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diff --git a/42712-8.txt b/42712-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5ac439a..0000000 --- a/42712-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9505 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of the City of Brooklyn and Kings -County Volume II, by Stephen M. Ostrander - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: A History of the City of Brooklyn and Kings County Volume II - -Author: Stephen M. Ostrander - -Editor: Alexander Black - -Release Date: May 14, 2013 [EBook #42712] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF BROOKLYN, KINGS CNTY, VOL 2 *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber's note: Volume I of this eBook is available at Project -Gutenberg as eText #41979. - - -[Illustration: VILLAGE OF BROOKLYN IN 1816] - - - - - A HISTORY - OF THE - CITY OF BROOKLYN - AND - KINGS COUNTY - - BY - - STEPHEN M. OSTRANDER, M.A. - - LATE MEMBER OF THE HOLLAND SOCIETY, THE LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL - SOCIETY, AND THE SOCIETY OF OLD BROOKLYNITES - - _EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, BY_ - - ALEXANDER BLACK - - AUTHOR OF "THE STORY OF OHIO," ETC. - - IN TWO VOLUMES - - VOLUME II. - - BROOKLYN - Published by Subscription - 1894 - - - - - Copyright 1894, - BY ANNIE A. OSTRANDER. - - _All rights reserved._ - - - This edition is limited to five hundred - copies, of which this is No. 21 - - - - -CONTENTS - - - CHAPTER IX - - BROOKLYN AFTER THE REVOLUTION - - 1784-1810 - - Effect of the British Occupation on Life and Business in the - County. Brooklyn particularly disturbed. Town Meetings - resumed. The Prison Ships and their Terrible Legacy. - Tragedies of the Wallabout. Movement to honor the Dead. - Burial of the Remains. The Tammany Enterprise and the - Removal of the Bones. Further Removal to Fort Greene. - Organization of the Brooklyn Fire Department. The Ferry. - The Mail Stage. New Roads. Planning "Olympia." Early - Advertisements. Circulating Library and Schools. The - Rain-water Doctor. Kings County Medical Society. Flatlands. - Gravesend. Flatbush, the County Seat. Mills. Erasmus Hall. - New Utrecht. Bushwick, its Church, Tavern, Graveyard, - and Mills. The Boundary Dispute. The Beginnings of - Williamsburgh. Rival Ferries. "The Father of Williamsburgh" 1 - - - CHAPTER X - - BROOKLYN VILLAGE - - 1811-1833 - - Brooklyn during the "Critical Period" in American History. - The Embargo and the War of 1812. Military Preparations. - Fortifications. Fort Greene and Cobble Hill. Peace. Robert - Fulton. The "Nassau's" First Trip. Progress of Fulton - Ferry. The Village incorporated. First Trustees. The - Sunday-School Union. Long Island Bank. Board of Health. The - Sale of Liquor. Care of the Poor. Real Estate. Village - Expenses. Guy's Picture of Brooklyn in 1820. The Village - of that Period. Characters of the Period. Old Families - and Estates. The County Courts removed to Brooklyn. - Apprentices' Library. Prisoners at the Almshouse. Growth - of the Village. The Brooklyn "Evening Star." Movement for - Incorporation as a City. Opposition of New York. Passage of - the Incorporation Act 47 - - - CHAPTER XI - - THE CITY OF BROOKLYN - - 1834-1860 - - Government of the City. George Hall, first Mayor. Plans - for a City Hall. Contention among the Aldermen. Albert - G. Stevens and the Clerkship. The Jamaica Railroad. Real - Estate. The "Brooklyn Eagle." Walt Whitman. Henry C. - Murphy. Brooklyn City Railroad. The City Court established. - County Institutions. The Penitentiary. Packer Institute - and the Polytechnic. Williamsburgh becomes a City. - Progress of Williamsburgh. Mayor Wall and the Aldermen. - Discussion of Annexation with Brooklyn. The "Brooklyn - Times." Consolidation of the Two Cities. Mayor Hall's - Address. Nassau Water Company and the Introduction of - Ridgewood Water. Plans for New Court House. Proposal - to use Washington Park. County Cares and Expenditures. - Metropolitan Police 80 - - - CHAPTER XII - - THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR - - 1861-1865 - - Election of Mayor Kalbfleisch. The Call for Troops. The - Militia. Filling the Regiments. Money for Equipment. - Rebuking Disloyalty. War Meeting at Fort Greene. Work of - Women. The County sends 10,000 Men in 1861. Launching of - the Monitor at Greenpoint. The Draft Riots. Colonel Wood - elected Mayor. Return of the "Brooklyn Phalanx." The - Sanitary Fair. Its Features and Successes. The Calico Ball. - Significance of the Fair. The Christian Commission. Action - of the Supervisors of the County. The Oceanus Excursion. - Storrs and Beecher at Sumter. News of Lincoln's Death. - Service of the National Guard. The "Fighting Fourteenth." - The Newspapers. Court House finished 117 - - - CHAPTER XIII - - BROOKLYN AFTER THE WAR - - 1866-1876 - - Administration of Samuel Booth. Metropolitan Sanitary - District created. Cholera. Erie Basin Docks. The County - Institutions and their Work. The Gowanus Canal and the - Wallabout Improvement. The Department of Survey and - Inspection of Buildings. Establishing Fire Limits. Building - Regulations. Prospect Park. The Ocean Parkway. The Fire - Department. The Public Schools. The East River Bridge. - Early Discussion of the Great Enterprise. The Construction - begun. Death of Roebling. The Ferries. Messages of Mayor - Kalbfleisch. Erection of a Brooklyn Department of Police. - Samuel S. Powell again Mayor. A New City Charter. Movement - toward Consolidation with New York. Henry Ward Beecher. - Frederick A. Schroeder elected Mayor 132 - - - CHAPTER XIV - - THE MODERN CITY - - 1877-1893 - - Rapid Transit. James Howell, Jr., elected Mayor. Work on - the Bridge. Passage of "Single Head" Bill. John Fiske - on the "Brooklyn System." Seth Low elected Mayor. His - Interpretation of the "Brooklyn System." Reëlection of Low. - Opening of the Bridge. Bridge Statistics. Ferries and Water - Front. Erie Basin. The Sugar Industry. Navy Yard. Wallabout - Market. Development of the City. Prospect Park. Theatres - and Public Buildings. National Guard. Public Schools. - Brooklyn Institute. Private Educational Institutions. - Libraries. Churches, Religious Societies, Hospitals, and - Benevolent Associations. Clubs. Literature, Art, and Music. - The Academy of Music. "The City of Homes" 167 - - APPENDIX 235 - - INDEX 271 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - -VOLUME II - - VILLAGE OF BROOKLYN IN 1816. (From the Village Map - of Jeremiah Lott, 1816, and the Map by Poppleton - and Lott in 1819, showing Pierrepont and - adjacent Estates) _Frontispiece_ - - EARLY FERRY ADVERTISEMENT. (From Historical - Sketch of Fulton Ferry and its Associated - Ferries, 1879) _Facing page_ 28 - - FERRY PASSAGE CERTIFICATE, 1816 40 - - FULTON FERRY BOAT WM. CUTTING, BUILT IN 1827. (From - Historical Sketch of Fulton Ferry) 62 - - GUY'S SNOW SCENE IN BROOKLYN, 1820. (From the Painting - owned by the Brooklyn Institute) 70 - - FAC-SIMILE (same size) OF LETTER BY WALT WHITMAN IN - POSSESSION OF CHARLES M. SKINNER, ESQ., BROOKLYN 90 - - CRUISER BROOKLYN, BUILT IN 1858 122 - - STATUE OF HENRY WARD BEECHER IN FRONT OF CITY HALL. - (From a Drawing by H. D. Eggleston) 140 - - STATUE OF J. S. T. STRANAHAN AT THE ENTRANCE - TO PROSPECT PARK. (From a Drawing by H. D. Eggleston) 180 - - STATUE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON IN FRONT OF HAMILTON CLUB HOUSE 200 - - - APPENDIX - - CHART SHOWING EAST RIVER SOUNDINGS AND PIER LINES 262 - - - - -HISTORY OF BROOKLYN - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -BROOKLYN AFTER THE REVOLUTION - -1784-1810 - - - Effect of the British Occupation on Life and Business in the - County. Brooklyn particularly disturbed. Town Meetings resumed. - The Prison Ships and their Terrible Legacy. Tragedies of the - Wallabout. Movement to honor the Dead. Burial of the Remains. - The Tammany Enterprise and the Removal of the Bones. Further - Removal to Fort Greene. Organization of the Brooklyn Fire - Department. The Ferry. The Mail Stage. New Roads. Planning - "Olympia." Early Advertisements. Circulating Library and - Schools. The Rain-water Doctor. Kings County Medical Society. - Flatlands. Gravesend. Flatbush, the County Seat. Mills. Erasmus - Hall. New Utrecht. Bushwick, its Church, Tavern, Graveyard, and - Mills. The Boundary Dispute. The Beginnings of Williamsburgh. - Rival Ferries. "The Father of Williamsburgh." - - -During the whole period of the Revolution Brooklyn had been peculiarly -disturbed. More than any other of the county towns, it had been -distracted and prostrated. Farms had been pillaged and the property -of exiled Whigs given over to Tory friends of the Governor. Military -occupation naturally resulted in great damage to property. "Farmers -were despoiled of their cattle, horses, swine, poultry, vegetables, -and of almost every necessary article of subsistence, except their -grain, which fortunately had been housed before the invasion. Their -houses were also plundered of every article which the cupidity of a -lawless soldiery deemed worthy of possession, and much furniture was -wantonly destroyed. At the close of this year's campaign, De Heister, -the Hessian general, returned to Europe with a shipload of plundered -property."[1] While the other towns were receiving pay for the board -of prisoners, and thus being justified in maintaining their crops, -Brooklyn remained a garrison town until the end. - -After the evacuation, Brooklyn's farmers and tradesmen at once turned -their attention to the restoration of the orderly conditions existing -before the war. It also became necessary to reorganize the local -government. In April, 1784, was held the first town meeting since -April, 1776. Jacob Sharpe was chosen town clerk, and Leffert Lefferts, -the previous clerk, was called upon to produce the town records. The -result of this demand has already been described in the reference to -the missing records. - -Before proceeding further with the narrative of Brooklyn's growth -after the Revolution, it will be necessary to return for a moment to -certain sad circumstances that followed the battle of Brooklyn and -other successes of the British. The battle of Long Island was fought -August 27, 1776, and Fort Washington was captured in November. These -victories gave the British between 4000 and 5000 prisoners. At that -time there were only two small jails in New York city. One was called -the Bridewell, and was situated in Broadway near Chambers Street, -and the other was known as the New Jail. These prisons could not -accommodate the daily increasing number of prisoners. It was a dark -hour in American history; success seemed to perch upon the banners of -the enemy. Large accessions of prisoners were made, and quarters had -to be provided for them. The churches were taken without ceremony and -converted into receptacles for the captives. The sugar-houses were used -for the same purpose. One of these was situated in Liberty Street, -adjoining the old Middle Dutch Church. That church was also used. -Within its walls thousands of prisoners were placed, regardless of -comfort or sanitary rules. If its walls could speak they would tell a -tale which would make a sad record. - -The old North Dutch Church on the corner of Fair Street and Horse and -Cart Lane (now Fulton and William streets) was also used as a prison -pen, and within its walls a thousand persons were held. Within a few -years this venerable landmark has succumbed to the march of progress. - -The infamous Cunningham was at this time provost marshal of the city. -He possessed the instincts of a brute, and often seemed to own the -spirit of a demon. The sick and dying received no sympathy or care from -him. Healthy men were placed in the same room with those having the -smallpox and other maladies. Prisoners were not allowed sufficient food -or bedding, and their clothes were scanty. The food was not fit to give -to the beasts. The men must have reached the verge of starvation to -induce them to partake of the unwholesome mess of wormy and mouldy food -dealt out to them. The allowance made to the men was a loaf of bread, -one quart of peas, half a pint of rice, and one and a half pounds -of pork for six days. Large numbers died from want, privation, and -exhaustion. So crowded were these prisons that there was no room to lie -down and rest. The impure atmosphere engendered disease. Every morning -the cry was heard, "Rebels, bring out your dead." All who had died -during the night were carelessly thrown into the dead-cart and carried -to the trenches in the neighborhood of Canal Street, and buried without -a vestige of ceremony. - -But the horrors of the city prisons were more than repeated in the -tragedies of the prison ships in the bend of the Wallabout. The first -vessels used were the freight transports which had been employed in -conveying troops to Staten Island in 1776. These transports were for a -short time anchored in Gravesend Bay, and received the prisoners taken -on Long Island. When New York was conquered they were removed to the -city. The Good Hope and Scorpion for a while were anchored off the -Battery, and subsequently were taken to Wallabout Bay, and with other -vessels were used as prisons. Two vessels at a time were kept in this -service. Among the vessels thus used were the Whitley, Falmouth, Prince -of Wales, Scorpion, Bristol, and Old Jersey. - -In 1780 one of the vessels was burned by the unhappy captives, who -hoped thereby to regain their liberty. The effort was unsuccessful, -and the prisoners were removed to the Old Jersey, which continued in -service until the end of the war. - -Wallabout Bay had the shape of a horse-shoe. The Jersey was anchored at -a point which is now represented by the west end of the Cob Dock. If -Cumberland Street were continued in a straight line to a point between -the Navy Yard proper and the Cob Dock, it would pass over the spot -where this vessel was anchored. - -Historians agree in saying that the treatment on all these vessels -was alike, and that the Jersey was not exceptional. The Jersey was -the largest of all, and having remained in service for so long a time -had the most prisoners. On that account she has attracted the most -attention. - -The crew on board each ship consisted of a captain, mates, steward, a -few sailors and marines, and about thirty soldiers. Each prisoner on -his arrival was carefully searched for arms and valuables. His name -and rank were duly registered. He was allowed to retain his clothing -and bedding, and to use these, but during confinement was supplied -with nothing additional. The examination having been completed, he -was conducted to the hold of the vessel, to become the companion of a -thousand other patriots, many of whom were covered with rags and filth, -and pale and emaciated from the constant inhalation of the pestiferous -and noxious atmosphere which impregnated the vessel. Strong men could -not long resist inroads of sickness and disease. Many were taken down -with typhus fever, dysentery, and smallpox. The vessel was filled -continually with the vilest malaria. The guns were removed, portholes -securely fastened, and in their place were two tiers of lights to -admit air. Each of these air holes was about twenty inches square, -and fastened by cross-bars to prevent escape. The steward supplied -each mess with a daily allowance of biscuit, pork or beef, and rancid -butter. The food was of the poorest which could be obtained, and of -itself was sufficient to breed disease. The biscuits were mouldy and -worm-eaten, the flour was sour, and the meat badly tainted. It was -cooked in a common kettle, which was never cleaned, with impure water, -and became a slow but sure poison. The prisoners were kept in the -holds between the two decks, and the lower dungeon was used for the -foreigners who had enlisted in freedom's cause. Here again the morning -salutation was, "Rebels, bring out your dead." The command was obeyed, -and all who had found relief in death were brought upon deck. Prisoners -were allowed to sew a blanket over the remains of their dead companions -before burial. The dead were taken in boats to the shore, put in holes -dug in the sand, and carelessly covered. Frequently they were washed -from their resting place by the incoming tide. Often while walking -along the old Wallabout road, between Cumberland Street and the Navy -Yard, I have seen the remains of the gallant patriots who lost their -lives on the Jersey. In the "'fifties" of the present century it was no -uncommon thing for pieces of bone and human skulls to be dug up on the -borders of the old road. - -The only relief the prisoners had was permission to remain on deck -until sunset. When the golden orb of day sunk beneath the horizon, the -ears of all were saluted with the obnoxious cry, "Down, rebels, down." -When all had retired to the hold, the hatchway was closed, leaving only -a small trap open to admit air. At this trapdoor a sentinel was placed, -with instructions to allow but one man to ascend at a time during the -night. The sentinels possessed the same cruel spirit as their masters. -A prisoner who had been confined on the Jersey for fourteen months -said that, on occasions when the prisoners gathered at the hatchway -to obtain fresh air, the sentinel repeatedly thrust his bayonet among -them and killed several. These acts created a desire for revenge. Many -of the men were enabled to endure their trials by the thought that the -night of darkness would soon pass away, and the day dawn when they -could take vengeance on the scoundrels who had treated them with so -much brutality. - -An instance of this determination to be revenged is narrated in the -life of Silas Talbot. It appears that two brothers belonging to the -same rifle corps were made prisoners and sent on board the Jersey. The -elder was attacked with fever and became delirious. One night, as his -end was fast approaching, reason resumed its sway, and, while lamenting -his sad fate and breathing a prayer for his mother, he begged for a -little water. His brother entreated the guard to give him some, but the -request was brutally refused. The sick boy drew near to death, and his -last struggle came. The brother offered the guard a guinea for an inch -of candle to enable him to behold the last gasping smile of love and -affection. This request was refused. "Now," said he, "if it please God -that I ever regain my liberty, I'll be a most bitter enemy." He soon -after became a free man, and, to show how well he kept his word, it is -only necessary to say that when the war closed "he had 8 large and 127 -small notches in his rifle stock." These notches probably represented 8 -officers and 127 privates. - -On one occasion 130 men were brought to the Jersey by the villain -Sprout, who was commissary of prisoners. As he approached the black -unsightly hulk, he pointed to her sardonically, and told his captives, -"There, rebels, there is the cage for you." - -The same bitter round was the daily portion of the men,--during the day -a little air and sunlight, and being compelled to listen to the curses -and imprecations of their captors, while at night they had to breathe -the stifling air between decks, and listen to the groans of the sick -and dying, without the power to give them any relief. - -Some of the men were assigned to wash and scrub the decks. This of -itself was a great blessing, as it gave them occupation and additional -rations. During the night watches it was as dark as Egypt between -decks, for no sort of light was allowed. Delirious men would wander -about and stumble over their fellows. Sometimes the warning shout would -be heard, that a madman was creeping in the darkness with a knife in -his hand. At times a soldier would wake up to find that the brother at -his side had become a corpse. The soldiers in charge of the prisoners -were mostly Hessians, and were universally hated as mercenaries. - -Yet no amount of cruelty could drive patriotism from the hearts of the -captives. On the 4th of July, 1782, they determined to celebrate the -anniversary in a fitting manner. On the morning of that day, they came -on deck with thirteen national flags, fastened on brooms. The flags -were seized, torn, and trampled under foot by the guards, who looked -upon the act as an insult. Nothing daunted, the men determined to have -their pleasure, and began to sing national melodies. The guards became -enraged, considered themselves insulted, and drove the prisoners below -at an early hour, at the point of the bayonet, and closed the hatches. -The prisoners again commenced to sing. At nine o'clock in the evening -an order was given requiring them to cease. This order not being -instantly complied with, the animosity of the guards was aroused, and -they descended with lanterns and lances. Terror and consternation at -once reigned supreme. The retreating prisoners were sorely pressed by -the guards, who unmercifully cut and slashed away, wounding every one -within their reach, and inflicting in many instances deadly blows. -They then returned to the deck, leaving the wounded to suffer, without -the means to have their wounds properly dressed. In consequence of -this explosion of patriotism, a new torture was devised. The men, as a -punishment, were kept below on the following day until noon, and thus -were prevented from the enjoyment of the sun and air for six long weary -hours. During this time they were also deprived of rations and water. -As a result of the night's diabolism ten dead bodies were brought on -deck in the morning. - -To show the heartlessness of the guards, an incident is narrated of a -man who was supposed to be dead, and had been sewed up in his hammock -and carried on deck preparatory to burial. He was observed to move, -and the attention of the officer in charge was called to the fact that -he was still living. "In with him," said the officer; "if he is not -dead, he soon will be." The sailor took a knife, cut open the hammock, -and discovered that the man was still alive. Doubtless many men who had -swooned away were buried alive. - -At the time of these occurrences, the government did not possess the -ability to make exchanges. The captives on the prison ships were mostly -privateersmen, and, not being in the regular Continental service, -Congress was unwilling to restore healthy soldiers to the ranks of -the enemy, thereby adding to their strength without a full and exact -equivalent. - -The Americans had entered into an agreement to exchange officer for -officer and soldier for soldier. They had but few naval prisoners, and -thus could make no exchange for the unfortunate ones on these ships. -Our authorities were compelled to let their captives on the water go -at large, for want of suitable places to keep them. Washington took -a lively interest in the matter, and entered into a correspondence -with Henry Clinton and Admiral Digby on the subject, threatening -retaliation. He, however, threatened and expostulated in vain. - -The American rebels were urged by the British officers to enter their -service. Some did enlist, with the hope uppermost in their minds that -they would be able to desert. - -The prisoners were released at the close of the war. The old Jersey was -destroyed, and its decaying timbers became buried in the mud. - -The bones of the prison-ship martyrs lay for many years bleaching on -the banks of Wallabout Bay, where they had been rudely buried by the -British. The action of the tide upon the sandy banks gradually washed -away the little earth which had been thrown over them, thereby causing -the sacred relics to become exposed to view. The attention of Congress -was frequently called to the necessity of providing a suitable resting -place for these honored remains. The sight of these bones strewn upon -the banks of the bay was enough to awaken the interest of the nation. -At last the citizens of Brooklyn became aroused, and at a town meeting -held in 1792, a resolution was passed requesting John Jackson, who -had collected a large number of the bones on his farm, which then -included the land now used by the Navy Yard, to allow the relics in his -possession and under his control to be removed to the Reformed Dutch -Church graveyard for burial, and a monument erected over them. General -Jeremiah Johnson was the chairman of the committee. The application -was refused, Jackson having other intentions as to their interment. -Jackson was a blunt man, and a firm believer in the principles of -Democracy as enunciated by Jefferson. He was one of the sachems of the -Tammany Society or Columbian Order. - -He had several hogsheads full of bones which he had collected upon the -beach. To consummate his plan he offered to the Tammany Society a plot -in his farm for land whereon a suitable monument might be erected. - -Tammany accepted the trust, and in February, 1803, entered actively -upon the work. The society at once proposed and caused to be presented -to Congress a stirring and forcible memorial on the subject. Congress, -however, came to no determination in the matter, and the matter -remained quiescent until 1808. Between the time of the acceptance of -the offer by Tammany and the action by Congress in 1808, Benjamin -Aycrigg, a prominent and influential citizen, became greatly interested -in the measure. In the summer of 1805, noticing the exposed condition -of these remains on the beach of the bay, his patriotic heart was -horrified by the sight; his soul was filled with indignation that steps -had not been taken to have them decently interred. He, in the same -year, made a contract with an Irishman living at the Wallabout to -collect all the exposed bones. The remains thus collected formed a part -of those subsequently placed in the vault erected on the Jackson lot by -the Tammany Society. - -In 1808 Tammany again renewed its labors. At a meeting of the society -a committee was appointed, called the Wallabout Committee, consisting -of Jacob Vandervoort, John Jackson, Burdett Stryker, Issachar Cozzens, -Robert Townsend, Jr., Benjamin Watson, and Samuel Coudrey. This -committee was deeply interested in the work, and used every available -means to enlist public sympathy and assistance. Memorials were prepared -and circulated, and appeals made through the press and otherwise, -urging the citizens to come forward and aid the sacred cause. In their -efforts they did not confine themselves to New York, but sought to -create a national interest in the undertaking. The patriotism of the -people was appealed to, and the effort was crowned with success. When -the subject was thus forcibly presented, the citizens of the young -republic realized their obligation to provide a proper burial place -for the dust and bones of her brave sons, through whose death the -nation rose into existence. The measure was presented in a way which -could not be resisted. The inhabitants of all sections became greatly -interested, and nobly responded to the call, and the committee, finding -so many ready to aid, assist, and approve, were enabled to commence -the erection of the structure much sooner than they had at first -anticipated. - -The spot given was situated in Jackson Street (now Hudson Avenue), near -York Street, abutting the Navy Yard wall. The street was named after -the owner of the land. The name was afterward changed to Hudson Avenue. - -The land was formally deeded by Jackson to the Tammany Society in 1803. -When all things were ready the society caused the remains collected by -Jackson, with all the bones found upon the beach, to be committed to -the tomb with appropriate ceremonies. - -The arrangements for laying the corner-stone were completed, and the -13th of April, 1808, fixed for that interesting ceremony. The order of -exercises was as follows: At eleven o'clock the procession formed at -the ferry, foot of Main Street, marched through that street to Sands -Street, thence to Bridge Street, along Bridge to York Street, through -York Street to Jackson, and thence to the ground. - -As Major Aycrigg had ever manifested unabated interest in this labor of -love, he was properly selected as grand marshal of the day. - -The first division of the procession consisted of a company of United -States marines, under command of Lieutenant-Commandant Johnson. The -second division was composed of citizens of New York and Brooklyn. The -third division embraced the committees of the various civic societies. -The fourth division contained the Grand Sachem of the Tammany Society, -Father of the Council, and orator of the day. The fifth division -carried the corner-stone with the following inscription:-- - - IN THE NAME OF - THE SPIRITS OF THE DEPARTED FREE. - Sacred to the memory of that portion of - AMERICAN FREEMEN, SOLDIERS AND CITIZENS, - who perished on board the - PRISON SHIPS OF THE BRITISH - at the Wallabout during the - REVOLUTION. - This corner-stone of the vault erected by the - TAMMANY SOCIETY - OR COLUMBIAN ORDER - - Nassau Island, Season of Blossoms, year of the discovery - the 316th, of the institution the 19th, and of the American - Independence the 22d. - - JACOB VANDERVOORT, } - JOHN JACKSON, } - BURDETT STRYKER, } Wallabout - ISSACHAR COZZENS, } Committee. - ROBERT TOWNSEND, JR., } - BENJAMIN WATSON, } - SAMUEL COUDREY, } - - Daniel and William Campbell, builders, April 6, 1808. - - -The sixth division was composed of a detachment of artillery under -command of Lieutenant Townsend. - -The procession having reached the ground, the artillery were stationed -upon a neighboring hill, and the various divisions took the positions -assigned them. - -The oration, which was a brilliant effort, was delivered by Joseph -D. Foy. The stone was then lowered to its place and duly laid by -Benjamin Romaine, Grand Sachem of the Tammany Society, assisted by -the committee, after which a grand salute was fired, and the band -discoursed sweet and solemn notes. - -The vault was completed in May, 1808. Arrangements were made for an -imposing display, and no pains were spared in preparation. The various -societies and public bodies were ready and anxious to do all in their -power to render the occasion impressive and memorable. The citizens -turned out _en masse_ on the 26th of May, 1808, to bear testimony to -the worth of these brave men whose obsequies were to be celebrated. -They assembled at ten o'clock in the park in front of the City Hall, -New York, under command of Brigadier Generals Morton and Steddiford, -Garret Sickels, Grand Marshal, assisted by twelve aides. - -The inscription on the pedestal was as follows:-- - - [Front.] - AMERICANS REMEMBER THE BRITISH. - [Right side.] - YOUTH OF MY COUNTRY - MARTYRDOM PREFERRED TO SLAVERY. - [Left side.] - SIRES OF COLUMBIA - transmit to posterity the cruelties practiced on board the - "BRITISH PRISON SHIPS." - [Rear.] - "Tyrants dread the gathering storm - While Freemen, Freemen's Obsequies perform." - -The orator of the day was Dr. Benjamin DeWitt, who delivered an able -and patriotic address to the assembled multitude. He feelingly depicted -the sufferings endured in British dungeons, and drew tears to many eyes -by his eloquent and touching remarks, referring to the tyranny of the -oppressors and the patience of the patriots. The oration concluded, in -painful silence the coffins were committed to their resting place. Rev. -Mr. Williston then pronounced the benediction, "To the King, Immortal, -Invisible, the All-wise God, be glory everlasting, amen." The occasion -was one long remembered in both cities. - -During many years these relics remained forgotten in their sepulchre. -The grade of Jackson Street was altered so as to take a part of the -sacred ground. Jackson, when he gave the land, was not far-sighted -enough to have secured the passage of an act to preserve its precincts -intact, free from invasion by streets, and exempt from taxation. The -land at one time was sold for taxes. It seemed as if the past had been -forgotten. Then it was that Benjamin Romaine came forward and purchased -the lot. In order to preserve it from desecration, he adopted it as -his family burial plot. He resolved to be buried there himself, and -placed within the vault a coffin designed for his mortal remains. He -constructed the ante-chamber over the tomb. Upon the property he placed -the following inscription:-- - - First--The portal to the tomb of 11,500 patriot prisoners of - war who died in dungeons and pestilential prison ships in and - about the City of New York during the war of our Revolution. - The top is capped with two large urns in black, and a white - globe in the centre. - - Second--The interior of the tomb contains thirteen coffins - assigned in the order as observed in the Declaration of - Independence, and inserted thus--New Hampshire, Massachusetts, - Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, - Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, - and Georgia. - - Third--Thirteen beautifully turned posts, painted white, and - capped with a small urn in black, and between the posts the - above-named States are fully lettered. - - Fourth--In 1778, the Colonial Congress promulgated the Federal - League compact, though it was not finally ratified until 1781, - only two years before the peace of 1783. - - Fifth--In 1789, our General National Convention, to form a more - perfect unison, did ordain the present Constitution of the - United States of America, to be one entire Sovereignty, and in - strict adhesion to the equally necessary State rights. Such a - republic must endure forever. - -In 1842, a large number of citizens applied to the Legislature for -permission to remove the remains to a more private place. Romaine -vigorously and eloquently objected to the proposed change, and the -matter was permitted to rest quietly until after his death in 1844. -During the following year attention was again called to the forlorn -and neglected condition of the sepulchre. Henry C. Murphy was then -in Congress, representing Kings and Richmond counties. The abject -condition of the vault was brought to the notice of Congress, and -action taken. The military committee recommended an appropriation of -$20,000 to secure a permanent tomb and monument. The report was drawn -by Henry C. Murphy, whose exertions in this behalf were untiring. The -effort, however, was not successful. - -Samuel Boughton, John T. Hildreth, John H. Baker, and other -public-spirited men, holding diverse political views, started -subscription papers, and published articles in the papers urging the -importance of immediate action to accomplish the praiseworthy object. - -In 1855, a meeting was held and a Martyrs' Monument Association formed. -This association intended to have representatives from each State and -Territory. The committee started with commendable energy. They early -took the ground that Fort Greene was the proper site. Plans were -proposed and subscriptions solicited. For a long time nothing more was -done. The Common Council agreed to permit the use of Fort Greene. It -was not until June, 1873, that the remains of the prison-ship martyrs -were carried to the vault on the face of Fort Greene.[2] - -The narrative here concluded has passed far beyond the limits -of the period to which this chapter is devoted. Turning to the -post-Revolutionary period, we find the county towns resuming a normal -course of life. The Dutchmen who gathered at the Brooklyn church -ceased to talk of war. The Episcopalians, who worshiped in John -Middagh's barn, at the corner of Henry and Poplar streets, turned from -politics to denominational questions, and the "Independents" built -a meeting-house on the Fulton Street ground afterwards taken by St. -Anne's Buildings. - -We learn from the "Corporation Manual" (1869) that the first step -toward a fire department within the limits of the present city was -taken in April, 1785, by the organization of a fire-company. At a -meeting of the freeholders of the town, held at the house of Widow -Moser, in Fulton Street, near the ferry, it was agreed that the company -should be composed of seven members, who should be commissioned as -firemen for one year. They selected the following persons as the -members of the company: Henry Stanton, captain; Abraham Stoothoof, -John Doughty, Jr., Thomas Havens, J. Van Cott, and Martin Woodward. -They also voted to raise by tax the sum of £150 for the purchase of a -fire-engine. Among the regulations agreed upon for the government of -the new company was a requirement that the members should meet on the -first Saturday of each month, to play, clean, and work their engine, -and that in case of their non-attendance, upon notification from their -captain, a fine of eight shillings should be imposed upon them, and -that upon the captain, in the event of his neglecting properly to -notify the members, a fine of sixteen shillings should be imposed. The -engine was in due time procured. It was constructed by Jacob Boome, -of New York city, who had just then commenced business as the first -engine-builder ever located in that city. Previous to his time, the -fire-engines had generally been imported from England. The company -adopted the name of "Washington Engine Company No. 1," and was, up to -the time of dissolution of the Volunteer Department, still in active -existence. Their engine-house was situated in a lane, now called Front -Street, near its junction with Fulton Street. - -The firemen continued to be chosen annually in town meeting, and the -appointment was much sought after as conferring respectability of -position in the community. On the 30th of April, 1787, the number of -firemen was increased to eleven, and it was resolved that each fireman -should take out a license, for which he should pay a fee of four -shillings, the sums thus accruing being appropriated to the ordinary -expenses of the company. - -On the 15th of March, 1788, came the first state legislation relative -to the firemen of Brooklyn. In 1794 there were about fifty families -residing within the limits of the fire district; the entire population, -including some 100 slaves, numbering 350 souls. There were about -seventy-five buildings in the district, mainly located between what -is now called Henry Street and the ferry. Those devoted to business -purposes were generally near the ferry, where a supply of water from -the river could readily and easily be obtained. Although fires were -of exceedingly rare occurrence, and trivial in their character, yet -nine years of use, or rather disuse and decay and rust, had rendered -the engine unserviceable. In view of this fact, on the first Tuesday -of April, 1794, it was resolved in town meeting that a subscription -should be authorized to raise the funds necessary for the purchase of a -new engine. The sum of £188 19s. was speedily collected, and a new and -more powerful engine was procured. In 1795 the Legislature extended -the limits of the fire district, and increased the volunteer force to -thirty men. In town meeting it was resolved that each house should be -provided with two fire-buckets, under a penalty of two shillings for -every neglect so to provide after due notification. In 1796 a fire-bell -was purchased by popular subscription, and set up in the storehouse of -Jacob Remsen, at Fulton and Front streets, in sight of the ferry. - -In the awarding of the ferry lease in 1789, it was ordered "that -the boats, together with their masts and sails, be of such form and -dimensions as the wardens of the port of New York should approve; that -each boat be constantly worked and managed by two sober, discreet, and -able-bodied experienced watermen; that each boat be always furnished -with four good oars and two boat-hooks."[3] A new ferry at Catherine -Street was established in 1795. - -Although the ferry was in active operation, traveling by land was by -exceedingly primitive stages. As late as 1793, according to Furman, -there was no post-office on any part of Long Island, and no mail -carried on it. It was not until about the opening of the present -century that the first post-route was started. As late as 1835 "the -regular mail stage left Brooklyn once a week, on Thursday, having -arrived from Easthampton and Sag Harbor the afternoon of the previous -day; and this was the only conveyance travelers could then have through -this Island, unless they took a private carriage." The practice was to -leave Brooklyn about nine in the morning, to dine at Hempstead, and -then "jog on to Babylon, where they put up for the night."[4] - -By the enterprise of the Flushing Bridge and Road Company, incorporated -in 1802, the distance between Flushing and Brooklyn was shortened about -four miles. Three years later the Wallabout and Brooklyn Toll Bridge -Company laid out a road extending from the Cripplebush road to the -easterly side of the Wallabout mill pond, over which a bridge connected -with Sands Street. - -[Illustration: New-York and Brooklyn Ferry. - -Such persons as are inclined to compound, agreeable to law, in the -Steam Ferry-Boat, Barges, or common Horse Boats, will be pleased to -apply to the subscribers, who are authorized to settle the same. - - GEORGE HICKS, Brooklyn. - JOHN PINTARD, 52 Wall st. - - Commutation for a single person not - transferable, for 12 months, $10 00 - Do. do. 8 months, 6 67 - May 3, 1814 6m. - -EARLY FERRY ADVERTISEMENT] - -Within the limits of the town[5] the spirit of real estate enterprise -appeared in various quarters, but perhaps the most ambitious -undertaking was that of the holders of the Sands and Jackson tract, -surveyed in 1787, and lying on the East River between the Wallabout -and the Brooklyn ferry. To the prospective village planned for this -region was given the name of Olympia, after the habit of bestowing -classical names which began to appear in post-Revolutionary days. In -1801 John Jackson sold forty acres of Wallabout lands to the United -States for $40,000. - -The columns of the "Long Island Weekly Intelligencer," published by -Roberson & Little, booksellers and stationers, at the corner of Old -Ferry and Front streets, give interesting glimpses of this period. In -1806 Henry Hewlet dealt in "general merchandise" near the Old Ferry; -John Cole was coach-maker; Dr. Lowe's office was "at the Rev. Mr. -Lowe's, corner of Red Hook Road." There was demand for five apprentices -at Amos Cheney's shipyard. Benjamin Hilton sold china, glass, and -earthenware, "at New York prices," in Old Ferry Street. Postmaster -Bunce had fifty-three letters that had not been called for. - -In a later issue of the "Intelligencer" the editor remarks that he has -been "requested to suggest the propriety of each family placing lights -in front of their houses, not having the advantage of lamps, as great -inconvenience and loss of time arises from the neglect, particularly on -dark nights." - -In 1808 the town appropriated $1500 for the erection of a new "poor -house." The county court house of this period was at Flatbush, then the -county seat. The old court house had been burned in 1758. The money -required to build the new court house was raised by an assessment -upon the inhabitants of the county. This building continued in use -thirty-four years, when, by reason of its dilapidated condition, a new -court house and jail were built in 1792. The court house cost $2944.71. -The contractor was Thomas Fardon, and the plans for the building were -furnished by Messrs. Stanton, Newton, and James Robertson. In referring -to the court house, Furman says that "in 1800 the court house was let -to James Simson for one year at £3 in money." In this agreement "the -justices reserved for themselves the chamber in the said house called -the court chamber, at the time of their publique sessions, courts of -common pleas, and private meetings; as also the room called the prison, -for the use of the sheriff if he had occasion for it." The building -stood for forty years, when it was destroyed by fire. - -Meanwhile the hamlet of Brooklyn took on many of the characteristics -of a maturing village. Joseph B. Pierson removed from New York to -Brooklyn in 1809, and opened a circulating library on Main Street, -two doors from Sands Street. In the "Long Island Star" of June, 1809, -George Hamilton advertised a select school where "students were taught -to make their own pens." Hamilton was succeeded by John Gibbons, who in -September announced the opening of an academy for both sexes, where the -various educational branches are "taught on unerring principles." Mrs. -Gibbons was to "instruct little girls in Spelling, Reading, Sewing, and -Marking." To the notice of an evening school for young men is appended: -"N. B. Good pronunciation." - -Two years later there was a private school opposite the post office; -John Mabon taught the Brooklyn Select Academy; and at the inn of -Benjamin Smith, on Christmas-eve, an exhibition was given by the pupils -of Platt Kennedy. At this time the town had a floor-cloth factory, -eight or ten looms were at work in Crichton's cotton goods manufactory, -and over one hundred people worked in rope-walks. Abraham Remsen kept -the one dry goods store at Fulton and Front streets. - -Over the Black Horse tavern lived for a time the "Rain-water Doctor," -who was consulted by people coming great distances. This strange man -dealt mostly in herbs and simples, but his specialty was rain water, -which he praised as containing power to cure all manner of ills. He -often signed himself, "Sylvan, Enemy of Human Diseases." Sylvan was -evidently the first of a long list of "rain-water" quacks, against whom -the regular practitioners of this and later periods had occasion to -contend.[6] - -At the time when the census of Long Island (in 1811) estimated the -population of Brooklyn at 4402, rapid progress had also been made by -other towns in the county. Flatlands, which does not seem to have been -particularly disturbed by the British occupation,--the church and -schools continuing their regular sessions throughout the period,--built -a new church in 1794, which was painted red and sanded, and had -Lombardy poplars in front and rear. Church-going was a cold experience -in those days, the new church, like its predecessors, being without -means of heating, save the foot-stoves carried by women. It was not -until 1825 that a large wood-stove was introduced. The schoolhouse -stood within the original lines of the graveyard. - -Gravesend, which had passed through an active early period, had in 1810 -a population of 520. The hamlet was conservative in its habits of life -and slow in numerical growth. To reach Coney Island from Gravesend -at this time, it was necessary to ford the creek at low tide. The -Coney Island Bridge and Road Company was organized in 1823. To get -their letters the Gravesend people were obliged to go to Flatbush.[7] -The old schoolhouse, after being in service for sixty years, was in -1788 succeeded by a larger building, which was in service for half -a century. The Reformed Church records were still kept in the Dutch -language. The church was a long low building with a gallery, under -which, on the west side, were the negro quarters. - -Flatbush had had a taste of the Revolutionary fighting, and suffered -considerably during the British occupation.