nearly straight, stout, much -compressed; upper mandible, with its dorsal line, much declinate, and -nearly straight for a third of its length, then concave ascending to -the unguis, on which it is arched and decurved in the third of a -circle, the ridge broad, convex, rounded at the base, separated in its -whole length by a groove, margined below, beyond the nostrils by a -prominent line, from the sides, which are erect and slightly convex, -the edges sharp, the unguis decurved, much compressed, with its sides -flattened, and the tip acute; nostrils subbasal, prominent, tabular, -having a horny sheath; lower mandible with the angle very narrow, -reaching to the tip, and having at its extremity a long slender -interposed horny process; the outline of the crura gently ascending, -and quite straight, until near the end, when it is a little decurved, -the sides ascending, nearly erect, a little convex, the edges sharp, -the tip extremely compressed, its upper edges decurved. Head rather -large, ovate; neck of moderate length; body full. Feet rather short, -stoutish; tibia bare, below scaly; tarsus roundish, reticulated; toes -three, long, slender, outer very little shorter than middle, scaly for -half their length, then scutellate. Claws rather small, slender, -slightly arched, somewhat obtuse. Plumage full, soft, blended, but -rather fine, somewhat compact above. Wings very long, and very narrow, -the humerus and cubitus extremely elongated; first quill longest. Tail -of twelve broadly rounded feathers, short, rounded. - - -457. 1. Diomedea chlororhynchos, Gmel. Yellow-nosed Albatross. - - Not figured. - -Bill much compressed, its ridge convex in its whole length, but with -its basal outline, although semicircular, only half an inch in extent, -so that between its margins and those of the sides of the bill, there -is behind the nostrils a space nearly a quarter of an inch in breadth; -the ridge in its whole length, the tip of the upper mandible, and the -crura of the lower along their inferior edge, yellow, the rest black; -feet yellow; head and neck ash-grey; the fore part of the back shaded -into blackish-grey; wings entirely brownish-black, shafts of primaries -white, toward the end brownish-black; hind part of back, rump, and -upper tail-coverts white; tail deep grey, the bases and shafts of the -feathers white, loral space of a darker grey than the rest of the -head, that colour deepening at the fore part of the eye, forming a -spot which includes the whole of the upper eyelid, and the anterior -half the lower, of which the other half is white; lower half of the -neck anteriorly, breast, sides, abdomen, lower tail-coverts, some of -the axillaries, and the larger wing-coverts white; the others being -brownish-black. - -Length, 37; wing, 21; bill, 5-1/4; tail, 8-1/4. - -Pacific Ocean, not far from Columbia River. - - Diomedea chlororhynchos, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 326. - - -458. 3. Diomedea nigripes, Aud. Black-footed Albatross. - - Not figured. - -Bill brownish-black, moderately compressed, its ridge very broad and -convex at the base, its basal outline semicircular and two inches in -extent, so that its sides behind overlap and obliterate the sutural -space behind the nostrils; feet black; fore part of head, cheeks and -throat light dusky-grey, the capistral feathers nearly white, as is a -small patch at the posterior angle of the eye; upper part of head, -hind neck, and all the upper parts, including the wings and tail, -sooty-brown tinged with grey, as are the lower surface of the wings -and the axillaries; lower parts dull grey, deeper on the fore parts -and sides of the neck. - -Length, 36; wings, 21; bill, 5; tail, 3. - -Pacific Ocean, off California. - - Black-footed Albatross, Diomedea nigripes, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 327. - - -459. 2. Diomedea fusca, Aud. Dusky Albatross. - - Plate CCCCVII. Adult. - -Bill black, much compressed, its ridge carinate, with its basal -outline running up on the forehead into a very acute angle, lower -mandible with a groove on each side in its whole length, as far as the -unguis; feet yellow; head and upper part of the neck greyish-black, -tinged with brown, the rest of the neck, all the lower parts, the back -and rump light brownish-grey, scapulars darker, wings brownish-black, -primary quills and tail-feathers greyish-black with white shafts; -eyelids narrowly margined with white feathers, their anterior part -excepted. - -_Adult_, length, 34; wing, 21; tail, 11; bill, 4-10/12. - -Off the Columbia River. - - Dusky Albatross, Diomedea fusca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 116. - - - - -GENUS III. PROCELLARIA, Linn. FULMAR. - - -Bill of about the length of the head, or somewhat shorter, robust, -straight, moderately compressed, with the tip decurved; upper mandible -with the nostrils dorsal, separated by a thin septum, covered by an -elevated horny case, and opening directly forwards, the ridge nearly -straight or concave in its outline, laterally sloping or convex, -separated by a groove from the sides, which are erect and convex, the -edges sharp, inflected, and in their outline slightly recurved from -the base to the unguis, which is strong, decurved, and acute; lower -mandible with the angle long, narrow, acute, the sides erect, with a -groove in their whole length, the edges sharp and direct, the very -short dorsal line ascending and slightly concave, the edges decurved -at the end. Head rather large, ovate; neck rather short; body full. -Feet of moderate length, stout; tibia bare for a short space below; -tarsus a little compressed, reticulated with angular scales; hind toe -a slight prominence with a conical claw; fore toes long, slender, -scutellate, connected by striated even webs; fourth toe slightly -shorter than third. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, rather acute. -Plumage full, close, elastic, rather compact above. Wings very long, -narrow, the first quill longest. Tail short, or of moderate length, of -from twelve to sixteen feathers. - -* Bill robust; tail of more than twelve feathers. - - -460. 1. Procellaria gigantea, Linn. Gigantic Fulmar. - - Not figured. - -Bill longer than the head, nasal plate carinate, very slightly concave -above, yellow, as are the feet; tail of sixteen feathers; general -colour of plumage a deep brown tinged with grey, lighter on the lower -parts, and especially on the lower surface of the wings. - -Length, 36; tail, 7-1/2; bill, 4. - -Off the Columbia River. - - Gigantic Fulmar, Procellaria gigantea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 330. - - -461. 2. Procellaria glacialis, Linn. Common Fulmar. - - Plate CCLXIV. Male. - -Bill shorter than the head, moderately compressed, with the nasal -plate flattened concave above; tail slightly rounded, of fourteen -feathers; bill, feet, and claws yellow; head, neck, and lower parts, -pure white; back and wings light greyish-blue, the rump paler, the -tail bluish-white; primary quills and coverts blackish-brown. Young in -first plumage greyish-brown. - -_Male_, 8, 18. - -Not uncommon off the coast, from New York to Nova Scotia. Abundant on -the banks of Newfoundland. Breeds in high latitudes. - - Procellaria glacialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 369. - - Fulmar Petrel, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 330. - - Fulmar Petrel, Procellaria glacialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 446. - - -462. 