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diff --git a/42732-h/42732-h.htm b/42732-h/42732-h.htm index 1449e6d..1d89f46 100644 --- a/42732-h/42732-h.htm +++ b/42732-h/42732-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Englishman in China During the Victorian Era, by Alexander Michie. @@ -190,49 +190,7 @@ td {padding-left: 2em; </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Englishman in China During the -Victorian Era, Vol. I (of 2), by Alexander Michie - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Englishman in China During the Victorian Era, Vol. I (of 2) - As Illustrated in the Career of Sir Rutherford Alcock, - K.C.B., D.C.L., Many Years Consul and Minister in China - and Japan - -Author: Alexander Michie - -Release Date: May 18, 2013 [EBook #42732] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ENGLISHMAN IN CHINA *** - - - - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42732 ***</div> <div class="tnbox"> <p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p> @@ -394,7 +352,7 @@ nations which are responsible for them. This responsibility was never more tersely summed up than by Mr Burlingame in his capacity of Chinese Envoy. After sounding the Foreign Office that astute diplomatist was -able to inform the Tsungli-Yamên in 1869 that "the +able to inform the Tsungli-Yamên in 1869 that "the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_VIII" id="Page_VIII">viii</a></span> British Government was so friendly and pacific that they would endure anything." The dictum, though @@ -981,7 +939,7 @@ and the sea, and by picking up shells, bones of birds and animals, which having remained in the sea until perfectly clean, looked beautiful and white as ivory." Simple things interested him, and after dinner at the -Hôtel Meurice in Paris he "listened with much pleasure +Hôtel Meurice in Paris he "listened with much pleasure to a man playing airs on what he called an American flute"—which he goes on to describe: "The tones were mellow in the extreme, and the airs he played @@ -1127,7 +1085,7 @@ from the top to the bottom where they drop might be about seated on some sort of vehicle like a chair.</p> <p>The mountain consisted of boards raised at an angle of about -from 60° to 70° with the ground, and gradually becoming level. +from 60° to 70° with the ground, and gradually becoming level. The distance from where they set off to where they stop I have before stated, I think, to be about 200 feet.</p> @@ -1262,7 +1220,7 @@ shadows that flit across the theatre of human life. Interferences in other people's quarrels naturally bring to the surface all the incongruities. The auxiliaries are sure to be thought arrogant whether they are -really so or not, and the <i>protégés</i> are no less certain +really so or not, and the <i>protégés</i> are no less certain to be deemed ungrateful. Each party is apt to underestimate the exploits of the other and to exaggerate his own. They take widely different views of the @@ -1522,7 +1480,7 @@ expensive."</p> <p>No application from myself as commanding the battalion; from Alcock, as senior medical officer; nor from Hodges, as the representative of the foreigners, had any effect on Augustinho -José Freire: thus the poor fellows, crowded together, +José Freire: thus the poor fellows, crowded together, without beds, without nurses, without clothes, and even without medicines, died in numbers.</p> </div> @@ -1613,7 +1571,7 @@ might easily be mentioned, already at the disposal of the Government by the flight of the owners. One I could point out at this moment which, from a superficial inspection, I believe might be advantageously appropriated—a corner house -in the Praça de St Ildefonso, adjoining the church.</p> +in the Praça de St Ildefonso, adjoining the church.</p> <p>The advantages which would accrue from this arrangement cannot for a moment be counterbalanced by the trouble or @@ -1925,7 +1883,7 @@ mark in the form of paralysis of hands and arms, and thus put an end to "all dreams of surgical practice."</p> <p>This malady was a legacy from the Peninsula. Like -Cæsar, "he had a fever when he was in Spain," a rheumatic +Cæsar, "he had a fever when he was in Spain," a rheumatic fever of a particularly severe type contracted at the siege of San Sebastian. This entailed indescribable pain and misery during many months, and, in spite of @@ -2441,7 +2399,7 @@ that it was the same feature of it which caused anxiety to both sides. The balance of trade was against China, which in the year 1838 had to provide bullion to the amount of upwards of -£2,000,000 sterling to pay for the excess of imports +£2,000,000 sterling to pay for the excess of imports over exports. English manufacturers deplored the fact that the purchasing power of China was restricted by the paucity of her commodities suitable for foreign @@ -2544,7 +2502,7 @@ there. This circumstance was published in the trade circulars printed in Canton, without the least concealment of the name of the mandarin under whose protection the drug was transported. The <i>hoppo</i> was, -and still is, an imperial <i>protégé</i>, and it was, and +and still is, an imperial <i>protégé</i>, and it was, and is still, perfectly understood that he divides the proceeds of his Canton harvest with his patrons. It is for that purpose that he receives the appointment. @@ -2849,7 +2807,7 @@ power, Commissioner Lin preferred most extravagant demands upon him, including the delivery to the Chinese of all opium owned by British merchants, which amounted to 20,000 chests valued at upwards -of £2,000,000. The imprisoned merchants had no +of £2,000,000. The imprisoned merchants had no choice but to yield to the demand made upon them by the representative of the British Crown; and as the recent agitations had interfered greatly with the @@ -2917,7 +2875,7 @@ for an English seaman for execution. <p>The interesting question in all this is how the Chinese authorities were impressed with the magnanimous -sacrifice of over £2,000,000 sterling worth of +sacrifice of over £2,000,000 sterling worth of private property as a ransom for the liberties of British subjects. They were certainly not impressed favourably, for Captain Elliot, together with the whole community, @@ -3052,7 +3010,7 @@ against British subjects."