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diff --git a/42715-0.txt b/42715-0.txt index d2fe8a7..61ed8e8 100644 --- a/42715-0.txt +++ b/42715-0.txt @@ -1,27 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pompeii, Its Life and Art, by August Mau - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Pompeii, Its Life and Art - -Author: August Mau - -Translator: Francis Kelsey - -Release Date: May 16, 2013 [EBook #42715] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POMPEII, ITS LIFE AND ART *** - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42715 *** Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was @@ -47,9 +24,9 @@ Transcriber's Note: Chapter XXXV citation. On page 544, the pages listed as pp 226-223 are possibly a typo. [=HS] represents the characters HS with a bar over the top. - [*] represents the Roman Denarius sign: 𐆖. + [*] represents the Roman Denarius sign: êÜñ. [E] represents the Roman symbol for 2 oz., two stacked "c"s. - ∞ represents the Roman numeral 1000, usually represented as ↀ. + ‚àû represents the Roman numeral 1000, usually represented as ‚ÜÄ. \B and \F represent VB and VF ligatures. In Figure 54 and the subsequent text, letters indicated by ~A~ represent small capital letters. @@ -464,7 +441,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS III. THE GREEK TEMPLE AND THE FORUM TRIANGULARE, SEEN FROM THE SOUTH. Restoration (Weichardt, _Pompeji vor - der Zerstörung_, Tafel II) 134 + der Zerst√∂rung_, Tafel II) 134 IV. THE BARRACKS OF THE GLADIATORS. From a photograph 160 @@ -543,7 +520,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 9. Wall with limestone framework (Ins. VII. iii. 13). From a photograph (F. W. K.) 37 - 10. Façade of Sarno limestone, house of the Surgeon. From a + 10. Fa√ßade of Sarno limestone, house of the Surgeon. From a photograph 39 11. Quasi-reticulate facing, with brick corner, at the @@ -574,7 +551,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 19. Ruins of the temple of Jupiter. From a photograph 64 20. Section of wall decoration in the cella of the temple of - Jupiter. After Mazois, _Les Ruines de Pompéi_, Vol. III, pl. + Jupiter. After Mazois, _Les Ruines de Pomp√©i_, Vol. III, pl. 36 (Overbeck-Mau, _Pompeji_, Fig. 46) 65 21. Bust of Zeus found at Otricoli. Vatican Museum. After @@ -633,11 +610,11 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 40. Plan of the sanctuary of the City Lares 102 41. Sanctuary of the City Lares, looking toward the rear, - restored. From an original drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, + restored. From an original drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1896, p. 288) 103 42. North side of the sanctuary of the City Lares, restored. - From an original drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, 1896, p. 289) 104 + From an original drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1896, p. 289) 104 43. Plan of the temple of Vespasian 106 @@ -647,7 +624,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 45. View of the temple of Vespasian. From a photograph 108 46. The temple of Vespasian, restored. From an original - drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, 1900, p. 133) 109 + drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1900, p. 133) 109 47. Plan of the building of Eumachia 110 @@ -681,7 +658,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 59. Temple of Fortuna Augusta--rear of the cella with the statue of the goddess, restored. From an original drawing.* - (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, 1896, p. 280) 132 + (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1896, p. 280) 132 60. Portico at the entrance of the Forum Triangulare. From a photograph 135 @@ -739,9 +716,9 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS holy water. Wall painting from Herculaneum. Naples Museum. Drawing, after a photograph 177 - 82. Temple of Isis. Part of the façade of the Purgatorium. - After Mazois, Vol. IV, pl. 11, and Piranesi, _Antiquités de - Pompéi_ Vol. II, pl. 65 179 + 82. Temple of Isis. Part of the fa√ßade of the Purgatorium. + After Mazois, Vol. IV, pl. 11, and Piranesi, _Antiquit√©s de + Pomp√©i_ Vol. II, pl. 65 179 83. Decoration of the east side of the Purgatorium--Perseus and Andromeda, floating Cupids. Stucco reliefs. After @@ -911,7 +888,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 138. Part of the cornice over the large front door of the house of the Faun. From an original drawing 289 - 139. Façade of the house of the Faun, restored. From an + 139. Fa√ßade of the house of the Faun, restored. From an original drawing 290 140. Border of mosaic with tragic masks, fruits, flowers, @@ -946,7 +923,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 149. Plan of the house of Epidius Rufus 310 - 150. Façade of the house of Epidius Rufus, restored. From an + 150. Fa√ßade of the house of Epidius Rufus, restored. From an original drawing 311 151. Transverse section of the house of Epidius Rufus. From @@ -969,20 +946,20 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS house of the Tragic Poet. Naples Museum. From a photograph 319 157. Exterior of the house of the Vettii, restored. From an - original drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, 1896, p. 4) 321 + original drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1896, p. 4) 321 158. Plan of the house of the Vettii* 322 159. Longitudinal section of the house of the Vettii, - restored. From an original drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, + restored. From an original drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1896, pl. 1) 324 160. Transverse section of the house of Vettii, restored. - From an original drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, 1896, pl. 2) 324 + From an original drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1896, pl. 2) 324 161. Base, capital, and section of entablature from the colonnade of the peristyle in the house of the Vettii. From - a drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, 1896, p. 31) 326 + a drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1896, p. 31) 326 162. View of the peristyle of the house of the Vettii, looking toward the south end. From a photograph 327 @@ -1004,14 +981,14 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS Vettii. From a photograph 334 168. Cupids gathering and pressing grapes. Wall painting in - the house of the Vettii. From a drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. + the house of the Vettii. From a drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1896, p. 81) 336 169. Cupids as wine dealers. Wall painting in the house of the Vettii. From a photograph 337 170. Cupids celebrating the festival of Vesta. Wall painting - in the house of the Vettii. From a drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. + in the house of the Vettii. From a drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1896, p. 80) 338 171. The punishment of Ixion. Wall painting in the house of @@ -1026,7 +1003,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 174. Plan of a house without a compluvium* (V. v. 2) 343 175. Transverse section of the house without a compluvium, - restored. From an original drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, + restored. From an original drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1895, p. 148) 344 176. Plan of the house of the Emperor Joseph II (VIII. ii. @@ -1057,14 +1034,14 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 185. Hot-water tank and reservoir for supplying the bath in the Villa Rustica at Boscoreale. Museo de Prisco, Pompeii. - From a drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, 1894, p. 353) 362 + From a drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1894, p. 353) 362 186. Olive crusher found in the Villa Rustica at Boscoreale. Museo de Prisco. From a photograph 365 187. Silver patera, with a representation of the city of Alexandria. Boscoreale treasure, Louvre. After H. de - Villefosse. _Le trésor de Boscoreale_, pl. 1 366 + Villefosse. _Le tr√©sor de Boscoreale_, pl. 1 366 188. Dining couch with bronze mountings, the wooden frame being restored. Naples Museum. After Overbeck-Mau, Fig. 228 367 @@ -1161,7 +1138,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 216 _e_. Detail of cup with centaurs 380 217. Silver cup. Boscoreale treasure, Louvre. After H. de - Villefosse, _Le trésor de Boscoreale_, pl. 8 382 + Villefosse, _Le tr√©sor de Boscoreale_, pl. 8 382 218. Ruins of a bakery, with millstones (VII. ii. 22). From a photograph 386 @@ -1173,7 +1150,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 221. Section of a mill, restored. From an original drawing 389 222. A mill in operation. Relief in the Vatican Museum. - After _Ber. der Sächs. Gesellschaft_, 1861, pl. xii. 2 390 + After _Ber. der S√§chs. Gesellschaft_, 1861, pl. xii. 2 390 223. Section of a bake oven (VI. iii. 3). After Mazois, Vol. II, pl. 18 (Overbeck-Mau, Fig. 192) 391 @@ -1320,11 +1297,11 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS Tafel P 479 271. Athena's pipes and the fate of Marsyas. Wall painting - (V. ii. 10). Naples Museum. From a drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. + (V. ii. 10). Naples Museum. From a drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1890, p. 267) 482 272. The fall of Icarus. Wall painting (V. ii. 10). From a - drawing.* (Cf. _Röm. Mitth._, 1890, p. 264) 483 + drawing.* (Cf. _R√∂m. Mitth._, 1890, p. 264) 483 273. Zeus and Hera on Mt. Ida. Wall painting from the house of the Tragic Poet. Naples Museum. From a photograph 484 @@ -1645,7 +1622,7 @@ fuller by the name of Crescens sends them a greeting: _Cresce[n]s fullo Saline[n]sibus salute[m]_. From another inscription we learn that they had an assembly, _conventus_, possibly judicial in its functions; for in connection with a date, it speaks of a fine of -twenty sesterces, which would amount to about 3½ shillings, or 85 +twenty sesterces, which would amount to about 3¬Ω shillings, or 85 cents: _VII K. dec. Salinis in conventu multa HS XX_, 'Fine of twenty sesterces; assembly at Salinae, November 25.' Still another inscription speaks of attending such a meeting on November 19: _XIII @@ -2604,7 +2581,7 @@ of houses found in different parts of the city. On the side facing the street these houses have walls of ashlar work of Sarno limestone (Fig. 10), but the inner walls are of limestone framework (Fig. 9). - [Illustration: Fig. 10.--Façade of Sarno limestone, house of the + [Illustration: Fig. 10.--Fa√ßade of Sarno limestone, house of the Surgeon.] Almost no ornamental forms belonging to this period have come down to @@ -2654,7 +2631,7 @@ Second Punic War and the Social War, about 200 to 90 B.C.; the Tufa Period was approximately the second century before Christ. In marked contrast with the Period of the Limestone Atriums, the Tufa -Period has a pronounced artistic character. It is preëminently a +Period has a pronounced artistic character. It is pre√´minently a period of monumental construction. Buildings and public places are adorned with colonnades of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. The simple and beautiful forms of the Greek architecture are used, @@ -2676,7 +2653,7 @@ stamp. The buildings of the Tufa Period are easily recognized by the unobtrusiveness of the materials used in their construction. The rubble work is mostly of lava; but gray tufa was used exclusively, not -only for ashlar work in façades, but also for columns and +only for ashlar work in fa√ßades, but also for columns and entablatures. The surface of the tufa was coated with a layer of fine white stucco, which gave it the appearance of marble. The use of marble for building purposes, however, is foreign to this period; and @@ -2894,7 +2871,7 @@ the temple; at the right the wall bounding the open space has been replaced by a stately commemorative arch, while the end of the colonnade is closed by a wall with a passageway. Another arch, of much simpler construction, stands at the left of the temple, in line with -the façade; it cuts off the area between the temple and the colonnade +the fa√ßade; it cuts off the area between the temple and the colonnade from the rest of the Forum. A third arch once stood in a corresponding position at the right. @@ -3132,9 +3109,9 @@ toward the south beyond the earlier boundary. Originally the temple was isolated, the north end of the Forum on either side being left open; later, but still in the time of the Republic, a high boundary wall with passageways was built on both sides of it. Later still the -two arches were erected in a line with its façade; afterwards, in the +two arches were erected in a line with its fa√ßade; afterwards, in the time of Tiberius, the wall at the right of the temple was replaced by -the commemorative arch (I), and the smaller arch near the façade at +the commemorative arch (I), and the smaller arch near the fa√ßade at the right was removed in order that there might be an unimpeded view of the great arch from the area. @@ -3192,7 +3169,7 @@ over and settle points of difference, and young people pursued their romantic adventures. He can best form an idea of this bustling, ceaseless, varied activity who knows what the piazza means in the life of a modern Italian city, and stops to consider how much has been -taken from the life of the piazza by the cafés and similar places of +taken from the life of the piazza by the caf√©s and similar places of resort; modern squares, moreover, are usually not provided, as were the ancient, with inviting colonnades, affording protection against both sun and rain. @@ -3522,12 +3499,12 @@ That an altar stood at the middle of this platform is proved by a relief with a representation of the north side of the Forum, found on the base of a chapel of the Lares in the house of the wealthy Pompeian, L. Caecilius Jucundus. At the left we see the arch near the -façade and a strip of wall connecting it with the temple; next a +fa√ßade and a strip of wall connecting it with the temple; next a corner of the platform with an equestrian statue; then a flight of steps, and the front of the platform with an altar at the middle; finally the other flight of steps and another equestrian statue in a position corresponding with that of the first. The columns shown in -the relief do not agree in number or style with those of the façade of +the relief do not agree in number or style with those of the fa√ßade of the temple, but such inaccuracies are common in ancient representations of buildings, and there can be no doubt that the temple of Jupiter is represented; the relief has, in fact, been used @@ -3829,8 +3806,8 @@ Mounting four steps of basalt we pass from the narrow court into the building. The five entrances here are separated by four columns. Those next to the two sides on the right and on the left were closed by a wall in which was a wide doorway; the three at the middle were left as -open intercolumniations. The enclosed space before us measures 180⅓ -English feet (200 Oscan feet) in length, 78¾ feet in breadth. +open intercolumniations. The enclosed space before us measures 180‚Öì +English feet (200 Oscan feet) in length, 78¬æ feet in breadth. Twenty-eight massive brick columns, 4 Oscan feet in diameter, separate the great central hall from the broad corridor running about it; only the lower part of the columns, built of small bricks evidently made @@ -3853,7 +3830,7 @@ rectangular basins lie along its course, but the purpose of it is not clear. The tribunal projects from the rear wall, its floor being six Oscan feet above that of the rest of the building. -The large columns about the main hall, with a diameter of more than 3½ +The large columns about the main hall, with a diameter of more than 3¬Ω feet, must have been at least 32 or 33 feet high; the attached half-columns with the columns at the entrance and at the rear, including the Ionic capitals, were probably not more than 20 feet @@ -4175,7 +4152,7 @@ in front of their windows; this explains how the narrow space between the wall on the north side of the court and the houses came to be cut off. The inscription reads: _M. Holconius Rufus d[uum] v[ir] i[uri] d[icundo] tert[ium], C. Egnatius Postumus d. v. i. d. iter[um] ex -d[ecurionum] d[ecreto] ius luminum opstruendorum [=HS] ∞ ∞ ∞ +d[ecurionum] d[ecreto] ius luminum opstruendorum [=HS] ‚àû ‚àû ‚àû redemerunt, parietemque privatum Col[oniae] Ven[eriae] Cor[neliae] usque ad tegulas faciundum coerarunt_,--'Marcus Holconius Rufus, duumvir with judiciary authority for the third time, and Gaius @@ -4361,15 +4338,15 @@ avenger of Caesar:-- It is interesting to note that evidence of the worship of Augustus as Mercury has come to light also in Egypt. In an inscription from -Denderah we find _Helmîs Kaisar_, 'beloved of Ptah and of Isis'; -Helmîs Kaisar is apparently 'Hermes Caesar,' and in Egyptian +Denderah we find _Helm√Æs Kaisar_, 'beloved of Ptah and of Isis'; +Helm√Æs Kaisar is apparently 'Hermes Caesar,' and in Egyptian inscriptions Augustus is elsewhere referred to as 'the beloved of Ptah and of Isis.' FOOTNOTE: -[3] O · KAMP[aniìs ... kva]ISSTUR · KOMBENNI[eìs tanginud] · -APELLUNEÌS EÌTIU[vad ... ops]ANNU · AAMAN[aff]ED. +[3] O ¬∑ KAMP[ani√¨s ... kva]ISSTUR ¬∑ KOMBENNI[e√¨s tanginud] ¬∑ +APELLUNE√åS E√åTIU[vad ... ops]ANNU ¬∑ AAMAN[aff]ED. @@ -5107,7 +5084,7 @@ is carried without interruption high above the level of the entablature. If the appearance of this building alone had been taken into account, it would have been simpler and more effective to place at the front of the portico a single order of large columns the height -of which should correspond with that of the façade; but as the +of which should correspond with that of the fa√ßade; but as the colonnade about the Forum was in two stories, the front of the portico was made to conform to it. The columns below were of the Doric, those above of the Ionic, order. The material--whitish limestone--was the @@ -5140,7 +5117,7 @@ top by a lintel. At the ends are two large niches more than four feet above the pavement (5), both reached by flights of steps. Between each of these and the doorway is a large apsidal arched niche (4) extending down to the pavement. Lastly in the projecting portions of the wall -are four smaller niches for statues. The whole façade was overlaid +are four smaller niches for statues. The whole fa√ßade was overlaid with various kinds of colored marbles. None of the statues have been found, but the inscriptions belonging to @@ -5320,7 +5297,7 @@ _THE MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS_ At the south end of the Forum were three buildings similar in plan and -closely connected. In front they presented a common façade, the narrow +closely connected. In front they presented a common fa√ßade, the narrow spaces between them being entered by low doors. The building at the right (Fig. 52, 3) was at the corner of the Forum, while the space separating the other two lay on a line dividing the Forum into two @@ -5581,7 +5558,7 @@ and the unfinished colonnade. But the Pompeians, in their time of trouble least of all disposed, we may assume, to forsake their patron goddess, soon commenced the work of rebuilding. Postponing the renewal and completion of the colonnade as of secondary importance, they -cleared away the débris of the temple, and on the podium where the +cleared away the d√©bris of the temple, and on the podium where the cella had stood constructed a temporary place of worship, a small wooden building strengthened at the bottom by a low wall around the outside. Then they proceeded to enlarge the podium; the third temple @@ -6325,7 +6302,7 @@ vogue in the Augustan Age; we find brick-shaped blocks of tufa and reticulate work. The marble seats in the cavea may be assigned to the same period; in the original structure the benches must have been of tufa. About the same time the present wall at the back of the stage -was built, in the place of an older and much simpler façade, but not +was built, in the place of an older and much simpler fa√ßade, but not by the Holconii; if this also had been rebuilt by them, it would have been mentioned in the inscription. @@ -6878,7 +6855,7 @@ added to the temple of Isis. 3. Dressing rooms.] A number of the columns on the other three sides are still standing. -They are Doric but of slender proportions, the height, 10½ feet, being +They are Doric but of slender proportions, the height, 10¬Ω feet, being equal to eight diameters, while the intercolumniations measure about nine feet. It is doubtful whether the columns carried a complete entablature; more likely the roof rested directly on a wooden @@ -7320,7 +7297,7 @@ priestesses, also on a blue ground, with their faces turned toward the vessel (Fig. 82). The figures are all worshipping the sacred water in the vase. - [Illustration: Fig. 82.--Part of the façade of the Purgatorium.] + [Illustration: Fig. 82.--Part of the fa√ßade of the Purgatorium.] Of the other figures in relief, only the two goddesses in the panels at the sides of the entrance have an Egyptian character. Under each of @@ -7530,7 +7507,7 @@ to understand how important a place the baths occupied in the life of antiquity, particularly of the Romans under the Empire; they offered, within a single enclosure, opportunities for physical care and comfort and leisurely intercourse with others, not unlike those afforded in -the cities of modern Europe by the club, the café, and the promenade. +the cities of modern Europe by the club, the caf√©, and the promenade. Though the Roman baths differed greatly in size and in details of arrangement, the essential parts were everywhere the same. First there @@ -7698,7 +7675,7 @@ The apodyterium also was provided with benches of the same sort, as indicated on the plan; they are shown in Plate V. Along the walls at the sides, just under the edge of the vaulted ceiling, was a row of small niches, the use of which corresponded with that of the lockers -in a modern gymnasium. These niches are about 5¾ feet above the floor, +in a modern gymnasium. These niches are about 5¬æ feet above the floor, while those in the other dressing room (2) are a little less than five feet; from this difference in height it has been rightly inferred that the smaller and simpler division of the baths was set aside for women. @@ -7883,7 +7860,7 @@ monumento consumere oportuit faciun[da] coerarunt eidemque probaru[nt]_. The form of the letters and the spelling point to the time of Sulla as the period in which the inscription was cut. The syntax is confused, but the meaning is clear: a Laconicum and -_destrictarium_ were built, the colonnade and palæstra repaired, by +_destrictarium_ were built, the colonnade and pal√¶stra repaired, by the duumvirs Gaius Ulius and Publius Aninius, in accordance with a vote of the city council; and they furnished the means for this work in fulfilment of their obligation, incurred by the acceptance of the @@ -7927,7 +7904,7 @@ supposing that they built the hollow floors of the two caldariums, and that the new heating arrangement was loosely called a Laconicum. At least a partial warrant for this interpretation is found in a passage of Dion Cassius (LIII. xxvii. 