3. Procellaria pacifica, Aud. Pacific Fulmar. - - Not figured. - -Bill shorter than the head, considerably compressed, with the nasal -plate carinate and almost straight; tail rounded, of fourteen -feathers; bill and feet yellow; head, neck, and lower parts pure -white; back and wings light greyish-blue, but most of the feathers, -including those of the tail, becoming dark grey toward the end; -primary quills and their coverts blackish-brown tinged with grey. -Differs from P. glacialis chiefly in the form of the bill. - -_Adult_, 18; wing, 12-3/4; tail, 4-3/4; bill, 1-3/4. - -North west coast of America. Abundant. - - Pacific Fulmar, Procellaria pacifica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. - 331. - - -463. 4. Procellaria tenuirostris, Aud. Slender-billed Fulmar. - - Not figured. - -Bill about the same length as the head, rather slender, much -compressed, with the nasal plate somewhat carinate and concave; tail -much rounded, of fourteen feathers; bill yellow, with the nasal plate, -half of the unguis of the upper mandible, and the tip of the lower -black; feet yellow, claws brownish-black; plumage greyish-blue, paler -on the lower parts, neck, and head; primary quills and their coverts -blackish-grey. Differs from the last chiefly in the form and colour of -the bill. - -Length, 18-1/2; wing, 13; tail, 5; bill, 2-1/12. - -Off the Columbia River. Common. - - Slender-billed Fulmar, Procellaria tenuirostris, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. v. p. 333. - - - - -GENUS IV. PUFFINUS, Briss. SHEARWATER. - - -Bill of the length of the head, rather slender, nearly as deep as -broad at the base, much compressed toward the end, nearly straight, -being slightly recurved, with the tips decurved; upper mandible with a -cere at the base, extending narrow to the nostrils, which are dorsal, -each covered with a lateral convex plate, and opening anteriorly, with -an elliptical aperture, dorsal line as far as the nostrils nearly -straight, then suddenly deflected, afterwards slightly concave, -towards the end decurved, the ridge very broad and convex at the base, -narrower beyond the nostrils, from which a groove runs obliquely on -each side, sides convex, nearly erect, edges sharp, tip or unguis -strong, decurved, much compressed, very acute; lower mandible with the -angle very long and narrow, the dorsal line beyond it decurved, the -sides sloping outwards, the edges sharp and inflected, the unguis -decurved, acute. Head rather large, oblong; neck rather short; body -moderate. Feet rather large; tibia bare for a short space below; -tarsus of moderate length, compressed, reticulated with angular -scales; hind toe obsolete, but with a small conical deflected claw; -fore toes long, slender, connected by webs; outer toe slightly longer -than third. Claws arched, compressed, acute. Plumage full, close, -elastic, rather compact above. Wings very long, narrow, the first -quill longest. Tail of moderate length, graduated, of twelve rounded -feathers. - - -464. 1. Puffinus cinereus, Lath. Wandering Shearwater. - - Plate CCLXXXIII. Male. - -Bill yellowish-green, with the tips brownish-black; feet light -greenish-grey, webs and claws yellowish flesh-colour; upper parts deep -brown, the hind neck paler, and tinged with grey; primary quills and -tail brownish-black; lower parts greyish-white, lower wing-coverts -white, those next to the edge of the wing greyish-black towards the -end, axillary feathers white, greyish-brown toward the end, lower -tail-coverts similar. - -_Male_, 20, 45. - -Common off the shores, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to that of -Mexico. Abundant off Nova Scotia. Ranges to a great distance at sea in -autumn and winter. - - Puffinus cinereus, Bonap. Syn. p. 370. - - Cinereous Puffin, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 334. - - Wandering Shearwater, Puffinus cinereus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 555. - - -465. 2. Puffinus Anglorum, Ray. Manks Shearwater. - - Plate CCXCV. - -Bill deep greenish-black; inner and middle of outer side of tibia dull -orange, the rest greenish-black, as are the fourth toe and outer side -of the third, the inner side of the latter and the whole of the second -dull orange, webs pale yellow; upper parts brownish-black, lower -white. - -_Adult_, 15, 32. - -Not uncommon off the coast of Maine during summer. Breeds on Sable -Island, off Nova Scotia. Ranges, at times, to great distances -seaward. - - Puffinus anglorum, Bonap. Syn. p. 371. - - Shearwater Petrel, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 336. - - Manks Shearwater, Puffinus anglorum, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 604. - - -466. 3. Puffinus obscurus, Lath. Dusky Shearwater. - - Plate CCXCIX. Male. - -Bill light blue, the tips black; outside of tarsus and toes -indigo-black, inside and webs pale yellowish flesh-colour; upper parts -sooty-black, lower pure white. - -_Male_, 11, 26. - -Abundant during summer in the Gulf of Mexico, and off the coast -eastward to Georgia. Some wander as far as Long Island. - - Puffinus obscurus, Bonap. Syn. p. 371. - - Dusky Petrel, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 337. - - Dusky Petrel, Puffinus obscurus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 620. - - - - -GENUS V. THALASSIDROMA, Vigors. PETREL. - - -Bill shorter than the head, slender, as high as broad at the base, -extremely compressed at the end; upper mandible with the nostrils -dorsal forming a tube on its ridge at the base, on which the dorsal -line is concave and ascending, then abrupt, afterwards, for a short -space, straight, and lastly decurved, the sides separated by a groove, -convex, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip decurved, slender, -acute; lower mandible with the angle rather long, narrow, and pointed, -the dorsal line beyond it decurved, the sides erect, the edges sharp, -the tip decurved, acute. Head of moderate size, rounded above; neck -short; body rather slender. Feet rather long, slender; tibia bare at -its lower part; tarsus slender, reticulate; hind toe minute, with a -conical deflected claw; anterior toes of moderate length, slender, -scutellate, webbed, the third and fourth about equal. Claws slender, -arched, compressed, acute. Plumage very soft and blended, the feathers -distinct only on the wings, which are very long, with the primaries a -little incurved toward the end, the second longest, the first and -fourth about equal; tail emarginate or even, of twelve feathers. -Tongue much flattened, tapering to a horny point; oesophagus wide, -within the thorax enormously distended, and with the proventriculus -forming an ovate sac, which is recurved; stomach very small; intestine -short, of moderate width; coeca small; cloaca globular. - - -467. 1. Thalassidroma Leachii, Temm. Leach's Petrel.--Fork-tailed -Petrel. - - Plate CCLX. Male and Female. - -Tail forked; bill and feet black; plumage dark greyish-brown; quills -and tail brownish-black; smaller wing-coverts and inner secondaries -light greyish-brown; rump, sides of abdomen, and outer lower -tail-coverts white; upper tail-coverts also white, but with a terminal -black band. - -_Male_, 8, 18-1/2. - -Common on the Banks of Newfoundland, and at times off the coast of -Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia. Breeds on the shores of -Baffin's Bay. - - Thalassidroma Leachii, Bonap. Syn. p. 367. - - Fork-tailed Stormy Petrel, Thalassidroma Leachii, Nutt. Man. - v. ii. p. 326. - - Forked-tailed Petrel, Thalassidroma Leachii, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iii. p. 434. - - -468. 2. Thalassidroma Wilsonii, Bonap. Wilson's Petrel.