<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span></p> <p>Into the merits of the opium question itself, or of -that unique transaction, the surrender of £2,000,000 +that unique transaction, the surrender of £2,000,000 sterling worth of the commodity by a British agent on the mere demand of a Chinese official, it would be impossible to enter within the limits of space assigned to @@ -3893,7 +3851,7 @@ losses, is all we desire."</p> of each other in the economy of the State. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span> Manchus, with their military heredity, were best fitted -for the imperial <i>rôle</i>, while the Chinese are by tradition +for the imperial <i>rôle</i>, while the Chinese are by tradition rather men of business than administrators. From which it may be inferred that the material progress of the country will rest more with the Chinese with @@ -4020,7 +3978,7 @@ to remark upon the lively and intelligent interest which the commercial community of that period was wont to take in the affairs of China. The trade of Great Britain and of British India with that country -had not reached the annual value of £12,000,000 sterling +had not reached the annual value of £12,000,000 sterling including treasure, yet we find in the years 1839 and 1840 a series of ably drawn memorials to Government bearing the signatures of all the important houses @@ -4048,7 +4006,7 @@ and China Association, representing the merchants of London interested in the Far East, gives perhaps the clearest exposition of the whole case from the commercial point of view. After a succinct historical -<i>résumé</i> of our successes and failures in China, each +<i>résumé</i> of our successes and failures in China, each traced to its cause, the memorialists state their opinion that "submission will now only aggravate the evil, and that an attempt should be made, supported by a @@ -4062,8 +4020,8 @@ that result.</p> <p> <i>First.</i> Admission not only to Canton, but to certain ports to the northward—say Amoy, Fuh-cho-foo, Ningpo, and the -Yang-che-keang and Kwan-chou—situated between 29° and -32° north latitude, near the silk, nankin, and tea districts, and +Yang-che-keang and Kwan-chou—situated between 29° and +32° north latitude, near the silk, nankin, and tea districts, and it is on this coast that the chief demand for British woollens, longells, and camlets exists. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span></p> @@ -4746,7 +4704,7 @@ essential object of the recent expedition, and in their memorial to Lord Palmerston the merchants stated that the Braves having declared their determination to oppose the English at all costs, the withdrawal of -our troops <i>re infectâ</i> "intoxicated all ranks of the +our troops <i>re infectâ</i> "intoxicated all ranks of the people with an imaginary triumph." Exclusion from <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> the city thus remained as a trophy in the hands of the @@ -5057,7 +5015,7 @@ at the port of Ningpo.</p> <p class="p2">It was to Foochow that Mr Alcock was appointed in 1844, by Mr Davis (as he then was), who had recently succeeded Sir Henry Pottinger. The new -consul, however, made his actual <i>début</i> at Amoy, +consul, however, made his actual <i>début</i> at Amoy, where he was detained for four months, from November 1844 to March 1845, acting for the titular consul at that port. There he at once displayed @@ -5106,7 +5064,7 @@ interpreter was seriously tested.</p> <p>Foochow was of superior rank to the other two ports, being, like Canton, at once a provincial capital and the seat of a governor-general or viceroy of two provinces—namely, -Fukien and Chêkiang—and possessing a +Fukien and Chêkiang—and possessing a Manchu garrison. The Chinese Government was believed to have been most reluctant to open Foochow <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span> @@ -5368,7 +5326,7 @@ Roads were gradually marked out and jetties for boats were built on the river frontage, and what is now a municipal council served by a large secretarial staff and an imposing body of police, and handling a budget -amounting to £130,000, came into existence under +amounting to £130,000, came into existence under the modest title of a "Committee for Roads and Jetties." In the beginning there seems to have been an idea of forming separate reservations of land for the @@ -5626,7 +5584,7 @@ referred to were enforced, with the full approval, it may be mentioned, of the consuls of the two other treaty Powers. At the same time Vice-Consul Robertson, with Parkes for interpreter, was despatched to -Nanking on board her Majesty's ship Espiègle to lay +Nanking on board her Majesty's ship Espiègle to lay the whole case before the viceroy of Kiangnan. The matter was there promptly attended to, full redress was ordered, and the culprits punished exactly three @@ -6410,7 +6368,7 @@ national and international jurisdiction were likely to arise out of the executive functions of the inspectors, provision was made for dealing with them, and as far as human ingenuity could foresee without any experience -to guide, every contingency, down to the minutiæ of +to guide, every contingency, down to the minutiæ of internal administration, was considered in the instructions given to the inspectors. The announcement of the newly-constituted Customs Board was formally made @@ -6994,7 +6952,7 @@ there must always be to explain away the moral accountability of the individual traders, manufacturers, or planters. China and Japan have seldom been without such fatalistic obstacles to commerce. For many -years the rebellion was the <i>bête noire</i> of merchants, then +years the rebellion was the <i>bête noire</i> of merchants, then the mandarins, and smaller rebellions; the scarcity of specie at one period, at another the superabundance of cheap silver. In Burma the King of Ava stood for @@ -7115,7 +7073,7 @@ pronounce definitely at what particular point of the revolution the profit or loss occurred. A bad out-turn of goods exported would, it was hoped, be compensated for by the favourable result of the produce imported, -and <i>vice versâ</i>, <i>ad infinitum</i>. Thus no transaction stood +and <i>vice versâ</i>, <i>ad infinitum</i>. Thus no transaction stood on its own merits or received the unbiassed attention of the merchants. Their accounts did not show the actual amount of loss or gain on a particular invoice, the @@ -7290,7 +7248,7 @@ anomaly; for the English duties were a mechanical dead-weight on the trade, impeding the free play of the other economic factors. There was a practically unlimited supply of tea in China, and a growing demand -for it in England, and yet some £2,000,000 in +for it in England, and yet some £2,000,000 in specie was annually sent away from China as the balance of trade. How to commute that amount of silver into tea for the benefit of both countries might @@ -7334,7 +7292,7 @@ overcharge might be ruinous to the trader.