[8] - -The mill finished in 1804, on John C. Vanderveer's farm, is described -as the first mill on the island. The mills became a prominent feature -of Flatbush scenery. Clustered near them were some of the quaintest -examples of Dutch and colonial architecture that were to be found in -this country. The examples surviving to-day give a distinctive charm to -this village. In due time the stocks which had stood in front of the -court house, the near-by whipping-post,[9] and the public brew-house -all disappeared. - -On the 2d of July, 1791, public notice was given of the plan for -building a county court house and jail at Flatbush. The notice stated -that the conditions would be made known by application to Charles -Doughty, Brooklyn Ferry, and that propositions in writing would be -received until July 15 by him and Johannes E. Lott, of Flatbush, and -Rutgert Van Brunt of Gravesend. - -Cruger, while mayor of New York city, had his residence within the -village. Generals Howe, Clinton, and other leading Tories had their -headquarters within its limits subsequent to the battle of Brooklyn. - -Erasmus Hall, at Flatbush, was erected in 1786, its charter bearing -the same date as that of the Easthampton Academy. The first public -exhibition of Erasmus Hall was held September 27, 1787, "and the -scene," says Stiles, "was graced by the presence of the Governor of -the State, several members of the Assembly, and a large concourse of -prominent gentlemen of the vicinity." The subject of public instruction -continued to be agitated in the public prints and the pulpit, and the -attention of the Legislature was repeatedly called by the Governor's -messages to the paramount need of having a regular school system -throughout the State. Finally, in 1795, that body passed "an act for -the encouragement of schools," and made an appropriation of $50,000 per -annum for five years "for the purpose of encouraging and maintaining -schools in the several cities and towns in this State in which children -of the inhabitants residing in the State shall be instructed in the -English language or be taught English grammar, arithmetic, mathematics, -and such other branches of knowledge as are most useful and necessary -to complete a good English education." - -The Rev. Dr. John H. Livingston, who, with Senator John Vanderbilt, -brought about, the establishment of the academy, was succeeded as -principal by Dr. Wilson, who also held a professorship at Columbia -College. The records of the academy reveal an interesting list of -names, and the institution has held an important relation to the -educational interests of Flatbush. - -New Utrecht, where the first resistance to the British forces had been -offered, and whose church had been used as a hospital and also as a -riding-school by the British officers, was quick to assume its wonted -ways after the departure of the troops when peace with England had been -declared. During the period between 1787 and 1818 the Rev. Petrus Lowe -was the pastor.[10] - -The progress of Bushwick after the Revolution was noteworthy. The old -Dutch church had been built early in the last century. The dominies -from Brooklyn and Flatbush had previously ministered to the people -when occasion called. The old octagonal church received a new roof in -1790, a front gallery five years later, and so it remained until 1840. -Stiles[11] mentions Messrs. Freeman and Antonides as the earliest -pastors, and Peter Lowe as serving here until 1808. A regiment of -Hessians had their winter quarters here in 1776, barracks being put -up on the land of Abraham Luqueer, and free use being made of wood -from the Wallabout swamp. The case of Hendrick Suydam was typical. -Suydam had to give quarters in his house,[12] and the filthy habits -of these unsavory mercenaries were shockingly characteristic of this -unhappy period. Stiles mentions, among the "patriots of Bushwick," John -Provost, John A. Meserole, John I. Meserole, Jacob Van Cott, David -Miller, William Conselyea, Nicholas Wyckoff, and Alexander Whaley, -but no such list gives due honor to the service of all the Bushwick -patriots. - -After the Revolution Bushwick had "three distinct settlements or -centres of population." These were "Het Dorp," the original town plot -at the junction of North Second Street and Bushwick Avenue; "Het Kivis -Padt," on the cross-roads at the junction of Bushwick Avenue and the -Flushing Road; and "Het Strand," along the East River shore. The first -mentioned was the centre of village activity, with the old church for -chief landmark. - -Of the town house with its tall liberty pole, Field[13] writes: "Long -after the Revolution the old town house continued to be the high seat -of justice, and to resound with the republican roar of vociferous -electors on town meeting days. The first Tuesday in April and the -fourth of July, in each succeeding year, found Het Dorp suddenly -metamorphosed from a sleepy Dutch hamlet into a brawling, swaggering -country town, with very debauched habits. Our Dutch youth had a most -enthusiastic tendency, and ready facility in adopting the convivial -customs and uproarious festivity of the loud-voiced and arrogant -Anglo-American youngers.[14] One day the close-fisted electors of -Bushwick devised a plan for easing the public burdens by making the -town house pay part of the annual taxes, and accordingly it was -rented to a Dutch publican, who afforded shelter to the justices and -constables, and by his potent liquors contributed to furnish them with -employment. - -"In this mild partnership, so quietly aiding to fill each others' -pockets, our old friend Chas. Zimmerman had a share, until he was -ousted, because he was a better customer than landlord. The services -of the church were conducted in the Dutch language until about the -year 1830. The clergyman had the care of five churches, each of which -received his spiritual services in turn. The homely but pious men who -performed these duties were sometimes learned and dignified gentlemen, -always a little aristocratic in their ways, for the dominie of a Dutch -colony was an important functionary, whom the Governor-General himself -could not snub with impunity. One of their self-indulgent customs would -strike a modern community with horror. On arriving at the church, -just before the time for Sunday service, the good dominie was wont to -refresh himself from the fatigue of his long ride with a glass of some -of the potent liquors of the time at the bar of the town house. - -"At last the electors of Bushwick got tired of keeping a hotel, and -unanimously quit-claimed their title to the church. Some time after the -venerable structure [the town house] was sold to an infidel Yankee, -at whose bar the good dominie could no longer feel free to take an -inspiriting cup before entering the pulpit, and the glory of the town -house of Bushwick departed." - -[Illustration: FERRY PASSAGE CERTIFICATE, 1816] - -The graveyard of the original Dutch settlement lay in sight of the -church, and the last remains within its borders were not disturbed -until 1879, when the bones were removed in boxes and placed under -the Bushwick Church. Not far distant were the De Voe, De Bevoise, -and Wyckoff houses, the last named built by Theodorus Polhemus, of -Flatbush.[15] - -On the river front was the famous tavern of "Charlum" Titus. Toward -Bushwick Creek was the Wartman homestead. On Division Avenue was the -Boerum house; the Remsen house was on Clymer Street. Peter Miller, -Frederic De Voe, and William Van Cott were prominent residents. - -On Newtown Creek stood Luqueer's mill, built in 1664, by Abraham -Jansen, and the second to be erected within the limits of the present -city of Brooklyn. Freekes' mill at Gowanus was the oldest, a pond being -formed by damming the head of Gowanus Kill. Remsen's mill was at the -Wallabout. It was built in 1710, and it was from the vantage ground of -his residence here that Rem Remsen witnessed so many of the prison-ship -horrors. Remsen performed many humane acts toward the unfortunates of -the floating dungeons. - -The boundary dispute between Newtown and Bushwick--a wrangle beginning -in Stuyvesant's day and lasting until 1769--forms one of the most -picturesque features of political life in the history of the two -towns. "Arbitration Rock," as a famous landmark in the survey was -called, having been destroyed, a new rock was placed in position by -Nicholas Wyckoff, with the permission of the Commissioners appointed to -resurvey the line in 1880, and still remains. - -We have seen that one section of the town of Bushwick, or rather an -outlying group of farms and houses, lay on the river front. Traffic to -and from New York naturally passed through this river section of the -settlement. At the beginning of the century Richard M. Woodhull, a New -York merchant, established a horse-ferry from Corlaer's Hook, close to -the foot of the present Grand Street, New York, to the foot of the Long -Island road, now bearing the name of North Second Street. - -The New York landing-place of the ferry was then considerably above the -settled part of the town. In New York at this period the tendency of -development still was along the eastern side of the island. "The seat -of the foreign trade," says Mr. Janvier, "was the East River front; of -the wholesale domestic trade, in Pearl and Broad streets, and about -Hanover Square; of the retail trade, in William, between Fulton and -Wall. Nassau Street and upper Pearl Street were places of fashionable -residence; as were also lower Broadway and the Battery. Upper Broadway, -paved as far as Warren Street, no longer was looked upon as remote and -inaccessible; and people with exceptionally long heads were beginning, -even, to talk of it as a street with a future; being thereto moved, -no doubt, by consideration of its magnificent appearance as the great -central thoroughfare of the city upon Mangin's prophetic map." - -Notwithstanding the development of New York on the East River side, -there were two miles of travel between Woodhull's ferry and the -business part of the city. Woodhull bought and "boomed" property in -the vicinity of the ferry road on the Long Island side, then known -as Bushwick Street, and to the settlement in this region he gave the -name of Williamsburgh, "in compliment to his friend, Colonel Williams, -U. S. engineer, by whom it was surveyed." A ferry-house, a tavern, a -hay-press, appeared on the scene. - -"An auction was held," writes John M. Stearns,[16] "at which a few -building lots were disposed of. But the amount realized came far short -of restoring to Woodhull the money he had thus prematurely invested. -His project was fully a quarter of a century too soon. It required half -a million of people in the city of New York, before settlers could be -induced to move across the East River away from the attractions of a -commercial city. Woodhull found that notes matured long before he could -realize from the property; and barely six years had passed before he -was a bankrupt, and the site of his new city became subject to sale by -the sheriff. By divers shifts the calamity was deferred until September -11, 1811, when the right, title, and interest of Richard M. Woodhull -in the original purchase, and in five acres of the Francis J. Titus -estate, purchased by him in 1805, near Fifth Street, was sold by the -sheriff in favor of one Roosevelt. James H. Maxwell, the son-in-law -of Woodhull, became the purchaser of Williamsburgh; but not having -the means to continue his title thereto, it again passed under the -sheriff's hammer, although a sufficient number of lots had by this time -been sold to prevent its re-appropriation to farm and garden purposes." - -Then came Thomas Morrell, of Newtown, who bought the Titus homestead -farm of twenty-eight acres, prepared a map, and set down Grand Street -as a dividing line. In 1812, Morrell obtained from New York city a -grant for a ferry from Grand Street, Bushwick, to Grand Street, New -York. - -This new town site, extending between North Second Street as far over -as the present South First Street, received the name of Yorkton. -The rivalry between the Morrell and the Woodhull ferry became very -heated. "While Morrell succeeded as to the ferry," writes Mr. Stearns, -"Woodhull managed to preserve the name Williamsburgh; which applied -at first to the thirteen acres originally purchased, and had extended -itself to adjoining lands so as to embrace about thirty acres, as seen -in Poppleton's map in 1814, and another in 1815, of property of J. -Homer Maxwell. But the first ferry had landed at Williamsburgh, and -the turnpike went through Williamsburgh out into the island. Hence, -both the country people and the people coming from the city, when -coming to the ferry, spoke of coming to Williamsburgh. Thus Yorkton was -soon unknown save on Loss's map, and in the transactions of certain -land-jobbers. Similarly the designations of old farm locations, being -obsolete to the idea of a city or a village, grew into disuse; and the -whole territory between Wallabout Bay and Bushwick Creek became known -as Williamsburgh." - -At this time the owners of shore property refused to have a road opened -through their property or along the shore. The two ferries were not -connected by shore road, nor with the Wallabout region, and neither -ferry prospered during the lifetime of either Woodhull or Morrell. -General Johnson, in going from his Wallabout farm to Williamsburgh, -"had to open and shut no less than seventeen barred gates within a -distance of a mile and a half along the shore." The owners opposed -Johnson's movement for a road, but with the aid of the Legislature the -road was opened, business at the ferries immediately improved, and -Williamsburgh began to grow. A Methodist congregation built a church -in 1808; a hotel appeared at about the same time, and in 1814 there -were 759 persons in the town. Noah Waterbury, by the building of a -distillery at the foot of North Second Street and other enterprises, -earned the title of "The Father of Williamsburgh." - - - - -CHAPTER X - -BROOKLYN VILLAGE - -1811-1833 - - Brooklyn during the "Critical Period" in American History. - The Embargo and the War of 1812. Military Preparations. - Fortifications. Fort Greene and Cobble Hill. Peace. Robert - Fulton. The "Nassau's" First Trip. Progress of Fulton Ferry. - The Village Incorporated. First Trustees. The Sunday-School - Union. Long Island Bank. Board of Health. The Sale of Liquor. - Care of the Poor. Real Estate. Village Expenses. Guy's Picture - of Brooklyn in 1820. The Village of that Period. Characters of - the Period. Old Families and Estates. The County Courts removed - to Brooklyn. Apprentices' Library. Prisoners at the Almshouse. - Growth of the Village. The Brooklyn "Evening Star." Movement - for Incorporation as a City. Opposition of New York. Passage of - the Incorporation Act. - - -As the hamlet of Brooklyn waxed in size and took on the characteristics -of an organized community, with a formulated political plan, a fire -department, a commercial nucleus that justified a petition[17] to the -Legislature for the establishment of a local bank, and a population -of nearly 5000 people, it began to feel more directly and inevitably -than it ever had theretofore the effect of political and commercial -movements in the State, and in the nation as a whole. - -The early years of the present century, during which Napoleon was -terrorizing Europe, were years of formative uncertainties to the -young United States. John Fiske has called this time "the critical -period" of American history. Speaking of the extraordinary commercial -manifestations of the post-Revolutionary period, Mr. Fiske says: -"Meanwhile, the different States, with their different tariff and -tonnage acts, began to make commercial war upon one another. No sooner -had the other three New England States virtually closed their ports to -British shipping than Connecticut threw hers wide open, an act which -she followed up by laying duties upon imports from Massachusetts. -Pennsylvania discriminated against Delaware, and New Jersey, pillaged -at once by both her greater neighbors, was compared to a cask tapped at -both ends. - -"The conduct of New York became especially selfish and blameworthy. -That rapid growth, which was so soon to carry the city and the State -to a position of primacy in the Union, had already begun. After the -departure of the British the revival of business went on with leaps -and bounds. The feeling of local patriotism waxed strong, and in no -one was it more completely manifested than in George Clinton, the -Revolutionary general, whom the people elected Governor for nine -successive terms. From a humble origin, by dint of shrewdness and -untiring push, Clinton had come to be for the moment the most powerful -man in the State of New York. He had come to look upon the State -almost as if it were his own private manor, and his life was devoted -to furthering its interests as he understood them. It was his first -article of faith that New York must be the greatest State in the -Union. But his conceptions of statesmanship were extremely narrow. -In his mind, the welfare of New York meant the pulling down and -thrusting aside of all her neighbors and rivals. He was the vigorous -and steadfast advocate of every illiberal and exclusive measure, and -the most uncompromising enemy to a closer union of the States. His -great popular strength and the commercial importance of the community -in which he held sway made him at this time the most dangerous man in -America." - -The relations of the States became more amicable in the early years -of the century, the rival commonwealths being drawn together by a -general obligation of self-defense as against England. In 1808 had come -Jefferson's Embargo Act, of whose influence in New York John Lambert -writes: "Everything wore a dismal aspect at New York. The embargo had -now continued upwards of three months, and the salutary check which -Congress imagined it would have upon the conduct of the belligerent -powers was extremely doubtful, while the ruination of the commerce of -the United States appeared certain if such destructive measures were -persisted in. Already had 120 failures taken place among the merchants -and traders, to the amount of more than 5,000,000 dollars; and there -were above 500 vessels in the harbor which were lying up useless, -and rotting for want of employment. Thousands of sailors were either -destitute of bread, wandering about the country, or had entered the -British service. The merchants had shut up their counting-houses and -discharged their clerks; and the farmers refrained from cultivating -their land; for if they brought their produce to market they could not -sell it at all, or were obliged to dispose of it for only a fourth of -its value." - -Elsewhere in his journal, Lambert writes: "The amount of tonnage -belonging to the port of New York in 1806 was 183,671 tons, and the -number of vessels in the harbor on the 25th of December, 1807, when the -embargo took place, was 537. The moneys collected in New York for the -national treasury, on the imports and tonnage, have for several years -amounted to one fourth of the public revenue. In 1806 the sum collected -was 6,500,000 dollars, which, after deducting the drawbacks, left a net -revenue of 4,500,000 dollars, which was paid into the treasury of the -United States as the proceeds of one year. In the year 1808 the whole -of this immense sum had vanished!" - -In June, 1812, came the declaration of war with Great Britain. The news -occasioned considerable excitement in Brooklyn, whose middle-aged men -retained a lively recollection of the British occupation. In the "Star" -of July 8 appeared this announcement: "A new company of Horse or Flying -Artillery is lately raised in this vicinity, under the command of -Captain John Wilson. This company promises, under the able management -of Captain Wilson, to equal, if not excel, any company in the State. -The Artillerists of Captain Barbarin are fast progressing in a system -of discipline and improvement, which can alone in the hour of trial -render courage effectual. We understand this company have volunteered -their services to Government, and are accepted. The Riflemen of Captain -Stryker and the Fusileers of Captain Herbert are respectable in number -and discipline. The county of Kings is in no respect behind her -neighbors in military patriotism." - -The Fusileers wore green "coatees" and Roman leather caps. The green -frocks of the Rifles were trimmed with yellow fringe, a feature of the -costume which is reputed to have originated the appellation "Katydids." -In August the Artillery practiced at a target, and John S. King won a -medal. - -Two years elapsed before Brooklyn was actually threatened with war. In -1814 the fear that the British fleet might, as in the Revolutionary -descent, land at Gravesend, was naturally entertained. The committee of -defense decided to build two fortified camps on Brooklyn Heights and -on the heights of Harlem. Volunteers for labor on local and suburban -defenses were called for, and there was a patriotic response. A company -of students from Columbia Academy, Bergen, N. J., performed work on -the Brooklyn Heights fortifications.[18] The Long Island defenses -extended from the Wallabout to Fort Greene, to Bergen's Heights (on -Jacob Bergen's property), and to Fort Lawrence. - -On the 9th of August, 1814, General Mapes, of New York, with a body -of volunteers, broke ground for the intrenchments at Fort Greene. The -work was carried on day by day by a different corps of volunteers. One -day the labor would be performed by the tanners and curriers and the -veteran corps of artillery; on another day, in happy unison, would -be seen working, side by side, a brigade of infantry, a military -association of young men, the Hamilton Society, and students of -medicine; on another, a delegation from Flatbush would be seen engaged -earnestly on the work; on another, the people of Flatlands would -be armed with pick and shovel; then Gravesend dug in the trenches. -Irishmen were not to be outdone; they proved their patriotism and -love of liberty by volunteering, 1200 strong, to labor in the cause. -Then the burghers from New Utrecht gave a helping hand. The free -colored people gladly gave their aid. Jamaica came, headed by Dominie -Schoonmaker, and with them came the principal of the academy, with -his pupils. Workmen came from New York, Newark, Paulus Hook, and -Morris County, N. J. A company came from Hanover Township, headed -by their pastor, Rev. Dr. Phelps, and labored for a day upon these -fortifications. So, too, the members of the Baptist Church in New York -came, with their pastor, Rev. Dr. Archibald Macloy, and did a day's -work. Rev. Dr. Macloy was the father of Congressman Macloy, who ably -represented the seventh ward of New York and a part of Kings County -before the late civil war. - -The erection of the defenses of Brooklyn was thus not a local affair. -It was one in which the neighboring cities, towns, and States took -part. The people were enthusiastic. The Grand Lodge of Masons enlisted -in the service, and the watchword of the day was: "The Master expects -every Mason to do his duty." Old Fortitude Lodge, which still exists, -rendered a day's service. A company of ladies came from New York, -forming a procession, with music, marched to Fort Greene, and used -the shovel and the spade for several hours. The people had one mind -and were actuated by one purpose. The work advanced rapidly, for, as -in the days of Nehemiah, the "people had a mind to work," and their -efforts were crowned with success. These were the times when the -people willingly gave their money for the good of the country, without -expecting to receive it again with compound interest. - -Early in September the works were completed. The Twenty-second Brigade -of Infantry, composed of 1750 men, was stationed within the lines. -Heavy artillery was mounted. Brigadier General Jeremiah Johnson was -in command. He was a natural soldier, and possessed every element -of character necessary to lead a brigade. Stern and unflinching in -the performance of duty, he yet had a warm and generous heart, which -led him to take an active interest in the welfare of the men in his -command. The soldiers loved him, and rendered willing obedience to his -orders. Being a resident of Brooklyn, he knew or was known by most of -his men personally. - -At the fort on Cobble Hill worked military companies under command of -Captains Stryker, Cowenhoven, and Herbert, the "exempts" of Bedford -and the Wallabout, Fire Company No. 2 of Brooklyn, and a company of -Bushwick people headed by Pastor Bassett. "Next to the duties which -we owe to Heaven," said the Bushwick people at their meeting, "those -which belong to our country demand our chief attention." - -The volunteers worked with the utmost zeal, laboring by moonlight when -sunset still left work to do. The Sixty-fourth Regiment, of Kings -County, was commanded by Francis Titus, with Albert C. Van Brunt as -second major, and Daniel Barre as adjutant. New Utrecht's company was -headed by Captain William Dewyre; Brooklyn's company was headed by -Captain Joseph Dean; the Wallabout and Bushwick company, by Captain -Francis Stillman; the Gowanus company, by Captain Peter Cowenhoven, and -later by Captain John T. Bergen; the Gravesend and Flatbush companies, -by Captain Jeremiah Lott. - -Brooklyn was, indeed, ready, but fortunately the crisis for which it -prepared did not appear. On the evening of February 11, 1815, came -the news of peace with Great Britain. On the evening of the 21st -Brooklyn was illuminated in a spirit of rejoicing, and the band of the -Forty-first Regiment, then stationed in the village, voiced the delight -of the people. - -Meanwhile, various important advances had been made by Brooklyn and her -neighbors. In 1812, Robert Fulton having made a successful experiment -with his first steamboat, the Clermont, a steam ferry was opened -between New York City and Paulus Hook, Jersey City. In that year Fulton -and his "backer," Robert R. Livingston, offered to the corporation of -the city of New York a proposition to establish a steam ferry from Fly -Market Slip to Brooklyn.[19] The proposition was accepted, and it was -decided to run the boats from Burling Slip. "As, however, the slip was -not then filled in, and the cost of filling was estimated at $30,000, -it was finally concluded to establish the ferry at Beekman Slip -(present Fulton Street, New York), which was accordingly purchased for -that purpose by the corporation from Mr. Peter Schermerhorn. Beekman -Slip at that time extended only to Pearl Street. Fair Street, which -then ran from Broadway to Cliff Street, was extended through the block -between Cliff and Pearl streets to join Beekman Slip. To this newly -extended Fair Street, from the East River to Broadway, and to Partition -Street, which then extended from Broadway to the Hudson River, was -given the name of Fulton Street, in honor of the distinguished -inventor, in consequence of the establishing of whose steam ferry this -street was about to become a great highroad of travel and traffic. The -ferry from Fly Market Slip was discontinued. - -"The lease of the ferry was granted to Robert Fulton and William -Cutting (his brother-in-law), for twenty-five years,--from the 1st -of May, 1814, to May, 1839,--at an annual rental of $4000 for the -first eighteen years, and $4500 for the last seven years. The lessees -were to put on the ferry one steamboat similar to the Paulus Hook -ferry-boat; to run once an hour from each side of the ferry, from -half an hour before sunrise to half an hour after sunset; to furnish -in addition such barges, etc., as were required by previous acts of -the Legislature; and on or before the 1st of May, 1819, they were to -provide another steamboat in all respects equal to the first, and when -that was done a boat should start from each side of the river every -half hour. As a compensation to the lessees for the increase of expense -which would be incurred in conducting the ferry upon such an enlarged -scale, the corporation covenanted to apply to the Legislature for a -modification and increase in the rates of ferriage; and in case the -bill passed before May 1, 1819, Messrs. Fulton and Cutting agreed to -put on their second boat at the earliest possible date thereafter. In -case of its failing to pass, they were to be permitted to receive four -cents for each and every passenger who might choose to cross the river -in the steamboat, but the fare in barges was to remain as it had been, -viz., two cents."[20] - -The proposed bill successfully passed the Legislature, and Fulton -and Cutting formed a stock company, called the New York and Brooklyn -Steamboat Ferry Association, with a capital of $68,000. The first -steam ferry-boat, called the Nassau, began running on Sunday, May 10, -1814. "This noble boat," said the Long Island "Star," "surpassed the -expectations of the public in the rapidity of her movements. Her trips -varied from five to twelve minutes, according to tide and weather.... -Carriages and wagons, however crowded, pass on and off the boat with -the same facility as in passing a bridge. There is a spacious room -below the deck where the passengers may be secure from the weather, -etc." On one of the first day's trips an engineer was fatally hurt. - -The Nassau made forty trips on the following Sunday, and became a -useful and popular institution. She was used after business hours for -pleasure excursions on the river. The plan of construction was that of -a double boat, with the wheel in the centre, the engine-house on deck -and the passenger cabin in one of the hulls. Peter Coffee, the first -pilot, died in 1876, aged ninety-nine years. One end of the deckhouse -of the Nassau was occupied by a pensioner of Fulton's, who sold candies -and cakes. - -While the Nassau was in operation the horse ferry-boats were also used -on the Fulton Ferry. These horse ferry-boats were peculiar craft. The -first horse-boats were single-enders, and were compelled to turn around -in crossing the river. Subsequently double-enders were used. All these -boats had two hulls, about twenty feet apart and covered over by a -single deck. Between these hulls were placed the paddle-wheels, working -upon the shafting propelled by horses. - -"By an invention of Mr. John G. Murphy, father of ex-Senator Henry -C. Murphy, the managers of these boats were enabled to reverse their -machinery without changing the position of the horses. The steamboat -was very popular with the public. Owing to its success there was soon -a very marked desire in both cities for the addition of the second -steamboat, in accordance with the terms of the contract made by the -lessees with the city of New York. Objection was made by the lessees -on the ground of additional expense, and boats run by horse power were -substituted. In 1815 Robert Fulton died. Mr. Cutting, who had lived -in New York, removed to Brooklyn, and died at his residence on the -Heights in 1821. The winter of 1821-22 was one of the most severe in -the history of the country. The ferries were obstructed by enormous -quantities of floating ice. Great cakes became jammed between the -double hulls, and travel was practically suspended. Brooklyn had grown -rapidly, and an uproar arose in which the ferry management was roundly -assailed. Who can tell but it was here that the original idea of the -East River Bridge was first born? In 1827 a steamboat similar to the -Nassau, and called the William Cutting, was put on the ferry, but even -this did not satisfy the public, who were eagerly seeking more extended -accommodations. In 1833 Messrs. David Leavitt and Silas Butler secured -a controlling interest in the stock of the company, and sought to meet -the anticipations of the people by adding two new steamboats, the -Relief and the Olive Branch. Unlike their predecessors, these boats had -single hulls and side wheels. Subsequently agitation in the southern -part of Brooklyn led to the establishment of the South Ferry." - -In 1817, the Loisian Academy, which had been started four years before, -received a salaried teacher, and was removed to the small frame house -on Concord and Adams streets, where Public School No. 1 was afterward -built. - -Brooklyn began soon after the Revolution to think seriously of the -matter of incorporation as a village. On January 8, 1816, a public -meeting was held at the public house of Lawrence Brown, "to take -into consideration the proposed application for an incorporation of -Brooklyn. A committee, consisting of Thomas Everit, Alden Spooner, -Joshua Sands, the Reverend John Ireland, and John Doughty, met the -following day at the house of H. B. Pierrepont. On April 12th the act -incorporating the village passed the Legislature." - -[Illustration: FULTON FERRY-BOAT, WM. CUTTING - -_Built in 1827_] - -The section of the town of Brooklyn, commonly known by the name -of the Fire District, and contained within the following bounds, -namely: "Beginning at the public landing, south of Pierrepont's -distillery, formerly the property of Philip Livingston, deceased, on -the East River, thence running along the public road leading from said -landing to its intersection with Red Hook Lane, thence along said Red -Hook Lane to where it intersects the Jamaica Turnpike Road, thence -a northeast course to the head of the Walleboght mill pond, thence -through the centre of said mill pond to the East River, and thence -down the East River to the place of beginning,"--was incorporated as -a village, by the name of the Village of Brooklyn; and by the act the -village was constituted a road district, and declared exempt from -the superintendence of the commissioners of highways of the town of -Brooklyn, and the Trustees of the village were invested with all the -powers over the road district, and subjected to all the duties in -relation thereto which by law were given to or enjoined upon the said -commissioners, etc.[21] - -The Trustees were required to make a survey and map of the village, -to be kept by the clerk, subject to the inspection of the people, "in -order that no resident might plead ignorance of the permanent plan -to be adopted for opening, laying out, leveling, and regulating the -streets of said village." In pursuance of the requirements of this -law, the Trustees caused to be made a survey and map of the village, -which was adopted by them on the 8th of April, 1819. By a law passed -in 1824, the Trustees were authorized to "widen and alter all public -roads, streets, and highways, already laid out ... to such convenient -breadth, not exceeding sixty feet, as they should judge fit;" also to -lay out new roads and streets. In 1827 the village was divided into -five districts. - -The first Trustees of the village were Andrew Mercein, John Garrison, -John Doughty, John Seaman, and John Dean. - -The first named of these Trustees appears as one of the principal -founders of a Sunday School which was "in operation in the village of -Brooklyn" in 1816. This school seems to have been designed and operated -on broad grounds. While combining "moral and religious instruction with -ordinary school learning," parents or guardians were privileged to say -"what catechism" they wished the children to study. As a result of this -school movement the Brooklyn Sunday School Union Society was afterward -organized. The school met for a time in Thomas Kirk's printing-office -on Adams Street, but found the schoolhouse quarters on the same street -to be more desirable. - -Previous to 1814 there were two markets in Brooklyn: one at the foot of -the old Ferry Street (which began to acquire the name Fulton Street, -after the steamboats began running and Fulton Street had been named on -the New York side); the other at the foot of Main Street. Both were -taken down in 1814. - -The Long Island Bank was incorporated in 1824, with a capital of -$300,000, divided into 6000 shares. In the same year the Brooklyn Fire -Insurance Company came into existence. - -On the village map adopted April 8, 1819, sixty-seven streets appear, -besides a number of alleys. Several of the streets were sixty feet -wide. Doughty Street was the narrowest, being only twenty feet wide. - -In 1820 the population of the town had increased to 7175. The village -population was 5210. - -In 1822 there were four distilleries in the town, which at that time -contained but little over 7000 inhabitants. This was a distillery to -every 1750 inhabitants. All the grocers appear to have sold liquors. - -In 1826 the population of the village was about 9000. The sum of the -excise fees paid over to the overseers of the poor in that year was -$3627, the significance of which large amount need not be pointed out. - -In 1824 a bill was introduced into the Senate, by John Lefferts, -to organize a board of health in the village of Brooklyn. The act -constituted the Trustees a board of health. By its provisions the -president and clerk of the village became the officers of the board. -The president's salary was fixed at $150 per annum, and the physician -appointed by the board received $200 yearly. - -The introduction of swill milk into the city appears to belong to -a later period. It became the practice for milk-dealers to send to -the various distilleries and purchase swill, which they fed to their -cows. The stables were generally long, low buildings divided into -narrow stalls, and afforded accommodation for forty or fifty cows. -The swill cost one shilling a hogshead, and was fed hot to the cows. -The principal distilleries were Cunningham's on Front and Washington -streets; Manley's, corner of Tillary and Gold streets; Birdsall's, John -A. Cross's, and Wilson's. The two latter were at the Wallabout. - -In 1824 the real estate of Brooklyn was assessed at $2,111,390, and the -personal property at $438,690; making a total of $2,550,080. - -On the 14th of January, 1830, the Supervisors of the county purchased -the poor-house farm at Flatbush. On the 9th of July, 1831, the -corner-stone of the building was laid, on which occasion an address was -delivered by General Jeremiah Johnson, who afterwards became Mayor. He -served as Supervisor continuously from 1800 to 1822, and distinguished -himself in the War of 1812, a part of the time being in command of the -fortifications on Fort Greene. - -The expense of supporting the poor of the town of Brooklyn during the -year 1830 was $7233.13. The taxes for all expenses amounted to only -sixty cents on every hundred dollars of valuation of real and personal -property. - -The items of village expense as estimated August 18, 1830, were as -follows:-- - - Village watch $3,000 - Fire department 1,400 - Public cisterns 300 - Interest on village stocks 600 - Repairs of wells and pumps 900 - Salaries of officers 1,200 - Contingent expenses 2,600 - ------- - $10,000 - -On the 2d of September, 1830, the Kings County Temperance Society was -formed at Flatbush. The Hon. Leffert Lefferts was elected president. - -The population of the town as ascertained by the census of 1830 was -15,292. The village contained about two thirds of the town population. - -Furman, the indefatigable collector of statistics, says that in 1832 -Brooklyn (the village) was divided into five districts, which together -contained 12,302 inhabitants. In the village there were 110 licensed -and 68 unlicensed taverns. This was at the rate of one tavern to every -69 persons. The second district appears to have enjoyed the privilege -of having the most taverns. It contained 79 in a population of 2801, or -one to every 36 inhabitants. In view of the fact that the proportion of -saloons to population to-day is one to every 225 persons, those rash -debaters who persist in finding a movement toward ruin in modern life -may find the figures significant. - -An interesting glimpse of Brooklyn as it appeared in 1820 is furnished -by Guy's well-known picture, painted from a Front Street window, and -showing a cluster of houses in the heart of the village. The scene -is of winter, and the figures in the foreground snow are in most -instances likenesses of people of the day. The Brooklyn Institute is -in possession of the picture. At the time of the fire which, in 1890, -destroyed the Institute building, then on Washington Street, and since -completely obliterated to make way for the Bridge approach, it was -slightly damaged; but it remains one of the most interesting memorials -of an interesting period. According to the key published in Stiles, the -picture represents stores and dwellings of Thomas W. Birdsall, Abiel -Titus, Edward Coope, Geo. Fricke, Diana Rapalje, Mrs. Middagh, Benjamin -Meeker, Mrs. Chester, Robert Cunningham, Jacob Hicks, Joshua Sands, -Augustus Graham, Burdett Stryker, Selah Smith, and Dr. Ball, as well -as the figures of Mrs. Harmer, Mrs. Guy, Jacob Patchen, and Judge John -Garrison. - -Diana Rapalje, a daughter of Garrett Rapalje, was one of the prominent -figures in the village, formerly a "favorite in Presidential circles at -Washington, and latterly an eccentric of haughty bearing." Her house -was bought by Colonel Alden Spooner, who printed the "Star" under its -roof. Near the ferry stairs was the house of William Furman, overseer -of the poor, who was one of the founders of the Catherine Street Ferry, -and served as the first judge of the county between 1808 and 1823. He -served in the state Legislature, and filled other important commercial -and political offices. His son, Gabriel Furman, was the author of the -"Notes" on the antiquities of Long Island, which have been so useful to -later writers. At Birdsall tavern, on the Fulton Road, people bought -the New York papers, and Quakers made it a stopping-place. Near at hand -was the house of Henry Dawson, who ran the "sixpenny boats." In a low -stone house lived "the gentlemen Hicks," and in the same region to the -south were "Milk" Hicks and "Spetler" Hicks, other prominent members -of a family whose name is closely associated with the early history -of the Heights. Here also were the Middagh and Pierrepont properties, -which were greatly improved by a street plan originated by Hezekiah -Pierrepont. On the Middagh estate was a house built by Thomas Kirk for -a home and printing-office, and afterward occupied by George L. Bird, -the editor of the "Patriot." To this house, too, came James Harper, the -grandfather of the distinguished publishers, Harper and Brothers. - -[Illustration: GUY'S SNOW SCENE IN BROOKLYN, 1820] - -John Doughty occupied the house formerly owned by Diana Rapalje. -Doughty was intimately connected with Brooklyn's village life, as -fireman, assessor, town clerk, overseer of highways, president of the -fire department, school-committee-man, and collector of the village. -A picturesque figure was Jacob Patchen, a pungent, unmanageable man, -conspicuous in the village life by his obstinacy and determination. - -Over the wheelwright shop of George Smith, opposite the lower corner -of Hicks Street, was the court-room of Judge Garrison. Garrison was -born at Gravesend in 1764. He served as fireman, trustee, school -commissioner, and justice. Joralemon's Lane was a rough country road, -at the foot of which had been Pierrepont's Anchor gin distillery, -which was converted about 1819 into a candle-factory, and again became -a distillery. The road had been laid out by Peter Remsen and Philip -Livingston. The site of the present City Hall was then an open field, -while the site of the county court house was occupied by a famous -resort known as the Military Garden. - -The Pierrepont mansion stood at the foot of Montague Street. It -was built by John Cornell, and became Pierrepont property in -1802. Hezekiah Pierrepont was a dignified and influential member -of a community in which his exertions were always for broad and -public-spirited plans. Teunis Joralemon, who had been a harness-maker -in Flatbush, bought part of the Livingston estate, on which he -practiced market gardening. He filled the offices of justice of -the peace and Trustee, and other offices, but was of a temperament -antipodal to that of Pierrepont, hotly opposing new streets, especially -through his own property, and scorning the distinction of having -Joralemon Street named after him. Another prominent estate was that -of the Fleets. The name of Bergen is prominently associated with -the progress of the village. At Bedford Corners were the Meseroles, -Ryersons, Lefferts, Vandervoorts, Suydams, Tiebouts, Cowenhovens, and -other old families. - -In December, 1821, the subject of removing the court house from -Flatbush to Brooklyn was agitated in the papers, and on the 21st of -January, 1825, a meeting was held at Duflons, whereat a committee -was appointed to obtain the removal of the court house and jail from -Flatbush to Brooklyn. In 1826 the subject was brought to the attention -of the Legislature, and that body passed an act that the court of -common pleas and general sessions should alternate between Flatbush -and the Apprentices' Library Building in Cranberry Street, then just -finished. The court of common pleas in those days corresponded to the -county court of our time. The county clerk's office was removed to -Brooklyn in March, 1819. The county court began to hold sessions in -Brooklyn in January, 1827. - -The Trustees of the village of Brooklyn deemed a debtors' prison a -very important addition to the city. On the 19th of February, 1829, -Joseph Sprague, president of the Board of Trustees, made a report on -the subject of fitting up under the market a prison-room for debtors. -In accordance therewith a lockup was provided and cells built under the -market. These cells were oftentimes crowded, and but little provision -was made for the comfort of the occupants. The Bridge approach now -passes over the old lockup. - -During those early days prisoners were also confined in cells in the -almshouse, then situated on the south side of Nassau Street, between -Bridge and Jay streets. The building is still standing, and has been -converted into dwellings. - -The agitation relative to the removal of the court house still -continued. The Supervisors took the matter in hand. They were empowered -in 1829 to raise by tax a sum of money for the purchase of lots, and -the erection of a suitable building in Brooklyn to accommodate the -courts and jail when completed. It may well be supposed that Flatbush -did not relish the idea of the removal, and, being anxious to retain -her precedence among the towns, her representatives strenuously opposed -the change, and their votes for a short time delayed the inevitable. -The elements, however, aided those who urged the removal, by the -burning of the jail and court house, as heretofore stated, and the way -was opened for a new building. The next year an act was passed by the -Legislature providing for the building of a jail and court house in -Brooklyn. - -Under the provisions of this law three commissioners were chosen to -purchase a suitable site for the buildings. The act also provided -that when the court house was finished and ready for occupancy, a -certificate to that effect should be obtained from the first judge of -the county, and that thereafter all terms of the court of common pleas -and general sessions of the peace should be held in the new building, -and that all processes and writs should be made returnable thereat. It -might be stated that subsequent to the fire at Flatbush, and prior to -the occupation of the new building, the courts were temporarily held at -the Apprentices' Library, and were removed to Hall's Exchange Building. -Baily, writing in 1840, says: "The Kings County courts are held in -the large building called the Exchange, situated on the corner of -Cranberry and Fulton streets. It is a plain brick building without any -extraordinary architectural beauty." The court-room was on the second -floor. On the first floor of the building was Bokee & Clem's hardware -store. David A. Bokee was an influential politician of the Whig school. -His store for a time was the headquarters of the Whigs, who would -assemble almost daily for consultation. Bokee ran for Mayor in 1843 -against Joseph Sprague, the latter being elected by 311 majority. The -Whigs elected him an Alderman, and he served during the years 1840-43, -1845-48. He was state senator in 1848 and 1849, congressman from 1849 -to 1851, and naval officer from 1851 to 1853. Mr. Bokee was one of the -leading members of the First Baptist Church. - -The Apprentices' Library Building, where the courts were held, was a -notable structure. One of the principal sources of its fame arose from -the fact that its corner-stone was laid on the 4th of July, 1825, by -that earnest and zealous friend of American institutions, Lafayette. -It was taken down in 1858 to make room for the Armory, which was -afterward sold. Previous to the erection of the City Hall it served as -the municipal building. The Common Council and Board of Education met -there. The municipal court also held its sessions in the building, and -it afforded room for the post office and county clerk's office. On the -1st of May, 1828, an act was passed by the Legislature providing for -the erection of a fire-proof county clerk's office in Brooklyn. The -Legislature, on the 25th of April, 1833, passed an act for the erection -of a court house and jail in Kings County. By this act Losee Van -Nostrand, Joseph Moser, and Peter Canaver were appointed commissioners -to purchase a suitable site or sites in the village of Brooklyn for the -same. To defray the expenses to be incurred in erecting the buildings, -the supervisors were authorized to create a public stock to the amount -of $25,000. A building committee of five persons was directed to be -appointed by the Supervisors of the county, and the president and -Trustees of the village, within sixty days after the passage of the -act. The act also provided that when the court house and jail, or -either of them, should be so far completed as to permit either of them -being used for the purpose intended, that the first judge of the county -should sign a declaration to that effect, and file the same in the -office of the clerk of said county. The clerk thereupon was to publish -the notice in the papers printed in the county, and from and after this -publication the terms of the court of common pleas and general sessions -should be held in the court-room, and from and after such declaration -relating to the jail it should become the common jail of the county. -This act was amended February 17, 1834, so as to declare that the -second section of the act of 1833 authorized the Supervisors to create -stock, not only for the purchase of a site, but also for erecting -buildings. - -Meanwhile the village had been flourishing in other directions. Its -general growth was marked not only by the increase in population, but -by the increase in the number of commercial institutions, churches, and -schools. A second bank was chartered. A "night boat" began running on -the ferry. There was an effort to establish a theatre; and a building -for this purpose, subsequently abandoned, was erected, in 1828, on -Fulton Street, between Nassau and Concord. The Brooklyn "Evening -Star" began daily publication, and continued to be a daily paper for -six months, when insufficient patronage made it necessary to suspend -daily issue. Stone walks were laid. The movement resulting in the -formation of the Brooklyn Gaslight Company was begun. A second bank was -chartered. A temperance society, a dispensary, a tract society, and a -literary association (the Hamilton) were organized. There began to be -talk of water-works and of railroads. Fulton Street was widened, boats -appeared on the South Ferry, and the boom in real estate indicated the -growing popularity of the village. - -The movement for the incorporation of Brooklyn as a city met the -determined opposition of a large proportion of New York's inhabitants, -who maintained that the propriety of natural growth demanded that -Brooklyn and New York should become one city. From the earliest days -of their common existence New York had grudged Brooklyn an independent -life. The "water-rights" quarrels occupy much space in the early -records. Under the early charter New York claimed ownership in the -East River, and of Brooklyn land to low-water mark, and afterward to -high-water mark. This brought many disputes in the matter of ferry -rights,[22] and the spirit of this early dispute survived in the later -attitude of New York. In the year 1824 the town on Manhattan Island -received an income of over eight thousand dollars from the East River -ferries. The legislative provision for Brooklyn's harbor-master had -been declared to be an encroachment on the rights of New York.