--Mother -Carey's Chicken. - - Plate CCLXX. Male and Female. - -Tail even; bill and feet black, but the webs yellow, unless at the -margin; plumage dark greyish-brown; quills and tail brownish-black; -outer secondary wing-coverts and some of the secondary quills light -greyish-brown, and tipped with white; rump, sides of abdomen, and -outer lower tail-coverts, white. - -_Male_, 7-1/4, 15-3/4. - -Wanders from the Gulf of Mexico, off the whole Atlantic coast to -Baffin's Bay, and often almost across the ocean towards Europe. Breeds -in vast numbers from Maine to Baffin's Bay. - - Stormy Petrel, Procellaria pelagica, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. - p. 90. - - Thalassidroma Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 367. - - Wilson's Stormy Petrel, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 322. - - Wilson's Petrel, Thalassidroma Wilsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 486; v. v. p. 645. - - -469. 3. Thalassidroma pelagica, Linn. Least Petrel.--Mother Carey's -Chicken. - - Plate CCXI. - -Tail slightly rounded; bill and feet black; general colour of the -upper parts greyish-black, with a tinge of brown; lower parts -sooty-brown; secondary coverts margined externally with dull -greyish-white; feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts white, with the -shafts black, the tail-coverts broadly tipped with black. - -_Male_, 5-3/4, 13-1/2. - -Not uncommon on the Banks of Newfoundland. Not observed to breed on -the American coast. - - Stormy Petrel, Thalassidroma pelagica, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. - 327. - - Least Petrel, Thalassidroma pelagica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. - p. 310. - - - - -FAMILY XLIV. ALCINAE. AUKS. - - -Bill not longer than the head, much compressed, generally very high, -in the species approaching the next family rather slender. Nostrils -small, linear, basal, and submarginal. Head large, broadly ovate, -anteriorly narrowed; neck short and thick; body full, compact, ovate, -or somewhat elongated. Feet short, rather stout, placed far behind; -tibia bare for a short space; tarsus very short, compressed, -anteriorly scutellate; toes three, of moderate length, scutellate, -webbed. Claws strong, arched, acute. Plumage dense, blended, soft. -Wings small, narrow, pointed. Tail very short. Tongue slender, -trigonal; oesophagus very wide, within the thorax extremely dilated; -stomach rather large, muscular, with the epithelium dense and -longitudinally rugous; intestine long and wide; coeca of moderate -size. Trachea simple, with a single pair of inferior laryngeal -muscles. Egg generally single. - - - - -GENUS I. MORMON, Illiger. PUFFIN. - - -Bill about the length of the head, nearly as high as long, exceedingly -compressed, at the base as high as the head, obliquely furrowed on the -sides; upper mandible with a horny dotted rim along the basal margin; -its dorsal line decurved from the base, the ridge narrow, at the base -rounded, the sides rapidly sloped, with three or four curved oblique -grooves, the edges sharp, their outline nearly straight, the tip -deflected, very narrow, but obtuse; lower mandible with the angle very -narrow, and so placed, that the base of the bill is inflected beyond -the perpendicular, the dorsal line a little convex at first, towards -the end ascending, and nearly straight, the sides perpendicular, the -edges sharp; the tip very narrow, obliquely truncate; gape-line -extending downwards a little beyond the base of the bill, and -furnished with a soft corrugated extensile membrane. Nostrils -marginal, linear, direct, in the horny part of the bill. Head large, -roundish-ovate; neck short and thick; body full and rounded. Feet -short, rather stout, placed far behind; tibia bare for a short space; -tarsus very short, little compressed, anteriorly with a series of -small scutella; toes three, connected by entire webs, the outer and -middle toes nearly equal. Claws strong, of moderate length, arched, -acute, that of the inner toe much curved. Plumage close, blended, -soft. Wings short, narrow, curved, acute; the first quill longest; -secondaries short and rounded. Tail very short, slightly rounded, of -sixteen feathers. - - -470. 1. Mormon cirrhatus, Lath. Tufted Puffin. - - Plate CCXLIX. Male. - -Bill with four curved grooves on the upper mandible anterior to the -nostrils, the lower smooth, a horny subcylindrical addition to the -ridge at the base about an inch in length, the colour yellowish-red, -the basal rim and ridge towards the end of the upper mandible bright -red; feet bright red; two tufts of loose, acuminate, decurved -feathers on the sides of the head behind the eye; face white; upper -parts brownish-black, glossed with blue, lower sooty-brown, tinged -with grey on the abdomen; part of the sides and under wing-coverts -greyish-brown. - -_Male_, 15, 22-1/2. - -Extremely rare and accidental on the coast of the United States in -winter. Common in the Arctic Seas, and on the north-west coast of -America. - - Alca cirrhata, Lath. Ind. Orn. v. ii. p. 791. - - Mormon cirrhatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 429. - - Tufted Mormon or Puffin, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 539. - - Tufted Puffin, Mormon cirrhatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 364. - - -471. 2. Mormon glacialis, Leach. Large-billed Puffin. - - Plate CCXCIII. Male. - -Bill with three curved grooves on each of the mandibles toward the -end, a compressed addition to the ridge about three-quarters of an -inch long, its colour, and that of the feet, orange-yellow; on the -upper eyelid an oblong, tapering, horny body, directed upwards and -backwards, on the lower an adherent linear body of the same nature; -sides of the head, and the lower parts, white; upper part of head -light brownish-grey, tinged with lilac; a broad collar extending to -the lower mandible; of a dark greyish-brown tint below, gradually -passing into the colour of the upper parts, which is brownish-black, -glossed with blue; primary quills and their coverts blackish-brown; -part of the sides and under wing-coverts greyish-brown. - -_Male_, 13, 24-1/2. - -Very rare, and in winter only, off the Bay of Fundy. - - Mormon glacialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 430. - - Large-billed Puffin, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 541. - - Large-billed Puffin, Mormon glacialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. - p. 599. - - -472. 