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span> when the duties were converted to one uniform rate of 2s. per pound on all teas. Subsequently 5 per cent was -added to this, so that the duty in 1847 was 2s. 2¼d. +added to this, so that the duty in 1847 was 2s. 2¼d. The object to which the Government inquiry was primarily directed was to gauge the effect on the consumption of tea of the raising or lowering of the duties, @@ -7392,16 +7350,16 @@ on the value, was estimated to average 165 per cent on Congou tea, which was much beyond what the Legislature intended when the tariff was decided; for while they reckoned on getting a revenue of -£3,600,000, the increase in the quantity had been so +£3,600,000, the increase in the quantity had been so considerable that the yield of the duty had risen -to £5,000,000. The arguments and the evidence in +to £5,000,000. The arguments and the evidence in favour of reducing the duties were unanswerable from every point of view. Yet the utmost which the advocates in 1847 seem to have hoped for was that it might be reduced to 1s. per pound, which they considered would entail a temporary loss to the revenue. But we see in our day that the Government draws nearly -£4,000,000 from the article on a tariff rate of 4d. +£4,000,000 from the article on a tariff rate of 4d. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span> per pound, while the consumption per head of population has risen to 6 lb., or a total of 235,000,000 lb. @@ -7678,7 +7636,7 @@ Shanghai for the year 1856 was very large, and the result encouraged growers and native and foreign merchants to put forth still greater efforts in the following year, when the shipments from that port reached -90,000 bales, worth probably £10,000,000 sterling. +90,000 bales, worth probably £10,000,000 sterling. These shipments, thrown on the market during the money panic of 1857, resulted disastrously, but the impetus given to the trade continued to be felt during @@ -7771,7 +7729,7 @@ As the opium was paid for in silver and not by the barter of produce, it was natural to charge it with the loss of the silver which was annually shipped away from China, and which was assumed to reach the -amount of £2,000,000 sterling, though that seems to be +amount of £2,000,000 sterling, though that seems to be an exaggeration.</p> <p>The trade in this commodity differs from all ordinary @@ -7939,11 +7897,11 @@ India is engaged.</p> <p>The trade of Great Britain with India in the year 1850 showed by the official returns an export of manufactures to the -value of £8,000,000, leaving a large balance of trade against +value of £8,000,000, leaving a large balance of trade against that country. A portion of the revenue of India has also to be annually remitted to England in addition, for payment of the dividends on Indian stock and a portion of the Government -expenses. These remittances are now profitably made <i>viâ</i> +expenses. These remittances are now profitably made <i>viâ</i> China, by means of the opium sold there; and failing this, serious charges would have to be incurred which must curtail both the trade and the resources of the Indian Exchequer.</p> @@ -7953,8 +7911,8 @@ goods can find a market; yet we buy of tea and silk for shipment to Great Britain not less than five millions, and the difference is paid by opium.</p> -<p>A trade of £10,000,000 in British manufactures is therefore -at stake, and a revenue of £9,000,000—six to the British +<p>A trade of £10,000,000 in British manufactures is therefore +at stake, and a revenue of £9,000,000—six to the British and three to the Indian Treasury. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span></p> @@ -8196,13 +8154,13 @@ record of very slow improvement, with some rather violent fluctuations due to obvious and temporary causes. In the first year after the treaty of Nanking the value of shipments to China from the United Kingdom -was £1,500,000; in 1852, £2,500,000; in 1861, -£4,500,000, decreasing in 1862 to £2,300,000, and -rising in 1863 to £3,000,000; after which period it -steadily increased to £7,000,000, at which it has practically +was £1,500,000; in 1852, £2,500,000; in 1861, +£4,500,000, decreasing in 1862 to £2,300,000, and +rising in 1863 to £3,000,000; after which period it +steadily increased to £7,000,000, at which it has practically remained, with the exception of two or three years between 1885 and 1891, when it rose to -£9,000,000.</p> +£9,000,000.</p> <p>The theory of the merchants who gave evidence before the Committee of 1847, that an increase in the @@ -8518,7 +8476,7 @@ of which we write. But a parting glance at the old is the best way of appreciating the new. The East Indiaman was the very apotheosis of monopoly. The command was reserved as a short road to fortune for -the <i>protégés</i> of the omnipotent Directors in Leadenhall +the <i>protégés</i> of the omnipotent Directors in Leadenhall Street, and as with Chinese governors, the tenure of the post was in practice limited to a very few years, for the Directors were many and their cognates @@ -8535,9 +8493,9 @@ parties. The value of this, including the intermediate "port-to-port" voyage in India, may be judged from the figures given by one captain, who from actual data estimated the freight for the round -voyage at £43 per ton. The captains enjoyed also +voyage at £43 per ton. The captains enjoyed also the passage-money, valued by the same authority at -£1500 per voyage. There were other "indulgences," +£1500 per voyage. There were other "indulgences," scarcely intelligible in our days, which yet yielded fabulous results. These figures are taken from a statement submitted to the Honourable Company by @@ -8545,15 +8503,15 @@ Captain Innes, who claimed, on behalf of himself and comrades, compensation for the loss they sustained through the cessation of the monopoly. The captain showed that he made, on the average of his three -last voyages, £6100 per voyage—of which £180 was +last voyages, £6100 per voyage—of which £180 was pay!