[23] - -Despite strong opposition, Brooklyn triumphed at Albany, and in April, -1834, became a full-fledged city. - - - - -CHAPTER XI - -THE CITY OF BROOKLYN - -1834-1860 - - Government of the City. George Hall, first Mayor. Plans for a - City Hall. Contention among the Aldermen. Albert G. Stevens - and the Clerkship. The Jamaica Railroad. Real Estate. The - "Brooklyn Eagle." Walt Whitman. Henry C. Murphy. Brooklyn City - Railroad. The City Court established. County Institutions. - The Penitentiary. Packer Institute and the Polytechnic. - Williamsburgh becomes a City. Progress of Williamsburgh. Mayor - Wall and the Aldermen. Discussion of Annexation with Brooklyn. - The "Brooklyn Times." Consolidation of the Two Cities. Mayor - Hall's Address. Nassau Water Company and the Introduction of - Ridgewood Water. Plans for New Court House. Proposal to use - Washington Park. County Cares and Expenditures. Metropolitan - Police. - - -The act of incorporation erected the city of Brooklyn from the village -and town of Brooklyn, dividing the city into nine wards. By Section -50 of this act, provision is made against closing or altering streets -"within the first seven wards, or fire and watch district, set apart -as such by the owners thereof, etc., and graded, leveled, paved, or -macadamized, and against closing or altering streets in said city laid -out and opened and used as such for ten years from the passage of this -act, without the consent of the Common Council." The act was otherwise -conservative in adjusting the new plans to existing conditions. - -The government of the city was vested in a mayor and a board of -aldermen, the latter, to the number of two from each ward, to be -elected annually. The selection of a mayor was conferred upon the -Aldermen, whose first choice was George Hall. - -Hall was born in New York, in 1795, in the year preceding his father's -purchase of the Valley Grove Farm at Flatbush. He was educated at -Erasmus Hall, and chose to follow his father's trade of painter and -glazier. He made friends, and established a good business position. -In 1826 he became a Trustee in the third district of the city. He -became president of the village, and in 1833 was reëlected after a hot -contest, the bitterness of which resulted from Hall's support of the -movement to exclude hogs from the public streets, and to prevent the -unlicensed selling of liquor in groceries and elsewhere. The defeat -of what was called the "Whig-Hog-Rum" party was announced amid much -excitement. - -In the July following the choice of Hall as Mayor of the new city, it -was resolved to raise $50,000 for the purchase of ground for a city -hall. General agreement fixed upon the junction of Fulton and Joralemon -streets as sufficiently central. In January of the following year -(1835) a committee of the corporation reported favorably on low lands -of the Wallabout for a city park, and before the close of the year -ground was selling for $1000 an acre. - -In May the Aldermen chose Jonathan Trotter for Mayor. Trotter was an -Englishman who had been in this country since 1818, and who in 1828 had -opened a leather-dressing factory in Brooklyn. He became an Alderman, -representing the fourth ward, in 1834. - -In 1834 the total valuation was $15,642,290; in 1835 it was -$26,390,151; in 1836 it was $32,428,942; and in 1837, $26,895,074. -Previous to 1838, the assessments were made by wards, and it is -impossible to give the aggregates. The valuation and total taxation for -subsequent years, up to 1860, are as follows:-- - - YEAR. VALUATION. TAXATION. - 1838 $25,198,956 $112,817.94 - 1839 26,440,634 145,331.39 - 1840 25,447,146 134,139.66 - 1841 25,596,862 151,038.24 - 1842 24,715,380 159,205.84 - 1843 21,812,941 159,189.64 - 1844 23,260,385 176,271.21 - 1845 24,788,886 163,726.24 - 1846 26,918,613 227,433.94 - 1847 29,927,029 250,244.13 - 1848 31,246,305 306,138.16 - 1849 32,446,330 404,332.90 - 1850 36,665,399 411,044.78 - 1851 45,005,518 572,776.63 - 1852 58,058,485 617,855.64 - 1853 68,328,546 772,915.81 - 1854 72,849,503 959,209.18 - 1855 94,791,215 1,532,692.68 - 1856 95,859,735 1,381,114.39 - 1857 99,016,598 1,783,834.19 - 1858 104,475,275 1,567,948.39 - 1859 101,052,666 1,256,820.94 - 1860 103,680,566 1,969,794.00 - -In 1835 there were thirteen churches in Brooklyn, as follows: St. -Ann's, St. John's, and Christ Church, Episcopalian; Sands Street, York -Street, and Washington Street, Methodist, and the African Methodist; -First, Second, and Third Presbyterian; St. James', Roman Catholic; -Nassau Street, Baptist; and Joralemon Street, Dutch Reformed. St. -Luke's (then Trinity) Church, in Clinton Avenue, was organized in -this year. The population was 24,310, making a church for each 1807 -persons. In 1847 there were fifty-two churches in the city, or one to -each 1442 inhabitants. - -On the 10th of September, the plan of the City Hall was submitted -to the Common Council and approved. The corner-stone, as originally -planned, was laid April 28, 1836, by the Mayor. The building, if it -had been completed in accordance with first intentions, would have -rendered unnecessary the building of the new Court House and municipal -buildings. It was started during the inflation times of 1836. The era -of wild speculation came to an end. The bubble burst, and work upon -the city building was suspended on August 7, 1837. The walls, which -had risen above the basement, stood for many years, when the work was -resumed and carried to completion on a much smaller scale. The City -Hall, as originally planned, was intended to cover the entire square in -front of the present edifice. - -On the 4th of August, 1836, the Apprentices' Library, having been -purchased by the corporation of the city for $11,000, was officially -named the City Buildings. - -During the time the Common Council met in the City Buildings, Whigs and -Democrats were very belligerent. The cause of the trouble grew out of -the election for Alderman of the seventh ward. That ward then embraced -the area of the present seventh, eleventh, nineteenth, and twentieth -wards. The charter election was held in the public schoolhouse on -Classen Avenue, between Flushing and Park avenues, on the 11th of -March, 1843, and resulted in a tie between John A. Cross and Zebulon -Chadbourne, the former being a Whig and the latter a Democrat. A -protracted lawsuit followed. Albert H. Osborn, whose seat was to -be filled, held over, and ever after the people declared that his -initials, A. H. O., stood for Alderman Hold Over. - -The contention ran high, and bitterness and rancor marked the -deliberations of the Aldermen. At a regular meeting of the Board, -held at the City Buildings May 8, a separation took place between the -Whig and Democratic members, occasioned by the fight between Cross -and Chadbourne for the seat from the seventh ward. The Whig members -retired to Hull's Exchange Buildings, whilst the Democrats remained -in possession of the City Buildings, and made their appointments. The -Whigs did the same. - -On the 15th of May a writ of mandamus was served on Alfred G. Stevens, -who had been appointed clerk of the Common Council by the Democrats May -8. His election was secured by the vote of A. H. Osborne, without whose -holding over the Board would have been a tie. - -On the 23d of May the mandamus which had been obtained by Worthington -Hodgkinson, the clerk appointed by the Whigs, was argued before the -Supreme Court. On the 9th of July, 1843, the motion to displace Stevens -and substitute Hodgkinson was decided and denied by the Supreme Court, -Chief Justice Nelson and Greene C. Bronson presiding. The decision did -not suit the Whigs, and was carried to the Supreme Court at Albany, and -argued October 21, 1843. Abraham Crist appeared for the relator, and -John Greenwood for the defendant. Shortly afterwards the court decided -in favor of the defendant. - -The matter was again argued November 24 before Judge Kent in New York, -on a motion to obtain the books and papers of the Common Council in the -hands of Mr. Stevens. On the 27th Judge Kent again decided in favor of -Mr. Stevens. - -On the 1st of December the Whig Aldermen were arrested for misdemeanor -in neglecting to perform their duty. The complaint was abandoned. On -the 5th of December the grand jury found bills of indictment against -the several Whig Aldermen for neglecting to serve as members of the -Common Council. At this time Seth Low (grandfather of the president of -Columbia College) represented the fourth ward in the Common Council. -The indictment against the Whig Aldermen grew out of an effort on their -part to indict Mayor Sprague. It was a case of the biter being bitten. -The grand jury refused to indict the Mayor, and indicted his accusers. -The indictment was, however, not pressed to trial. - -Meanwhile the Jamaica Railroad had obtained permission to occupy -Atlantic Street, and other projects matured. The population of the city -had, in 1835, reached 24,310, showing a gain of 9013 in fifteen years. - -Trotter was reëlected Mayor, and was succeeded by Jeremiah Johnson, a -man whose contemporaries revered him, and whose name occupies, and must -always occupy, a high place in the annals of the city. General Johnson -was reëlected, and was succeeded by Cyrus P. Smith, who was elected by -vote of the people, and who also was reëlected. - -The fluster in the real-estate market was paralleled by the financial -excitement, which resulted in the suspension of specie payments by the -three banks of the city. The year of General Johnson's reëlection was -one of general business depression, but the community rallied quickly -from the blow inflicted by disordered markets. - -In 1841 the Democrats of the county received representation in a new -newspaper, the "Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat." The movement -for the establishment of the "Eagle" was led by Henry C. Murphy, with -whom Richard Adams Locke was associated in the editorship. The first -number appeared in October, and the Democrats were not loth to give the -lusty young journal full credit for the success of the campaign, in -which its voice gave no uncertain sound. - -Directing the helm of the "Eagle" enterprise was the clear-sighted, -practical genius of Isaac Van Anden, who soon came into complete -control of the paper, and remained sole proprietor until the year 1872. -The "Eagle" had its days of adversity; but it had a field, and it had -vitality, and its growth was sure and steady. Following Murphy in its -early editorship were William B. Marsh, Walt Whitman,[24] S. G. Arnold -(under whose editorial leadership the name of the paper was abbreviated -to "Brooklyn Daily Eagle"), and Henry McCloskey. In 1861 McCloskey was -succeeded by Thomas Kinsella, who gave force and distinction to the -editorial page of the flourishing paper. Kinsella died in 1884, after -having made himself a power in the community. He was succeeded by his -first lieutenant on the "Eagle" staff, that graceful writer and orator, -Andrew McLean, who afterward took the editorship of the Brooklyn -"Citizen." That the "Eagle" was destined to be lucky with its editors, -received further indication in the appearance of St. Clair McKelway at -the post of command. Mr. McKelway's brilliant gifts as a speaker and as -a writer have given to him peculiar prominence in the social, artistic, -and political life of the city and the State. - -The policy of the "Eagle" has been independently Democratic from the -outset, a policy which has fostered, as it has been favored by, a -singularly representative constituency. The paper is now controlled -by the Eagle Association, of which Colonel William Hester is the -president, William Van Anden Hester is secretary, and Harry S. -Kingsley is treasurer. Its business management, like its editorial -management,--if these may consistently be separated,--has been -aggressive and liberal, and goes far toward explaining the present -national reputation of the paper. - -[Illustration: FACSIMILE (same size) OF LETTER BY WALT WHITMAN IN -POSSESSION OF CHARLES M. SKINNER, ESQ., BROOKLYN - -(Transcriber's note: Text of letter is in Footnote 24.)] - -Henry C. Murphy, who had, as we have seen, taken so important a part -in the starting of the "Eagle," was a young Democrat of prominence in -the county. Born in the village of Brooklyn, Murphy had been educated -at Columbia College, where he distinguished himself as a writer as well -as in general scholarship, and was admitted to the bar in 1833. During -his student years, he had taken part in debates in the Young Men's -Literary Association, which afterward became the Hamilton Literary -Association, with Murphy as president. To this association belongs -the honor of popularizing the lyceum lecture system, which afterward -became so potent a factor in American civilization, and which in this -city represented the beginning of the Brooklyn Lyceum and the Brooklyn -Institute. In 1834 he was appointed assistant corporation counsel of -the city, and in the following year he formed a legal partnership with -the leading lawyer of the city, John A. Lott. This firm, which Judge -Vanderbilt afterward joined, won great influence in the city, with -whose early politics it was so closely connected. - -In 1842 Murphy was chosen Mayor of Brooklyn. He was then but thirty -years of age. His administration was forcible throughout, and -consistently resulted in his election to Congress, of which he was one -of the youngest members. He was a candidate for reëlection, but was -defeated by Henry L. Seaman. In the State Constitutional Convention of -1846, he was a delegate from Kings County, with Tunis G. Bergen and -Conrad Schwackhammer, and in the autumn of the same year he was again -elected to Congress by a large vote. - -Upon the election of Buchanan, Murphy was appointed Minister to the -Hague. On his return to this country he was elected to the state Senate -as an avowed champion of the Union cause. In the later political life -of Brooklyn, Murphy took an active interest; and local enterprises, -such as the bridge and various railroads, claimed his attention and -support. He made important historical collections, wrote valuable -contributions to local history, edited the "Journal" of Dankers and -Sluyter, and was a leader in the establishment of the Long Island -Historical Society. - -Murphy was succeeded as Mayor of Brooklyn by Joseph Sprague. The city -had now 30,000 population, and thirty-five miles of paved and lighted -streets. The Atlantic Dock Company had been incorporated. Thirty-five -churches opened their doors on Sunday. A line of stages ran from the -ferry to East Brooklyn, and soon afterward a line was established -between Fulton and South ferries. In the year of Sprague's election 570 -new buildings were finished or in course of erection. During Sprague's -second term the Brooklyn City Hospital was incorporated. - -Sprague was succeeded by Thomas G. Talmadge, who was followed by -Francis Burdett Stryker. In March, 1848, gaslight came into use. - -It was in the same year that Augustus Graham indelibly wrote his name -in the annals of Brooklyn, by his munificent gifts to the Brooklyn City -Hospital, and to the establishment of the Brooklyn Institute in the -building on Washington Street built for the Brooklyn Lyceum. - -A fire which took place in September destroyed three churches, the -post-office, two newspaper offices, and other property to the value of -a million and a half of dollars, and might have been more disastrous -had not the flames been checked by the destruction of buildings in -their path. - -Edward Copeland was elected Mayor in 1849. Cypress Hills Cemetery had -been established in 1848. In the following year the Cemetery of the -Evergreens was incorporated. The ground for Greenwood Cemetery had -already been secured. - -The idea of a bridge to connect New York and Brooklyn, which had -occasionally been discussed at earlier times, was now seriously taken -up. The water front assumed a constantly increasing activity. - -Copeland was followed in the mayoralty by Samuel Smith, Conklin Brush, -and Edward C. Lambert. The latter was able to congratulate the city on -a population of 120,000, and the position of seventh city in the Union. - -The Brooklyn City Railroad, incorporated in 1853, began in July of the -following year the running of street cars on Myrtle Avenue, Fulton -Street, and Fulton Avenue. In August cars were running to Greenwood. - -The act of May 9, 1846 (Session Laws 1846, chapter 166), authorized -the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the city of Brooklyn to create -a temporary loan, in addition to the loans already authorized, not -exceeding the sum of $100,000, for the purpose of erecting a city hall, -and provision was made for the issuance of bonds for the purpose. - -The Legislature at their session on the 12th of April, 1848, amended -the 4th section of the act of April 21, 1846, authorizing the -Supervisors to create a loan, and provide further accommodations for -the confinement of prisoners, so as to read as follows:-- - - SEC. 4. The Board of Supervisors of said county, if land should - be purchased, are authorized to remove as many prisoners - sentenced to hard labor in the County Jail, as they may deem - necessary, to the lands so purchased; to place them under such - keeper or keepers as they may appoint for that purpose, and - to employ them in erecting said penitentiary and workhouse, - or such other labor as may be deemed expedient; and they may - also authorize and direct the superintendents of the poor of - said county to take charge of the establishment (subject to - the directions of said Board), and provide the necessary food - and clothing for said prisoners, and for those committed as - herein next provided. And it shall be lawful for the several - magistrates and justices of the peace in said county to commit - all offenders convicted before them of petty causes, offenses - or misdemeanors, who are in their judgment proper subjects for - the penitentiary and workhouse in their discretion. - -The city court of Brooklyn was established by an act of the -Legislature, March 24, 1849. It had but one judge until 1870, when it -was reorganized with three. - -On the 10th of March, 1849, an act was passed authorizing the Mayor and -Common Council to create a loan, in addition to the loans which had -already been authorized by law, not exceeding $50,000, to complete and -finish the City Hall. - -By virtue of the laws of 1850, chapter 23, the Mayor, Aldermen, and -Commonalty were authorized to create an additional loan of $15,000, -for the purpose of completing the City Hall of Brooklyn, paying for -the fences, ornamenting the grounds belonging thereto, and all other -necessary expenses for the full completion and protection of the same. - -The subject of building a new court house was again agitated in 1852. -On the 17th of September in that year a special committee was appointed -by the Board of Supervisors to consider the matter. On the 18th of -January, 1853, they reported in favor of applying to the Legislature to -carry out the work. - -On the 29th of June, 1846, Charles G. Taylor offered a resolution in -the Board of Supervisors declaring that it was expedient to purchase -lands for the purpose of erecting a workhouse and penitentiary thereon, -in accordance with the act of the Legislature passed April 21, 1846. -Charles G. Taylor, Barnet Johnson, and James Debevoise, the committee -having the matter in charge, reported that 18 acres could be purchased -at $200 per acre, and 29 acres for $180 per acre. On the 4th of August, -1846, a resolution was adopted that the same should be purchased, if -the titles proved good. On the 4th of December, 1846, Seth Low, John -Skillman, and Tunis G. Bergen were appointed a committee to present -plans and details. - -In April, 1846, the county treasurer issued $2000 of bonds for the -erection of the Penitentiary. In 1849 $10,000 more were issued. The -total amount of bonds issued up to March 2, 1854, was $155,000. On the -5th of June, 1855, the committee reported that the cost thus far of the -easterly and main wing was $111,433.49. - -The new Penitentiary was occupied as early as January, 1854, although -it was not completed until August, 1856. The total amount of bonds -issued for the Penitentiary was $205,000. - -It was not until May 3, 1855, that steps were taken to build the female -wing of the new Penitentiary. - -On the 5th of April, 1853, an act was passed by the Legislature -requiring that whenever the Penitentiary should be ready for the -reception of prisoners, the Board of Supervisors should file a -certificate thereof in the office of the clerk of the county, and -publish a notice thereof for three weeks in one or more newspapers, -and that thereafter all persons who, on conviction, are liable to -imprisonment for not less than thirty days, should be sent there by the -magistrates. The Penitentiary is situated on a spot familiarly called -Crow Hill, and is bounded by Nostrand, Rogers, President, and Carroll -streets. It faces on Carroll Street. Prisoners have been sent here from -all parts of the State, and, through the efficient management of its -wardens, it has been rendered nearly, if not wholly, self-supporting. - -The increase of business and the unsuitableness of location rendered it -necessary to change the place for holding the courts. The Legislature -was again appealed to, and in 1853 an act was passed authorizing the -county to borrow a sum not to exceed $100,000, to purchase a site, and -erect buildings for such county offices as the Board of Supervisors -might designate. Many sites were offered, and various and diverse -propositions and suggestions were made. Some were anxious to have -the Court House built on Fort Greene, holding that it would, from -its elevation, give character to the building. The matter slumbered -until October 10, 1855, when it was again brought up and postponed -indefinitely. The difficulty of securing a suitable site now presented -itself. Seventeen lots on Vanderbilt Avenue near Baltic Street -were proposed, and the Board resolved to purchase them. Soon after -the purchase the people, realizing that it was not a proper place, -instituted opposition. - -When the City Hall was opened the courts were transferred to that -building. The room long occupied by Justice Courtney was used by the -Supreme and county courts. A small room opposite, now occupied by -the Bureau of Elections, was appropriated for the purpose of holding -special terms. The county clerk's office occupied a part of the -apartments of the present comptroller. The surrogate's court occupied -the Court Street portion of the comptroller's present rooms, whilst the -register's office was opposite, in the rooms of the present auditor. -The city court was held in the room now used by the city clerk. Hall's -Exchange Building, in which the courts had been held, was destroyed in -the great fire of 1848, and the courts were, thereupon, transferred to -the City Hall. - -In those days the sheriff lived with his family in the jail on Raymond -Street. - -If the city was forced to look to the building of its penal -institutions and courts of justice, institutions of another kind were -springing into being. In 1854 the Brooklyn Female Academy became the -Packer Collegiate Institute for Girls; and in the same year a boy's -academy was established, with the title of the Brooklyn Collegiate and -Polytechnic Institute. The development of these important educational -institutions has been one of the most gratifying incidents in the life -of the city. - -As early as 1848 there had been serious talk of the civic union of -Williamsburgh and Brooklyn. - -The village of Williamsburgh was incorporated in 1827. Its boundaries -then were: "Beginning at the bay, or river, opposite to the town of -Brooklyn, and running thence easterly along the division line between -the towns of Bushwick and Brooklyn, to the lands of Abraham A. Remsen; -thence northerly by the same to a road or highway, at a place called -Sweed's Fly; thence by the said highway to the dwelling-house, late -of John Vandervoort, deceased; thence in a straight line northerly, to -a small ditch or creek, against the meadow of John Skillman; thence by -said creek to Norman's Hill; thence by the middle or centre of Norman's -Hill to the East River; thence by the same to the place of beginning." - -The first officers of the Board of Trustees were Noah Waterbury, -president; Abraham Meserole, secretary; and Lewis Sanford, treasurer. -In 1829 Williamsburgh had a population of 1007. In 1835 Williamsburgh -and Bushwick together had a population of 3314. It was in this year -that the "Williamsburgh Gazette" was started. Within a few years came -the Williamsburgh Lyceum, the Houston Street Ferry, the "Williamsburgh -Democrat," and a Bible Society. - -By chapter 144 of Laws of 1850 (p. 242), passed April 4, 1850, so much -of the territory of the city of Brooklyn as lay east of the centre of -Division Avenue, between the intersection of South Sixth Street, in the -village of Williamsburgh, and Flushing Avenue, in the city of Brooklyn, -was annexed to the village of Williamsburgh; the city of Brooklyn was -divided into eleven wards (therein described), and the Common Council -of the city was authorized, under certain restrictions and limitations, -to cause streets and avenues to be opened and widened, and to be -regulated, graded, and paved, public squares and parks to be opened, -regulated, and ornamented, etc., and to close up and discontinue roads, -streets, lanes, and avenues, etc.[25] - -By chapter 102 of Laws of 1835 (p. 88), passed April 18, 1835, a -portion of the town of Bushwick--"beginning at the southeast corner -of the present village of Williamsburgh, running thence southeasterly -along the line that divides the town of Bushwick and the city of -Brooklyn, to a turnpike road leading from Brooklyn to Newtown and -Flushing, at a point near, and southwesterly of, the house of -Charles DeBevoise, thence running along said road northeasterly to -the crossroads, thence northerly along the road leading to Bushwick -Church to the Williamsburgh and Jamaica turnpike, thence northerly -along the road, passing the church, and leading to Newtown Bridge, -about twelve hundred feet, to an abrupt angle in said road turning -to the east, thence westerly about eighteen hundred feet until it -intersects the head of navigation of a branch of Bushwick Creek, -thence westerly along said branch creek, according to its meanderings, -to the main creek, which is the present boundary of the said village of -Williamsburgh, thence southerly along the eastern boundary line of the -said village of Williamsburgh to the place of beginning"--was annexed -to Williamsburgh, and Nicholas Wyckoff, David Johnson, Peter Stagg, -Robert Ainslie, and John Leonard were appointed commissioners to lay -out streets. - -In 1840 the town of Williamsburgh was created, and eleven years later -the city of Williamsburgh was incorporated, comprising the village of -Williamsburgh. The city was divided into three wards, and the Common -Council was authorized, under certain restrictions and limitations, to -cause streets and avenues to be opened and widened, and public squares -and parks to be opened. - -The city charter was drawn by S. M. Meeker, counselor of the village, -a lawyer, whose name was prominent in the annals of this section of -Brooklyn for many years. Mr. Meeker was counsel of the Williamsburgh -Savings Bank when chosen its president in 1881. He was a prime mover in -the establishment of the First National Bank. - -Abraham J. Berry was the first Mayor of the city of Williamsburgh, -William H. Butler being city clerk, George Thompson, attorney and -counsel, and Jas. F. Kenny, comptroller. In the first year of the -new city's life the Farmers' and Citizens' Bank, the Williamsburgh -City Bank, the Williamsburgh City Fire Insurance Company, and the -Williamsburgh Medical Society were incorporated. The population was -estimated at over 40,000. Over 9000 children attended school, and -there were fifteen private schools. A year later the Mechanics' (now -the Manufacturers') National Bank was established, and a number of new -churches appeared. There were twenty-five Sunday-schools of different -denominations. The Young Men's Christian Association of Williamsburgh -began its career under favorable auspices.[26] - -William Wall, elected Mayor on the Whig ticket in 1854, was soon at -swords' points with the Aldermen, whose resolutions he vetoed with -remarkable frequency. His antagonism toward the Aldermen led him to -take an active part with those who were urging the consolidation of the -cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburgh. - -The movement toward annexation was accompanied by all of the conflict -of opinion that inevitably characterizes such movements. The Brooklyn -"Star," in March, remarked editorially: "We know there are some -amongst us who prate of greater taxation and inequalities in favor -of Williamsburgh. There are those in Williamsburgh who argue that -Brooklyn has greatly the advantage. We are rather disposed to argue -that it is like a well-assorted union between man and wife, where, with -kindred feelings and objects, both have the advantage. No matter how -the property relations may seem to be, we are convinced that time will -vindicate the advantage of the union. - -"We hope our members of the Legislature will not be persuaded by -individual efforts and desires to thwart the will of three committees -clearly expressed, with Brooklyn at their head, lifting up the loudest -voice. We have taken some pains to ascertain the public sentiment, and -it is at this day more clearly in favor of the union than when the vote -was taken." - -The Williamsburgh "Times" warmly supported the consolidation movement. -When the bill prepared by the Consolidation Commission was before -the Legislature for action, the "Times" said (March 24): "With the -exception of the amendment relative to the office-holders, the bill is -nearly in all respects as it passed from the hands of the commissions. -Thus the hopes of the friends of consolidation seem in a fair way of -being realized, and after a world of pain and trouble the parturition -of the new city is at hand. Let us trust that the friends of this -measure will not meet with an entire disappointment. There are two -grounds for hope in this connection. Brooklyn has been at least a -little better governed than ourselves, and a large city can be more -cheaply managed than a small one." - -The publication of the Williamsburgh "Times" was begun in 1848 by -Aaron Smith and George C. Bennett. Bennett, who previously had been -associated with Levi Darbee and Isaac A. Smith in printing the -Williamsburgh "Morning Post,"[27] acquired control of the "Times," -and made it a pronounced Whig organ. In 1859 an interest in the paper -was secured by Bernard Peters, and under this favoring partnership -the paper rapidly advanced in circulation and influence. Bernard -Peters, who subsequently became sole proprietor of the paper, had made -an important journalistic record at Hartford, Conn., and was already -well known in Brooklyn as a Universalist clergyman, whose ringing -Union sermons and addresses had aroused public interest during the -war period. The later history of the "Times," under Peters' energetic -editorship, has been one of consistent progress in public confidence. -In politics the "Times" has been Republican, while its policy, to avoid -any partisanship that might impair its value as a newspaper, has been -strongly worked out with the notable business management of William C. -Bryant. - -By the act of the Legislature passed in April, 1854, all that part of -the county of Kings known as the cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburgh -and the town of Bushwick, and bounded easterly by the town of Newtown, -Queens County, south by the towns of New Lots, Flatbush, and New -Utrecht, west by the town of New Utrecht and the Bay of New York, -and north by the East River, was consolidated into one municipal -corporation called the city of Brooklyn, and divided into eighteen -wards, therein described, and into the eastern and western districts. - -A year later all local distinctions in relation to the eastern and -western districts were abolished, except as to the Fire Department. - -George Hall, who had been first Mayor of Brooklyn upon its -incorporation as a city, became the first Mayor of the consolidated -cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburgh. In his inaugural address the -Mayor said:-- - - "It is now twenty-one years since I was called by the Common - Council to preside over the affairs of the late city of - Brooklyn, then first ushered into existence. The population - of the city at that time consisted of about 20,000 persons, - residing for the most part within the distance of about three - quarters of a mile from Fulton Ferry. Beyond this limit no - streets of any consequence were laid out, and the ground - was chiefly occupied for agricultural purposes. The shores, - throughout nearly their whole extent, were in their natural - condition, washed by the East River and the bay. There were - two ferries, by which communication was had with the city - of New York, ceasing at twelve o'clock at night. There were - within the city two banks, two insurance companies, one savings - bank, fifteen churches, three public schools, and two weekly - newspapers. Of commerce and manufactures it can scarcely be - said to have had any, its business consisting chiefly of that - which was required for supplying the wants of its inhabitants. - Sixteen of its streets were lighted with public lamps, of - which thirteen had been supplied within the previous year. The - assessed value of the taxable property was $7,829,684, of which - $6,457,084 consisted of real estate and $1,372,600 of personal - property. - - "Williamsburgh was incorporated as a village in 1827. Its - growth was comparatively slow until after the year 1840. At the - taking of the census in that year it was found to contain 5094 - inhabitants, and since that time it has advanced with almost - unparalleled rapidity, having attained a population of 30,780 - in 1850. It was chartered as a city in 1851. - - "Within the comparatively short period of twenty-one years what - vast changes have taken place! Bushwick, from a thinly settled - township, has advanced with rapid strides, and yesterday - contained within its limits two large villages, together - numbering a population of about 7000 persons. Williamsburgh, - from a hamlet, became a city with about 50,000 inhabitants. - Brooklyn, judging from its past increase, yesterday contained - a population of about 145,000, and on this day--the three - places consolidated into one municipal corporation--takes its - stand as the third city in the Empire State, with an aggregate - population of about 200,000 inhabitants."[28] - -Under the new charter the Board of Aldermen consisted of one alderman -elected from each ward. A new board of education came into existence -and held its first meeting in February. Other incorporations were those -of the Fire Department, the Nassau Water Company, and the Brooklyn -Sunday School Union. - -The Williamsburgh Ferry Company had been authorized in 1853 to build -and maintain docks, wharves, bulkheads, and piers on the land under -water in the East River, in front of their lands in the city of -Williamsburgh between the foot of South Sixth Street and the foot of -South Eighth Street, and extending into the river to a line not more -than sixty-five feet from the front of the largest pier on the property. - -The Common Council voted a subscription of $1,000,000 to the stock of -the Nassau Water Company, on condition that the company show $2,000,000 -paid capital stock, and the Aldermen afterward added $300,000 to the -subscription. In July of the following year (1856), work on the Nassau -Water Works was begun at Reservoir Hill, Flatbush Avenue. The occasion -of breaking ground was signalized by imposing ceremonies. - -In his January address Mayor Hall announced the opening of fourteen -miles of new streets, and the erection of 1034 new buildings. - -The business of the city was rapidly increasing, and with the -annexation of Williamsburgh the municipality needed all the -accommodations afforded in the City Hall for the transaction of its -business. The judges were complaining of the cramped condition of their -rooms, and the need of further accommodations. The question of a new -court house was publicly discussed. It was not, however, until July 6, -1859, that anything definite was done. The Board of Supervisors awoke -to the necessity of the hour, and decided to renew their efforts to -accomplish the desired result. On the 18th of July, 1860, they resolved -to make a new application to the Legislature for authority to purchase -land and erect the necessary buildings thereon. - -On the 17th of April an act was passed authorizing the Board of -Supervisors of Kings County to build a court house for the county. -The county treasurer was authorized by the act, under the direction -of the Board of Supervisors, to borrow on the credit of the county a -sum not exceeding $100,000, and to give his official bonds, in such -form as the Board might prescribe, for the payment of the same, with -interest payable annually or semi-annually as the Board might direct. -The money so collected was to be expended, under the direction of the -Supervisors, in the purchase of lands and the erection of a building -for the proper accommodation of the courts and county officials. The -act also provided for a levy of tax to pay the principal and interest. -The Board of Supervisors was authorized to select and determine the -location; and when completed, and ready for occupancy, and notice -thereof filed, by the Board with the clerk of said county, the same -should become for all purposes the court house of the county. - -On the 23d of May, 1860, a special committee was appointed to select a -proper site for the building, and to report to the Board. Every owner -of lots was anxious to dispose of them to the county. Washington Park -had its advocates. So favorably did the Supervisors look upon that -location, that a committee was appointed to confer with the Board of -Aldermen on the subject. When it began to look as if a portion of -that famous old hill would be chosen, the abutting owners sent in a -remonstrance, claiming that as the park had been paid for in part by -assessment on the surrounding property, the city had no right to grant -any such privilege. The city fathers, adopting this view of the case, -gave the Board no satisfaction, and the scheme was abandoned. - -A circular was prepared, and invitations extended to architects to -submit plans. The plans were to be deposited with Albert H. Osborn, -clerk of the Board of Supervisors, on or before June 3, 1861. A large -number were submitted, some coming from St. Louis. The plan of King and -Tackritz of Brooklyn was finally accepted. - -In March, 1861, the special committee appointed by the Supervisors -purchased the land on which the present building stands for $70,000. -The land having cost $70,000, only $30,000 was left of the sum directed -to be raised to purchase the land and erect the building. As that was -insufficient for the purpose, the aid of the Legislature was again -invoked, and the passage of an additional act obtained, authorizing -the Supervisors to borrow, on the credit of the county, an additional -sum of $100,000 to be expended under their direction for the erection -of a building or buildings, for the use of the courts and county -offices. - -In 1858 the expense of supporting the almshouse, and the several -institutions connected therewith, was $158,604.66. Including -expenditures for out-door relief, the aggregate cost of supporting -the poor of the county was $192,079.77. The average number of inmates -during the year ending August 1, 1858, was 1495. The cost for the -support of each of them was $106.09, or $2.04 per week. This was a -decrease on each as compared with the previous year. - -The expenses of the several departments were as follows: Almshouse, -$36,530.15; hospital, $51,755.19; lunatic asylum, $33,068.26; nursery, -$20,571.31; store, $605; miscellaneous, not including temporary relief, -$16,074.07. - -The total number remaining July 31, 1857, was 1274; number admitted -during year, 8570; number of infants boarded out during year, 123; -number temporarily relieved, in Brooklyn, Western District, 20,793; -Eastern District, 11,661; Flatlands, Flatbush, and New Lots, 378; New -Utrecht, 108; making a total of 32,940; and the total number relieved -and supported wholly or in part during the year ending July 31, 1858, -was 41,623. The population of the county was at this time about -254,000. The number relieved was 16-1/3 per cent. of the population. - -It may be interesting to state the number of persons remaining in these -institutions at the termination of previous fiscal years. The official -statement is as follows: 1849, 494; 1850, 592; 1851, 662; 1852, 873; -1853, 969; 1854, 1156; 1855, 1533; 1856, 1347; 1857, 1274; 1858, 1239. - -The number admitted to the hospital during the year 1858 was 2299, of -whom 148 were born in the hospital. - -During the seven years from August 1, 1850, to August 1, 1857, there -were 235 cases of small-pox, of which only 35 died. Of those admitted -into the hospital during 1857 and 1858, 565 were born in the United -States, 1261 in Ireland, and 369 in Germany. On the 31st of July, 1858, -there were 268 patients in the lunatic asylum. In 1850 the number in -the asylum was only 91. The nursery had, in 1858, 111 boys and 103 -girls; total, 214. - -On the 31st of July, 1862, there were in the almshouse, 373; in the -nursery, 260; in the lunatic asylum, 366. In 1863 there were 404 in -the almshouse; in the nursery, 217; and in the lunatic asylum, 396. - -The total number relieved and supported, in whole or in part, for the -year ending July 31, 1863, was 22,879. The population of the city at -the time was 295,000. The net cost was $141,640.52. - -Mayor Hall was succeeded by Samuel S. Powell, who served for three -terms. During his occupancy of the Mayor's chair many significant -advances were made in the growth of the city. In April, 1857, the -Metropolitan Police law went into effect. By this enactment the -counties of New York, Kings, Westchester, and Richmond, and the towns -of Newtown, Flushing, and Jamaica were placed under a single system of -police. The first commissioners from Brooklyn were J. S. T. Stranahan, -James W. Nye, and James Bowen. - -Ridgewood water was supplied to the city through mains which were -opened on December 4, 1858. In April of the following year the event -was marked by a public demonstration. The Brooklyn Academy of Music was -incorporated in 1859, and the collegiate department of the Long Island -College Hospital was opened. - - - - -CHAPTER XII - -THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR - -1861-1865 - - Election of Mayor Kalbfleisch. The Call for Troops. The - Militia. Filling the Regiments. Money for Equipment. Rebuking - Disloyalty. War Meeting at Fort Greene. Work of Women. The - County sends 10,000 Men in 1861. Launching of the Monitor at - Greenpoint. The Draft Riots. Colonel Wood elected Mayor. Return - of the "Brooklyn Phalanx." The Sanitary Fair. Its Features - and Successes. The Calico Ball. Significance of the Fair. The - Christian Commission. Action of the Supervisors of the County. - The Oceanus Excursion. Storrs and Beecher at Sumter. News of - Lincoln's Death. Service of the National Guard. The "Fighting - Fourteenth." The Newspapers. Court House finished. - - -The sense of impending and imminent danger, which made itself felt -throughout the country in the winter of 1860-61, was