3. Mormon Arcticus, Linn. Common or Arctic Puffin. - - Plate CCXIII. Male and Female. - -Bill with three curved grooves on both mandibles toward the end, a -very slight addition to the ridge at the base only a quarter of an -inch long; the basal rim and first ridge of both mandibles dull -yellow, the intervening space greyish-blue, the rest bright red; on -the upper eyelid a flattened triangular nearly erect horny body, and -along the lower an adherent elongated body of the same nature; feet -vermilion; throat and sides of the head greyish-white; upper parts of -the head greyish-black, tinged with blue; the middle of the neck all -round, and all the upper parts deep black, glossed with blue, the -quills tinged with brown; under parts white, except the upper part of -the sides, which are dusky, and the lower wing-coverts, which are -brownish-grey. - -_Male_, 11-3/4, 23. - -Ranges southward along the coast in winter, at times as far as -Georgia. Less rare from Long Island eastward, and becomes plentiful in -the Bay of Fundy. Breeds in vast numbers in burrows, on the islands -off Labrador. - - Mormon arcticus, Bonap. Syn. p. 430. - - Puffin or Coulterneb, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 542. - - Puffin, Mormon arcticus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 105. - - - - -GENUS. II. ALCA, Linn. AUK. - - -Bill as long as the head, feathered as far as the nostrils, beyond -which it is very high, exceedingly compressed, and obliquely furrowed -on the sides; upper mandible with the dorsal line decurved, the ridge -extremely narrow, the sides nearly flat, the nasal groove very large, -and feathered, with its lower margin very narrow, and convex, the -edges sharp and inflected, the tip decurved, very narrow, but obtuse; -lower mandible with the angle very narrow, and having a horny -triangular appendage, the sides at first extremely narrow, towards the -end erect and flat, the edges inflected, the dorsal outline concave, -the tip decurved. Nostrils medial marginal, linear, short, concealed -by the feathers. Head large, ovate; neck short and thick; body full, -rather depressed. Feet placed far behind, short, stout; tibia bare for -a short space; tarsus very short, compressed, anteriorly scutellate; -hind toe wanting; anterior toes of moderate length, rather slender, -scutellate, webbed, the outer slightly longer than the middle. Claws -rather small, arched, compressed, obtuse. Plumage close, blended, very -soft. Wings very short, narrow, acute, first quill longest. Tail -short, tapering, of twelve or fourteen feathers. - - -473. 1. Alca impennis, Linn. Great Auk. - - Plate CCCXLI. Adult. - -Bill rather longer than the head, its dorsal line convexo-declinate, -upper mandible with a basal and eight terminal grooves, lower with -ten or twelve grooves; wings diminutive, much pointed, the primaries -tapering to an acute point, the first longest, secondaries broad, -scarcely longer than their coverts; tail short, of fourteen feathers; -bill black, with the grooves white; feet black; head, neck, and upper -parts black, the throat and sides of the neck tinged with -chocolate-brown, the wings with greyish-brown, the head, hind neck, -and back glossed with olive-green; fore part of neck below and all the -lower parts white, as are a large oblong patch before each eye, and -the tips of the secondary quills. - -_Adult_, 29, 27-1/4. - -Rare and accidental on the Banks of Newfoundland; said to breed on a -rock near that island. - - Great Auk, Alca impennis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 553. - - Great Auk, Alca impennis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 316. - - -474. 2. Alca Torda, Linn. Razor-billed Auk. - - Plate CCXIV. Male and Female. - -Bill rather shorter than the head, with its dorsal line very convex, -upper mandible with five, lower with four grooves, black with a white -band across each mandible; feet black; head, neck, and upper parts -black, the head, hind neck, and back glossed with olive-green, the -throat and sides of the neck tinged with chocolate, the wings with -brown; lower part of neck below and all the lower parts white, as are -a line from the eye to the bill on each side, and the tips of the -secondaries. Female similar. Young, in the winter, with the colours -similar, but the back duller, the wings more brown, the throat and -sides of the head mottled with white, and the bill much smaller, -without furrows or white line. Old birds, in winter, with the throat -and sides of the neck mottled with white, but in other respects the -colouring as in summer. - -_Male_, 17, 29-1/2. - -Rare on the eastern coast of the United States, and only during -winter. Breeds in great numbers on the Gannet Rock in the Gulf of St -Lawrence, on the shores of Newfoundland, and the western coast of -Labrador, chiefly in the fissures of rocks. - - Alca Torda, Bonap. Syn. p. 431. - - Razor-bill, Alca Torda, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 547. - - Razor-billed Auk, Alca Torda, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 112; - v. v. p. 628. - - - - -GENUS III. PHALERIS, Temm. PHALERIS. - - -Bill shorter than the head, stout, straightish, broad at the base, -compressed toward the end; upper mandible with a prominent basal rim -as in the puffin, its dorsal line convex and declinate, the sides -sloping, the edges sharp, with a deep sinus close to the narrow, -declinate, blunt tip; lower mandible with the angle rather long and -wide, the dorsal line ascending and a little convex, the sides sloping -outwards, the edges sharp, the tip ascending, obliquely truncate. -Nostrils linear-oblong, direct, near the margin, in the horny part of -the bill. Head rather large, ovate; neck short and thick; body full -and compact. Feet short, placed far behind; tibia bare below; tarsus -very short, much compressed, anteriorly scutellate; toes three, -connected by emarginate webs; middle and outer toes of the same -length. Claws rather stout, moderately arched, compressed, rather -obtuse. Plumage dense, blended, soft. Wings of moderate length, very -narrow, pointed. Tail very short, rounded, of fourteen feathers. - - -475. 1. Phaleris cristatella, Gmel. Curled-crested Phaleris. - - Plate CCCCII. Fig. 4. Adult. - -Bill scarlet, with the tips yellow. Upper mandible with a somewhat -triangular horny plate at the base detached from the other parts, and -a deep oblique groove anterior to the nostrils; lower mandible with a -groove on each side; a tuft of about twenty linear recurved feathers -from the anterior part of the forehead; general colour of upper parts -brownish-black, of lower purplish-grey; a short line of elongated -linear white feathers commencing under the eye, and proceeding along -the side of the neck. - -_Adult_, 10, wing, 6-3/4. - -North-west coast of America. - - Alca cristatella, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 552. - - Curled-crested Phaleris, Phaleris cristatella, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. v. p. 102. - - -476. 2. Phaleris nodirostris, Bonap. Knobbed-billed Phaleris. - - Plate CCCCII. Fig. 3. Adult. - -Bill deep red, much shorter than the head, stout, upper mandible with -a roundish, compressed, decurvate, greyish-blue knob on its ridge, -between the nostrils, which are covered by a projecting operculum; -tail of fourteen feathers; feet dusky grey; general colour of upper -parts brownish-black; fore part and sides of head streaked with -linear, acuminate, white feathers; tips of secondaries also white; -cheeks and a small portion of the throat at the base of the bill -dusky; lower parts white, mottled with dusky, the tips of the feathers -being of that colour. - -_Adult_, 6, wing, 4. - -North-west coast of America. - - Knobbed-billed Phaleris, Phaleris nodirostris, Bonap. Aud. - Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 101. - - - - -GENUS IV. MERGULUS, Ray. SEA-DOVE. - - -Bill shorter than the head, stout, nearly straight, subpentagonal at -the base, compressed towards the end; upper mandible with the dorsal -line convexo-declinate, the ridge convex, the sides sloping, the edges -sharp and overlapping, the tip rather obtuse; nasal depression short -and broad; nostrils basal, oblong; lower mandible with the angle long -and wide, the dorsal line ascending, straight, the sides convex, -toward the end ascending and flattened, the edges sharp and inclinate, -the tip acute, with a sinus behind. Head large, ovate; neck short and -thick; body full and compact. Feet short, rather stout; tibia bare for -a very short space; tarsus very short, compressed, anteriorly covered -with oblique scutella; hind toe wanting; anterior toes connected by -entire webs, the third and fourth nearly equal. Claws rather small, -moderately arched, compressed, rather acute. Plumage dense, glossy -blended. Wings of moderate length, narrow, pointed; the first quill -longest; secondaries rounded. Tail very short, slightly rounded, of -twelve feathers. - - -477. 