—without counting "profits on investments," for the loss of which he rather handsomely waived compensation. -£8000 to £10,000 per voyage was reckoned +£8000 to £10,000 per voyage was reckoned a not extravagant estimate of a captain's emoluments. The Company employed chartered ships to supplement its own, and the command of one of them was in practice put up to the highest bidder, the usual -premium being about £3000 for the privilege of the +premium being about £3000 for the privilege of the command, which was of course severely restricted to qualified and selected men.</p> @@ -8564,7 +8522,7 @@ only natural. The captains, in fact, carried on a systematic smuggling trade with Continental ports as well as with ports in the United Kingdom where they had no business to be at all, though -they found pretexts, <i>à la Chinoise</i>, such as stress of +they found pretexts, <i>à la Chinoise</i>, such as stress of weather or want of water, if ever called to account. The Channel Islands, the Scilly Islands, and the Isle of Wight supplied the greatest facilities for the illicit @@ -8636,7 +8594,7 @@ to endure so long a monopoly so baseless as that of the East India Company. The fact seems to prove the general depression of maritime energy in the early part of the century. But succeeding to such a -patriarchal <i>régime</i>, it is little wonder that the common +patriarchal <i>régime</i>, it is little wonder that the common merchantmen, reduced to reasonable economical conditions, should have reaped a bountiful harvest. The Company's terms left a very handsome margin for @@ -8790,7 +8748,7 @@ of Tientsin, which threw open three additional trading-ports on the coast, three within the Gulf of Pechili, and three on the Yangtze. Of the three northern ports, excepting Tientsin, very little was known to the -mercantile community, and the selection of Têng-chow +mercantile community, and the selection of Têng-chow and Newchwang by the British plenipotentiary shows what a change has in the interval come over the relative intelligence of the Government and the @@ -8837,7 +8795,7 @@ fixed for the exchange of ratifications of the treaty, several mercantile firms equipped, with the utmost secrecy, trading expeditions to the Gulf of Pechili. Their first object was to discover what seaport would -serve as the entrepot of Têngchow, since that city, +serve as the entrepot of Têngchow, since that city, though near enough to salt water to have been bombarded for a frolic by the Japanese navy in 1894, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span> @@ -8849,7 +8807,7 @@ which they misnamed Chefoo, a name that has become stereotyped. Obviously, then, that would be the new port, especially as the bay and the town showed all the signs of a considerable existing traffic. It was full -forty miles from Têngchow, but there was no nearer +forty miles from Têngchow, but there was no nearer anchorage. The foreign visitors began at once to cultivate relations with the native merchants, tentatively, like Nicodemus, making their real business by @@ -8956,7 +8914,7 @@ much beyond the capacity of any existing transport. The demand for steamers was therefore sudden, and everything that was able to burn coal was enlisted in the service. The freight on light goods from Hankow -to Shanghai commenced at 20 taels, or £6, per ton for +to Shanghai commenced at 20 taels, or £6, per ton for a voyage of three days. The pioneer inland steamer was the Fire Dart, which had been built to the order of an American house for service in the Canton river. @@ -9267,12 +9225,12 @@ to Shanghai, where, according to latest advices, he would be sure to obtain a lading at a high rate of freight. The cautious skipper demurred to taking such a risk, and refused to move unless the agent -would guarantee him £6, 10s. per ton for a full +would guarantee him £6, 10s. per ton for a full cargo for London. This was agreed. The ship reached the loading port at a moment when there was no tonnage available and much produce waiting shipment, and she was immediately filled up at about -£7 or £8 per ton. It fell to the lot of this particular +£7 or £8 per ton. It fell to the lot of this particular vessel, by the way, to carry a mail from Hongkong to Shanghai, the P. and O. Company's service being then only monthly, and no other steamer @@ -9330,9 +9288,9 @@ manufactured goods, coal, and metals, and returned from China with tea, silk, and other produce. It must have been a profitable business, for the average freight homeward in the 'Forties and 'Fifties seems to have -been about £5 per ton; and if we allow even one-third +been about £5 per ton; and if we allow even one-third of that for the outward voyage, it would give -the shipowner somewhere about £7 for the round +the shipowner somewhere about £7 for the round <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span> voyage, which was accomplished with ease within the twelve months. It must be remembered, however, @@ -9357,9 +9315,9 @@ Alexandria, to be there reshipped for its ultimate destination, Marseilles or Southampton. But the capacity of the steamers was so small that only a <i>pro rata</i> allotment of space was made to applicants, and the freight -charged for it was at the rate of £25 per ton. Under +charged for it was at the rate of £25 per ton. Under exceptional conditions one sailing ship in the year 1856 -carried a silk cargo of 6000 bales, valued at £750,000 +carried a silk cargo of 6000 bales, valued at £750,000 sterling, which was said to be the largest amount ever ventured, up to that time, in any merchant vessel. It was so unexpectedly large that the shippers were unable @@ -9593,7 +9551,7 @@ the Thames within a few hours of each other." Very fast passages continued to be made after that time. The Ariel and Spindrift raced in 1868, and the Titania made a quick run in 1871; but Mr Lindsay awards -the palm to the Sir Lancelot and Thermopylæ as +the palm to the Sir Lancelot and Thermopylæ as "the two fastest sailing-ships that ever traversed the ocean." The former vessel, 886 tons register, made the run from Foochow to London in ninety days @@ -9804,7 +9762,7 @@ from friction, because the same high authority which enjoined <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">249</a></span> on the officials the protection of the persons and the promotion of the interests of the lay community -empowered them also to rule over these their <i>protégés</i>, +empowered them also to rule over these their <i>protégés</i>, and to apply to them an arbitrary