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diff --git a/42821.txt b/42821.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6741288..0000000 --- a/42821.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3678 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 243, June 24, 1854, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Notes and Queries, Number 243, June 24, 1854 - A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, - Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc - -Author: Various - -Editor: George Bell - -Release Date: May 27, 2013 [EBook #42821] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian -Libraries) - - - - - -{581} - -NOTES AND QUERIES: - -A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, -GENEALOGISTS, ETC. - -"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. - - * * * * * - - -No. 243.] -SATURDAY, JUNE 24. 1854 -[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. - - * * * * * - - -CONTENTS. - - NOTES:-- Page - - Memoirs of Grammont, by W. H. Lammin, &c. 583 - - Bohn's Reprint of Woodfall's "Junius," by H. Martin 584 - - MINOR NOTES:--Mutilating Books--The Plymouth Calendar-- - Divinity Professorships 585 - - QUERIES:-- - - Sepulchral Monuments 586 - - Roger Ascham and his Letters, by J. E. B. Mayor 588 - - MINOR QUERIES:--Symbolism in Raphael's Pictures-- - "Obtains"--Army Lists for Seventeenth and Eighteenth - Centuries--Anonymous Poet--John Bale--A short Sermon 589 - - MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Quakers' Calendar--"Rodondo, - or the State Jugglers"--Rathlin Island--Parochial - Registers--"Trevelyan," &c.--Grammar School of - St. Mary de Crypt, Gloucester 589 - - REPLIES:-- - - Cranmer's Martyrdom, by John P. Stilwell, &c. 590 - - Coleridge's Unpublished Manuscripts, by - C. Mansfield Ingleby 591 - - Life 591 - - Inscriptions on Bells, by Peter Orlando Hutchinson, - Cuthbert Bede, Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, &c. 592 - - De Beauvoir Pedigree, by Edgar MacCulloch 596 - - Right of Refuge in the Church Porch, by - Goddard Johnson, &c. 597 - - Ferdinand Charles III., Duke of Parma, by - J. Reynell Wreford, &c. 598 - - PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Mr. Townsend's Wax-paper - Process--Photographic Litigation 598 - - REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Vandyking--Monteith--A. M. and - M. 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Southampton Row, and Paternoster Row. - - * * * * * - - -{583} - -_LONDON, SATURDAY, JUNE 24, 1854._ - - * * * * * - -Notes. - -MEMOIRS OF GRAMMONT. - -(Vol. viii., pp. 461. 549.; Vol. ix., pp. 3. 204. 356.) - - "Des gens qui ecrivent pour le Comte de Grammont peuvent compter sur - quelque indulgence."--Vide Introduction to the Memoirs. - -Grammont's first visit to England may have been in Nov. 1655, when -Bordeaux, the French ambassador, concluded a treaty with Cromwell, whereby -France agreed totally to abandon the interests of Charles II.; and -Cromwell, on his part, declared war against Spain, by which we gained -Jamaica. Another opportunity occurred in 1657, when Cromwell's son-in-law, -Lord Fauconberg, was sent to compliment Louis XIV. and Cardinal Mazarin, -who were near Dunkirk. The ambassador presented some horses to the King and -his brother, and also to the Cardinal. They made the ambassador handsome -presents, and the King sent the Duke de Crequi as his ambassador -extraordinary to the Protector, accompanied by several persons of -distinction. - -Grammont was at the siege of Montmedi, which surrendered on the 6th August, -1657. - -He accompanied his brother, the Marshal, to Madrid in 1660, to demand the -hand of the Infanta for his sovereign. On the Kings entry into Paris the -same year with his Queen, Madame de Maintenon writes: - - "The Chevalier de Grammont, Rouville, Bellefont, and some other - courtiers, followed the household of Cardinal Mazarin, which surprised - everybody: it was said it was out of flattery. The Chevalier was - dressed in a flame-coloured suit, and was very brilliant." - -In 1662 he was disgraced on account of Madlle de la Motte Houdancourt, -aggravated also, it is said, by his having watched the King getting over -the tiles into the apartments of the maids of honour, and spread the report -about. - -The writer of the notes to the _Memoirs_ supposes that the Count's -circumstances were not very flourishing on his arrival in England, and that -he endeavoured to support himself by his literary acquirements. A scarce -little work in Latin and French on King Charles's coronation was attributed -to him, the initials to which were P. D. C., which it was said might stand -for Philibert de Cramont. There seems no reason for this supposition: his -finances were no worse in England than they had been in France; and there -is no doubt he made his appearance at the Court of England under the -greatest advantages. His family were specially protected by the Duke and -Duchess of Orleans, the favourite sister of King Charles; and the Count was -personally known to the King and to the Duke of York; and from a letter of -Comminges', dated 20th Dec. 1662, it may be almost inferred that the Duke -sent his own yacht to fetch the Count to London. Bussi-Rabutin writes of -the Count, that he wrote almost worse than any one, and therefore not very -likely to recruit his finances by authorship. - -The exact date of Grammont's marriage has yet to be fixed: probably a -search at Doctors' Commons for the licence, or in the Whitehall Registers, -if such exist, would determine the day. The first child, a boy, was born on -the 28th August, O. S., 7th September, 1664, but did not live long. This -would indicate that the marriage took place in December, 1663. From -Comminges' letters, dated in that month, it must have been on a day -subsequent to the 24th December. Their youngest child, who was afterwards -an abbess, was born on the 27th December, 1667. - -It has been stated that Grammont was the hero of Moliere's _Mariage -forcee_, which was performed before the Court at Versailles in 1664. -Comminges' letter of May 19-24, 1664, may allude to the Count's conduct to -Miss Hamilton. He was twenty years older than the lady. - -Under date of October 24-November 3, 1664, Comminges announces the -departure from London of the Count and Countess de Grammont. - -The Count was present with the King at the conquest of Franche Comte in -1660, and in particular at the siege of Dole in February, 1668. The Count -and Countess were subsequently in England, as King Charles himself writes -to the Duchess of Orleans on the 24th October, 1669, that the Count and -Countess, with their family, were returning to France by way of Dieppe. - -In 1668, according to St. Evremond, the Count was successful in procuring -the recall of his nephew, the Count de Guiche. - -Evelyn mentions in his _Diary_ dining on the 10th May, 1671, at Sir Thomas -Clifford's, "where dined Monsieur de Grammont and several French noblemen." - -Madame de Sevigne names the Count in her letter of 5th January, 1672. - -He was present at the siege of Maestricht, which surrendered to the King in -person on the 29th June, 1673. - -Madame de Sevigne names the Count again in her letter of the 31st July, -1675. - -The Duchess of Orleans (the second) relates the great favour in which the -Count was with the King. - -He was present at the sieges of Cambray and Namur in April, 1677, and -February, 1678. - -We obtain many glimpses of the Count and Countess in subsequent years in -the pages of Madame de Sevigne, Dangeau, and others, which may be consulted -in preference to filling your columns with extracts. {584} - -In 1688, Grammont was sent by the Duke of Orleans to congratulate James II. -on the birth of his son; in the _Ellis Correspondence_, under the date of -10th July, 1688, it appears there was to have been an exhibition of -fire-works, but it was postponed, and the following intimation of the cause -was hinted at by a person behind the scenes: - - "The young Prince is ill, but it is a secret; I think he will not hold. - The foreign ministers, Zulestein and Grammont, stay to see the issue." - -Grammont died on the 30th January, 1707, aged eighty-six years; his -Countess survived him only until the 3rd June, 1708, when she expired, aged -sixty-seven years. They only left one child, namely, Claude Charlotte, -married on the 6th April, 1694, to Henry Howard, Earl of Stafford; Marie -Elizabeth de Grammont, born the 27th December, 1667, Abbess of Sainte -Marine de Poussey, in Lorraine, having died in 1706, previous to her -parents. - -Maurepas says that Grammont's eldest daughter was maid of honour to the -second Duchess of Orleans, who suspected her of intriguing with her son, -afterwards the celebrated Regent. The Duchess, he adds, married her to Lord -Stafford. - -Another writer says, that although Grammont's daughters were not handsome, -yet they caused as much observation at Court as those who were. - -W. H. LAMMIN. - -Fulham. - -Count Hamilton is little to be trusted to in his chronology, from a -mischievous custom that he has of, whenever he has to record a marriage or -love affair between two parties considerably different in age, adding to -that difference extravagantly, to make the thing more ridiculous. Sir John -Denham is a well-known instance of this; but another, which is not noticed -by the editor of Bohn's edition, nor any other that I have seen, is his -making out Col. John Russell, a younger brother of the first Duke of -Bedford, to have been seventy years of age in 1664, although his eldest -brother was born in 1612, and the colonel could have been little older -than, if as old as, De Grammont himself. - -J. S. WARDEN. - - * * * * * - -BOHN'S REPRINT OF WOODFALL'S "JUNIUS." - -When a publisher issues a series of such works as are comprised in _Bohn's -Standard Library_, and thereby brings expensive publications within the -reach of the multitude, he is entitled to the gratitude and the active -support of the reading portion of the public; but, if he wish to be ranked -amongst the respectable booksellers, he ought to see to the accuracy of his -reprints. Bohn's edition of Woodfall's _Junius_, in two volumes, purports -to contain "the entire work, as originally published." This it does not. -Some of the notes are omitted; and the text is, in many instances, -incorrect. I have examined the first volume only; and I shall state some of -the errors which I have found, on comparing it with Woodfall's edition, -three volumes 8vo., 1814. The pages noted are those of Bohn's first volume. - -P. 87. In his Dedication, Junius says: "If an honest, and, I may truly -affirm, a laborious zeal." Bohn turns it into nonsense, by printing it: "If -an honest _man_, and I may truly," &c. - -P. 105. In Letter I., Junius speaks of "distributing the _offices_ of -state, by rotation." Bohn has it "_officers_." - -P. 113. In Letter II., Sir W. Draper says that "all Junius's _assertions_ -are false and scandalous." Bohn prints it "_exertions_." - -P. 206. In Letter XXII., Junius says, "it may be advisable to _gut_ the -resolution." Bohn has it "to _put_." - -P. 240. In Letter XXX., Junius says: "And, if possible, to perplex _us -with_ the multitude of their offences." Bohn omits the words "_us with_." - -P. 319. In Letter XLII., Junius speaks of the "future _projects_" of the -ministry. Bohn prints it "future _prospects_." - -P. 322. In the same letter, Junius says: "How far people may be animated -_to resistance_, under the present administration." Bohn omits "_to -resistance_." - -P. 382. In Letter LIII., Horne says: "And in case of refusal, _threaten_ to -write them down." Bohn omits "_threaten_." - -P. 428. In Letter LXI., Philo-Junius says, "his view is to change a court -of _common law into a court of_ equity." Bohn omits the words "_common law -into a court of_." - -P. 437. In Letter LXIII., Junius writes, "love _and kindness_ to Lord -Chatham." Bohn omits "_and kindness_." - -P. 439. In Letter LXIV., Junius speaks of "a multitude of _prerogative -writs_." Bohn has it "a multitude of _prerogatives_." - -P. 446. In Letter LXVIII., Junius says to Lord Mansfield: "If, on your -part, you should have no plain, substantial _defence_." Bohn substitutes -"_evidence_" for "_defence_." - -These are the most important errors, but not all that I have found in the -text. I now turn to the reprint of Dr. Mason Good's Preliminary Essay. The -editor says: "The omission of a quotation or two, of no present interest, -and the correction of a few inaccuracies of language, are the only -alterations that have been made in the Preliminary Essay." We shall see how -far this is true. Such alterations as "arrogance" for "insolence," p. 2.; -"classic purity" for "classical chastity," p. 3.; "severe" for "atrocious," -p. 15., I shall not particularise farther; but merely observe that, so far -from being merely "corrections {585} of inaccuracies of language," they are -frequently changes of meaning. - -At pp. 4. and 5., extracts from speeches by Burke and North are introduced -into the text. In Woodfall, they are given in a note, so as not to -interrupt the writer's argument. - -Occasionally, a sentence is partly rewritten. I take one specimen. Dr. Good -says that, "But for the Letters of Junius, the Commons of England might -still ... have been exposed to the absurd and obnoxious harassment of -parliamentary arrests, upon a violation of privileges undefined and -incapable of being appealed against--defrauded of their estates upon an -arbitrary and interested claim of the crown." In Bohn, p. 5., the words are -altered to "have been exposed to arbitrary violations of individual -liberty, under undefined pretexts of parliamentary privileges, against -which there _were_ (?) no appeal--defrauded of their estates upon -capricious and interested claims of the crown." - -Dr. Good, to show that Burke could not be Junius, cites several passages -from his works; and then proves, by quotations from Junius, that the -opinions of the one were opposed to those of the other. In Bohn's edition -all these quotations, which occupy twelve octavo pages in Woodfall, are -omitted as unnecessary, although the writer's argument is partly founded -upon them; and yet the editor has retained (evidently through -carelessness), at p. 66., Dr. Good's subsequent reference to these very -quotations, where, being about to give some extracts from General Lee's -letters, he says: "They may be compared with those of Junius, _that follow -the preceding extracts from Mr. Burke_." This reference is retained, but -the extracts spoken of are omitted. - -Some of Woodfall's notes are wholly left out; but I will not lengthen these -remarks by specially pointing them out. The new notes of Bohn's editor -offer much matter for animadversion, but I confine myself to one point. In -a note to Sir W. Draper's first letter (p. 116.), we are told that Sir -William "married a Miss De Lancy, who died in 1778, _leaving him a -daughter_." In another note relating to Sir William (p. 227.), it is stated -that "he married a daughter of the second son of the Duke of St. Alban's. -Her ladyship died in 1778, _leaving him no issue_." How are we to reconcile -these statements? - -H. MARTIN. - - Halifax. - - [The work professes to be edited by Mr. Wade. Mr. Wade therefore, and - not Mr. Bohn, is responsible for the errors pointed out by our - correspondent.