1. Mergulus Alle, Linn. Common Sea-Dove. - - Plate CCCXXXIX. Male and Female. - -Bill black, feet pale flesh-coloured, webs dusky, inside of mouth -light yellow; head, upper part of neck, and all the upper surface -glossy bluish-black; a small spot on the upper eyelid, another on the -lower, several longitudinal streaks on the scapulars, and a bar along -the tips of the secondary quills, together with the breast and -abdomen, white; feathers on the sides under the wings with the inner -webs dusky, lower wing-coverts blackish-grey. In winter, the throat, -and lower parts of the cheeks white, sides and fore part of the neck -white, the latter barred with blackish-grey; the other parts as in -summer, but the black duller. - -_Male_, 7-1/8, 14-1/4. - -Rare and only during winter along the coast of the United States, from -New York to Maine. More abundant along the coast of Nova Scotia, and -far at sea. Breeds on the Arctic coasts. - - Little Auk, Alca Alle, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 94. - - Uria Alle, Bonap. Syn. p. 425. - - Little Guillemot, Uria Alle, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. - ii. p. 479. - - Little Auk or Sea Dove, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 531. - - Little Guillemot, Uria Alle, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 304. - - - - -GENUS V. URIA, Lath. GUILLEMOT. - - -Bill generally shorter than the head, stout, compressed, tapering, -acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly arched; the ridge -narrow, broader at the base, the sides sloping, the edges sharp and -inflected, the tip a little decurved, with a slight notch; nasal -groove broad, feathered; nostrils at its lower edge, subbasal, -lateral, longitudinal, linear; lower mandible with the angle rather -long, narrow, the dorsal line ascending and straight, the back very -narrow, the sides nearly flat, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip -acute. Head large, oblong; neck short and thick; body stout, -elongated, rather depressed. Feet short, placed far behind; the -greater part of the tibia concealed, its lower part bare; tarsus -short, stout, compressed, anteriorly scutellate; toes three, of -moderate length, middle toe longest, outer little shorter, scutellate, -connected by entire webs. Claws small, slightly arched, compressed, -rather acute. Plumage dense, very soft, blended. Wings rather short, -narrow, acute; primary quills curved, tapering, the first and second -longest; secondaries short, rounded. Tail very short, rounded, of -twelve or more feathers. - - -478. 1. Uria antiqua, Gmel. Black-throated Guillemot. - - Plate CCCCII. Fig. 1. Adult. Fig. 2. Young. - -Bill yellow, shorter than the head, rather stout, compressed toward -the end, the upper outline arched; feet yellow; head and upper part of -neck black, excepting a band of elongated linear feathers beginning -over the eye and extending down the hind part of the neck, and a broad -band of white commencing behind the ear and curving forwards, to join -the white, which is the general colour of the lower parts, with the -exception of the flanks, which are black; back, wings, and tail -greyish-black. Young, when fledged, with the bill black, the feet -dusky; the upper parts blackish-grey, each feather black in the -centre, the lower parts greyish-yellow, transversely barred with -dusky; the tail broadly tipped with white. - -_Adult_, 10-1/2, wings, 5-9/12. - -North-west coast of America. Abundant. - - Alca antiqua, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 551. - - Black-throated Guillemot, Uria antiqua, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. - p. 100. - - -479. 2. Uria occidentalis, Bonap. Horned-billed Guillemot. - - Plate CCCCII. Fig. 5. Adult. - -Bill orange-yellow, shorter than the head, stout, straight, with the -dorsal line arched, and an oblong compressed knob on the ridge between -the nostrils, which are linear, and placed in the bare skin; feet -greyish-yellow; upper parts black, as are the cheeks, the upper part -and sides of the fore neck; the lower parts white; two decurved bands -of white slender feathers on each side of the head, one commencing -over the eye, the other at the angle of the mouth; tail very short, -even, of sixteen feathers. - -_Adult_, 15-1/2, wing, 6-10/12. - -North-west coast of America. - - Cerorhyncha occidentalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 428. - - Western cerorhyncha, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 538. - - Horned-billed Guillemot, Ceratorhyncha occidentalis, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. v. p. 104. - - -480. 3. Uria Brunnichii, Sabine. Large-billed Guillemot. - - Plate CCCXLV. Male. - -Bill stout, black; feet dusky, tinged with red; general colour of -plumage greyish-black on the upper parts; sides of the head and throat -tinged with brown; lower fore part of neck, the breast, abdomen, edges -of wings and tips of secondaries white; sides streaked with -greyish-black. In winter the sides of the head and neck, the fore part -of the latter, with the rest of the lower parts white, the sides -streaked with greyish-black, and a line of the same behind the eye. - -_Male_, 18-1/2, 30. - -Occasionally procured in Maine. Not very rare off the coast of Nova -Scotia. Breeds from Hudson's Bay to the Arctic Seas. - - Uria Brunnichii, Bonap. Syn. p. 424. - - Uria Brunnichii, Brunnich's Guillemot, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 477. - - Large-billed Guillemot, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 529. - - Large-billed Guillemot, Uria Brunnichii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 336. - - -481. 4. Uria Troile, Linn. Foolish Guillemot. Murre. - - Plate CCXVIII. Male and Female. - -Bill rather stout, black; feet black; general colour of upper parts -greyish-black, sides of the head and throat tinged with brown; lower -fore neck, breast, abdomen, edges of wings, and tips of secondaries -white; sides streaked with greyish-black; a line of white encircling -the eye, and extending upwards of an inch behind it, but in some -individuals wanting. In winter, the sides of the head and neck, the -fore part of the latter, with the lower parts, white. - -_Male_, 17-1/2, 30. - -More or less abundant during winter on the coast of Massachusetts and -Maine, rarely as far south as New York. Breeds in vast multitudes on -the Rocky Islands of the Gulf of St Lawrence, Newfoundland, and -Labrador. Occasionally found in Hudson's Bay. - - Uria Troile, Bonap. Syn. p. 424. - - Uria Troile, Foolish Guillemot, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 477. - - Foolish Guillemot or Murre, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 526. - - Foolish Guillemot, Uria Troile, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 142. - - -482. 