discipline in accordance with what they conceived to be the exigencies of the time. Duty in such circumstances must often have @@ -10127,7 +10085,7 @@ for more than a few passengers, and carrying no more cargo than a good-sized lighter. And later still, when steamers carried the mails fortnightly to China, the expense of the trip was so great that only a -chosen few could afford it. It took £150 to £170 +chosen few could afford it. It took £150 to £170 to land a single man in Hongkong, and in those days when extensive outfits were thought necessary, probably as much more had to be laid out in that @@ -10179,7 +10137,7 @@ willingly and intelligently rendered. The system of devolution was so fully developed that the assistant was practically master in his own department, for the success of which he was as zealous as the head. -The "mess" <i>régime</i> under which in most houses the +The "mess" <i>régime</i> under which in most houses the whole staff, employers and employees, sat at one table, tended strongly in the direction of a common social level.</p> @@ -10256,7 +10214,7 @@ princely as in the good old days.</p> <p>Yet is it permissible to regret some of the robuster virtues of the generation that is past. The European -solidarity <i>vis-à-vis</i> the Chinese world, which continued +solidarity <i>vis-à -vis</i> the Chinese world, which continued <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">262</a></span> practically unbroken into the eighth decade of the century, a tower of moral strength to foreigners and an @@ -10452,7 +10410,7 @@ funds were in every case safely returned in the form of produce purchased, which was entered to the foreign merchant at a price arbitrarily fixed by the comprador to cover all expenses. Under such a -<i>régime</i> it would have needed no great perspicacity, +<i>régime</i> it would have needed no great perspicacity, one would imagine, to foretell in which pocket the profits of trading would eventually lodge. As a matter of fact, the comprador generally grew rich at @@ -10499,7 +10457,7 @@ colonies which they have done so much to develop, it will be found that they have carried with them into their voluntary exile the best elements of their commercial success in their mother country. The -great emporium of Maimaichên, on the Siberian +great emporium of Maimaichên, on the Siberian frontier near Kiachta, is an old commercial settlement mostly composed of natives of the province of Shansi, occupying positions of the highest respect @@ -10843,7 +10801,7 @@ of its members who possess the courage of their convictions. It reaches the popular ear, and the apprehension of an adverse public opinion so stimulated can never fail to have its effect on the acts -of the Administration. Under such a <i>régime</i> it +of the Administration. Under such a <i>régime</i> it seems natural that, other things being equal, each governor in turn should be esteemed the worst who has borne rule in the colony, and in any case @@ -11256,7 +11214,7 @@ have been held without force, and only on the prestige of past achievements, on terms of mutual amity, for nearly four hundred years. The Portuguese squatters paid to the Chinese Government a ground-rent of -about £150 per annum, in consideration of which +about £150 per annum, in consideration of which they enjoyed practical independence. "The merchants, fully aware that their settlement at Macao was due neither to any conquest, nor as a return for @@ -11533,7 +11491,7 @@ were transferred first to Macao itself and afterwards to Goa. The names of Xavier and Ricci cast a halo over the first century of the existence of Macao. Another of the earlier residents of world-wide fame was the -poet Camöens, who in a grotto formed of granite blocks +poet Camöens, who in a grotto formed of granite blocks <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">298</a></span> tumbled together by nature, almost washed by the sea, sat and wrote the Portuguese epic 'The Lusiad,' @@ -11555,7 +11513,7 @@ teacher, a Catholic convert, was obtained, and the study of Chinese was carried on assiduously. The most enduring monument of these labours was the Chinese-English dictionary, which was printed by the -East India Company at a cost of £15,000. This +East India Company at a cost of £15,000. This standard work has been the fountain from which all students of Chinese have drawn since his time.</p> @@ -11763,7 +11721,7 @@ pay convoy duties to the extent of 50,000 dollars a-year; and the wood-junks that ply between Ningpo and Foochow, and the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">304</a></span> other native craft, raise the annual payment for protection to -200,000 dollars (£70,000) annually. These figures are startling, +200,000 dollars (£70,000) annually. These figures are startling, but I have taken pains to ascertain their correctness.</p> <p>The vessels employed in this convoy service were Portuguese @@ -12012,7 +11970,7 @@ and was followed up a few months later by an effort in another direction. The turbulent character of the Cantonese people and the impracticable arrogance of the imperial officers who successively held office there had -often prompted an appeal to Cæsar, and more than +often prompted an appeal to Cæsar, and more than one attempt had been made in times gone by to submit the Canton grievances to the judgment of the Imperial Court. These attempts were inspired by a @@ -12239,7 +12197,7 @@ gave no sign of yielding by first intention, Sir Michael Seymour had to content himself with intimating to the Viceroy Yeh that, notwithstanding his Excellency's interdict, he had, with a guard of bluejackets, -visited the Viceregal Yamên; and with keeping hostilities +visited the Viceregal Yamên; and with keeping hostilities alive by a blockade of the river while awaiting reinforcements.</p> @@ -13057,7 +13015,7 @@ ludicrous effect, to get behind the brain of the Chinese and play their opponent's hand as well as their own. Probably it matters less on what particular footing we deal with the Chinese than the consistency with which -we adhere to it. To treat them as <i>protégés</i>, and excuse +we adhere to it. To treat them as <i>protégés</i>, and excuse them as minors or imbeciles while yet allowing them the full licence and privileges of the adult and the sane, is manifestly absurd. To treat them as dependent and @@ -13165,7 +13123,7 @@ there he opened a diplomatic campaign against Canton by a demand (October 7) to know under what authority Huang and the military committees were organising attacks on the Allies. In reply the Imperial Commissioners -naïvely proposed to promulgate the treaty. +naïvely proposed to promulgate the treaty. This frivolous answer provoked the rejoinder (October 9) that the treaty had been three months before publicly sanctioned by imperial decree, that something @@ -13336,7 +13294,7 @@ to sentiment.