--ED.] - - * * * * * - - -Minor Notes. - -_Mutilating Books._--Swift, in a letter to Stella, Jan. 16, 1711, says, "I -went to Bateman's the bookseller, and laid out eight-and-forty shillings -for books. I bought three little volumes of Lucian in French, for our -Stella." This Bateman would never allow any one to look into a book in his -shop; and when asked the reason, he would say, "I suppose you may be a -physician, or an author, and want some recipe or quotation; and if you buy -it I will engage it to be perfect before you leave me, but not after; as I -have suffered by leaves being torn out, and the books returned, to my very -great loss and prejudice. - -ABHBA. - -_The Plymouth Calendar._--To your collection of verses (Vol. vii. _passim_) -illustrative of local circumstances, incidents, &c., allow me to add the -following: - - "The West wind always brings wet weather, - The East wind wet and cold together; - The South wind surely brings us rain, - The North wind blows it back again. - If the Sun in red should set, - The next day surely will be wet; - If the Sun should set in grey, - The next will be a rainy day." - -BALLIOLENSIS. - -_Divinity Professorships._--In the last number of _The Journal of Sacred -Literature_ (April, 1854), there is a well-deserved eulogium on the -biblical labours of Dr. Kitto; who, though in the enjoyment of the title of -D.D. (conferred on him some years ago by a Continental University), is -nevertheless a layman, and not, as is very commonly imagined, in orders. -The article, however, to which I refer, contains a curious mistake. -Michaelis is cited (p. 122.) as an instance of a layman being able, on the -Continent, to hold a professorship relating to theology and biblical -science, in contrast to what is assumed to be the invariable system at the -English Universities. It is true, indeed, that for the most part such -professorships are here held by clergymen; but from several of them laymen -are not excluded by any law. At Cambridge, the Norrisian Professor of -Divinity, for example, may be a layman. - -With respect to the degree of D.D., it is observed by the Writer of the -article, p. 127.: - - "In Germany this degree is given to laymen, but in England it is - exclusively appropriated to the clergy. This led to the very general - impression among strangers, that Dr. Kitto is a clergyman." - -ABHBA. - - [We have frequently seen the celebrated Nonjuror Henry Dodwell noticed - as in orders, perhaps from his portrait exhibiting him in gown and - bands as Camden Professor of History at Oxford. Miss Strickland, too, - in her _Lives of the Queens of England_, vol. vii. p. 202., and vol. - viii. p. 352., edit. 1853, speaks of that worthy layman, Robert Nelson, - both as a _Doctor_ and a clergyman!--ED.] - -{586} - - * * * * * - - -Queries. - -SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS. - -(_Concluded from_ p. 539.) - -A divine, reasoning philosophically with a lady on the possibility of the -appearance of ghosts, was much perplexed by her simple inquiry as to where -the clothes came from. If then the mediaeval effigies are alive, how can -the costume be reconciled with their position? Where do their clothes come -from? The theory advanced in the two preceding Numbers seems to offer a -ready solution. Another corroborative fact remains to be stated, that when -a kneeling attitude superseded the recumbent, the brasses were placed upon -the wall, testifying, in some degree at least, that the horizontal figures -were not traditionally regarded as living portraits. In anticipation of -objections, it can only be said that "they have no speculation in their -eyes;" that out of the thousands in existence, a few exceptions will only -prove the rule; and that their incongruities were conventional. - -It is now my purpose to offer a few more reasons for releasing the -sculptors of the present day from a rigid adherence to the uplifted hands -and the straight head. That there is grace, dignity, and pious serenity -occasionally perceptible in these interesting relics of bygone days, which -so appropriately furnish our magnificent cathedrals, and embellish numbers -of our parochial churches, is freely admitted; but that they are formal, -conventional, monotonous, and consequently unfitted for modern imitation, -cannot reasonably be denied by a person with pretensions to taste. From the -study of anatomy, the improvement in painting, the invention of engraving, -our acquaintance with the matchless works of Greece, and other causes, this -branch of art has made considerable advance. Why, then, should a sculptor -be now "cabin'd, cribb'd, confined, bound in," by such inflexible -conditions? If some variation is discoverable in the ancient types, why -should he not have the advantage of selection, and avail himself of that -attitude best adapted to the situation of the tomb and the character of the -deceased? Not to multiply examples of deviation--the Queen of Henry IV., in -Canterbury Cathedral, has one arm reposing at her side, and the other upon -her breast. The arms of Edward III., in Westminster Abbey, are both -stretched at his side. An abbot of Peterborough, in that cathedral, holds a -book and a pastoral staff. The hands of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, -in his beautiful chapel, are raised, but separate. Several have the arms -crossed, expressive of humility and resignation. Others (lay as well as -clerical) press a holy book to their bosom; and some place the right hand -upon the heart, denoting the warmth of their love and faith. In his -description of Italian monuments, Mr. Ruskin remarks, that "though in -general, in tombs of this kind, the face of the statue is slightly turned -towards the spectator, in one case it is turned away" (_Stones of Venice_, -vol. iii. p. 14.); and instances are not unfrequent of similar inclinations -of the head at home. Why then should this poor choice be denied? Why should -he be fettered by austere taskmasters to this stereotyped treatment, to the -proverbial stiffness of "our grandsires cut in alabaster." Indignation has -been excited in many quarters against that retrograde movement termed -"pre-Raphaelism," yet what in fact is this severe, angular, antiquated -style, but identically the same thing in stone? What but pre-Angeloism? -Upon the supposition that the effigies have departed this life, or even -that the spirit is only about to take its flight, anatomical and -physiological difficulties present themselves, for strong action would be -required to hold the hands in this attitude of prayer. The drapery, too, -hanging in straight folds, has been always apparently designed from upright -figures, circumstances evincing how little the rules of propriety were then -regarded. Their profusion occasions a familiarity which demands a change, -for the range is here as confined as that of the sign-painter, who could -only depict lions, and was therefore precluded from varying his signs, -except by an alteration in the colour. Such is the yearning of taste for -diversity, that in the equestrian procession on the frieze of the -Parthenon, out of about ninety horses, not two are in the same attitude; -yet to whatever extent our churches may be thronged with these sepulchral -tombs, all must be, as it were, cast in the same mould, till by repetition -their beauty - - "Fades in the eye and palls upon the sense." - -It is evidently imitating the works of antiquity under a disadvantage, -inasmuch as modern costume is far inferior in picturesque effect to the -episcopal vestments, the romantic armour, and numerous elegant habiliments -of an earlier day. Every lesser embellishment and minuteness of detail are -regarded by an artist who has more enlarged views of his profession as -foreign to the main design; yet the robes, millinery, jewellery, and -accoutrements usually held a place with the carvers of that time of equal -importance with the face, and engaged as large a share of their attention. - -The comparative easiness of execution forms another argument. Having -received the simple commission for a monument (specifications are -needless), the workmen (as may be imagined) fixes the armour of the defunct -knight upon his table, places a mask moulded from nature on the -helmet-pillow, fits on a pair of hands with which, like an {587} assortment -of gloves, his studio is provided, diligently applies his compasses to -insure exact equality by means of a receipt, perchance imparts some -devotional expression, and the work is ready to be transferred to stone. - -Mr. Petit, in the preface (page x.) to his _Architectural Studies_, after -due praise, asserts-- - - "That no sculptor anxious to advance his own reputation and art will - ever set up a mediaeval statue as his model. He may acknowledge its - merits, and learn much from a careful examination of it, but still he - will not look up to its designer as his master and guide." - -Again, the efforts of genius are cramped by such uncompromising terms. The -feet must unavoidably be directed towards the east; still, whatever the -situation of the tomb may chance to be, from whatever point it may be -viewed, or whether the light may fall on this side or on that, no way of -escape is open, and no ingenuity can be employed to grapple with the -uncontrollable obstruction. Portrait painters can choose the position most -favourable to the features, but the monumental sculptor of the nineteenth -century may only exhibit what is generally shunned, the direct profile; the -contour of the face, and the wide expanse of brow, which might probably -give the most lively indications of intellectual power, amiability of -disposition, and devout tranquillity of soul, must be sacrificed to this -unbending law "which altereth not." Sculptors, we are told, should overcome -difficulties; but here they are required to "strive with impossibilities, -yea, get the better of them." Whether painted windows, or some other -ornament, or a tomb alone in harmony with the architecture (the form and -features of the individual being elsewhere preserved), may constitute a -more desirable memorial, is a separate question, but as statues are only -admissible in a recumbent posture, some little latitude must be allowed. -Like our reformers in higher things, it behoves us to discard what is -objectionable in art, while we cherish that which is to be admired. Instead -of treading in the footsteps of those lofty spirits, we should endeavour to -follow the same road. Fully appreciating their excellences, let us avoid -the distorted drawing of their brilliant glass, their irregularities in -architectural design, the irreverence of their carving, and the -conventionalism of their monumental sculpture. - -C. T. - -I agree with C. T. in thinking that the usual recumbent figure on mediaeval -tombs was intended to represent a dead body, and more particularly to -represent the body as it had lain in state, or had been borne to the grave; -and I will add one or two additional reasons for this opinion. In the -description in Speed, of the intended monument of Henry VIII., taken from a -MS. given to Speed by that industrious herald master, Charles Lancaster, -the following direction occurs:-- - - "Item, upon the same basement shall be made two tombes of blacke touch, - that is to say, on either side one, and upon the said tombes of blacke - touch shall be made the image of the King and Queen, on both sides, not - as death [dead], but as persons sleeping, because to shewe that famous - princes leaving behind them great fame never doe die, and shall be in - royall apparels after the antique manner."