5. Uria Grylle, Linn. Black Guillemot. - - Plate CCXIX. Adult in summer and winter, and Young. - -Bill shorter than the head, rather slender, black; feet vermilion, -tinged with carmine; general colour of plumage deep black, on the -upper parts tinged with green, on the lower with brown; a patch on -each wing, including the secondary coverts and some of the small -feathers white, of which colour also are the axillars and lower -wing-coverts. In winter the general colour of the plumage white; the -sides of the head, the neck all round, the lower parts, and the rump -being of that colour, more or less shaded with grey; upper part of -head obscurely mottled with greyish-black; back and scapulars black, -each feather tipped with greyish-white, those of the latter more -broadly; wings and tails brownish-black, the former with a conspicuous -white patch as in summer. Young at first covered with soft, thick, -brownish-black down. - -_Adult_, 13-7/8, 21-1/2. - -Accidental as far south, on the eastern coast, as New York; not rare -from thence eastward, during winter. Breeds from the Bay of Fundy -along all the rocky shores, to Labrador, and the highest latitudes, -where considerable numbers even spend the winter. - - Uria Grylle, Bonap. Syn. p. 423. - - Uria Grylle, Black Guillemot, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 523. - - Black Guillemot, Uria Grylle, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 148; - v. v. p. 627. - - -483. 4. Uria Townsendii, Aud. Slender-billed Guillemot. - - Plate CCCCXXX. Male and Female. - -Bill shorter than the head, straight, slender, much compressed, acute, -black; feet yellow, claws black; plumage very soft, close, blended, as -in the other species; wings small, very narrow, convex, falcate; first -quill longest; secondaries incurved, obliquely rounded; tail extremely -short, narrow, rounded, of twelve weak, rounded feathers. Upper parts -brownish-black, the feathers of the back terminally margined with -light grey; lower parts, cheeks, a transverse band on the nape, both -eyelids, and a longitudinal band on each side, formed by some of the -scapulars, white, some dusky streaks on the hind part of the sides, -and the lower wing-coverts greyish-brown, some of them whitish. Young -in autumn with the upper parts brownish-black, the feathers terminally -margined with brown; the occipital band merely indicated by some -lighter feathers, and the scapular band brownish or chestnut-red; -lower parts of a curious mottled appearance, the feathers being -brownish-grey at the end, but in the rest of their extent white, that -colour appearing more or less on all the parts, and shewing a patch on -the hind part of the sides. - -_Adult_, 10; wing 5-2/12. _Young_, in autumn, 9-3/4; wing 5-1/12. - -Abundant on the north-west coast of America, not far from the Columbia -River. - - Slender-billed Guillemot, Uria Townsendii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - v. p. 251. - - - - -FAMILY XLV. COLYMBINAE. DIVERS AND GREBES. - - -Bill of the length of the head, straight, rather stout, much -compressed, pointed; upper mandible with the dorsal line declinate, -almost straight, or towards the end convex; nasal groove rather long, -feathered at the base. Nostrils basal, linear, direct, pervious. Feet -stout, short, placed extremely far behind; tarsus extremely -compressed; toes four, the first very small, and lobed; the anterior -united by webs, which in some are lobed. Plumage dense, short, -glossy, generally silky beneath. Wings small, very narrow, acute. Tail -very short, sometimes extremely small, and forming a slight tuft. -Tongue slender, trigonal, tapering; oesophagus very wide in its -whole length, or narrowed in the anterior part with the proventriculus -wide; stomach generally large, muscular, with a dense rugous -epithelium; intestine rather long and wide; as are the coeca; cloaca -globular. - - - - -GENUS I. COLYMBUS, Linn. DIVER. - - -Bill as long as the head, straight, rather stout, much compressed, -tapering, pointed; upper mandible with the dorsal line descending, and -slightly convex towards the end, the ridge convex, narrowed towards -the point, the sides nearly erect, convex, the edges sharp and -considerably inflected; the tip narrow; nasal groove rather long, -feathered at the base. Nostrils basal, linear, direct, pervious; lower -mandible with the angle extremely narrow and extending beyond the -middle, the dorsal line straight and sloping towards the point, the -ridge convex and narrow, the edges sharp and involute, the tip -attenuated. Head of moderate size or rather large, oblong, narrowed -before; neck rather long and thick; body elongated, much depressed. -Feet short, rather large, placed very far back; tibia almost entirely -concealed; tarsus short, exceedingly compressed, sharp-edged before -and behind, covered all over with reticulated scales; toes four, hind -toe extremely small, connected with the second by a very small -membrane; anterior toes united by entire membranes, the outer longest, -the third a little shorter, all scutellate. Claws very small, -depressed, blunt. Plumage short and dense, the feathers in general -oblong. Wings very small and narrow, curved, first quill longest, -secondaries broad and rounded. Tail extremely short, rounded of more -than twelve feathers. Tongue long, trigonal, tapering; oesophagus -very wide; proventriculus extremely dilated; stomach rather large, -roundish, a little compressed, moderately muscular, with a rather -thick, dense, longitudinally rugous epithelium; intestine rather long -and wide; coeca rather long and wide; cloaca globular. - - -484. 1. Colymbus glacialis, Linn. Great Northern Diver.--Loon. - - Plate CCCVI. Male, and Young in winter. - -Adult in summer with the bill black, the feet livid greyish-blue, -their inner sides tinged with flesh-colour; head and neck dark -greenish-blue with purple gloss; on the throat a small transverse -patch of white longitudinally streaked with dusky; above the middle of -the neck two large patches of white similarly streaked, separated in -front to the distance of an inch, but almost continuous behind; lower -parts glossy white, excepting the feathers on the sides under the -wings, which are black, each with two, three, or four elliptical white -spots, a faint dusky band across the vent, the lower tail-coverts, -which are brownish-black tipped with white, and the axillar-feathers -and large wing-coverts, which have a dusky streak along the middle; -sides of the neck at its lower part longitudinally streaked with black -and white; upper parts glossy black, variegated with spots of white in -regular transverse slightly curved lines, having the convexity -backwards, the spots small and roundish towards the neck and sides, -larger and somewhat four-sided along the middle of the back, largest -and rectangular on the scapulars, very small and roundish on the hind -part of the back and tail-coverts; upper part of wing similar, with -smallish spots; alula and quills brownish-black, a few of the inner -secondaries only having two white spots at the end of the tail -brownish-black, of twenty feathers. Young in winter with the bill pale -yellowish-green, the ridge and tip of the upper mandible dusky; upper -parts dark greyish-brown, each feather margined with lighter, lower -parts white, sides of the neck below streaked with dusky, sides of -body dusky, without spots. - -_Adult_, 32-7/8, 57-1/2. _Young Male_, in winter, 31-1/4, 54-1/2. - -During winter dispersed over the United States, in Texas, as well as -along the coasts of the Atlantic, and the north-west. Breeds from -Massachusetts northward to very high latitudes. Common. - - Great Northern Diver or Loon, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. - - Colymbus glacialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 420. - - Colymbus glacialis, Great Northern Diver, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 474. - - Loon or Great Northern Diver, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 513. - - Great Northern Diver or Loon, Colymbus glacialis, Aud. Orn. - Biog. v. iv. p. 43. - - -485. 