1), in which he says that Agrippa built -the 'Spartan sweating bath,' τὸ πυριατήριον τὸ Λακωνικόν. Agrippa, +the 'Spartan sweating bath,' œÑ·Ω∏ œÄœÖœÅŒπŒ±œÑ·ΩµœÅŒπŒøŒΩ œÑ·Ω∏ ŒõŒ±Œ∫œâŒΩŒπŒ∫·ΩπŒΩ. Agrippa, however, built, not a Laconicum in the narrow sense, but a complete bathing establishment, and Dion, doubtless following some earlier writer, uses the word as generally applicable to a system of warm @@ -7950,7 +7927,7 @@ pipe, at the southeast corner, is indicated on the plan. The rooms E and G, opening both on the swimming tank and on the court with high arched doorways, were roofed shallow basins where the athletes could give themselves a preliminary cleaning before going -into the tank. The walls are veneered with marble to a height of 6½ +into the tank. The walls are veneered with marble to a height of 6¬Ω feet; above are painted plants, birds, statues, and nymphs, one of whom holds a shell to catch a jet of water; over these the blue sky. Here, as in the frigidarium, the artist strove to convey the @@ -8413,7 +8390,7 @@ peq[unia] fac[iunda] coer[arunt] et coloneis locum in perpetuom deder[unt]_. According to this, the Amphitheatre was built by the same men, Valgus and Porcius, who are already known to us as the builders of the Small Theatre (p. 153); and they presented it to the city in -recognition of the honor conferred upon them by their reëlection as +recognition of the honor conferred upon them by their re√´lection as duumvirs. The Amphitheatre may thus have been finished half a decade later than the Theatre, but in any case it belongs to the earliest years of the Roman colony,--as might be inferred, in default of other @@ -8459,7 +8436,7 @@ city were not adequate to make provision for the elaborate equipment and costly decoration found in the amphitheatres of larger towns. The arena, a view of which is given in Plate VI, is surrounded by a -wall about 6½ feet high. This wall was covered with frescoes which, +wall about 6¬Ω feet high. This wall was covered with frescoes which, still fresh at the time of excavation, are now known to us only from copies in the Naples Museum. They consisted of alternate broad and narrow panels, the latter containing each a herm between two columns, @@ -8637,7 +8614,7 @@ judiciary authority, in accordance with a resolution of the city council (constructed) a section of seats in the place of the games and illumination,' that otherwise he would have been required to provide. Another of the series is even more abbreviated, but the meaning is -clear: MAG · PAG · AUG · F · S · PRO · LUD · EX · D · D, that is, +clear: MAG ¬∑ PAG ¬∑ AUG ¬∑ F ¬∑ S ¬∑ PRO ¬∑ LUD ¬∑ EX ¬∑ D ¬∑ D, that is, _Magistri Pagi Augusti Felicis Suburbani pro ludis ex decurionum decreto_,--'The officials of the suburb Pagus Augustus Felix by authority of a resolution of the city council (constructed a section @@ -8788,20 +8765,20 @@ the two, adding in a separate column the full forms of the abbreviated words; the figures indicate the number of combats in which the different gladiators had taken part:-- - MUNUS·N ... IV·III Munus N ... IV. III. - PRID·IDUS·IDI[BUS]·MAI[S] pridie Idus, Idibus Mais + MUNUS¬∑N ... IV¬∑III Munus N ... IV. III. + PRID¬∑IDUS¬∑IDI[BUS]¬∑MAI[S] pridie Idus, Idibus Mais T M Threx, Myrmillo - _v._ PUGNAX·NER·III _vicit._ Pugnax, Neronianus, III - _p._ MURRANUS·NER·III _periit._ Murranus, Neronianus, III + _v._ PUGNAX¬∑NER¬∑III _vicit._ Pugnax, Neronianus, III + _p._ MURRANUS¬∑NER¬∑III _periit._ Murranus, Neronianus, III O T Hoplomachus, Threx - _v._ CYCNUS·IUL·VIIII _vicit._ Cycnus, Iulianus, VIIII - _m._ ATTICUS·IUL·XIV _missus est._ Atticus, Iulianus, XIV + _v._ CYCNUS¬∑IUL¬∑VIIII _vicit._ Cycnus, Iulianus, VIIII + _m._ ATTICUS¬∑IUL¬∑XIV _missus est._ Atticus, Iulianus, XIV ESS Essedarii - _m._ P·OSTORIUS·LI _missus est._ Publius Ostorius, LI. - _v._ SCYLAX·IUL·XXVI _vicit._ Scylax, Iulianus, XXVI + _m._ P¬∑OSTORIUS¬∑LI _missus est._ Publius Ostorius, LI. + _v._ SCYLAX¬∑IUL¬∑XXVI _vicit._ Scylax, Iulianus, XXVI The name of the official who gave the exhibition (_munus_) is obliterated. The contests extended over four days, May 12-15. @@ -8880,8 +8857,8 @@ presented, all sorts of scratches upon the plastered walls bear witness to the general enthusiasm for gladiatorial sports. Sometimes there is simply the name of a gladiator, with his school and the number of combats, as _Auctus, Iul[ianus], XXXXX_; sometimes we find a -rough outline of a figure with a boastful legend, as _Hermaïscus -invictus hac_, 'Here's the unconquered Hermaïscus.' +rough outline of a figure with a boastful legend, as _Herma√Øscus +invictus hac_, 'Here's the unconquered Herma√Øscus.' There are also memoranda in regard to particular combats, illustrated by rude sketches. Thus on a wall in the house of the Centenary we find @@ -8911,8 +8888,8 @@ _puparum dominus_, 'lord o' lassies,' and _puparum medicus_, 'the darlings' doctor.' Another graffito informs us that at one time--before the year 63--a -gladiator lived in this house: _Samus / Ↄ / m[urmillo], idem eq[ues], -hic hab[itat]_,--'Samus, who has fought once, and once conquered (_Ↄ_ +gladiator lived in this house: _Samus / ‚ÜÉ / m[urmillo], idem eq[ues], +hic hab[itat]_,--'Samus, who has fought once, and once conquered (_‚ÜÉ_ is for _corona_, 'crown'), Myrmillo, and at the same time fighter on horseback, lives here.' Other gladiators, no doubt, shared the dwelling with him; and the amatory graffiti may have been written by @@ -8971,8 +8948,8 @@ freedom of movement than is allowed to modern teams. It is not to be supposed that so complete a system of paving existed from the beginning of the city. Some light is thrown on the period of -its laying by two inscriptions,--one, EX · K · QUI, cut in the edge of -the sidewalk west of Insula IX. iv.; the other, K · Q, in the pavement +its laying by two inscriptions,--one, EX ¬∑ K ¬∑ QUI, cut in the edge of +the sidewalk west of Insula IX. iv.; the other, K ¬∑ Q, in the pavement between the second and fourth Insulae of Region VII. Both are evidently dates, and in full would read _ex Kalendis Quinctilibus_, 'from the first day of July,' and _Kalendis Quinctilibus_, 'July 1.' @@ -9369,7 +9346,7 @@ defence. At this time there must have been twelve towers, that near the Herculaneum Gate being reckoned last in the enumeration, as in Plan I; but the location of the two that have disappeared has not been determined. Another suggestive reminder of the same siege is the name -L · SVLA, scratched by a soldier in the stucco on the inside of Tower +L ¬∑ SVLA, scratched by a soldier in the stucco on the inside of Tower 10, near a loophole. The towers, which measure approximately 31 by 25 feet, were built in @@ -9635,11 +9612,11 @@ appearance of the doorway. threshold, and fauces of the house of Pansa.] The doorposts were protected by wooden casings, _antepagmenta_, which -were made fast at the bottom by means of holes in the threshold (α, α +were made fast at the bottom by means of holes in the threshold (Œ±, Œ± in Fig. 116). The folding doors swung on pivots, which were fitted into sockets in -the threshold (β, β) and in the lintel. The pivots were of wood, but +the threshold (Œ≤, Œ≤) and in the lintel. The pivots were of wood, but were provided--at least the lower ones--with a cylindrical cap of iron or bronze, and the socket had a protective lining of the same metal. Both caps and sockets, especially those of bronze, are found in the @@ -9649,8 +9626,8 @@ the doors would have turned much more easily; but a conservative tradition in this regard prevailed against innovation. The fastenings were elaborate. Near the inner edge of each door was a -vertical bolt, which shot into a hole in the threshold (γ, -γ); there was probably a corresponding bolt at the top, as in +vertical bolt, which shot into a hole in the threshold (Œ≥, +Œ≥); there was probably a corresponding bolt at the top, as in the case of large modern doors. Sometimes there was a heavy iron lock, turned with a key, and also an iron bar which was fastened across the crack in such a way as to tie the two folds together. In many houses @@ -9882,7 +9859,7 @@ for Pompeii, where the tablinum is generally narrower and higher The posts at the entrance were usually treated as pilasters, joined above by a cornice; architecturally the front of this room formed the most impressive feature of the atrium. Between the pilasters hung -portières, which might be drawn back and fastened at the sides. In the +porti√®res, which might be drawn back and fastened at the sides. In the house of the Silver Wedding the fastenings were found in place,--bronze disks from which a ship's beak projected, attached to the pilasters. @@ -10549,7 +10526,7 @@ XII. THE SHOPS The outer parts of the houses fronting on the principal thoroughfares were utilized as shops. On the more retired side streets there were -fewer shops, and we often find a façade of masonry unbroken except for +fewer shops, and we often find a fa√ßade of masonry unbroken except for the front door and an occasional window. [Illustration: Fig. 130.--Plan of a Pompeian shop. @@ -10641,7 +10618,7 @@ ordinarily few and small. From the Tufa Period, however, large windows were often made in the rooms around the peristyle; in the house of the Faun they range in width from 10 to 23 feet, and are so low that one sitting inside could look out through them. Upper rooms, also, were -provided with windows of good size, sometimes measuring 2½ by 4 feet; +provided with windows of good size, sometimes measuring 2¬Ω by 4 feet; but the remains are scanty. In later times occasionally a lower window opening on the street was made almost as large, and was protected by an iron grating. @@ -10683,7 +10660,7 @@ surgical instruments in one of the rooms. 19. Room with window opening on the garden. 20. Garden.] -This house was undoubtedly built before 200 B.C. The façade (Fig. 10) +This house was undoubtedly built before 200 B.C. The fa√ßade (Fig. 10) and the walls of the atrium are of large hewn blocks of Sarno limestone; other inner walls are of limestone framework (p. 37). The plan conforms to the simple Italic type, before the addition of the @@ -10998,7 +10975,7 @@ were attractively displayed, and buyers and idlers were loitering in front or leisurely passing from one to the other, shops and street alike were full of color and animation. - [Illustration: Fig. 139.--Façade of the house of the Faun, restored. + [Illustration: Fig. 139.--Fa√ßade of the house of the Faun, restored. At the left, the front of a shop (1 on the plan) with its upper floor; then the large front door, two shops, the entrance of @@ -11020,7 +10997,7 @@ with much skill. The walls of the fauces are ornamented in an unusual manner. The ordinary decoration of the first style is carried to the height of eight feet. Above this on either side projects a tufa shelf about -sixteen inches wide, on which is placed the façade of a diminutive +sixteen inches wide, on which is placed the fa√ßade of a diminutive temple; that on the left is seen in Fig. 141. The front of the cella, with closed doors, is presented in relief, but the four columns of the portico stand free. The shelf is supported underneath by a cornice @@ -11045,7 +11022,7 @@ As one stepped across the mosaic border at the end of the fauces, a beautiful vista opened up before the eyes. From the aperture of the compluvium a diffused light was spread through the atrium brilliant with its rich coloring. At the rear the lofty entrance of the tablinum -attracted the visitor by its stately dignity. Now the portières are +attracted the visitor by its stately dignity. Now the porti√®res are drawn aside, and beyond the large window of the tablinum the columns of the first peristyle are seen (Fig. 141). The shrubs and flowers of the garden are bright with sunshine, and fragrant odors are wafted @@ -11232,7 +11209,7 @@ several windows. The kitchen is of unusual size. A niche for the images of the household gods was placed in the wall at the left, so high up that it could only have been reached by means of a ladder. The front is shaped -to resemble the façade of a small temple, and in it is a small altar +to resemble the fa√ßade of a small temple, and in it is a small altar of terra cotta for the burning of incense. The first room at the right of the corridor (_n'_) was completely @@ -11299,8 +11276,8 @@ height of the tablinum at the entrance is 18 feet 6 inches; according to the proportions given by Vitruvius it should be 15 feet 4 inches. The alae and fauces also exceed the dimensions presented by the Roman -architect, the former being 12⅔ feet wide and 16¼ feet high, while the -height of the broad fauces, 17½ feet, is only a trifle less than that +architect, the former being 12‚Öî feet wide and 16¬º feet high, while the +height of the broad fauces, 17¬Ω feet, is only a trifle less than that of the tablinum. The height of the walls of the atrium is easily determined with the @@ -11345,7 +11322,7 @@ the festivities with which the Silver Wedding of the King and Queen of Italy was celebrated, a special excavation was made in one of the rooms, in the presence of their Majesties and of their imperial guests, the Emperor and Empress of Germany. Portions of the house are -still covered, the façade, the inner end of the oecus, and the greater +still covered, the fa√ßade, the inner end of the oecus, and the greater part of an extensive garden on the left side. Notwithstanding the extent of the house--the greatest length is not @@ -11360,9 +11337,9 @@ on the other a long dining room (_w_). Another series of apartments lay between the peristyle and the garden at the right (2), a kitchen (_s_), and a bath (_t-v_). In front of the -garden and extending to the street is a small house (α-ι) which had +garden and extending to the street is a small house (Œ±-Œπ) which had been joined to the larger establishment; it was connected with this by -a small door under the stairs in the corner of the atrium (β), which +a small door under the stairs in the corner of the atrium (Œ≤), which opened into a side room (_e_) of the large atrium. The essential parts of the house date from the Tufa Period. @@ -11392,7 +11369,7 @@ affecting the wall decoration. 4. Oecus. 6. Garden, partially excavated. 7. Open-air triclinium. - α-ι. Fauces, atrium, and other rooms of separate dwelling + Œ±-Œπ. Fauces, atrium, and other rooms of separate dwelling connected with the larger house.] In the small rooms at the right of the atrium are traces of the @@ -11433,7 +11410,7 @@ atrium. The dimensions of the atrium are monumental. The length is approximately 54 feet, the breadth 40; and the Corinthian columns of -tufa coated with stucco, are 22¾ feet high. +tufa coated with stucco, are 22¬æ feet high. At the rear of the impluvium is a fluted cistern curb of white marble (seen in Fig. 8). In the impluvium near the edge is the square @@ -11540,7 +11517,7 @@ wall. In the oecus, the excavation was made from which the house received its name. The peristyle had already been cleared, and the volcanic -débris had been, for the most part, removed from the front part of the +d√©bris had been, for the most part, removed from the front part of the oecus, leaving a layer at the bottom about two feet deep. The King and Queen of Italy, with the Emperor and Empress of Germany and a small suite, stationed themselves in the corner of the peristyle opposite @@ -11599,18 +11576,18 @@ spring from the foundation of masonry supporting the round top. The water was conveyed by a lead pipe, and at the rear of the colonnade one may still see the stopcock by which the flow was regulated. -The stairway at the left of the small atrium (β) led to rooms over the -front of the house. Over the rooms at the rear, a bedroom (γ), a -central room (δ) taking the place of the tablinum, and a corridor (ε), +The stairway at the left of the small atrium (Œ≤) led to rooms over the +front of the house. Over the rooms at the rear, a bedroom (Œ≥), a +central room (Œ¥) taking the place of the tablinum, and a corridor (Œµ), was a dining room, the front of which was supported by columns (p. 275), the stairway being in the corridor; fragments of the tufa columns are lying on the floor. At the back of the house was originally -only the small sleeping room (ζ) with a simple decoration in the -first style, and a colonnade (η) with Doric columns opening on the -garden (κ). Later the colonnade was turned into an apartment, and two -rooms were built at the left, a dining room (θ) and a bedroom (ι). +only the small sleeping room (Œ∂) with a simple decoration in the +first style, and a colonnade (Œ∑) with Doric columns opening on the +garden (Œ∫). Later the colonnade was turned into an apartment, and two +rooms were built at the left, a dining room (Œ∏) and a bedroom (Œπ). -In the front of one of the rooms (λ) is an unusually well +In the front of one of the rooms (Œª) is an unusually well preserved niche for the images of the household gods, ornamented with stucco reliefs and painted in the last style. On the rear wall stands Hercules, with the lion's skin hanging from his left arm, his club on @@ -11652,7 +11629,7 @@ are painted, and in one instance the features of a bacchante can be recognized. In the right ala is an elaborate house shrine, built like a temple -with a façade supported by columns, raised on a podium five feet high +with a fa√ßade supported by columns, raised on a podium five feet high (Fig. 151). On the front of the podium is a dedicatory inscription to the Genius of the master (p. 270). @@ -11700,7 +11677,7 @@ shelving are easily distinguished. Under the stairs was a low room (16), perhaps used for a similar purpose; the small double room (17) was also low, and used as a sleeping room. - [Illustration: Fig. 150.--Façade of the house of Epidius Rufus, + [Illustration: Fig. 150.--Fa√ßade of the house of Epidius Rufus, restored.] The domestic apartments were reached by the andron (18). In the @@ -11746,7 +11723,7 @@ poetry and music on the part of the proprietor. Ala with Shrine] There were no shops in the front of this house, but in one respect our -restoration of the façade (Fig. 150) can not be taken as indicating +restoration of the fa√ßade (Fig. 150) can not be taken as indicating the appearance of such houses in general. Here the front line was set back several feet from that of the adjoining houses on either side, and the space thus gained was given to a terrace or ramp about four @@ -12031,7 +12008,7 @@ seen in Fig. 159. _v._ Side atrium. _w._ Kitchen. _x'._ Cook's room. - _γ._ Corridor leading to side (β, δ) and posticum.] + _Œ≥._ Corridor leading to side (Œ≤, Œ¥) and posticum.] Opening on the peristyle are three large apartments (_n_, _p_, _q_), and two smaller rooms (_o_, _r_). A door at the right leads into a @@ -12045,11 +12022,11 @@ and the kitchen (_w_) with a large hearth (Fig. 125). Beyond the kitchen is a room for the cook (_x'_). At the rear of the small atrium is the niche for the household gods (Fig. 127). -The corridor at the left of the principal atrium (γ) led to -an unimportant room (β) with a door opening on a side street. +The corridor at the left of the principal atrium (Œ≥) led to +an unimportant room (Œ≤) with a door opening on a side street. In this corridor there was a stairway to the second story, which extended over this corner of the house (above _e_, _f_, _h_, _n_, _o_, -β, δ). Along the front also were low chambers, over the +Œ≤, Œ¥). Along the front also were low chambers, over the fauces and the small rooms on either side (_d_, _k_), and over the rooms adjoining the small atrium (_x_, _y_, _z_). @@ -12505,7 +12482,7 @@ ground near him; in another part of the room is the wrestling match between Pan and Eros. Among the figures seen in the architectural framework of the upper division of the wall is Zeus, sitting on his throne, represented as a youth, unbearded; Leda with the swan also -appears, and Danaë holding out her robe to catch the golden rain. +appears, and Dana√´ holding out her robe to catch the golden rain. The direction of the owner's tastes is perhaps indicated by a painting in the peristyle, at the middle of the wall under the colonnade at the @@ -12722,7 +12699,7 @@ terrace, as indicated by the stairways at _e_ and _n_ and in the corner of _u_, but the extent of it is not easy to determine. The traces of the upper rooms of the middle terrace, however, are clearly seen, and their arrangement is indicated on the plan (4); the height -of θ and κ, which were in one story, was equal to that of the smaller +of Œ∏ and Œ∫, which were in one story, was equal to that of the smaller rooms with the chambers above. [Illustration: Fig. 176.--Plan of the house of the Emperor Joseph II. @@ -12739,26 +12716,26 @@ rooms with the chambers above. _x_, _v._ Dining rooms, opening on the colonnade. 2. Middle terrace. - α. Corridor, entered from stairway in _u_ above. - β. Corridor. - γ, δ. Low vaulted rooms. - ε. Stairway leading to lower terrace. - η. Middle room. - θ. Dining room, with a window opening on the terrace at the rear. - κ. Small dining room. - ι, λ, ζ. Sleeping rooms. + Œ±. Corridor, entered from stairway in _u_ above. + Œ≤. Corridor. + Œ≥, Œ¥. Low vaulted rooms. + Œµ. Stairway leading to lower terrace. + Œ∑. Middle room. + Œ∏. Dining room, with a window opening on the terrace at the rear. + Œ∫. Small dining room. + Œπ, Œª, Œ∂. Sleeping rooms. 3. Lower terrace. - 1. Corridor leading down from the foot of the stairway in ε. + 1. Corridor leading down from the foot of the stairway in Œµ. 3, 4. Bakery. 6-8. Bath. (6. Tepidarium. 7. Caldarium. 8. Frigidarium.) 