--Speed's _Hist. of Great - Brit._, p. 1037. ed. 1632. - -The distinction here taken between a dead and a sleeping figure, and the -reason assigned for the latter, show, I think, that at that time a -recumbent figure generally was supposed to represent death. In a monument -of Sir Roger Aston, at Cranford, Middlesex, in Lysons' _Environs of -London_, the knight and his two wives are represented praying, and by the -side of the knight _lies_ the infant son who had died in his lifetime. In -the monument of Pope Innocent VIII. (Pistolesi, _Il Vaticano_, vol. i. -plate 63.), the Pope is in one part represented in a living action, and in -another as lying on his tomb, and from the contrast which would thus be -afforded between life and death, the latter representation seems to -indicate death. - -The hands raised in prayer are accounted for by C. T. Open eyes, I think, -may be intended to express, by their direction towards heaven, the hope in -which the deceased died. This is suggested by the description of the -funeral car of Henry V. - - "Preparations were made to convey the body of Henry from Rouen to - England. It was placed within a car, on which reclined his figure made - of boiled leather, elegantly painted. A rich crown of gold was on its - head. The right hand held a sceptre, and the left a golden ball. _The - face seemed to contemplate the heavens._"--Turner's _Hist. of Eng._, - vol. ii. p. 465. - -I must, however, add that on referring to Monstrelet, I doubt whether -Turner does not go too far in this last particular. Monstrelet merely says, -"le visage vers le ciel." (Monst. _Chron._ vol. i. 325. ed. 1595.) Speed -adds an additional circumstance: "The body (of this figure) was clothed -with a purple roabe furred with ermine." From the mutilated state of the -tomb it is impossible to say how far the recumbent effigy resembled this -boiled figure, but it is evidently just such a representation of the king -as might have been laid on his tomb, and so far it tends to support the -opinion that the effigy on a tomb represents the deceased as he had lain in -state, or was borne to and placed in his tomb, an opinion fully borne out -by the agreement which, in some cases, has been found to exist between the -effigy on a tomb and the body discovered within it, or between the effigy -and the description of the body as it had lain in state. See the tombs of -King {588} John, Robert Lord Hungerford, and Henry II., in Stothard's -_Monumental Effigies of Great Britain_, and the Introduction to that work. - -I think it is not irrelevant to remark that at a very early period a -recumbent figure was sometimes placed on a tomb as in a state of death. The -recumbent Etruscan figures generally represent a state of repose or of -sensual enjoyment; but there is one given by Micali (_Monumenti inediti a -Illustrazione degli Antichi Popoli Italiani_, Tav. 48. p. 303.), which is, -undoubtedly, that of a dead person. In his description of it, Micali says, -"On the first view of it one would say it was a sepulchral monument of the -Middle Ages, so greatly does it resemble one." Mrs. Gray, too (_Tour to the -Sepulchres of Etruria_, p. 264.), mentions a sepulchral urn, "very large, -with a woman robed, and with a dog upon it, exactly like an English -monument of the Middle Ages." If it were not for the dog, I should suppose -this to be the one given by Micali. Though it may be too much to suppose -that this form of representation may have been not uncommon, and may have -passed into early Christian monuments, the instance in Micali at least -shows that the idea of representing a dead body on a tomb is a very ancient -one. It may be added, perhaps, that it is an obvious one. - -Though the reasons for thinking that the ordinary mediaeval figure -represents death may not be conclusive, still that opinion is, I think, -entitled to be looked upon as the more probable one, until some -satisfactory reason is given why a _living_ person should be represented -outstretched, and lying on his back--a position, as it seems to me, more -inconsistent with life than the open eyes and hands joined in prayer are -with death. For too much weight is not to be attached to slight -inconsistencies. These would probably be disregarded for the sake of -expressing some favourite idea or sentiment. Thus, in the proposed monument -of Henry VIII., though the king and queen are directed to be represented as -living, their souls are to be represented in the hand of "the Father." - -In modern tombs the mediaeval idea has been entirely departed from, and the -recumbent position sometimes expresses neither death, nor even sleep, but -simple repose, or contemplation, resignation, hope, &c. If it is proper or -desirable to express these or other sentiments in a recumbent figure, it -seems unreasonable to exclude them for the sake of a rigid adherence to a -form, of which the import is either obscure, or, if rightly conjectured, -has, by the change of customs, become idle and unmeaning. - -F. S. B. E. - - * * * * * - -ROGER ASCHAM AND HIS LETTERS. - -To the epistles of Roger Ascham, given in Elstob's edition, have since been -added several to Raven and others[1], two to Cecil[2], and several to Mrs. -Astley, Bp. Gardiner, Sir Thos. Smith, Mr. Callibut, Sir W. Pawlett, Queen -Elizabeth, the Earl of Leicester, and Mr. C. H.[owe].[3] Some of your -correspondents will, doubtless, be able farther to enlarge this list of -printed letters. - -In a MS. volume, once belonging to Bp. Moore, now in the University -Library, Cambridge, is a volume of transcripts[4], containing, amongst -other documents, letters from Ascham to Petre[5] and to Cecil; one (p. 44.) -"written by R. A., for a gent to a gentlewoman, in waie of marriage," and -one to the B. of W.[inchester], which, though without a signature, is -certainly Ascham's. In another MS. volume, in the same collection (Ee. v. -23.), are copies of Ascham's letter to his wife on the death of their -child[6], and of a letter to Mr. Richard Goodrich. Lastly, Ascham's College -(St. John's) possesses his original letter to Cardinal Pole, written on the -fly-leaf of a copy of Osorius _De nobilitate civili_[7]; and also the -original MS. of the translation of Oecumenius, accompanied by a Latin -letter to Seton.[8] - -These unpublished letters will shortly be printed for the Cambridge -Antiquarian Society. Early information respecting any other MS. works of -Ascham, or collations of his published letters with the originals, will be -thankfully acknowledged. - -J. E. B. MAYOR. - -St. John's College, Cambridge. - -P. S.--I may add that we have at St. John's a {589} copy of Ascham's -Letters (ed. Elstob), with many dates and corrections in Baker's hand. -There may be something new in Kennett's biographical notice of Ascham -(Lansdowne MSS. 981. art. 41.) - -[Footnote 1: In _The English Works of Roger Ascham_, London, 1815, 8vo.: -this edition is reprinted from Bennet's, with additions. Bennet took these -letters from Baker's extracts (in his MSS. xiii. 275-295., now in the -Harleian Collection), "from originals in Mr. Strype's hands." One letter is -more fully given by Mr. Tytler, _England under Edward VI. and Mary_, vol. -ii. p. 124.] - -[Footnote 2: In Sir H. Ellis's _Letters of Eminent Literary Men_, Camden -Soc. Nos. 4 and 5. Correcter copies than had before appeared from the -Lansdowne MSS.] - -[Footnote 3: Most incorrectly printed in Whitaker's _History of -Richmondshire_, vol. i. p. 270. seq. The letters themselves are highly -important and curious.] - -[Footnote 4: Dd. ix. 14. Some of the letters are transcribed by Baker, MSS. -xxxii. p. 520. seq.] - -[Footnote 5: This letter has many sentences in common with that to -Gardiner, of the date Jan. 18 [1554], printed by Whitaker (p. 271. seq.)] - -[Footnote 6: Whitaker, who prints this (p. 289. seq.) says that it had been -printed before. Where?] - -[Footnote 7: This, I believe, unpublished letter is referred to by Osorius, -in a letter to Ascham (_Aschami Epistolae_, p. 397.: Oxon. 1703).] - -[Footnote 8: Both of these have been printed, the letter in _Aschami -Epistolae_, lib. i. ep. 4. p. 68. seq. Compare on the commentary, ibid. pp. -70. and 209.] - - * * * * * - - -Minor Queries. - -_Symbolism in Raphael's Pictures._--In some of the most beautiful pictures -of "The Virgin and Child" of Raphael, and other old masters, our Lord is -represented with His right foot placed upon the right foot of the blessed -Virgin. What is the symbolism of this position? In the Church of Rome, the -God-parent at Holy Confirmation is, if I remember right, directed by a -rubric to place his or her right foot upon the right foot of the person -confirmed. Is this ceremony at all connected with the symbolism I have -noticed? - -WM. FRASER, B.C.L. - -"_Obtains._"--Every one must have observed the frequent recurrence of this -word, more especially those whose study is the law: "This practice on that -principle _obtains_." How did the word acquire the meaning given to it in -such a sentence? - -Y. S. M. - -_Army Lists for Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries._--Where are they to -be found? Not at the Horse Guards, as the records there go back only to -1795. I want particulars of many officers in both centuries; some of them -who came to Ireland temp. Charles I., and during Cromwell's Protectorate, -and others early in the last century. - -Y. S. M. - -_Anonymous Poet._-- - - "It is not to the people of the west of Scotland that the energetic - reproach of the poet can apply. I allude to the passage in which he - speaks of-- - - 'All Scotia's weary days of civil strife-- - When the poor Whig was lavish of his life, - And bought, stern rushing upon Clavers' spears, - The freedom and the scorn of after years.'" - _Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk_, vol. iii. p. 263. Edin. 1819. - -Who is "the poet?" - -ANON. - -_John Bale._--Strype, in his _Life of Parker_, book iv. sec. 3. p. 539. -edit. 1711, speaking of Bale, says: "He set himself to search many -libraries in Oxford, Cambridge," &c. - -Bale himself, in the list of his own writings, enumerates "ex diversis -bibliothecis." - -Did this piece contain any account of his researches in libraries alluded -to? If so, has it ever been published? Tanner makes no mention of it in his -_Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica_. - -H. F. S. - -Cambridge. - -_A short Sermon._--In an essay on Benevolence, by the Rev. David Simpson of -Macclesfield, it is reported of Dean Swift, that he once delivered in his -trite and laconic manner the following short sermon, in advocating the -cause of a charitable institution, the text and discourse containing -thirty-four words only: - - "He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the Lord, and that which - he hath given will He pay him again. Now, my brethren, if you like the - security, down with your money." - -When and where did this occur, and what was the result? - -HENRY EDWARDS. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Queries with Answers. - -_Quakers' Calendar._--What month would the Quakers mean by "12th month," a -century and a half since? - -D. - - [Before the statute 24 Geo. II., for altering the Calendar in Great - Britain, the Quakers began their year on the 25th of March, which they - called the _first_ month; but at the yearly meeting for Sufferings in - London, Oct. 1751, a Committee was appointed to consider what advice - might be necessary to be given to the Friends in relation to the - statute in question. The opinion of the Committee was, "That in all the - records and writings of Friends from and after the last day of the - month, called December, next, the computation of time established by - the said act should be observed; and that, accordingly, the first day - of the eleventh month, commonly called January, next, should be - reckoned and deemed by Friends the first day of the _first_ month of - the year 1752." Consequently the twelfth month, a century and a half - since, would be _February_. See Nicolas's _Chronology_, p. 169.] - -"_Rodondo, or the State Jugglers._"--Who was the author of this political -squib, three cantos, 1763-70; reproduced in _Ruddiman's Collection_, -Edinburgh, 1785? In my copy I have written Hugh Dalrymple, but know not -upon what authority. It is noticed in the _Scots Mag._, vol. xxv., where it -is ascribed to "a Caledonian, who has laid about him so well as to -vindicate his country from the imputation of the _North Briton_, that there -is neither wit nor humour on the other side the Tweed." - -J. O. - - [A copy of this work in the British Museum contains the following MS. - entry: "The author of the three Cantos of _Rodondo_ was Hugh Dalrymple, - Esq. He also wrote _Woodstock_, an elegy reprinted in Pearch's - _Collection of Poems_. At the time of his death he was Attorney-General - for the Grenades, where he died, March 9, 1774. His daughter married - Dr., afterwards Sir John Elliott, from whom she was divorced, and - became a celebrated courtezan."] - -_Rathlin Island._--Has any detailed account of this island, which is -frequently called Rahery, {590} and is a few miles from the northern coast -of Ireland, appeared in print? The locality is most interesting in many -particulars, historical and geological, and might therefore be made the -subject of an instructive paper. A brief account was inserted, I think, a -few years ago in an English periodical. - -ABHBA. - - [An interesting and detailed account of this island, which he calls - Raghery, is given in Hamilton's _Letters concerning the Northern Coast - of the County of Antrim_, 1790, 8vo., pp. 13-33. Consult also Lewis's - _Topographical History of Ireland_, vol. ii. p. 501.] - -_Parochial Registers._--When and where were parochial registers first -established? The earliest extant at the present day? - -ABHBA. - - [We fear our correspondent has not consulted that useful and amusing - work, Burn's _History of Parish Registers in England, also of the - Registers of Scotland, Ireland, the East and West Indies, the Fleet, - King's Bench, Mint, Chapel Royal, &c._, 8vo. 1829, which contains a - curious collection of miscellaneous particulars concerning them.] - -_"Trevelyan," &c._--Who was the author of two novels, published about -twenty years ago, called _A Marriage in High Life_ and _Trevelyan_: the -latter the later of the two? - -UNEDA. - -Philadelphia. - - [These works are by the Hon. Caroline Lucy Scott, at present residing - at Petersham, in Surrey.] - -_Grammar School of St. Mary de Crypt, Gloucester._--Can you give me the -name of the master of the Grammar School of St. Mary de Crypt in 1728? - -SIGMA (1). - - [Daniel Bond, B.A., was elected master March 25, 1724, and was also - vicar of Leigh. He died in 1750.] - - * * * * * - - -Replies. - -CRANMER'S MARTYRDOM. - -(Vol. ix., pp. 392. 