2. Colymbus arcticus, Linn. Black-throated Diver. - - Plate CCII. Male, Female, and Young in winter. - -Adult in summer with the bill black, the feet greyish-blue, the -anterior edge of the tarsus, upper surface of toes, and part of the -webs, pale livid flesh-colour; fore part and sides of head, throat, -and sides of neck light bluish-grey, fore part and sides of head -darker; upper parts glossy bluish-black, tinged with green anteriorly, -and shaded with brown posteriorly; on the fore part of the back two -longitudinal bands of transverse white bars, the feathers being tipped -with that colour; the scapulars, excepting the outer, marked in the -same manner with transverse rows of rather large square spots; most of -the wing-coverts with two roundish spots of white near the end; quills -blackish-brown, tinged with grey externally, paler on the inner webs; -tail blackish-brown, of eighteen feathers; fore neck to the length of -six and a half inches purplish-black, ending angularly below, and with -a transverse interrupted band of linear-white spots near the upper -part, beyond which the sides of the neck blackish-brown, with several -longitudinal white streaks, formed by the edges of the feather; on the -lower part of the neck a broad space occupied by their longitudinal -dusky and white streaks; lower parts pure white, except a dusky -longitudinal band on the sides under the wing. Young in winter with -the bill bluish-grey, on the ridge dusky; upper part of head and hind -neck dark greyish-brown, sides of head greyish-white, minutely -streaked with brown, sides of neck also streaked, its fore part -faintly mottled; lower parts white, the sides and lower tail-coverts -greyish-brown; upper parts blackish-brown, the feathers broadly edged -with pale grey, quills and tail brownish-black. - -_Male_, 29, 39-1/2. - -The young range throughout the interior and along the coast as far as -Texas, in autumn and winter. Adult in full plumage very rare. Breeds -in high latitudes. Columbia River. - - Colymbus arcticus, Bonap. Syn. p. 420. - - Colymbus arcticus, Black-throated Diver, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 475. - - Black-throated Diver, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 517. - - Black-throated Diver, Colymbus arcticus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iv. p. 345. - - -486. 3. Colymbus septentrionalis, Linn. Red-throated Diver. - - Plate CCII. Male in summer, Male in winter, Female, and - Young. - -Adult, in summer, with the bill bluish-black, the feet brownish-black, -anterior part of tarsus, upper surface of toes, and part of webs, -livid flesh-colour; fore part and sides of head, throat, and sides of -neck, bluish-grey; fore part of neck rich brownish-red; hind part of -head and hind neck longitudinally streaked with greenish-black and -pure white, each feather black in the middle, with the sides white, -the colours disposed in lines; upper parts in general brownish-black, -tinged with green, more or less mottled with white, according to age, -excepting the primary quills and the tail-feathers, of which there are -twenty; lower parts pure white, excepting the feathers on the sides -under the wings, some of those about the vent, and the lower -tail-coverts, which are greyish-brown, with white margins and tips. -Young, in winter, with the fore part of the neck white, or slightly -mottled with red; all the feathers of the upper parts with two white -spots near the end; tail-feathers edged and tipped with white. Young -at first covered with dense elastic down, of a greyish-black colour, -tinged with Brown. - -_Male_, 19, 25. _Female_, 18, 24. - -Not uncommon during winter, autumn, and early spring, from Maryland -eastward. Breeds in Newfoundland, Labrador, and as far north as the -Arctic Seas. - - Colymbus septentrionalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 421. - - Red-throated Diver, Colymbus septentrionalis, Swains. & Rich. - F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 476. - - Red-throated Diver, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 519. - - Red-throated Diver, Colymbus septentrionalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. - v. iii. p. 20; v. v. p. 625. - - - - -GENUS II. PODICEPS, Lath. GREBE. - - -Bill about the length of the head, or shorter, straight, rather stout, -much compressed, tapering, pointed; upper mandible with the dorsal -line declinate and more or less convex toward the end, the ridge -convex, the sides erect and somewhat convex, the edges sharp and -inflected, the tip narrow; nasal groove rather long, extending to -nearly half the length of the mandible, feathered at the base; -nostrils linear-elliptical, basal, rather small, pervious; lower -mandible with the angle long and extremely narrow, the dorsal line -ascending and straight, the sides erect and slightly convex, the edges -sharp and involute, the tip acute. Head of moderate size, oblong, -narrowed before; neck rather long and slender; body long, depressed. -Feet short, large, placed close to the extremity of the body; tibia -feathered to the joint; tarsus extremely compressed, its anterior edge -with a row of small scutella, the sides broadly scutellate, the -posterior ridge with a double row of small prominent scales; toes -four, first very small, with a posterior membrane, fourth longest, all -scutellate, the anterior connected at the base by membranes, and -having on both sides an expanded web-like margin, marked with oblique -lines. Claws flat, that of the third toe broadest. Plumage very soft -and blended, on the lower parts dusky. Wings small acute, curved, the -second primary longest, the first little shorter; secondaries short -and rounded. Tail a slight tuft of loose feathers, fourteen in number. -Tongue slender, trigonal, pointed; oesophagus of moderate width; -proventriculus very large, ovate; stomach extremely large, roundish, -its muscular coat thin; the epithelium thick, soft, rugous; a small -pyloric sac; intestine of moderate length and width; coeca rather -long, slender; cloaca very large, globular. Bronchi with the rings -entire and ossified. - - -487. 1. Podiceps cristatus, Lath. Crested Grebe. - - Plate CCXCII. Male and Female. - -Male with the bill about the length of the head, rather slender, -blackish-brown, tinged with carmine; feet greenish-black, tinged with -greyish-blue; tail of fourteen feathers; two tufts of elongated -feathers on the occiput, and a large frill on the sides and anterior -part of the neck; upper part of head and tufts greyish-black, tinged -with green, as is the hind part of the ruff, its anterior part being -brownish-red; sides of the head and throat white; fore neck white, -tinged with brown; breast silvery-white, sides reddish-brown, with -dusky streaks; upper parts brownish-black, the feathers edged with -lighter, the sides of the neck tinged with reddish, as is the rump; -wing-coverts greyish-brown; primary quills brownish-black, middle -secondaries, inner webs of their coverts, and outer webs of outer -scapulars, white. Female with the occipital feathers a little -elongated, but without the ruff; bill dusky green, upper part of head -and hind neck blackish-grey; back and wings as in the male, but more -tinged with grey; lower parts silvery-white, the sides dusky. - -_Male_, 24, 33. - -Not uncommon during autumn and early spring on all the larger streams -of the Western Country, as well as on the coast of the Atlantic, from -Nova Scotia to Texas. Breeds in the mountainous parts of the Fur -Countries, Rocky Mountains, and high latitudes. Migratory. - - Podiceps cristatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 417. - - Podiceps cristatus, Crested Grebe, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. - Amer. v. ii. p. 410. - - Crested Grebe or Gannet, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 250. - - Crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 598. - - -488. 