4. Upper rooms of the middle terrace. I. Excavated room used as a cellar. - II, III. Rooms over ι, λ. - VI. Room over ζ, connected with V (over γ, δ) by a gallery over - the stairway ε, and with η by a ladder or stairway.] + II, III. Rooms over Œπ, Œª. + VI. Room over Œ∂, connected with V (over Œ≥, Œ¥) by a gallery over + the stairway Œµ, and with Œ∑ by a ladder or stairway.] The front of the house, the large Tuscan atrium with the adjoining rooms, dates from the Tufa Period; the atrium was originally one of @@ -12788,22 +12765,22 @@ _x_), connected with it by two large windows. All three rooms open upon the colonnade (_y_), and this again opens out upon a terrace (_z_). -The principal room of the middle story (2. η, under _z_) takes the +The principal room of the middle story (2. Œ∑, under _z_) takes the place of an atrium; it is lighted by a door and two windows opening -upon a terrace (μ). Connected with it are two dining rooms (θ, κ), +upon a terrace (Œº). Connected with it are two dining rooms (Œ∏, Œ∫), considerably higher than the other apartments of this story, and three -sleeping rooms (ι, λ, ζ). A dark corridor (β) separated these rooms +sleeping rooms (Œπ, Œª, Œ∂). A dark corridor (Œ≤) separated these rooms from the solid earth at the rear, and furnished access, by means of -ladders, to two low upper rooms (over ι and λ; see 4. II, III), -perhaps used as storerooms. From β one could also reach, in the same +ladders, to two low upper rooms (over Œπ and Œª; see 4. II, III), +perhaps used as storerooms. From Œ≤ one could also reach, in the same way, an oblong chamber excavated in the earth (I), designed originally as a cistern, but used as a cellar at the time of the eruption. Of the remaining upper rooms one (IV) was built on the solid ground at the -side of the stairway leading from the upper floor (α); the other two -(V, over γ, δ and VI, over ζ) were connected by a gallery or bridge -over the stairway leading to the lower floor (ε); this gallery could +side of the stairway leading from the upper floor (Œ±); the other two +(V, over Œ≥, Œ¥ and VI, over Œ∂) were connected by a gallery or bridge +over the stairway leading to the lower floor (Œµ); this gallery could be reached also by a ladder or wooden stairway in the large middle -room (η). The outermost room (VI) was perhaps a washroom; there is a +room (Œ∑). The outermost room (VI) was perhaps a washroom; there is a rectangular basin in one corner. The lower floor was given up to a bath (_frigidarium_, 8; @@ -12814,7 +12791,7 @@ the bakery (3) is a round hole for ventilation, opening upon the terrace above through a kind of chimney. The hollow walls of the caldarium (7) are carried to the crown of the vault, at the middle of which is a similar opening for the vent. The places of the three -openings in the floor of the terrace are seen in the plan (2, μ). +openings in the floor of the terrace are seen in the plan (2, Œº). At one end of the larger room of the bakery (3) is the oven; at the other two rectangular basins of masonry. In the corner near the basins @@ -13070,7 +13047,7 @@ to space, not being confined to the limits of a lot, fuller opportunity was afforded for the display of individual taste in the arrangement of rooms. We can understand from the letters of Pliny the Younger, describing his two villas at Laurentum and Tifernum Tiberinum -(now Città di Castello), and from the remains of the villa of Hadrian +(now Citt√† di Castello), and from the remains of the villa of Hadrian at Tivoli, how far individuality might assert itself in the planning and building of a country home. @@ -13098,7 +13075,7 @@ Boscoreale. 12. Dining room. 14. Sleeping room, with anteroom (13). 15. Passage leading to a garden at the level of the street. - 17. Small court, with hearth (ε) and swimming tank (ζ). + 17. Small court, with hearth (Œµ) and swimming tank (Œ∂). 18. Storeroom. 19-21. Bath. (19. Apodyterium. @@ -13139,7 +13116,7 @@ Augustus. In front of the door was a narrow porch (Fig. 184). The door opened directly into the peristyle (3 on the plan), in the middle of which was a garden. At the left is a small triangular court (17) containing -a swimming tank (ζ) and a hearth (ε) on which a kettle and several +a swimming tank (Œ∂) and a hearth (Œµ) on which a kettle and several pots were found; the Romans partook of warm refreshments after a bath. The wall back of the swimming tank was in part decorated with a garden scene, not unlike those in the frigidariums of the two older public @@ -13152,7 +13129,7 @@ apodyterium (19), a tepidarium (20), and a caldarium (21), from which the tepidarium was warmed by means of an opening in the wall; the caldarium had a hollow floor and walls, and was heated from the kitchen (22). In the tepidarium were found four panes of glass about -10½ inches square, together with the remains of the wooden frame in +10¬Ω inches square, together with the remains of the wooden frame in which they were set. The caldarium, like those of the public baths, had a bath basin and a semicircular niche for the labrum. @@ -13168,9 +13145,9 @@ interest in this portion of the house is the semicircular sleeping room (14) built out into the garden. It faced the south, and had three large windows; it was separated from the rest of the house by an anteroom, _procoeton_ (13), at one end of which is a small division -(β) designed for the bed of an attendant. In the semicircular -room are an alcove for a bed (γ) and a stationary wash bowl -of masonry (δ). The plan is similar to that of a bedroom in +(Œ≤) designed for the bed of an attendant. In the semicircular +room are an alcove for a bed (Œ≥) and a stationary wash bowl +of masonry (Œ¥). The plan is similar to that of a bedroom in Pliny's villa at Laurentum. Another sleeping room (9) was provided with both a large and a small door (p. 261). @@ -13376,7 +13353,7 @@ court; and in our villa rustica it lies at the north corner (_B_) where, in winter, it would receive the full benefit of the sunshine. The hearth (1), on which remains of fire were found, stands in the middle of the room; in the wall at the rear is a niche, ornamented to -resemble the façade of a diminutive temple, in which were placed the +resemble the fa√ßade of a diminutive temple, in which were placed the images of the household gods. A large door in the right wall of the kitchen opened into the stable @@ -13571,7 +13548,7 @@ in this chapter. The half figures on the front of the end board, shown more plainly in the detail at the left of the illustration, were cast; the rest of the -mounting was _repoussé_ work. The bronze on the side toward the table +mounting was _repouss√©_ work. The bronze on the side toward the table was inlaid with silver. The end boards were placed at the head of the upper couch and the foot of the lower one (p. 263); the middle couch did not have a raised end. The mattress rested on straps stretched @@ -13694,7 +13671,7 @@ on others a mother suckling a child. Three kinds of supports for lamps may be distinguished according to their size: lamp standards, which stood on the floor and ranged in -height from 2½ to 5 feet; lamp holders, not far from 20 inches high, +height from 2¬Ω to 5 feet; lamp holders, not far from 20 inches high, which were placed on tables; and small lamp stands, also used on the table. The general term _candelabrum_ was originally applied to candle holders containing several candles (_candelae_). Such candle holders @@ -13876,7 +13853,7 @@ them here; a few examples must suffice. [Illustration: Fig. 216.--Silver cups.] -Of the three cups with _repoussé_ reliefs shown in Fig. 216, one +Of the three cups with _repouss√©_ reliefs shown in Fig. 216, one (_a_) has a simple but effective decoration of leaves. Another (_c_) presents the apotheosis of Homer; the bard is being carried to heaven by an eagle, while on either side (detail in _b_) sits an allegorical @@ -13892,7 +13869,7 @@ The Boscoreale treasure contained a hundred and three specimens of silver ware, undoubtedly the collection of an amateur. Of the purely decorative pieces the finest is the shallow bowl -(_phiala_, _patera_) 8⅞ inches in diameter, with an allegorical +(_phiala_, _patera_) 8‚Öû inches in diameter, with an allegorical representation of the city of Alexandria, in high relief (Fig. 187). The city is personified as a female divinity--alert, powerful, majestic. Upon her head are the spoils of an elephant; the trunk and @@ -13937,7 +13914,7 @@ extended he points the index finger in indignation and scorn at Epicurus, who, paying no heed to him, is taking a piece of a huge cake lying on the top of a small round table. Beside Epicurus an eager pig with snout and left foreleg uplifted is demanding a share. Over the -cake is the inscription: τὸ τέλος ἡδονή, 'the end of life is +cake is the inscription: œÑ·Ω∏ œÑ·Ω≥ŒªŒøœÇ ·º°Œ¥ŒøŒΩ·Ωµ, 'the end of life is pleasure.' The letters of the inscription, as of the names of the philosophers, are too small to be shown distinctly in our illustration. @@ -13950,9 +13927,9 @@ Hamlet in the scene with the gravedigger; in the other hand (not seen in the illustration) is a wreath of flowers. The third of the principal figures holds in his right hand a bag exceedingly heavy, as indicated by the adjustment of the bones of the right arm and leg; -over the bag is the word φθόνοι, 'envyings.' The object in the left +over the bag is the word œÜŒ∏·ΩπŒΩŒøŒπ, 'envyings.' The object in the left hand is so light that its weight is not felt; it is a butterfly, held -by the wings, and above it is inscribed ψύχιον, a diminutive of ψυχή, +by the wings, and above it is inscribed œà·ΩªœáŒπŒøŒΩ, a diminutive of œàœÖœá·Ωµ, 'soul'; we shall later find another instance of the representation of a disembodied soul as a butterfly (p. 398). It was perhaps the design of the artist to represent the figure as holding the bag behind him @@ -13964,7 +13941,7 @@ wreath. On either side of the middle figure are two others less than half as large. One, under the butterfly, is playing the lyre; over his head is -the word τέρψις, 'pleasure.' The second is clapping his hands, and +the word œÑ·Ω≥œÅœàŒπœÇ, 'pleasure.' The second is clapping his hands, and above him is a Greek inscription which gives the thought of the whole design: 'So long as you live take your full share' of life, 'for the morrow is uncertain.' @@ -14477,7 +14454,7 @@ running along the wall to three large earthen vessels. [Illustration: Fig. 229.--Plan of the vat room of the tannery.] The vats, fifteen in number, are in a room formerly used as an atrium -(Fig. 229). They are about 5 feet in diameter, and from 4 to about 5½ +(Fig. 229). They are about 5 feet in diameter, and from 4 to about 5¬Ω feet deep; they were built of masonry, and plastered; two holes were made in the side of each to serve as a convenience in climbing in and out. Between adjacent pairs of pits was an oblong basin about twenty @@ -14793,7 +14770,7 @@ _POMPEIAN BURIAL PLACES.--THE STREET OF TOMBS_ The tombs of Pompeii, like those of Rome, were placed in close array along the sides of the roads that led from the city gates. Only a few have been uncovered; how many still lie concealed under the mantle of -volcanic débris that rests upon the plain, no one has yet ventured to +volcanic d√©bris that rests upon the plain, no one has yet ventured to conjecture. The tombstone of a magistrate of one of the suburbs was found at Scafati, a mile and a half east of the ancient town; and others have been brought to light on the east, south, and west sides. @@ -14905,8 +14882,8 @@ stood in a niche in the villa of Cicero. There is an implied reference to the Bay Road also in another inscription which was found out of its proper place, in the court of -the adjoining inn: THERMAE · M · CRASSI · FRVGI · AQVA · MARINA · -ET · BALN · AQVA · DVLCI · IANVÁRIVS · L--'Bathing establishment of +the adjoining inn: THERMAE ¬∑ M ¬∑ CRASSI ¬∑ FRVGI ¬∑ AQVA ¬∑ MARINA ¬∑ +ET ¬∑ BALN ¬∑ AQVA ¬∑ DVLCI ¬∑ IANV√ÅRIVS ¬∑ L--'Bathing establishment of Marcus Crassus Frugi. Warm sea baths and freshwater baths. (Superintendent) the freedman Januarius.' We learn from Pliny the Elder that M. Licinius Crassus Frugi, who was consul in 64 A.D., and @@ -15066,8 +15043,8 @@ previously described. It is an unroofed enclosure, entered by a door at one end. As we learn from the inscription, it was built in honor of Terentius Felix by his widow, the city furnishing the burial lot and a contribution of two thousand sesterces (about $90) toward the expense: -_T. Terentio T. f. Men. Felici maióri aedil[i]; huic publice locus -datus et [=HS] ∞ ∞. Fabia Probi f. Sabina uxor_,--'To the memory of +_T. Terentio T. f. Men. Felici mai√≥ri aedil[i]; huic publice locus +datus et [=HS] ‚àû ‚àû. Fabia Probi f. Sabina uxor_,--'To the memory of Titus Terentius Felix the Elder, son of Titus, of the tribe Menenia, aedile. The place of burial was given by the city, with two thousand sesterces. His wife, Fabia Sabina, daughter of Fabius Probus (built @@ -15219,7 +15196,7 @@ size and noteworthy on account of its decoration. The inscription on the front of the altar-shaped superstructure gives interesting details in regard to the man the memory of whom is here perpetuated: _A. Umbricio A. f. Men. Scauro, II vir i. d.; huic decuriones locum -monum[ento] et [=HS] ∞ ∞ in funere et statuam equestr[em in f]oro +monum[ento] et [=HS] ‚àû ‚àû in funere et statuam equestr[em in f]oro ponendam censuerunt. Scaurus pater filio_,--'To the memory of Aulus Umbricius Scaurus son of Aulus, of the tribe Menenia, duumvir with judiciary authority. The city council voted the place for a monument @@ -15255,8 +15232,8 @@ were added to give the result of this fight. One combatant, who was beaten and yet by the vote of the audience permitted to live, died on the sand from his wounds. We see him resting on one knee, faint from loss of blood; the letter M beside his name, for _missus_, is -followed by the death sign Θ, the first letter of the Greek -word for death, ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ. +followed by the death sign Œò, the first letter of the Greek +word for death, ŒòŒëŒùŒëŒ§ŒüŒ£. The animals shown in the venatio are mainly wild boars and bears, but we recognize also a lion and a bull. Lions were doubtless much more @@ -15507,13 +15484,13 @@ tablet of tufa is seen with the inscription: _Arriae M. f. Diomedes l[ibertus] sibi suis_,--'Diomedes, a freedman, for Arria, daughter of Marcus Arrius, for himself and for his family.' On the elevation directly above is his tomb, the end of which is seen in Plate X (in -the foreground). It bears the inscription: _M. Arrius Ↄ. l. Diomedes +the foreground). It bears the inscription: _M. Arrius ‚ÜÉ. l. Diomedes sibi suis memoriae, magister pag[i] Aug[usti] Felic[is] suburb[ani]_,--'Marcus Arrius Diomedes, freedman of Arria, magistrate of the suburb Pagus Augustus Felix, in memory of himself and his family.' -The abbreviation Ↄ. l. takes the place of _Gaiae libertus_, 'freedman +The abbreviation ‚ÜÉ. l. takes the place of _Gaiae libertus_, 'freedman of Gaia,' the letter C, which stands for Gaius, being reversed; Gaia is used, as in legal formulas, to show that the person referred to is a woman. The slave Diomedes, after receiving his freedom, was entitled @@ -16389,7 +16366,7 @@ plastered, and usually decorated with colors; only storerooms, kitchens, and apartments designed for the use of slaves were left in the white. Outer walls were as a rule plastered, except when built of hewn stone, a kind of construction not employed after the Tufa Period. -Stucco was occasionally used on façades of ashlar work where special +Stucco was occasionally used on fa√ßades of ashlar work where special ornamentation seemed to be needed, as at the entrance of the house of the Faun; and in later times, now and then, a front with reticulate or brick facing was left unplastered. Previous to the time of Augustus @@ -17174,10 +17151,10 @@ Not infrequently a similar result is produced by placing figures of incongruous type in sharp contrast; so in the oft-repeated composition in which the beautiful Thetis in elegant attire sits in the workshop of Hephaestus, looking at the shield which the rough and grimy smith -is finishing for Achilles. In another composition Pasiphaë is seen in +is finishing for Achilles. In another composition Pasipha√´ is seen in the shop of Daedalus, who points out the wooden cow; and a similar idea of contrast must have been present in the mind of the artist who -painted Danaë after she had been cast ashore in a chest on the island +painted Dana√´ after she had been cast ashore in a chest on the island of Seriphus, sitting on the beach with little Perseus in her lap, while two fishermen standing near make inquiry concerning her strange fate. @@ -17361,8 +17338,8 @@ person who makes the recommendation nowhere appears. In one example the elements of the common formula _o. v. f._, for _oro vos, facite_, are given almost in full: _M. Marium aed. faci., oro vos_,--'Make Marcus Marius aedile, I beg of you.' The following notice appears on -Stabian Street in letters nearly 8 inches high: P · FVR · II · V · \B -· O · \F, that is _Publium Furium duumvirum, virum bonum, oro vos, +Stabian Street in letters nearly 8 inches high: P ¬∑ FVR ¬∑ II ¬∑ V ¬∑ \B +¬∑ O ¬∑ \F, that is _Publium Furium duumvirum, virum bonum, oro vos, facite_,--'Make Publius Furius duumvir, I beg of you; he's a good man.' @@ -17483,7 +17460,7 @@ the villa of Julia Felix:-- IN PRAEDIS IULIAE SP. F. FELICIS LOCANTUR BALNEUM VENERIUM ET NONGENTUM, TABERNAE, PERGULAE, - CENÁCULA EX IDIBUS AUG. PRIMIS IN IDUS AUG. SEXTÁS, ANNÓS + CEN√ÅCULA EX IDIBUS AUG. PRIMIS IN IDUS AUG. SEXT√ÅS, ANN√ìS CONTINUOS QUINQUE S. Q. D. L. E. N. C. @@ -17506,10 +17483,10 @@ in regard to a stray horse, painted on one of the tombs east of the Amphitheatre, is given on p. 436. On the east side of Insula VIII. v.-vi. we read:-- - VRNA AENIA PEREIT · DE · TABERNA - SEIQVIS · RETTVLERIT DABVNTVR - HS LXV · SEI · FVREM - DABIT · VND ... + VRNA AENIA PEREIT ¬∑ DE ¬∑ TABERNA + SEIQVIS ¬∑ RETTVLERIT DABVNTVR + HS LXV ¬∑ SEI ¬∑ FVREM + DABIT ¬∑ VND ... 'A copper pot has been taken from this shop. Whoever brings it back will receive 65 sesterces. If any one shall hand over the thief' ... @@ -17586,7 +17563,7 @@ Two inscriptions, attesting the presence of members of the Praetorian Guard in Pompeii, have been previously mentioned (pp. 387, 401). Another praetorian left his name in a house of the eighth Region (VIII. iii. 21): _Sex. Decimius Rufus milis coh[ortis] V -pr[aetorianae] Ↄ Martialis_,--'Sextus Decimius Rufus, a soldier of the +pr[aetorianae] ‚ÜÉ Martialis_,--'Sextus Decimius Rufus, a soldier of the fifth praetorian cohort, of the century led by Martialis.' To the same division of the army probably belonged a centurion of the first rank, Q. Spurennius Priscus, whose name was found in a house of the first @@ -17622,7 +17599,7 @@ other examples it is interesting to note that one brother is designated by the gens name, the other by the cognomen. Sometimes the greeting is the reverse of cordial, as in this instance: _Samius Cornelio, suspendere_,--'Samius to Cornelius: go hang yourself.' -Hardly less naïve is the message to a friend who has died: _Pyrrhus +Hardly less na√Øve is the message to a friend who has died: _Pyrrhus Chio conlegae sal[utem]: moleste fero, quod audivi te mortuom; itaq[ue] vale_,--'Pyrrhus to his chum Chius: I'm sorry to hear that you are dead; and so, Good-by.' @@ -17797,7 +17774,7 @@ a. XVI; diaria a. V; furfure a. VI; viria I a. III; oleum a. VI_,--'Oil, a pound, 4 asses; straw, 5 asses; hay, 16 asses; a day's wages, 5 asses; bran, 6 asses; one wreath for the neck, 3 asses; oil, 6 asses.' The value of the as varied; in the Early Empire it was -nearly equivalent to 1½ pence, or 3 cents. +nearly equivalent to 1¬Ω pence, or 3 cents. Children scratched upon walls the alphabet that they were learning. The frequent quotations from Virgil, generally incomplete, are @@ -17918,7 +17895,7 @@ Januaria.' RECEIPT. Pages 2 and 3 -_HS n. CC|ↃↃ ∞ XXXVIIII, quae pecunia in stipulatum L. Caecili +_HS n. CC|‚ÜÉ‚ÜÉ ‚àû XXXVIIII, quae pecunia in stipulatum L. Caecili Iucundi venit ob auctionem Umbriciae Ianuariae mercede minus persoluta habere se dixit Umbricia Ianuaria ab L. Caecilio Iucundo._ @@ -18036,7 +18013,7 @@ MEMORANDUM. Page 5 _L. Veranio Hupsaeo L. Albucio Iusto d[uumviris] i[ure] d[icundo] XIV K. Iul. Privatus c. c. V. C. ser. scripsi me accepisse ab L. Caecilio -Iucundo HS ∞ DCLXXV et accepi ante hanc diem VIII idus Iunias HS ∞ +Iucundo HS ‚àû DCLXXV et accepi ante hanc diem VIII idus Iunias HS ‚àû nummos ob vectigal publicum pasquorum._ _Act. Pom. C. Fonteio C. Vips. cos._ @@ -18082,9 +18059,9 @@ Appuleius Bassus.' Different kinds of wine were sometimes designated by characteristic names. A certain Greek, M. Pomponius Teupon, produced a brand which he -called 'Frenzy Wine' (Λύττιος), as if so strong that it would make the +called 'Frenzy Wine' (Œõ·ΩªœÑœÑŒπŒøœÇ), as if so strong that it would make the drinker frantic. Another Greek, Timarchus, named one of his wines -'White Drink,' Λευκουνάριον. +'White Drink,' ŒõŒµœÖŒ∫ŒøœÖŒΩ·Ω±œÅŒπŒøŒΩ. An amphora in the house of the Vettii was labelled _Gustaticium_, 'Breakfast Drink'; it no doubt contained _mulsum_, a kind of mead made @@ -18153,8 +18130,8 @@ with points: _Phi[ala] et emb[lema] p[endentia] p[ondo libras] II, uncias X, scrupula VI. Phi[ala] p[endens] p[ondo libras] II, uncias II, semunciam; emb[lema] p[endens] p[ondo] uncias VII, semunciam_, 'The bowl and the relief medallion' together 'weigh 2 pounds, 10 ounces, and 6 -scruples. The bowl weighs 2 pounds, 2½ ounces; the relief medallion -weighs 7½ ounces.' In giving the items separately no account was taken +scruples. The bowl weighs 2 pounds, 2¬Ω ounces; the relief medallion +weighs 7¬Ω ounces.' In giving the items separately no account was taken of the scruples. Reckoning the Roman pound as 327.453 grammes, the weight of the patera with its relief was 934.608 grammes, or 2.504 Troy pounds. This differs from the present weight by less than a gramme. @@ -18163,7 +18140,7 @@ Occasionally a name in the genitive case is found with the record of weight, written with the same kind of letters; in such cases it is probably safe to assume that the name is that of the original owner. On the under side of one of the pair of cups ornamented with skeletons -(Fig. 217) is the inscription: GAVIAE P·II·S[E]IIII; a later hand, +(Fig. 217) is the inscription: GAVIAE P¬∑II¬∑S[E]IIII; a later hand, writing with a fine point, added VAS II in the space after GAVIAE, as if to supply an obvious omission, so that the inscription in full would read, _Gaviae. Vas[a] II [pendentia] p[ondo libras] II, uncias @@ -18312,7 +18289,7 @@ which see references to Chap. V, p. 517. _Origin of the name_ [p. 8]: cf. F. VON DUHN, Verhandlung der 34ten Philologen-Versammlung (1880), p. 154; for pompe = quinque, cf. BUCK, Der Vocalismus der Oskischen Sprache (Leipzig, 1892), pp. 118-119. The -derivation of Pompeii from πομπή (πέμπειν) is assumed by NISSEN, +derivation of Pompeii from œÄŒøŒºœÄ·Ωµ (œÄ·Ω≥ŒºœÄŒµŒπŒΩ) is assumed by NISSEN, Pompejanische Studien (Leipzig, 1877), p. 580; cf. also SOGLIANO, Rendiconto della Accademia di Archeologia, Nuova Serie, Naples, vol. 15 (1901), p. 115. @@ -18326,7 +18303,7 @@ _The Pompeians and P. Sulla_ [p. 10]: Cic. Pro P. Sulla, XXI. _Excavations near the Sarno canal_ [p. 10]: Not. d. scavi, 1880, pp. 494-498; 1881, pp. 25-29, 64-66. For other evidence relating to the -suburbs, see NISSEN, Pompejanische Studien, p. 379; MAU, Röm. Mitth., +suburbs, see NISSEN, Pompejanische Studien, p. 379; MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 299-300, 344. _Inscriptions_ [p. 11]--_referring to the Salinenses_: C. I. L. IV. @@ -18334,7 +18311,7 @@ _Inscriptions_ [p. 11]--_referring to the Salinenses_: C. I. L. IV. I. L. IV. 470, 480, 1216, 1293 [quoted p. 492], 2353 [p. 219]. _Venus Pompeiana_ [p. 12]: Museo Borb., vol. 8, pl. 34; HELBIG, -Wandgemälde der vom Vesuv verschütteten Städte Campaniens (Leipzig, +Wandgem√§lde der vom Vesuv versch√ºtteten St√§dte Campaniens (Leipzig, 1868), no. 295; WISSOWA, De Veneris simulacris Romanis (Breslau, 1882), pp. 15-21; cf. also ROSSBACH, Vier Pompejanischen Wandbilder, Jahrb. des Inst. vol. 8 (1893), pp. 57-59 (no. 4). @@ -18345,10 +18322,10 @@ Caecilius Jucundus, as 3340, CXLIII. in C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 1; with the latter we may compare the abbreviation after the name of Privatus [p. 504]. -_Civic administration_ [p. 12]: MARQUARDT, Römische Staatsverwaltung, +_Civic administration_ [p. 12]: MARQUARDT, R√∂mische Staatsverwaltung, vol. 1 (Edit. 2, Leipzig, 1881), pp. 132-215: C. I. L. X. pp. 90-93, -IV. pp. 249-255; WILLEMS, Les élections municipales à Pompéi (Paris, -1886), and review of this book by MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. +IV. pp. 249-255; WILLEMS, Les √©lections municipales √† Pomp√©i (Paris, +1886), and review of this book by MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 298-302. _Duumvirates of Caligula_ [p. 14]: C. I. L. X. 901, 902, 904. @@ -18367,7 +18344,7 @@ Julia Augusta, C. I. L. X. 961 (?); of Fortuna Augusta, C. I. L. X. IV. 1185 [quoted on p. 222]. _Officials of the Pagus Augustus Felix_ [p. 14]: C. I. L. X. 814, 853, -924, 944, 1027, 1028, 1030, 1042, 1055, 1074; Röm. Mitth., vol. 4 +924, 944, 1027, 1028, 1030, 1042, 1055, 1074; R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), p. 344. _Pompeian wine_ [p. 14]: Plin. N. H. XIV. II. 35, III. 38, VI. 70; @@ -18384,9 +18361,9 @@ Cato, De agri cultura, XXII. 3, 4, CXXXV. 