</p> <p>Meantime his brother Frederick, who had carried the Tientsin treaty to London, was returning with it and the Queen's ratification and his letter of credence as -British Minister to China. The <i>dénoûment</i> of the +British Minister to China. The <i>dénoûment</i> of the plot was now at hand. The real mind of the Chinese Government was finally declared in the sanguinary reception the new envoy met with at the entrance @@ -13562,7 +13520,7 @@ city.</p> <p>Passing over the dramatic incidents of the destruction of the Summer Palace, an act of calculated vengeance for the murder and maltreatment of envoys and prisoners, -the flight of the emperor on a hunting tour to Jêho, +the flight of the emperor on a hunting tour to Jêho, whence he never returned, the release of the prisoners and their account of the captivity, the new treaty was signed at the Hall of Ceremonies on October 22, @@ -13768,7 +13726,7 @@ Russian mission: they will take care of you."</p> food for reflection. The thundering legions had passed like a tornado which leaves a great calm behind it. The "still small voice" had also departed, with a -province in his <i>chemadán</i>, gained without a shot or +province in his <i>chemadán</i>, gained without a shot or even a shout. Two strongly contrasted foreign types had thus been simultaneously presented to the astonished Chinese. Can it be doubted which left @@ -13778,10 +13736,10 @@ the deeper impression?</p> receiving the foreign Ministers in the spring. A <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">360</a></span> department of Foreign Affairs was created under the -title of "Tsung-li Koh Kwoh She Yu Yamên," or -briefly, "Tsungli-Yamên," the three original members -being Prince Kung, Kweiliang, and Wênsiang. The -Yamên was established by imperial decrees in January; +title of "Tsung-li Koh Kwoh She Yu Yamên," or +briefly, "Tsungli-Yamên," the three original members +being Prince Kung, Kweiliang, and Wênsiang. The +Yamên was established by imperial decrees in January; Mr Bruce and M. Bourboulon arrived in March 1861, when diplomacy proper began, the thread of which will be resumed in a later section.</p> @@ -13861,7 +13819,7 @@ legations were established there. He does not get beyond the mere "residency." A viceroy of India proclaiming at each stage of a "progress" that he was a man of peace, a bride hoping to lead a passably -virtuous life, would scarcely be more naïve than a +virtuous life, would scarcely be more naïve than a foreign Minister's pious aspiration to behave tolerably well to the Chinese. For where was the "difficulty," one is tempted to ask? It is explained by Dr Rennie.</p> @@ -14017,7 +13975,7 @@ know, in fact, though Dr Rennie does not record it, that Mr Bruce began to see the necessity of making a stand against the reactionary pressure of the Chinese; that he was resolved on bending the Ministers of the -Yamên to his will—being satisfied he could do it—instead +Yamên to his will—being satisfied he could do it—instead of yielding to theirs in the vain hope of gaining their confidence.</p> @@ -14152,9 +14110,9 @@ Mr Shereshewsky, and Dr A. Barton, whose proceedings are reported in Blakiston's 'Five Months on the Upper Yangtze'; several American missionaries; two Frenchmen, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">371</a></span> -afterwards distinguished, MM. Eugène Simon and +afterwards distinguished, MM. Eugène Simon and A. Dupuis, the latter proving the means of eventually -giving Tongking to France; a French military attaché; +giving Tongking to France; a French military attaché; Lieut.-Colonel Wolseley, D.A.Q.-M.G.; and a delegation from the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, with several private persons. Whether the pilots presumed @@ -14286,7 +14244,7 @@ what he was witness to:—</p> <div class="blockquot"> <p> Darkness fell upon crowds of the people lying with their -weeping families, and the <i>débris</i> of their property, under the +weeping families, and the <i>débris</i> of their property, under the walls of Wuchang, anxious only to escape from defences that should have proved their protection.... The noise and cries attending their embarkation continued throughout the night, @@ -14379,13 +14337,13 @@ Government point by point to his views.</p> the defence of which Mr Bruce had refused to sanction, and they captured the city on December 9, 1861, after engaging not to do so. The leaders there were interviewed -by the French Admiral Protêt and the English +by the French Admiral Protêt and the English Captain Corbett with a view to gaining a comprehension of their plans, and "to prevent the atrocities of which they have hitherto been guilty, and to endeavour to effect an arrangement by which trade can be conducted from the town. The French Rear-Admiral -Protêt will act in concert with me," wrote +Protêt will act in concert with me," wrote Admiral Hope to Corbett, December 7.</p> <p>After the capture of the city the admiral instructed @@ -14473,11 +14431,11 @@ walls is to convince our assailants that we are unable to meet them in the field."</p> <p>The plan of campaign was settled in an agreement -signed by Sir James Hope, Admiral Protêt, and Brigadier +signed by Sir James Hope, Admiral Protêt, and Brigadier Staveley, April 22, 1862, and was carried out to the letter during the early summer and the autumn following. At an early period of the operations -Admiral Protêt was killed: his loss was deeply lamented, +Admiral Protêt was killed: his loss was deeply lamented, most of all by his British colleague, with whom relations of exceptional intimacy had sprung up. "The extent to which I enjoyed his confidence and @@ -14512,7 +14470,7 @@ the home of half a million of people, no trace or vestige of an inhabitant could be seen.... The canals were filled with dead bodies and stagnant filth." The recapture of Ningpo was the beginning of an Anglo-Franco-Chinese -campaign against the rebels in Chêkiang +campaign against the rebels in Chêkiang which was carried on simultaneously with that round Shanghai.