strongly apparent -in Brooklyn, and when the crash came the city was not unprepared in any -sense. - -It was only a few days after the election of Martin Kalbfleisch as -Mayor[29] that Brooklyn was startled by the news that Fort Sumter had -surrendered. - -The announcement occasioned intense excitement throughout the city. In -a remarkably short space of time the strength of the city's loyalty -to the Union cause made itself felt. Those who sympathized with the -South, or who were wavering in their allegiance, were made to feel -the necessity for modifying their views, or for avoiding any sign of -disloyalty. The national flag appeared in every quarter of the city. -Its absence was noted wherever that absence could be construed into a -sign of unpatriotic feeling. Crowds threatened violence to Southern -sympathizers. The Mayor urged moderation, and the early excesses of -patriotism soon passed. - -Meanwhile, volunteers flocked to the flag. The four militia regiments -in the Fifth Brigade were the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Twenty-eighth, -and Seventieth. At the time of the alarm the regiments were not -numerically strong. Less than 300 men were in the Thirteenth; less than -200 in the Fourteenth; the Twenty-eighth and Seventieth were somewhat -stronger. - -At the call of the President the regiments rapidly filled. Captain W. -H. Hogan organized an artillery company. In the Eastern District, the -Forty-seventh Regiment was organized, with Colonel J. V. Meserole in -command. Amid enthusiastic demonstrations the Fourteenth left for the -front in May, 1861. - -The scenes during the first hours of the war period were those -characteristic of every community in which the Union sentiment was -strong and unquestionable. Every class in the community made response. -Plymouth Church, from whose pulpit had come the loyal and stirring -oratory of Henry Ward Beecher, subscribed $1000 toward the equipment of -the local regiments. A sum equally generous came from the Pierrepont -Street Baptist Church. The Union Ferry Company offered to continue the -salaries of any of its employees who might volunteer, thus assuring -the safety of their families. Local business men and corporations gave -similar demonstrations of patriotism. The appropriations of the Common -Council began with a provision for the disbursement of $75,000 for the -relief of the families of those who should volunteer. The Kings County -Medical Society resolved that its members should attend gratuitously -the families of volunteers. - -There were signs of lukewarmness in certain quarters, and definite -manifestations of sympathy with the South; but these met with decisive -rebuke whenever they appeared. The Navy Yard was threatened, or was -supposed to be threatened, by incendiary rebel sympathizers, but prompt -action prevented the possibility of any form of attack. - -A war meeting at Fort Greene drew out 50,000 people, and elicited -demonstrations of hearty patriotism. A corps of Brooklyn women -volunteered as nurses, and lint societies were organized by energetic -women who undertook to supply equipment for the nurses. Women in the -Clinton Avenue Congregational Church supplied over fifteen hundred -yards of bandaging to the Twenty-eighth Regiment, which, amid great -enthusiasm, followed the Thirteenth to the front. Brooklyn was largely -represented in the organizing of the Twenty-first New York Volunteers. -The organization of the Forty-eighth New York, under Colonel Perry, the -First Long Island Regiment, the Nineteenth New York Volunteers (East -New York), and the Fifth Independent Battery followed. - -In 1861 the city and county sent out 10,000 men. The draft of 1862 -rather staggered the city at its first coming, but the rally was -enthusiastic, and the patriotic work proceeded. The armories of the -city became centres of loyal activity. - -The new fighting engine, the Monitor, was launched at Greenpoint in -January, 1862. In March the novel iron craft had her struggle with the -rebel Merrimac in Hampton Roads. - -Greenpoint sent over a company to the Thirty-first New York Volunteers. - -In 1863 the local militia, or National Guard, included the Thirteenth -Regiment, under Colonel Woodward; the Twenty-third, Colonel Everdell; -the Twenty-eighth, Colonel Bennett; the Forty-seventh, Colonel -Meserole; the Fifty-second, Colonel Cole; the Fifty-sixth, Colonel -Adams. In the Southern trips, such as those made by the Twenty-third -and the Forty-seventh regiments, the National Guard performed excellent -service aside from the heavier duty in action. - -The New York draft riots of 1863 naturally affected Brooklyn very -closely, not only in such instances of mob violence as the firing of -the grain elevators in the Atlantic Basin, but in the menacing and -really dangerous movements incident to the reign of terror. Brooklyn -volunteers lent important aid in the defense of the State Arsenal in -New York. - -To facilitate recruiting in the county, the Supervisors, in November, -1863, resolved upon acquiring a loan of $250,000, and $300 bounty was -afterward paid to each recruit. - -Mayor Kalbfleisch was succeeded as Mayor in 1864 by Colonel Wood, who -had organized the Fourteenth Regiment, was wounded and captured at the -first Bull Run, and was released by exchange in 1862. - -The return of the "Brooklyn Phalanx," the First Long Island Regiment, -under Colonel Cross, in January, 1864, was the occasion for an immense -demonstration. The regiment had taken part in fourteen battles, and -came home with 234 men out of 1000. - -An event of the war period that is to be regarded as of the highest -significance, not only for the relation it bore to the necessities of -the war, but to the progress of the city, was what is known as the -great Sanitary fair. - -[Illustration: CRUISER BROOKLYN, BUILT IN 1858] - -This Brooklyn and Long Island fair was instituted by the War Fund -Committee of Brooklyn and Kings County, and the Woman's Relief -Association of Brooklyn, which was known as the Brooklyn Auxiliary of -the United States Sanitary Commission. The fair committee was organized -with A. A. Low as president. Arrangements for coöperation between all -the churches and private and public societies in the city were -efficiently perfected, and a public meeting was held at the Academy of -Music in January, 1864. Meetings to promote the same object were held -at Flatbush, Greenpoint, and elsewhere. Buildings were erected adjacent -to the Academy to give shelter to the Museum of Arts, a restaurant, a -department of relics and curiosities, and quarters for the "Drum Beat," -a journal published during the fair, under the editorship of the Rev. -Dr. Storrs and Francis Williams. - -The fair opened on Washington's Birthday with a great military parade. -The Academy presented a brilliant spectacle. The art display in the -Assembly rooms was a triumph in the art annals of the city; the New -England Kitchen ingeniously duplicated the features of a colonial New -England domestic scene. - -On March 11 the fair closed with a memorable calico ball. In the hall -of manufactures was a huge broom, sent from Cincinnati, and bearing -this inscription: "Sent by the managers of the Cincinnati Fair, -Greeting: We have swept up $240,000; Brooklyn, beat this if you can." -Brooklyn's reply, in the words of an individual respondent, was: -"Brooklyn sees the $240,000, and goes $150,000 better." Such, indeed, -were the superb figures of profit from this remarkable enterprise. - -The fair has been much extolled for its influence on the city itself. -"The first great act of self-assertion ever made by the city of -Brooklyn," is a typical comment on the event. However the fair may -be regarded in this light, it was a brilliantly successful effort. -The service of the Women's Relief Association, of which Mrs. J. S. -T. Stranahan was the distinguished leader, was in the highest degree -admirable. - -The Christian Commission for Brooklyn and Long Island, to act in -concert with the United States Christian Commission, was organized in -March. Before the close of the war this commission had sent out 1210 -Bibles and parts of the Scriptures; 4033 psalm books and hymn books; -50,544 magazines and pamphlets; 177,520 newspapers and periodicals, and -other printing, making up a total of 1,078,304. - -The Supervisors of the county repeatedly took measures to stimulate -volunteers. In July (1864) the Board directed its bounty committee -"to pay to any person furnishing an accepted volunteer or recruit for -three years' United States service, the sum not exceeding $300, the -same as paid to any drafted man furnishing a substitute, and to be paid -upon the like certificate of the United States officer, and without -regard to the person furnishing such recruit being liable to be drafted -into the United States service." - -In July, shortly after the laying of the corner-stone of an armory in -the Eastern District, the committee began paying "hand-money" prizes -of $175 and upward to persons bringing recruits. In September the -news that Kings County was "out of the draft" was hailed with great -satisfaction. - -Early in 1865 the evidences that the war was drawing to a close clearly -appeared. A party of excursionists which left Brooklyn, in April, on -the steamer Oceanus, learned at Charleston of Lee's surrender, and -witnessed the restoration of the flag on Sumter. The Rev. Dr. Storrs -and Henry Ward Beecher were present and spoke. The party heard of -Lincoln's assassination before reaching home. - -The tragedy of Ford's Theatre, by which the strong hand of Lincoln -was taken from the government of the nation, threw the city into -profound gloom. The War Fund Committee opened subscriptions, which were -limited to one dollar from each person, and the result of this prompt, -patriotic, and well-managed movement was the statue of Lincoln by Henry -K. Brown, which occupies a commanding place in Prospect Park Plaza.[30] - -The record of Brooklyn's National Guard organizations is an honorable -one. The Thirteenth Regiment (National Guard), the first company of -which, known as the Brooklyn Light Guard, was organized as long ago -as 1827, had for its first colonel Abel Smith. The call of President -Lincoln in 1861 elicited a unanimous offer of service from the -Thirteenth, which went farther south than any other New York regiment, -save the Eleventh. It formed a part of the left wing of McClellan's -army. When the regiment was called into active service for the third -time, John B. Woodward was in command.[31] - -The Fourteenth Regiment has the distinction of being the only one of -the National Guard regiments that served throughout the war. It left -for the front under command of Colonel Alfred M. Wood. At Bull Run, at -Gettysburg, in the Wilderness, and elsewhere, it performed heavy and -prolonged service. In twenty-one battles its mettle was tested, and the -record made by the "red-legged devils" is a brilliant and honorable one. - -The Twenty-third Regiment was the outgrowth of one of the Home Guard -companies of the war period. It was summoned to Harrisburgh, Penn., -in 1863, being then in command of Colonel Everdell. The subsequent -history of the regiment has been one of steady rise in efficiency and -distinction. - -The Forty-seventh Regiment, organized, as already stated, under the -leadership of J. V. Meserole,[32] was called to Washington, and was -recalled after thirty days' service in consequence of the draft riots, -in which, with the Forty-third, it performed valuable service. - -The Third Battery was organized in 1864, by Major E. O. Hotchkiss. - -Brooklyn is estimated to have contributed 30,000 men to the guards -and armies of the Union during the war; but this estimate would not -represent the highly creditable extent of the city's support to the -great cause which saw its triumph in 1865. - -During the years of the war the voice of the Brooklyn press gave no -uncertain sound. The "Eagle" had become a lusty leader of public -opinion. The "Times" on the other side of the city was making for -itself a creditable name. The "Daily Union," established in 1863, -voiced the ardor of the Union cause with energetic patriotism. German -readers found in the "Long Island Anzeiger,"[33] started in 1864, -cordial support to every good Northern principle in a strain worthy of -the young journal's editor, Colonel Henry E. Roehr, who had been one -of the earliest volunteers, and won many honors at the front. In 1872 -Colonel Roehr began the publication of a German daily paper, the "Freie -Presse." - -On the 7th of April, 1863, the Legislature passed another act -authorizing the Supervisors to raise a sum not exceeding $125,000, to -be used in the erection and furnishing of the Court House building. - -The ground on which the Court House stands is 140 feet on Fulton and -Joralemon streets, by 351 feet deep. No better location could have -been selected. The building was constructed under the direction of -the Board of Supervisors, of which body the late General Crook was -chairman. The building committee were Samuel Booth, Charles C. Talbot, -William H. Hazzard, Charles A. Carnaville, Gilliam Schenck, and George -G. Herman. The architects were Gamaliel King and Henry Teckritz. - -The ground was broken October, 1861, and the corner-stone was laid May -20, 1862, by the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of New York, -Daniel T. Walden of Brooklyn officiating as Grand Master. Addresses -were made on the occasion by Mayor Kalbfleisch, representing the city; -General Crook, president of the Board of Supervisors, representing the -county; Judge John A. Lott, for the judiciary; and Dr. Storrs delivered -an eloquent address. - -Owing to the unsettled condition of the country, during the Rebellion, -the work did not advance rapidly. The price of materials increased, -and labor commanded war prices. Many of the contractors declined to -proceed, and new and less advantageous contracts had to be made. The -price of the carpenters' work alone was increased $5000, and the -feverish state of the times added more than $100,000 to the expense. -The total cost of the building, land, and furniture was $551,757.28. - -The building is erected on the site of the old Military Garden. When -the land was purchased and the building erected, there were some old -buildings between it and Boerum Place. The Court House was placed on -a line with the street, in order that it might not be hidden by the -adjoining structures. It is a great pity that the Supervisors did not -see that in the process of time the adjoining land would be owned -by the county. Had they thought of this, they could have placed the -edifice twenty feet further back from the street, and thereby greatly -improved its appearance. - -It is to be noted that the Court House was constructed within the sum -appropriated. Its manner of construction is in striking contrast to -the methods pursued in New York. It stands to-day a monument to the -integrity and capacity of the Board of Supervisors, and all in any wise -concerned in its construction. - -The building was finished in February, 1865, and thrown open to public -inspection on the evenings of February 28 and March 1, 1865.[34] - - - - -CHAPTER XIII - -BROOKLYN AFTER THE WAR - -1866-1876 - - Administration of Samuel Booth. Metropolitan Sanitary District - created. Cholera. Erie Basin Docks. The County Institutions and - their Work. The Gowanus Canal and the Wallabout Improvement. - The Department of Survey and Inspection of Buildings. - Establishing Fire Limits. Building Regulations. Prospect - Park. The Ocean Parkway. The Fire Department. The Public - Schools. The East River Bridge. Early Discussion of the Great - Enterprise. The Construction begun. Death of Roebling. The - Ferries. Messages of Mayor Kalbfleisch. Erection of a Brooklyn - Department of Police. Samuel S. Powell again Mayor. A New City - Charter. Movement toward Consolidation with New York. Henry - Ward Beecher. Frederick A. Schroeder elected Mayor. - - -When Samuel Booth entered the office of Mayor in 1866, the city of -Brooklyn, in common with other communities throughout the country, -was suffering from the results of the strain imposed by the war and -its resulting incidents; and the fact that his own party was in the -minority in the Board of Aldermen did not lighten the burden of the -Mayor. Notwithstanding these political conditions no veto by Booth was -overridden by the Board. - -In February of this year the Legislature created a metropolitan -sanitary district corresponding to the metropolitan police district, -and a board of health composed of the police commissioners, four -sanitary commissioners, and the health officer of the port of New York. -Brooklyn was represented in this board by Dr. James Crane, as sanitary -commissioner, and T. G. Bergen as police commissioner. Dr. John T. -Conkling was made assistant sanitary superintendent, and Dr. R. Cresson -Stiles was made deputy registrar of vital statistics for Brooklyn. To -this force six sanitary inspectors were added. - -This movement represented the practical beginnings of that interesting -modern system of sanitary inspection and regulation by which the cities -of New York and Brooklyn have in recent years attained such improved -conditions. The movement had been urged by the prevalence of cholera -in Europe, and the new board found occasion to make great exertions -to prevent the entrance of the disease here. The disease appeared in -New York in April, and Brooklyn's first case was reported on July 8. -In spite of the precautions the disease gained considerable headway -in sections of the city where the sanitary conditions were worst, and -the total number of cases in Brooklyn reached 816. More than a quarter -of the total number of cases occurred in the twelfth ward. The number -of deaths in the city reached 573. The cholera hospital, opened at -Hamilton Avenue and Van Brunt Street in July, was closed on October 1. - -In October the completion of the large Erie Basin dry docks was the -occasion of a celebration. These great docks, built by a Boston -syndicate, have since been used by most of the large iron ships that -are docked at the port of New York. The chamber of Dock No. 1 is 510 -feet long, and 112 feet wide at the top. Dock No. 2 is 610 feet long -and 124 feet wide at the top. - -In this month occurred also the interesting occasion marked by the -presentation of the medals ordered by the Common Council for each -honorably discharged, or still serving, Brooklyn soldier who had done -his share toward the saving of the Union. - -Among the legacies of the war was a great deal of poverty that public -provision had not obliterated. An exceptional degree of distress -appeared during the decade following the war. - -There were admitted into the almshouse during the year ending July 31, -1868, 5500 persons, and at the close of the year there remained 1995. -The total number relieved by the commissioners during the year was -44,734. The amount expended was $464,800.61, being an average of $10.40 -to each person relieved. Of the number relieved, 7273 were in the -institutions. The population of the county at this time was 375,000. It -will be seen that 11.9 per cent, of the population received aid from -the public institutions. In addition to this, many others received -assistance from the churches and benevolent societies. - -Formerly the county was divided into districts, to which the poor would -come to receive assistance. During the year ending July 31, 1870, -38,270 persons applied for and received aid. This was about ten per -cent, of the population. The amount expended was $128,602.83. - -This system has been discontinued, and the work is done by other -agencies, notably by the Society for Improving the Condition of the -Poor. This society, officered by public-spirited and efficient men, -has made a highly creditable record. Connected with the society is an -effective advisory committee, selected from each ward. Every case is -carefully investigated, and imposition is rendered almost impossible. -In 1880 the number of cases investigated was 2755; of these 214, or -about eight per cent., were rejected. The number relieved who were -found worthy was about one fourteenth of the number receiving aid in -1870, while the disbursements were only $23,009.68, or 18.5 per cent. -of the former expense. - -During the year ending July 31, 1869, there were remaining in the -lunatic asylum of the county, 557. The whole number under treatment -during the year was 818. Of those remaining, 225 were males and 322 -females. There were admitted, during the year, 286. The whole number -admitted into the almshouse in 1869 was 2090. - -The number treated in the hospital in 1863 was 2023; in 1864, 2601; in -1866, 3505; in 1867, 2828; in 1868, 2613. In the hospital there were -treated, in 1876, 4270 persons. - -By an act of the Legislature in May, 1867, the Inebriates' Home for -Kings County was incorporated. A movement led by A. E. Mudie resulted -in the establishment of a Brooklyn branch of the American Society for -the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. - -The Legislature provided at this session for the dredging and docking -of Gowanus Canal, and for the "Wallabout Improvement," under the -direction of a commissioner. Another provision of the Legislature was -for a department for the survey and inspection of buildings in the -Western District of the city. A section of this law provided that the -chief officer of this department should be called the "Superintendent -of Buildings." He was to be appointed by the board of trustees of the -fire department, and confirmed by the Board of Aldermen. He was to have -been an "exempt fireman" for five years, a fire underwriter for ten -years, and was to be, ex officio, a member of the board of trustees of -the fire department. - -Concerning the duties of inspectors the law said:-- - - "It shall be the duty of the inspectors to examine all - buildings whereon violations are reported, and all buildings - reported dangerous or damaged by fire, and make a written - report of such examinations to the superintendent, with their - opinion relative thereto; to reëxamine all buildings under - applications to raise, enlarge, alter, or build upon, and - report to the superintendent the condition of the same, with - their opinion relative thereto; and in the absence of the - superintendent they shall be empowered to act with all the - powers enjoyed and possessed by said superintendent. And - the said inspectors shall perform such other duties as the - superintendent of buildings may from time to time require of - them. - - "The inspectors of buildings shall be under the direction of - the superintendent, and shall attend all fires occurring in - their respective districts, and report to the chief engineer - or assistant engineer present, all information they may have - relative to the construction and condition of the buildings - or premises on fire, and the adjoining buildings, whether the - same be dangerous or otherwise, and report in writing to said - department, all such buildings damaged by fire or otherwise, - with a statement of the nature and amount of such damages, - as near as they can ascertain, together with the street and - number of such building, the name of the owners, lessees, and - occupants, and for what purpose occupied; and said inspectors - shall examine all buildings in course of erection, alteration, - and repair throughout their respective districts, at least once - every day (Sundays and holidays excepted), and shall report - in writing, forthwith, to the superintendent, all violations - of any of the several divisions of this act, together with - the street and number of the building or premises upon which - violations are found, and the names of the owners, agents, - lessees, occupants, builders, masons, carpenters, roofers, - furnace builders, and architects, and all other matters - relative thereto, and shall report in the same manner all - new buildings in their respective districts, and the clerk - shall perform such duties as may be assigned him by the - superintendent. All the officers appointed under this act - shall, so far as may be necessary for the performance of their - respective duties, have the right to enter any building or - premises in said city." - -The fire limits of the city were then fixed to "comprise all that -portion of said city beginning at the East River at the northwest -corner of the United States Navy Yard, and running thence southwesterly -and southeasterly along said Navy Yard to the centre of Navy Street; -thence southerly along the centre of Navy Street to the northerly -side of Flushing Avenue; thence easterly along the northerly side of -Flushing Avenue to the centre of Washington Avenue; thence southerly -along the centre of Washington Avenue to the southerly side of Warren -Street; thence westerly along the southerly side of Warren Street to -the easterly side of Vanderbilt Avenue; thence southerly along the -easterly side of Vanderbilt Avenue, and across Flatbush Avenue in a -straight line, to the southeasterly corner of Union Street and Ninth -Avenue; thence southerly along the easterly side of Ninth Avenue to -the northerly side of Fifteenth Street; thence easterly along the -northerly side of Fifteenth Street to the centre of Tenth Avenue; -thence southerly along the centre of Tenth Avenue to the centre of -Twenty-first Street; thence westerly along the centre of Twenty-first -Street to a point distant one hundred feet west of the westerly side -of Third Avenue; thence northerly and parallel with Third Avenue, and -one hundred feet westerly therefrom, to a point distant one hundred -feet southerly from the southerly side of Hamilton Avenue; thence -northwesterly and parallel with Hamilton Avenue, and one hundred feet -southerly therefrom, to a point distant one hundred feet easterly from -the easterly side of Columbia Street; thence southerly and parallel -with Columbia Street, and one hundred feet easterly therefrom, to a -point distant one hundred feet southerly from the southerly side of -Nelson Street; thence westerly and parallel with Nelson Street, and -one hundred feet southerly therefrom, in a straight line, to a point -distant one hundred feet easterly from the easterly side of Richard -Street; thence southerly and parallel with Richard Street, and one -hundred feet easterly therefrom, to a point distant one hundred feet -southerly from the southerly side of King Street; thence westerly and -parallel with King Street, and one hundred feet southerly therefrom, -to the East River, and thence along the easterly shore of the East -River to the point or place of beginning at the said northwest corner -of the United States Navy Yard; and also extending from the centre of -Washington Avenue along both sides of Fulton Avenue, one hundred feet -on each side, to the easterly side of Bedford Avenue, and such further -portion of the Western District of said city as the Common Council of -the city of Brooklyn by ordinance may from time to time, as hereinafter -provided, include therein." - -[Illustration: STATUE OF HENRY WARD BEECHER IN FRONT OF CITY HALL] - -The act provided in detail rules for building within the fire limits, -and regulations appertaining to building in general. Thus it was -provided that "no timber shall be used in the front or rear walls of -any dwelling, store, or storehouse, or other building hereafter built -or erected within the Western District of said city, where stone, -brick, or iron is commonly used; each lintel on the inside of the front -or rear wall or side walls shall have a secure brick arch over it, -and no wall strips in any wall thereof shall exceed in thickness one -half of one inch, and in width two and one half inches; and no bond -timber in any wall thereof shall in width and thickness exceed the -width and thickness of a course of brick; and no bond timber shall be -more than six feet in length; and such bond timbers shall be laid at -least eighteen inches apart from each other, longitudinally, on either -side of any wall, and the continuous line thereof shall be broken every -six feet by inserting a brick of eight inches; and no front, rear, or -other wall of any such dwelling, store, storehouse, or other building -now erected, or hereafter to be erected, as aforesaid, within the fire -limits, or as they may hereafter be extended as aforesaid, or any brick -or stone building or buildings in the Western District of the city of -Brooklyn, shall be cut off or altered below, to be supported in any -manner, in whole or in part, by wood, but shall be wholly supported by -brick, stone, or iron; and no wood or timber shall be used between such -wall and such supporters; but it shall be lawful to insert a lintel of -wood over the doors and windows of the first story of stores, of oak or -Georgia pine, of such length and size as shall be first approved and -determined by the superintendent of buildings." - -An important movement, begun before the war, culminating in 1860, -and bearing fruit soon after the close of the war, resulted in the -establishment of one of Brooklyn's chief objects of pride,--Prospect -Park. The actual construction of the park began in 1866, and was -steadily continued until 1874. - -The laying out and adornment of the park was placed in the hands of -a commission, of which J. S. T. Stranahan, always a leading figure -in the park movement, was the president. This commission, originally -constituted under an act of the Legislature for the laying out, -adornment, and management of the park, had its powers and duties -increased by succeeding laws, until it had under its control Washington -Park, City Park, Carroll Park, the Parade Ground, and all the public -grounds appertaining to the city. - -In their report for 1868 the commissioners said: "The propriety, if not -the absolute necessity, of an extension of Prospect Park at its western -angle, so as to allow the principal drive in that direction to be -carried out according to the original design, has been repeatedly urged -in former reports of the board, and the Legislature was on more than -one occasion applied to for permission to make the desired acquisition; -but without success. The commissioners have now, however, the pleasure -of stating that an act was passed at the last session, authorizing this -extension, and directing the board to apply to the Supreme Court for -the appointment of commissioners to estimate the value of the land so -taken." - -The ground under treatment during the year covered by this report -represented over two hundred acres. "The finished drives," says this -report, "now amount to nearly three miles and a quarter, being a little -more than two miles in excess of that which we were able to report -last year. Of bridle paths, we have nearly a mile and a half finished -or well progressed; and of walks three miles and three quarters are -completed, and nearly five additional miles in progress. The very -large and continually increasing number of delighted visitors show -how thoroughly these walks and drives are appreciated by them. A fine -specimen of rustic work has been erected near the main entrance to the -park for a summer house; and a vine-covered trellis-work, with seats -overlooking the children's play-ground, commands a beautiful sea and -island view, and, when covered with the foliage and flowers of climbing -plants, will afford grateful shelter to all such as may be disposed to -linger in its shade." - -The arrangement of the park steadily advanced until it has become one -of the most beautiful in the world. Covering 525 acres, its meadows, -woodland, lakes, and drives combine to create a picture of remarkable -beauty. The lakes cover 50 acres; the woodland, 110 acres; the meadows, -70 acres; the gardens and shrubbery, 200 acres; and there are over 60 -acres of water-way. Five and a half miles of main drives were laid out, -and minor drives and walks covering a distance of thirteen miles. - -The later creation of the Ocean Parkway was a desirable movement, -resulting as it did in a driveway running southward from the park to -the sea,--a distance of five and a half miles. This magnificent drive -is 210 feet wide for its entire length, being subdivided into a main -and two minor roadways, with lines of shade-trees to mark the receding -lines. - -The Parade Ground, adjoining the park on the east, was a popular -device. The broad field has contributed an important factor in the -summer life of the city, its acres being in constant demand during the -out-door season for all manner of sports. - -These improvements and others associated with the minor parks of the -city have placed heavy obligations on the park commissioners. - -A permanent board of water and sewerage commissioners was created by -an act of April 2, 1869. The board received exclusive power to cause -streets to be repaved, regraded, and repaired; to cause cross-walks -to be relaid and sidewalks to be reflagged; and generally to have -such other improvements, in and about such streets so to be repaved, -regraded, or repaired, to be made, as in their judgment the public -wants and convenience shall require. The board held other authority, -afterward vested in the board of city works. - -The charter of the Nassau Water Company was obtained in 1855. In 1857 -the city had acquired all the contracts, property, and rights of the -Nassau Company. The thirty-six inch main laid from Ridgewood in 1858 -was followed by an additional forty-eight inch main laid in 1867. Three -mains have since been added, giving the city water from a drainage area -of seventy-four square miles. - -The act of 1869, by which the fire department of the city was -reorganized, called upon the Mayor, the street commissioners, the -president of the Board of Aldermen, the city treasurer, and the -comptroller, to appoint four citizens as fire commissioners: "Said -commissioners, on being qualified, shall meet and reorganize the -fire department of the city of Brooklyn, by electing one of said -commissioners to be president, and appointing a person to be secretary; -whereupon they shall possess and have all the power and authority -conferred upon or possessed by any and all officers of the present fire -departments of the city of Brooklyn, and of each division thereof, -except such power and authority as is now vested by law in the trustees -of the fire departments of the Eastern and Western districts of the -city of Brooklyn, which said divisions shall continue distinct from -each other, so far as relates to the Widows' and Orphans' Fund of each -district, but for no other purpose; and the persons elected and now -acting as the trustees of the Widows' and Orphans' Fund of the Eastern -District, and those elected and acting as trustees of the Widows' and -Orphans' Fund of the Western District, shall remain and continue to -have and exercise, each division respectively, all such powers and -duties as are now vested by law in said boards, with regard to the -Widows' and Orphans' Fund of each district" (sec. 2). - -By the report of School Superintendent Buckley, issued in July (1869), -it appeared that the whole number of pupils attending the public -day schools numbered 70,000. In the evening schools 10,000 more were -taught, while the private schools received 22,142 scholars. At this -time the value of the schoolhouse sites in the city was placed at -$276,386; that of the buildings at $709,727. - -Building throughout the city became very active. The widening of -Broadway in the Eastern District materially affected the prosperity -of that section of the city, to which Broadway became the leading -business artery. Grand Street developed into a busy thoroughfare, and -Fourth Street, now northern Bedford Avenue, became the third important -street of this section. For a site for a new building on Broadway at -Fifth (now Driggs Street), the Williamsburgh Savings Bank paid the then -enormous sum of $210,000. The superb structure afterward erected on -this ground is one of the most imposing in the city, its classic dome -rearing itself among those objects in the city which command first -attention from Bridge spectators. - -In 1869 it was estimated that Brooklyn had 500 miles of streets, and -150 miles of sewer. Mayor Kalbfleisch's message reported a total of -3307 buildings erected in 1868. The assessed value of real and personal -property in the county was $199,840,551. - -But most momentous of the movements of this period was that looking -to the building of the first East River bridge. The possibility of a -bridge over the East River had been discussed early in the history -of the two cities. General Johnson[35] had discussed the feasibility -of the suggestion, and had argued that the plan was quite within -the possibilities of engineering science. Thomas Pope, in a volume -published in 1811, by Alexander Niven, 120 Duane Street, New York, -describes his idea of a "flying pendent lever bridge," which was -intensely original as well as impossible. - -In 1836 General Swift proposed the erection of a dike over the river. -The dike was to have a central drawbridge, and was to give foundation -to a broad boulevard, running between the two cities. At a later day -Colonel Julius A. Adams of Brooklyn, while engaged upon the bridge -of the Lexington and Danville Railroad, over the Kentucky River, -conceived the idea of an East River bridge, to extend from Fulton -Ferry on the Brooklyn side to a point near Chatham Square, on the -New York side. The intention was to have the main body of the bridge -built of two elliptic tubes, placed side by side, and supported by -ribbons of steel. There were to be three platforms for travelers, -and it is claimed by its projector that the capacity would have been -greater than that of the present structure. Colonel Adams communicated -his plan to Mr. William C. Kingsley, who was largely engaged in the -contracting business in this city. Mr. Kingsley entered heartily into -the spirit of the enterprise, and carefully examined the diagrams -submitted by the engineer. He spent several months in a thorough and -exhaustive examination of the entire question, studied the needs of -the two cities, and finally became thoroughly impressed with the -practicability and feasibility of the scheme. In connection with the -project he consulted with some of the eminent and public-spirited -citizens of Brooklyn, among them James S. T. Stranahan, Henry C. -Murphy, Judge Alexander McCue, Isaac Van Anden, Seymour L. Husted, -and Thomas Kinsella.[36] The more these gentlemen talked and thought -about the matter, the deeper interest they felt in it. Mr. Kingsley -in particular continued undisturbed in the belief that the time for -bridging the river had come, and he persisted in this view until the -enterprise was carried beyond the region of remote speculation into -the clear atmosphere of intelligently directed and practical effort. -The Hon. Henry C. Murphy at the time represented Kings County in the -state Senate, where he wielded a vast influence, and was regarded as -one of the leaders of his party in the State. Upon the basis of Colonel -Adams's plans a bill was prepared providing for the construction of -a bridge across the East River. Copies of the original drawings were -taken to Albany and exhibited in the Senate and Assembly Chamber. The -project received Senator Murphy's unflagging support, and through his -endeavors and the energetic and untiring aid of its projectors, it -became a law. - -The act incorporating the New York Bridge Company was passed by the -Legislature on April 16, 1867. It named as incorporators the following -citizens of New York and Brooklyn:-- - - John T. Hoffman - Edward Ruggles - Samuel Booth - Alexander McCue - Martin Kalbfleisch - Charles A. Townsend - Charles E. Bill - T. Bailey Myers - William A. Fowler - Simeon B. Chittenden - Smith Ely, Jr. - Grenville T. Jenks - Henry E. Pierrepont - John Roach - Henry G. Stebbins - C. L. Mitchell - Seymour L. Husted - William W. W. Wood - Andrew H. Green - William C. Rushmore - Alfred W. Craven - T. B. Cornell - Isaac Van Anden - Alfred M. Wood - William Marshall - John W. Coombs - John H. Prentice - John P. Atkinson - Edmund W. Corlies - Ethelbert S. Mills - Arthur W. Benson - John W. Hayward - P. P. Dickinson - J. Carson Brevoort - Samuel McLean - William Hunter, Jr. - Edmund Driggs - John Morton - -By this act power was given these incorporators and their associates -to acquire real estate for the site of the bridge and approaches; to -borrow money up to the limit of the capital, and to establish laws and -ordinances for the government of the structure upon its completion. The -capital stock was fixed at $5,000,000, in shares of $100 each, and the -directors were given power to increase the capital with the consent -of the stockholders. It was further provided that the incorporators -already named should constitute the first board of directors, holding -their places until June 1, 1868, and that after that the board should -have not less than thirteen nor more than twenty-one members. The -officers were to consist of a president, secretary, and treasurer. The -cities of New York and Brooklyn, or either of them, were empowered -at any time to take the bridge by payment to the corporation of the -cost and 33.33 per cent. additional, provided the bridge be made -free. An additional provision was made that the structure should have -an elevation of at least 130 feet above high tide in the middle of -the river, and that it should in no respect prove an obstruction to -navigation. In conclusion, the law authorized the cities of New York -and Brooklyn, or either of them, to subscribe to the capital stock -of said company such amounts as two thirds of their Common Councils -respectively should determine, to issue bonds in payment of these -subscriptions, and to provide for the payment of interest. It was -subsequently determined that the city of New York might subscribe -$1,500,000 of the total capital; the city of Brooklyn, $3,000,000, and -$500,000 to be paid by the private stockholders. - -An enterprise of such magnitude was not carried forward without -extraordinary struggles. To keep the work, so far as possible, out of -politics required much ingenuity and persistence on the part of those -who were actuated by the most public-spirited motives. It was not -possible to wholly eliminate politics and self-seeking. An act of the -Legislature in 1859 provided that New York city should be represented -by its Mayor, comptroller, and president of the Board of Aldermen, -and Brooklyn by the commissioners of the sinking fund. The company was -authorized to occupy land under water on each shore to the distance of -250 feet. - -Meanwhile, operations were begun in the direction of an effort to -raise the required $5,000,000 by private subscription, but they were -not successful, and it was determined to apply to the cities for -aid. Application was made to Brooklyn, through the Common Council, -for $3,000,000. After many months the incorporators were successful, -and later, in 1868, the city of New York subscribed the $1,500,000 -required, and the stockholders made up the additional $500,000. - -The shares, as has been shown, were fixed at $100 each. The list of the -original subscribers, as revealed by the original minute-book still in -the possession of the trustees, is very interesting. It is as follows:-- - - SUBSCRIBERS SHARES. - - Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty - of the City of New York 15,000 - The City of Brooklyn 30,000 - Henry C. Murphy 100 - Isaac Van Anden 200 - William Marshall 50 - Seymour L. Husted 200 - Samuel McLean 50 - Arthur W. Benson 20 - Martin Kalbfleisch 200 - Alexander McCue 100 - William M. Tweed 560 - Peter B. Sweeny 560 - Hugh Smith 560 - Henry W. Slocum 500 - J. S. T. Stranahan 100 - Grenville T. Jenks 50 - Kingsley & Keeney 1,600 - John H. Prentice 50 - William Hunter, Jr. 50 - John W. Lewis 50 - ------ - Total 50,000 - -After the subscriptions were all made, several of the subscribers -withdrew or failed to make good their promises, whereupon Mr. Kingsley -took up their stock and advanced the amount necessary to cover their -deficiencies. In fact, he and the firm he represented took in all over -$300,000 of the entire $500,000 subscribed by the New York Bridge -Company. - -John A. Roebling, who had made a brilliant record as a bridge engineer, -was chosen for the responsible post of chief engineer. His son, Colonel -Washington A. Roebling, was made first assistant engineer. The plans -of Roebling having been duly approved by the War Department engineers, -the United States government commission,[37] the Secretary of War, -and lastly of Congress itself, the company was formally organized in -the summer of 1869, with the following directors: Henry C. Murphy, J. -S. T. Stranahan, Henry W. Slocum, John W. Lewis, Seymour L. Husted, -Demas Barnes, Hugh Smith, William Hunter, Jr., Isaac Van Anden, J. H. -Prentice, Alexander McCue, William M. Tweed, Peter B. Sweeny, R. B. -Connolly, Grenville T. Jenks. - -At this juncture a distressing accident darkened the opening days of -the great work. "One morning in June, 1869, Mr. Roebling, in company -with Colonel Paine and his other engineering associates, was engaged in -running a line across the East River, making the first survey of the -site for the Brooklyn foundation. Colonel Paine crossed to the New York -side and made the necessary signals, while the chief engineer stood on -the Brooklyn side. Just as the operations were approaching completion -Mr. Roebling was standing on the rack of one of the ferry slips taking -a final observation. At the moment a ferryboat entered the slip and -bumped heavily against the timbers, pressing them back to the point -where the chief engineer was standing. His foot was caught between the -piling and the rack. Colonel Paine, who was on the boat, noticed that -his chief started suddenly, and, while he made no outcry, an expression -of agony overspread his countenance. The first person to reach the side -of the injured man was his son, Colonel Washington A. Roebling, and -Colonel Paine quickly followed him. The chief engineer was assisted to -a carriage, remarking, as he went, 'Oh, what a folly.' He was quickly -driven to his residence on the Heights, and a surgeon was summoned. The -surgeon found that the toes of the right foot were terribly crushed. -It was at once decided that amputation was necessary. Mr. Roebling -rejected the suggestion of an anæsthetic, and personally directed the -operations of the surgeon. Nearly all of his toes were taken off at -the joints, but he maintained his composure throughout, and endeavored -to soothe the apprehensions of his family and friends. During his -subsequent illness he preserved intact the use of his mental faculties, -exhibiting indomitable will power. Eight days elapsed before fears were -entertained of a fatal result. Then the patient complained of a chill, -and it was soon discovered that lockjaw had set in. He lived eight days -longer, and toward the close suffered the most excruciating agonies, -but without complaint, and steadily insisted upon directing the method -of his treatment. Even after the muscular contraction precluded the -possibility of utterance he wrote with a pencil directions for his -attendants. He died of lockjaw just sixteen days after receiving his -injuries." - -For a time work on the bridge was paralyzed. As soon as possible the -directors chose Colonel Roebling to succeed his father, and the great -undertaking proceeded. - -The mechanical difficulties of the work were enormous. The history of -the labors, by which one difficulty after another was overcome, is one -of the most absorbing in the annals of engineering enterprise. Huge -wooden caissons were sunken on the diving-bell principle to a depth -sufficient to assure firm foundations for the piers, which were built -over them. The Brooklyn caisson