2. _Cicero's Pompeianum_ [p. 16]: Cic. Acad. pr. II. III. 9, XXV. 80; ad Att. I. XX. 1, V. II. 1, X. XV. 1, XVI. 4, XIII. VIII; ad Fam. VII. III. 1, IV, XII. XX; ad Quint. fr. II. XIV. 1; Plut. Cic. VIII. See -also SCHMIDT, Cicero's Villen--Das Pompeianum, Neue Jahrbücher für das +also SCHMIDT, Cicero's Villen--Das Pompeianum, Neue Jahrb√ºcher f√ºr das Klassische Altertum, vol. 3 (1899), pp. 489-497, and the review by -MAU, Röm. Mitth. vol. 15 (1900), pp. 129-130. +MAU, R√∂m. Mitth. vol. 15 (1900), pp. 129-130. _Death of Claudius's Drusus at Pompeii_ [p. 16]: Suet. Div. Claud. XXVII. @@ -18403,9 +18380,9 @@ _Population of Pompeii_ [p. 16]: FIORELLI, Gli Scavi di Pompei dal _Evidence regarding the existence of a Jewish colony at Pompeii_ [pp. 17-18]--_inscriptions cited_: C. I. L. IV, 1507, 2569, 2609, 2611, IV. Suppl. 4976, 5244. _Painting with the judgment of Solomon_: LUMBROSO, -Sul dipinto pompeiano in cui si è ravvisato il giudizio di Salomone, +Sul dipinto pompeiano in cui si √® ravvisato il giudizio di Salomone, Memorie della Acc. dei Lincei, Serie 3, vol. II (1883), pp. 303-305; -SAMTER, Archäologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahr. des Inst., vol. +SAMTER, Arch√§ologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahr. des Inst., vol. 13 (1898), pp. 49-50. _Supposed Christian inscription and the literature relating to it_: DE ROSSI, Una memoria dei Cristiani in Pompei, Bulletino di Archeologia Cristiana, vol. 2 (1864), pp. 69-72, @@ -18436,7 +18413,7 @@ the dedicatory inscription of the temple of Isis [p. 170]. _Date of the eruption_ [p. 19]: MAU, Del mese e del giorno dell' eruzione, Bull. dell' Inst. 1880, pp. 92-96; Not. d. scavi, 1889, pp. -407-410; Röm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 282-283. +407-410; R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 282-283. _Ancient sources of our knowledge of the eruption_ [pp. 19-20]: Plin. Ep. VI. XVI, XX; Dio Cass. LXVI. XXI-XXIII; incidental references, M. @@ -18465,9 +18442,9 @@ MINERVINI (1861-1862); Giornale degli scavi di Pompei pubblicato da GIUSEPPE FIORELLI (Naples, 1861-1865, incomplete); Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, Nuova Serie, pubblicata dagli alunni della Scuola archeologica (vols. 1-4, Naples, 1868-1879); since 1876, in the -Notizie degli scavi di antichità. The reports on the excavations by +Notizie degli scavi di antichit√†. The reports on the excavations by Professor Mau were published in the Bullettino dell' Instituto from -1873 to 1885; since 1885 they have appeared in the Römische +1873 to 1885; since 1885 they have appeared in the R√∂mische Mittheilungen. _Excavations at Herculaneum_: RUGGIERO, Storia degli scavi di Ercolano @@ -18504,14 +18481,14 @@ CHAPTER VI. MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, ARCHITECTURAL PERIODS _Materials, construction, periods, systems of measurement_: NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 1-97; FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 78-86; RUGGIERO, Delia eruzione del Vesuvio nell' anno LXXIX -(see note to Chap. I), pp. 5-8; MAU, Pompejanische Beiträge (Berlin, -1879), pp. 1-41, and Röm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 294-298. +(see note to Chap. I), pp. 5-8; MAU, Pompejanische Beitr√§ge (Berlin, +1879), pp. 1-41, and R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 294-298. _Mason's marks_: C. I. L. IV. pp. 166-167; RICHTER, Ueber antike -Steinmetz-zeichen (Berlin, 1883), pp. 13-22, summarized by MAU, Röm. +Steinmetz-zeichen (Berlin, 1883), pp. 13-22, summarized by MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 4 (1899), pp. 292-294; MAU, Segni di scarpellino di -Pompei, Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 47-51. MARRIOTT, Facts about -Pompeii (London, 1895), pp. 62-85, reviewed by Mau, Röm. Mitth., vol. +Pompei, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 47-51. MARRIOTT, Facts about +Pompeii (London, 1895), pp. 62-85, reviewed by Mau, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 222-224. A complete collection of mason's marks will appear in C. I. L. IV. suppl. 2. @@ -18521,7 +18498,7 @@ CHAPTER VII. THE FORUM _Excavation_ (1813-1818), _plan, remains_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 135-212, vol. 3, pp. 1-17; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. 2, 2 vols., London, 1832), vol. 1, pp. 27-38; MAZOIS, Les ruines de -Pompéi (four parts, cited as vols.; vols. 1 and 2, 1824; vols. 3 and +Pomp√©i (four parts, cited as vols.; vols. 1 and 2, 1824; vols. 3 and 4, continued by GAU, 1828-1829; Paris), vol. 3, pp. 28-36, plates 13bis, 14; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 313-319, 344-374. @@ -18530,18 +18507,18 @@ _Inscriptions relating to the Forum or found in it_: C. I. L. X. 57], X. 1074. _Statues of the Forum_ [pp. 46-48]: MAU, Die Statuen des Forums von -Pompeji, Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 150-156. +Pompeji, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 150-156. _History of the colonnade_ [p. 50]: MAU, Il portico del Foro di -Pompei, Röm. Mitth., vol. 6 (1891), pp. 168-176. +Pompei, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 6 (1891), pp. 168-176. _Paintings illustrating the life of the Forum_ [p. 55]: Le pitture antiche di Ercolano e contorni (5 vols., Naples, 1757-1779), pp. 213, -221, 227; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 1489-1500; particularly JAHN, +221, 227; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1489-1500; particularly JAHN, Ueber Darstellungen des Handwerks und Handelsverkehrs auf antiken -Wandgemälden, Abhandlungen der sächsischen Gesellschaft der +Wandgem√§lden, Abhandlungen der s√§chsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, philologisch.-hist. Classe, vol. 5 (1870), pp. 263-318 -and pl. 1-3; reproduced also by BAUMEISTER, Denkmäler des klassischen +and pl. 1-3; reproduced also by BAUMEISTER, Denkm√§ler des klassischen Altertums (3 vols., Munich, 1884-1888), vol. III. Fig. 1653; SCHREIBER, Atlas of Classical Antiquities (trans. by Anderson; London, 1895), pl. 87, 88, 89. @@ -18549,7 +18526,7 @@ SCHREIBER, Atlas of Classical Antiquities (trans. by Anderson; London, _Shape of a typical forum contrasted with that of the agora_ [p. 57]: Vitr. V. I. 1-3. -_Admission fee_, [p. 57]: FRIEDLAENDER in MARQUARDT, Röm. +_Admission fee_, [p. 57]: FRIEDLAENDER in MARQUARDT, R√∂m. Staatsverwaltung (Edit. 2), vol. 3, pp. 492-493. _Slaves not permitted to witness the games_ [p. 58]: Cic. De harus. @@ -18560,21 +18537,21 @@ CHAPTER VIII. THE BUILDINGS AROUND THE FORUM--THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER _Of the Capitolium in Roman colonies generally_: KUHFELDT, De capitoliis imperii Romani (Berlin, 1882); CASTAN, Les capitaux -provinciaux du monde romain (Besançon, 1886); DE ROSSI and GATTI, I -campidogli nelle colonie e nelle altre città del mondo romano, Bull. +provinciaux du monde romain (Besan√ßon, 1886); DE ROSSI and GATTI, I +campidogli nelle colonie e nelle altre citt√† del mondo romano, Bull. com., vol. 15 (1887), pp. 66-68; WISSOWA, Capitolium (2), -Pauly-Wissowa Real-Encyclopädie, vol. 3, pp. 1538-1540. +Pauly-Wissowa Real-Encyclop√§die, vol. 3, pp. 1538-1540. _The temple of Jupiter_ (excavated in 1816-1818, 1820): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 185-200, vol. 2, pp. 16-17, vol. -3, p. 13; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 3, pp. 48-50, pl. 30-36; -NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 320-327; MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, pp. 200-209; -WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der Zerstörung (Leipzig, 1897), pp. 61-78. +3, p. 13; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pp. 48-50, pl. 30-36; +NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 320-327; MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 200-209; +WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der Zerst√∂rung (Leipzig, 1897), pp. 61-78. _Variation of the plan from the Etruscan, union of Greek and Etruscan elements_ [p. 63]: cf. Vitr. IV. VII. 1, VIII. 5. -_Relief in the house of Caecilius Jucundus_ [p. 64]: MAU, Röm. Mitth., +_Relief in the house of Caecilius Jucundus_ [p. 64]: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 115-116. _Decoration of the cella_ [p. 65]: MAU, Geschichte der decorativen @@ -18582,14 +18559,14 @@ Wandmalerei in Pompeji (Berlin, 1882), pp. 61-62, 248. _Inscriptions found in the cella_ [p. 66]: C. I. L. X. 796-797. -_The Capitolium and the temple of Zeus Milichius_ [p. 66]: MAU, Röm. +_The Capitolium and the temple of Zeus Milichius_ [p. 66]: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 141-149. _Temples of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva in Etruscan and Roman cities_ [p. 66]: Serv. Com. in Verg. ad Aen. I. 422; Vitr. I. VII. 1. _Capitals of the Ionic columns of the cella, and of the Corinthian -columns of the portico_ [pp. 63-67]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, +columns of the portico_ [pp. 63-67]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pl. 35. The shape of the acanthus leaves is not that characteristic of the pre-Roman period. It is therefore most probable that the temple was built, or at any rate was completed, in the early @@ -18607,18 +18584,18 @@ _Inscriptions_: C. I. L. X. 805-807, IV. pp. 113-125. _Decoration_: MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 11-17. -_Reconstruction_: MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 14-46, vol. 6 +_Reconstruction_: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 14-46, vol. 6 (1891), pp. 67-71, vol. 8 (1893), pp. 166-171; cf. also WOLTERS, Das -Chalcidicum der Pompejanischen Basilica, Röm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), +Chalcidicum der Pompejanischen Basilica, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 47-60. Equal height of main room and corridor was first assumed by -MAZOIS (Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 3, pls. 17, 18), afterward by MAU -(Pomp. Beiträge, pp. 156-199). A clerestory was added by CANINA +MAZOIS (Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pls. 17, 18), afterward by MAU +(Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 156-199). A clerestory was added by CANINA (Architettura Antica, vol. 3, pl. 93), and by LANGE (Haus und Halle, Leipzig, 1885, pp. 351-372). SCHOENE (NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 198-201) assumes an equal height for the large columns and the half-columns, with a gallery above the corridor. -_The Basilica Porcia_ [p. 70]: HUELSEN, Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), +_The Basilica Porcia_ [p. 70]: HUELSEN, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 84, 91. _Other references on the Roman basilicas_: HUELSEN, Nomenclator topographicus (KIEPERT and HUELSEN, Formae urbis Romae antiquae, Berlin, 1896), pp. 13-14. @@ -18635,10 +18612,10 @@ and VON BEZOLD, Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1892), pp. 62-63, and LOWRIE, Monuments of the Early Church (New York, 1901), pp. 420-421; cf. also HOLTZINGER, Die altchristliche und byzantinische Baukunst (Stuttgart, 1899; in Durm's -Handbuch der Architektur), pp. 19-25; KRAUS, Realencyclopädie der -christl. Alterthümer (2 vols., Freiburg, 1882-1886), vol. I. under +Handbuch der Architektur), pp. 19-25; KRAUS, Realencyclop√§die der +christl. Alterth√ºmer (2 vols., Freiburg, 1882-1886), vol. I. under =Basilica=; LANGE, Haus und Halle (Leipzig, 1885), pp. 270-326; F. -WITTING, Die Anfänge christlicher Architektur (Strassburg, 1902). +WITTING, Die Anf√§nge christlicher Architektur (Strassburg, 1902). CHAPTER X. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO @@ -18646,13 +18623,13 @@ CHAPTER X. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO _Excavation_ (1817-1818), _remains, restoration_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 191, 203-210, vol. 2, pp. 9, 69, vol. 3, pp. 9-16; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. 3, by GELL and GANDY, London, 1852), pl. -53-54; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 4, pls. 16-23; NISSEN, -Pomp. Studien, pp. 213-232; MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, pp. 93-116; -OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji (Pompeji in seinen Gebäuden, Alterthümern und +53-54; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 4, pls. 16-23; NISSEN, +Pomp. Studien, pp. 213-232; MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 93-116; +OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji (Pompeji in seinen Geb√§uden, Alterth√ºmern und Kunstwerken dargestellt von JOHANNES OVERBECK; vierte im Vereine mit AUGUST MAU durchgearbeitete und vermehrte Auflage, Leipzig, 1884), pp. 96-104 and 636-637 (Anm. 41-45); IVANOFF, Architektonische Studien, -Heft 2 (Berlin, 1895), pl. 1-3; WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der Zerstörung, +Heft 2 (Berlin, 1895), pl. 1-3; WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der Zerst√∂rung, pp. 35-52. _Inscriptions relating to the temple_--_Oscan_ [p. 80]: MAU, Bull. @@ -18663,17 +18640,17 @@ der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte (2 vols.; Strassburg, 1892, 1897), vol. 2, p. 500; CONWAY, Italic Dialects (2 vols., London, 1897), vol. 1. p. 65. _Latin_ [pp. 85-86]: C. I. L. X. 787, 800-804. -_Paintings_ [pp. 84, 87]: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 266, 395, 1306, -1324, 1325, 1544, and Nachträge, pp. 461-462. +_Paintings_ [pp. 84, 87]: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 266, 395, 1306, +1324, 1325, 1544, and Nachtr√§ge, pp. 461-462. _Statues found in the court_ [p. 87]--_Venus_: Museo Borb., vol. 14, pl. 23. _Artemis and Apollo_: Museo Borb., vol. 8, pl. 59, 60. _Herm in the Naples Museum formerly thought to be Maia_: PATRONI, La pretesa -Maia, erma del Museo Nazionale di Napoli, Röm. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), +Maia, erma del Museo Nazionale di Napoli, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 131-132. _The cult of Mercury and Maia_ [p. 89]: cf. SAMTER, Altare di Mercurio -e Maia, Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 222-225. +e Maia, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 222-225. _Augustus as Mercury_ [p. 90]: KIESSLING, Zu Hor. Od. I. 2, in Philologische Untersuchungen (herausgegeben von A. KIESSLING und U. @@ -18703,7 +18680,7 @@ _Other tables of standard measures_ [p. 93]: at Minturnae, C. I. L. X. Pagan and Christian Rome (Boston, 1892), pp. 40-41; at Selinus, Not. d Scavi. 1884, p. 321; BREGENZ, Mitth. der Oesterr. Centralcommission, Neue Folge, vol. 8, p. 99; in Greek lands, TARBELL, A "Mensa -Ponderaria" from Assos; American Journal of Archæology, vol. 7 (1891), +Ponderaria" from Assos; American Journal of Arch√¶ology, vol. 7 (1891), pp. 440-443, and n. 1 (the Assos table is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts); BACON, Investigations at Assos, Pt. 1 (1902), pp. 71, 73. @@ -18713,7 +18690,7 @@ CHAPTER XII. THE MACELLUM _Excavation_ (in 1821-1822), _identification, reconstruction_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 38-56, vol. 3, pp. 31-32; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 46-68; MAZOIS, Les ruines -de Pompéi, vol. 3, pp. 59-67, pl. 42-46; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. +de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pp. 59-67, pl. 42-46; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 275-286; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 120-128; Not. d. scavi, 1898, pp. 333-339. @@ -18726,17 +18703,17 @@ also in Memorie della regale Accademia ercolanese di archeologia, vol. _The tholus_ [p. 94]: Varro, apud Non., p. 448. The coin of Nero referred to is described by ECKHEL, Doctrina numorum veterum (Edit. 2, 8 vols., Vienna, 1792-1828), vol. 6, p. 273, and figured by COHEN, -Description historique des monnaies frappées sous l'empire romain, +Description historique des monnaies frapp√©es sous l'empire romain, vol. 1 (Edit. 2, Paris, 1880), p. 288; and DONALDSON, Architectura Numismatica, no. LXXII. _Paintings in the Macellum at Pompeii_ [pp. 96-98]: HELBIG, -Wandgemälde, see Topogr. Index, p. 476, under Pantheon. +Wandgem√§lde, see Topogr. Index, p. 476, under Pantheon. _Cupids as bakers and as makers of wreaths_ [p. 98]: Museo Borb., vol. -4, pl. 47, and vol. 6, pl. 51; ROUX, Herculanum et Pompéi (text by -BARRÉ; 8 vols., Paris, 1840), vol. 2, pl. 83, 84; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, -nos. 777, 800; JAHN, Abhandlungen der Königl. sächsichen Gesellschaft +4, pl. 47, and vol. 6, pl. 51; ROUX, Herculanum et Pomp√©i (text by +BARR√â; 8 vols., Paris, 1840), vol. 2, pl. 83, 84; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, +nos. 777, 800; JAHN, Abhandlungen der K√∂nigl. s√§chsichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, philolog-hist. Classe, vol. 5 (1870), pp. 315-318 and pl. 6. @@ -18744,38 +18721,38 @@ _Statues found in the imperial chapel_ [p. 98]: MAU, Statua di Marcello nipote di Augusto, Atti della reale Accademia di Napoli, vol. 15 (1891), pp. 133-151; HELBIG, Osservazioni sopra i ritratti di Fulvia e di Ottavia, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 1 (1890), pp. 573-590. Both -these articles are summarized by MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 6 (1891), p. +these articles are summarized by MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 6 (1891), p. 268, and vol. 7 (1892), pp. 169-171. The statues were published with the names of Livia and Drusus, son of Tiberius, in the Museo Borb., vol. 3, pl. 37, 38; the right hand of Octavia is restored. _Destruction wrought by the earthquake of 63_ [p. 101]: this matter -will be discussed in an early number of the Römische Mittheilungen. +will be discussed in an early number of the R√∂mische Mittheilungen. CHAPTER XIII. THE SANCTUARY OF THE CITY LARES _Excavation_ (1817), _remains_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, -pt. 3, p. 196; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 3, pp. 50-51, pl. +pt. 3, p. 196; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pp. 50-51, pl. 37; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 303-306. -_Identification and restoration_: MAU, Der Städtische Larentempel in -Pompeji, Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 285-301. +_Identification and restoration_: MAU, Der St√§dtische Larentempel in +Pompeji, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 285-301. CHAPTER XIV. THE TEMPLE OF VESPASIAN _Excavation_ (in 1817), _remains, identification, restoration_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 198; MAZOIS, Les ruines -de Pompéi, vol. 4, pp. 33-36, pl. 12-15; GARRUCCI, L'Augusteum, la +de Pomp√©i, vol. 4, pp. 33-36, pl. 12-15; GARRUCCI, L'Augusteum, la curia degli Augustales, il Chalcidicum, l'aedes Fortunae Augustae, Bullettino archeologico Napolitano, Nuova Serie, vol. 2 (1854), pp. 4-6, published also in his Questioni Pompeiane (Naples, 1853), pp. 74-79; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 270-275; MAU, Osservazioni sul creduto tempio del Genio di Augusto in Pompei, Atti della reale Accademia di Napoli, vol. 16 (1894), pp. 181-188; WEICHARDT, Pompeji -vor der Zerstörung, pp. 95-101. For the restoration given in Fig. 46, -see MAU, Der Tempel des Vespasian in Pompeii, Röm. Mitth., vol. 15 +vor der Zerst√∂rung, pp. 95-101. For the restoration given in Fig. 46, +see MAU, Der Tempel des Vespasian in Pompeii, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 133-138. @@ -18788,21 +18765,21 @@ pp. 154-158, 195, 198, 210-213, vol. 2, pp. 7-19, vol. 3, pp. 6, 13, _Remains, identification, restoration_: BECHI, Del calcidico e della cripta di Eumachia scavati nel Foro di Pompeji l'anno 1820 (Naples, 1820); GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 13-26; MAZOIS, Les -ruines di Pompéi, vol. 3, pp. 42-47, pl. 22-27; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, +ruines di Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pp. 42-47, pl. 22-27; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 287-303. For the restorations given in the text, see MAU, -Osservazioni sull' edifizio di Eumachia in Pompei, Röm. Mitth., vol. 7 +Osservazioni sull' edifizio di Eumachia in Pompei, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 7 (1892), pp. 113-143. _Inscriptions_ [pp. 111, 112]: C. I. L. X. 808-815. -_Decoration_ [p. 111]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 3, pp. +_Decoration_ [p. 111]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pp. 45-46, pl. 26, 27; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 334-335, -410, and pl. 10; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, no. 1094 _c_. +410, and pl. 10; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, no. 1094 _c_. CHAPTER XVI. THE COMITIUM -_Remains, identification_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 3, pp. +_Remains, identification_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pp. 58-59; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 185-193; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 136-138. @@ -18811,7 +18788,7 @@ CHAPTER XVII. THE MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS _Excavation_ (1814), _remains, identification_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 154-159, vol. 2, p. 160; MAZOIS, Les ruines -de Pompéi, vol. 3, p. 52, pl. 38; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 306-311; +de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, p. 52, pl. 38; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 306-311; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 139-142. @@ -18822,7 +18799,7 @@ _Excavation, remains, identification_: Not. d. scavi, 1899, pp. 17-23, worship of Augustus, the history of the building also being misunderstood. For a justification of the interpretation of the remains given in the text, see MAU, Der Tempel der Venus Pompeiana. -Röm. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 270-308 and pl. 7-8. +R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 270-308 and pl. 7-8. CHAPTER XIX. THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNA AUGUSTA @@ -18830,11 +18807,11 @@ CHAPTER XIX. THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNA AUGUSTA _Excavation_ (1823-1824): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 84-85, 91, 95-98. -_Remains, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 4, pp. +_Remains, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 4, pp. 45-48, pl. 24-26; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 69-82; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 178-184; MAU, Der Tempel der Fortuna -Augusta in Pompeji, Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 269-284; -WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der Zerstörung, pp. 85-93. +Augusta in Pompeji, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 269-284; +WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der Zerst√∂rung, pp. 85-93. _Inscriptions_ [pp. 130, 132]: C. I. L. X. 820-828. @@ -18845,17 +18822,17 @@ _Excavation of the Forum and the temple_ (1767-1797): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 211, 276, 285, 286, 297, 307, 308, pt. 2, pp. 63-65. -_Remains of the temple, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, +_Remains of the temple, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pp. 17-22, pl. 8-10. Especially attractive are the sketches -and restorations given by WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der Zerstörung, pp. +and restorations given by WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der Zerst√∂rung, pp. 17-33, pl. 1, 2 (reproduced in our pl. 3), and 3. The best description of the remains of the temple is given by KOLDEWEY and PUCHSTEIN, Die griechischen Tempel in Unteritalien und Sicilien (Berlin, 1899), pp. -45-49 and pl. 5; their conclusions are criticised by MAU, Röm. Mitth., +45-49 and pl. 5; their conclusions are criticised by MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 126-128. See also VON DUHN and JACOBI, Der griechische Tempel in Pompeji (Heidelberg, 1890); SOGLIANO, Il tempio nel Foro triangolare di Pompei, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 1 (1890), pp. -189-200; both these contributions are reviewed by MAU, Röm. Mitth., +189-200; both these contributions are reviewed by MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 6 (1891), pp. 258-267. _The colonnade contained ninety-five Doric columns_ [p. 135]: there @@ -18891,12 +18868,12 @@ February, 1796): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 158-165, pt. 2, pp. 46-63. For the Small Theatre, see also vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 69, 75. -_Paintings at Pompeii relating to the stage_: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, +_Paintings at Pompeii relating to the stage_: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1464-1476; SOGLIANO, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. 740-752; MAASS, Affreschi scenici di Pompeii, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 53 (1881), pp. 109-159, and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 11, pl. 30-32. -_Remains of the Large Theatre_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 4, +_Remains of the Large Theatre_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 4, pp. 55-70, pl. 27-34; FIORELLI, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 352-357; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 232-253; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 153-176. @@ -18913,15 +18890,15 @@ calling the platforms tribunals. _Wall painting, showing theatre police seated in niches in front of the stage_ [p. 146]: found in the casa della fontana grande; described -by HELBIG, Wandgemälde, no. 1468; figured in Museo Borb., vol. 4, pl. -18, and in WIESELER, Theatergebäude und Denkmäler des Bühnenwesens bei -den Griechen und Römern (Göttingen, 1851), pl. 11, 2. A similar figure +by HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, no. 1468; figured in Museo Borb., vol. 4, pl. +18, and in WIESELER, Theatergeb√§ude und Denkm√§ler des B√ºhnenwesens bei +den Griechen und R√∂mern (G√∂ttingen, 1851), pl. 11, 2. A similar figure sitting in a shallow niche has been found on a wall in the eighth -region (VIII. II. 23); see Röm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), p. 202, no. 12. +region (VIII. II. 23); see R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), p. 202, no. 12. On the need of police to keep order in Roman theatres, see the -references given by MARQUARDT, Röm. Staatsverwaltung, vol. 3 (Edit. -2), pp. 541-542; but cf. KÖRTING, Geschichte des griechischen und -römischen Theaters (Paderborn, 1897), p. 367. +references given by MARQUARDT, R√∂m. Staatsverwaltung, vol. 3 (Edit. +2), pp. 541-542; but cf. K√ñRTING, Geschichte des griechischen und +r√∂mischen Theaters (Paderborn, 1897), p. 367. _Place of stage machinery_ [p. 147]: Pollux, Onomast. IV. 128. @@ -18931,7 +18908,7 @@ p. 233, under =Actius= and =Anicetus=; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 5395. _Assemblies in the theatre_ [p. 148]: at Tarentum (282 B.C.), App. De rebus Samnit. VII. II; Dio Cass. Frag. XXIX. 5; at Pergamus, Plut. -Sulla, 11. Cf. Muller, Bühnenalterthümer, pp. 73-75. +Sulla, 11. Cf. Muller, B√ºhnenalterth√ºmer, pp. 73-75. _Inscriptions found in the theatre_ [pp. 148-150]: monumental, C. I. L. X. 833-843; painted inscriptions and graffiti, C. I. L. IV. pp. 63, @@ -18941,7 +18918,7 @@ _The stage and the orchestra in the Greek and the Roman theatre_ [p. 150]: Vitr. V. VI-VIII. _The problem of the stage in the Greek theatre_ [p. 151]: DOERPFELD -and REISCH, Das griechische Theater, Beiträge zur Geschichte des +and REISCH, Das griechische Theater, Beitr√§ge zur Geschichte des Dionysos-Theaters in Athen und anderer griechischer Theater (Athens and Leipzig, 1896), particularly pp. 341-365; DOERPFELD, Das griechische Theater Vitruvs, Athen. Mitth., vol. 22 (1897), pp. @@ -18952,8 +18929,8 @@ is given by FRAZER, Pausanias's Description of Greece, vol. 3, pp. _The stage of the Large Theatre at Pompeii_ [p. 152]: PUCHSTEIN and KOLDEWEY, Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, 1896, pp. 477-478; -Archäologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., 1896, pp. 30, -40; PUCHSTEIN, Die griechische Bühne (Berlin, 1901), pp. 75-77. +Arch√§ologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., 1896, pp. 30, +40; PUCHSTEIN, Die griechische B√ºhne (Berlin, 1901), pp. 75-77. CHAPTER XXII. THE SMALL THEATRE @@ -18975,7 +18952,7 @@ Amphitheaters zu Pompeii, Hermes, vol. 18 (1883), pp. 620-622. _The narrow doors at the rear of the stage designed to give access to the tribunalia_ [p. 156]: KELSEY, The Stage Entrances of the Small -Theatre at Pompeii, American Journal of Archæology, series 2, vol. 4 +Theatre at Pompeii, American Journal of Arch√¶ology, series 2, vol. 4 (1900), p. 150, also vol. 6 (1902). @@ -18985,13 +18962,13 @@ _Excavation_ (October 25, 1766, to April 7, 1769, and December 10, 1791, to February 20, 1794): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 195-228, pt. 2, pp. 46-48, 51, 52, 54, 151-153, pt. 3, p. 273. -_Remains, identification, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, +_Remains, identification, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pp. 12-15, pl. 2-6; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1852), p. 184; GARRUCCI, Il Ludus Gladiatorius, ovvero Convitti dei Gladiatori, in his Questioni Pompeiane (Naples, 1853), pp. 1-8; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 253-262. The suggestion has lately been made that the colonnade may have been designed as the Gymnasium of pre-Roman Pompeii -(PETERSEN, Ueber die sogen. Gladiatorenkaserne in Pompeji, Röm. +(PETERSEN, Ueber die sogen. Gladiatorenkaserne in Pompeji, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 14 (1899), pp. 103-104). _Graffiti_: C. I. L. IV. pp. 157-159. @@ -18999,7 +18976,7 @@ _Graffiti_: C. I. L. IV. pp. 157-159. _Exhibitions of gladiators_ [p. 161]: C. I. L. X. 1074, and references to Chap. XXX. -_Paintings_ [pp. 161-162]: HELBIG, Wandegemälde, nos. 322, 1512. +_Paintings_ [pp. 161-162]: HELBIG, Wandegem√§lde, nos. 322, 1512. CHAPTER XXIV. THE PALAESTRA @@ -19012,24 +18989,24 @@ NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 158-170; MAU, Der Fundort des Neapler Doryphoros, Strena Helbigiana (Leipzig, 1900), pp. 184-187. _Measurements, showing conformity to the Oscan standard_ [p. 165]: -MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, pp. 21-23. +MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 21-23. _Oscan inscription_ [p. 165]: ZVETAIEFF, Sylloge inscriptionum Oscarum, no. 63, pl. 11; VON PLANTA, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte, vol. 2, p. 499; CONWAY, Italic Dialects, vol. 1, no. 42. _Doryphorus_ [p. 166]: reproduction on a larger scale, BRUNN and -BRUCKMANN, Denkmäler griechischer und römischer Sculptur, no. 273. +BRUCKMANN, Denkm√§ler griechischer und r√∂mischer Sculptur, no. 273. CHAPTER XXV. THE TEMPLE OF ISIS _The worship of Isis outside of Egypt_: LAFAYE, Histoire du culte des -divinités d'Alexandrie, Sérapis, Isis, Harpocrate et Anubis, hors de -l'Égypte, depuis les origines jusqu'à la naissance de l'école -néo-Platonicienne (Paris, 1883); for the literature relating to the -worship of Isis in Italy, see ROSCHER, Ausführliches Lexikon der -griechischen und römischen Mythologie, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 398-412. +divinit√©s d'Alexandrie, S√©rapis, Isis, Harpocrate et Anubis, hors de +l'√âgypte, depuis les origines jusqu'√† la naissance de l'√©cole +n√©o-Platonicienne (Paris, 1883); for the literature relating to the +worship of Isis in Italy, see ROSCHER, Ausf√ºhrliches Lexikon der +griechischen und r√∂mischen Mythologie, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 398-412. _Excavation of the temple_ (December 22, 1764, to September 27, 1766): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 164-194. @@ -19037,31 +19014,31 @@ FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 164-194. _Inscriptions relating to the temple_: PIRANESI (see below), pl. 70-72; C. I. L. X. 846-851. _Inscription found at Puteoli_ [p. 169]: C. I. L. I. 577, X. 1781; WIEGAND, Die puteolanische Bauinschrift -sachlich erläutert, Jahrbücher für classische Philologie, +sachlich erl√§utert, Jahrb√ºcher f√ºr classische Philologie, Supplementband 20 (1894), pp. 659-778. An interesting graffito relating to the worship of Isis was found in the house of the Silver -Wedding in 1892; see Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 57, no. 7 (cf. +Wedding in 1892; see R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 57, no. 7 (cf. also DE ROSSI, Roma sotterranea, vol. 2, pp. 14-15). _Remains, restoration_: SOGLIANO, Aedis Isidis Pompeiana, not yet -published [see Preface, p. vi.]; PIRANESI, Antiquités de Pompéi +published [see Preface, p. vi.]; PIRANESI, Antiquit√©s de Pomp√©i (designs made about 1788), vol. 2 (= vol. 26 of Opera, in 27 vols.), -pl. 59-72; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 4, p. 24, pl. 7-11; +pl. 59-72; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 4, p. 24, pl. 7-11; NICCOLINI, Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei (Naples, 1854-1895), vol. 1, pt. 3, end (12 pl.); NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 170-175, 346-349; -MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, p. 23; WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der Zerstörung, pp. +MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, p. 23; WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der Zerst√∂rung, pp. 103-113. _Statues_--_Bacchus_ [p. 170]: Museo Borb., vol. 9, pl. 11: ROUX, -Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 6, pl. 21. _Isis_ [p. 176]: Museo Borb., -vol. 14, pl. 35. _Herm of Sorex_ [p. 176], PIRANESI, Antiquités de -Pompéi, vol. 2. pl. 72. _The statue of Venus has disappeared_: +Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vol. 6, pl. 21. _Isis_ [p. 176]: Museo Borb., +vol. 14, pl. 35. _Herm of Sorex_ [p. 176], PIRANESI, Antiquit√©s de +Pomp√©i, vol. 2. pl. 72. _The statue of Venus has disappeared_: OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, note 208, p. 649. -_Paintings_ [pp. 172 _et seq._]: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 1-6, 135, +_Paintings_ [pp. 172 _et seq._]: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1-6, 135, 138, 391 _b_, 962, 1013, 1096-99, 1103, 1271, 1292, 1571, 1576-1577. -_Paintings from Herculaneum_ [p. 178]: ROUX, Herculanum et Pompéi, -vol. 2, pl. 68, 69; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 1111, 1112. +_Paintings from Herculaneum_ [p. 178]: ROUX, Herculanum et Pomp√©i, +vol. 2, pl. 68, 69; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1111, 1112. _A left hand carried in procession in honor of Isis_ [p. 173]: Apul. Metam. XI. X. @@ -19087,13 +19064,13 @@ _Excavation_ (September 27 to October 18, 1766; March 15-22 and June 14, 1798): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 194-195, pt. 2, pp. 70-71. -_Remains, identification, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, +_Remains, identification, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 4, p. 22, pl. 4-6; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 175-177, 535-536; -MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, pp. 13-15, 227-232; MAU, Geschichte der dec. +MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 13-15, 227-232; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 60-61; MAU, Das Capitolium und der Tempel des Zeus -Meilichios in Pompeji, Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 141-149. An +Meilichios in Pompeji, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 141-149. An impossible restoration is given by WEICHARDT, Pompeji vor der -Zerstörung, pp. 116-123. +Zerst√∂rung, pp. 116-123. _Two statues and a bust of terra cotta_ [p. 184]: VON ROHDEN, Die Terracotten von Pompeji (Stuttgart, 1880), pp. 42-43, pl. 29. @@ -19106,37 +19083,37 @@ NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 531-536. CHAPTER XXVII. THE STABIAN BATHS -_Roman baths in general_: MARQUARDT, Privatleben der Römer, Edit. 2, -pt. 1, pp. 269-297; MAU, article Bäder in the Pauly-Wissowa -Realencyclopädie, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 2743-2758; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, +_Roman baths in general_: MARQUARDT, Privatleben der R√∂mer, Edit. 2, +pt. 1, pp. 269-297; MAU, article B√§der in the Pauly-Wissowa +Realencyclop√§die, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 2743-2758; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 152-155. -_Baths in Pompeii_--_in the second Insula of Region VIII_: MAU, Röm. +_Baths in Pompeii_--_in the second Insula of Region VIII_: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 194-205, vol. 5 (1890), pp. 130-141, vol. 10 (1895), pp. 218-219. _In the so-called villa of Julia Felix_: -CHAMBALU, Die wiederverschüttete Besitzung der Julia Felix beim +CHAMBALU, Die wiederversch√ºttete Besitzung der Julia Felix beim Amphitheater in Pompeji, Festschrift zur 43ten Versammlung -deutscher Philologen und Schulmänner dargeboten von den höheren -Lehranstalten Kölns (Cologne, 1895), and the review of this pamphlet -by MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 225-227. For the baths of M. +deutscher Philologen und Schulm√§nner dargeboten von den h√∂heren +Lehranstalten K√∂lns (Cologne, 1895), and the review of this pamphlet +by MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 225-227. For the baths of M. Crassus Frugi, see above, p. 408; for the baths in private houses at -Pompeii, MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, pp. 149-151, and above, pp. 267, 306-307 +Pompeii, MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 149-151, and above, pp. 267, 306-307 (both in the house of the Silver Wedding), 346, 357, 362-363. _Excavation of the Stabian Baths_ (1854-1857; the official reports are meagre): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 589-658; cf. also -MINERVINI, Notizie de' più recenti scavi di Pompei, Bull. Archeologico +MINERVINI, Notizie de' pi√π recenti scavi di Pompei, Bull. Archeologico Napolitano, Nuova Serie, vols. 2-6 (1853-1858). -_Remains_: MICHAELIS, Die neuen Bäder in Pompeji, Archäologische +_Remains_: MICHAELIS, Die neuen B√§der in Pompeji, Arch√§ologische Zeitung, vol. 17 (1859), pp. 17-32, 37-46; FINATI, Relazione degli scavi di Pompei, Museo Borb., vol. 16 (15 pp. text and pl. A-B); NICCOLINI, Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei, vol. 1, pt. 3 (12 pp., 8 -pls.); NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 140-158; MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, pp. +pls.); NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 140-158; MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 117-151; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 215-233; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, p. 60. -_Paintings_: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 30 (p. 11), 44, 416, 432, 1016, +_Paintings_: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 30 (p. 11), 44, 416, 432, 1016, 1057, 1260 _b_, 1545; see below, pl. XIII. _Origin of the balneae pensiles_ [p. 187]: Valer. Max. IX. I. 1; Plin. @@ -19154,7 +19131,7 @@ I. IV. 74-76; and cf. Mayor's note to Juvenal I., 17 and III., 9. _Pulvinus_ [p. 193], _testudo alvei_ [p. 194]: Vitr. V. X. _Testudo alvei_: MAU, Fulcra lectorum--testudines alveorum, Nachrichten von der -Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, 1896, pp. 76-82; +K√∂nigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G√∂ttingen, 1896, pp. 76-82; VON DUHN and JACOBI, Der griechische Tempel in Pompeji, pp. 33-35 and pl. 9. @@ -19171,7 +19148,7 @@ probably takes the place of an earlier one. _Improvement of the arrangements for heating_ [p. 196]: the hollow walls of the caldarium are made with hollow tiles, while in the tepidarium tegulae mammatae are used; for a fuller discussion of the -successive changes, see MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, pp. 131-141. +successive changes, see MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 131-141. _The brazier of Vaccula_ [p. 197]: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 649-650. @@ -19186,15 +19163,15 @@ _Excavation_ [1824-1825]: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 106, 107-116, 118, 121-125, 128, vol. 3, p. 15. _Remains_: BECHI, Terme Pompeiane, Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 49-52 -(text, 31 pp.); BRULLOFF, Thermes di Pompéi (Paris, 1829), 10 large +(text, 31 pp.); BRULLOFF, Thermes di Pomp√©i (Paris, 1829), 10 large pls.; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 83-141, vol. 2, pp. -80-94; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 3, pp. 67-77, pl. 47-50; -ZAHN, Neuentdeckte Wandgemälde in Pompeji (Stuttgart, 1828), pl. 2-5; -ZAHN, Die schönsten Ornamente und merkwürdigsten Gemälde aus Pompeji, +80-94; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pp. 67-77, pl. 47-50; +ZAHN, Neuentdeckte Wandgem√§lde in Pompeji (Stuttgart, 1828), pl. 2-5; +ZAHN, Die sch√∂nsten Ornamente und merkw√ºrdigsten Gem√§lde aus Pompeji, Herkulanum und Stabiae, nebst einigen Grundrissen und Ansichten (3 parts, here cited as volumes, 302 pls. in 30 Heften, Berlin, 1827-1859), vol. 1, pl. 10, 46, 76, 94; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. -128-135; MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, pp. 218-227. +128-135; MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 218-227. _Inscriptions of the builders_ [p. 203], _of Vaccula_ [p. 205], _of Aper and Rufus_ [p. 206]: C. I. L. X. 817-819. @@ -19203,7 +19180,7 @@ Aper and Rufus_ [p. 206]: C. I. L. X. 817-819. CHAPTER XXIX. THE CENTRAL BATHS _Excavation_ (1876-1878), _remains_: MAU, Bull. dell' Inst., 1877, pp. -214-223, 1878, pp. 251-254. _Laconicum_: MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, pp. +214-223, 1878, pp. 251-254. _Laconicum_: MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 144-145. @@ -19225,11 +19202,11 @@ Div. Iul., XXXIX. App. Bel. Civ. II. XV. 102 and Dio. Cas. XLIII. 22. _Excavation of the Amphitheatre_ (1748, 1813-1816): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 5-6, pt. 3, pp. 114 et seq., 185, 189. -_Remains_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 4, pp. 77-86, pl. 43-47; -FIORELLI, Descrizione di Pompéi, pp. 69-74; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. +_Remains_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 4, pp. 77-86, pl. 43-47; +FIORELLI, Descrizione di Pomp√©i, pp. 69-74; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 97-127. -_Paintings_ [pp. 213, 214], HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 1514, 1515, +_Paintings_ [pp. 213, 214], HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1514, 1515, 1519; cf. also nos. 1512-1513, 1516-1518, and SOGLIANO, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. 665-668. @@ -19244,7 +19221,7 @@ amphitheatro_ [p. 225]: C. I. L. VI. 6226, 6228. _Inscription of Salvius Capito_ [p. 225]: C. I. L. IX. 465, 466 (cf. also C. I. L. X. 4920). _Names of gladiators, with their records_ [pp. 225-226]: C. I. L. IV., see Index, under gladiatores, p. 255. _Graffiti in the house -on Nola Street_ [p. 226]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4277-4393; and Röm. +on Nola Street_ [p. 226]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4277-4393; and R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 25-39, 64-65, vol. 7 (1892), p. 23. _Combat between the Pompeians and the Nucerians_ [pp. 220, 221]: Tac. @@ -19259,26 +19236,26 @@ L. IV. 1293 (with caricature, figured Museo Borb., vol. 6, pl. C), CHAPTER XXXI. STREETS, WATER SYSTEM, AND WAYSIDE SHRINES -_The streets_ [pp. 227-229]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. I, pp. +_The streets_ [pp. 227-229]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. I, pp. 25-26, pl. 2, 3, 14, 15, 35, 37, vol. 2, pp. 35-39, pl. 2-8; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 516-572. _Inscriptions on the pavement_ [p. 228], C. I. L. X. 870, 871. -_The water system_ [pp. 230-233]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. +_The water system_ [pp. 230-233]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 3, p. 27, pl. 13; MURANO, Pompei--donde venivano le acque potabili ai castelli acquarii (Naples, 1894); review of Murano's treatise by MAU, -Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 216-218. _Age of the aqueduct -supplying Pompeii_: MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895) pp. 49-51. +R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 216-218. _Age of the aqueduct +supplying Pompeii_: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895) pp. 49-51. _Recent investigation of the system of sewers_: Not. d. scavi, 1900, pp. 587-599. _Water towers of Constantinople_ [p. 232]: VON HAMMER, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs (10 vols., Pest, 1827-1835), vol. 7, pp. 422, 598-599; cf. also PARDOE, Beauties of the Bosphorus (London, 1839), pp. 24-25. -_Wayside shrines_ [pp. 233-236]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 2, +_Wayside shrines_ [pp. 233-236]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 2, pl. 6; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1852), pp. 97-98; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 242-244. _Paintings of divinities on the outside of houses_ -[p. 236]: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 7-28; SOGLIANO, Le pitture murali +[p. 236]: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 7-28; SOGLIANO, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. 