547.) - -I thank G. W. R. for his courteous remarks on my note on Cranmer. Perhaps I -have overstated the effect of pain on the nervous system; certainly I was -wrong in making a wider assertion than was required by my case, which is, -that no man could hold his hand over unconfined flame till it was "entirely -consumed" or "burnt to a coal." "Bruslee a feu de souphre" does not go so -far as that, nor is it said at what time of the burning Ravaillac raised -his head to look at his hand. - -J. H. has mistaken my intention. I have always carefully avoided everything -which tended to religious or moral controversy in "N. & Q." I treated -Cranmer's case on physiological grounds only. I did not look for -"cotemporaneous evidence against that usually received," any more than I -should for such evidence that St. Denis did not walk from Paris to -Montmartre with his head in his hand. If either case is called a miracle, I -have nothing to say upon it _here_; and for the same reason that I avoid -such discussion, I add, that in not noticing J. H.'s opinions on Cranmer, I -must not be understood as assenting to or differing from them. J. H. says: - - "It would surely be easy to produce facts of almost every week from the - evidence given in coroners' inquests, in which persons have had their - limbs burnt off--to say nothing of farther injury--without the shock - producing death." - -If favoured with one such fact, I will do my best to inquire into it. None -such has fallen within my observation or reading. - -The heart remaining "entire and unconsumed among the ashes," is a minor -point. It does not seem impossible to J. H., "in its plain and obvious -meaning." Do the words admit two meanings? Burnet says: - - "But it was no small matter of astonishment to find his heart entire, - and not consumed among the ashes; which, though the reformed would not - carry so far as to make a miracle of it, and a clear proof that his - heart had continued true, though his hand had erred; yet they objected - it to the Papists, that it was certainly such a thing, that if it had - fallen out in any of their church, they had made it a miracle."--Vol. - ii. p. 429. - -H. B. C. - -U. U. Club. - -Permit me to offer to H. B. C.'s consideration the case of Mutius Scaevola, -who, failing in his attempt to kill Porsenna in his own camp, and being -taken before the king, thrust his right hand into the fire, and held it -there until burnt; at the same time declaring that he knew three hundred -men who would not flinch from doing the same thing. To a certain extent, I -am inclined to think with ALFRED GATTY (Vol. ix., p. 246.), "that an -exalted state of feeling may be attained;" which, though it will not render -the religious or political martyr insensible to pain, it will yet nerve him -to go through his martyrdom without demonstration of extreme suffering. - -This ability to endure pain may be accounted for in either of the following -ways: - -1. An exalted state of feeling; instance Joan of Arc. - -2. Fortitude; instance Mutius Scaevola. - -3. Nervous insensibility; which carries the vanquished American Indian -through the most exquisite tortures, and enables him to fall asleep on the -least respite of his agony. - -Should these three be united in one individual, it is needless to say that -he could undergo any bodily pain without a murmur. - -JOHN P. STILWELL. - -{591} - - * * * * * - -COLERIDGE'S UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS. - -(Vol. ix., pp. 496. 543.) - -Every admirer of Coleridge's writings must feel, as I do, grateful to MR. -GREEN for the detailed account he has rendered of the manuscripts committed -to his care. A few points, however, in his reply call for a rejoinder on my -part. I will be as brief as possible. - -I never doubted for an instant that, had I "sought a private explanation of -the matters" comprised in my Note, MR. GREEN would have courteously -responded to the application. This is just what I did _not_ want: a public -explanation was what I desired. "N. & Q." (Vol. iv., p. 411.; Vol. vi., p. -533.; Vol. viii., p. 43.) will bear witness to the fact that the public -required to know the reason why works of Coleridge, presumed to exist in -manuscript, were still withheld from publication: and I utterly deny the -justice of MR. GREEN's allegation, that because I have _explicitly_ stated -the charge _implied_ by Mr. Alsop (the editor of _Letters, Conversations, -and Recollections of Coleridge_) in his strictures, I have made an -inconsiderate, not to say a coarse, attack upon him (MR. GREEN). When a -long series of appeals to the fortunate possessor of the Coleridge -manuscripts (whoever he might turn out to be) had been met with silent -indifference, I felt that the time was come to address an appeal personally -to MR. GREEN himself. That he has acted with the approbation of Coleridge's -family, nobody can doubt; for the public (thanks to Mr. Alsop) know too -well how little the greatest of modern philosophers was indebted to that -family in his lifetime, to attach much importance to their approbation or -disapprobation. - -No believer in the philosophy of Coleridge can look with greater anxiety -than I do for the forthcoming work of MR. GREEN. That the pupil of -Coleridge, and the author of _Vital Dynamics_, will worthily acquit himself -in this great field, who can question? But I, for one, must enter my -protest against the publication of MR. GREEN's book being made the pretext -of depriving the public of their right (may I say?) to the perusal of such -works as do exist in manuscript, finished or unfinished. Again I beg most -respectfully to urge on MR. GREEN the expediency, not to say paramount -duty, of his giving to the world _intact_ the _Logic_ (consisting of the -_Canon_ and other parts), the _Cosmogony_, and, as far as possible, the -_History of Philosophy_. If his plea, that these works are not in a -finished state, had been heretofore held good in bar of publication, we -should probably have lost the inestimable privilege of reading and -possessing those fragmentary works of the great philosopher which have -already been made public. - -C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. - -Birmingham. - - * * * * * - -LIFE. - -(Vol. vii., pp. 429. 560. 608.; Vol. viii., pp. 43. 550.) - -Your correspondent H. C. K. (Vol. vii., 560.) quotes a passage from Sir -Thomas Browne's _Religio Medici_, sect. xlii. The following passage from -the same writer's _Christian Morals_ is much more to the point: - - "When the Stoic said ('Vitam nemo acciperet, si daretur - scientibus'--_Seneca_) that life would not be accepted if it were - offered unto such as knew it, he spoke too meanly of that state of - being which placeth us in the form of men. It more depreciates the - value of this life, that _men would not live it over again_; for - although they would still live on, yet _few or none can endure to think - of being twice the same men upon earth, and some had rather never have - lived than to tread over their days once more_. Cicero, in a prosperous - state, had not the patience to think of beginning in a cradle again. - ('Si quis Deus mihi largiatur, ut repuerascam et in cunis vagiam, valde - recusem.'--_De Senectute._) Job would not only curse the day of his - nativity, but also of his renascency, if he were to act over his - disasters and the miseries of the dunghill. But the greatest - underweening of this life is to undervalue that unto which this is but - exordial, or a passage leading unto it. The great advantage of this - mean life is thereby to stand in a capacity of a better; for the - colonies of heaven must be drawn from earth, and the sons of the first - Adam are only heirs unto the second. Thus Adam came into this world - with the power also of another; not only to replenish the earth, but - the everlasting mansions of heaven."--Part III. sect. xxv. - - "Looking back we see the dreadful train - Of woes anew, which, were we to sustain, - We should refuse to tread the path again." - Prior's _Solomon_, b. iii. - -The crown is won by the cross, the victor's wreath in the battle of life: - - "This is the condition of the battle[9] which man that is born upon the - earth shall fight. That if he be overcome he shall suffer as thou hast - said, but if he get the victory, he shall receive the thing that I - say."--2 _Esdr._ vii. 57. - -Our grade in the other world is determined by our probation here. To use a -simile of Asgill's, this life of time is a university in which we take our -degree for eternity. Heaven is a pyramid, or ever-ascending scale; the -world of evil is an inverted pyramid, or ever-descending scale. Life is -motion. There is no such thing as stagnation: everything is either -advancing or retrograding. Corruption itself is an activity, and evil is -ever growing. According to the _habits_ formed within us, we are ascending -or descending; we cannot stand still. - -A man, then, in whom the higher life predominates, were he to live life -over again, would {592} grow from grace to grace, and his status in the -spirit world would be higher than in the first life, and _vice versa_; an -evil man[10] would be more completely evil, and would rank in a darker and -more bestial form. They who hear not the good tidings will not be persuaded -though one rose from the dead; and those with whom the experience of one -life failed would not repent in the second. - -The testimony of the Shunamite's son, Lazarus, and of those who rose from -the dead at the crucifixion, is not recorded; but they who have escaped -from the jaws of death, by recovery from sickness or preservation from -danger, may in a certain sense be said to live life over again. After the -fright is over the warning in most cases loses its influence, and we have a -verification of the two proverbs, "Out of sight out of mind," and-- - - "The devil was sick, the devil a monk would be; - The devil was well, the devil a monk would he." - -In a word, this experiment of a second life would best succeed with him -whose habits are formed for good, and whose life is already overshadowed by -the divine life. Even of such an one it might be said, "Man is frail, the -battle is sore, and the flesh is weak; even a good man may fall and become -a castaway." The most unceasing circumspection is ever requisite. The most -polished steel rusts in this corrosive atmosphere, and purest metals get -discoloured. - -Finally, it is very probable that God gives every man a complete probation; -that is to say, He cuts not man's thread of life till he be at the same -side of the line he should be were he to live myriads of years. Every man -is made up of a mixture of good and evil: these two principles never become -soluble together, but ever tend each to eliminate the other. They hurry on -in circles, alternately intersecting and gaining the ascendancy, till one -is at last precipitated to the bottom, and pure good or evil remains. In -the nature of things there are critical moments and tides of circumstances -which become turning-points when time merges into eternity and mutability -into permanence: and such a crisis may occur in the course of a short life -as well as in many lives lived over again. - -EIRIONNACH. - -[Footnote 9: - - "A field of battle is this mortal life!" - _Young_, N. viii. - -[Footnote 10: See a recent novel by Frederick Souillet, entitled _Si -Jeunesse savait, Si Vieillesse pouvait_.] - -_Life and Death_ (Vol. ix., p. 481.).--The following is on a monument at -Lowestoft, co. Suffolk, to the memory of John, son of John and Anne Wilde, -who died February 9, 1714, aged five years and six months: - - "Quem Dii amant moritur Juvenis." - -SIGMA. - -The following may be added to the parallel passages collected by -EIRIONNACH. Chateaubriand says, in his _Memoirs_, that the greatest -misfortune which can happen to a man is to be born, and the next greatest -is to have a child. As Chateaubriand had no children, the most natural -comment on the last branch of his remark is "sour grapes." - -UNEDA. - -Philadelphia. - - * * * * * - -INSCRIPTIONS ON BELLS. - -(Vol. ix., p. 109.) - -_St. Nicholas Church, Sidmouth._--Having, on October 21, 1850, taken -intaglios in pressing-wax of the inscription forwarded by MR. GORDON, from -which plaster casts were made, the writer is able to speak of it with some -degree of confidence. The inscription, however, is not peculiar to -Sidmouth: it is found at other places in the county of Devon, and perhaps -elsewhere. In Harvey's _Sidmouth Directory_ for March, 1851, there is an -article descriptive of all the six bells at this place, in which there is a -fac-simile, engraved on wood, of the inscription in question. The words run -all round the bell; and each word is placed on a cartouche. The Rev. Dr. -Oliver of Exeter, in his communication to the writer on this subject, calls -the bell the "Jesus Bell." The _Directory_ observes: - - "It was formerly the practice to christen bells with ceremonies similar - to, but even more solemn than, those attending the naming of children; - and they were frequently dedicated to Christ (as this is), to the - Virgin, or some saint." - -Dr. Oliver to the writer says: - - "I have met with it at Whitstone, near this city [Exeter], at East - Teignmouth, &c.; _michi_ for _mihi_; [ihc (black-letter)], the - abbreviation for Jesus. Very often the word _veneratum_ occurs instead - of _amatum_, and _illud_ instead of _istud_." - -The [ihc (black-letter)] stands thus: [=i]h[=c]. The _Directory_, on this -abbreviated word, remarks,-- - - "The IHS, as an abbreviation for Jesus, is a blunder. Casley, in his - _Catalogue of the King's MSS._, observes, p. 23., that 'in Latin MSS. - the Greek letters of the word Christus, as also Jesus, are always - retained, except that the terminations are changed according to the - Latin language. Jesus is written [=IHS], or in small characters ihs, - which is the Greek [Greek: [=IES]] or [Greek: [=ies]], an - abbreviation for [Greek: iesous]. However, the scribes knew nothing of - this for a thousand years before the invention of printing, for if they - had they would not have written [=ihs] for [Greek: iesous]; but they - ignorantly copied after one another such letters as they found put for - these words. Nay, at length they pretended to find _Jesus Hominum - Salvator_ comprehended in the word [=IHS], which is another proof that - they took the middle letter for _h_, not [eta]. The dash also over the - word, which is a sign of abbreviation, some have changed to the sign of - the cross' [Hone's _Mysteries_, p. 282.]