2. Podiceps rubricollis, Lath. Red-necked Grebe. - - Plate CCXCVIII. Adult Male, and Young in winter. - -Male with the bill about the length of the head, rather slender, -brownish-black, yellow at the base; tarsi and toes greenish-black -externally, yellow on the inner side; two tufts of elongated feathers -behind the eye; feathers on the hind part of the cheeks also -elongated; upper part of head greyish-black, lower part ash-grey, with -a white line from the base of the lower mandible to beyond the eye; -hind part of neck, and upper parts generally, greyish-black, the -feathers edged with paler; edges of wings and outer secondaries white; -fore part and sides of neck rich brownish-red; breast and sides -silvery-white, faintly marked with grey. Young, in winter, with the -bill bright yellow, its ridge dusky; feet as in the adult; upper part -of head blackish-grey; hind neck and upper parts of the same colour, -darker towards the end; edge of wing and outer secondaries -greyish-white, the latter grey towards the end; lower parts -greyish-white. - -_Male_, 18-3/4, 32. - -During winter, not uncommon from New York to Maine. Breeds in the Fur -Countries. Accidental in the interior. - - Podiceps rubricollis, Bonap. Syn. p. 417. - - Podiceps rubricollis, Red-necked Grebe, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 411. - - Red-necked Grebe, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 253. - - Red-necked Grebe, Podiceps rubricollis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 617; v. v. p. 620. - - -489. 3. Podiceps cornutus, Linn. Horned Grebe. - - Plate CCLIX. Male and Female. - -Male with the bill shorter than the head, rather slender, -bluish-black, its tip yellow; feet dusky externally, dull yellow -internally; a tuft of feathers on each side behind the eyes, a larger -tuft on each side of the upper part of the neck; forehead -greyish-brown; upper part of head bluish-black, as are the sides, fore -neck anteriorly, and the ruff-feathers; a broad band over the eyes, -and the elongated tufts behind them yellowish-brown; fore neck -brownish-red; lower parts white, the sides reddish-brown, abdomen dull -grey; upper parts brownish-black, the feathers edged with greyish, the -middle secondary quills white. Young, in winter, with the feathers of -the hind head a little elongated, but no tufts or ruff; bill -bluish-grey, as are the feet; upper part of head and hind neck -greyish-black, as are the upper parts in general, the feathers of the -back edged with light grey; throat, sides of head, a broad patch on -each side of the neck, nearly meeting behind, the fore neck and lower -parts, white; sides and downy feathers of the abdomen brownish-grey; -some of the secondaries white, as in the adult. - -_Male_, 14-3/4, 25-1/2. - -Very common during autumn on the Ohio, Missouri, Mississippi, and all -their tributaries, as well as in all the Atlantic Districts, to Texas. -Breeds from the Great Lakes to the Fur Countries. Migratory. - - Podiceps cornutus, Bonap. Syn. p. 417. - - Podiceps cornutus, Horned Grebe, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. - v. ii. p. 411. - - Horned Grebe or Dobchick, Nutt. Man. v. ii. 254. - - Horned Grebe, Podiceps cornutus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. - 429; v. v. p. 423. - - -490. 4. Podiceps auritus, Lath. Eared Grebe. - - Plate CCCCIV. Adult and Young. - -Male with the bill considerably shorter than the head, rather stout, -bluish-black; feet dusky grey externally, greenish-grey on the inner -side; a tuft of very long loose feathers on each side of the head, -behind the eye and covering the ears, orange; head and neck all round -deep black; upper parts brownish-black, the wings greyish-brown, with -a broad patch of white, the secondary quills being of that colour; -lower parts silvery-white, except the sides of the body and rump, -which are light red. Young, in autumn, with the tufts not developed; -the upper part brownish-black, the neck tinged with grey behind, the -secondary quills white; throat, and a broad band curving behind the -ear so as almost to meet the other on the nape, greyish-white; neck -light brownish-grey in front; lower parts of the body and rump dusky -grey. - -_Adult_ 13, wing 5-8/12. - -Very rare, and not found by me in America. - - Eared Dobchick or Grebe, Podiceps auritus, Nutt. Man. v. ii. - p. 256. - - Eared Grebe, Podiceps auritus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 108. - - -491. 5. Podiceps Carolinensis, Lath. Pied-billed Dobchick. - - Plate CCXLVIII. Male and Female. - -Male with the bill shorter than the head, stout, deep, compressed, -pale blue, the upper mandible dusky along the ridge, the lower with a -black band beyond the middle; feet greyish-black; feathers on the -forehead with stiff enlarged shafts, as in the Rails; upper part of -the head and the throat black; neck and sides of the head light -greyish-brown; stiff edges of the feathers on the lower parts of the -neck greyish-yellow; back brownish-black, as are the inner -secondaries; outer secondaries light brown, with a reddish-white spot -on the end of the inner web; primaries light brown, dusky at the end; -breast silvery-white, abdomen brownish-grey, the sides mottled with -greyish-brown. Female without the black band on the bill, or the black -patch on the throat, but otherwise nearly similar. Young of both sexes -like the female. - -_Male_, 14, 23. - -Extremely common in autumn on all our Western streams, as well as -those of the Atlantic Districts. In winter in the Southern States, as -far as Texas. Breeds on the Wabash, and other streams of the interior, -to Maine. Migratory. - - Podiceps carolinensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 418. - - Podiceps carolinensis, Pied-bill Grebe, Swains. & Rich. F. - Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 412. - - Pied-bill Dobchick, Podiceps carolinensis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. - p. 259. - - Pied-bill Dobchick, Podiceps carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. - iii. p. 359; v. v. p. 624. - - -PRINTED BY NEILL AND CO., OLD FISHMARKET, EDINBURGH. - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Although most taxonomic terms were accepted as printed, a number of -species names were changed where two spellings were presented and one -was not found through an internet search (e.g., p. 29: Virginana and -Virginiana [not found]). - -Page Change Made -==== ========================= - xii "XLV. COLUMBINAE. DIVERS..." => "XLV. COLYMBINAE. DIVERS..." - 48 "71. 1. mitratus, Lath..." => "71. 1. Myiodioctes mitratus, Lath..." - 163 "244. Icteria viridis, Gmel." => "244. 1. Icteria viridis, Gmel." - 214 "310. Ortygometra Jamaicensis" => "310. 3. Ortygometra Jamaicensis" - 220 "tip narrowed, broader than..." => "...tip narrowed, (broader than..." - 264 "_Female_, 12, wing 4-3/4." => "_Female_, 12, wing 14-3/4." - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SYNOPSIS OF THE BIRDS OF NORTH -AMERICA*** - - -******* This file should be named 42832.txt or 42832.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/8/3/42832 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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