1-4; serpents, HELBIG, nos. 29, 30; SOGLIANO, nos. 5-8. _Painting of the twelve gods_; GERHARD, Intorno la pittura Pompeiana rappresentante i dodici dei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 22 (1850), pp. @@ -19292,17 +19269,17 @@ _Excavation of walls, gates, towers_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 111-124, 131, 143-151, 160, 168-170, vol. 2, pp. 1, 501-506, 530, 593-597. -_Remains_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 1, pp. 33-37, 52-53, pl. +_Remains_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 1, pp. 33-37, 52-53, pl. 10-13, 35-37; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1852), pp. 87-96, 98; NISSEN, -Pomp. Studien, pp. 457-516; MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, pp. 211-215, 235-252; +Pomp. Studien, pp. 457-516; MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, pp. 211-215, 235-252; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 57-59. _Oscan inscriptions_ [p. 240]: ZVETAIEFF, Sylloge inscriptionum Oscarum, nos. 80-83, pl. 14 (nos. 7, 8), pl. 15, pl. 16 (no. 4); VON PLANTA, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte, vol. 2, p. 503; CONWAY, Italic Dialects, vol. 1, pp. 69-71; DEGERING, Ueber die -militärischen Wegweiser in Pompeji, Röm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), pp. -124-146; MAU, Die Oskischen Wegweiserinschriften in Pompeji, Röm. +milit√§rischen Wegweiser in Pompeji, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), pp. +124-146; MAU, Die Oskischen Wegweiserinschriften in Pompeji, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 14 (1899), pp. 105-113. _The Stabian Gate_ [p. 242]: MINERVINI, Strada e porta Stabiana, Bull. @@ -19321,23 +19298,23 @@ _Inscription of Flaccus and Firmus_ [p. 242]: C. I. L. X. 1064. CHAPTER XXXIII. THE POMPEIAN HOUSE _Of the Pompeian and the Roman house_: MAZOIS, Essai sur les -habitations des anciens romains, in Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 2, pp. +habitations des anciens romains, in Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 2, pp. 3-34 (3 pls.); MAZOIS, Le palais de Scaurus (Paris, 1819; Edit. 3, revised by Varcollier, 1861); GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1852), pp. -99-141; ZUMPT, Ueber die bauliche Einrichtung des römischen Wohnhauses +99-141; ZUMPT, Ueber die bauliche Einrichtung des r√∂mischen Wohnhauses (Berlin, 1844; Edit. 2, 1852); NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 593-668; VIOLLET-LE-DUC, Histoire de l'habitation humaine (Paris, 1875), and English translation under the title, The Habitations of Man in all Ages (Boston, 1876), Chap. 18; LANGE, Haus und Halle, Studien zur Geschichte des antiken Wohnhauses und der Basilica (Leipzig, 1885), especially pp. 50-59, 244-269; GUHL and KONER, Das Leben der Griechen -und Römer (Edit. 6, Berlin, 1893), pp. 558-580, and English +und R√∂mer (Edit. 6, Berlin, 1893), pp. 558-580, and English translation from the third German edition, Life of the Greeks and -Romans (London, 1877), §§ 75, 76; MARQUARDT, Das Privatleben der Römer +Romans (London, 1877), ¬ß¬ß 75, 76; MARQUARDT, Das Privatleben der R√∂mer (Edit. 2, Leipzig, 1886), pp. 213-250; MIDDLETON, article =Domus= in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, vol. 1 (Edit. 3, London, 1890), particularly pp. 684-687; MONCEAUX, =Domus= in Daremberg -and Saglio's Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, vol. 2, +and Saglio's Dictionnaire des antiquit√©s grecques et romaines, vol. 2, pt. 1, especially pp. 349-362. For remains of houses and villas in Britain, cf., e.g., WRIGHT, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon (Edit. 4, London, 1885), passim; SCARTH, Roman Britain (London, 1883), Chap. @@ -19379,25 +19356,25 @@ _Triclinium_ [p. 262]: Vitr. VI. V. I. _Trimalchio's dining rooms_ (_cenationes_): Petr. Sat. LXXVII. _Lares, Genius, and Penates in house paintings_ [p. 268]: HELBIG, -Wandgemälde, nos. 31-95; SOGLIANO, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. +Wandgem√§lde, nos. 31-95; SOGLIANO, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. 9-46, 63-71. _Serpents_: ibid., nos. 47-62; see also DE MARCHI, Il culto privato di Roma antica, vol. 1 (Milan, 1896), pp. 27-144; JORDAN, De Larum imaginibus atque cultu, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 34 (1862), pp. 300-339; REIFFERSCHEID, De larum picturis Pompeianis, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 35 (1863), pp. 121-134; JORDAN, De Genii et Eponae picturis Pompeianis nuper detectis, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 44 (1872), -pp. 19-47, and pl. B, C; WISSOWA, Die Ueberlieferung über die -römischen Penaten, Hermes, vol. 22 (1887), pp. 29-57. +pp. 19-47, and pl. B, C; WISSOWA, Die Ueberlieferung √ºber die +r√∂mischen Penaten, Hermes, vol. 22 (1887), pp. 29-57. -_Genius of a woman as Juno_ [p. 270]: MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 2 (1887), -p. 114. _Jupiter and Venus_: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, no. 67. _Two genii_ -(Ins. IX. viii. 13): MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 244-245. +_Genius of a woman as Juno_ [p. 270]: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 2 (1887), +p. 114. _Jupiter and Venus_: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, no. 67. _Two genii_ +(Ins. IX. viii. 13): MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 244-245. _Shop fronts_ [p. 276]: cf. MIDDLETON, Remains of Ancient Rome (2 vols., London, 1892), vol. 1, pp. 192-194. _Pergula_ [p. 277]: MAU, Sul significato della parola pergula nell' -architettura antica, Röm. Mitth., vol. 2 (1887), pp. 214-220. _Natus +architettura antica, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 2 (1887), pp. 214-220. _Natus in pergula_: Petr. Sat. LXXIV. @@ -19407,20 +19384,20 @@ _Excavation_ (1770): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 245-246, 248, 253 et seq. (p. 254, discovery of the instruments from which the house takes its name). -_Plan, construction, restoration_: PIRANESI, Antiquités de Pompéi, -vol. 1, pl. 14-21; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 2, p. 51, and +_Plan, construction, restoration_: PIRANESI, Antiquit√©s de Pomp√©i, +vol. 1, pl. 14-21; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 2, p. 51, and pl. 13 (plan); FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 79, -83; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 402-412; MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, 37-41, +83; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 402-412; MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, 37-41, 49-51 (proof that the measurements of the house conform to the Oscan standard); OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 279-281; GREENOUGH, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. 1 (1890), pp. 10-11 (plan showing conformity of the chief measurements to the proportions recommended by Vitruvius). -_Mural paintings_: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 1427 _b_, 1443, 1459, and +_Mural paintings_: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1427 _b_, 1443, 1459, and pp. CVIII-CIX with note 4 on p. CXXV; cf. also MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, p. 66. For the woman painting, see JAHN, -Abhandlungen der Königl. sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, +Abhandlungen der K√∂nigl. s√§chsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, philologisch-hist. Classe, vol. 5, pp. 298-305, and pl. 5. @@ -19429,12 +19406,12 @@ CHAPTER XXXV. THE HOUSE OF SALLUST _Excavation_ (1806-1809): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. -_Plan, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 2, pp. 75-79, +_Plan, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 2, pp. 75-79, pl. 35-39; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 652-654; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 300-307. _Decoration_: above, pp. 459-460; MAU, Geschichte der dec. -Wandmalerei, pp. 17-33, 112-114, 416-417, pl. 2; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, +Wandmalerei, pp. 17-33, 112-114, 416-417, pl. 2; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 51, 124, 249 _b_, 319, 373, 429, 465, 493, 746, 751, 900, 1055, 1255, 1311 (cf. Topogr. Index, p. 467). In the Naples Museum are good copies of the paintings that are in the garden and near the open-air @@ -19455,11 +19432,11 @@ _Wall decoration_: MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 33-57, monumenti di Pompei, vol. 1. _Mosaics_: Museo Borb., vol. 7, pl. 62, vol. 8, pl. 36-45, vol. 9, pl. -55, vol. 14, pl. 14; ROUX, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 5, 6th series, +55, vol. 14, pl. 14; ROUX, Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vol. 5, 6th series, pl. 20-29, 32; SCHREIBER, Atlas of Classical Antiquities (Eng. trans., London, 1895), pl. 63 (fish mosaic, with identification of species in the accompanying text); MARX, Il cosidetto Akratos nella casa del -Fauno, Röm. Mitth., vol. 7 (1892), pp. 26-31. +Fauno, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 7 (1892), pp. 26-31. CHAPTER XXXVII. A HOUSE NEAR THE PORTA MARINA @@ -19469,11 +19446,11 @@ _Decoration_: MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 96, 281. CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE HOUSE OF THE SILVER WEDDING -_Excavation_ (1892-1893), _plan, decoration_: MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 +_Excavation_ (1892-1893), _plan, decoration_: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 14-61; cf. also Not. d. scavi, 1892. _Dated inscription_ [p. 305]: C. I. L. I. (Edit. 2), p. 342; cf. also -Röm. Mitth., vol. 8, pp. 30-31. +R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 8, pp. 30-31. CHAPTER XXXIX. THE HOUSE OF EPIDIUS RUFUS @@ -19482,7 +19459,7 @@ _Excavation_ (1866), _plan_: FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 62-63; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 297-300. _Decoration, paintings_: MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. -98-100; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 59 _b_, 231, 863 _b_, 870 _b_, 874 +98-100; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 59 _b_, 231, 863 _b_, 870 _b_, 874 _b_, 885 _b_, 892 _b_, 967 _b_. @@ -19493,15 +19470,15 @@ hist., vol. 2, pp. 116-135; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 142-178; NICCOLINI, le case ed i monumenti di Pompei, vol. 1; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 285-289. -_Paintings_: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, see p. LXXXVI. and Topogr. Index +_Paintings_: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, see p. LXXXVI. and Topogr. Index under =Casa del poeta=, p. 471; also HELBIG, Le nozze di Giove e di Giunone, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 36 (1864), pp. 270-282. _The Iphigenia of Timanthes_ [p. 319]; Cic. Orator, XXII. 74; Plin. N. H. XXXV. X. 73; Quint. Inst. orat. II. XIII. 12, 13; Valer. Max. VIII. XI. ext. 6, with the comment of LESSING in the Laokoon, chap. 2, and -the references given by BLÜMNER, Lessing's Laokoon (Berlin, 1876), pp. -36-37; cf. also BAUMEISTER, Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums (3 +the references given by BL√úMNER, Lessing's Laokoon (Berlin, 1876), pp. +36-37; cf. also BAUMEISTER, Denkm√§ler des klassischen Altertums (3 vols., Munich, 1884-1888), vol. 1, pp. 754-757, and JEX-BLAKE and SELLERS, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art (London, 1896), pp. 116-117, note 2. @@ -19510,10 +19487,10 @@ SELLERS, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art (London, CHAPTER XLI. THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII _Excavation_ (1894-1895), _plan, restoration, decoration, paintings_: -MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 3-97; SOGLIANO, Mon. dei Lincei, -vol. 8 (1898), pp. 233-416; HERRLICH, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 1896, -pp. 206-207; MAU, Amoren als Oelfabrikanten, Röm. Mitth., vol. 15 -(1900), pp. 138-141; MAU, Amoren als Goldschmiede, Röm, Mitth., vol. +MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 3-97; SOGLIANO, Mon. dei Lincei, +vol. 8 (1898), pp. 233-416; HERRLICH, Arch√§ologischer Anzeiger, 1896, +pp. 206-207; MAU, Amoren als Oelfabrikanten, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 15 +(1900), pp. 138-141; MAU, Amoren als Goldschmiede, R√∂m, Mitth., vol. 16 (1901), pp. 109-116. @@ -19523,14 +19500,14 @@ _House of Acceptus and Euhodia_ (excavated in 1882) [p. 341]: MAU, Bull. dell' Inst. 1884, pp. 126-132. _House without a compluvium_ (excavated between 1890 and 1895) [p. -343]: MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 148-155. _Fures foras, +343]: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 148-155. _Fures foras, frugi intro_ [p. 346]: paraphrase of the saying, Petr. Sat. LII., _aquam foras, vinum intro_. _House of the Emperor Joseph II._ (excavated in 1767-1769, filled up, and again excavated in 1885-1886) [p. 344]: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 208-211, 227-234; MAZOIS, Les ruines de -Pompéi, vol. 2, pp. 73-74, pl. 32-34; MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 2 (1887), +Pomp√©i, vol. 2, pp. 73-74, pl. 32-34; MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 2 (1887), pp. 110-138. @@ -19547,12 +19524,12 @@ pitture murali Campane, nos. 133, 138, 158, 176, 192, 207, 214, 233, _House of Lucretius_ (excavated in 1847): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 453, 459-473; MINERVINI, in NICCOLINI, Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei, vol. 1; Museo Borb., vol. 14, pl. A, B; -OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 314-320; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, see Topogr. +OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 314-320; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, see Topogr. Index, p. 482. _House of the Hunt_ (excavated in 1834): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 3, pp. 286-288; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 277-279; HELBIG, -Wandgemälde, see Topogr. Index, p. 473, under =Casa della caccia +Wandgem√§lde, see Topogr. Index, p. 473, under =Casa della caccia antica=; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, p. 454. _House of the Centenary_ (excavated in 1879-1880): MAU, Bull, dell' @@ -19567,16 +19544,16 @@ Descrizione di una casa pompeiana con capitelli figurati all' ingresso, dissotterrata negli anni 1831, 1832 e 1833 (Naples, 1837), also in Mem. dell' Acc. Ercolanese, vol. 6 (1837); NICCOLINI, le case ed i monumenti di Pompei, vol. 1; FIORELLI, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. -225-227; MARQUARDT, Röm. Privatleben (Edit. 2), pp. 224 ff.; MAU, +225-227; MARQUARDT, R√∂m. Privatleben (Edit. 2), pp. 224 ff.; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 94, 374-379, 388, 430-431; -HELBIG, Wandgemälde, see Topogr. Index, p. 473. +HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, see Topogr. Index, p. 473. _House of Pansa_ (excavated in 1813-1827): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 116-161, vol. 2, pp. 195-197; MAZOIS, Les ruines de -Pompéi, vol. 2, p. 82, pl. 42-45; FIORELLI, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. +Pomp√©i, vol. 2, p. 82, pl. 42-45; FIORELLI, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 102-106; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 325-329; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 658-659; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 72-73; HELBIG, -Wandgemälde, nos. 53, 115, 1014. +Wandgem√§lde, nos. 53, 115, 1014. _House of Castor and Pollux_ (also known as house of the Dioscuri, and casa del Questore; excavated in 1828-1829): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. @@ -19584,56 +19561,56 @@ hist., vol. 2, pp. 205-221; NICCOLINI, op. cit., vol. 1; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 334-342; Museo Borb., vol. 5 (see Relazione degli scavi di Pompei, at the end of the vol.; 26 pp. text, with plan; cf. also pl. 32, 33); MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 258, 372-373, -402, 420-421, 446, 455; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, pp. LXXXV-LXXXVI and +402, 420-421, 446, 455; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, pp. LXXXV-LXXXVI and Topogr. Index, p. 469. _House of the Centaur_ (excavated in 1828-1829): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 217-224; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 330-334; MAU, -Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 75-78; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, see +Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 75-78; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, see Topogr. Index, p. 469, under =Casa del Centauro=. For the large mosaic found in this house, known under the title "Force conquered by Love," -see Museo Borb., vol. 7, pl. 61; ROUX, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 5, +see Museo Borb., vol. 7, pl. 61; ROUX, Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vol. 5, series 6, pl. 30. _House of Meleager_ (excavated in 1829-1830): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 224-240; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 307-314; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 426-427; MAU, Geschichte der dec. -Wandmalerei, pp. 74, 373-374, 446, 453; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, pp. +Wandmalerei, pp. 74, 373-374, 446, 453; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, pp. LXXXVII-LXXXVIII and Topogr. Index, p. 468. _House of Apollo_ (excavated in 1829-1830): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 235-236; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 427-428; MAU, -Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, p. 454; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, see +Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, p. 454; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, see Topogr. Index p. 467. _Houses with mosaic fountains_ (excavated in 1826-1827): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 174-202; Descrizione di Pompei, pp. -125-126; NICCOLINI, op. cit., vol. 1; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, p. LXXXVIII +125-126; NICCOLINI, op. cit., vol. 1; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, p. LXXXVIII and Topogr. Index, p. 470, X. _House of the Anchor_ (excavated in 1830): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 237-239; Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 142-143; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 79-80, 258-259, 302, 396-397, -399, 422; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 174, 334, 495, 564, 1220. +399, 422; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 174, 334, 495, 564, 1220. _House of the Citharist_ (excavation begun in 1853, completed in 1868): FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 65-69; FIORELLI, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 61-65; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 359-366; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 64, 251-252, 315, 316, 318, 326, 335-336, 343, 367, 389, 397, 411-413, 446. _Paintings_: -HELBIG, Wandgemälde, see Topogr. Index, pp. 482-483; Orestes and +HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, see Topogr. Index, pp. 482-483; Orestes and Pylades, HELBIG, Oreste e Pilade in Tauride su dipinto Pompeiano, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 37 (1865), pp. 330-346, and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 8, pl. 22. _Statue of Apollo_ [p. 352]: often reproduced, as by OVERBECK, Atlas der griechischen Kunstmythologie, pl. 20, no. 26; Mon. -dell' Inst., vol. 8, pl. 13; REINACH, Répertoire de la statuaire +dell' Inst., vol. 8, pl. 13; REINACH, R√©pertoire de la statuaire grecque et romaine, vol. 2 (Paris, 1897), p. 97, no. 8; BRUNN and -BRUCKMANN, Denkmäler griechischer und römischer Sculptur, no. 302. See -KEKULÉ, Statua Pompeiana di Apolline, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 37 +BRUCKMANN, Denkm√§ler griechischer und r√∂mischer Sculptur, no. 302. See +KEKUL√â, Statua Pompeiana di Apolline, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 37 (1865), pp. 55-71; WOLTERS, Eine Spartanische Apollostatue, Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 1-10; FURTWAENGLER, Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik (Leipzig, 1893), pp. 79, 80, and English -translation by Eugénie Sellers, Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture +translation by Eug√©nie Sellers, Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture (London, 1895), p. 52; COLLIGNON, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2 (Paris, 1897), pp. 665-666. @@ -19653,13 +19630,13 @@ CHAPTER XLIV. ROMAN VILLAS. THE VILLA OF DIOMEDES _Of Roman villas in general_: CASTELL, The Villas of the Ancients Illustrated (London, 1728); FRIEDLAENDER, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 2, pp. 85-93, 170-193, vol. 3, pp. 89-100, Edit. 7, pp. -201-210; SCHMIDT, Cicero's Villen. Neue Jahrbücher für das klas. +201-210; SCHMIDT, Cicero's Villen. Neue Jahrb√ºcher f√ºr das klas. Altertum, vol. 3 (1899). pp. 328-355, 466-497, particularly pp. -328-333; WINNEFELD, Tusci und Laurentum des jüngeren Plinius, Jahrb. +328-333; WINNEFELD, Tusci und Laurentum des j√ºngeren Plinius, Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 6 (1892), pp. 201-217; WINNEFELD, Die Villa des -Hadrian bei Tivoli (Jahrb. des Inst., Ergänzungsheft III, Berlin, -1895); WINNEFELD, Römische Villen der Kaiserzeit, Preussische -Jahrbücher, vol. 57 (1898), pp. 457 _et seq._ +Hadrian bei Tivoli (Jahrb. des Inst., Erg√§nzungsheft III, Berlin, +1895); WINNEFELD, R√∂mische