</p> @@ -14536,17 +14494,17 @@ and southern provinces many years before the Chinese Government roused itself to a serious effort to resist it. The movement of repression originated with the Governor-General of the Hu provinces, whose chief lieutenant -and successor was Tsêng Kwo-fan, Governor-General +and successor was Tsêng Kwo-fan, Governor-General of Kiangnan at the time of which we now speak. -His brother, Tsêng Kwo-chuan, the Governor of -Chêkiang province, was the military leader, and Li +His brother, Tsêng Kwo-chuan, the Governor of +Chêkiang province, was the military leader, and Li Hung-chang, the most capable and energetic of them all, was governor of the province of Kiangsu. The imperialist forces had been gradually closing on Nanking, and it was thought probable that this hemming-in process forced the rebels to seek outlets and new feeding-grounds in the populous districts of -Kiangsu and Chêkiang. The rebels had enlisted a +Kiangsu and Chêkiang. The rebels had enlisted a number of foreigners in their ranks, and made great efforts to supply themselves with foreign arms and ammunition, for which purpose, among others, communication @@ -14685,7 +14643,7 @@ his arrival a guest in one of the spacious <i>hongs</i> in the Shanghai settlement, which had a wide verandah, giving access to all the bedrooms. One morning very early the general, excited by a message that had just -reached him, rushed round in <i>déshabillé</i> calling for his +reached him, rushed round in <i>déshabillé</i> calling for his host with a piece of coarse Chinese paper in his hand. "Do you know Major Gordon?" he said. "Why, yes, a very nice fellow, and reported to be a first-rate officer." @@ -14808,7 +14766,7 @@ the safest way out of the imbroglio, for he was a pugnacious little man in whose hands despotic power might have been attended with inconvenience. Nevertheless, the blame of the failure belonged to all the -parties concerned—to Prince Kung, Wênsiang, Mr +parties concerned—to Prince Kung, Wênsiang, Mr Hart, Mr Bruce, and the British Government. They each entered into the scheme with different ideas, more or less vague, except Mr Lay's own, which had @@ -14847,7 +14805,7 @@ Mr Lay's final sojourn in Peking. Having received a message from the Minister urging a stiff attitude with the Chinese Government and promising the full support of the Legation, Mr Lay proceeded to the -Yamên and laid down the law strongly, as his manner +Yamên and laid down the law strongly, as his manner was, in the full assurance that he had the British Minister at his back. But after thus burning his boats he found himself abandoned, for reasons of State @@ -14871,7 +14829,7 @@ of Nanking. The lever Mr Lay employed to secure acceptance of his conditions was the prospect of the immediate capture of the Taiping capital, against which the provincial Government, represented by the -Viceroy Tsêng, his brother, and the governor of +Viceroy Tsêng, his brother, and the governor of Kiangsu, Li, were expending their forces. The temptation was exceedingly strong to close with Lay and secure the services—probably much overrated @@ -14959,7 +14917,7 @@ the service, so that there was no further clashing of authorities. Though the force contributed materially to the suppression of the rebellion, the final act, the capture of Nanking, was left to the -unaided resources of the Viceroy Tsêng.</p> +unaided resources of the Viceroy Tsêng.</p> <p>Not the least of Gordon's successes was the peaceable dissolution of the force when it had done its work; for @@ -14978,7 +14936,7 @@ life—immortal.</p> <p>The renown of Gordon and the brilliancy of his exploits have thrown unduly into the shade the Anglo-Chinese and Franco-Chinese campaign in the -neighbouring province of Chêkiang, which had Ningpo +neighbouring province of Chêkiang, which had Ningpo for its sea base. In their degree these operations were no less essential to the ultimate overthrow of the rebellion than those in the province of Kiangsu, and, among @@ -15103,11 +15061,11 @@ parties.</p> <p class="ch_summ"> His flight from the capital—Succession of his son—Regency of the two -empresses—Prince Kung's sanguinary <i>coup d'état</i>. +empresses—Prince Kung's sanguinary <i>coup d'état</i>. </p> <p>Next in importance to the suppression of the -Taiping rebellion, the death of the Emperor Hsienfêng +Taiping rebellion, the death of the Emperor Hsienfêng marked the period we are now considering. That unfortunate monarch, who deserted his capital against the strongest remonstrances of his advisers, on the @@ -15119,7 +15077,7 @@ a regency. How this regency fell into the hands of two empresses—one the mother of the young emperor, the other the true widow of the deceased—was not very well understood by the foreigners then in the -capital. Prince Kung's <i>coup d'état</i>, by which the +capital. Prince Kung's <i>coup d'état</i>, by which the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">398</a></span> three male members of the regency were elaborately arraigned and then assassinated, was not organised to @@ -15175,7 +15133,7 @@ side in creating a workable scheme of international intercourse. They desired nothing of that kind, their ambition soaring no higher than the creation of a buffer against which external impulsion might expend -its force. That buffer was the Tsungli-Yamên. +its force. That buffer was the Tsungli-Yamên. Foreign diplomacy, therefore, if it were to subsist at all, must subsist on its own resources, the foundation of which was force. The force that brought foreigners @@ -15212,11 +15170,11 @@ of such treatment. The diplomats betrayed so much anxiety to lure the sovereign back to his palace, that the Chinese Ministers soon learned to exploit this feeling for their own ends. That such and such a -concession "would have a good effect at Jêho" was +concession "would have a good effect at Jêho" was inducement enough to the foreign representatives to waive one point after another in the transaction of public business. When the emperor died, after six -months of this <i>régime</i> of indulgence, the position was +months of this <i>régime</i> of indulgence, the position was changed materially for the worse,—for the diplomats had now a veritable infant on their hands, with a female regent "behind the curtain." No prospect @@ -15432,7 +15390,7 @@ the treaty in the same light....