. The old way of {593} spelling - Jhesus with an _h_ may perhaps be referred to the same mistake. The - inscription, then, runs thus: - - [Est mihi collatum Jesus istud nomen amatum], - - which may be rendered, Jesus, that beloved name, is given to me. The - bell bears no date, but is of course older than the period of the - Reformation. But it remains to be observed that the last letter of the - three is not an _s_ but a c. It seems that in the old Greek - inscriptions the substitution of the _c_ for the _s_ was common. - Several examples are given in Horne's Introduction, vol. ii. pt. 1. ch. - iii. sect. 2., but we have not room to quote them. Suffice it to say - that at p. 100., in speaking of the MSS. of the Codex Vaticanus, he - says, 'The abbreviations are few, being confined chiefly to those words - which are in general abbreviated, such as [theta]C, KC, IC, XC, for - [Greek: Theos], [Greek: Kurios], [Greek: Iesous], [Greek: Christos], - _God_, _Lord_, _Jesus_, _Christ_.' At the end of these words, in the - abbreviations, the _c_ is used for the _s_.--_Peter._" - -This fourth bell is the oldest in the tower. The third, dated 1667, has -quite a modern appearance as compared with it. The second, fifth, and sixth -are all dated 1708, and the first, or smallest, was added in 1824. - -PETER ORLANDO HUTCHINSON. - -Sidmouth. - -An appropriate inscription is to be found on the bell of St. John's -Cathedral in this colony, date London, 1845. It is in the words of St. -Paul's mission, Acts xxii. 21.: "I will send thee far hence unto the -Gentiles." - -W. T. M. - -Hong Kong. - -Here is a modern achievement in this kind of literature. It exists on one -of the eight bells belonging to the church tower of Pilton, Devon: - - "Recast by John Taylor and Son, - Who the best prize for church bells won - At the Great Ex-hi-bi-ti-on - In London, 1--8--5 and 1." - -R. W. C. - -I continue (from Vol. viii., p. 248.) my Notes of inscriptions on bells. - -Mathon, Worcestershire. A peal of six bells: - - 1. "Peace and good neighbourhood." - - 2. "Glory to God." - - 3. "Fear God and honour the King." - - 4. "God preserve our Church and State." - - 5. "Prosperity to the town." - - 6. "The living to the church I call, - And to the grave do summon all." - -Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. Ten bells; the inscriptions on two are as -follows, the rest merely bearing the names of churchwardens, &c.: - - 5. "God prosper the parish. A. R. 1701." - - 10. "I to the church the living call, - And to the grave do summon all. 1773." - -The latter seems to be a favourite inscription. The REV. W. S. SIMPSON -mentions it (Vol. viii., p. 448.) on a bell in one of the Oxfordshire -churches. - -Fotheringay, Northamptonshire. Four bells: - - 1. "Thomas Norris made me. 1634." - - 2. "Domini laudem, 1614, non verbo sed voce resonabo." - -The two others respectively bear the dates 1609, 1595, with the initials of -the rector and churchwarden, and (on the fourth bell) the words "Praise -God." On a recent visit to this church I copied the following inscription -from a bell, which, being cracked, is no longer used, and is now placed -within the nave of the church. This bell is not mentioned by Archdeacon -Bonney in his _Historic Notices of Fotheringay_, though he gives the -inscriptions on the four others. - - "Non clamor sed amor cantat in aure Dei. A. M. R. R. W. W. I. L. 1602." - -The inscription is in Lombardic characters. MR. SIMPSON notes the same at -Girton, Cambridgeshire (Vol. viii., p. 108.). - -Godmanchester, Hunts. Eight bells: - - 1. "Thomas Osborn, Downham, _fecit_, 1794. - Intactum sillo. Percute dulce cano." - - 4. "T. Osborn {Our voices shall with joyful sound} - _fecit_. {Make hills and valleys echo round.} 1794." - - 8. "Rev. Castel Sherard, rector; Jno. Martin, Robert Waller, bailiffs; - John Scott, Richard Mills, churchwardens; T. Osborn _fecit_. 1794." - -Morborne, Hunts. Two bells: - - 1. "Cum voco ad ecclesiam, venite." - - 2. "Henry Penn _fusore_. 1712." - -Stilton, Hunts. Two bells: - - 1. "Thomas Norris made me. 1689." - -CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. - -At Bedale, in Yorkshire, is a bell weighing by estimation twenty-six -hundredweight, which is probably of the same date, or nearly so, as the -Dyrham bell. It measures four feet two inches and a half across the lip, -and has the following inscription round the crown: - - "[+] IOU : EGO : CUM : FIAM : CRUCE : CUSTOS : LAUDO : MARIAM : DIGNA : - DEI : LAUDE : MATER : DIGNISSIMA : GAUDE;" - -the commencement of which I do not understand. There are five smaller bells -belonging to the peal at Bedale, and a prayer bell. They bear inscriptions -in the following order: - -The prayer bell: - - "Voco. Veni. Precare. 1713." - S.S. - -{594} - -The first, or lightest of the peal: - - "Gloria in excelsis Deo. 1755. Edw^d Place, rector; - E. - Seller, - Ebor. - Jn^o Pullein, churchwarden." - -The second: - - "Iesus be ovr speed. P. S., T. W., H. S., I. W., M. W. 1664." - -The third: - - "Deo Gloria pxa Hominibus. 1627." - -The fourth: - - "Jesus be our speed. 1625." - -The fifth: - - "Soli Deo Gloria Pax Hominibus. 1631." - -The letters P. S., on the second bell, are the initials of Dr. Peter -Samwaies, who died April 5, 1693, having been thirty-one years rector of -Bedale. - -On the fly-leaf of one of the later registers at Hornby, near Bedale, is -written the following memorandum: - - "Inscription on the third bell at Hornby: - - 'When I do ring, - God's praises sing; - When I do toll, - Pray heart and soul.' - - This bell was given to the parish church of Hornby by the Lord Conyers - in the reign of Henry VII., but, being broken, was recast by William - Lord D'Arcy and Conyers, the second of the name, 1656." - -PATONCE. - -Charwelton Church, Northants: - - 1. Broken to pieces: some fragments in the vestry. On one piece, "Ave - Maria." - - 2. "Jesus Nazarenus rex Judeorum fili Dei miserere mei. 1630." - - 3. appears a collection of Saxon letters put together without connexion. - - 4. "Nunquam ad preces cupies ire, - Cum sono si non vis venire. 1630." - -Heyford Church, Northants: - - 1. "God saue the King. 1638." - - 2. "Cum cum Praie. 1601." - - 3. "Henry Penn made me. 1704. - John Paine, Thmoas [_sic_] Middleton, churchwardens." - - 4. "Thomas Morgan, Esquier, gave me - To the Church of Heford, frank and free. 1601." - -With coat of arms of the Morgans on the side. - -Floore Church, Northants: - - 1. "Russell of Wooton, near Bedford, made me. 1743. - James Phillips, Thomas Clark, churchwardens." - - 2. "Cantate Domino cantum novum. 1679." - - 3. "Henry Bagley made mee. 1679." - - 4. "Matthew Bagley made mee. 1679." - - 5. "John Phillips and Robert Bullocke, churchwardens. 1679." - - 6. "To the church the living call, - And to the grave do summonds [_sic_] all. - Russell of Wooton made me, - In seventeen hundred and forty-three." - -Three coins inserted round the top. - -Slapton Church, Northants: - - 1. [The Sancte bell] "Richard de Wambis me fesit" [_sic_]. - - 2. "Xpe audi nos." - - 3. "Ultima sum trina campana vocor Katerina." - -All in Saxon letters. No dates. - -Inscription cut on the frame of Slapton bells: - - "BE . IT . KNO - WEN . UN - TO . ALL . TH - IS . SAME . TH - AT . THOMAS - COWPER . OF - WOODEND . - MADE . THIS . FRAME. - 1634." - -Hellidon Church, Northants: - - 1. "God save the King. 1635." - - 2. "IHS Nazarenus rex Judaeorum fili Dei miserere mei. 1635." - - 3. "Celorum Christe platiat [_sic_] tibi rex sonus iste. 1615." - - 4. Same as 2. - -Dodford Church, Northants: - - 1. "Matthew Bagley made me. 1679." - - 2. "Campana gravida peperit filias. 1674." - - 3. "IHS Nazarenus [&c., as before]. 1632." - - 4. "Ex Dono Johannis Wyrley Armiger. 1614." - -And five coins round the lip. - - 5. Inscription same as 3. Date 1626. - - 6. Ditto ditto Date 1624. - -Wappenham Church, Northants: - - 1. "Henry Bagley made me. 1664." - - 2. "R. T. 1518. [+]" - - 3. "Praise the Lord. 1599." - - 4. "GOD SAVE KING JAMES. R. A. 1610." - -Three coins on lip and bell-founder's arms. - -The Sancte bell was recast in 1842, and hangs now in the north window of -belfry. {595} - -Brackley, St. Peter's Church, Northants: - - 1. "Jesus Nazarenus [&c., as before]. 1628." - - 2. "God save the King. 1628." - - 3. Same as 1. - - 4. "Celorum Christe platiat [_sic_] tibi rex sonus iste. 1628." - - 5. "Cum sono si non vis venire, } - Nunquam ad preces cupies ire } 1628." - -Dunton Church, Leicestershire: - - 1. "IHS Nazarenus [&c., as before]. 1619." - - 2. "Be it knone to all that doth me see, - That Clay of Leicester made me. - Nick. Harald and John More, churchwardens. 1711." - - 3. Same as 1. Date 1621. - -Leire Church, Leicestershire: - - 1. "Jesus be oure good speed. 1654." - - 2. "Henricus Bagley _fecit_. 1675." - - 3. "Recast A.D. 1755, John Sleath, C.W.; - Tho^s Eyre de Kettering _fecit_." - -Frolesworth Church, Leicestershire: - - 1. "Jesus Nazarenus [&c., as before]. 1635." - - 2. In Old English characters (no date): - - "Dum Rosa precata mundi Maria vocata." - - 3. Same as 1. - -J. R. M., M.A. - -The legend noted from a bell at Sidmouth (Vol. ix., p. 109.), namely,-- - - "Est michi collatum - Ihc istud nomen amatum," - -is not an unusual inscription on mediaeval black-letter bells, if I may use -the expression. The characters are small. It is on two bells at Teignmouth, -and is on one of the bells in this tower: - - 1. "[+] Voce mea viva depello cuncta nociva." - - 2. "[+] Est michi collatum Ihc istud nomen amatum." - - 3. "Embrace trew museck." - -A correspondent, MR. W. S. SIMPSON (Vol. viii., p. 448.), asks the date of -the earliest known examples of bells. - -Dates on mediaeval bells are, I believe, very rare in England. I have but -few notes of any. My impression is that such bells are as old as the towers -which contain them, judging from the character of the letter, the wear and -tear of the iron work, aye, of the bell itself. Many old bells have been -recast, and on _such_ there is often a record of the date of its prototype. -For instance, at St. Peter's, Exeter: - - "Ex dono Petri Courtenay," &c., "1484;" "renovat," &c., "1676." - -At Chester-le-Street: - - "Thomas Langley dedit," &c., "1409;" "refounded," &c., "1665." - -I will add two or three with dates. - -Bruton, Somerset: - - "Est Stephanus primus lapidatus gracia plenus. 1528." - -At St. Alkmond's, Derby: - - "Ut tuba sic resono, ad templa venite pii. 1586." - -At Lympey Stoke, Somerset: - - "W. P., I. A. F. 1596." - -Hexham. Old bells taken down 1742: - - 1. "Ad primos cantus pulsat nos Rex gloriosus." - - 2. "Et cantare ... faciet nos vox Nicholai." - - 3. "Est nobis digna Katerine vox benigna." - - 4. "Omnibus in Annis est vox Deo grata Johannis. - A.D. MCCCCIIII." - - 5. "Andrea mi care Johanne consociare. - A.D. MCCCCIIII." - - 6. "Est mea vox orata dum sim Maria vocata. - A.D. MCCCCIIII." - -Any earlier dates would be acceptable. - -On the Continent bells are usually dated. I will extract, from Roccha _De -Campanis_, those at St. Peter's at Rome. - -The great bell: - - "In nomine Domini, Matris, Petriq., Pauliq. - Accipe devotum, parvum licet, accipe munus, - Quod tibi Christe dat[=u] Petri, Pauliq. tri[=u]phum, - Explicat, et nostram petit, populiq. salutem - Ipsorum pietate dari, meritisq. refundi - Et verbum caro factum est. - Anno milleno trecento cum quinquageno - Additis et tribus Septembris mense colatur; - Ponderat et millia decies septiesq. librarum." - - 2. "In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Am[=e]. - Ad honorem Dei, et Beatae Mariae Virginis, - Et Beatorum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, - Verbum Caro factum est, - Solve jubente Deo terrar[=u] Petre cathenas, qui facis, - Ut pateant coelestia Regna beatis, - M - Haec campana cum alia majore ponderante --- - XVI. - Post consumptionem ignito fulgure, anno precedente - imminente, fusa est, anno Domini MCCCLIII. - Mense Junii, et ponderat haec MX et centena librarum. - Amen." - - 3. "Nomine Dominico Patris, prolisq. spirati - Ordine tertiam Petri primae succedere noscant. - Per dies paucos quotquot sub nomine dicto - Sanctam Ecclesiam colunt in agmine trino. Amen." - - 4. "Anno Domini MCCLXXXVIIII. ad honorem Dei, et Beatae Mariae - Virginis, et Sancti Thomae Apostoli Tempore Fratris Joannis de Leodio - Ministri, factum fuit hoc opus de legato quondam Domini {596} Rikardi - Domini Papae Notarii. Guidottus Pisanus me fecit." - -On a small bell: - - "Mentem Sanctam Spontaneam, honorem Deo, - Et Patris liberationem. - Ave Maria gratia plena Dominus tecum; - Benedicta tu in mulieribus - Et benedictus fructus ventris tui." - -In the Church of St. John Lateran was a bell with a mutilated inscription; -but the date is plain, 1389. The name of Boniface IX. is on it, who was -Sum. Pont. in that year. - -In the Church of St. Mariae Majoris were two bells dated anno Dom. 1285; -and another 1291. - -In the Church of the Jesuits was a bell with this inscription, brought from -England: - - "Facta fuit A. Dom. 1400, Die vi M[=e]sis Sept[=e]bris. - Sancta Barbara, ora pro nobis." - -Roccha, who published his _Commentary_ 1612, says: - - "In multis Campanis _fit mentio de Anno, in quo facta est Campana_, - necnon de ipsius Ecclesiae Rectore, vel optime merito, et Campanae - artifice, _ut ego ipse vidi Romae_, ubi praecipuarum Ecclesiarum, et - Basilicarum inscriptiones Campanis incisas perlegi."--P. 55. - -So that it would appear that the practice of inscribing dates on bells was -usual on the Continent, though for some reason or other it did not -generally obtain in England till after the Reformation. I have a Note of -another foreign bell or two with an early date. - -At Strasburg: - - "[+] O Rex gloriae Christe, veni cum pace! MCCCLXXV. tertio Nonas - Augusti." - -On another: - - "Vox ego sum vitae, voco vos, orate, venite. 1461." - -On a bell called St. D'Esprit: - - "Anno Dom. MCCCCXXVII mense Julio fusa sum, per - Magistrum Joannem Gremp de Argentina. - Nuncio festa, metum, nova quaedam flebile lethum." - -A bell called the Magistrates: - - "Als man zahlt 1475 Jahr - War Kaiser Friedrick hier offenbar: - Da hat mich Meister Thomas Jost gegossen - Dem Rath zu laueten ohnverdrossen." - -On another: - - "Nomen Domini sit benedictum. 