was launched on March 19, 1870; the -New York caisson, in September, 1871. The greater difficulties existed -on the New York side, where an area of quicksand made it problematical -whether bed-rock could ever be reached. The foundation on the New York -side was required to be begun at a depth of seventy-eight feet. On the -Brooklyn side brick was used under the caisson. On the New York side -the space remaining after the lowest point had been reached was filled -with concrete. - -The most perplexing problem having been solved by the sinking of the -foundations, the work advanced steadily. Difficulties with anchorages, -materials, contracts, expenditures, and appropriations made the work -necessarily slow, and there was a proportionate degree of public -impatience. The distant possibility of a completed bridge was the -permanent theme of newspaper jest and popular song. But the Brooklyn -tower, containing 38,214 yards of masonry, and rising 278 feet above -high water, was completed in the spring of 1875, and by the summer of -1876 the New York tower had also been finished. - -During this period the pressure on the various city ferries was -demonstrating the necessity for some relief to the strain of travel -between the two cities. During the year 1869 the Union Ferry Company -carried 42,720,000 passengers; the Roosevelt, Grand, and James Slip -ferries, 7,028,000 passengers; the Greenpoint, 1,622,250; and the -Thirty-fourth Street, 2,250,550. The terms of the new lease of the -Union Ferry Company included a provision that the fare between five and -half-past seven o'clock, morning and evening, be one cent. It was a few -months later that the Brooklyn City Railroad Company reduced its rate -of fare to five cents. - -Mayor Kalbfleisch was reëlected Mayor. In his message of January -3, 1871, he places the population of the city in 1870 at 400,000; -the taxes levied during the year at $8,000,000; the city debt at -$36,000,000. The period was active in building operations. The -foundations of the still unfinished Roman Catholic Cathedral were laid -in 1868. The Twenty-eighth Regiment armory was completed in 1870. The -Brooklyn Theatre was begun early in the following year, shortly before -the finishing of the new wing of the Long Island College Hospital, and -the laying of the corner-stone of the Church Charity foundation at -Albany Avenue and Herkimer Street. - -Brooklyn acquired a police department distinct from that of New York -in 1870. The management and control of this new department was vested -in a board of commissioners, known as the Board of Police of the City -of Brooklyn, composed of the Mayor and two other persons nominated by -him, and appointed by the Aldermen. The first two commissioners thus -chosen were Daniel D. Driggs and Isaac Van Anden. Patrick Campbell -was appointed chief clerk. Henry W. Van Wagner was placed at the -head of the detective squad. The following provisions were embraced -in the law establishing the department. "The commissioners shall -divide said city into precincts, not exceeding one precinct to each -thirty-six of the patrolmen authorized to be appointed. They may also -establish sub-precincts and assign two sergeants, two doormen, and as -many patrolmen as they may deem sufficient to each sub-precinct, and -shall appoint a telegraph operator who shall be assigned to duty by -the chief of police. They shall appoint as many captains of police as -there may be precincts, and assign one captain and as many sergeants -and patrolmen as they shall deem sufficient to each precinct. The -police force shall consist of a chief of police, captains, sergeants, -and patrolmen, who shall be appointed by the commissioners. The number -of sergeants shall not exceed four for each precinct, and one for -each special squad; and the number of patrolmen shall not exceed the -present number now doing duty in said city, unless the Common Council -of the city of Brooklyn shall, by resolution, authorize a greater -number, in which case they shall not exceed the number fixed in such -resolutions; and such resolutions may be passed by the Common Council -from time to time as that body may deem expedient. The commissioners -shall fill all vacancies in the police force as often as they occur." - -By the message of Mayor Powell[38] in January, 1872, it appears -that there were 450 men on the police force, supported at an annual -expense of $500,000. The total liabilities of the city were then over -$30,000,000, and the total county debt nearly $4,000,000. During 1871 -twenty miles of streets were graded and paved, and 2,596 buildings -erected. In his second message, a year later, the Mayor reported that -the water department was self-sustaining. - -The pressure of opinion in favor of a new charter for the city resulted -in the appointment of a committee of one hundred, whose report appeared -in 1872, shortly before the death of ex-Mayor Kalbfleisch. In May the -charter was passed by the State Assembly. By this charter the offices -of Mayor, auditor, and comptroller were made elective; the excise -and police departments were consolidated; the appointment of heads -of departments was placed in the hands of the Mayor and Aldermen, -the departments being as follows: Police and excise, finance, audit, -treasury, collections, arrears, law, assessment, health, fire and -buildings, city works, parks, public instruction. - -In November, 1873, John W. Hunter, who had represented the third -district in Congress, was chosen Mayor. The Mayor's message in the -following January shows that the city debt rose from $30,669,768.50 in -1872, and $32,012,884 in 1873, to $37,431,944. - -It was in February of this year that a largely attended meeting of the -Municipal Union Society urged the consolidation of Brooklyn and New -York. Meanwhile the town of New Lots, known as East New York, had voted -for annexation to Brooklyn. The city's growth continued at a remarkable -rate. In the decade between 1864 and 1874, 19,660 buildings had been -erected. Of this number 1786 had been built during the year ending 1874. - -Perhaps the most sensational incident of the year 1874 was the -announcement of Theodore Tilton's action against the Rev. Henry Ward -Beecher, Brooklyn's foremost preacher and orator. The news that the -pastor of Plymouth Church was to be sued by his former friend upon -charges assailing the integrity of Mr. Beecher's relations with Mrs. -Tilton, created intense excitement in the city, and throughout the -country. - -The action was opened in the City Court before Judge Neilson, and the -trial began on January 5, 1875. The public interest aroused by this -extraordinary trial has no parallel in the history of the county. -During the months of the progress it remained the chief topic of public -and private talk in the city. The court room on trial days presented -an historic spectacle, and excitement reached a great height when, at -the end of June, the case was at last closed, and the fate of the great -preacher was placed in the jury's hands. It was on July 2 that the jury -reported its inability to agree. The case was never retried, and the -painful drama thus came to an end. - -That such an incident should cast a cloud over Henry Ward Beecher's -life was inevitable. But the cloud passed away. Mr. Beecher remained -at his post, his fame and influence growing; and the celebration of -his seventy-fifth birthday drew to the Academy of Music one of the -most remarkable gatherings ever witnessed in that place. Mr. Beecher's -sister, Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," -occupied a seat in one of the boxes.[39] - -In 1875 the population of the city was estimated at 483,252; that of -the county at 494,570. In November of this year Frederick A. Schroeder -was elected Mayor. Schroeder represented the staunch German element, -which had begun long before this period to form an important proportion -of the city's population. He was the founder of the Germania Savings -Bank. In 1871 he was elected comptroller. His opponent in a heated -mayoralty contest was Edward Rowe. - -The most extraordinary incident of the year 1876 was the burning of the -Brooklyn Theatre in December, and the loss of 295 lives. This tragedy -caused intense excitement throughout the city. The temporary morgue on -Adams Street presented the most ghastly spectacle the city had ever -witnessed. After all possible identification had taken place, 100 -unclaimed bodies were publicly buried at Greenwood. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV - -THE MODERN CITY - -1877-1890 - - Rapid Transit. James Howell, Jr., elected Mayor. Work on the - Bridge. Passage of "Single Head" Bill. John Fiske on the - "Brooklyn System." Seth Low elected Mayor. His Interpretation - of the "Brooklyn System." Reëlection of Low. Opening of the - Bridge. Bridge Statistics. Ferries and Water Front. Erie Basin. - The Sugar Industry. Navy Yard. Wallabout Market. Development - of the City. Prospect Park. Theatres and Public Buildings. - National Guard. Public Schools. Brooklyn Institute. Private - Educational Institutions. Libraries. Churches, Religious - Societies, Hospitals, and Benevolent Associations. Clubs. - Literature, Art, and Music. The Academy of Music. "The City of - Homes." - - -Brooklyn had now fairly entered upon what may be called its modern -period. The first wires had been stretched for the great Bridge, and -soon afterward the six years' labor at Hell Gate culminated in the -long-anticipated blast. Ground had been broken for the new Municipal -Building, the Ocean Parkway had been opened for travel, work had begun -on the Brooklyn elevated road, rapid transit trains had begun running -on Atlantic Avenue, the Manhattan Beach and Sea Beach railroads -were opened to Coney Island, which had started upon its career as a -great popular watering-place and pleasure resort, and a line of Annex -ferryboats was opened between Jewell's Wharf and Jersey City. - -In the mayoralty contest of 1877 James Howell, Jr., was elected on the -Democratic ticket. The bill which had passed the Legislature at the -previous session reduced the Mayor's salary from $10,000 to $6000. -Mayor Howell took a strong interest in the progress of the Bridge, and -succeeded Henry C. Murphy as a trustee. - -Work on the Bridge advanced steadily during the years 1877 and 1878. -The breaking of a strand of the cable at the New York anchorage in -June, 1878, resulted in the death of several workmen. In April, 1880, -farewell services were held in St. Ann's Church, at Washington and -Prospect streets, preparatory to the removal of the building, to make -way for the Bridge approach. The prospective area of the approach -necessitated the removal of much property, and the slow work of -demolition and advance still continues, after fifteen years, to present -unsightly pictures at the threshold of the city. - -Mayor Howell's message in January, 1880, revealed the fact that the -taxable value of property in the city had reached $232,925,699, which -was an increase of nearly $3,000,000 over the figures for the previous -year. - -An important event for the city was the passage in May, by the -Legislature, of the "Single Head" bill, by the provisions of which -the system of triple heads of departments was abolished, and complete -appointive power and responsibility vested in the Mayor. This radical -step toward municipal reform and good government was one which could -not fail to attract the attention of the country, since Brooklyn was -the first great city to take it, and the experiment was watched with -the liveliest interest by all students of municipal government. - -John Fiske, in his admirable work on "Civil Government," thus -succinctly describes the new system of city government: "Besides the -council of [nineteen] Aldermen, the people elect only three city -officers,--the Mayor, comptroller, and auditor. The comptroller is -the principal finance officer and book-keeper of the city; and the -auditor must approve bills against the city, whether great or small, -before they can be paid. The Mayor appoints, without confirmation by -the council, all executive heads of departments; and these executive -heads are individuals, not boards. Thus there is a single police -commissioner, a single fire commissioner, a single health commissioner, -and so on; and each of these heads appoints his own subordinates; -'so that the principle of defined responsibility permeates the city -government from top to bottom.'[40] In a few cases where the work to -be done is rather discretionary than executive in character, it is -intrusted to a board; thus, there is a board of assessors, a board of -education, and a board of elections. These are all appointed by the -Mayor, but for terms not coincident with his own; 'so that, in most -cases, no Mayor would appoint the whole of any such board unless he -were to be twice elected by the people.' But the executive officers are -appointed by the Mayor for terms coincident with his own, that is, for -two years. 'The Mayor is elected at the general election in November; -he takes office on the first of January following, and for one month -the great departments of the city are carried on for him by the -appointees of his predecessor. On the first of January it becomes his -duty to appoint his own heads of departments,' and thus 'each incoming -Mayor has the opportunity to make an administration in all its parts in -sympathy with himself.' - -"With all these immense executive powers intrusted to the Mayor, -however, he does not hold the purse-strings. He is a member of a board -of estimates, of which the other four members are the comptroller -and auditor, with the county treasurer and supervisor. This board -recommends the amount to be raised by taxation for the ensuing year. -These estimates are then laid before the council of Aldermen, who -may cut down single items as they see fit, but have not the power to -increase any item. The Mayor must see to it that the administrative -work of the year does not use up more money than is thus allowed to -him."[41] - -The first Mayor to act under this charter amendment was Seth Low, who -was elected, in 1881, over Howell by a vote of 45,434 to 40,937.[42] -Low, who was born in Brooklyn, where his family had occupied a -distinguished position, and had graduated from Columbia College in -1870, afterward entering the business house of his father, was in his -thirty-second year when elected to office, a circumstance which, added -to the novelty of the conditions under which his administration must -work, did not fail to attract special attention throughout the country. - -In his first message (January, 1882) Low touched upon the important -question of the appointing power:-- - - "The manifest purpose of the act is to make the Mayor the - responsible head of the city government, and to secure a - homogeneous government by laying upon each Mayor the necessity - of making his appointments at the beginning of his term. To - accomplish this purpose the act does some things by direct - provision and some things by implication. It provides, in - section I, that the terms of office of certain specified - officers shall expire on the first of February, 1882. It then - provides, in section 6, that 'after the first day of January, - 1882, the Mayor of the city of Brooklyn shall have sole and - exclusive power to appoint the successor of any commissioner - or other head of department (except the department of finance - and the department of audit), or of any assessor or member of - the board of education of said city, when the terms of such - officers shall respectively expire, or as by law may then or - thereafter be required to be appointed.' - - "There are certain officers in the city whose terms of office - expired some time in the year 1881, to wit: The corporation - counsel, the city treasurer, the collector of taxes, and - the registrar of arrears, and to these officers the charter - amendment makes no distinct reference. The reason that the - present incumbents hold over is that, by section 5 of that - amendment, all power to appoint during 1881 was taken away - from the Mayor and Common Council, where it formerly resided, - without being lodged anywhere else, except that the sole power - of filling vacancies during 1881 was lodged with the Mayor. The - evident purpose of this provision was to place the appointment - of the successors to the present incumbents of these offices in - the hands of the Mayor to be elected by the people in 1881. So - much is clear; but it leaves two points uncertain: First, when - are the successors to the present incumbents to be appointed? - Second, when appointed, is it for the balance of an unexpired - term, or for two years? - - "I shall be governed by what I believe to be the clear and - intelligent purpose of the law. I shall appoint the four - officers alluded to so that their terms shall begin practically - on the first of February, or at the same time with the officers - distinctly mentioned in the act, and I shall appoint them for - two years." - -Speaking further of appointments and removals, Low said:-- - - "It is a matter of grave public concern for the people to - know in what spirit an officer intrusted for the first time - in the history of our city with such powers purposes to use - them. The whole theory of the law is that the Mayor shall be - responsible for the administration of the city's affairs, - and for the policy which animates the different departments. - It makes the relation of the different commissioners and - heads of departments to the Mayor practically that of the - cabinet officer to his chief. I feel it to be a matter - of no less importance to my successors than to myself to - emphasize this thought. It is no reproach to Mr. Evarts that - President Garfield placed Mr. Blaine at the head of the State - Department. It is no reproach to Mr. Blaine that President - Arthur has called Senator Frelinghuysen to succeed him; and - what is true of the State Department is equally true of a - purely administrative department like the post-office. It - will, therefore, be a great injustice to any official who may - be retired through my action to interpret it into reproach - upon him, just as it would be equal injustice to me to assume - that I meant it as such; or to my successor, to hamper him - with any obligations toward my appointees. The Mayor being - responsible to the people must be left free from such personal - embarrassments. I claim this right, as I believe, in the - interest of good government, for my successors and for myself. - - "The law does not give the Mayor the absolute power of removal. - I presume it was not thought to be necessary. But the whole - purpose of the law will be defeated unless the Mayor knows at - all times and under all circumstances that he is responsible - because his appointees represent him. If any of them get out of - harmony with him he must ask for their resignations, and he is - entitled to receive them on demand. I hazard nothing in saying - that the people of Brooklyn elected me Mayor with the full - purpose of placing precisely this responsibility upon me. As - there is no precedent to govern in this case, I wish to state - distinctly that the acceptance of an appointment at my hands - will be evidence to the community that the gentleman accepting - it has personally given me his assurance that he will without - delay give me his resignation whenever I ask for it." - -The remainder of the message was in the same spirit, and left the -people of Brooklyn in no doubt that the new Mayor meant to interpret -the movement represented by the charter amendments in its most radical -and reformatory light. - -Low was renominated in 1883. The Democrats nominated Joseph C. -Hendrix,[43] who led a brilliant campaign. In a hotly contested -election that drew out an extraordinary vote, Low was elected by a vote -of 49,554 against Hendrix's 48,006. - -The two administrations of Low demonstrated beyond question the -availability of the "Brooklyn system." In his message for 1884 the -Mayor offered a strong plea in behalf of the public schools, in which -free books had just been introduced. - -The president of the board of education made the following urgent -presentation of the case:-- - - "Notwithstanding the number of new buildings erected and - occupied during the year, I am unable to report any relief - from the general crowded condition that existed at the time - of my last report. The children come faster than we can make - room for them, and in some localities for nearly every seat - provided there are two applicants. As evidence of the demand - made upon our new schools, at their opening, by primary pupils, - I cite the following: The new primary building to relieve No. - 24 was opened on the 4th inst., this being the last of the new - buildings. The crowd of children with their parents seeking - admission was so great and the excitement so intense that for - two days two policemen were required to preserve order at the - doors. In a building seating 676 pupils 899 were registered, - the average age being 8 years. Only the fifth and sixth primary - grades are admitted to this building. It is not pleasant for me - to state that many of these children, 9 and 10 years old, have - never before had a day's schooling, because there was no public - school into which they could gain admittance. From the first - day the class-rooms have been devoted to half-day classes. - - "The registry of attendance in October of this year numbered - 67,314 pupils. Our regular seating capacity is but 64,200, or - 3,114 less than the actual attendance. We have 76 classes, - numbering over 90 pupils each, and of this number 16 classes - have over 140 each, the largest class having 218 pupils. A - large proportion of these crowded classes are from necessity - divided into half-day sessions. - - "This is our condition after redistricting the city and - reorganizing several schools, thereby decreasing the number of - grammar classes, and increasing the number of primary classes - by eighteen, and after building eight new school buildings,--we - have been compelled to crowd and pack our school rooms - without due regard to the convenience, comfort, and health of - the pupils and to the proper facilities and conditions for - imparting instruction.... - - "We have exhausted every means at our disposal to utilize space - save one. It is now the purpose of the Committee on Studies to - so revise the course of study that all grammar class-rooms will - be full. When this has been done we shall have no resource left - by which to gain space but to build new buildings." - -Possibly the most important achievement in Low's administration was the -framing and passage of the Arrears Bill, which had an immediate and -salutary effect in the management of the city's finances. - -An historic event during the period of Low's mayoralty was the opening -of the Bridge on Thursday, May 24, 1883. The two cities were greatly -aroused by the event, and much enthusiasm prevailed. - -The ceremonies were held at the Brooklyn Approach, and the formal -programme of ceremonies was as follows:-- - - MUSIC: - 23d Regiment Band. - - PRAYER: - Rt. Rev. Bishop Littlejohn. - - PRESENTATION ADDRESS: - On behalf of Trustees, - William C. Kingsley, Vice-President. - - ACCEPTANCE ADDRESS: - On behalf of the City of Brooklyn, - Hon. Seth Low, Mayor. - - ACCEPTANCE ADDRESS: - On behalf of the City of New York, - Hon. Franklin Edson, Mayor. - - ORATION: - Hon. Abram S. Hewitt. - - ORATION: - Rev. Richard S. Storrs, D. D. - - MUSIC: - 7th Regiment Band. - -The ceremonies over which James S. T. Stranahan, who had won the -distinction of being called "Brooklyn's first citizen," presided, drew -a large and memorable company. The military marshal of the day was -Maj.-Gen. James Jourdan, commanding the Second Division of the National -Guard, and the arrangements were as follows:-- - - "The President of the United States and Cabinet, the Governor - of the State of New York and Staff, with other distinguished - Guests, will be escorted from the Fifth Avenue Hotel to the New - York Anchorage by the 7th Regiment of the 1st Division, N. G., - S. N. Y., Emmons Clark, Colonel Commanding, and there received - by the Trustees and escorted to the Brooklyn Anchorage, from - which point the 23d Regiment, 2d Division, N. G., S. N. Y., - Rodney C. Ward, Colonel Commanding, will act as escort to the - Brooklyn Approach. - - "To avoid confusion, it is requested that holders of BLUE - TICKETS will enter Gates marked A at the Roadways on either - side of the Bridge. Holders of WHITE TICKETS will enter at - either Gates A or B. - - "Officers of the Army and Navy and the National Guard are - requested to appear in Uniform. Officials of New York and - Brooklyn are requested to display their badges of office." - -[Illustration: STATUE OF J. S. T. STRANAHAN AT THE ENTRANCE TO PROSPECT -PARK] - -In the course of his address Mayor Low said:-- - - "As the water of the lakes found the salt sea when the Erie - Canal was opened, so surely will quick communication seek and - find this noble bridge; and as the ships have carried hither - and thither the products of the mighty West, so shall diverging - railroads transport the people swiftly to their homes in the - hospitable city of Brooklyn. The Erie Canal is a waterway - through the land connecting the great West with the older East. - This bridge is a landway over the water, connecting two cities - bearing to each other relations in some respects similar. It is - the function of such works to bless 'both him that gives and - him that takes.' The development of the West has not belittled, - but has enlarged New York, and Brooklyn will grow by reason of - this bridge, not at New York's expense, but to her permanent - advantage. The Brooklyn of 1900 can hardly be guessed at from - the city of to-day. The hand of Time is a mighty hand. To those - who are privileged to live in sight of this noble structure - every line of it should be eloquent with inspiration. Courage, - enterprise, skill, faith, endurance,--these are the qualities - which have made the great bridge, and these are the qualities - which will make our city great and our people great. God grant - they never may be lacking in our midst. Gentlemen of the - Trustees, in accepting the bridge at your hands, I thank you - warmly in Brooklyn's name for your manifold and arduous labors." - -Speaking of a glance forward for twenty-five years, Mayor Edson said:-- - - "No one dares accept the possibilities that are forced upon the - mind in the course of its contemplation. Will these two cities, - ere then, have been consolidated into one great municipality, - numbering within its limits more than five millions of - people? Will the right of self-government have been accorded - to the great city, thus united, and will her people have - learned how best to exercise that right? Will the progress of - improvement and the preparation for commerce, manufactures, - and trade, and for the comforts of home for poor and rich, - have kept pace with the demand in the great and growing city? - Will the establishment of life-giving parks, embellished with - appropriate fountains and statues and with the numberless - graces of art, which at once gladden the eye, and raise the - standard of civilization, have kept abreast with its growth - in wealth and numbers? These are but few of the pertinent - questions which must be answered by the zealous and honest - acts of the generation of men already in active life. Here are - the possibilities; all the elements and conditions are here; - but the results must depend upon the wisdom and patriotism and - energy of those who shall lead in public affairs. May they be - clothed in a spirit of wisdom and knowledge akin to that which - inspired those who conceived and executed the great work which - we receive at your hands and dedicate to-day." - -The address of Abram S. Hewitt contained these significant words:-- - - "I am here by your favor to speak for the city of New York, and - I should be the last person to throw any discredit on its fair - fame; but I think I only give voice to the general feeling, - when I say that the citizens of New York are satisfied neither - with the structure of its government, nor with its actual - administration, even when it is in the hands of intelligent - and honest officials. Dissatisfied as we are, no man has been - able to devise a system which commends itself to the general - approval, and it may be asserted that the remedy is not to - be found in devices for any special machinery of government. - Experiments without number have been tried, and suggestions - in infinite variety have been offered, but to-day no man can - say that we have approached any nearer to the idea of good - government which is demanded by the intelligence and the wants - of the community. - - "If, therefore, New York has not yet learned to govern itself, - how can it be expected to be better governed by adding half a - million to its population, and a great territory to its area, - unless it be with the idea that a 'little leaven leaveneth - the whole lump'? Is Brooklyn that leaven? And if not, and if - possibly 'the salt has lost its savor, wherewith shall it be - salted?' Brooklyn is now struggling with this problem, it - remains to be seen with what success; but meanwhile it is - idle to consider the idea of getting rid of our common evils - by adding them together. Beside, it is a fundamental axiom in - politics, approved by the experience of older countries as - well as our own, that the sources of power should never be - far removed from those who are to feel its exercise. It is the - violation of this principle which produces chronic revolution - in France, and makes the British rule so obnoxious to the Irish - people. This evil is happily avoided when a natural boundary - circumscribes administration within narrow limits. While, - therefore, we rejoice together at the new bond between New York - and Brooklyn, we ought to rejoice the more that it destroys - none of the conditions which permit each city to govern itself, - but rather urges them to a generous rivalry in perfecting each - its own government, recognizing the truth that there is no - true liberty without law, and that eternal vigilance, which is - the only safeguard of liberty, can best be exercised within - limited areas. It would be a most fortunate conclusion if the - completion of this bridge should arouse public attention to the - absolute necessity of good municipal government, and recall the - only principle upon which it can ever be successfully founded. - There is reason to hope that this result will follow, because - the erection of this structure shows how a problem, analogous - to that which confronts us in regard to the city government, - has been met and solved in the domain of physical science." - -The brilliant oration of Dr. Storrs closed with the following glowing -passage:-- - - "Local and particular as is the work, therefore, it represents - that fellowship of the nations which is more and more - prominently a fact of our times, and which gives to these - cities incessant augmentation. When by and by on yonder - island the majestic French statue of 'Liberty' shall stand, - holding in its hand the radiant crown of electric flames, and - answering by them to those as brilliant along this causeway, - our beautiful bay will have taken what specially illuminates - and adorns it from Central and from Western Europe. The - distant lands from which oceans divide us, though we touch - them each moment with the fingers of the telegraph, will have - set their conspicuous double crown on the head of our harbor. - The alliances of nations, the peace of the world, will seem to - find illustrious prediction in such superb and novel regalia. - Friends and fellow-citizens, let us not forget that in the - growth of these cities, henceforth united and destined ere - long to be formally one, lies either a threat or one of the - most conspicuous promises of the time. Cities have always been - powers in history. Athens educated Greece as well as adorned - it, while Corinth filled the throbbing and thirsty Hellenic - veins with poisoned blood. The weight of Constantinople broke - the Roman Empire asunder. The capture of the same magnificent - city gave to the Turks their establishment in Europe for the - following centuries. Even where they have not had such a - commanding preëminence of location, the social, political, - moral force proceeding from cities has been vigorous, in - impression, immense in extent. The passion in Paris, for a - hundred years, has created or directed the sentiment of France. - Berlin is more than the legislative or administrative centre - of the German Empire, and even a government as autocratic as - that of the Czar, in a country as undeveloped as Russia, has - to consult the popular feeling of St. Petersburg or of Moscow. - In our nation, political power is widely distributed, and - the largest or wealthiest commercial centre can have but its - share. Great as is the weight of the aggregate vote in these - henceforth compacted cities, the vote of the State will always - overbear it. Amid the suffrages of the nation at large it can - only be reckoned as one of many consenting or conflicting - factors. But the influence which constantly proceeds from - these cities--on their journalism not only, or on the issues - of their book presses, or on the multitudes going forth from - them--but on the example presented in them, of educational, - social, religious life--this, for shadow and check, or for fine - inspiration, is already of unlimited extent, of incalculable - force. It must increase as they expand, and are lifted before - the country to a new elevation. A larger and a smaller sun - are sometimes associated, astronomers tell us, to form a - binary centre in the heavens, for what is doubtless an unseen - system receiving from them impulse and light. On a scale not - utterly insignificant a parallel may be hereafter suggested - in the relation of these combined cities to a part, at least, - of our national system. Their attitude and action during the - war--successfully closed under the gallant military leadership - of men whom we gladly welcome and honor--were of vast advantage - to the national cause. The moral, political, intellectual - temper which dominates in them as years go on, will touch - with beauty or scar with scorching and baleful heats extended - regions. Their religious life, as it glows in intensity, or - with a faint and failing lustre, will be repeated in answering - image from the widening frontier. The beneficence which gives - them grace and consecration, and which, as lately, they follow - to the grave with universal benediction; or, on the other - hand, the selfish ambitions which crowd and crush along their - streets, intent only on accumulated wealth and its sumptuous - display, or the glittering vices which they accept and set on - high--these will make impressions on those who never cross the - continent to our homes, to whom our journals are but names. - Surely we should not go from this hour, which marks a new era - in the history of these cities, and which points to their - future indefinite expansion, without the purpose in each of - us that so far forth as in us lies, with their increase in - numbers, wealth, equipment, shall also proceed, with equal - step, their progress in whatever is noblest and best in private - and in public life; that all which sets humanity forward shall - come in them to ampler endowment, more renowned exhibition; so - that, linked together, as hereafter they must be, and seeing - 'the purple deepening in their robes of power,' they may be - always increasingly conscious of fulfilled obligation to the - nation and to God; may make the land, at whose magnificent - gateway they stand, their constant debtor, and may contribute - their mighty part toward that ultimate perfect human society - for which the seer could find no image so meet or majestic as - that of a city, coming down from above, its stones laid with - fair colors, its foundations with sapphires, its windows of - agate, its gates of carbuncles, and all its borders of pleasant - stones, with the sovereign promise resplendent above it-- - - 'And great shall be the peace of thy children.'" - -The newspapers tendered homage to the leaders of the Bridge movement, -and to the guiding minds of the vast mechanical triumph--to John -A. Roebling, Washington A. Roebling, Henry C. Murphy, William C. -Kingsley, J. S. T. Stranahan, and others who had been prominent in the -labors of organization and of execution. - -The original cost of construction amounted to $15,000,000. The total -number of passengers on promenade, roadway, and railroad during 1883 -was 5,332,500. The total number in 1892, the year after the promenade -toll was removed, was 41,772,808. The statistics for 1893 show that the -traffic was highest in December and lowest in August. The earnings of -the Bridge are thus shown:-- - - From May 23, 1883, to Dec. 1, 1884 $682,755.42 - " Dec. 1, 1884, " Dec. 1, 1885 622,680.31 - " " 1885, " " 1886 870,207.43 - " " 1886, " " 1887 938,281.21 - " " 1887, " " 1888 1,012,254.82 - " " 1888, " " 1889 1,120,024.16 - " " 1889, " " 1890 1,239,493.90 - " " 1890, " " 1891 1,176,447.95 - " " 1891, " " 1892 1,801,661.48 - " " 1892, " " 1893 1,590,140.03 - -------------- - Total $11,053,946.71 - -The receipts from all sources for the year ending December 1, 1893, -were as follows: City of Brooklyn construction account, $150,000; -city of New York construction account, $75,000; receipts from tolls, -$1,252,908.04; material sold, labor, etc., $559.91; interest, -$2,426.03; rent, real estate, and telegraph wires, $109,246.05. Total, -$1,590,140.03. - -The management of the Bridge was formed under control of a board of -twenty trustees, eight being appointed by the Mayor, comptroller, -and auditor of Brooklyn, and eight by the Mayor, comptroller, and -president of the Board of Aldermen of New York city. Under an act of -the Legislature, passed April 4, 1893, on April 12 following, this -board was replaced by the present board of trustees, consisting of two -persons appointed by the Mayor of the city of Brooklyn, two persons -appointed by the Mayor of the city of New York, at a salary of $3000 -each, and the mayors and comptrollers of the two cities, members _ex -officio_, the appointed trustees to hold office for five years. - -Supplementing the work of the Bridge are the elevated railroads and the -electric or "trolley" system. Six steam railroads run into the city, -four running to Coney Island, one to Rockaway Beach, and one, the Long -Island Railroad, connecting with the railroad system of Long Island. -Sixteen ferries connect the bay and river front with New York. The New -York and Brooklyn Ferry Company carried about 16,000,000 passengers in -1893. - -The boundaries of the city, measuring about thirty-two miles, include -an extended water front that is one of the most picturesque in the -country. The Erie basin and Atlantic docks on the southern extremity -of the line represent an immense industry in grain shipments. -Grain-elevators, coaling-stations, store-houses, the chief naval -station in the United States, and the big establishments of the -greatest sugar-refining district in the world, combine to give the -river front an unusual interest. - -The great docks on the southwestern water front represent important -industries in which Brooklyn occupies a foremost place. The Atlantic -basin covers forty acres, and is surrounded by brick and granite -warehouses on three sides. These are 100 feet in depth, and three to -five stories high. The basin contains four piers, three of which are -covered, and are 700, 800, and 900 feet in length, by 80 feet in width. -South central pier, 900 feet long, is the largest in the port. In the -basin are seven elevators, six of which are controlled by the New York -Grain Warehousing Company, the seventh being owned by Pinto Brothers. -Atlantic basin is the largest grain-depot in the world. Its frontage -line of basin and piers measures three miles. South central pier is -leased by the Union Hamburg and the Nicaragua and Central American -lines of steamships. Barber & Co. and T. Hogan & Sons control the east -central pier; Funch & Edye's steamships dock at the south central pier, -as do the lines to Bordeaux and Oporto. At the west central pier many -goods from the Indies are unloaded, especially plumbago and cocoa-nut -oil. The entrance to the basin is 200 feet in width. The north pier is -much used by Italian barks. The basin has a uniformed police force of -its own. - -In this region also are finely appointed shipyards and dry docks, the -Anglo-American docks, opened in 1866, being the largest in the United -States. The chamber of Dock No. 1 is 510 feet in length, and that of -Dock No. 2,610 feet. Most of the large iron ships that are docked at -the port of New York are hauled up here. On the old Williamsburgh water -front are the vast sugar-refineries, the greatest group of the kind in -the world, and representing Brooklyn's greatest manufacturing interest. -The output of most of these great hives of industry is now controlled -by the American Sugar Refining Company. The largest of the refineries -melts 2000 tons of raw sugar per day, producing over 12,000 barrels of -refined sugar. Vessels from the West Indies and other points as remote -as Java line the piers at this part of the water front, loading with -barreled sugar. - -Large cooperages and extensive oil refineries occupy the water front -to the north, the great Standard Oil Company having its plant in this -region. - -The United States reservation, known as the Navy Yard, occupies about -112 acres in the bend of the river to which the Dutch gave the name -that still clings, the Wallabout. This is the chief naval station of -the United States. It contains trophies of the three great wars, and -the 6000 feet of water front is always made interesting by the presence -of one or more ships of war. - -In 1884 Brooklyn obtained from the United States Government a lease -of the 422,525 square feet of land on the east of the Navy Yard, and -adjoining the Wallabout canal. On this plot a large market has grown up -and supplied the city with a marketing centre of which it long stood -in need. In July, 1890, an act of Congress authorized the sale of the -fee-simple of the land to Brooklyn; the city authorities completing -the purchase in November, 1891, at the valuation of $700,000. Later, -an additional purchase of adjoining land from the federal government -extended the market property to the Wallabout canal, and enabled the -increase of the number of lots for stands to 120. The present area of -the market lands is bounded as follows: On the north by the Wallabout -canal; on the east by the lands of the United States Naval Hospital; on -the south by Flushing Avenue, and on the west by Washington Avenue. - -In December, 1892, the national government authorized the sale to -Brooklyn of additional lands of the Navy Yard reservation, abutting -upon the west side of Washington Avenue, and embraced between that -avenue and a line on a continuation of Clinton Avenue, Flushing Avenue, -and the East River,--a tract which would more than double in extent the -area of the market possessions. - -Brooklyn's boundaries on the east and south touch a number of large -cemeteries, most noted of which is Greenwood, which holds many -distinguished dead, and many notable monuments. In 1893 there were 5519 -interments at the cemetery of the Evergeens, and during the same year -3000 at Cypress Hills, and 18,000 at Calvary Cemetery. There are not -less than thirty cemeteries within the county, a fact that presents a -serious problem in the extension of the city's lines. - -The development of Prospect Park has been a matter of great pride and -gratification to the city. In recent years the park has been adorned -by a number of statues. J. S. T. Stranahan has received the unique -honor of a public statue in his lifetime. In the plaza is the statue of -Lincoln already mentioned. Within the park are busts of Thomas Moore, -Washington Irving, and of John Howard Payne, one of Long Island's sons. - -The Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Arch in the Park Plaza was -proposed by Seth Low in a speech at Greenwood, on Decoration Day. The -Legislature voted $250,000, subscriptions were raised, the competition -for a suitable design was won by John H. Duncan, the corner-stone was -laid in 1889, and the monument was finished in 1892. - -The Municipal Building was finished in 1878, at a cost of $200,000, -and the Hall of Records adjoining the county Court House in 1886, at -a cost of $275,000. The most imposing public building in the city -is the Federal Building, bounded by Washington, Johnson, and Adams -streets. This massive structure of Maine granite contains the central -post-office quarters, and the federal courts and offices. The site cost -$413,594.12, and the building $1,258,057.06. - -Some of the most important building operations in recent years have -expressed the enterprises of the great bazaars, gathered most thickly -on Fulton Street, but appearing also on other leading thoroughfares. - -A glance at the buildings of the city quickly suggests the remarkable -increase in the number of theatres. - -According to Gabriel Harrison's "History of the Drama in Brooklyn" the -first dramatic performance in the city took place in a stone building -on the north side of "the old road" (Fulton Street), near the corner -of Front Street. This building had been known for thirty years or -more as Corporation House, belonging to the corporation of the city -of New York. It contained a tavern and a ferry room on its ground -floor and a hall on the second. When the British gained possession of -Brooklyn the house changed hands, and was known while they remained as -the King's Head. It was fitted as a resort for officers and men, and -all sorts of amusements were offered, from bull-baiting to games of -chance. George III.'s birthday was celebrated by illuminations and -fish dinners, to which the Tories of New York came over in rowboats. At -the first dramatic performances here an original farce was acted, of -which General John Burgoyne was the alleged author. It was called "The -Battle of Brooklyn." The title-page reads: "The Battle of Brooklyn; a -farce in two acts, as it was performed in Long Island on Tuesday, 27th -day of August, 1776, by the representatives of the Tyrants of America, -assembled in Philadelphia." - -There were also dramatic performances in Greene's Military Garden in -1810, and later. An amphitheatre was built on Fulton Street in 1828. -The assembly rooms of Military Garden were converted into a theatre -in 1848. Chanfrau and Burke opened the Brooklyn Museum in 1850. The -Odeon was built on the site of the present Novelty or Proctor's Theatre -on Driggs Street, in 1852. It was afterward known as Apollo Hall. -Washington Hall, afterward called the Comique, was built at the corner -of Broadway and Fourth Street (now Bedford Avenue); Hooley's Opera -House, at Court and Remsen streets, in 1862, and the Park Theatre was -built a year later. The Brooklyn Theatre was opened in 1871, and -rebuilt after the fire.