</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">406</a></span> the Prince hopes that the British Minister will refer to the record and inform him, case by case, of the particulars of each, -and the Yamên will at once write to the Provincial Governments +and the Yamên will at once write to the Provincial Governments concerned to hurry them with the cases enumerated....</p> </div> <div class="blockquot"> @@ -15595,7 +15553,7 @@ were thrust back into the position we occupied before the war,—one of helpless remonstrance and impotent menace; ... the labour of years lost through egregious mismanagement. The Foreign Board looked upon our European representatives -as so many <i>rois fainéants</i>.... Prince Kung was no longer +as so many <i>rois fainéants</i>.... Prince Kung was no longer accessible.... He professed to be engaged with more important matters.</p> </div> @@ -16241,7 +16199,7 @@ renders the authorities especially averse to risk collision with the populace or any popular feeling. The Chih-hsien is himself exposed to insult and violence if he attempt to enforce the collection of the taxes in a bad season, and but lately he was -besieged here in his own <i>yamên</i>. Not ten days ago the Taotai paid +besieged here in his own <i>yamên</i>. Not ten days ago the Taotai paid 1600 taels of silver to secure a piece of building-ground at the urgent demand of the French consul, rather than exert his authority to compel the owners to take the fair value of $400 @@ -16263,7 +16221,7 @@ Majesty's consul on the spot, who each day has under his eyes these significant details, national and administrative. Where danger threatens to involve the persons or the property of British subjects, his sole direct resource is to fall back upon the -treaty, and to cover with the ægis of national inviolability +treaty, and to cover with the ægis of national inviolability individual interests. By any other course he falls inevitably into the hopeless condition of one waiting for such redress as the common course of justice in China usually affords, where @@ -16422,7 +16380,7 @@ of the people we have to deal with have only served to confirm the views contained in those reports.</p> <p>I took the responsibility of sending Mr Vice-Consul Robertson -with the Espiègle to Nanking in the spring of 1848 with +with the Espiègle to Nanking in the spring of 1848 with the strong conviction that at that particular season, with the tribute of grain uncollected and a thousand of these grain-junks actually under an embargo at Shanghai, any demonstration of @@ -16447,7 +16405,7 @@ Western Powers, his perilous position in regard to his own provinces cannot fail to impress upon him the prudence of at least temporising until a more convenient season. I am led to think, therefore, from all I can learn, that the two contrary -forces will go far to neutralise each other, and that Hsienfêng, +forces will go far to neutralise each other, and that Hsienfêng, with all his hostile feeling, will be at the <i>present moment</i> as accessible to reason, from the peculiarly embarrassing position in which he is placed, if backed by coercive means, as was his @@ -16465,10 +16423,10 @@ freshets, swelling the river until it overflows its banks with great accession of violence to the current. When the fleet sailed up in July 1842 many of the soundings taken were over paddy-fields, and altogether out of the bed of the river, as the soundings -and observations of the Espiègle clearly demonstrated. +and observations of the Espiègle clearly demonstrated. The tribute also begins to be sent up to Peking from some parts as early as April. A fleet of grain-junks were at the mouth of -the canal when the Espiègle made her appearance at the end of +the canal when the Espiègle made her appearance at the end of March in 1848.</p> <p>How far a blockade at the present time would have the desired @@ -16795,7 +16753,7 @@ averted.</p> <p>In reference to the land, also, it would seem very desirable that some understanding should be come to with the United -States <i>chargé d'affaires</i> by which any participation in the +States <i>chargé d'affaires</i> by which any participation in the advantages of the British location, consistent with the security of all, should be freely conceded, while anything incompatible <i>with this condition</i> must be as certainly resisted, in their interest @@ -16900,7 +16858,7 @@ governor-general of the province to act as chief superintendent of salt excise.</p> <p>Most of the supplies from Fukien have to be sent into -the interior and the adjacent province of Kiangsi <i>viâ</i> Foochow. +the interior and the adjacent province of Kiangsi <i>viâ</i> Foochow. The salt is made all along the shore to the southward....</p> <p>The salt is made at these places by people belonging to the @@ -17008,7 +16966,7 @@ keep up a constant watch against contraband proceedings.</p> <p>There are a multiplicity of fees and charges which prove very onerous to the merchants. [Here follows a list of forty-seven separate fees, dues, and charges, amounting to 15,300 -taels, or about £5000 sterling, on 900,000 lb. weight, or about +taels, or about £5000 sterling, on 900,000 lb. weight, or about one-eighth of a penny per lb.]</p> <p class="center p4">END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.</p> @@ -17112,7 +17070,7 @@ Quincey in his brochure on China, originally published in Titan, 1857.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> See <a href="#appendix1">Appendices I.</a>, <a href="#appendix2">II.</a>, and <a href="#appendix3">III.</a></p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The annual value of the whole foreign trade with China, imports and -exports, is now about £70,000,000.</p> +exports, is now about £70,000,000.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> His predecessors had been governors of Fort William in Bengal.</p> @@ -17217,383 +17175,6 @@ advisers, who declared that his doing so would "shatter the empire."</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Kunshan or Quinsan.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Englishman in China During the -Victorian Era, Vol. I (of 2), by Alexander Michie - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ENGLISHMAN IN CHINA *** - -***** This file should be named 42732-h.htm or 42732-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/7/3/42732/ - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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