Villen der Kaiserzeit, Preussische +Jahrb√ºcher, vol. 57 (1898), pp. 457 _et seq._ _Villas in the region about Baiae_: BELOCH, Campanien (Edit. 2, Berlin, 1883), pp. 201-202, 269-274. @@ -19676,34 +19653,34 @@ com., 1898, pp. 313-338; LANCIANI, The Destruction of Ancient Rome la villa di Mondragone (Rome, 1901). _Villa of the Laberii at Uthina_ (south of Tunis): GAUCKLER, Le -domaine des Laberii à Uthina, Monuments et Mémoires publiées par -l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, vol. 3 (Fondation Piot, +domaine des Laberii √† Uthina, Monuments et M√©moires publi√©es par +l'Acad√©mie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, vol. 3 (Fondation Piot, Paris, 1897), pp. 177-229; SCHULTEN, review of Gauckler's monograph, -Göttingsche gelehrte Anzeigen, 1898, pp. 475-481, and briefer report -(with plan) in Archäologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des +G√∂ttingsche gelehrte Anzeigen, 1898, pp. 475-481, and briefer report +(with plan) in Arch√§ologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., 1898, pp. 113-115. _Villas in Britain_: References to Chap. XXXIII, and MORGAN, Roman British Mosaic Pavements (London, 1886). _The Villa of Diomedes_ (excavated in 1771-1774): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. -hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 249-278; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, p. +hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 249-278; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, p. 89, pl. 47-53; IVANOFF, Architektonische Studien, Heft. 2 (mit Elaeuterungen von August Mau, Berlin, 1895), pl. 4-6; OVERBECK-MAU, -Pompeji, pp. 369-376; MAU, Pomp. Beiträge, p. 151; HELBIG, -Wandgemälde, see Topogr. Index, p. 483. +Pompeji, pp. 369-376; MAU, Pomp. Beitr√§ge, p. 151; HELBIG, +Wandgem√§lde, see Topogr. Index, p. 483. _Bedroom in Pliny's villa_ [p. 358]: Plin. Ep. II. XVII. 23. CHAPTER XLV. THE VILLA RUSTICA AT BOSCOREALE -_Excavation, plan, remains_: MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 9 (1894), pp. +_Excavation, plan, remains_: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 9 (1894), pp. 349-358, vol. 11 (1896), pp. 131-140; PASQUI, La villa pompeiana della Pisanella presso Boscoreale, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 7 (1897), pp. 397-554. For the collection of silverware, see references on p. 538. Part of the objects of bronze found in the villa are in Berlin; see -PERNICE, Bronzen aus Boscoreale, Archäologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt +PERNICE, Bronzen aus Boscoreale, Arch√§ologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 177-181. Others are in the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago; see TARBELL, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 3 (1899), Second Series, p. 584. @@ -19726,26 +19703,26 @@ this chapter are figured and described, with many others, in the Real Museo Borbonico. For detailed reference, see the Index, near the end of vol. 16 (pp. 96-97, Ori; pp. 97-98, Argenti; pp. 99-112, Suppellettile), and our List of Illustrations, pp. xxi-xxiii. Most of -them are reproduced by ROUX, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 7; a number +them are reproduced by ROUX, Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vol. 7; a number are figured by PIRANESI in the volume, Oggetti di uso civile, militare e religioso, trovati a Pompeia e ad Ercolano (= vol. 27 of his Opera). See also the references on the Pompeian and the Roman house [pp. 531-532], and BECKER, Gallus (eighth English edition, London, 1886), -pp. 285-301; GUHL and KONER, Life of the Greeks and Romans, §§ 86-93, +pp. 285-301; GUHL and KONER, Life of the Greeks and Romans, ¬ß¬ß 86-93, 97; FRIEDLAENDER, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 3, pp. 100-112, -Edit. 7, vol. 2, pp. 210-220; MARQUARDT, Röm. Privatleben (Edit. 2), -pp. 607-768. Cf. MAU, Fornelli antichi, Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1898), +Edit. 7, vol. 2, pp. 210-220; MARQUARDT, R√∂m. Privatleben (Edit. 2), +pp. 607-768. Cf. MAU, Fornelli antichi, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 10 (1898), pp. 38-46. _Silver cups found in the Casa dell' Argenteria_ [p. 379]: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, p. 305. -_The treasure of Boscoreale_ [p. 380]: HÉRON DE VILLEFOSSE, Le trésor -de Boscoreale, Monuments et Mémoires publiés par l'Académie des +_The treasure of Boscoreale_ [p. 380]: H√âRON DE VILLEFOSSE, Le tr√©sor +de Boscoreale, Monuments et M√©moires publi√©s par l'Acad√©mie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, vol. 5 (Fondation Piot, Paris, 1899), fasc. 1 and 2; also MICHAELIS, Der Silberschatz von Boscoreale, -Preussische Jahrbücher, vol. 85 (1896), pp. 19-56; WINTER, Der -Silberschatz von Boscoreale, Archäologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum +Preussische Jahrb√ºcher, vol. 85 (1896), pp. 19-56; WINTER, Der +Silberschatz von Boscoreale, Arch√§ologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 74-87; cf. also COLLIGNON, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2, pp. 681-682. @@ -19760,48 +19737,48 @@ pieces) is in the Louvre. _Beside Epicurus an eager pig_ [p. 381]: cf. Hor. Ep. I. iv. 16, _Epicuri de grege porcus_. -_Greek inscription_ [p. 382]: HÉRON DE VILLEFOSSE, op. cit., p. 59. +_Greek inscription_ [p. 382]: H√âRON DE VILLEFOSSE, op. cit., p. 59. - ΖΩΝ ΜΕΤΑ ζῶν μετά- - ΛΑΒΕΤΟΓΑΡ λαβε, τὸ γὰρ - ΑΥΡΙΟΝΑΔΗ αὔριον ἄδη- - ΛΟΝΕϹΤΙ λόν ἐστι + ŒñŒ©Œù ŒúŒïŒ§Œë Œ∂·ø∂ŒΩ ŒºŒµœÑ·Ω±- + ŒõŒëŒíŒïŒ§ŒüŒìŒëŒ° ŒªŒ±Œ≤Œµ, œÑ·Ω∏ Œ≥·Ω∞œÅ + ŒëŒ•Œ°ŒôŒüŒùŒëŒîŒó Œ±·ΩîœÅŒπŒøŒΩ ·ºÑŒ¥Œ∑- + ŒõŒüŒùŒïœπŒ§Œô Œª·ΩπŒΩ ·ºêœÉœÑŒπ CHAPTER XLVII. THE TRADES AT POMPEII. THE BAKERS -_Of the trades in general_: BLÜMNER, Technologie und Terminologie der -Gewerbe und Künste bei Griechen und Römern (4 vols.; Leipzig, -1875-1887); MARQUARDT, Röm. Privatleben, pt. 2 (Edit. 2; Leipzig, +_Of the trades in general_: BL√úMNER, Technologie und Terminologie der +Gewerbe und K√ºnste bei Griechen und R√∂mern (4 vols.; Leipzig, +1875-1887); MARQUARDT, R√∂m. Privatleben, pt. 2 (Edit. 2; Leipzig, 1886). _Inscriptions relating to the trades at Pompeii_: C. I. L. IV., see Index, p. 256, under =artes et officia privata=. -_Signs of shops_ [p. 387]: JORDAN, Ueber römische Ausbäugeschilder, -Archäologische Zeitung, vol. 4 (1871), pp. 75 _et seq._ _Inscription -of Diogenes_: C. I. L. X. 868; see the article, Aushängeschilder, by -MAU, in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie, vol. 2. pp. 2558-2559. +_Signs of shops_ [p. 387]: JORDAN, Ueber r√∂mische Ausb√§ugeschilder, +Arch√§ologische Zeitung, vol. 4 (1871), pp. 75 _et seq._ _Inscription +of Diogenes_: C. I. L. X. 868; see the article, Aush√§ngeschilder, by +MAU, in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclop√§die, vol. 2. pp. 2558-2559. -_Cupids as carpenters and shoemakers_ [p. 385]: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, +_Cupids as carpenters and shoemakers_ [p. 385]: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 804, 805; the two paintings are often reproduced, as by SCHREIBER, Atlas of Classical Antiquities, English translation by Anderson (London, 1895), pl. 72, 1, and 73, 12. _Stuccoer_ (tector): Bull, dell' Inst., 1879, p. 134; SOGLIANO, Le pitture murali Campane, -no. 655; BLÜMNER, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 53 (1881), pp. 107-108, pl. +no. 655; BL√úMNER, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 53 (1881), pp. 107-108, pl. H. -_Bakers and bakeshops_ [p. 388]: BLÜMNER, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 1-88; +_Bakers and bakeshops_ [p. 388]: BL√úMNER, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 1-88; MARQUARDT, op. cit., pp. 414-424; FULVIO, Delle fornaci e dei forni pompeiani, Pompei e la regione sotterrata dal Vesuvio nell' anno LXXIX. pp. 273-291; DE ROSSI, Antichi mulini in Roma e nel Lazio, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 29 (1857), pp. 274-281; MAU, Su certi apparecchi nei -pistrini di Pompei, Röm. Mitth., vol. 1 (1886), pp. 45-48, and pl. 3. +pistrini di Pompei, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 1 (1886), pp. 45-48, and pl. 3. _Processes of bread-making_: best illustrated in the reliefs of the monument of Eurysaces, Rome, shown in Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 2, pl. 58; cf. C. I. L. I. 1013-1015; JAHN, Sepolcro di Eurisace, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 10 (1838), particularly pp. 231-248. _Loaves of bread -represented in paintings_: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 1501, 1661 ff.; +represented in paintings_: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1501, 1661 ff.; see, e.g., Museo Borb., vol. 6, pl. 38, vol. 8, pl. 57. _Remains of loaves found at Pompeii_: FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, p. 172. @@ -19809,7 +19786,7 @@ loaves found at Pompeii_: FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al CHAPTER XLVIII. THE FULLERS AND THE TANNERS -_Appliances and processes_: BLÜMNER, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 155-178, +_Appliances and processes_: BL√úMNER, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 155-178, 257-287. A fuller description of the tannery, with illustrations showing the implements discovered, is given by MAU, Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, pp. 271-275, 1875, pp. 18-25. @@ -19818,8 +19795,8 @@ _No soap in Pompeii_ [p. 393]: HOFMANN, Ueber vermeintliche antike Seife, Wiener Studien, vol. 4 (1882), pp. 263-270. _Pictures illustrating the fullery_ [pp. 394-395]: Museo Borb., vol. 4, -pl. 49, 50; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, no. 1502; JAHN, Abhandlungen der königl. -sächsischen Gesellschaft des Wissenschaften, philologisch-hist. +pl. 49, 50; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, no. 1502; JAHN, Abhandlungen der k√∂nigl. +s√§chsischen Gesellschaft des Wissenschaften, philologisch-hist. Classe, vol. 5 (1870), pp. 305-311, and pl. 4. @@ -19830,12 +19807,12 @@ pp. 33-39, Edit. 7, vol. 1, pp. 311-325. _Inscriptions_: caupones, copones, C. I. L. IV., see Index, p. 256; of Sittius, C. I. L. IV. 806, 807 (for the picture, see HELBIG, -Wandgemälde, no. 1601); of the inn, Ins. VII, XII, C. I. L. IV. +Wandgem√§lde, no. 1601); of the inn, Ins. VII, XII, C. I. L. IV. 2144-2164. _Pictures illustrating the life of the wineshop_ [p. 403]: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, p. 204; Museo Borb., vol. 4, pl. A, vol. 5, -pl. 48; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 1487, 1504. +pl. 48; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1487, 1504. _Selling of wine mixed with water_ [p. 404]: a stock charge against ancient innkeepers; Trimalchio (Petr. Sat. XXXIX) makes out that these @@ -19846,34 +19823,34 @@ which the graffito was found, see MAU, Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, pp. CHAPTER L. THE STREET OF TOMBS -_Of Roman tombs and rites of burial_: MARQUARDT, Röm. Privatleben +_Of Roman tombs and rites of burial_: MARQUARDT, R√∂m. Privatleben (Edit. 2), pp. 340-385; FRIEDLAENDER, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 3, pp. 112-123, Edit. 7, vol. 2, pp. 220-228; GUHL and KONER, -Life of the Greeks and Romans, §§ 77, 78, 110; LANCIANI, Pagan and +Life of the Greeks and Romans, ¬ß¬ß 77, 78, 110; LANCIANI, Pagan and Christian Rome (1892), pp. 168-208, 253-305; VOLLMER, De funere -publico Romanorum, Jahrbücher für classische Philologie, +publico Romanorum, Jahrb√ºcher f√ºr classische Philologie, Supplementband 19 (1893), pp. 319-364; see the article Bestattung, by -MAU, in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie, vol. 3, pp. 346-359. +MAU, in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclop√§die, vol. 3, pp. 346-359. -_Of the street of tombs as a whole_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompéi, +_Of the street of tombs as a whole_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pomp√©i, vol. 1; FIORELLI, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 401-419; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 381-397; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 398-422. _Tombs near the Herculaneum gate, not including the Garland tomb_ (excavated 1763-1764, 1769-1770): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 150-155, 234-241, pt. 2, pp. 110-118 (journal of Francesco -la Vega); PIRANESI, Antiquités de Pompéi, vols. 1, 2, pl. 2-5, 34-44. +la Vega); PIRANESI, Antiquit√©s de Pomp√©i, vols. 1, 2, pl. 2-5, 34-44. _Sepulchral enclosure of Terentius Felix_ (excavation finished December 15, 1828): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, p. 217; -BONUCCI, Pompéi décrite (seconde traduction de la 3e édition +BONUCCI, Pomp√©i d√©crite (seconde traduction de la 3e √©dition italienne, Naples, 1830), p. 73. _The tomb nearest the gate on the -right_: MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 140-142. +right_: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 140-142. _Tombs farther from the gate, to the limit of excavation_ (excavated 1806-1813): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 87, 176-177, (Garland tomb), pt. 3, pp. 74-120, 223-225, 249; MILLIN, -Description des tombeaux qui ont été découverts à Pompéi dans l'année -1812 (Naples, 1813); CLARAC, Fouille faite à Pompéi en présence de S. +Description des tombeaux qui ont √©t√© d√©couverts √† Pomp√©i dans l'ann√©e +1812 (Naples, 1813); CLARAC, Fouille faite √† Pomp√©i en pr√©sence de S. M. la Reine des Deux Siciles le 18 Mars, 1813 (Naples, 1813). _Tomb of the blue glass vase_ (1837): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 3, p. 132; SCHULZ, in his Scavi di Pompei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 10 (1838), @@ -19882,8 +19859,8 @@ ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 279-280. _Tomb of Istacidius Helenus_ (1775, 1828): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist, vol. 1, pt. 1. pp. 279-280, vol. 2, p. 217. _The pre-Roman graves_ [p. 407]: MAU and VON DUHN, Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, pp. 156-167; earlier finds of painted vases, -BONUCCI, Pompéi (1830), p. 65; and DE IORIO, Plan de Pompéi et -remarques sur ses édifices (Naples, 1828), p. 33. +BONUCCI, Pomp√©i (1830), p. 65; and DE IORIO, Plan de Pomp√©i et +remarques sur ses √©difices (Naples, 1828), p. 33. _T. Suedius Clemens_ [pp. 407-408; cf. also p. 488]: Clemens was now evidently a supporter of Vespasian; previously he had been in the @@ -19917,7 +19894,7 @@ his tomb. _Inscription of Salvius_ [p. 426]: found, according to C. I. L. X. 1032, beside the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche; but we have the testimony of -BONUCCI (Pompéi, 1830, p. 37) to the effect that it was found in the +BONUCCI (Pomp√©i, 1830, p. 37) to the effect that it was found in the niche where it now is, where it exactly fits the cavity. The mistake in the Corpus may have arisen from a misunderstanding of the report of the excavation, which is now unfortunately lost. @@ -19939,22 +19916,22 @@ hist., vol. 2, pp. 594-597; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 480-483. _Graves east of the Stabian Road_ [p. 429]--_earlier finds_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1. pt. 1, pp. 11-12, 14, 42, 46-48, 50, 51-52; -C. I. L. X. 1047-1062; Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), p. 226, 7. _Later +C. I. L. X. 1047-1062; R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), p. 226, 7. _Later finds_: Not. d. scavi, 1893, pp. 333-335, 1894, pp. 15-16, 382-385, -1897, pp. 275-276; MAU, Scavi fuori porta Stabiana, Röm. Mitth., vol. +1897, pp. 275-276; MAU, Scavi fuori porta Stabiana, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 9 (1894). pp. 62-65. vol. 10 (1895), pp. 156-159. _Tombs near the Stabian Gate_ [p. 430]: Not. d. scavi. 1889, pp. 280-281, 368-369, 406-410, 1890, pp. 44-45, 165; MAU, Scavi fuori -porta Stabiana, Röm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 277-284. The +porta Stabiana, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 277-284. The inscriptions are given also in Ephem. Epigr., vol. 8, pp. 87-88 (nos. 318, 325, 327, 330). _Tombs near the Amphitheatre_ [p. 431]: Not. d. scavi, 1886, pp. 334-337, 1887, pp. 33-40, 452-458; MAU, Sepolcri della via Nucerina, -Röm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 120-149. For the inscriptions, see +R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 120-149. For the inscriptions, see also Ephem. Epigr., vol. 8, pp. 88-90 (320, 321, 324, 326, 328, 329, -332); advertisement of the stray horse, Röm. Mitth., vol. 3, p. 145. +332); advertisement of the stray horse, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 3, p. 145. _Desecration of tombs near Rome_ [p. 436]: LANCIANI, The Destruction of Ancient Rome, pp. 89-98. @@ -19975,7 +19952,7 @@ works on ancient sculpture. The more important statues and reliefs found prior to 1865, as well as those discovered in Herculaneum, are published in the Real Museo Borbonico, with descriptive text; see the Index at the end of vol. 16, pp. 8-34. They are reproduced also by -ROUX, with descriptive text by Barré, Herculanum et Pompéi, vols. 6 +ROUX, with descriptive text by Barr√©, Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vols. 6 and 7 (first part). These engravings, while in many cases faulty, are often serviceable to students at a distance in the identification of photographs, which are easily obtained through the Naples dealers. The @@ -19985,46 +19962,46 @@ sculpture is given in OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 532-563. _Heads of Epicurus, Demosthenes, and Callimachus_ [p. 447]: MAU, Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, pp. 242-243; BRIZIO, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 45 -(1873), pp. 98-106; MOMMSEN and ROBERT, Archäologische Zeitung, 1880, +(1873), pp. 98-106; MOMMSEN and ROBERT, Arch√§ologische Zeitung, 1880, pp. 32-36; Comparetti, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni (Torino, 1883), pp. 33-53, pl. III, nos. 4, 7, 8; MAU, Bull. dell' Inst., 1883, pp. -89-96; for other references, see HELBIG, Führer durch die öffentlichen -Sammlungen klassischer Altertümer in Rom (Edit. 2, 2 vols., Leipzig, +89-96; for other references, see HELBIG, F√ºhrer durch die √∂ffentlichen +Sammlungen klassischer Altert√ºmer in Rom (Edit. 2, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1899), vol. 1, p. 319, no. 476. _Busts of Virgil and Horace_ [p. 448] (found in October, 1868): Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, Nuova Serie, vol. 1 (1868), p. 133 and pl. 1; FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, p. 164; -BERNOULLI, Römische Ikonographie, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1882), pp. 127, -192; HELBIG, Führer durch die öffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer -Altertümer in Rom (Edit. 2), vol. 1, pp. 355-356. A further reason why +BERNOULLI, R√∂mische Ikonographie, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1882), pp. 127, +192; HELBIG, F√ºhrer durch die √∂ffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer +Altert√ºmer in Rom (Edit. 2), vol. 1, pp. 355-356. A further reason why Brutus cannot be represented in the Naples bust is that the similar bust in the Capitoline Museum in Rome (HELBIG, op. cit., no. 536) shows a person well on in years, while the prominence of Brutus lasted only for a brief period, and it is not likely that there should be preserved to us portraits representing him at periods so entirely -different. _Susa mosaic_: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des +different. _Susa mosaic_: Comptes rendus de l'Acad√©mie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, serie 4, vol. 24 (Paris, 1896), pp. -578-581 and pl. after p. 580; GAUCKLER, Les Mosaïques virgiliennes de -Sousse, Monuments et Mémoires publiées par l'Académie des Inscriptions +578-581 and pl. after p. 580; GAUCKLER, Les Mosa√Øques virgiliennes de +Sousse, Monuments et M√©moires publi√©es par l'Acad√©mie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, vol. 4 (Fondation Piot, 1897), pp. 233-234; FOWLER, Portraits of Virgil, School Review, vol. 6 (1898), pp. 598-605; -Archäologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 13 +Arch√§ologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 13 (1898), p. 114. _Aphrodite and Spes_ [p. 450]: MAU, Bull, dell' Inst., 1873, pp. 233-235. _Artemis_ [p. 450]: often reproduced, as Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 8; -ROUX, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 6, pl. 76, 77; BRUNN and BRUCKMANN, -Denkmäler griechischer und römischer Sculptur, no. 356. +ROUX, Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vol. 6, pl. 76, 77; BRUNN and BRUCKMANN, +Denkm√§ler griechischer und r√∂mischer Sculptur, no. 356. _Identification with Artemis Laphria_ (Paus. VII. XVIII. 