[44] Hyde & Behman's Theatre was built in 1877, -the Grand Opera House in 1881, the Criterion in 1885, the Amphion in -1888. The completion of the fine Columbia Theatre on Washington Street -was due to the enterprise of Edwin Knowles, who had been a successful -manager of the Grand Opera House, and subsequently of the Amphion. - -The newer city armories are further important additions to the city -architecture. - -On the first day of January, 1894, the military organizations of -Brooklyn, comprising, with the Seventeenth Separate Company of -Flushing, the entire Second Brigade of the New York National Guard, -numbered about 3000 men. The strength of the brigade in 1892, as shown -at inspection, was 3084. In this number were included the 403 officers -and men of the Thirty-second Regiment, shortly afterward disbanded. -Very few members of that organization are now in the service. In 1893, -inspections of the several commands were held, as follows: Seventeenth -Separate Company, April 3; Signal Corps, October 10; Third Battery, -October 11; Forty-seventh Regiment, October 18; Fourteenth Regiment, -October 19; Thirteenth Regiment, October 21; Twenty-third Regiment, -October 26. The Thirteenth and Fourteenth regiments, which did not -go to the state camp last year, were inspected in the afternoon at -Prospect Park. Below is shown the attendance of each organization:-- - -MUSTER ROLL FOR 1893. - - ----------------------+----------+---------+--------+----------- - Organization. | Present. | Absent. | Total. | Percentage - | | | | Present. - ----------------------+----------+---------+--------+----------- - Brigade Commander and | | | | - Staff | 11 | -- | 11 | -- - Thirteenth Regt | 529 | 118 | 647 | 81.61 - Fourteenth Regt | 532 | 149 | 681 | 78.11 - Twenty-third Regt | 770 | 35 | 805 | 95.65 - Forty-seventh Regt | 521 | 48 | 569 | 91.56 - Third Battery. | 68 | 8 | 76 | 89.47 - Seventeenth Sep. Co. | 51 | 9 | 60 | 85.00 - Signal Corps | 40 | 1 | 41 | 97.56 - +----------+---------+--------+----------- - Total | 2,522 | 368 | 2,890 | - ----------------------+----------+---------+--------+----------- - - -The difficulties arising from inadequate school accommodations, to meet -which Mayor Low and other mayors had urged broad and sufficient action, -continued to hamper the action of the department of public instruction. -The development of the department under the superintendency of William -H. Maxwell has been along thoroughly modern lines. Recent reforms have -had a tendency to improve the quality of teachers by placing obstacles -in the path of the incompetent. To a considerable extent these reforms -have diminished the chances of political interference in the working of -the school system. - -The successful establishment, in 1878, of a Central Grammar School, -admitting graduates from the public schools, was followed by the -organization of separate high schools for boys and girls, and afterward -by a manual training school, and a movement for the establishment of -kindergarten classes and definite means of physical culture. On October -31, 1893, there were on register in the public schools of the city -102,468 pupils,--more than 2000 in excess of the sittings. For many -years preceding this date a large number of classes had provided a half -day's schooling only for the registered pupils, forcing the teachers -of these classes to assume responsibility for two large classes of -children on each school day. - -[Illustration: STATUE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON IN FRONT OF THE HAMILTON -CLUB HOUSE] - -In his report for the year ending December 31, 1892, Superintendent -Maxwell said:-- - - "The child that begins the school course at six ought to - complete it easily, and be ready to enter the high school, - at the age of fourteen. In every grade, however, the average - age is about one year higher than it ought to be. There is - now a well ascertained consensus of opinion among educational - authorities that this delay in reaching the high school--in - getting at such disciplinary studies as languages, geometry, - and natural science--is detrimental not only to the individual - child but to the public welfare. In some cases this delay is - doubtless caused by protracted illness or general physical - weakness; in some, by the mania--I can call it by no other - name--which some principals and teachers have for holding - back pupils from promotion; in some, by positive dullness or - slowness of wit; but in the majority of cases it arises from - the crowded condition of the lower primary classes. Instead - of accommodating more children by swelling the registers of - these classes, we are accommodating fewer. The teachers in - these classes, work as hard as they may, are able to prepare - but a small proportion of their classes for promotion; while - by reason of lack of proper teaching in the introductory - classes--a lack which is not chargeable to the teachers--the - pupils are less able than they otherwise would be to do the - work of the higher grades as they advance. The consequence - is that pupils are put through our schools more slowly and - in smaller numbers than they ought to be. If in a piece of - machinery or in a living organism a greater strain is put - on any one part than it is able to bear, the strength and - efficiency of the whole are proportionately diminished. Just so - it is with our school system. The strain put upon the seventh - primary teachers by choking up their classes impairs the - efficiency of the entire system. The only rational conclusion - is that _the number of pupils to a class must be limited_." - -The movement toward centralizing responsibility in the school -principals began at this time to gather force. It was warmly supported -by the superintendent. - -In the Girls' High School, in 1893, the number of registered pupils -was 1626; in the Boys' High School, 692. The annual appropriation for -schools in 1893 was $2,449,735.33; from the city, $1,996,500.00; from -the State, $394,414.82; other sources, $58,820.51. - -A training school for teachers was established in 1885. From this -admirable institution the graduates increased in number from 48 in 1886 -to 70 in 1892. - -With the educational interests of Brooklyn the Brooklyn Institute of -Arts and Sciences is closely associated. In the summer of 1823 several -gentlemen, among whom was Augustus Graham, met at Stevenson's Tavern -for the purpose of establishing for the apprentices of Brooklyn a free -library.[45] They adopted a constitution, and issued to the citizens -of Brooklyn a circular, in which they solicited donations of books -and money with which to effect their purpose. On November 20, 1824, -they were incorporated by the Legislature of the State under the name -of "The Brooklyn Apprentices' Library Association," and on July 4, -1825, the corner-stone of the first building owned by the association -was laid by General Lafayette, at the junction of Henry and Cranberry -streets. As early as 1835 the association had outgrown its original -quarters, and the property having been sold to the city the institution -was removed to a new building in Washington Street, then the centre of -the wealth and culture of our young city. The first lecture delivered -in the newly completed structure was by Prof. James D. Dana. - -In order to broaden the scope of the association, an amended charter -was granted by the Legislature in 1843, and the name therein changed -to "The Brooklyn Institute." For many years thereafter the Institute -was a most important factor in the social, literary, scientific, and -educational life of Brooklyn. Its library had a large circulation; in -its public hall took place many social and historic gatherings, and -from its platform were heard such eminent scientific men as Agassiz, -Dana, Gray, Henry, Morse, Mitchell, Torrey, Guyot, and Cooke; such -learned divines as Drs. McCosh, Hitchcock, Storrs, and Buddington, and -such defenders of the liberties of the people as Phillips, Sumner, -Garrison, Emerson, Everett, Curtis, King, Bellows, Chapin, and Beecher. - -During this brilliant period of its history (1843-1867), the Institute -received from Mr. Graham two very important donations. On July 4, 1848, -the building, which had been heavily mortgaged, he presented to the -trustees free from all incumbrance, and through his will, made known to -the board of directors on November 28, 1851, shortly after his decease, -he bequeathed to the Institute the sum of $27,000, as a permanent -endowment fund. The will directs that the interest of $10,000 of this -sum shall be used in the support of lectures on scientific subjects -and in the purchase of apparatus and collections illustrating the -sciences; that the interest of $12,000 shall be used in the support of -Sunday evening lectures on "The Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God as -manifested in His Works," and that the balance of $5,000 shall be used -in the support of a school of design and in forming a gallery of fine -arts. - -For several years, however, prior to 1867, owing to the erection of the -Academy of Music and other public buildings, the Institute building was -regarded as behind the times. The income from rental of portions of -the building was dwindling to a low figure, and the financial support -of the free library was becoming inadequate. Under these circumstances -the directors remodeled the building in 1867, at an expense of about -$3,000, a part of which was raised by life-membership subscriptions of -$50 and $100, and the balance by a mortgage on the building. For twenty -years (1867-87) this indebtedness necessitated the application of a -portion of the income from the rent of the building and from the Graham -endowment fund to the payment of the interest and the principal of the -debt. Final payment on the mortgage was made early in 1887. - -The causes of the partial inactivity of the Institute during the twenty -years (1867-87) are therefore apparent. The most that it was able to -do was to circulate its library, keep up its classes in drawing, and -provide for the annual addresses on the 22d of February. Freed from -debt in 1887, the Institute was enabled once more to use the whole -income from its funds and building for educational purposes, and again -to become an important agent in the work of education in the city. - -The property of the Institute in 1887 consisted of the Institute -building and land, valued at $90,000, a library of 12,000 volumes, -a collection of paintings valued at $10,000, and endowment funds of -$46,000. These last comprise the $27,000 bequeathed by Mr. Graham, the -William H. Cary fund of $10,000 for the support of the library, and an -increment of $9,000 realized through premiums on the sale of bonds. - -During the year 1887-88 a new era in the history of the Institute was -inaugurated. The board of trustees determined to make the property of -the Institute the nucleus of a broad and comprehensive institution -for the advancement of science and art, and its membership a large -and active association, laboring not only for the advancement of -knowledge, but also for the education of the people, through lectures -and collections, in art and science. It was observed that while Boston -had the Lowell Institute, a society of natural history, and an art -museum; while Philadelphia had the Franklin Institute, an academy -of sciences, and a gallery of fine arts; and while New York had the -Metropolitan Museum and the American Museum, yet that Brooklyn had -nothing corresponding to these institutions. It was felt that Brooklyn -should have an institute of arts and sciences worthy of her wealth, her -position, her culture, and her people; that it was her duty to do more -than she was then doing for the education and enjoyment of her people, -and that some step should be taken looking towards the future growth -and needs of the city in matters of art and science. - -Accordingly, a form of organization was adopted which contemplated the -formation of a large association of members, and a continual increase -of the endowment funds and the collections of the Institute. Provision -was made for a subdivision of the membership into departments, -representing various branches of art and science, each department -forming a society by itself and yet enjoying all the privileges of the -general association. A general invitation was extended to citizens -specially interested in science and art to become members of the -Institute. Courses of lectures on science and art were provided. -The directors' room of the Institute was enlarged to accommodate -the meetings of some of the departments contemplated, and a large -lecture-room on the third floor of the Institute building was fitted -up at an expense of $2600 for the occupancy of those departments that -would make use of apparatus and collections at their meetings. - -During the first fifteen months after the reorganization of the -Institute a membership of three hundred and fifty persons was recorded. -The Brooklyn Microscopical Society joined the Institute in a body, -with sixty-four members, and became the Department of Microscopy. The -American Astronomical Society, whose members resided mostly in New -York and Brooklyn, became the Department of Astronomy, with thirty-two -members. The Brooklyn Entomological Society united with the Institute, -and became the Entomological Department, with forty-one members. The -Linden Camera Club of Brooklyn became the Department of Photography, -with twenty-six members. Departments of physics, chemistry, botany, -mineralogy, geology, zoölogy, and archæology were successively formed. -Each of the above twelve departments began to hold monthly meetings. -The permanent funds and property of the Institute were increased -$3000. Additions were made to the library, and its circulation -increased from 12,000 to 36,000 volumes per year. The lecture courses -were fully attended. The classes in drawing were enlarged, and a -general citizens' movement to secure a museum of arts and sciences for -Brooklyn was inaugurated. - -The subsequent growth of the Institute has been remarkable. The old -building on Washington Street was burned in 1890, and the work was -continued in temporary quarters, chiefly in the building of the Young -Men's Christian Association on Fulton Street. During the fourth year -of active work after the reorganization 632 new members were recorded. -The real estate belonging to the old Brooklyn Institute on Washington -Street was sold to the trustees of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, -and the old Institute was formally consolidated with the new Brooklyn -Institute of Arts and Sciences. By an act of the Legislature the -city was authorized to expend $300,000 in the erection of a Museum -of Arts and Sciences on Prospect Hill, on a favorable site bounded -by the Eastern Parkway, Washington Avenue, old President Street, and -the Prospect Hill reservoir. In the year 1892, 940 new members were -added, bringing the total up to 2622; the number of lectures and class -exercises open to members and others, by the payment of a moderate fee, -was 1397, as against 1134 the previous year; the number of concerts was -increased from eight to fifteen; the average daily attendance on all -the exercises of the Institute for the eight months of active work was -936, and the total attendance for the year, 190,900; the annual income -was increased from $18,934.20 in the previous year to $31,641.58; -special courses of lectures were delivered on American history from the -time of Columbus to the beginning of this century, and a special course -of addresses was given by college presidents on educational problems; -Institute extension courses of lectures were given in the eastern -section of the city; the school of political science was established, -with four classes and ninety-six pupils; the Brooklyn art school was -transferred to new and larger quarters in the Ovington Studio Building, -and the number of pupils was increased from ninety-four to one hundred -and twenty-eight; the department of architecture, acting through its -advisory board, devised a scheme of competition for the best plan -and design for the proposed Museum of Arts and Sciences, which was -accepted by the board of trustees, and adopted by the Mayor and park -commissioner, and the competition so arranged resulted in the award to -the distinguished New York architects, McKim, Mead & White. - -Foremost among those who have brought the Institute to its present -influential position in the city have been Gen. John B. Woodward and -Prof. Franklin W. Hooper. Professor Hooper, who had been elected -curator of the Institute in 1889, became director of the new Institute -of Arts and Sciences in 1891. - -Mention has already been made of the establishment of Packer Institute -and the Polytechnic Institute. The handsome gift of Mrs. Wm. S. Packer -resulted in the opening of an academy for the education of young -women. Since the time of the opening in 1854, under the presidency of -Dr. Alonzo Crittenden, the Packer Collegiate Institute has enjoyed a -peculiar prominence in the educational work of the city, and has won -a high, if not a foremost, place among academies of the kind in the -United States. Dr. Crittenden was succeeded in 1883 by Dr. Truman -G. Backus, who had filled the professorship of English language and -literature at Vassar, and whose brilliant attainments as a scholar and -director have given new distinction to the institute. - -A commanding position likewise has been gained by the Polytechnic -Institute, whose establishment as an academy for young men resulted -from the successful movement, aided by the gift of Mrs. Packer, for -the establishment of a young women's school. A building on Livingston -Street was completed and opened in 1855, Dr. John H. Raymond then being -president of the faculty. Dr. Raymond was succeeded by Dr. David Henry -Cochran, who had for ten years been principal of the State Normal -School at Albany. Under a new charter, secured in 1890, the Brooklyn -Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute received "all the rights, powers, -and dignities given by the law and the ordinances of the regents[46] -to a college, including membership in the University of the State of -New York." Dr. Henry Sanger Snow, an alumnus and a trustee of the -institute, took a leading part in the negotiations which resulted in -the significant change. The new building adjoining the old was first -occupied in September, 1891. - -The Adelphi Academy began its life in 1869 as a private school for -both sexes. In 1886 Charles Pratt, then president of the board of -trustees, made gifts to the Institute, by means of which it secured -a new building that was opened in 1888. The since extended buildings -now occupy a large part of the block bounded by Lafayette Avenue, -St. James Place, Clifton Place, and Grand Avenue. The preparatory, -academic, and collegiate departments are supplemented by a kindergarten -and a physical-training school. Art education has always occupied an -important place in the Adelphi Academy. Many well-known artists have -graduated from the art school superintended by Prof. J. B. Whittaker. -The principals of the Adelphi since its establishment have been John -Lockwood, Homer B. Sprague, Stephen G. Taylor, Albert C. Perkins, John -S. Crombie, and Charles H. Levermore. - -It is to Charles Pratt, who took so important a part in bringing -Adelphi Academy to its present position, that Brooklyn is indebted for -the school which, more than any other educational institution within -its borders, is distinctively original and of a national fame. Pratt -Institute is frequently compared with Cooper Institute in New York. The -comparison between the wise beneficence of Cooper and that of Pratt -is, indeed, interestingly close; but the likeness between the two great -schools is less perfect. Pratt Institute's remarkable characteristics -are the result of a wise idea logically worked out. The buildings -on Ryerson Street and Grand Avenue contain a unique combination of -departments under a form of management that has proved to be eminently -practical and progressive. Its educational plan illustrates manual and -industrial training, as well as education in high-school and artistic -branches. The methods of teaching domestic art, as well as political, -economic, and natural science, have excited the admiration of students -of education throughout the country. The large free library is one of -many features of the institution. - -The kindergarten idea in Brooklyn has had its leading exponent in -Froebel Academy on Tompkins Square. Among other private educational -institutions are St. John's College, the most prominent of the Roman -Catholic schools, situated on Lewis Avenue, between Willoughby Avenue -and Hart Street; St. Francis College, Bedford Academy, St. Joseph's -Institute, Brooklyn Heights Seminary, Long Island Business College, -Brooklyn Latin School, Bryant & Stratton's Business College, Miss -Rounds's School for Girls, Kissick's Business College, and Browne's -Business College. - -In special education the Long Island College Hospital and the Brooklyn -College of Pharmacy occupy an important place. The Long Island College -Hospital and Training School for Nurses was chartered in 1858. Its -history as a hospital and as a college has been notable. The graduates -in 1893 numbered 60, bringing the total list of graduates nearly to -1500. - -It frequently has been lamented that Brooklyn has no great free -library, and the deficiency is one for which the city deserves a mark -of discredit. But it is due to Brooklyn to observe that she is by no -means without excellent opportunities for those who wish to read. - -The Brooklyn Library, which succeeded the old Mercantile Library, -is not free to the public, but the subscription rate is so low in -comparison with the privileges that the institution is in many respects -to be regarded as a great public library. The building on Montague -Street was finished in 1868 at a cost of $227,000, and its beautiful -Gothic front forms one of the genuine ornaments of the city. - -The library contains nearly 200,000 volumes, admirably selected. The -catalogue compiled by Stephen B. Noyes was of a character to bring -honor alike to library and librarian. Upon the death of Mr. Noyes -the management of the library came into the competent hands of W. A. -Bardwell, who became librarian in 1888. The reading-rooms are furnished -with 300 periodicals and newspapers. In the reference departments there -were 75,000 readers in 1893, and in the reading-rooms 100,000 readers. -The Brooklyn Library has, indeed, performed an immensely important -service in the development of the city. - -The Brooklyn Institute Free Library, formerly in the old Institute -Building on Washington Street, and now at 502 Fulton Street, contains -16,000 well-selected volumes, and is efficiently managed. Pratt -Institute Free Library is a notable instance of a great public service -through a private agency. The library of 42,000 volumes includes 2000 -German and 2000 French books. There are an Astral Branch at Franklin -Avenue and Java Street, and delivery stations at Froebel Academy and -754 Driggs Avenue. Reading-room and library are free to the use of all -residents of Brooklyn. The Long Island Free Library, at 571 Atlantic -Avenue, is the result of a well-directed movement. There are but -15,000 volumes, but method of selection and distribution have assured -the usefulness of the work. To this must be added the free public -school libraries, and the substantial free library of the Union for -Christian Work on Schermerhorn Street. - -The free library of the Long Island Historical Society naturally -occupies an important place. The reference department of 48,000 volumes -includes the noteworthy publications of the society itself. The Law -Library in the Court House contains 15,000 volumes, and there are 7000 -volumes in the library of the Kings County Medical Society. - -In addition to the libraries of the Young Men's and the Young Women's -Christian associations,[47] there are over twenty-five special free -reading-rooms throughout the city, most of them connected with -churches. - -The large number of churches, and the emphasis laid upon church -interests, once gave to Brooklyn the title of the City of Churches. -The proportion between the number of churches and the population no -longer is so exceptional as to justify such a title, but church life -in Brooklyn is, in many respects, of unique prominence. The greatest -preacher the United States has produced, Henry Ward Beecher,[48] -occupied the pulpit of Plymouth Church during a great formative period -in the city's history. The Rev. Richard S. Storrs, D. D., pastor of the -Congregational Church of the Pilgrims since 1846, the descendant of a -distinguished family of preachers and orators, who has been called the -"Chrysostom of Brooklyn," occupies a place among the most scholarly -of American orators. The popularity of the Rev. T. De Witt Talmage, -pastor of the Brooklyn Tabernacle since 1869, has been unexampled in -the church history of the country. The thirty years' pastorate of the -Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler, at the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church, -constituted a notable force in the advancement of the community. The -enlightened leadership of the Catholic Church by the Right Reverend -John Loughlin, first bishop of Brooklyn, who was succeeded in 1892 -by the Right Reverend Charles E. McDonnell, has been a matter for -congratulation in the Catholic Church; and the Episcopal Church has -been under no less obligation to the first bishop of the Protestant -Episcopal Diocese of Long Island, the Right Reverend A. N. Littlejohn, -D. D. When Dr. Littlejohn was elected bishop in 1869, he was succeeded -as rector of Holy Trinity Church by the Rev. Charles Henry Hall, D. D., -who has been one of Brooklyn's strongest preachers. - -St. James' Church, at Jay and Chapel streets, has been the cathedral -church of the Catholic diocese for nearly half a century. The -corner-stone of a great cathedral, to occupy the block bounded by -Lafayette, Clermont, Greene, and Vanderbilt avenues, was laid in 1868, -but only a part of the structure has been completed. - -In 1893 the following were the numbers of churches of different -denominations in Brooklyn: Baptist, 40; Congregational, 26; German -Evangelical Association, 5; Jewish, 10; Lutheran, 27; Methodist -Episcopal, 53; Primitive Methodist, 4; Methodist Free, 1; Methodist -Protestant, 1; Presbyterian, 33; Roman Catholic, 63; Reformed -Presbyterian, 1; United Presbyterian, 3; Protestant Episcopal, 45; -Reformed Episcopal, 2; Dutch Reformed, 19; Unitarian, 4; Universalist, -5; miscellaneous, 23. - -In the county towns the churches are numbered as follows: Baptist, 1; -Hebrew, 1; Lutheran, 5; Methodist Episcopal, 9; Protestant Episcopal, -8; Methodist Protestant, 1; Reformed, 8; Roman Catholic, 12. In 1893 -there were ten so-called Chinese Sunday-schools in Brooklyn, most -of them connected with Protestant churches, and said to enroll 200 -members.[49] - -Religious societies in Brooklyn include a large list of prosperous and -efficient bodies. Among these may be mentioned the Catholic Historical -Society, the Union Missionary Training Institute, the Baptist Church -Extension Society, Baptist Social Union, City Bible Society, Church -Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, City Mission and Tract -Society, Brooklyn Sunday School Union, Eastern District Sabbath School -Association, Brooklyn Theosophical Society, Brotherhood of Christian -Unity, Church Charity Foundation, Congregational Church Extension -Society, Congregational Club, Foreign Sunday School Association, -German Young Men's Christian Association, Greenpoint Sunday School -Association, Greenpoint Young Men's Christian Association, Kings County -Sunday School Association, Long Island Baptist Association, Order of -Deaconesses of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Women's Auxiliary, -Unitarian Club, Universalist Club, and the Young People's Baptist Union. - -Brooklyn's churches occupy a particularly intimate relation with the -intellectual and social life of the city. The circumstances under -which the Rev. John W. Chadwick, D. D., became a leader in that highly -significant intellectual movement, the Brooklyn Ethical Association, -which has held meetings during a number of seasons at the Second -Unitarian Church, and under which the Rev. John Coleman Adams, D. D., -instituted the free historical lectures to public school children at -All Souls Universalist Church, have been typical of a wholesome and -progressive tendency in the community. - -The work of the churches is supplemented by many and admirable -organizations devoted to the relief of the weak, destitute, and -incompetent. An important position is occupied by the Association for -Improving the Condition of the Poor. The Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, -with central offices on Schermerhorn Street, has "the general purpose -of promoting the welfare of the poor, the suffering, and the friendless -in the city of Brooklyn. The specific objects and methods include: -The promotion of cordial coöperation between benevolent societies, -churches, and individuals; the maintenance of a body of friendly -visitors to the poor; the encouragement of thrift, self-dependence, -and industry; the provision of temporary employment and industrial -instruction." - -The Society of St. Vincent de Paul undertakes the general relief of -the poor, without regard to color or creed, the work being done by a -conference in each church (Catholic). The society is governed by a -council composed of the president and vice-president of each conference. - -A number of industrial agencies have been devised for the purpose of -supplying temporary work for men and women. A bureau of relief for -needy veterans of the Rebellion was established in Grand Army quarters -at the City Hall. In recent years the number of free dispensaries -throughout the city has greatly increased. - -The Brooklyn Hospital, incorporated in 1845, received valuable aid from -Augustus Graham, the founder of the Brooklyn Institute. The present -hospital at Raymond Street and De Kalb Avenue has been in operation -since 1852. St. Catherine's Hospital was established in 1869. The -Memorial Hospital for women and children was founded in 1881; the -Methodist Episcopal Hospital in the same year; St. Mary's Hospital -in 1878; St. John's Hospital in 1871; the German Hospital in 1889; -the Lutheran Hospital in 1881; the Brooklyn Hospital for Contagious -Diseases in 1891; St. Peter's Hospital in 1864; the Brooklyn Home for -Consumptives in 1864; the Eastern District Dispensary and Hospital in -1851; the Long Island Throat and Lung Hospital in 1889; the Brooklyn -Throat Hospital in 1889; the Brooklyn Homoeopathic Hospital in 1852; -the Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hospital in 1868; the Kings County Hospital (a -county institution) in 1837; the Brooklyn Maternity in 1870; the Faith -Home for Incurables in 1878; the Inebriates' Home for Kings County in -1867. - -For the protection and relief of children, the city has the Society for -the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, the Children's Aid Society, -the Industrial School Association, with six branches, the Nursery and -Infants' Hospital, the Howard Colored Orphan Asylum, the Hebrew Orphan -Asylum, the Orphan Asylum Society, the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum -Society, with three branches; the Eastern District Industrial School, -the Sheltering Arms Nursery, St. Giles's Home, St. Vincent's Home for -Boys, St. Christopher's Day Nursery, and St. Malachi's Home. - -Brooklyn's right to the title of the City of Homes, rather than to -that of the City of Churches, is excellently supported by a study of -its social life; and in no phase is this peculiarity more apparent -than in the club life of the city, which is distinctly in harmony with -the general social life of the city. Several of the city clubs have -"ladies' nights," or special receptions to which ladies are invited, -and to some of the clubs ladies are admitted at certain hours of the -day. "The Union League, with its Romanesque front of cinnamon brick -and brownstone on a semi-square, is near the south end of Bedford -Avenue. Its location is fine, and during the political campaigns it is -an important centre. Medallions of Grant and Lincoln adorn the front, -an eagle with outstretched wings holds up a 'bay,' and a carved bear -stands on the roof, a symbol of the 'grip' that clubdom has on the -modern man. The great hall in this house is one of the finest in the -country. Across the city, a square below the Park plaza, stands the -Montauk, a fine structure, ornate, in light tones of brick, and with a -Greek frieze above the third story, which is unique in architectural -decoration and is a replica of old bas-reliefs. Near by is the mammoth -building of the Riding and Driving Club, the largest and best arranged -structure of the kind in this country. The Hamilton, one of the older -clubs, has a tall building on the corner of Clinton and Remsen streets, -showing an expanse of red brick and brownstone. It has no distinctive -architectural style. Architecturally, a most elaborate club-house is -the Germania on Schermerhorn Street. Its style is a rich but modified -Florentine. The material is pale brown brick. A feature of it is the -great arched doorway. The Bush wick Democratic club-house on Bushwick -Avenue is, architecturally, on the same lines, a reduced version in -stone and terra cotta. The club has but recently taken possession of -this new house. Out in Flatbush, on the avenue, is the Midwood, an old -colonial manse, unaltered, with wide-spreading grounds, its façade -marked by great white columns, such as are almost unknown elsewhere in -the county of Kings to-day. The Hanover, on Bedford Avenue, is a fine -modern double house, with extensions and remodelings. The Brooklyn and -the Oxford clubs have recently enlarged their rather unpretentious -buildings without special reference to architectural beauty. The -Excelsior is a plain city house. The Lincoln has the appearance of -several buildings joined together, but is ornate and striking. Out of -town the Crescent and the Field and Marine clubs have charming country -homes, turreted and porticoed, and surrounded with trees and lawns."[50] - -In literary, artistic, musical, dramatic, and social clubs, the city -has become populous. The Academy of Music had its origin in the success -of the Brooklyn Philharmonic Society, the leading organization for -the patronage of music, which was incorporated in 1857. It had been -remarked that the audiences which patronized the concerts of the New -York Philharmonic Society were, in a great part, made up of Brooklyn -people. In 1856 or 1857 it occurred to the heads of several families, -who were the best and most appreciative patrons of the New York -society, that Brooklyn might and ought to have a Philharmonic Society -of its own. The project was inaugurated, and was attended with success. -The subscription list doubled the second season. There were, the second -year, over seven hundred subscribers, and numerous patrons besides. The -Athenæum was entirely inadequate for the purposes of the society. In -1858, the leading members of the Philharmonic Society, by circulars, -called the attention of several leading citizens to the relative change -that was going on between the two cities, and pointed to the success of -their society as the best evidence that the time had come when a large -lyric hall was demanded by the necessities of our city. About fifty -gentlemen responded to this call, and a preliminary meeting was held -at the Polytechnic Institute, in October, 1858.[51] A public meeting -followed, a popular stock company was formed, and the Academy was -incorporated in 1859. Land in Montague Street was bought for $41,000. -The total expenditure reached $200,000. The Academy became and has -remained the city's leading opera house, and largest place of public -meeting. Most of the greatest musical artists, actors, and orators in -the country have been heard under its roof. - -Among the leading musical associations of the city are the Apollo Club, -the Seidl Society, the Brooklyn Choral Society, the Arion Society, the -Brooklyn Maennerchor, the Zoellner Maennerchor, the Amphion Musical -Society, the Cæcilia Ladies' Vocal Society, the Concordia Maennerchor, -the Euterpe Chorus and Orchestra, the Deutscher Liederkranz, the -Saengerbund, and the Prospect Heights Choral Society. In recent years -there has appeared a disposition to regard Brooklyn as a musical city. -The increase in the number of musical societies and the patronage of -opera and concert have unquestionably been great. Among the musical -composers, resident in the city, who have made national reputations, -Dudley Buck has been of first prominence. - -The Brooklyn Art Association, a development of the Sketch Club, formed -by Brooklyn artists in 1857, erected a handsome building adjoining -the Academy of Music in 1872. The exhibitions held in the association -galleries have been the chief displays of pictures seen within the -city. In recent years the Brooklyn Art Club, a society composed of -artists solely, has attained a large membership, and has exhibited -annually in the Art Association galleries. The Art Association -maintains a free art school. The leading society of art connoisseurs is -the Rembrandt Club. - -The Society of Old Brooklynites, the Franklin Literary Society, and -the Bryant Literary Society have won prominence, and a position of -influence has been assumed by the Brooklyn Woman's Club. - -In private libraries and art collections Brooklyn has grown rich -within the past twenty-five years. The development of certain valuable -picture collections has induced the wish that the city had a great -museum similar to the Metropolitan in New York, which might receive -contributions by bequest. The advancement of the Brooklyn Institute -promises to supply this need. - -The newspapers of Brooklyn have acquired an increasingly influential -position in the life of the city. We have seen how the "Eagle," the -"Times," and the "Freie Presse" attained their established positions. -The "Standard-Union" represents some interesting newspaper history. The -"Union" was started in the midst of the war period, its first editor -being Edward Cary. The paper was purchased in 1870 by Henry C. Bowen, -and Gen. Stewart L. Woodford became editor-in-chief, and H. E. Bowen -(son of Henry C.), the publisher. When General Woodford retired a few -months later, he was succeeded by Theodore Tilton, whose skillful pen -was in the service of the paper until January, 1872, when Henry C. -Bowen assumed the editorship. In the following year the control of the -paper passed to Benjamin F. Tracy, F. A. Schroeder, John F. Henry, and -others associated with them, and Robert Burch, who afterward became -managing editor of the "Eagle," took the post of editor-in-chief. Later -the property came into the hands of Lorin Palmer, and in 1877 the -purchase of the name and good-will of the Brooklyn "Argus," which had -been established as a weekly in 1866 and as a daily in 1873, resulted -in the change of title to "Union-Argus." When the Union Publishing -Company was formed, the name "Argus" was dropped, and the paper was -again known as the "Union" during the aggressive editorship of John -Foord, formerly of the New York "Times," and afterward editor of -"Harper's Weekly." In 1887 the "Standard," which had been established -in 1884, was consolidated with the "Union," and John A. Hatton assumed -the editorship of the "Standard-Union." Soon afterward William Berri -became principal owner of the paper, and in 1890 Murat Halstead, -long the master spirit of Ohio journalism, was called to the chair -of editor-in-chief. The qualities which gave Halstead a national -reputation while editor of the Cincinnati "Commercial Gazette" have not -failed to make his pen a power in Brooklyn and throughout the State. - -The "Citizen," established in 1886 by leading Democrats of the city, -since has been a forceful and consistent organ of the local Democracy. -The editorship of Andrew McLean has been one of eloquence and energy, -uniting a consummate knowledge of Brooklyn with a rare sagacity in -estimating men and affairs. - -The establishment of "Brooklyn Life" by Frederick Mitchell Munroe and -John Angus McKay was a felicitous stroke in Brooklyn journalism. "Life" -has enjoyed a unique popularity as a weekly review of Brooklyn social, -artistic, and literary affairs. - -Brooklyn journalism has been quick to reflect the life and sentiment -of the city. It has been energetic, original, and clean. The fact that -only two of the newspapers, the "Eagle" and the "Citizen," publish -Sunday editions, is one which of itself indicates the presence of a -conservative element in the city. The establishment of Travelers' -Bureaus by the "Eagle," under the direction of the assistant business -manager, Herbert F. Gunnison, was a piece of characteristic enterprise. - -The political complexion of Brooklyn and Kings County during the -past two or three decades has become increasingly Democratic, with -periodical Republican relapses. In the incumbency of the sheriff's -office, for example, there has been an interesting alternation in -parties since 1875. During the same period the two parties have been -represented with approximate evenness in the Mayor's office. In -leadership of the Democratic party Henry C. Murphy was succeeded by his -energetic lieutenant, Hugh McLaughlin, who has retained the position -at the head of the party since before the Rebellion. The period and -completeness of this local leadership probably finds no parallel in -American political history. No analogous situation has ever existed -in the Republican party, which has never had a generally recognized -leader, and whose successes at the polls have been those of a party -or a public feeling in opposition to the dominant organized party. -Both independent Democratic and independent Republican movements and -leaderships have played an important part in the later activities of -political life. - -Of the commercial development of Brooklyn since 1876, it is to be said -that it has advanced more remarkably on the water front than elsewhere. -The traffic in grain, sugar, and oil, with the extensive cooperage -and ship-building and repairing operations, constitutes an important -element in any estimate of the city's prominence in manufactures. - -In the value of products[52] the sugar industry stands first, the -foundry and machine-shop interests coming second, and slaughtering -and meat-packing third. Fourth and fifth positions are to be given -respectively to chemical industries and the grinding of coffee and -spices. Cordage and twine making has for a long time occupied a -prominent place in Brooklyn. Other prominent industries are in boots -and shoes, furnishing goods, and paper hangings. The National Meter -Company plant in South Brooklyn is the largest in the world. - -One of the most striking illustrations of Brooklyn's advancement in -commercial affairs has been the increase in the number and importance -of its financial institutions. The city's first banks were the Long -Island Bank,[53] incorporated in 1824; the Brooklyn Savings Bank, -incorporated in 1827; the Atlantic Bank, incorporated in 1836; the Bank -of Williamsburgh, incorporated in 1839; the South Brooklyn Savings -Bank, incorporated in 1850; and the Williamsburgh Savings Bank, -incorporated in 1851. The first fire insurance company (the Brooklyn) -was contemporaneous with the first bank. The Long Island Insurance -Company was organized in 1833. In 1893 four insurance companies had -their home offices in Brooklyn; there were twenty-three banks of -deposit, fourteen savings banks, four safe deposit companies, seven -trust companies, four title guarantee companies, and four savings -institutions. In the same year there were about one hundred and ten -strictly local securities. - - - - -APPENDIX - - -I - -FRANCIS LEWIS[54] - -One of the names ever to be remembered in the history of Brooklyn, and -of the State and country, is that of Francis Lewis, who was an ardent -patriot, and sacrificed his all to secure the independence of the -colonies. As he resided for more than twenty years on Long Island, he -can justly be claimed as one of her sons, and as such richly deserves -a place in her history. Few men displayed so much zeal in the cause of -liberty, or evinced such readiness to endure the hardships which the -struggle necessarily entailed. - -His career covered a period of fourscore years and ten. He spent -sixty-eight of these years in the New Netherlands,--forty-one of them -under the rule of England; seven years in the cause of the Revolution; -and twenty years as a citizen of the Republic of the United States, -upon whose banner he ever looked with pleasure and delight. - -Born amidst the wilds of rocky Wales, in the town of Llandaff, in -1713, he possessed the sturdy endurance and perseverance for which the -ancient Britons, from whom he was descended, were proverbial. In such a -clime, and under such circumstances, he early learned to bear patiently -the privations of life, and thus was fitted and prepared for the great -work which characterized his eventful career. - -His father, the Rev. William Lewis, was a worthy minister of the -Established Church of England, and his mother was the daughter of the -Rev. Dr. Pettingill, a clergyman of the same faith, whose parish was -in the north of Wales. Young Lewis did not long enjoy a parent's care, -being left an orphan at the early age of four or five. His education -and training were now committed to a maternal aunt, who ever manifested -a deep interest in his welfare. This relative and adopted mother took -particular pains to have him thoroughly instructed in his native -language, and instilled into him those deep religious principles, which -formed a marked and striking phase of his character. Not satisfied -with the means of education to be obtained in his mountain home, she -sent her ward to Scotland to visit some relatives in the Highlands, -amongst whom he soon acquired a perfect familiarity with the Gaelic -tongue. Remaining in Scotland a short time, he was transferred to -the care of an uncle, who held the position of Dean of St. Paul's in -London. The Dean at once gave him the advantages of the celebrated -school at Westminster. The opportunities thus afforded were embraced -and appreciated. By his assiduity and proficiency he soon won a -distinguished place as a scholar. His progress was rapid, and when he -left the school he had obtained a complete classical education. - -On leaving school the natural bent of his mind appeared to be for -commercial pursuits. In order to prepare him for the path he had -chosen, he was apprenticed to a merchant in London. - -When Lewis reached manhood he came into possession of the little -fortune left by his father, and thereupon resolved to engage in -ventures on his own account. Perceiving that the old world did not -present a suitable field of operation for a young man with a small -capital, he anticipated the advice of the Sage of Chappaqua, and -determined to seek his fortune in the new and promising western world. -Collecting his effects together, he converted them into money, which -he invested in such articles of merchandise as he thought marketable, -and, with his stock in trade, sailed for New York, where he arrived in -the spring of 1735. He was disappointed in finding that his stock of -goods could not be sold in New York, by reason of the limited demand. -A man of his energy was ready to overcome all difficulties. In the -emergency he entered into a partnership with Edward Annesly, with whom -he left a portion of his goods for sale, shipping the remainder to -Philadelphia, whither he himself went to superintend their disposal. -In the latter city he remained two years, and then returned to New -York. Once more in New Amsterdam, he entered into business, becoming -extensively engaged in foreign trade. While thus employed, and on June -15, 1745, realizing the truth of Scripture "that it is not good for -man to be alone," he entered the holy and sacred relation of marriage -with Miss Elizabeth Annesly, his partner's sister. The issue of this -marriage