1806." - -I would beg to add a Note of one more early and interesting bell which was -at Upsala: - - "[+] Anno . Domini . MDXIIII . fusa . est . ista . Campana . - in . honorem . Sancti . Erici . Regis . et . - Martiris . Rex . erat . Ericus . humilis . devotus . - honestus . prudens . V." - -What V. means is rather a puzzle. - -I fear I have already extended this reply to a length beyond all fair -limit. I may at some future time (if desirable) send you a long roll of -legends on mediaeval bells without dates, and others of the seventeenth and -eighteenth centuries, some of a devotional character, and others of the -style of unseemly and godless epitaphs. But it is to be hoped that in -these, as in other like matters, a better taste is beginning to -predominate; and it must be a subject of congratulation that - - "Jam nova progenies coelo demittitur alto." - -H. T. ELLACOMBE. - -Rectory, Clyst St. George. - -In the steeple of Foulden Church, South Greenhoe Hd., Norfolk, are six -bells with inscriptions as under: - - 1. "Thos. Osborn _fecit_. 1802. - Peace and good neighbourhood." - - 2. "The laws to praise, my voice I raise." - - 3. "Thos. Osborn _fecit_, Downham, Norfolk." - - 4. "Our voices shall with joyful sound - Make hill and valley echo round." - - 5. "I to the church the living call, - And to the grave I summon all." - - 6. "Long live King George the Third. - Thomas Osborn _fecit_, 1802." - -GODDARD JOHNSON. - - * * * * * - -DE BEAUVOIR PEDIGREE. - -(Vol. ix., p. 349.) - -Your correspondent MR. THOMAS RUSSELL POTTER inquires whether any -descendants of the De Beauvoirs of Guernsey are still existing. The family -was, at one time, so numerous in that island that there are few of the -gentry who cannot claim a De Beauvoir among their ancestors; but the name -itself became extinct there by the death of Osmond de Beauvoir, Esq., in -1810. Some few years later, the last of a branch of the family settled in -England died, leaving a very large property, which was inherited by a Mr. -Benyon, who assumed the name of De Beauvoir. - -The name is also to be found in the Irish baronetcy; a baronet of the name -of Brown having married the daughter and heiress of the Rev. Peter de -Beauvoir, the widow I believe of an Admiral McDougal, and thereupon taking -up his wife's maiden name. - -With respect to the pedigree which MR. POTTER quotes, and of which many -copies exist in this island, it is without doubt one of the most impudent -forgeries in that way ever perpetrated. From internal evidence, it was -drawn up at the latter end of the reign of Elizabeth, or at the beginning -{597} of the reign of James I., as the compiler speaks of Roger, Earl of -Rutland, as being living. This nobleman succeeded to the title in 1588, and -died in 1612. The pedigree ends in the Guernsey line with Henry de -Beauvoir; whom we may therefore presume to have been still alive, or but -recently deceased; and whose great-grandfather, according to the pedigree, -was the first of the name in the island. Allowing three generations to a -century, this would throw back the arrival of the first of the De Beauvoirs -to some part of the sixteenth century; but we have proof that they were -settled here long before that time. In an authentic document, preserved -among the records of the island, the extent of the crown revenues drawn up -by order of Edward III. in 1331, the names of Pierre and Guillaume de -Beauvoir are found. Another Pierre de Beauvoir, apparently the -great-grandson of the above-mentioned Pierre, was Bailiff of Guernsey from -1470 to 1480. As for the family of Harryes, no such I believe ever existed -in Guernsey; but a gentleman of the name of Peter Henry, belonging to a -family of very ancient standing in the island, bought property in Salisbury -in the year 1551, where the name seems to have been Anglicised to Harrys or -Harris; as the name of his son Andrew, who was a jurat of the Royal Court -of Guernsey, appears as often on the records of the island in the one form -as in the other. One of Peter Henry's or Harris's daughters was married at -Salisbury to a Henry de Beauvoir; and I have no doubt this is the marriage -with which the pedigree ends. If I am right, the Harryes' pedigree has no -more claim to authenticity than the De Beauvoir. If MR. POTTER wishes for -farther information, and will communicate with me, I shall be happy to -answer his inquiries as far as I am able. - -The pedigree itself, however, suggests two or three Queries which I should -like to see answered. - -The heading is signed Hamlet Sankye or Saukye. Is anything known of such a -person? - -The pedigree speaks of Sir Robert de Beauveir of Tarwell, Knt., _now -living_. Was there ever a family of the name of De Beauveir, De Beauvoir, -or Beaver, of Tarwell, in Nottinghamshire? And if there was, what arms did -they bear? - -If there was such a family, was it in any way connected with any of the -early proprietors of Belvoir Castle? - -Is anything known of a family of the name of Harryes or Harris of Orton, -and what were their arms? - -EDGAR MACCULLOCH. - -Guernsey. - - * * * * * - -RIGHT OF REFUGE IN THE CHURCH PORCH. - -(Vol. ix., p. 325.) - -The following entry appears in a Corporation Book of this city, under the -year 1662: - - "Thomas Corbold, who hath a loathesome disease, have, with his wife and - two children, layne in the Porch of St. Peters per Mountegate above one - year; it is now ordered by the Court that he be put into some place in - the Pest-houses during the pleasure of the Court, untill the - Lazar-houses be repaired." - -How they were supported during the year does not appear, or if he belonged -to the parish; nor is it said that it was considered he gained settlement -on the parish by continuing in the porch one year. - -I have heard of similar instances under an idea that any person may lodge -in a church porch, and are not removable; but I believe it is an erroneous -idea. - -GODDARD JOHNSON. - -In proof of the idea being current among the lower orders, that the church -porch is a place of refuge for any houseless parishioners, I beg to state -that a poor woman of the adjoining parish of Langford, came the other day -to ask whether I, as a magistrate, could render her any assistance, as, in -consequence of her husband's father and mother having gone to America, she -and her family had become houseless, and were obliged to take up their -abode in the church porch. - -A. S. - -West Tofts Rectory, Brandon, Norfolk. - -I know an instance where a person found a temporary, but at the same time -an involuntary, home in a church porch. There was a dispute between the -parishes of Frodingham and Broughton, co. Lincoln, some twelve months ago, -as to the settlement of an old woman. She had been living for some time in, -and had become chargeable to the latter parish, but was said to belong to -the former. By some means or other the woman's son was induced to convey -his mother to the parish of Frodingham, which he did; and as he knew quite -well that the overseer of the parish would not receive her at his hands, he -adopted the somewhat strange course of leaving her in the church porch, -where she remained until evening, when the overseer of Frodingham took her -away, fearing that her life might be in danger from exposure to the cold, -she being far advanced in years. Until I saw CHEVERELLS' Query, I thought -the depository of the old woman in the church porch was, so far as the -_place_ of deposit was concerned, more accidental than designed; but after -all it may be the remnant of some such custom as that of which he speaks, -and I, for one, should be glad to see farther inquiry made into it. To -which of J. H. Parker's _Parochial Tales_ does CHEVERELLS allude? - -W. E. HOWLETT. - -Kirton-in-Lindsey. - -{598} - - * * * * * - -FERDINAND CHARLES III., DUKE OF PARMA. - -(Vol. ix., p. 417.) - -The late Duke of Parma was not the first lineal representative of the -Stuarts, as stated by E. S. S. W. Victor Emanuel, King of Sardinia, who -succeeded in 1802, left by his wife Maria Theresa of Austria four -daughters. The eldest of these four, Beatrix, born in 1792, married, in -1812, Francis IV., Duke of Modena, and by him (who died on the 21st of -January, 1846) had issue two sons and two daughters. The eldest of these -sons, Francis V., the present reigning Duke of Modena, is therefore the -person who would be now sitting on the English throne had the Stuarts kept -the succession. He has no children, I believe, by his wife Adelgonda of -Bavaria; and the next person in succession would therefore be Dorothea, the -infant daughter of his deceased brother Victor. - -Victor Emanuel's _second_ daughter was Maria Theresa, who married Charles -Duke of Parma, as stated by E. S. S. W. - -The present Countess of Chambord is Maria Theresa Beatrice-Gaetana, the -eldest of the two sisters of Francis V., Duke of Modena. She is therefore -wife of the representative of the House of Bourbon, and sister to the -representative of the House of Stuart. - -S. L. P. - -Oxford and Cambridge Club. - -Allow me to correct the statement made by your correspondent, that the Duke -of Parma represented the Royal House of Stuart. The mother of the late Duke -of Parma had an elder sister, Maria Beatrice, who married Francis IV., late -Duke of Modena, and upon her death, in 1840, the _representation_ devolved -upon her son, Francis V., the present Duke of Modena, who was born in 1819. - -P. V. - -Allow me to remark on the article of E. S. S. W. (Vol. ix., p. 417.) -respecting the House of Stuart, that he is in error in assigning that -honour to the late Duke of Parma, and, as a consequence, to his infant son -and successor, Robert, now Duke of Parma. The late Duke was undoubtedly a -descendant of Charles I. through his mother; but his mother had an _elder_ -sister, Beatrice, late Duchess of Modena, whose son, Francis V., now Duke -of Modena, born 1st June, 1819, is the unquestionable heir to the House of -Stuart, and, as a Jacobite would say, if any such curiosity there be in -existence, legitimate King of Great Britain and Ireland. - -J. REYNELL WREFORD. - -Bristol. - - * * * * * - -PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. - -_Mr. Townsend's Wax-paper Process._--At the last meeting of the -Photographic Society a paper was read by Mr. Townsend, giving the results -of a series of experiments instituted by him in reference to the wax-paper -process. One of the great objections hitherto made to this process has been -its slowness, as compared with the original calotype process, and its -various modifications; and another, that its preparation involved some -complexity of manipulation. Mr. Townsend has simplified the process -materially, having found that the use of the fluoride and cyanide of -potassium, as directed by Le Gray, in no way adds to the efficiency of the -process, either in accelerating or otherwise. The iodide and bromide of -potassium with free iodine give a paper which produces rapid, sure, and -clean results. He discards whey, sugar of milk, grape sugar, &c., hitherto -deemed essential, but which his experience shows to be unnecessary. He -exhibited three negatives of the same view taken consecutively at eight -o'clock in the morning, with the respective exposures of thirty seconds, -two and a half minutes, and ten minutes, each of which was good and -perfect. The formula he adopts is: - - Iodide of potassium 600 grs. - Bromide of potassium, from 150 to 250 " - Re-sublimed iodine 6 " - Distilled water 40 oz. - -The waxed papers are wholly immersed in this solution, and left to soak at -least two hours, and are then hung to dry in the usual way. The papers are -made sensitive by wholly immersing them in aceto-nitrate of silver of the -following proportions: - - Nitrate of silver 30 grs. - Acetic acid 30 minims. - Distilled water 1 oz. - -The papers remaining in this solution not less than eight minutes. They are -washed in two waters for eight minutes each, and then blotted off in the -ordinary manner. Mr. Townsend states that there is no need to fear leaving -the paper in the sensitive bath too long. He has left it in the bath -fourteen hours without any injury. The paper thus prepared will keep ten or -twelve days; it may be longer, but his experience does not extend beyond -that time. With paper thus prepared a portrait was exhibited, taken in -fifty-five seconds, in a room with a side light; but it must be added, that -in this instance the paper was not washed, but was blotted off immediately -on its leaving the sensitive bath, though not used until two hours had -elapsed. Mr. Townsend uses for developing a saturated solution of gallic -acid with a drachm of aceto-nitrate to every four ounces of it, but he -considers that this proportion of aceto-nitrate may be beneficially -lessened. He finds that by this process he is certain of success, and is -never troubled with that browning over of the paper which so often attends -the use of the other methods of preparation. Besides the rapidity of action -which he states, there is the farther advantage that a lengthened exposure -is not injurious. The proportion of bromide may vary from 150 grs. to 250 -grs.; less than 150 is not sufficient to produce a maximum of rapidity, -whilst more than 250 adds nothing to the effect. - -_Photographic Litigation._--Will you allow me, through the medium of "N. & -Q.," to suggest to those who {599} take an interest in the collodion -process, the desirableness of making a subscription to aid Mr. Henderson in -his defence against the proceedings commenced by Mr. Talbot, to restrain -him (and through him, no doubt, all others) from taking collodion -portraits.