9): -STUDNICZKA, Die archaische Artemis-statuette aus Pompeii, Röm. Mitth., +STUDNICZKA, Die archaische Artemis-statuette aus Pompeii, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 277-302, and pl. 10; COLLIGNON, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2 (Paris, 1897), pp. 656-657. _Dancing satyr_ [p. 450]: Museo Borb., vol. 9, pl. 42; ROUX, -Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 6, pl. 59; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. +Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vol. 6, pl. 59; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 549-551. _Silenus carrying frame with glass vase_ [p. 451]: Museo Borb., vol. @@ -20037,7 +20014,7 @@ p. 60 and pl. 14; FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. dell' Inst., vol. 38 (1866), pp. 107-113; OVERBECK-MAU, Pompeji, pp. 552-555; HAUSER, Narcisso, Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 113-118; COLLIGNON, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2, pp. -451-453; Museo Borb., vol. 16, pl. 28; BRUNN and BRUCKMANN, Denkmäler, +451-453; Museo Borb., vol. 16, pl. 28; BRUNN and BRUCKMANN, Denkm√§ler, no. 384. Hauser in the article cited makes it appear probable that the figure had originally a somewhat different pose; the right foot rested flat upon the base, the left only on the heel, so that the body, @@ -20050,29 +20027,29 @@ _Ephebus of 1900_ [p. 453]: Not. d. scavi, 1900, pp. 584-587 (7 illustrations); SOGLIANO, L'efebo in bronzo rinvenuto in Pompei, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 10 (1901), pp. 641-654, pl. 16-26. This statue is assigned to the Roman period by WALDSTEIN, The Monthly Review, 1901, -pp. 125-126, and PETERSEN, Röm. Mitth., vol. 16 (1901), p. 96. +pp. 125-126, and PETERSEN, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 16 (1901), p. 96. CHAPTER LIV. PAINTING. WALL DECORATION _Technique of Pompeian painting_: DONNER, Die erhaltenen antiken Wandmalereien in technischer Beziehung, printed as an introduction to -Helbig's Wandgemälde (see Chap. LV.), pp. I--CXXVII; MAU, Geschichte +Helbig's Wandgem√§lde (see Chap. LV.), pp. I--CXXVII; MAU, Geschichte der decorativen Wandmalerei in Pompeji (Berlin, 1882; with atlas of 20 plates). _Specimen illustrations_: Many entire walls as well as single paintings are reproduced in color in the extensive works by ZAHN, Die -schönsten Ornamente und merkwürdigsten Gemälde aus Pompeji, Herkulanum +sch√∂nsten Ornamente und merkw√ºrdigsten Gem√§lde aus Pompeji, Herkulanum und Stabiae, nebst einigen Grundrissen und Ansichten (Mit deutschem -und französischem Text. Drei Abtheilungen in 30 Heften, 302 Tafeln. +und franz√∂sischem Text. Drei Abtheilungen in 30 Heften, 302 Tafeln. Berlin, 1827-1859); and NICCOLINI, Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei designati e descritti (Naples, 1854-1901). Both works are rarely found complete, and the plates of the second in particular leave much to be desired in respect to drawing as well as coloring; it has therefore been thought best not to encumber these notes with detailed references to them. A number of walls are shown also by ROUX, Herculanum et -Pompéi (8 vols., Paris, 1840), vol. 1 (108 plates), and by D'AMELIO, +Pomp√©i (8 vols., Paris, 1840), vol. 1 (108 plates), and by D'AMELIO, Dipinti Murali di Pompei, Naples, 1888. Professor Mau has in preparation a new work on wall decoration which will be illustrated by colored plates similar to those in the atlas to his Wandmalerei. The @@ -20089,7 +20066,7 @@ _Decoration of the house of Lucretius_ [p. 457]: see references on p. _The four styles of decoration_ [p. 457]: suggestive critical comments by WICKHOFF, Roman Art (English trans. by Mrs. S. Arthur Strong, London, 1900), pp. 117 ff.; but see the review of the German original -by Mau, Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 227-235. +by Mau, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 227-235. _Decoration of the second style in Rome_ [p. 462]--_house of Germanicus on the Palatine_: MAU, Due pareti d'una stanza sul @@ -20099,16 +20076,16 @@ pp. 196-205 and pl. 9. _House in the Farnesina garden_: Not. d. Scavi, 1879, pp. 15, 40, 68, 114, 141, 179-180, 267, 314, 333, 1880, pp. 32, 127-128, 138-140, and pl. 4 (plan); MAU, Parete dipinta della casa antica scoperta nel giardino della Farnesina, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. -54 (1882), pp. 301-308; HÜLSEN, Fregio dipinta nella casa antica +54 (1882), pp. 301-308; H√úLSEN, Fregio dipinta nella casa antica scoperta nel giardino della Farnesina, ibid., pp. 309-314; MAU, Pitture della casa antica scoperta nella villa Farnesina, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 56 (1884), pp. 307-322, vol. 57 (1885), pp. 302-318; Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 11, pl. 44-48, vol. 12, pl. 5, 5 _a_, 7, 7 _a_, 8, 17-34; Supplemento (1891), pl. 32-36; especially LESSING and MAU, -Wand- und Deckenschmuck eines römischen Hauses aus der Zeit des +Wand- und Deckenschmuck eines r√∂mischen Hauses aus der Zeit des Augustus (Berlin, 1891; with 16 plates from the same blocks as those -in the Mon. dell' Inst.); HELBIG, Führer durch die Sammlungen -klassischer Altertümer in Rom, vol. 2, pp. 226-223, nos. 1107-1108, +in the Mon. dell' Inst.); HELBIG, F√ºhrer durch die Sammlungen +klassischer Altert√ºmer in Rom, vol. 2, pp. 226-223, nos. 1107-1108, 1119-1122, 1124, 1129-1136, 1141-1144, 1146-1148, 1151. @@ -20116,8 +20093,8 @@ CHAPTER LV. THE PAINTINGS _Of the paintings in general_: the paintings discovered prior to 1868 are described, with references to the literature, by W. HELBIG, -Wandgemälde der vom Vesuv verschütteten Städte Campaniens (Nebst -einer Abhandlung über die antiken Wandmalereien in Technischer +Wandgem√§lde der vom Vesuv versch√ºtteten St√§dte Campaniens (Nebst +einer Abhandlung √ºber die antiken Wandmalereien in Technischer Beziehung, von Otto Donner, Leipzig, 1868); those discovered after the publication of Helbig's work and before 1880, by A. SOGLIANO, Le pitture murali Campane scoverte negli anni 1867-1879 (supplemento all' @@ -20125,13 +20102,13 @@ opera dell' Helbig, Naples, 1879. Published also in the volume, Pompei e la regione sotterrata dal Vesuvio, for which see p. 513); those that have come to light since 1879 are described by MAU in his reports (see note to Chap. IV) and in the Notizie degli scavi; cf. also HELBIG, -Untersuchungen über die campanische Wandmalerei (Leipzig, 1873). +Untersuchungen √ºber die campanische Wandmalerei (Leipzig, 1873). Besides the reproductions of paintings by ZAHN and NICCOLINI mentioned above (p. 544), the more important examples are published in the Real Museo Borbonico (see Index at the end of vol. 16, pp. 37-58); ROUX, -Herculanum et Pompéi, vols. 1-5 (Paris, 1840); ROCHETTE, Choix de -peintures de Pompéi, la plupart de sujet historique (lithographiées en -couleur par M. Roux, et publiées ... par M. Raoul-Rochette; 7 +Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vols. 1-5 (Paris, 1840); ROCHETTE, Choix de +peintures de Pomp√©i, la plupart de sujet historique (lithographi√©es en +couleur par M. Roux, et publi√©es ... par M. Raoul-Rochette; 7 livraisons in fol., Paris, 1844-1853, incomplete); PRESUHN, Pompeji, Die neuesten Ausgrabungen von 1874 bis 1881 (Edit. 2, Leipzig, 1882; 80 chromolithograph plates); and in other works the titles of which @@ -20150,61 +20127,61 @@ _Mosaic pictures on the floor_ [p. 472]: as in the house of the Faun; see references on p. 533. For the Pompeian mosaics in general, see Gli ornati delle pareti ed i pavimenti delle stanze dell' antica Pompei, 3 vols. Naples, 1796-1808, vols. 1 and 2; Museo Borb., Index at the end -of vol. 16, pp. 35-37; ROUX, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 5 (latter +of vol. 16, pp. 35-37; ROUX, Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vol. 5 (latter part, 32 plates). _Group of Admetus and Alcestis in architectural framework_ [p. 473]: SOGLIANO, op. cit., no. 506. -_Seafights_ [p. 474]: HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 1576-1580 (those of +_Seafights_ [p. 474]: HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1576-1580 (those of the Macellum are shown in a colored plate by MAZOIS, Les ruines de -Pompéi, vol. 3, pl. 46); Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 56, nos. +Pomp√©i, vol. 3, pl. 46); R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 56, nos. 113-116, and SOGLIANO, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 8 (1898), p. 310, fig. 33; cf. also SOGLIANO op. cit., nos. 669-670. -_Xenia_ [p. 474]: Vitr. VI. VII (X) 4; HELBIG, Wandegemälde, nos. +_Xenia_ [p. 474]: Vitr. VI. VII (X) 4; HELBIG, Wandegem√§lde, nos. 1661-1718. For fig. 266 cf. Museo Borb., vol. 6, pl. 38; HELBIG, no. 1690. -_Landscapes_ [p. 475]: ROUX, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 3 (end; 30 -plates); HELBIG, Wandgemälde, pp. 385-394; SOGLIANO, op. cit., pp. +_Landscapes_ [p. 475]: ROUX, Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vol. 3 (end; 30 +plates); HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, pp. 385-394; SOGLIANO, op. cit., pp. 141-144. _Tadius, Ludius_ [p. 475]: Plin. N. H. XXXV. X. 116. In Mayhoff's text -(vol. 5, 1897) the name is given as Studius. Cf. HELBIG, Beiträge zur -Erklärung der campanischen Wandbilder. Rhein. Mus., vol. 25 (1870), +(vol. 5, 1897) the name is given as Studius. Cf. HELBIG, Beitr√§ge zur +Erkl√§rung der campanischen Wandbilder. Rhein. Mus., vol. 25 (1870), pp. 393-407. _Decoration of the villa at Prima Porta_: BRUNN, Scavi di -Prima Porta, Bull. dell' Inst., 1863, pp. 81-86; Antike Denkmäler des -Kaiserlich deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, vol. 1 (1890), pl. 11, +Prima Porta, Bull. dell' Inst., 1863, pp. 81-86; Antike Denkm√§ler des +Kaiserlich deutschen Arch√§ologischen Instituts, vol. 1 (1890), pl. 11, 24. _Group of musicians_ [p. 476]: Museo Borb., vol. 1, pl. 30; HELBIG, -Wandegemälde, no. 1442. +Wandegem√§lde, no. 1442. _Paquius Proculus and his wife_ [p. 477]: Bull. dell' Inst., 1868, p. 204; SOGLIANO, op. cit., no. 673. _Busts of youths with the names of Homer and Plato_ [pp. 477-478]: found in 1892 in the tablinum of the small house joined to the house -of the Silver Wedding [fig. 146, δ]; reproduced, with fuller -description, Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 19-23. +of the Silver Wedding [fig. 146, Œ¥]; reproduced, with fuller +description, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 19-23. _Paintings of Achilles in the house of Castor and Pollux_ [p. 478]: -HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 1297, 1307. +HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1297, 1307. _Scenes of combat_ [p. 478]--_Hercules, from Herculaneum_: Pitture di Ercolano, vol. 3, pl. 47, p. 247; ibid., vol. 4, pl. 5, p. 27; and -Museo Borb., vol. 11, pl. 9; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, nos. 1124, 1125. +Museo Borb., vol. 11, pl. 9; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1124, 1125. _Meleager and the boar_: FIORELLI, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 40, 382; SOGLIANO, op. cit., nos. 508, 509. _Achilles and the fleeing Troilus_: -Bull. dell' Inst., 1868, p. 37; HELBIG, Wandgemälde, pp. 460-461; cf. +Bull. dell' Inst., 1868, p. 37; HELBIG, Wandgem√§lde, pp. 460-461; cf. also SOGLIANO, op. cit., no. 548. _Combat between warrior and Amazon_: Bull. dell' Inst., 1871, p. 204; SOGLIANO, op. cit., no. 547, cf. also no. 548. _Io and Argus, Io in Egypt_ [p. 479]: Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 12, -vol. 10, pl. 2; ROUX, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 2, pl. 59; HELBIG, -Wandgemälde, nos. 131, 138. Cf. BRAUN, Elenco dei monumenti +vol. 10, pl. 2; ROUX, Herculanum et Pomp√©i, vol. 2, pl. 59; HELBIG, +Wandgem√§lde, nos. 131, 138. Cf. BRAUN, Elenco dei monumenti rappresentanti il mito di Io, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 10 (1838), pp. 328-330, and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 2, pl. 59. @@ -20214,38 +20191,38 @@ riportato a Troia, pittura paretaria di Pompei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. volume); SOGLIANO, op. cit., no. 579. _Narcissus, Polyphemus, Apollo, and Admetus_ [pp. 479-480]: HELBIG, -Wandgemälde, nos. 1338-1367, SOGLIANO, op. cit., nos. 586-592; HELBIG, +Wandgem√§lde, nos. 1338-1367, SOGLIANO, op. cit., nos. 586-592; HELBIG, nos. 220-222, 1048. _Idyllic pictures_ [p. 480]--_Selene and Endymion_: HELBIG, -Wandgemälde, nos. 950-962; SOGLIANO, op. cit., nos. 456-457. _Paris +Wandgem√§lde, nos. 950-962; SOGLIANO, op. cit., nos. 456-457. _Paris and Oenone_: HELBIG, no. 1280. _Perseus and Andromeda_: HELBIG, nos. 1192-1198. _Bacchus and Ariadne_: HELBIG, nos. 1235-1240; SOGLIANO, -no. 538; Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 52-53 (no. 98, house of the +no. 538; R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 52-53 (no. 98, house of the Vettii). _Hercules and Omphale_: HELBIG, nos. 1136-1140; cf. SOGLIANO, nos. 496, 497. _Examples of a pathetic situation_ [p. 480]--_Aphrodite and the wounded Adonis_: HELBIG, nos. 335-340; SOGLIANO, no. 142. -_Cyparissus_: SOGLIANO, nos. 109, 110; Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. +_Cyparissus_: SOGLIANO, nos. 109, 110; R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 19 (no. 36, with illustration, house of the Vettii). _Europa and the bull_: SOGLIANO, no. 79; cf. HELBIG, nos. 123-130. _Groups with figures in contrast_ [p. 480]--_Hephaestus and Thetis_: -HELBIG, nos. 1316-1318 _c_. _Daedalus and Pasiphaë_: HELBIG, nos. -1205-1208; Röm. Mitth., vol. 11, pp. 49-51 (with illustration, house -of the Vettii). _Danaë cast away_: HELBIG, nos. 119-121; SOGLIANO, +HELBIG, nos. 1316-1318 _c_. _Daedalus and Pasipha√´_: HELBIG, nos. +1205-1208; R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11, pp. 49-51 (with illustration, house +of the Vettii). _Dana√´ cast away_: HELBIG, nos. 119-121; SOGLIANO, nos. 76-78. -_Paintings in groups_ [p. 481]: TRENDELENBURG, Gegenstücke in der -Wandmalerei, Archäologische Zeitung, vol. 9 (1876), pp. 1-8, 79-93. +_Paintings in groups_ [p. 481]: TRENDELENBURG, Gegenst√ºcke in der +Wandmalerei, Arch√§ologische Zeitung, vol. 9 (1876), pp. 1-8, 79-93. _Group of three paintings, Achilles_: Bull. dell' Inst., 1879, pp. 51-54 (Ins. IX. V. 2); SOGLIANO, nos. 572, 576, 577. _Group of two, Polyphemus, Aphrodite fishing_: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, pp. 49-50; SOGLIANO, nos. 146, 472 (Ins. VI. XIV. 28); HELBIG, nos. 354, 1049 (house of Lucretius). _Group of two, Europa and Pan_: SOGLIANO, nos. 79, 196 (Ins. IX. V. 18). _Double group, Hercules and Artemis, Athena -and Marsyas_: Röm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 263-269 (with +and Marsyas_: R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 263-269 (with illustrations), vol. 6 (1891), pp. 71-72 (Ins. V. II. 10). @@ -20267,12 +20244,12 @@ The Italic Dialects (2 vols., London, 1897), vol. 2, pp. 54-81 (nos. (nos. 1-1204), pp. XVI-XVII (nos. 3256-3296), and the Supplement, pt. 2, which is in press, pp. 467-499 (nos. 3341-3884). -_House of Aemilius Celer_ [p. 486]: MAU, Röm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), +_House of Aemilius Celer_ [p. 486]: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 118-119. _Election notices_ [p. 487]--_M. Marius_: C. I. L. IV. 3. _Publius Furius_: ibid., 67. _Herennius Celsus_: ibid., 299. _Casellius_: -ibid., 223 et al., and Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96. _Holconius +ibid., 223 et al., and R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96. _Holconius Priscus_: C. I. L. IV. 157. _hic aerarium conservabit_: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3702. _Claudius Verus_: C. I. L. IV. 367, Suppl. 5229, and often between nos. 3707 and 3828. @@ -20317,7 +20294,7 @@ L. IV. 1864, 1852. _Love_ [p. 494]--_Quisquis amat_: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 233; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4091; cf. C. I. L. IV. 1173, 3199: BUECHELER, Carm. Lat. epigr., nos. 945, 946. _Nemo est bellus_: C. I. L. IV. 1883; -BUECHELER, 233; Röm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 45. _Nam nemo +BUECHELER, 233; R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 45. _Nam nemo flammas_: C. I. L. IV. 1898; BUECHELER, 948. _Alliget hic auras_: C. I. L. IV. 1649; BUECHELER, 944. _Si quis forte meam_: C. I. L. IV. 1645; BUECHELER, 953, 954. @@ -20334,11 +20311,11 @@ _Serena_: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 269; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. _Lovers' complaints_ [p. 496]: _Tu, dea_: C. I. L. IV. 2310 _k_. _Quoted couplets joined_: ibid., 1893, 1894. _Threat against Venus_: -ibid., 1824; Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 59 (no. 29); BUECHELER, +ibid., 1824; R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 59 (no. 29); BUECHELER, no. 947. _Records of tarrying_ [p. 496]--_Romula_: C. I. L. IV. 2060. -_Staphilus_: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4087. _Restitutus_: Röm. Mitth., vol. +_Staphilus_: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4087. _Restitutus_: R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 7 (1892), p. 25; BUECHELER, 355. _Varus and Pelagia_: C. I. L. IV. 2321. _Balbus and Fortunata_: Bull. dell' Inst., 1883, p. 195; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4933. @@ -20353,7 +20330,7 @@ _Oleum l. a._: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4000; FIORELLI, Descrizione di Pompei, p. 59. _Catchwords, quotations, proverbs_ [p. 498]: _Verg. Aen. I. 1_: C. I. -L. IV. 1282, 2361, 3198. _Aen. II. 1_: ibid., 2213, and often; Röm. +L. IV. 1282, 2361, 3198. _Aen. II. 1_: ibid., 2213, and often; R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 57.[5] _Lucr. I. 1_: C. I. L. IV. 3072. _Minimum malum_: ibid., 1811, 1870. _Moram si quaeres_: ibid., 2069. @@ -20366,7 +20343,7 @@ DE PETRA, Le tavolette cerate di Pompei rinvenute a' 3 e 5 Luglio, 1875 (Rome, 1876), also in Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 3, 150-230; cf. MOMMSEN, Die Pompeianischen Quittungstafeln des L. Caecilius Iucundus, Hermes, vol. 12 (1879), pp. -88-141; MOMMSEN, Pompeianische Geschäftsurkunden, Hermes, vol. 23 +88-141; MOMMSEN, Pompeianische Gesch√§ftsurkunden, Hermes, vol. 23 (1888), pp. 157-159; BRUNS, Fontes iuris Romani antiqui (Edit. 6, 1893), pp. 291-293, 314-320. @@ -20374,7 +20351,7 @@ Of interest in this connection are the remains of wax tablets found in the gold mines near Verespatak (ancient Alburnus Maior) in Transylvania (C. I. L. III. pp. 921-960), and the records of transactions found on papyri of the Roman period in Egypt (cf., e.g., -SCHULTEN, Ein römischer Kaufvertrag auf Papyrus aus dem Jahre 166 n. +SCHULTEN, Ein r√∂mischer Kaufvertrag auf Papyrus aus dem Jahre 166 n. Chr., Hermes, vol. 32, 1897, pp. 273-289). _Tablet A_ [p. 502]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3340, XXV; DE PETRA, no. 15. @@ -20384,18 +20361,18 @@ _Tablet B_ [p. 504]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3340, CXLVII; DE PETRA, no. _Inscriptions on amphorae_ [p. 505]--_ex fundo Badiano_: C. I. L. IV. 2551. _Estate uncertain_: C. I. L. IV. 2552 (names of the consuls -incorrectly given). _fundus Satrianus, fundus Asinianus_: MAU, Röm. +incorrectly given). _fundus Satrianus, fundus Asinianus_: MAU, R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96; Not. d. scavi, 1895, p. 33. -_Brands of wine_ [pp. 505-506]--_Cnidium_: Röm. Mitth., vol. 13 -(1898), p. 40. _Coum_: C. I. L. IV. 2565. Λύττιος: Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 -(1893), p. 60. Λευκουνάριον: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 264. +_Brands of wine_ [pp. 505-506]--_Cnidium_: R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 13 +(1898), p. 40. _Coum_: C. I. L. IV. 2565. Œõ·ΩªœÑœÑŒπŒøœÇ: R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 8 +(1893), p. 60. ŒõŒµœÖŒ∫ŒøœÖŒΩ·Ω±œÅŒπŒøŒΩ: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 264. -_Gustaticium_ [p. 506]: Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96. +_Gustaticium_ [p. 506]: R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96. _Edibles_ [p. 506]--_Oliva alba dulce_: C. I. L. IV. 2610. _Lomentum_: ibid., 2597. _g. f._: ibid., 2576. _Liquamen_: ibid., see Index, p. -243; Röm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 30. +243; R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 30. _Names of proprietor, consignor, consignee_ [p. 507]--_M. Caesius Celer_: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. _Virnius Modestus_: Not. d. Scavi, 1881, @@ -20403,12 +20380,12 @@ p. 195. _Caecilius Jucundus_: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 24. _Caecili Iucundi_: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3433. _Inscriptions of the Boscoreale treasure_ [p. 507]: published in -facsimile by HÉRON DE VILLEFOSSE, Le trésor de Boscoreale; see pp. 42 +facsimile by H√âRON DE VILLEFOSSE, Le tr√©sor de Boscoreale; see pp. 42 _et seq._ _Inscription of the Alexandria patera_ [p. 507]: - PHI·ET·EMB·P·P·IIS𐆐𐆐℈VI. PHI·P·P·II𐆐𐆒 · EMB·P·P·S𐆑𐆒 + PHI¬∑ET¬∑EMB¬∑P¬∑P¬∑IISêÜêêÜê‚ÑàVI. PHI¬∑P¬∑P¬∑IIêÜêêÜí ¬∑ EMB¬∑P¬∑P¬∑SêÜëêÜí _Stamps_ [p. 508]: for the stamped and other permanent inscriptions on tiles, lamps, amphorae, and different kinds of terra-cotta vessels @@ -20416,7 +20393,7 @@ found at Pompeii, as well as the stamps and seals, see the second part of C. I. L. X., under =Instrumentum Domesticum=. _Examples of stamps_ [p. 508]--_bread_: C. I. L. X. 8058, 18. -_Popidius Priscus_: ibid., 8058, 70. _Vettii_: Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 +_Popidius Priscus_: ibid., 8058, 70. _Vettii_: R√∂m. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 3. FOOTNOTES: @@ -20443,7 +20420,7 @@ of this book. The following abbreviations are employed:-- Latinarum supplementum (vols. 1-8, Berlin, 1872-1899). Jahrb. des Inst. = Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich deutschen - archäologischen Instituts (vols. 1-16, Berlin, 1885-1901). + arch√§ologischen Instituts (vols. 1-16, Berlin, 1885-1901). Mon. dei Lincei = Monumenti Antichi pubblicati per cura della Reale Accademia dei Lincei (Milano, vols. 1-10, 1892-1901). @@ -20455,17 +20432,17 @@ of this book. The following abbreviations are employed:-- Museo Borb. = Real Museo Borbonico (16 vols., Naples, 1824-1857). - Not. d. scavi = Notizie degli scavi di antichità (Rome and + Not. d. scavi = Notizie degli scavi di antichit√† (Rome and Milan, 1876-1901). Pomp. ant. hist. = Pompeianarum antiquitatum historia quam ... collegit ... Ios. Fiorelli (3 vols., Naples, 1860, 1862, 1864). - Rhein. Mus. = Rheinisches Museum für Philologie (vols. 1-56, + Rhein. Mus. = Rheinisches Museum f√ºr Philologie (vols. 1-56, Frankfurt, 1842-1901). - Röm. Mitth. = Mittheilungen des Kaiserlich deutschen - archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abtheilung (vols. 1-16, + R√∂m. Mitth. = Mittheilungen des Kaiserlich deutschen + arch√§ologischen Instituts, R√∂mische Abtheilung (vols. 1-16, Rome, 1886-1901). @@ -20847,9 +20824,9 @@ INDEX Daedalus, and Icarus, paintings, 200, 483; - and Pasiphaë, paintings, 339, 480. + and Pasipha√´, paintings, 339, 480. - Danaë, painting, 338. + Dana√´, painting, 338. Sex. Decimius Rufus, 492. @@ -21052,7 +21029,7 @@ INDEX herms. See Caecilius Jucundus, Cornelius Rufus, Sorex, Vesonius Primus. - Hermaïscus, gladiator, 225. + Herma√Øscus, gladiator, 225. hermaphrodite, statue of, 87. @@ -21412,7 +21389,7 @@ INDEX M. Porcius, tomb of, 410. - portières at entrance of tablinum, 256. + porti√®res at entrance of tablinum, 256. Poseidon and Amymone, painting, 329. @@ -22001,7 +21978,7 @@ INSULA -Handbooks of Archæology and Antiquities +Handbooks of Arch√¶ology and Antiquities The Destruction of Ancient Rome @@ -22015,7 +21992,7 @@ Topography in the University of Rome, Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net A Handbook of Greek Sculpture By =ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER=, formerly Director of the British School of -Archæology at Athens, Cloth, 12mo, $2.50 net +Arch√¶ology at Athens, Cloth, 12mo, $2.50 net The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic @@ -22080,7 +22057,7 @@ POMPEII ITS LIFE AND ART - By =AUGUST MAU=, German Archæological Institute in Rome. + By =AUGUST MAU=, German Arch√¶ological Institute in Rome. Translated into English by FRANCIS W. KELSEY, University of Michigan. Profusely illustrated from photographs, etc. Cloth, Gilt Top, Crown 8vo, $2.50 _net_. @@ -22101,7 +22078,7 @@ _IN PREPARATION FOR EARLY ISSUE_ ANCIENT ATHENS - By =ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER=, Yates Professor of Archæology in + By =ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER=, Yates Professor of Arch√¶ology in University College, London. Formerly Director of the British School at Athens. Author of "A Handbook of Greek Sculpture," etc., etc. Cloth, 8vo. Profusely illustrated. @@ -22141,361 +22118,4 @@ and buildings described. 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