was seven children, three only of whom survived infancy. One -of his sons, Morgan Lewis, greatly distinguished himself, subsequently -becoming governor of the State of New York. - -During the remarkably severe winter of 1741 Lewis drove his horse and -sleigh from New York to Barnstable, the entire length of Long Island -Sound, on the ice. This must have been an interesting episode in his -life. Referring to the intensity of the cold season, the "Boston -Post" of January 12, 1741, says: "For these three weeks we have had -a continued series of extreme cold weather, so that our harbors and -rivers are continually frozen up. On Charles River a tent is erected -for the entertainment of travellers. From Point Alderton, along the -South Shore, the ice is continued for the space of above 20 miles." - -The Boston "News Letter" of March 5, 1741, contains the statement that -"people ride every day from Stratford, Conn., to Long Island, which is -three leagues across, which was never known before." - -It appears that the temperature did not moderate with the appearance of -spring, as the same paper, on April 2, again alludes to the subject, -saying, "that people from Thompson Island, Squantum, and the adjacent -neighborhood have come fifteen Sabbaths successively upon the ice to -our meeting." - -Francis Lewis being an active and industrious man, his business often -required his presence abroad, and led him to travel extensively in -Europe. At various times he visited Russia, the Orkney and Shetland -Islands, and on two occasions endured the terror and discomfort of -shipwreck on the coast of Ireland. - -On his return from the old world he found the affairs of the colony in -a very unsettled condition. The French war was engaging the attention -of the people. During a short period he was employed as agent to supply -the wants of the British troops. The romance of his life was now about -to commence. In the performance of his duties, he was present in -August, 1756, when Fort Oswego was reduced, and compelled to surrender -to the French General de Montcalm. The fort at this time was commanded -by Colonel Mersey, one of his warm personal friends. In the emergency -attending the bombardment, Lewis, to serve his friend, acted as his -aid. Montcalm on the 10th of August approached the fort at the head -of a mixed array of 5000 men, consisting of Europeans, Canadians, and -Indians. The garrison having used up all their ammunition, Mersey -spiked the cannon, and crossed the river to Little Oswego, without the -loss of a single man. Montcalm at once took possession of the deserted -fort, and immediately began a heavy fire, which was kept up without -intermission. The next day Mersey was killed by a shot while standing -by the side of Lewis. The commander having fallen, the garrison at once -capitulated, surrendering themselves prisoners of war. It consisted -of 1400 men, composing three regiments, one of which was the Jersey -Blues, under Col. Peter Schuyler. By the terms of the surrender they -were to be exempted from plunder, taken to Montreal, and treated with -humanity. The French, however, did not regard the promise which they -had made. When the surrender was effected, Montcalm soon forgot his -pledge, and shamefully allowed one of the Indian warriors to select -thirty of the prisoners to treat as he pleased. Lewis was one of the -number chosen, and naturally expected a speedy and cruel death. He was, -however, saved in a most unexpected manner. The family tradition on -the subject, handed down by his son, and communicated to the writer by -a gentleman of this city, who received it from Governor Morgan Lewis -himself, is that Francis Lewis soon ascertained that he understood -their dialect, and could freely converse with them, so that they -comprehended what he said. His ability to communicate with the Indians -in their own tongue pleased the chieftain, who extended to him the -utmost kindness, and on his arrival at Montreal sought by every means -within his power to induce the French commander to allow him to return -to his family, without being compelled to pay any ransom. The request -so urgently made was refused. Lewis was sent as a prisoner of war to -France, and upon being exchanged was permitted to return to America. - -The British government, in consideration of the services he had -rendered, gave him a grant of 5000 acres of land, but as the fees -amounted to more than the land was worth he never took out the -necessary patent, the warrant for which was left in the Secretary of -State's office. - -Many have looked upon this tradition concerning Francis Lewis as -mythical. Had it been false, a man of his sterling qualities would have -contradicted the statements published during his lifetime. Some have -supposed that he gathered more or less knowledge of the Indian dialect -through business intercourse. It presents a very interesting feature -in American history, opening up as it does a wide field for research. -As it deserves more than a passing notice, it will not be out of place -to turn aside for a moment, and consider how it was that Francis Lewis -understood the Indian warrior. - -It frequently has been claimed that Madoc, a Welshman, made voyages to -America, long before Columbus was born. It has been conceded by many -authorities that Prince Madoc, a Welsh navigator, upon the death of -his father resolved to seek a new home, and thereby avoid contention -with his brothers and relatives as to the succession. This was about -the year 1170. He prepared his ships and munitions of war, and sailing -westward came to a country theretofore unknown. Upon his return to his -native land he gave a glowing account of the richness and beauty of -the land he had visited. Restless in spirit, he could not long remain -satisfied with the crags of Cambria, and prepared a fleet of ten sails, -once more bent his course westward, and was never heard of again. -There are many curious evidences that in early times Welsh tribes of -Indians, or Indians speaking the Welsh language, were to be found on -the continent of America. - -Dr. John Williams published in London, in 1791, a very interesting -inquiry into the truth concerning the discovery of America by Prince -Madoc. In his treatise much valuable information is to be found, and -many strong arguments in favor of the claim that the Welsh settled -America more than 300 years anterior to the discovery by Columbus. Dr. -Williams refers to the Lewis incident, and published his book twelve -years before the death of Francis Lewis. - -To return from our digression, Francis Lewis could not be idle. On his -return from his enforced trip to France, we find him once again engaged -in business. He was a man in advance of his time, and well knew the -value of newspaper advertisements. The following is a copy of one of -his announcements, published in the "New York Gazette and Weekly Post -Boy," the leading journal of the day:-- - - "Just imported and to be sold by Francis Lewis in the Fly, - Alamodes, Lutestrings, Ducapes, Damasks, Mantua Silks, - Grazettes, Padajoy's Velvets, India Taffities, Groganes, Sewing - Silks, etc." - -The commercial trips taken by Lewis gave him an enlarged view of men -and things. In Europe he had witnessed the aggressions of the rich -landed proprietors upon the poorer classes, and the untold wrongs -perpetrated upon the white slaves of the mines and manufacturing towns. -His natural, inherent sense of right led him to endorse and freely -proclaim the doctrine, "that all men are born free and equal." Wherever -he went he beheld the outrages which the assumed leaders imposed upon -the common people. He saw how utterly powerless they were to remove the -burdens and restrictions which stood in the way of their advancement. -Everywhere he found power trampling upon human rights. In him the -downtrodden and oppressed ever found a faithful friend and helper. As -he always kept his eyes and ears open, he was prepared with force and -vigor to oppose the encroachments of the British Crown upon the rights -of the people. Looking upon America as the home of the oppressed, with -whom he always sympathized, he at once became greatly attached to his -adopted country. - -Watching with close scrutiny every act of the mother country, he early -foresaw that the demands of Great Britain would eventually result in a -rupture. - -George II. died October 25, 1760, and was succeeded by his grandson, -George III., a young man of twenty-two years of age. Shortly after -his accession, and on the 18th of November, 1761, Lieutenant-Governor -Cadwallader Colden assumed control of affairs in the colony of New -York, during the temporary absence of Governor Monckton. Governor -Monckton returned after capturing the island of Martinique in June, -1762, and remained in office until June, 1763, when he returned to his -native land, again leaving the management of affairs in the hands of -Lieutenant-Governor Colden. - -During Monckton's career, it may be said that the principles of liberty -were first invaded by an assault upon the independence of the judiciary -by the board of trade. Justice Pratt was appointed chief justice in the -place of De Lancey. The board of trade declared that he should hold -office during the pleasure of the King, and not during good behavior, -as had always been the rule. Such a declaration and assumption gave -the King power to remove for political reasons any judge in the land, -thus making the judge but a tool of the King, and depriving him of -that independence which could alone render his decisions entitled to -respect. The people naturally looked upon this action as an invasion -of their civil rights, and calculated to destroy the confidence of the -community in the expounders of the law. To their credit be it said that -both Monckton and Colden boldly opposed the measure. - -The Provincial Assembly looked upon the conditions imposed relative to -the appointment of the chief justice with detestation. They opposed -it bitterly, manifesting their opposition by absolutely refusing to -make any provision for the payment of his salary until he received -a commission, which would place him above and beyond legislative -political control. The board of trade refused to surrender, or in any -wise alter the conditions they had adopted. As the Assembly would make -no provision for his salary, it was suggested that the royal quit-rents -should be applied to the object. The plan was adopted, and thus the -judiciary passed under the control of the sovereign, and the death -knell of its independence was sounded. - -Colden was destined to wield the reins of government during an -important and trying time. The storm cloud could be seen gradually -rising. At first appearing no larger than a man's hand, it slowly -increased until at last the black and heavy clouds seemed ready to -break forth at any moment with devastating fury. Everything looked -dark and gloomy, and betokened the approaching storm. The mutterings -of the people grew louder and more threatening. The government did -not heed them, but made their demands more arrogant, seeming to take -the Egyptian taskmasters as their guide. Parliament acted as if they -considered the colonies fit subjects for plunder. - -In 1763 the subject of taxing the colonies was brought up in -Parliament, and a measure introduced for its imposition. This was -antagonized by the Provincial Assembly of New York, and denounced as -arrogant and illegal. - -Lord Grenville was the chancellor of the English exchequer. To him -belongs the credit of suggesting the proposition of raising a revenue -by a direct tax upon the colonies. He, then, was the initiator of the -abuses which led to the independence of the people. - -Lord Grenville understood human nature, and therefore resolved to -accomplish his purpose by degrees. He sought to gradually obtain entire -control over the finances and resources of the colonies, take from the -people their liberties, and render them merely subservient vassals -of the Crown. He proposed as an entering wedge that a tax should be -imposed upon foreign productions, and that stamp duties should be -created. As such measures were always unpopular, he saw at once that -men and means would have to be provided for the collection of the -duties. He well knew that the people would not tamely submit to the -enforcement of such burdens. In order to carry the law into effect, he -proposed the creation of an army of 10,000 men, believing that such -a force would act upon the fears of the subjects, and compel them to -submit quietly to the great wrong. - -The thunderings of discontent grew louder and louder; and the murmurs -resounded on every side. Grenville became prime minister in 1764, and -by reason of his elevation exerted a great and controlling influence -over Parliament. He was now in a position to successfully carry out -the schemes he had proposed the year before. Upon assuming his new -position, next to the Crown itself, he forcibly urged upon Parliament -his peculiar methods to raise revenue. He contended that the home -government had the right to impose such duties and taxes as they -thought proper, without consulting the wishes of the colonists. An act -was passed in accordance with his views, providing a tax upon various -articles, which formerly had been admitted free of duty. - -The Provincial Assembly of the colony of New York protested against -these tyrannical acts, and forwarded a strong and forcible memorial -to the ministry. The manliness manifested by the Assembly in thus -declaring its rights brought down upon them the animosity of the Crown; -led to the suspension of their legislative prerogatives, thereby -depriving the people of representation in the affairs of the colony. -New York was not the only province that sent protests. While the -Assembly of New York spoke boldly and fearlessly, the sister colonies -were more suppliant. If the other colonies had displayed the same -determination to oppose the inroads upon their rights as New York -evinced, it would have resulted at the outset in a repeal of the odious -measures. - -The Stamp Act was passed on the 22d of March, 1765, to take effect on -the 1st of November ensuing. The colonial Governor Colden declared that -he would enforce the law. This enunciation did not terrify the people, -as a fixed resolve permeated the masses to oppose its enforcement -at all hazards. Citizens obtained copies of the act, and in broad -daylight hawked them about the street with a death's head bearing the -inscription, "The Folly of England and the Ruin of America." Meetings, -public and private, were held throughout the city, and in the outlying -sections of the colony. The subject was earnestly discussed on the -streets and in all places of public resort. Lewis was amongst the first -to refuse submission to or acquiescence in the royal demands. Love of -liberty and justice induced him to enlist in the cause of the patriots -against the enactments of Parliament. This was the grand principle -which induced him to unite with the devoted band which sprang into -existence, and was known as the "Sons of Liberty." The avowed object -of this noble company was to concert and adopt measures whereby the -exercise of an undue power by the mother country might be defeated. - -When the Provincial Assembly of New York, apprehending danger, and -realizing the necessity of united action on the part of all the -colonies, deemed it wise and prudent to recommend a congress of -delegates to assemble in New York on the 7th of October, 1765, to -consider what action should be taken to oppose the repulsive Stamp Act, -Mr. Lewis was elected to represent New York as a delegate, and when -they met took his seat in the convention. His head, heart, and soul -were enlisted in the cause, and he earnestly advocated the adoption of -the Bill of Rights. - -He was one of the men selected to circulate the principles of the Sons -of Liberty, and seek the formation of similar societies throughout -the colonies. In this grand work he was associated with Isaac Sears, -Marrinus Willett, Gershom Mott, Hugh Hughes, William Wiley, Thomas -Robinson, Flores Bancker, and Edward Laight, all of whom were tried -patriots, whose deeds of daring and earnest labors will live in the -memory of a grateful people while time shall last. Truly have they -"left behind them footprints on the sands of time," and "their actions -smell sweet and blossom in their dust." - -At this time Francis Lewis resided at Whitestone, L. I., having removed -with his family to his country home early in 1765. His residence in -Queens County did not prevent his acting with the Sons of Liberty. In -those days many of the prominent officials lived in Brooklyn and on the -Island. - -The appointment of this committee resulted in the selection of a -correspondent in London, who kept the patriots informed as to the -projected movements of the British authorities, by which means they -were enabled to adopt measures to thwart the purposes of the Crown. The -information received from time to time led to a desire for a closer -union of the colonies. The old Dutch maxim, which has been preserved -and adopted as part of the seal of our good city of Brooklyn, "In union -is strength," was uppermost in their minds, and induced them to invite -the respective colonies to send delegates to a congress to assemble in -New York on the 7th of October, 1765. - -Some New England writers have given the credit of the formation of this -congress to Massachusetts. This is an unhistorical assumption. Whilst -New England men did yeoman service in the cause, they did not enlist in -it until they had been spurred on by the "Sons of Liberty" of New York. -This congress of delegates owed its existence to the persistency of New -Yorkers, and was by them first called together. - -The congress was organized by the election of Timothy Ruggles, of -Massachusetts, as president. The session lasted for three weeks. The -measures introduced and the work accomplished were mainly initiated -by the delegates from New York. A declaration of rights, prepared -and submitted by John Cruger, Mayor of New York, was adopted; and a -memorial and statement of grievances for presentation to Parliament -was prepared and introduced by Robert R. Livingston, also of New York. -Livingston subsequently was a member of the Continental Congress, and -associated with Jefferson on the committee appointed to draft the -Declaration of Independence. Livingston's address to Parliament was -signed by nearly all the members. The declaration of rights was a -vigorous and forcible document. It announced the grand principle that -"taxation without representation is tyranny," and declared that as the -colonies were so remote as to preclude representation in Parliament, -the right of taxation only vested in the legislative authorities. It -boldly denounced the Stamp Act as tyrannical, and demanded its repeal. - -Prior to the assembling of this congress a committee waited upon -Governor Colden to solicit his aid and encouragement. As Colden had -in former times advocated the rights of the people, it was but natural -to expect encouragement and support from him in this trying hour. The -committee was disappointed. To their infinite surprise and disgust -he declared the congress to be "unconstitutional, unprecedented, and -unlawful," and announced that he should give it no countenance. - -It is within the bounds of reason to say that Jefferson, in the -production of his inimitable paper, caught his inspiration from these -noble documents emanating from the Dutchmen of New York, and so readily -endorsed by their associates in this congress. The doctrine brought -over in the Mayflower led for a time to proscription, whilst the -lesson taught by the Dutch settlers was freedom and toleration. The -forefathers of New England who sought the New World to enjoy religious -liberty refused to grant the same privilege to others. The Dutch, on -the other hand, extended a welcome to the Pilgrims, gave them a home -at Delft Haven for eleven years, afforded an asylum to the persecuted -Quakers who fled from New England, and always exercised the precept -enunciated at a later day by the martyr Lincoln, "with malice toward -none, with charity for all." - -The acts and enunciations of the congress were approved by the people, -and adopted by the Colonial Assembly which met in November. Shortly -after the ratification of the petitions by the Colonial Assembly, -Governor Colden wrote to the home government that "whatever happens in -this place has the greatest influence on the other colonies. They have -their eyes perpetually on it, and they govern themselves accordingly." - -The Stamp Act was to take effect on the 1st of November, 1765. The -merchants on the eve of the 1st were greatly excited. With one accord, -they congregated at Burns's Coffee House, near the Battery, and with -united voice passed the following resolution: "To import no goods -from England until the Stamp Act be repealed; to countermand all -orders already sent for spring goods; to sell no goods from England -on commission; to abide by these resolutions until they should be -rescinded by a general meeting called for that purpose." - -The Sons of Liberty, in order to carry on their work so well -commenced, appointed from their number a committee of five, which -was termed the non-importation committee, whose duty it was to enter -into correspondence with the other colonies, and, by enlisting their -sympathy, induce them to coöperate in the work, and adopt a similar -policy. - -The stamps reached New York October 29, 1765. In order to protect them -from the rage of the people, they were placed on board of a British -man-of-war, in the harbor. Governor Colden declared that he could not -be intimidated; that the stamps should be delivered in due time. The -Governor was in a dilemma, as neither threats nor persuasion could -induce the people to aid or assist in the removal. - -The 1st of November came. Business was entirely suspended. Every -heart was burdened with anxiety. The flags on the shipping were -placed at half-mast, and the church bells tolled mournfully. Many -private residences displayed the insignia of mourning. On every side -it appeared as if a great and dire calamity had visited the colony. -Handbills denouncing the administration appeared in public places as -if by magic, and the people were warned not to give in their adhesion -to the Crown by purchasing the condemned stamps. Activity marked the -rank and file of the Sons of Liberty. During the day they bent their -energies in making preparations for an evening display. Shortly after -dark they assembled and proceeded to the Commons, in the neighborhood -of the present City Hall, where a gallows was quickly erected, and an -effigy of Governor Colden suspended therefrom. A piece of stamped paper -was placed in his hand, a drum at his back, and a placard on his breast -with the inscription, "To the Rebel Drummer of 1745." Another company -carried a life-sized figure of Colden, seated in a chair, through the -streets to the Fort. When they reached Colden's residence they broke -open his stable, took therefrom his coach of state, placed the image -in the coach, and with it returned and joined their companions in the -park. With them they formed into line, and once again proceeded to -the Fort and demanded admission. At this time the Fort was under the -command of General Gage, who wisely withheld his fire, well knowing -that the first shot would madden and infuriate the populace. As -admission to the Fort was refused, the citizens repaired to the Bowling -Green, kindled a fire, and placed thereon the Governor's coach, image, -and the effigy which had been suspended on the gallows. The Sons of -Liberty could not hold the people in check. The residence of James, one -of the Crown officers, was visited, and because he had advocated the -Stamp Act his house was reduced to ashes. - -The excitement did not abate. Colden well knew that his successor was -expected daily, and he was anxious to lift the responsibility from his -own shoulders, and place it on those of his successor. This proffer on -the part of Colden did not satisfy the people; they wanted the entire -control of the stamps themselves. Again the Sons of Liberty assembled, -fully equipped, resolved to obtain the stamps at all hazards, and, -if needs be, storm the Fort itself. The Governor became alarmed, and -agreed to deliver them to the Mayor and Corporation. The stamps were -thereupon transferred to John Cruger, the Mayor, who gave a receipt on -behalf of the city, "to take charge, and care of, and be accountable -in case they shall be destroyed or carried out of the province." The -Sons of Liberty, satisfied with the results of their labors, quietly -dispersed. This was the 5th of November. Peace and quietude once again -reigned. - -Sir Henry Moore, the new Governor, arrived November 13, 1765, and -wisely declared at the outset that he would have nothing to do with the -detested stamps, and directed that those he had brought with him should -be deposited with the others in the City Hall. - -The spirit of hatred to the Stamp Act, manifested in the province -of New York, proved contagious. The colony of Maryland caught the -infection, and drove from her midst a stamp agent, who sought a refuge -on Long Island. Hither the Sons of Liberty followed him, and compelled -him to resign his office, under the solemnity of an oath. This act -on the part of the Sons of Liberty was greatly appreciated by the -inhabitants of Maryland. - -The spirit displayed by the inhabitants of New York continued to -spread, until at last the different colonies became one in spirit. -Parliament saw it would be useless to attempt the enforcement of the -Stamp Act, and repealed it February 20, 1766. The news reached New York -March 20, 1766, filling the community with untold joy. A dinner was -given, and a liberty pole erected, bearing the inscription, "The King, -Pitt, and Liberty." This pole was destined to become the rallying-spot -of the Sons of Liberty. - -Peace did not last long. In 1767, the chancellor of the exchequer -introduced and secured the passage of a bill, imposing duties on all -tea, glass, paper, painters' colors, and lead, imported into the -colony. This measure was looked upon as a fresh invasion of their -rights by the inhabitants, and a new burst of feeling appeared. - -In 1768 a new Assembly was convened. Kings County was represented by -Simon Boerum, John Rapalje, and Abraham Schenck. At the opening of the -session in October, a correspondence was entered into with the colony -of Massachusetts, responsive to a circular sent by that colony, asking -their aid, sympathy, and coöperation in securing a removal of common -grievances. In unmistakable terms the Assembly denounced the outrages. -The public prints were equally emphatic. The boldness of the Assembly -led to its dissolution, and a new one in the interest of the Crown -was convened in 1769. The new body catered to the Royalists, passing -resolutions in the interest of the Crown, thereby exciting the Sons -of Liberty to renewed efforts. In December, 1769, the patriots again -circulated handbills, denouncing the Assembly as base betrayers of the -sacred trust reposed in them. The Assembly received no consideration at -the hands of the malcontents. - -In January, 1770, the Royalist soldiers, to show contempt for the -citizens of the city, attempted to destroy the liberty pole. They -even, in their fury at the failure of the effort, broke into the -building occupied by the Sons of Liberty, and destroyed its windows -and furniture. During several nights in succession the soldiers -renewed their endeavors to destroy the emblem of liberty. At last they -succeeded, manifesting their spite by cutting it in small pieces, which -they placed in front of the headquarters of the patriots. The insult -was understood, and fresh conflicts arose, the soldiers and the people -finally coming into violent collision in the so-called battle of Golden -Hill. - -Early in 1770 Parliament repealed all the duties except that on tea. - -In 1771 Francis Lewis removed his family to New York, and entered into -business with his son. This connection did not last long. The political -atmosphere was surcharged with dissatisfaction. The storm cloud of -dissension still hung threateningly, and the future looked black and -dismal. In such a state of affairs his course was not doubtful. - -The English authorities resolved to enforce the duty on tea. The -vessels containing it sailed from England October 26, 1773. The events -that followed are familiar in American history. - -The New York "tea party" was a greater success than the one in -Boston, as the New Yorkers not only threw the tea overboard, but also -confiscated one of the vessels, and sent the captains of both back in -the other craft, disheartened and crestfallen. - -On the 22d of April, 1775, Lewis, having relinquished business, was -elected by a convention of delegates from Kings, Queens, New York, -and the other counties, to represent the province in the Continental -Congress to assemble in Philadelphia. At this time Lewis lived on Long -Island. The colony had two governors. Tryon represented the Crown and -the Royalists, and General Nathaniel Woodhull, of Suffolk County, was -president pro tem. of the Provincial Council, possessing the functions -of a governor. Antagonism existed between the two. The Provincial -Council directed the guns to be removed from the Battery. This was -opposed by Tryon. On the 23d of August, 1775, the committee proceeded -to discharge the duty assigned them. The British ship Asia was in the -harbor, having just arrived from Boston, and by direction of Tryon at -once opened her broadside. Morgan Lewis, son of Francis Lewis, during -his lifetime stated that at this time the first ball shot from an -English ship, during the war, struck his father's house on the Long -Island shore, shattering the beam under his mother's foot. The family -were greatly terrified, and hastily sought a refuge in the neighboring -hills. - -The Provincial Congress met in New York in December, 1775. Francis -Lewis was continued a delegate to the Continental Congress for 1776. -His appears as one of the immortal fifty-six names appended to the -Declaration of Independence. On that occasion, in the impetuosity of -his enthusiasm, he exclaimed: "Now we must hang together or we shall -hang separately." - -The convention of representatives of the State of New York, which met -at White Plains, July 9, 1776, unanimously ratified the acts of their -delegates. Two of the signers of the Declaration from New York, to wit, -Francis Lewis and William Floyd, were residents of Long Island. It will -thus be seen that our island sent one half of the State delegation. - -Lewis was now kept busy in political matters. During several subsequent -years he was appointed to represent the State in national affairs. -Whilst in Congress his advice was often sought, and his prudence -and business tact made him a valuable member. Always maintaining a -spotless reputation, he secured and retained the confidence of his -associates. Matters which required caution and discretion were referred -to him. Valuable service was rendered by him in purchasing clothing for -the army, and in importing arms and ammunition. Besides all this he -was frequently employed on committees and in the secret service of the -government. - -At the time the Tories occupied New York, and terror and consternation -filled the hearts of all, he, with Messrs. Sherman and Gerry, was -appointed a committee by Congress to repair to New York, ascertain the -condition of the army, and devise means to supply its wants. - -In 1775 Lewis removed his family to his country residence at -Whitestone, L. I. It did not prove wise on his part, as it was stepping -into the hornet's nest. Shortly after the occupation of the island by -General Howe, and on August 23, 1776, a party of British light horse, -under Colonel Burch, plundered his home, destroyed his library and -valuable papers, and removed such articles as they could conveniently -carry away, leaving him barely sufficient means with which to pay his -debts. At this time he was sixty-three years old, and by this wanton -act was placed in a truly pitiable condition. They were not satisfied -with the destruction of his property, but thirsted for vengeance on the -man who dared to proclaim himself a friend of liberty by signing the -Declaration of Independence, which was an indictment by the grand jury -of the people against the tyranny of Great Britain. The vandal invaders -took Mrs. Lewis a prisoner, and retained her in close confinement -several months, without allowing her either a bed to rest upon or a -change of clothing. - -The attention of Congress was directed to her situation in November, -1776. A resolution was passed to exchange Mrs. Grace Kempe, wife of -John Tabor Kempe, the Tory attorney-general of New York, whom the -Americans held as a prisoner, for Mrs. Lewis. In the effort they were -unsuccessful. Washington became greatly interested in her behalf, and -through his instrumentality she was at last released. She had endured -intense suffering, which impaired her constitution, and resulted in her -death within two years thereafter. She was buried in the graveyard of -Christ Church, Philadelphia. - -About this time Lewis's son Francis was married to a Miss Ludlow. The -Ludlow family strenuously opposed the match, saying that his father was -a notorious rebel and would certainly be hanged, and they did not want -to be allied to a family whose head was destined to meet such a fate. - -By the terms of the resolution passed by Congress, October 14, 1777, -each State was entitled to a representation of seven members, and -unless two members were in attendance, the State would have no vote. -The cabal took advantage of the fact that New York had but two members -in town, and, as one of them was sick and unable to attend, the State -would thereby have no vote in the deliberations of Congress. They -determined to raise the issue in Congress by appointing a committee to -arrest Washington at Valley Forge. Francis Lewis was the only member -from New York capable of taking his seat. The other member, Col. Wm. -Duer, was very sick; but, loving his country more than his life, -immediately upon learning the necessity of his presence sent for his -physician, and demanded to know whether he could be removed and taken -to the halls of Congress. The doctor replied, "Yes; but at the expense -of your life!" "Do you mean that I would expire before reaching the -place?" "No; but I would not answer for your life twenty-four hours -afterwards." "Very well, sir," the noble Roman replied; "you have -done your duty, prepare a litter for me; if you refuse, some one else -shall do it; but I prefer your care in this case." The litter was -prepared, and the patient made ready to sacrifice his life, to defeat -the machinations of the misguided men who sought to degrade Washington. -Fortunately the sacrifice was prevented by the opportune arrival of -Gouverneur Morris, another delegate, who, on reaching the headquarters -of the New York delegation, found Colonel Duer on the litter, covered -with blankets, attended by his physician and carriers, ready to go to -the Court House, where Congress was to meet. Lewis and Morris being -present gave New York a vote, and forced the evil-minded members to see -that their scheme could not be safely advocated, and the effort was -abandoned. - -When Lewis retired from Congress, that body, in consideration of -his services, and remembering his many sacrifices, appointed him -commissioner of the board of admiralty, which position he accepted. In -April, 1784, Lewis was an earnest worker in the reorganization of the -Chamber of Commerce, which he had been instrumental in founding, and -assisted in procuring its charter, which passed the Legislature April -13, 1784. - -Lewis lived to see the accomplishment of his heart's desire, and was -permitted to live in the infant republic for which he had spent his -time and fortune for a period of twenty-seven years. - -His children followed in his footsteps. One of them, Francis Lewis, -Jr., represented Queens County in the Assembly of 1788. The other son, -Morgan, was born October 16, 1754, graduated at Princeton College in -1773, studied law with John Jay, and joined the army under Washington -in 1775. At first he was captain of a rifle company, but rose rapidly, -becoming, in 1776, colonel and chief-of-staff under General Gates. He -was at the battle of Saratoga, and distinguished himself under General -Clinton in the Mohawk Valley. After the war, he continued his legal -studies, and was admitted to the bar. Soon after he was appointed judge -of the court of common pleas. In 1791 he was elected attorney-general, -as the successor of Aaron Burr, holding the position until December 24, -1792, when he became a justice of the Supreme Court. On the 28th of -October, 1801, he took his seat as chief justice of the Supreme Court -of the State of New York. Other honors awaited him. He was Governor -of the State from 1804 to 1807, succeeding Governor Clinton as the -third Governor of the Commonwealth. At the election, party spirit and -feeling were manifested to a great degree. Aaron Burr was his opponent, -and displayed great anxiety to secure the election. Although Lewis was -a Jeffersonian, he received the warm support of Alexander Hamilton. -It was mainly through the efforts of Hamilton that his success in the -contest was secured. Hamilton's labors in behalf of Lewis embittered -Burr, and formed one of the main causes which a few months later led to -his untimely end at the hands of the miscreant intriguer Burr. Burr was -a student with Lewis at Princeton, and graduated in 1772, one year in -advance of the Governor. - -On several subsequent occasions, Morgan Lewis was elected state -senator, and also chancellor of the University. In 1812 he was -appointed quartermaster, and became a major-general in 1813. During -that year he was engaged in operations on the Niagara River, and -commanded the defenses in New York city in 1814. In 1828, when -seventy-four years of age, he was elected a presidential elector for -the fifth district of New York. - -Lewis Avenue, Brooklyn, was named in his honor. - -Morgan Lewis was a man of great scholastic attainments. The New York -Historical Society elected him their president in 1835. In 1839 he -was chosen president of the Society of the Cincinnati, holding the -office until his death, April 7, 1844. He was the last but one of the -Revolutionary soldiers who filled that position. He was grand master of -the Free Masons at the time of his death, and was buried by the craft -with their impressive ceremonies. He was married at Clermont on the -Hudson in May, 1779, to Gertrude, the sister of Chancellor Livingston. - -On the 6th of August, 1784, Morgan Lewis purchased eighty acres of land -in Brooklyn, bounded by the Gowanus Road, and the road leading from -Brooklyn to Flatbush. It was a portion of the estate belonging to John -Rapelje, which became forfeited by his allegiance to the Tories, and -was sold by the commissioners appointed to sell the property of all who -adhered to the Crown. - -Francis Lewis, the hero and patriot, spent his last days in comparative -poverty; but his heart was cheered by the fact that he had given his -fortune to his country, and spent his life in her service. - -On the 30th of December, 1803, at the ripe age of ninety years, having -witnessed the inauguration of three Presidents, all of whom were his -warm and personal friends, his life-work closed. - - -II - -DUTCH NOMENCLATURE - -In a letter written from Holland to the Brooklyn "Eagle," Henry C. -Murphy gave an interesting explanation of the chief characteristics of -Dutch nomenclature. In the course of this letter Mr. Murphy said:-- - -"In order to show what difficulties the peculiar system adopted in this -country (Holland), and continued by the settlers in our own home, throw -in the way of tracing genealogies, it is to be observed that the first -of these, in point of time, was the patronymic, as it is called, by -which a child took, besides his own baptismal name, that of his father, -with the addition of _zoon_, or _sen_, meaning son. To illustrate -this: if a child were baptized Hendrick, and the baptismal name of his -father were Jan, the child would be called Hendrick Jansen. His son, -if baptized Tunis, would be called Tunis Hendricksen; and the son of -the latter might be Willem, and would have the name Willem Tunisen. -And so we might have the succeeding generations called successively -Garret Willemsen, Marten Garretsen, Adrien Martensen, and so on, -through the whole of the calendar of Christian names; or, as more -frequently happened, there would be repetition, in the second, third, -or fourth generation, of the name of the first; and thus, as these -names were common to the whole people, there were in every community -different lineages of identically the same name. This custom, which -had prevailed in Holland for centuries, was in full vogue at the time -of the settlement of New Netherland. In writing the termination _sen_, -it was frequently contracted into _se_, or _z_, or _s_. Thus the name -of William Barretsen, who commanded in the first three Arctic voyages -of exploration, in 1594, 1595, and 1596, is given in the old accounts -of those voyages, Barretsen, Barentse, Barentz, Barents; sometimes in -one way, sometimes in another, indifferently. Or, to give an example -nearer home, both of the patronymic custom and of the contraction of -the name, the father of Garret Martense, the founder of a family of -that name in Flatbush, was Martin Adriense, and his father was Adriæ -Ryerse, who came from Amsterdam. The inconveniences of this practice, -the confusion to which it gave rise, and the difficulty of tracing -families, led ultimately to its abandonment, both in Holland and in our -own country. In doing so, the patronymic, which the person originating -the name bore, was adopted as the surname. Most of the family names -thus formed and originating amongst us may be said to be of American -origin, as they were first fixed in America, though the same names were -adopted by others in Holland. Hence we have the names of such families -of Dutch descent amongst us as Jansen (_anglice_, Johnson), Garretsen, -Cornelisen, Williamsen or Williamson, Hendricksen or Hendrickson, -Clasen, Simonsen or Simonson, Tysen (son of Mathias), Arendsen (son -of Arend), Hansen, Lambertsen or Lambertson, Paulisen, Remsen,[55] -Ryersen, Martense, Adrience, Rutgers, Everts, Phillips, Lefferts, and -others. To trace connection between these families and persons in this -country, it is evident, would be impossible, for the reason stated, -without a regular record. - -"Another mode of nomenclature, intended to obviate the difficulty -of an identity of names for the time being, but which rendered -the confusion worse confounded for the future genealogist, was to -add to the patronymic name the occupation or some other personal -characteristic of the individual. Thus, Laurens Jansen, the inventor -of the art of printing, as the Dutch claim, had affixed to his name -that of Coster--that is to say, _sexton_--an office of which he was -in the possession of the emoluments. But the same addition was not -transmitted to his son; and thus the son of Hendrick Jansen Coster -might be called Tunis Hendrickson Brouwer (brewer), and his grandson -might be William Tunissen Bleecker (bleacher).... - -"A third practice, evidently designed, like that referred to, to -obviate the confusions of the first, was to append the name of the -place where the person resided, not often of a large city, but of a -particular, limited locality, and frequently of a particular form or -natural object. This custom is denoted in all the family names which -have the prefix of _Van_, _Vander_, _Ver_ (which is a contraction of -_Vander_), and _Ten_, meaning, respectively, _of_, _of the_ and _at -the_.... The prefixes _Vander_ or _Ver_ and _Ten_ were adopted where -the name was derived from a particular spot, thus: Vanderveer (of the -ferry); Vanderburg, of the hill; Vanderbilt (of the bildt, that is, -certain elevations of ground in Guederhoff and New Utrecht); Vanderbeck -(of the brook); Vanderhoff (of the court); Verplanck (of the plank); -Verhultz (of the holly); Verkerk (of the church); Ten Eyck (at the -oak); Tenbroeck (at the marsh)." - - -III - -NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN FERRY RIGHTS - -New York City's exclusive claims to the ferry rights are almost as old -as Brooklyn itself. Brooklyn was settled in 1636, and in less than -twenty years, and while there was but a handful of people on this -side of the river, the ferry from Peck Slip to Nassau Island, at a -point corresponding to the present foot of Fulton Street, had become a -public question. In the natural course of things, New York had first -started the ferry. When the English conquered New Netherland, and Peter -Stuyvesant stepped down (with his wooden leg) from the governorship of -New Amsterdam, the conquered province was patented by Charles II. of -England to the Duke of York, who afterwards became James II., and in -whose honor New Amsterdam was re-named New York. The Dutch Governor was -succeeded by an English Governor, the Duke's representative, Nicolls; -and Dutch traditions and codes were succeeded by the famous "Duke's -Laws." The new Governor granted to the little hamlet of Brooklyn a -patent confirmatory of that received from the Dutch Governor, a measure -that was in conformity with the general policy of the conquerors. - -This patent, after naming the patentees, and describing the bounds of -the town, and bounding by the river, and not by high or low water mark, -proceeded to say: "Together with all havens, harbors, creeks, marshes, -waters, rivers, lakes, and fisheries." The charter adds: "Moreover, I -do hereby give, ratify, and confirm unto the said patentees and their -associates, and their heirs, successors, and assigns, all the rights -and privileges belonging to a town within their government." Under -this patent the town of Brooklyn first claimed the ownership of land -between high and low water mark on the Brooklyn side, and an equal -right with New York to erect and maintain ferries. - -We find no adverse claim on the part of New York until nineteen years -afterward, in 1686, when the Corporation of New York obtained from -Governor Dongan a charter by which the ferries were granted to New -York. But this charter says nothing about water rights, and expressly -reserves the rights of all other persons and bodies corporate or -politic. Moreover, Brooklyn in the same year secured from Dongan a -patent fully confirming that of Nicolls. A similar confirmation was -secured in 1691. But New York was still running the ferry, and to -fortify its claims bought land on the Brooklyn side in 1694. - -[Illustration: CHART SHOWING EAST RIVER SOUNDINGS AND PIER LINES] - -In the reign of Queen Anne the Corporation of New York induced that -infamous trickster and reprobate, Governor Cornbury, to give New -York a charter, by which it was to be entitled to all "vacant and -unappropriated land" below high water mark from the Wallabout to Red -Hook. The charter was really void, for there was no unappropriated -land in the region named, previous patents and charters having given -them to Brooklyn as a town. In 1721 the colonial legislature confirmed -Brooklyn's rights, but New York's politicians bought for a specific -sum ($5000) a new charter from Governor Montgomerie confirming the -pretended right of New York to ownership in land to high-water mark on -the Brooklyn shore. New York secured a charter ownership in 400 feet -of land under water around the whole lower part of the city, and step -by step, with money and unfaltering political