[11] - -It does not appear just that one person should bear the whole expense of a -defence in which so many are interested; and I have no doubt that if a -subscription be set on foot, many photographers will willingly contribute. -A subscription, besides its material aid to Mr. Henderson, would also serve -to show that public opinion is opposed to such absurd and unjust attempts -at monopoly. - -It is difficult to imagine how a claim can be established to a right in an -invention made many years subsequent to the date of the patent under which -the claim is made--not only made by another person, but differing so widely -in principle from the patent process. The advertisement in the _Athenaeum_ -of Saturday last (June 10) shows plainly that it is intended, if possible, -to prevent the production of portraits on collodion by any person not -licensed by Mr. Talbot; and the harshness of this proceeding, after the -process has been in public use for several years, needs no comment. - -H. C. SANDS. - -30. Spring Gardens, Bradford. - -[Footnote 11: The words of the advertisement are "making _and selling_."] - - [We insert this communication, because we believe it gives expression - to a sentiment shared by many. Subscriptions in favour of M. La Roche, - whose case stands first for trial, are received by Messrs. Horne and - Thornthwaite. Our correspondent does not, however, accurately represent - the caution issued by Mr. F. Talbot's solicitors, which is against - "making _and selling_" photographic portraits by the collodion process. - When giving up his patent to the public, Mr. Fox Talbot reserved "in - the hands of his own licensees the application of the invention to the - taking photographic portraits for sale," and we have always regretted - that Mr. F. Talbot should have made such reservation, founded, as it - is, upon a very questionable right.--ED. "N. & Q."] - - * * * * * - - -Replies to Minor Queries. - -_Vandyking_ (Vol. ix., p. 452.).--Your correspondent P. C. S. S. asks the -meaning of the term _Vandyking_, in the following passage of a letter from -Secretary Windebanke to the Lord Deputy Wentworth, dated Westminster, Nov. -20, 1633, the Lord Deputy being then in Ireland:-- - - "Now, my Lord, for my own observations of your carriage since you had - the conduct of affairs there [in Ireland], because you press me so - earnestly, I shall take the boldness to deliver myself as freely. - - "First, though while we had the happiness and honour to have your - assistance here at the Council Board, you made many ill faces with your - pen (pardon, I beseech your Lordship, the over free censure of your - Vandyking), and worse, oftentimes, with your speeches, especially in - the business of the Lord Falconberg, Sir Thomas Gore, Vermuyden, and - others; yet I understand you make worse there in Ireland, and there - never appeared a worse face under a cork upon a bottle, than your - Lordship hath caused some to make in disgorging such church livings as - their zeal had eaten up."--_Strafford's Letters_, vol. i. p. 161. - -This passage, as well as what follows, is written in a strain of banter, -and is intended to compliment the great Lord Deputy under the pretence of a -free censure of his conduct. The first part of the second paragraph -evidently alludes to Wentworth's habit of drawing faces upon paper when he -was sitting at the Council Table, and the word _Vandyking_ is used in the -sense of _portrait-painting_. Vandyck was born in 1599; he visited England -for a short time in 1620, and in 1632 he came to England permanently, was -lodged by the king, and knighted; in the following year he received a -pension of 200l. for life, and the title of painter to his Majesty. It was -therefore quite natural that Windebanke should, in November, 1633, use the -term _Vandyking_ as equivalent to _portrait-painting_. - -In the latter part of the same paragraph, the allusion is to the wry faces, -which the speeches of this imperious member of council sometimes caused. -Can any of your correspondents explain the expression, "a worse face under -a cork upon a bottle?" - -L. - -_Monteith_ (Vol. ix., p. 452.).--The Monteith was a kind of punch-bowl -(sometimes of delf ware) with scallops or indentations in the brim, the -object of which was to convert it into a convenient tray for bringing in -the glasses. These were of wine-glass shape, and being placed with the -brims downwards, and radiating from the centre, and with the handles -protruding through the indentations in the bowl, were easily carried, -without much jingling or risk of breakage. Of course the bowl was empty of -liquor at the time. - -P. P. - -_A. M. and M. A._ (Vol. ix., p. 475.).--JUVERNA, M. A., is certainly wrong -in stating that "Masters of Arts of Oxford are styled 'M. A.,' in -contradistinction to the Masters of Arts in every other university." A. B., -A. M., are the proper initials for _Baccalaureus_ and _Magister Artium_, -and should therefore only be used when the name is in Latin. B.A. and M.A. -are those for Bachelor and Master of Arts, and are the only ones to be used -where the name is expressed in English. Thus John Smith, had he taken his -first degree in Arts at any university, might indicate the fact by signing -John Smith, B.A., or Johannes S., A.B. If he put John Smith, A.B., a doubt -might exist whether he were not an _able-bodied_ seaman, for that is -implied by A.B. attached to an English name. The editor of Farindon's -_Sermons_, who is, I believe, a Dissenter, styles himself the Reverend T. -Jackson, S.T.P., _i. e._ Sacrosanctae Theologiae {600} Professor. He might -as well have part of his title in Sanscrit, as part in English and part in -Latin. - -I believe this mistake is made more frequently by graduates of Cambridge -than by those of Oxford. Indeed, they have now created a new degree, Master -of Laws, with the initials LL.M. (Legum Magister). But they are usually -infelicitous in their nomenclature, as witness their _voluntary_ -theological examination, now made _compulsory_ by all the bishops. - -E. G. R., M.A. - -Cambridge. - -_Greek denounced by the Monks_ (Vol. ix., p. 467).--In his _History of the -Reformation_ (b. I. ch. iii.), D'Aubigne says,-- - - "The monks asserted that all heresies arose from those two languages - [Greek and Hebrew], and particularly from the Greek. 'The New - Testament,' said one of them, 'is a book full of serpents and thorns. - Greek,' continued he, 'is a new and recently-invented language, and we - must be upon our guard against it. As for Hebrew, my dear brethren, it - is certain that all who learn it immediately become Jews.' Heresbach, a - friend of Erasmus and a respectable author, reports these expressions." - -Had there been more authority, probably D'Aubigne would have quoted it. - -B. H. C. - -In Lewis's _History of the English Translation of the Bible_, edit. London, -1818, pp. 54, 55., the following passage occurs: - - "These proceedings for the advancement of learning and knowledge, - especially in divine matters, alarmed the ignorant and illiterate - monks, insomuch that they declaimed from the pulpits, that 'there was - now a _new language_ discovered called Greek, of which people should - beware, since it was that which produced all the heresies; that in this - language was come forth a book called the _New Testament_, which was - now in everybody's hands, and was full of thorns and briers: that there - was also another language now started up which they called Hebrew, and - that they who learnt it were termed Hebrews.'" - -The authority quoted for this statement is Hody, _De Bibliorum Textibus_, -p. 465. - -See also the rebuke administered by Henry VIII. to a preacher who had -"launched forth against Greek and its new interpreters," in Erasmus, -_Epp._, p. 347., quoted in D'Aubigne's _Reformation_, book XVIII. 1. - -C. W. BINGHAM. - -_Caldecott's Translation of the New Testament_ (Vol. viii., p. 410.).--J. -M. Caldecott, the translator of the New Testament, referred to by your -correspondent S. A. S., is the son of the late ---- Caldecott, Esq., of -Rugby Lodge, and was educated at Rugby School, where I believe he obtained -one or more prizes as a first-class Greek and Hebrew scholar. After -completing his studies at this school, his father purchased for him a -commission in the East India Company's service; but soon after his arrival -in India, conceiving a dislike to the army, he sold his commission and -returned to England. Being somewhat singular in his notions, and altogether -eccentric both in manner and appearance, he estranged himself from his -family and friends, and, as I have been informed, took up his temporary -abode in this city about the year 1828. Although his income was at that -time little short of 300l. per annum, he had neither house nor servant of -his own; but boarded in the house of a respectable tradesman, living on the -plainest fare (so as he was wont to say), to enable him to give the more to -feed the hungry and clothe the naked. In this way, and by being frequently -imposed upon by worthless characters, he gave away, in a few years, nearly -all his property, leaving himself almost destitute: and, indeed, would have -been entirely so, but for a weekly allowance made to him by his mother -(sometime since deceased), on which he is at the present time living in -great obscurity in one of our large seaport towns; but may be occasionally -seen in the streets with a long beard, and a broad-brimmed hat, addressing -a group of idlers and half-naked children. I could furnish your -correspondent S. A. S. with more information if needful. - -T. J. - -Chester. - -_Blue Bells of Scotland_ (Vol. viii., p. 388. Vol. ix., p. 209.).--Surely -[W (black-letter)] of Philadelphia is right in supposing that the Blue Bell -of Scotland, in the ballad which goes by that name, is a bell painted blue, -and used as the sign of an inn, and not the flower so called, as asserted -by HENRY STEPHENS, unless indeed there be an older ballad than the one -commonly sung, which, as many of your readers must be aware, contains this -line,-- - - "He dwells in merry Scotland, - At the _sign_ of the Blue Bell." - -I remember to have heard that the popularity of this song dates from the -time when it was sung on the stage by Mrs. Jordan. - -Can any one inform me whether the air is ancient or modern? - -HONORE DE MAREVILLE. - -Guernsey. - -"_De male quaesitis gaudet non tertius haeres_" (Vol. ii., p. 167.).--The -quotation here wanted has hitherto been neglected. The words may be found, -with a slight variation, in _Bellochii Praxis Moralis Theologiae, de -casibus reservatis, &c._, Venetiis, 1627, 4to. As the work is not common, I -send the passage for insertion, which I know will be acceptable to other -correspondents as well as to the querist: - - "Divino judicio permittitur ut tales surreptores rerum sacrarum diu - ipsis rebus furtivis non laetentur, sed imo ab aliis nequioribus - furibus praefatae res illis {601} abripiantur, ut de se ipso fassus est - ille, qui in suis aedibus hoc distichon inscripsit, ut refert Jo. - Bonif., lib. de furt., s. contrectatio, num. 134. in fin.: - - 'Congeries lapidum variis constructa rapinis, - Aut uret, aut ruet, aut raptor alter habebit.' - - Et juxta illud: - - 'De rebus male acquisitis, non gaudebit tertius haeres.' - - Lazar (de monitorio), sect. 4. 9. 4., num. 16., imo nec secundus, ut - ingenue et perbelle fatetur in suo poemate, nostro idiomate Jerusalem - celeste acquistata, cant. x. num. 88. Pater Frater Augustinus Gallutius - de Mandulcho, ita canendo: - - 'D'un' acquisto sacrilego e immondo, - Gode di rado il successor secondo, - Pero che il primo e mal' accorto herede - Senza discretion li da di piedi.'" - -BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM. - -_Mawkin_ (Vol. ix., pp. 303. 385.).--Is not _mawkin_ merely a corruption -for _mannikin_? I strongly suspect it to be so, though Forby, in his -_Vocabulary of East Anglia_, gives the word _maukin_ as if peculiar to -Norfolk and Suffolk, and derives it, like L., from _Mal_, for Moll or Mary. - -F. C. H. - -This word, in the Scottish dialect spelt _maukin_, means a hare. It occurs -in the following verse of Burns in _Tam Samson's Elegy_: - - "Rejoice, ye birring paitricks a'; - Ye cootie moorcocks, crousely craw; - Ye _maukins_, cock your fud fu' braw, - Withouten dread; - Your mortal fae is now awa', - Tam Samson's dead!" - -KENNEDY MCNAB. - -"_Putting a spoke in his wheel_" (Vol. viii., pp. 269. 351. 576.).--There -is no doubt that "putting a spoke in his wheel" is "offering an -obstruction." But I have always understood the "spoke" to be, not a radius -of the wheel, but a bar put between the spokes at right angles, so as to -prevent the turning of the wheel; a rude mode of "locking," which I have -often seen practised. The correctness of the metaphor is thus evident. - -WM. HAZEL. - -_Dog Latin_ (Vol. viii., p. 523.).--The return of a sheriff to a writ which -he had not been able to serve, owing to the defendant's secreting himself -in a swamp, will be new to English readers. It was "Non come-at-ibus in -swampo." - -Since the adoption of the Federal Constitution, the motto of the United -States has been "E pluribus unum." A country sign-painter in Bucks county, -Pennsylvania, painted "E pluribur unibus," instead of it on a sign. - -UNEDA. - -Philadelphia. - -_Swedish Words current in England_ (Vol. vii., pp. 231. 366.).--Very many -Swedish words are current in the north of England, _e. gr._ _barn_ or -_bearn_ (Scottice _bairn_), Sw. _barn_; _bleit_ or _blate_, bashful, Sw. -_bloed_; to _cleam_, to fasten, to spread thickly over, Sw. _klemma_; -_cod_, pillow, Sw. _kudde_; to _gly_, to squint, Sw. _glo_; to _lope_, to -leap, Sw. _loepa_; to _late_ (Cumberland), to seek, Sw. _leta_; _sackless_, -without crime, Sw. _sakloes_; _sark_, shirt, Sw. _saerk_; to _thole_ -(Derbyshire), to endure, Sw. _tala_; to _walt_, to totter, to overthrow, -Sw. _waelta_; to _warp_, to lay eggs, Sw. _waerpa_; _wogh_ (Lancashire), -wall, Sw. _waegg_, &c. It is a fact very little known, that the Swedish -language bears the closest resemblance of all modern languages to the -English as regards grammatical structure, not even the Danish excepted. - -SUECAS. - -_Mob_ (Vol. viii., p. 524.).--I have always understood that this word was -derived from the Latin expression _mobile vulgus_, which is, I believe, in -Virgil. - -UNEDA. - -Philadelphia. - -"_Days of my Youth_" (Vol. viii., p. 467.).--In answer to the inquiry made -a few months since, whether Judge St. George Tucker, of Virginia, was the -author of the lines beginning-- - - "Days of my youth." - -the undersigned states that he was a friend and relative of Judge Tucker, -and knows him to have been the author. They had a great run at the time, -and found their way not only into the newspapers, but even into the -almanacs of the day. - -G. T. - -Philadelphia. - -_Encore_ (Vol. viii., pp. 387. 524.).--A writer in an English magazine, a -few years ago, proposed that the Latin word _repetitus_ should be used -instead of _encore_. Among other advantages he suggested that the people in -the gallery of a theatre would pronounce it _repeat-it-us_, and thus make -English of it. - -UNEDA. - -Philadelphia. - -_Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cambridge_ (Vol. ix., p. 493.).--Your -correspondent will find his question answered by referring to the _History -of the Royal Family_, 8vo., Lond., 1741, pp. 119. 156. For an account of -this book, which is founded upon the well-known Sandford's _Genealogical -History_, see Clarke's _Bibliotheca Legum_, edit. 1819, p. 174. - -T. E. T. - -Islington. - -_Right of redeeming Property_ (Vol. viii., p. 516.).--This right formerly -existed in Normandy, and, I believe, in other parts of France. In the -bailiwick of Guernsey, the laws of which are based on the ancient custom of -Normandy, the right is still exercised, although it has been abolished for -some years in the neighbouring island of Jersey. {602} - -The law only applies to real property, which, by the Norman custom, was -divided in certain proportions among all the children; and this right of -"retrait," as it is technically termed, was doubtless intended to -counteract in some measure the too minute division of land, and to preserve -inheritances in families. It must be exercised within a year of the -purchase. For farther information on the subject, Berry's _History of -Guernsey_, p. 176., may be consulted. - -HONORE DE MAREVILLE. - -Guernsey. - -_Latin Inscription on Lindsey Court-house_ (Vol. ix., pp. 492. 552.).--I -cannot but express my surprise at the learned (?) trifling of some of your -correspondents on the inscription upon Lindsey Court-house. Try it thus: - - "Fiat Justitia, - 1619, - Haec domus - _O_dit, amat, punit, conservat, honorat, - _N_equitiam, pacem, crimina, jura, bonos." - -which will make two lines, an hexameter and a pentameter, the first -letters, _O_ and _N_, having perhaps been effaced by time or accident. - -NEGLECTUS. - - [That this emendation is the right one is clear from the communication - of another correspondent, B. R. A. Y., who makes the same, and adds in - confirmation, "The following lines existed formerly (and do, perhaps, - now) on the Market-house at Much Wenlock, Shropshire, which will - explain their meaning: - - 'Hic locus - _O_dit, amat, punit, conservat, honorat, - _N_equitiam, pacem, crimina, jura, bonos.' - - The _O_ and _N_, being at the beginning of the lines as given by your - correspondent, were doubtless obliterated by age."] - -The restoration of this inscription proposed by me is erroneous, and must -be corrected from the perfect inscription as preserved at Pistoia and Much -Wenlock, cited by another correspondent in p. 552. The three inscriptions -are slightly varied. Perhaps "amat pacem" is better than "amat leges," on -account of the tautology with "conservat jura." - -L. - -_Myrtle Bee_ (Vol. ix., p. 205. &c.).--"I have carefully read and reread -the articles on the myrtle bee, and I can come to no other conclusion than -that it is not a bird at all, but an insect, one of the hawkmoths, and -probably the humming-bird hawkmoth. We have so many indefatigable genuine -_field naturalists_, picking up every straggler which is blown to our -coasts, that I cannot think it possible there is a bird at all common to -_any_ district of England, and yet totally unknown to science. Now, insects -are often exceedingly abundant in particular localities, yet scarcely known -beyond them. The _size_ C. BROWN describes as certainly not larger than -_half_ that of the common wren. The humming-bird (_H. M._) is scarcely so -large as this, but its vibratory motion would make it look somewhat larger -than it really is. Its breadth, from tip to tip of the wings, is twenty to -twenty-four lines. The myrtle bee's "short flight is rapid, steady, and -direct," exactly that of the hawkmoth. The tongue of the myrtle bee is -"round, sharp, and pointed at the end, appearing capable of penetration," -not a bad _popular_ description of the suctorial trunk of the hawkmoth, -from which it gains its generic name, _Macroglossa_. Its second pair of -wings are of a rusty yellow colour, which, when closed, would give it it -the appearance of being "tinged with yellow about the vent." It has also a -tuft of scaly hairs at the extremity of the abdomen, which would suggest -the idea of a tail. In fact, on the wing, it appears very like a little -bird, as attested by its common name. In habit it generally retires from -the mid-day sun, which would account for its being "put up" by the dogs. -The furze-chat, mentioned by C. BROWN, is the _Saxicola rubetra_, commonly -also called the whinchat. - -WM. HAZEL. - -_Mousehunt_ (Vol. ix., p. 65. &c.).--G. TENNYSON identifies the mousehunt -with the beechmartin, the _very largest_ of our _Mustelidae_, on the -authority of Henley "the dramatic commentator." Was he a naturalist too? I -never heard of him as such. - -Now, MR. W. R. D. SALMON, who first asked the question, speaks of it as -_less_ than the common weasel, and quotes Mr. Colquhoun's opinion, that it -is only "the young of the year." I have no doubt at all that this is -correct. The young of all the _Mustelidae_ hunt, and to a casual observer -exhibit all the actions of full-grown animals, when not more than half the -size of their parents. There seems no reason to suppose that there are more -than four species known in England, the weasel, the stoat or ermine, the -polecat, and the martin. The full-grown female of the weasel is much -smaller than the male. Go to any zealous gamekeeper's exhibition, and you -will see them of many gradations in size. - -WM. HAZEL. - -_Longfellow's "Hyperion"_ (Vol. ix., p. 495.).--I would offer the following -rather as a suggestion than as an answer to MORDAN GILLOTT. But it has -always appeared to me that Longfellow has himself explained, by a simple -allusion in the work, the _reason_ which dictated the name of his -_Hyperion_. As the ancients fabled Hyperion to be the offspring of the -heavens and the earth; so, in his aspirations, and his weakness and -sorrows, Flemming (the hero of the work) personifies, as it were, the -mingling of heaven and earth in the heart and {603} mind of a man of true -nobility. The passage to which I allude is the following: - - "Noble examples of a high purpose, and a fixed will! Do they not move, - Hyperion-like, on high? Were they not likewise sons of heaven and - earth?"--Book iv. ch. 1. - -SELEUCUS. - -_Benjamin Rush_ (Vol. ix., p. 451.).--INQUIRER asks "Why the freedom of -Edinburgh was conferred upon him?" I have looked into the Records of the -Town Council, and found the following entry: - - "4th March, 1767. The Council admit and receive Richard Stocktoun, - Esquire, of New Jersey, Councillour at Law, and Benjamin Rush, Esquire, - of Philadelphia, to be burgesses and gild brethren of this city, in the - most ample form." - -But there is no reason assigned. - -JAMES LAURIE, Conjoint Town Clerk. - -_Quakers executed in North America_ (Vol. ix., p. 305.).--A fuller account -of these nefarious proceedings is detailed in an abstract of the sufferings -of the people called Quakers, in 2 vols., 1733; vol. i. (Appendix) pp. -491-514., and in vol. iii. pp. 195-232. - -E. D. - - * * * * * - - -Notices to Correspondents. - -_For the purpose of inserting as many Replies as possible in this, the -closing Number of our_ NINTH VOLUME, _we have this week omitted our usual_ -NOTES ON BOOKS _and_ LISTS OF BOOKS WANTED TO PURCHASE. - -W. W. (Malta). _Received with many thanks._ - -R. H. (Oxford). _For_ Kentish Men _and_ Men of Kent, _see_ "N. & Q.," Vol. -v., pp. 321. 615. - -MR. LONG_'s easy Calotype Process reached us too late for insertion this -week. It shall appear in our next._ - -"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country -Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to -their Subscribers on the Saturday_. - -"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is also issued in_ Monthly Parts, _for the convenience -of those who may either have a difficulty in procuring the unstamped weekly -Numbers, or prefer receiving it monthly. While parties resident in the -country or abroad, who may be desirous of receiving the weekly Numbers, may -have_ stamped _copies forwarded direct from the Publisher. The subscription -for the stamped edition of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES" _(including a very copious -Index) is eleven shillings and fourpence for six months, which may be paid -by Post-Office Order, drawn in favour of the Publisher_, MR. 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The The -Trade supplied. - - * * * * * - - -PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous -Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. - -Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest -Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment. - -Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this -beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. - - * * * * * - - -PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.--D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square -(established A.D. 1785), sole manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25 -Guineas each. Every instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of these -pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial, -signed by the majority of the leading musicians of the age:--"We, the -undersigned members of the musical profession, having carefully examined -the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great -pleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It appears -to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a -richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while -the elegance of their construction renders them a handsome ornament for the -library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R. -Bishop, J. Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E. -F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F. -Hasse, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. -Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee. A. Leffler, E. J. Loder, W. H. -Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry -Phillips, F. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. -Rockel, Sims Reeves, J. Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. E. Wright", &c. - -D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis. - - * * * * * - - -WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY. - -3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. - -Founded A.D. 1842. - - _Directors._ - - H. E. Bicknell, Esq. | T. Grissell, Esq. - T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P. | J. Hunt, Esq. - G. H. Drew, Esq. | J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. - W. Evans, Esq. | E. Lucas, Esq. - W. Freeman, Esq. | J. Lys Seager, Esq. - F. Fuller, Esq. | J. B. White, Esq. - J. H. Goodhart, Esq. | J. Carter Wood, Esq. - - _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., - T. Grissell, Esq. - _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. - _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. - -VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. - -POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary -difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to -suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in -the Prospectus. - -Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in -three-fourths of the Profits:-- - - Age L s. d. | Age L s. d. - 17 1 14 4 | 32 2 10 8 - 22 1 18 8 | 37 2 18 6 - 27 2 4 5 | 42 3 8 2 - -ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. - -Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, -INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING -SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in -the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a -Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR -SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. -Parliament Street, London. - - * * * * * - - -ALLSOPP'S PALE or BITTER ALE.--MESSRS. S. ALLSOPP & SONS beg to inform the -TRADE that they are now registering Orders for the March Brewings of their -PALE ALE in Casks of 18 Gallons and upwards, at the BREWERY, -Burton-on-Trent; and at the under-mentioned Branch Establishments: - - LONDON, at 61. King William Street, City. - LIVERPOOL, at Cook Street. - MANCHESTER, at Ducie Place. - DUDLEY, at the Burnt Tree. - GLASGOW, at 115. St. Vincent Street. - DUBLIN, at 1. Crampton Quay. - BIRMINGHAM, at Market Hall. - SOUTH WALES, at 13. King Street, Bristol. - -MESSRS. ALLSOPP & SONS take the opportunity of announcing to PRIVATE -FAMILIES that their ALES, so strongly recommended by the Medical -Profession, may be procured in DRAUGHT and BOTTLES GENUINE from all the -most RESPECTABLE LICENSED VICTUALLERS, on "ALLSOPP'S PALE ALE" being -specially asked for. - -When in bottle, the genuineness of the label can be ascertained by its -having "ALLSOPP & SONS" written across it. - - * * * * * - - -CHUBB'S LOCKS, with all the recent improvements. Strong fire-proof safes, -cash and deed boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had on -application. - -CHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool; -16. Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields, Wolverhampton. - - * * * * * - - -Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish -of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. -Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. -Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of -London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, June 24. -1854. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 243, June -24, 1854, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** - -***** This file should be named 42821.txt or 42821.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/8/2/42821/ - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian -Libraries) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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