trickery, the city set -itself against the development and independence of Brooklyn. By Section -37 of the Montgomerie charter, the ferry franchise was confirmed -"forever," with a provision that no other person or persons whomsoever -should have the right to establish a ferry or ferries in the premises. -Legislative acts and legal decisions have been piled up around a -pretense, the fallacy and injustice of which appear upon examination of -the early records. - -New York was not satisfied with the crafty legislation by which it -sought to overawe the village across the river. It began to question -the right of Brooklyn people to cross to New York in their own boats. -The result was that a Brooklyn man, Hendrick Remsen, sued the New York -Corporation. He won his case; the Corporation appealed to the King, -and the matter remained undecided in consequence of the Revolution. -Although the Constitution of the State confirms all grants of land -within the State made by authority of the King of Great Britain or his -predecessors, prior to August 14, 1775, New York afterward adhered to -its false claims to the river rights. However, by State rulings within -the present century, Brooklyn was permitted to exercise jurisdiction -to low-water mark. A Supreme Court decision in 1821 declares that -the City and County of New York includes the whole of the rivers and -harbor adjoining to actual low-water mark on the opposite shores. It -was only in 1824 that Brooklyn was able to secure from the Legislature -concurrent jurisdiction with New York in the service of process, in -actions civil and criminal, on board of vessels attached to its own -wharves. - -When Brooklyn sought to erect itself into a city, New York met the -proposition with the same spirit of unwillingness to recognize in the -sister town any right to individual existence. Every step that Brooklyn -took toward securing municipal rights was hampered by the opposition of -New York politicians. Brooklyn became a city in 1834, in spite of New -York's opposition. New York retired from the fight with its fraudulent -ownership of the river and the "ferry rights," by which it was and -still is able to levy a continuous tax upon Brooklyn. - - -IV - -_STATISTICS FROM THE FEDERAL CENSUS OF 1890_ - -BROOKLYN MANUFACTURES[56] - -FEDERAL CENSUS OF 1890 - -The tabulated statements presented herewith include only establishments -which reported a product of $500 or more in value during the census -year, and, so far as practicable, only those establishments operating -works located within the corporate limits of the city. - - -COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF TOTALS - - ================================================================ - Industries | Industries | Establishments | Capital[57] - | Reported | Reporting | - ---------------------+------------+----------------+------------ - All Industries {1880 | 180 | 5,201 | $61,646,749 - {1890 | 229 | 10,561 | 125,849,052 - ---------------------+------------+----------------+------------ - - ============================================================ - Industries | Hands | Wages Paid | Cost of - | Employed | | Materials - | | | Used - ---------------------+----------+-------------+------------- - All Industries {1880 | 47,587 | $22,487,457 | $129,085,091 - {1890 | 103,683 | 61,975,702 | 137,325,749 - ---------------------+----------+-------------+------------- - - - ==================================================================== - Industries | Miscellaneous | Value of Product | Population - | Expenses[58] | | - ---------------------+---------------+------------------+----------- - All Industries {1880 | | $177,223,142 | 566,663 - {1890 | $14,824,466 | 248,750,184 | 806,343 - ---------------------+---------------+------------------+----------- - - ========================================================= - Industries | City Assessed | Municipal Debt[59] - | Valuation | - ---------------------+---------------+------------------- - All Industries {1880 | $232,925,699 | $38,040,000 - {1890 | 445,038,201 | 34,639,542 - ---------------------+---------------+------------------- - - -DETAILED STATEMENT FOR 1890 BY IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES IN BROOKLYN -ELEVENTH CENSUS - - ================================================================= - CLASSIFICATION OF | Boots and | | Coffee and - INQUIRIES[60] | shoes-- | Chemicals | spice-- - | factory | | roasting and - | products | | grinding - _Establishments_:-- | (65) | (36) | (13) - ------------------------+------------+-------------+------------- - CAPITAL EMPLOYED-- | | | - Aggregate | $1,327,119 | $8,483,835 | $2,963,392 - |============|=============|============= - HIRED PROPERTY-- | | | - Total | 366,230 | 275,000 | 306,300 - +------------+-------------+------------- - PLANT--Total | 385,934 | 4,888,250 | 546,696 - +------------+-------------+------------- - Land | 56,700 | 1,196,800 | 198,400 - Buildings | 113,400 | 1,532,821 | 194,350 - Machinery, tools, | | | - and implements | 215,834 | 2,158,629 | 153,946 - LIVE ASSETS--Total | 574,955 | 3,320,585 | 2,110,396 - +------------+-------------+------------- - Raw materials | 137,612 | 1,365,535 | 721,678 - Stock in process and | | | - finished product | 154,802 | 878,468 | 930,671 - Cash, bills, and | | | - accounts | | | - receivable, and | | | - all sundries not | | | - elsewhere reported | 282,541 | 1,076,582 | 458,047 - | | | - WAGES PAID--Aggregate | $1,032,547 | $1,140,475 | $479,036 - |============|=============|============= - Average number of | | | - hands employed | 2,050 | 1,848 | 794 - +------------+-------------+------------- - Males above 16 years | 840 | 1,295 | 477 - Females above 15 years | 326 | 289 | 10 - Children | 24 | 31 | - Pieceworkers | 860 | 233 | 307 - MATERIALS USED-- | | | - Aggregate cost | $1,432,934 | $7,329,134 | $11,047,538 - +============+=============+============= - Principal materials | 1,381,752 | 7,050,313 | 10,711,647 - Fuel | 3,888 | 195,545 | 14,752 - Mill supplies | | 9,206 | 20,656 - All other materials | 47,294 | 74,070 | 300,483 - EXPENSES, MISCELLANEOUS | | | - --Ag'gate | $73,249 | $612,809 | $84,334 - +============+=============+============= - Paid for contract work | 1,450 | | - Rent | 25,636 | 22,110 | 21,445 - Power and heat | 3,720 | 900 | 3,800 - Taxes | 4,494 | 48,950 | 11,439 - Insurance | 4,420 | 29,190 | 11,382 - Repairs, ordinary, of | | | - b'ld'gs and mach'y | 5,842 | 149,644 | 6,635 - Interest on cash used | | | - in the business | 1,549 | 43,651 | - All sundries not | | | - elsewhere reported | 26,138 | 318,364 | 29,633 - GOODS MANUFACTURED | | | - --Aggregate | $2,813,209 | $10,467,109 | $12,247,162 - +============+=============+============= - Principal product | 2,770,689 | 10,425,949 | 12,044,967 - All other products, | | | - including custom | | | - work and repairing | 42,520 | 41,160 | 202,195 - ------------------------+------------+-------------+------------- - - =============================================================== - CLASSIFICATION OF | | | Foundry and - INQUIRIES[60] | Confec- | Cordage | machine - | tionery | and twine | shop - | | | products - _Establishments_:-- | (197) | (3) | (169) - ------------------------+------------+------------+------------ - CAPITAL EMPLOYED-- | | | - Aggregate | $2,923,509 | $2,256,400 | $13,725,518 - |============|============|============ - HIRED PROPERTY-- | | | - Total | 1,047,500 | | 1,473,750 - +------------+------------+------------ - PLANT--Total | 1,028,053 | 1,854,300 | 6,046,228 - +------------+------------+------------ - Land | 251,085 | 303,000 | 1,617,500 - Buildings | 311,225 | 701,000 | 1,362,670 - Machinery, tools, | | | - and implements | 465,743 | 850,300 | 3,066,058 - LIVE ASSETS--Total | 847,956 | 402,100 | 6,205,540 - +------------+------------+------------ - Raw materials | 207,660 | 175,600 | 1,182,099 - Stock in process and | | | - finished product | 269,041 | 60,500 | 1,525,807 - Cash, bills, and | | | - accounts | | | - receivable, and | | | - all sundries not | | | - elsewhere reported | 371,255 | 166,000 | 3,497,634 - | | | - WAGES PAID--Aggregate | $1,096,252 | $650,256 | $5,641,132 - |============|============|============ - Average number of | | | - hands employed | 2,237 | 1,612 | 7,753 - +------------+------------+------------ - Males above 16 years | 1,387 | 1,012 | 6,868 - Females above 15 years | 552 | 600 | 42 - Children | 22 | | 2 - Pieceworkers | 276 | | 841 - MATERIALS USED-- | | | - Aggregate cost | $1,833,791 | $4,352,63 | $5,125,183 - +============+============+============ - Principal materials | 1,738,998 | 4,206,13 | 4,626,489 - Fuel | 25,621 | 105,00 | 210,767 - Mill supplies | 3,835 | 6,00 | 47,386 - All other materials | 65,337 | 35,50 | 240,541 - EXPENSES, MISCELLANEOUS | | | - --Ag'gate | $194,993 | $63,18 | $799,912 - +============+============+============ - Paid for contract work | | | 12,000 - Rent | 73,320 | | 117,888 - Power and heat | 120 | | 14,664 - Taxes | 9,981 | 10,14 | 60,267 - Insurance | 5,050 | 7,54 | 36,223 - Repairs, ordinary, of | | | - b'ld'gs and mach'y | 5,730 | 25,00 | 74,565 - Interest on cash used | | | - in the business | 13,462 | | 22,009 - All sundries not | | | - elsewhere reported | 87,330 | 20,50 | 462,296 - GOODS MANUFACTURED | | | - --Aggregate | $3,731,202 | $5,625,79 | $15,350,776 - +============+============+============ - Principal product | 3,721,071 | 5,622,91 | 14,222,090 - All other products, | | | - including custom | | | - work and repairing | 10,131 | 2,88 | 1,128,686 - ------------------------+------------+------------+------------ - - ================================================================ - CLASSIFICATION OF | | | Slaughtering - INQUIRIES[60] | Furnishing | Paper | and meat - | goods | hangings | packing - | | | - _Establishments_:-- | (67) | (5) | (63) - ------------------------+------------+------------+------------- - CAPITAL EMPLOYED-- | | | - Aggregate | $1,507,853 | $1,790,121 | $2,120,822 - |============|============|============= - HIRED PROPERTY-- | | | - Total | 377,650 | 303,482 | 380,560 - +------------+------------+------------- - PLANT--Total | 427,420 | 401,946 | 918,400 - +------------+------------+------------- - Land | 110,100 | 31,500 | 317,550 - Buildings | 142,550 | 121,584 | 346,752 - Machinery, tools, | | | - and implements | 174,770 | 248,862 | 254,098 - LIVE ASSETS--Total | 702,783 | 1,084,693 | 821,862 - +------------+------------+------------- - Raw materials | 312,438 | 61,890 | 114,907 - Stock in process and | | | - finished product | 142,902 | 186,974 | 197,490 - Cash, bills, and | | | - accounts | | | - receivable, and | | | - all sundries not | | | - elsewhere reported | 247,443 | 835,829 | 509,465 - | | | - WAGES PAID--Aggregate | $1,203,461 | $445,510 | $532,120 - |============|============|============= - Average number of | | | - hands employed | 2,218 | 852 | 623 - +------------+------------+------------- - Males above 16 years | 868 | 660 | 607 - Females above 15 years | 485 | 146 | 3 - Children | 10 | 20 | - Pieceworkers | 855 | 26 | 13 - MATERIALS USED-- | | | - Aggregate cost | $1,443,218 | $1,067,697 | $11,769,741 - +============+============+============= - Principal materials | 1,389,325 | 1,042,362 | 11,637,737 - Fuel | 27,893 | 18,045 | 32,256 - Mill supplies | 10,308 | 290 | - All other materials | 15,692 | 7,000 | 99,748 - EXPENSES, MISCELLANEOUS | | | - --Ag'gate | $84,811 | $300,754 | $130,096 - +============+============+============= - Paid for contract work | | | - Rent | 26,441 | 22,000 | 34,252 - Power and heat | 600 | | - Taxes | 4,429 | 15,863 | 13,902 - Insurance | 10,573 | 7,343 | 9,490 - Repairs, ordinary, of | | | - b'ld'gs and mach'y | 9,502 | 1,700 | 8,387 - Interest on cash used | | | - in the business | 1,895 | 61,833 | 3,691 - All sundries not | | | - elsewhere reported | 31,371 | 192,015 | 60,374 - GOODS MANUFACTURED | | | - --Aggregate | $3,315,691 | $2,143,023 | $13,317,789 - +============+============+============= - Principal product | 3,268,994 | 2,143,023 | 13,118,381 - All other products, | | | - including custom | | | - work and repairing | 46,697 | | 199,408 - ------------------------+------------+------------+------------- - - ====================================== - CLASSIFICATION OF | Sugar and - INQUIRIES[60] | molasses - | refining - | - _Establishments_:-- | (8) - ------------------------+------------- - CAPITAL EMPLOYED-- | - Aggregate | $3,999,510 - |============= - HIRED PROPERTY-- | - Total | 255,622 - +------------- - PLANT--Total | 1,821,000 - +------------- - Land | 399,000 - Buildings | 527,500 - Machinery, tools, | - and implements | 894,500 - LIVE ASSETS--Total | 1,922,888 - +------------- - Raw materials | 186,214 - Stock in process and | - finished product | 335,016 - Cash, bills, and | - accounts | - receivable, and | - all sundries not | - elsewhere reported | 1,401,658 - | - WAGES PAID--Aggregate | $330,558 - |============= - Average number of | - hands employed | 596 - +------------- - Males above 16 years | 583 - Females above 15 years | 2 - Children | - Pieceworkers | 11 - MATERIALS USED-- | - Aggregate cost | $14,816,112 - +============== - Principal materials | 14,412,045 - Fuel | 100,342 - Mill supplies | 15,986 - All other materials | 287,739 - EXPENSES, MISCELLANEOUS | - --Ag'gate | $227,760 - +============== - Paid for contract work | - Rent | 20,450 - Power and heat | 900 - Taxes | 21,877 - Insurance | 21,397 - Repairs, ordinary, of | - b'ld'gs and mach'y | 29,171 - Interest on cash used | - in the business | 65,449 - All sundries not | - elsewhere reported | 68,516 - GOODS MANUFACTURED | - --Aggregate | $16,629,982 - +============== - Principal product | 16,623,134 - All other products, | - including custom | - work and repairing | 6,848 - ------------------------+-------------- - - -STATEMENT OF CITY DEBT, DECEMBER 31, 1893 - - ======================================================================= - Title of Loan | Amount | Amount - | Dec. 31, 1892 | Dec. 31, 1893 - --------------------------------------+----------------+--------------- - PERMANENT DEBT PAYABLE FROM TAXATION: | | - Prospect Park | $8,697,000.00 | $8,697,000.00 - New York Bridge | 10,013,000.00 | 10,013,000.00 - Soldiers' Aid Fund | 112,000.00 | 60,000.00 - Arrearage Fund | 2,350,000.00 | 2,350,000.00 - Local Improvement | 200,000.00 | - Certificates of Indebtedness | 505,160.93 | 434,160.93 - City Bonds (Arrearage of County | | - Taxes) | 549,000.00 | 549,000.00 - Main Sewer Relief and Extension | | - Fund | 1,250,000.00 | 1,250,000.00 - Local Improvement (Laws of 1888) | 1,300,000.00 | 1,300,000.00 - Local Improvement (Laws of 1889) | 900,000.00 | 900,000.00 - Local Improvement (Laws of 1892) | 300,000.00 | 445,000.00 - School Improvement (Laws of 1888) | 400,000.00 | 400,000.00 - School Improvement (Laws of 1889) | 800,000.00 | 800,000.00 - Public Site, Purchase and | | - Construction | 500,000.00 | 500,000.00 - Municipal Site | 265,000.00 | 265,000.00 - Fourth Precinct Station House | 50,000.00 | 50,000.00 - Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument | 220,000.00 | 205,000.00 - Park Purchase | 650,000.00 | 650,000.00 - New York and Brooklyn Bridge, § 4, | | - Laws of 1891 | 1,000,000.00 | 1,000,000.00 - New York and Brooklyn Bridge, § 5, | | - Laws of 1891 | 1,400,000.00 | 1,450,000.00 - Public Market | 750,000.00 | 750,000.00 - School Building Fund | 304,000.00 | 606,000.00 - Certificate of Indebtedness, | | - ch. 48, Laws of 1892 | 162,844.92 | 54,830.18 - Certificate of Indebtedness, | | - ch. 50, Laws of 1892 | 125,000.00 | 148,852.55 - Certificate of Indebtedness, | | - ch. 45, Laws of 1891 | 15,000.00 | - Asphalt Repavement Fund | | 37,000.00 - Museums of Art and Science | | 8,000.00 - +----------------+--------------- - Total | $32,818,005.85 | $32,932,843.66 - |================|=============== - WATER DEBT | $14,566,000.00 | $15,316,000.00 - +================+=============== - TEMPORARY DEBT PAYABLE FROM TAXATION, | | - ETC.: | | - Fourth Avenue Improvement | 51,000.00 | 34,000.00 - Eighth Ward Improvement | 650,000.00 | 650,000.00 - Twenty-sixth and adjacent Ward | | - Sewers | 315,000.00 | 499,000.00 - Sewerage Fund(1892) | 50,000.00 | 119,000.00 - North Second Street Improvement | | 15,000.00 - Tax Certificate (Contagious | | - Disease Hospital) | | 7,000.00 - +----------------+--------------- - Total | $1,066,000.00 | $1,324,000.00 - +================+=============== - TAX CERTIFICATES | $2,700,000.00 | $3,400,000.00 - --------------------------------------+----------------+--------------- - - ================================================================ - Title of Loan | Increase | Decrease - | | - --------------------------------------+--------------+---------- - PERMANENT DEBT PAYABLE FROM TAXATION: | | - Prospect Park | | - New York Bridge | | - Soldiers' Aid Fund | | $52,000 - Arrearage Fund | | - Local Improvement | | 200,000 - Certificates of Indebtedness | | 71,000 - City Bonds (Arrearage of County | | - Taxes) | | - Main Sewer Relief and Extension | | - Fund | | - Local Improvement (Laws of 1888) | | - Local Improvement (Laws of 1889) | | - Local Improvement (Laws of 1892) | $155,000.00 | - School Improvement (Laws of 1888) | | - School Improvement (Laws of 1889) | | - Public Site, Purchase and | | - Construction | | - Municipal Site | | - Fourth Precinct Station House | | - Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument | | 15,000 - Park Purchase | | - New York and Brooklyn Bridge, § 4, | | - Laws of 1891 | | - New York and Brooklyn Bridge, § 5, | | - Laws of 1891 | 50,000.00 | - Public Market | | - School Building Fund | 302,000.00 | - Certificate of Indebtedness, | | - ch. 48, Laws of 1892 | | 108,014 - Certificate of Indebtedness, | | - ch. 50, Laws of 1892 | 3,852.55 | - Certificate of Indebtedness, | | - ch. 45, Laws of 1891 | | 15,000 - Asphalt Repavement Fund | 37,000.00 | - Museums of Art and Science | 8,000.00 | - +--------------+---------- - Total | $575,852.55 | $461,014 - |==============|========== - WATER DEBT | $750,000.00 | - +==============+========== - TEMPORARY DEBT PAYABLE FROM TAXATION, | | - ETC.: | | - Fourth Avenue Improvement | | $17,000 - Eighth Ward Improvement | | - Twenty-sixth and adjacent Ward | | - Sewers | 184,000.00 | - Sewerage Fund(1892) | 69,000.00 | - North Second Street Improvement | 15,000.00 | - Tax Certificate (Contagious | | - Disease Hospital) | 7,000.00 | - +--------------+---------- - Total | $275,000.00 | $17,000 - +==============+========== - TAX CERTIFICATES | $700,000.00 | - --------------------------------------+--------------+---------- - - - RECAPITULATION - - ======================================================================= - Title of Loan | Amount | Amount - | Dec. 31, 1892 | Dec. 31, 1893 - --------------------------------------+----------------+--------------- - Permanent Debt | $32,818,005.85 | $32,932,843.66 - Water Debt | 14,566,000.00 | 15,316,000.00 - Temporary Debt | 1,066,000.00 | 1,324,000.00 - Tax Certificates | 2,700,000.00 | 3,400,000.00 - +----------------+--------------- - Gross Debt | 51,150,005.85 | 52,972,843.66 - Sinking Fund | 4,636,893.90 | 4,935,344.55 - +----------------+--------------- - | $46,513,111.95 | $48,037,499.11 - Less 3 and 8 months' Tax | | - Certificates | | 700,000.00 - +----------------+--------------- - Net City Debt | $46,513,111.95 | $47,337,499.11 - --------------------------------------+----------------+--------------- - - ================================================================ - Title of Loan | Increase | Decrease - | | - --------------------------------------+--------------+---------- - Permanent Debt | $114,837.81 | - Water Debt | 750,000.00 | - Temporary Debt | 258,000.00 | - Tax Certificates | 700,000.00 | - +--------------+---------- - Gross Debt | 1,822,837.81 | - Sinking Fund | 298,450.65 | - +--------------+---------- - |$1,524,387.16 | - Less 3 and 8 months' Tax | | - Certificates | | - +--------------+---------- - Net City Debt |$1,524,387.16 | - --------------------------------------+--------------+---------- - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - - -[1] Stiles, i. p. 326. - -[2] In 1888 the State Legislature, at the request of the Society of Old -Brooklynites, passed a resolution urging Congress to provide for the -erection of a monument. A petition containing 25,000 names was sent to -Washington, and the matter was favorably reported from committee, but -no act was passed. - -[3] _Historical Sketch of Fulton Ferry_, 1879. - -[4] Furman, p. 243. - -[5] The state recognition of Brooklyn as a town took place in 1788. - -[6] In 1806, the Legislature of New York enacted a law allowing the -incorporation of a State and of County Medical Societies. Under this -act the State Medical Society was organized at once. The medical men -of this county did not act in the matter, however, for several years, -and it was not till March, 1822, that the Kings County Medical Society -was organized. From the organization of the society to the present -time the following gentlemen have been its presidents: Cornelius Low, -1822-1825; J. G. T. Hunt, 1825, till his death in 1830; Thomas W. -Henry, 1831-1833; Charles Ball, 1833-1835; Isaac I. Rapelye, 1835; -Matthew Wendell, 1836; Adrian Vanderveer, 1837-1839; John B. Zabriskie, -1839; Purcell Cooke, 1840-1842; Theodore L. Mason, 1842-1844; Bradley -Parker, 1844; Purcell Cooke, 1845; J. Sullivan Thorne, 1846; Lucius -Hyde, 1847; Chauncey L. Mitchell, 1848; Henry J. Cullen, 1849; James -H. Henry, 1850; Samuel J. Osborne, 1851; George Marvin, 1852; Andrew -Otterson, 1853-1855; George I. Bennet, 1855; T. Anderson Wade, 1856; -Samuel Boyd, 1857; Chauncey L. Mitchell, 1858-1860; Daniel Brooks, -1860; C. R. McClellan, 1861; Samuel Hart, 1862; DeWitt C. Enos, 1863; -Joseph C. Hutchinson, 1864; John T. Conkling, 1865; Andrew Otterson, -1866; William W. Reese, 1867; R. Cresson Stiles, 1868-1870; J. H. -Hobart Burge, 1870-1872; William Henry Thayer, 1872-1874; A. J. C. -Skene, 1874-1876; A. Hutchins, 1876-1879; J. S. Prout, 1879; Charles -Jewett, 1880-1883; G. G. Hopkins, 1883. In 1829 there were thirty-six -active members belonging to the society. In 1836 the Code of Ethics -of the state society was adopted, and in 1848 the Code of Ethics of -the American Medical Association. From its foundation in 1822, till -the repeal of that power by the Legislature in 1881, the Kings County -Society conferred sixteen licenses to practice medicine.--S. M. O. - -[7] The first post-office at Gravesend was established in 1843. - -[8] J. C. Vanderbilt's _Social History of Flatbush_ gives some -exceedingly interesting glimpses of life in this region during and -after the Revolutionary period. - -[9] The "public whipper" received a salary of $15 a year. - -[10] Tunis G. Bergen was born at New Utrecht in 1806. The Cropsey -family, prominent at New Utrecht, is descended from Geerte Jans -Kasparse, who came from Holland, with her two sons, Joost and Johannis, -in 1652. Joost, third son of this Joost, had one son, Casper, who held -office in New Utrecht, and died in 1806, leaving six sons and several -daughters. Other descendants were Jerome Ryersen Cropsey, Andrew G. -Cropsey, and William Cropsey. The last named was for several terms -supervisor of New Utrecht. - -[11] _History of Kings County_, p. 279. - -[12] This fine specimen of old Dutch architecture is still standing on -Evergreen Avenue. - -[13] _Historic and Antiquarian Scenes in Brooklyn and its Vicinity_, p. -47. - -[14] The assumption that the Dutch youth required to be taught -"convivial customs" by the "arrogant Anglo-American youngers" is -scarcely supported by definite testimony. - -[15] The ancestral farm and home of the Wyckoffs is on the boundary -line between Brooklyn and Newtown, beyond Metropolitan Avenue. - -[16] "History of Williamsburgh," in Stiles's _History of Kings County_. - -[17] Printed in the _Long Island Star_, February 14, 1811. - -[18] Furman's MS. - -[19] Fulton and Livingston had obtained from the Legislature the -monopoly of steam navigation on all the waters of New York for thirty -years from 1808. - -[20] _Historical Sketch of Fulton Ferry._ - -[21] _Corporation Manual_, 1870. - -[22] The Corporation of New York at one time even questioned the right -of Brooklyn's inhabitants to cross the river, ferriage free, in their -own boats. - -[23] See Appendix III. - -[24] Walt Whitman was born at West Hills, Long Island, in 1819. During -the time of his residence in Brooklyn he did editorial writing for both -the _Times_ and the _Eagle_. In the following letter to Mr. Charles M. -Skinner, of Brooklyn, he describes his newspaper work in this city:-- - - 328 MICKLE STREET, CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY, - _January 19, '85_. - - DEAR SIR,--In hasty answer to your request asking me to specify - over my own signature what year I worked as an editorial - writer in the Brooklyn _Times_ office, I would say that if - I remember right it was along in 1856, or just before. I - recollect (doubtless I am now going to be egotistical about it) - the question of the new Water Works (magnificently outlined - by McAlpine, and duly carried out and improved by Kirkwood, - first-class engineers both) was still pending, and the works, - though well under way, continued to be strongly opposed by - many. With the consent of the proprietor, I bent the whole - weight of the paper steadily in favor of the McAlpine plan, as - against a flimsy, cheap, and temporary series of works that - would have long since broken down, and disgraced the city. - - This, with my course on another matter,--the securing to public - use of Washington Park (old Fort Greene), stoutly championed by - me some thirty-five years ago, against heavy odds, during an - editorship of the Brooklyn _Eagle_,--are "feathers in my wings" - that I would wish to preserve. - - I heard lately with genuine sorrow of the death of George C. - Bennett. I remember him well as a good, generous, honorable man. - - I send best greetings to your staff, and, indeed, to all the - Brooklyn journalists. - - WALT WHITMAN. - -Whitman's poem "Crossing the Williamsburgh Ferry" is familiar to -readers of his _Leaves of Grass_. - -[25] _Brooklyn Compendium._ - -[26] The Young Men's Christian Association of Brooklyn was organized -during the same year. - -[27] Up to the time of present writing morning journalism has never -been successful in Brooklyn, the metropolitan newspapers of New York -having from the outset filled the field, and prevented a financial -success for any but the evening papers. - -[28] "Yet, although Brooklyn had thus, at a single bound, jumped from -the seventh to the third position among the cities of the American -Union, it could by no means claim the same relative position in point -of wealth, business, or commercial importance, being outranked in these -respects by several cities of less population. Nor had it risen to its -eminence by virtue of its own inherent vigor and enterprise. Candor -certainly compels the acknowledgment that it was chiefly attributable -to the overflowing prosperity and greatness of its giant neighbor, New -York."--Stiles's _History of Kings County_, vol. i. p. 485. - -[29] Martin Kalbfleisch was elected Mayor on the Democratic ticket, -receiving a majority of 5136, in a total vote of 28,280, over his -opponent, Frederick Scholes. - -[30] The statue was unveiled in October, 1869. A. A. Low presided, and -the presentation address was made by James P. Wallace, on behalf of the -War Fund Committee. The oration was by Dr. Storrs. - -[31] Mr. Beecher was appointed chaplain of the Thirteenth Regiment in -1878. Dr. Storrs had already occupied this post. - -[32] Colonel Meserole was made brigadier-general in 1868. - -[33] The same name had been chosen by Colonel Roehr's father, Edward -Franz Roehr, for a newspaper first issued in 1854, and running for one -year. Edward Roehr's Williamsburgh printing office and bookstore also -sent forth a Masonic journal called _Der Triangel_, which flourished -for twenty-five years. - -[34] In connection with the cupola of the City Hall, a very interesting -incident occurred in 1852. It was noticed that this feature of the -building swayed, and needed to be strengthened. The necessary steps -were taken to render it firm and secure. At the time the men were -engaged in the work the court of oyer and terminer was holding a -session in the room known and distinguished as the Governor's room, -Judge N. B. Morse presiding. One day while the court was engaged in a -criminal trial, a beam which was being raised slipped from the rope, -and fell upon the roof above the court-room, causing the plaster and -ceiling to give way. At once the court officers, jurors, and spectators -became alarmed; some ran for the door, some for the windows, and others -sought refuge under the tables. Judge Morse took a position by one of -the windows, and, shaking his fist at the audience, exclaimed, "The -wicked flee when no man pursueth." A few of the frightened ones got on -their knees and fervently prayed. The prisoner at the bar was the only -one unmoved.--S. M. O. - -[35] Manuscript history. - -[36] _Brooklyn Eagle_, May 24, 1884. - -[37] The single exception to Roebling's plan offered by the commission -was that they demanded a central height of 135 feet, instead of 130 -feet, in the central span. - -[38] Samuel T. Powell had occupied the Mayor's chair for two terms, -closing in 1861. He again entered the office in 1872. - -[39] Mr. Beecher came to Brooklyn in 1847, and died at his post forty -years later, on March 8, 1887. His relations to the city of Brooklyn -were exceptional, and in many respects marvelous. No other single -personality in this city ever won a prominence so significant, so -salutary, so momentous. One of Brooklyn's most brilliant thinkers, -writers, and speakers, the Rev. John W. Chadwick, D.D., has spoken -of Mr. Beecher as 'the most unique and splendid personality of our -civic history; one of the most unique and splendid in the history -of the United States and their colonial beginnings.' The homage to -Beecher's genius as a teacher and leader of men has come from thinking -men wherever the English language is spoken. The homage which belongs -to him as a citizen, as a pastor, as a humanitarian, as a patriot, -has been enthusiastically offered by his fellow-countrymen, and -particularly by his neighbors in the city of Brooklyn. The bronze -monument to Mr. Beecher, designed by John Q. A. Ward, was placed in -front of the City Hall in 1891. - -[40] Seth Low on "Municipal Government," in Bryce's _American -Commonwealth_, vol. i. p. 626. - -[41] Commenting on the Brooklyn system, Fiske says: "It insures unity -of administration, it encourages promptness and economy, it locates -and defines responsibility, and it is so simple that everybody can -understand it. The people, having but few officers to elect, are -more likely to know something about them. Especially since everybody -understands that the success of the government depends upon the -character of the Mayor, extraordinary pains are taken to secure good -mayors; and the increased interest in city politics is shown by the -fact that in Brooklyn more people vote for Mayor than for Governor or -for President." - -[42] The increase in the bulk of the city vote since 1877 is shown by -the fact that the vote for Howell had been 36,343, as against 33,538 -for John F. Henry. - -[43] Joseph C. Hendrix was appointed postmaster of Brooklyn in 1886, -and made a record in that office unequaled by any postmaster the -city ever had. Indeed, his reforms and innovations made for him a -conspicuous reputation at Washington. In 1892, Hendrix was elected to -Congress. He has rendered highly important service to the city in the -board of education. - -[44] See p. 166. - -[45] The history of the Institute is taken from the fifth _Year Book_, -1893. - -[46] The Regents of the University of the State of New York, who had -granted a provisional charter in 1889. - -[47] The present building of the Young Men's Christian Association, -at Fulton and Bond streets, has been occupied since 1885. It has -a circulating library of over 13,000 volumes, a finely equipped -gymnasium, running-track, bowling-alleys, and swimming-tank, two large -lecture-halls, and evening classes registering 700 men. The fine -building of the Young Women's Christian Association, at the junction of -Schermerhorn Street and Flatbush Avenue, has been occupied since 1888. -It has eighteen class-rooms for educational work, a library with about -6000 volumes, a lecture-hall seating 650, assembly-rooms seating 400, -an excellent gymnasium and running-track, and medical department. - -[48] See p. 165 of this volume. - -[49] The practice of establishing classes for Chinamen in connection -with Sunday-schools has occasioned many and prolonged discussions -in Brooklyn, and has been strongly assailed, particularly in those -instances where the teaching of mature Chinamen was intrusted to young -unmarried women. - -[50] _Eagle Almanac_, 1894. - -[51] _Corporation Manual_, for 1863, compiled by Henry McCloskey, City -Clerk. - -[52] See Appendix. - -[53] Leffert Lefferts was the first president of the Long Island Bank. - -[54] Read by Mr. Ostrander before the Long Island Historical Society, -February 1, 1881. - -[55] Understood to have originated in the shortening of Rembrandt into -Rem. - -[56] From compilation in _Eagle Almanac_, 1892. - -[57] The value of hired property is not included for 1890, because it -was not reported in 1880. - -[58] No inquiry in 1880 relating to "Miscellaneous expenses." - -[59] The amount stated represents the "net debt," or the total amount -of municipal debt less sinking fund. - -[60] To avoid disclosure of operations of individual establishments, -only such industries as have 3 or more establishments engaged therein -are included. - - - - -INDEX - -Simple page numbers refer to Vol. I.; page numbers preceded by "ii." -refer to Vol. II. - - - Academy of Music, ii. 116, 226. - - Adams, John, 229. - - ---- Julius A., ii. 149. - - ---- Rev. John Coleman, ii. 221. - - Adelphi Academy, ii. 212. - - Aertsen, Huyck, 59, 63. - - ---- Ryniere, 126. - - Ainslie, Robert, ii. 103. - - American Astronomical Society, ii. 208. - - Amersfoort (Flatlands), 55. - - Amphion Musical Society, ii. 228. - - Amphion Theatre, ii. 198. - - Andros, Maj. Ed., 116, 133. - - Apollo Club, ii. 228. - - Apprentices' Library, ii. 73, 75. - - "Arbitration Rock," ii. 42. - - Arion Society, ii. 228. - - Arnold, S. G., ii. 89. - - Assembly, State, meets in Brooklyn, 188; - patriotic resolutions, 200; - and Colonial Congress, 208. - - Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, ii. 221. - - Atkinson, John P., ii. 152. - - Atlantic Bank, ii. 234. - - Atlantic Basin, ii. 191. - - Atlantic Dock Company, ii. 92. - - Aycrigg, Benjamin, ii. 15, 17. - - - Backhouse, E. T., 237. - - Backus, Dr. Truman G., ii. 211. - - Baker, John H., ii. 23. - - Ball, Charles, ii. 32. - - Bank of Williamsburgh, ii. 234. - - Barbarin, Captain, ii. 51. - - Bardwell, W. A., ii. 216. - - Barnes, Demas, ii. 156. - - Barnet, Wm., 179. - - Barnum, Ed. B., 190. - - Barre, Daniel, ii. 56. - - Battle of Brooklyn, 247-274. - - Bayard, Nich., 136, 167. - - Bayles, Rich. M., 7. - - Bedford, settled, 101; - schoolhouse, 102, 161. - - Bedford Academy, ii. 214. - - Bedford Corners, ii. 72. - - Bedford Road, 237. - - Beecher, Henry Ward, ii. 119, 125, 126, 164, 218. - - Bellomont, Governor, 147, 152, 153. - - Bennett, George C, ii. 89, 106. - - ---- George I., ii. 32. - - ---- Wm. Adriaense, 29. - - Benson, A. W., ii. 152, 154. - - Bentyn, Jacques, 29. - - Bergen, Hans Hansen, 39, 67. - - ---- Jacob, ii. 53. - - ---- Jan Hans, 101. - - ---- Johannes, 285. - - ---- John T., 214; ii. 56. - - ---- Michael Hans, 101. - - ---- Tunis G., 102; ii. 92, 97. - - Bergen Hill, 239. - - Berri, Wm., ii. 231. - - Berrian, Cornelius, 126. - - Berry, Abraham J., ii. 104. - - Bibaut, John, 155. - - Bill, Charles E., ii. 151. - - Billing, Th., 235. - - Bird, George L., ii. 70. - - ---- Major, 249. - - Birdsall, T. W., ii. 69. - - Blanco, Jn., 235. - - Bloom, Jacob, 235. - - Board of Health, first, ii. 66. - - Boerum, Isaac, 235. - - ---- Simon, 201, 204, 207. - - ---- William, 220, 300. - - Boerum house, ii. 41. - - Bogert (Bogaert), Nich., 208. - - ---- Teunis Gysbert, 101. - - Bokee & Clem, ii. 75. - - Boome, Jacob, ii. 25. - - Booth, Samuel, ii. 129, 132, 151. - - Boughton, Samuel, ii. 23. - - Bout, Jan Evertsen, 59, 63, 108. - - Bowen, Henry C., ii. 230. - - ---- H. E., ii. 230. - - ---- James, ii. 116. - - Boyd, Samuel, ii. 32. - - Boys' High School, ii. 202. - - Bradford, Wm., 145. - - Breuckelen, of Holland, 59. - - Brevoort, J. Carson, ii. 152. - - Broadhead, Henry, 190. - - Brodhead (quot.), 24. - - Bronson, Greene C., ii. 86. - - Brooklyn, name, 59; - first sale ofland in region of, 29-30; - early days, 53-68; - beginning of official existence, 66; - first houses, 73; - first preacher, 93; - first schoolmaster, 97; - leads Long Island towns, 167; - State Assembly meets in, 188; - battle of Brooklyn, 247-274; - first school, 99; - during Revolution, 211-304; - after the Revolution, ii. 1-46; - recognized as a town, 28; - during war of 1812, 51-56; - incorporated as a village, 62; - markets, 65; - incorporated as a city, 79-81; - property valuations before 1860, 83; - receives Bushwick and Williamsburgh, 107; - during Civil War, 117-131; - bridge, 149-159; - "Brooklyn System," ii. 169-171. - - Brooklyn Academy of Music, ii. 116, 226. - - Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, ii. 122-124. - - Brooklyn Art Association, ii. 228. - - Brooklyn Art Club, ii. 228. - - Brooklyn Auxiliary of the U. S. Sanitary Commission, ii. 122. - - Brooklyn Bridge, ii. 94, 149-159, 168, 178-190. - - Brooklyn Choral Society, ii. 228. - - Brooklyn City Hospital, ii. 93. - - Brooklyn City Railroad, ii. 94. - - Brooklyn Club, ii. 226. - - Brooklyn College of Pharmacy, ii. 215. - - Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Inst., ii. 100, 212. - - "Brooklyn Daily Argus," ii. 230. - - "Brooklyn Daily Citizen," ii. 231. - - "Brooklyn Daily Eagle," ii. 88-91, 128, 229. - - "Brooklyn Daily Standard," ii. 230. - - "Brooklyn Daily Times," ii. 89, 128, 229. - - "Brooklyn Daily Union," ii. 128, 229. - - Brooklyn Entomological Society, ii. 208. - - Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hospital, ii. 223. - - Brooklyn Female Academy, ii. 100. - - Brooklyn Fire Insurance Co., ii. 234. - - "Brooklyn Freie Presse," ii. 128, 229. - - Brooklyn Gaslight Company, ii. 78. - - Brooklyn Heights Seminary, ii. 214. - - Brooklyn Home for Consumptives, ii. 223. - - Brooklyn Homoeopathic Hospital, ii. 223. - - Brooklyn Hospital, ii. 223. - - Brooklyn Hospital for Contagious Diseases, ii. 223. - - Brooklyn Institute, ii. 69, 91, 93, 202-211, 216, 229. - - Brooklyn Latin School, ii. 214. - - Brooklyn Library, ii. 215. - - "Brooklyn Life," ii. 231. - - Brooklyn Lyceum, ii. 91, 93. - - Brooklyn Maennerchor, ii. 228. - - Brooklyn Maternity, ii. 223. - - Brooklyn Microscopical Society, ii. 208. - - Brooklyn Museum, ii. 197. - - "Brooklyn Phalanx," ii. 122. - - Brooklyn Philharmonic Society, ii. 226. - - Brooklyn Saengerbund, ii. 228. - - Brooklyn Select Academy, ii. 31. - - Brooklyn Sunday School Union Society, ii. 64, 110. - - "Brooklyn System," ii. 169-176. - - Brooklyn Theatre, ii. 166, 197. - - Brooklyn Throat Hospital, ii. 223. - - Brooks, Daniel, ii. 32. - - ---- Elbridge S., 142. - - Brower, Abraham, 183. - - ---- Nich., 183. - - ---- Wm., 214. - - Brown, Henry K., ii. 126. - - ---- Laurence, ii. 62. - - Brown's Business College, ii. 214. - - Brush, Conklin, ii. 94. - - Bryant, William C., ii. 107. - - Bryant Literary Society, ii. 229. - - Bryant & Stratton's Business College, ii. 214. - - Buck, Dudley, ii. 228. - - Building Department, ii. 137. - - Bunce, Postmaster, ii. 29. - - Burch, Robert, ii. 230. - - Burge, J. H. Hobart, ii. 32. - - Burnet, Wm., 179. - - Bushwick, land purchase, 99; - town plot, 100; - first school, 100; - first schoolmaster, 101; - old church, ii. 37-40; - patriots, 38; - after Revolution, 38; - during war of 1812, 55; - and Williamsburgh, 101, 102; - consolidate with Brooklyn, 107. - - Bushwick Creek, 100. - - Bushwick Democratic Club, ii. 225. - - Butler, Wm. H., ii. 104. - - - Cæcilia Ladies Vocal Society, ii. 228. - - Calvary Cemetery, ii. 194. - - Campbell, Douglass, 42, 95. - - ---- Patrick, ii. 161. - - Canaver, Peter, ii. 76. - - Carlyle, Thomas, 17. - - Carnaville, Chas. A., ii. 129. - - Carpenter, Geo., 214. - - Carroll Park, ii. 143. - - Cary Fund, ii. 206. - - Casper, Andrew, 235. - - Catholic Cathedral, ii. 160. - - Catholic Historical Society, ii. 220. - - Cemetery of the Evergreens, ii. 93, 194. - - Central Grammar School, ii. 200. - - Chadbourne, Zebulon, ii. 85. - - Chadwick, Rev. J. W., ii. 165, 221. - - Chardavogne, Wm., 221. - - Charles II., 104, 110. - - Charter of 1872, ii. 162. - - Chester, Mrs., ii. 69. - - Chinese Sunday-schools, ii. 220. - - Chittenden, S. B., ii. 151. - - Christian Commission, ii. 124. - - Church Charity Foundation, ii. 160, 220. - - Churches, first in Kings County, 88; - Reformed Dutch, 145; - First Baptist, ii. 75; - in 1835, 83; - in 1893, 219. - - City Bible Society, ii. 220. - - City Hall, ii. 71, 84, 96, 99. - - City Park, ii. 143. - - Clarke, Governor, 188, 190. - - Clausen, Hendrick, 162. - - Clinton, Governor, 188. - - ---- Jas., 213. - - ---- Sir Henry, 217, 231. - - Clinton Ave. Congregational Church, ii. 120. - - Clove Road, 278. - - Clubs, ii. 224. - - Cob dock, ii. 2. - - Cobble Hill, 239; ii. 55. - - Cochran, Dr. David Henry, ii. 212. - - Coffee, Peter, ii. 60. - - Colden, Governor, 210. - - Cole, John, ii. 29. - - Collard, Geo. W., 189. - - College of Nineteen, 61. - - Collier, Jurian, 183. - - Colman's Point, 22. - - Columbia College, 198. - - Columbia Theatre, ii. 198. - - Colve, Governor, 113. - - Committee of Sixty, 206. - - Common lands, 158. - - Concordia Maennerchor, ii. 228. - - Coney Island, 55, 122; ii. 33. - - Congregational Church Extension Society, ii. 220. - - Congregational Club, ii. 220. - - Congress of Representatives, 290, 291. - - Conkling, John T., ii. 32, 132. - - Conselyea, Wm., ii. 38. - - Consolidation of Brooklyn and N. Y., ii. 163. - - Continental Congress, 223, 230, 261, 280. - - Cook, Purcell, ii. 32. - - Coombs, John W., ii. 152. - - Coope, Ed., ii. 69. - - Copeland, Edward, ii. 93. - - ---- Ed., 189. - - "Corkscrew Fort," 239. - - Corlaer's Hook Ferry, ii. 42. - - Corlies, E. W., ii. 152. - - Cornbury, Lord, 167-175; ii. 262. - - Cornell, John, ii. 71. - - ---- T. B., ii. 152. - - Cornell House, 257. - - Cornwallis, Earl, 243. - - Cortelyou, Isaac, 185. - - ---- Jacques, 129. - - Cortelyou, Peter, 161. - - Coudrey, Samuel, ii. 16. - - Council of Twelve, 61. - - Courts, 127-131; ii. 30, 72, 73, 75, 95, 98, 99, 111. - - Cowenhoven, 59. - - ---- Captain Peter, ii. 56. - - ---- John, 161. - - ---- Nicholas, 180, 214, 224, 284, 290. - - Cozzens, Issachar, ii. 16. - - Crane, Dr. Jas., ii. 133. - - Craven, A. W., ii. 152. - - Crescent Club, ii. 226. - - Cripplebush, i. 101. - - Crisper, Casper, 285. - - Crist, Abraham, ii. 86. - - Criterion, ii. 198. - - Crittenden, Dr. Alonzo, ii. 211. - - Crombie, John S., ii. 213. - - Crook, Abel, 190. - - Cropsey, Andrew, ii. 38. - - ---- Andrew G., ii. 38. - - ---- Casper, ii. 38. - - ---- Geerte Jans (Kasparse), ii. 38. - - ---- Jerome Ryerson, ii. 38. - - ---- Johannis (Kasparse), ii. 38. - - ---- Joost (Kasparse), ii. 38. - - ---- William, ii. 38. - - Cross, Colonel, ii. 122. - - ---- John A., ii. 85. - - Cullen, Edgar M., 189. - - ---- Henry J., ii. 32. - - Cunningham, 268; ii. 4. - - ---- Robert, ii. 69. - - Cutting, Wm., ii. 61. - - Cuyler, Rev. Theo. L., ii. 218. - - Cypress Hills Cemetery, ii. 93, 194. - - - Dana, Prof. James D., ii. 203. - - Dankers, Jasper, 119. - - Darbee, Levi, ii. 106. - - De Bevoice, Charles, 235. - - ---- Johannes, 285. - - De Hart, Simon Aertsen, 121. - - De Heister, General, 243. - - De Lancey, Lieut.-Governor, 189. - - De Launcey, 262. - - De Mille, Richard M., 189. - - De Sille, Nicasius, 100, 118. - - De Witt, Benjamin, ii. 20. - - Dean, Capt. Wm., 56. - - ---- John, 64. - - Debevoise, James, ii. 97. - - ---- Jost, 213. - - Debtors' Prison, ii. 73. - - Declaration of Independence, 230, 232. - - Denice, Denys, 207. - - Denton, Daniel, 10. - - Deutscher Liederkranz, ii. 228. - - Dewyre, Capt. Wm., ii. 56. - - Dickinson, P. P., ii. 152. - - Dircksen, Cornelis, 53. - - ---- Joris, 59. - - Dongan, Governor, 108, 117, 132, 133, 163; ii. 262. - - Dorlant, John Garretse, 162, 163. - - Doughty, John, ii. 24. - - ---- John, ii. 62, 64, 71. - - ---- Rev. Jno., 41. - - Draft Riots, ii. 121. - - Draper, 96. - - Dress among the Dutch, 76. - - Driggs, Daniel D., ii. 161. - - ---- Edmund, ii. 152. - - "Drum Beat," ii. 123. - - Duke of York, 104. - - "Duke's Laws," 108, 131. - - Duness, Count, 243. - - Dunmore, Governor, 205, 206. - - Duryea, Maria, 14. - - Dutch, and American Exploration, 17; - and Puritans, 42; - manners and customs, 69-105; - and education, 94-99; - and English, 103; - nomenclature, ii. 258. - - Dwight, Rev. Dr., 189. - - - "Eagle and Brooklyn," vi. - - East New York, 274. - - Eastern Dist. Industrial School, ii. 224. - - Edson, Franklin, ii. 179, 181. - - Education under the Dutch, 94, 124. - - Elections in early Brooklyn, 159 (note). - - Ely, Smith, Jr., ii. 151. - - Embargo Act, ii. 50. - - English, and Dutch, 103; - take New York, 105. - - Enos, De Witt C., ii. 32. - - Episcopalians, at Jamaica, 174; - in Brooklyn after the Revolution, ii. 24. - - Erie Basin Docks, ii. 134. - - Erskine, Sir Wm., 243. - - Etherington, Sam., 220. - - Euterpe Chorus and Orchestra, ii. 228. - - "Evening Star," ii. 78. - - Everdell, Colonel, ii. 127. - - Everett, Thomas, 220. - - ---- William, 221. - - Everit, Th., ii. 62. - - Excelsior Club, ii. 226. - - - Faith Home for Incurables, ii. 223. - - Farmers' and Citizens' Bank, ii. 104. - - Federal Building, ii. 195. - - Ferry, the, 53, 120, 153; ii. 27, 77; - ferry and river rights, 132; ii. 261. - - Ffilkin, Henry, 155, 158, 162. - - Field, Thos. W., ii. 38. - - Field and Marine Club, ii. 226. - - Fire Department, early organization, ii. 24; - first legislation relating to, 26; - fire limits, 139; - reorganized, 146. - - Fish, Colonel, 257. - - Fiske, John, ii. 48, 169, 171. - - Flatbush, county court, 35; - Erasmus Hall, 35; - settled, 55; - establishes a church, 88; - population in 1738, 188; - first mill, ii. 34. - - Flatbush Ave. and Amersfoort Road, 55. - - Flatlands, called New Amersfoort, 29; - settled, 54; - new church, ii. 33. - - Fleet estate, ii. 72. - - Fletcher, Benj., 144. - - Floyd, Wm., 230. - - Flushing Bridge and Road Company, ii. 28. - - Fly Market, 221. - - Foord, John, ii. 230. - - Fort Amsterdam, 31, 52. - - Fort Greene, 237; ii. 23, 120. - - Fort Hamilton, 122, 243. - - Fort James, 116. - - Fort Orange, 23. - - "Four Chimneys," 257. - - Fowler, Wm. A., ii. 151. - - Foy, Joseph D., ii. 19. - - Franklin, Benjamin, 229. - - Franklin Literary Society, ii. 229. - - Freeck's Mill, 239; ii. 41. - - Fricke, Geo., ii. 69. - - Froebel Academy, ii. 214. - - Fulton, Robert, ii. 56-58. - - Fulton Ferry, ii. 27, 57, 159. - - Fulton Street, 161. - - Furman, Gabriel, 172, 173; ii. 68, 69. - - ---- William, ii. 69. - - - Galbraithe, Robert, 221. - - Gardiner, Lyon, 39. - - Garrison, John, ii. 64, 69, 71. - - Garritsen, Wolfert, 28, 54. - - Garritson, Samuel, 163, 188, 203. - - "Gazette," 146, 186. - - George III., 199. - - Gerbritse, Jan, 162. - - German Hospital, ii. 223. - - German Young Men's Christian Ass'n, ii. 221. - - Germania Club, ii. 225. - - Germania Savings Bank, ii. 166. - - Gibbons, John, ii. 31. - - Girls' High School, ii. 202. - - Golden Hill, battle of, 205. - - Good Hope, prison ship, ii. 5. - - Gowanus Mill, 29, 183. - - Graham, Augustus, ii. 69, 93, 202. - - Grand Opera House, ii. 198. - - Grant, General, 243. - - Gravesend, settled, 55; - population in 1810, ii. 33. - - Graydon, Colonel, 295. - - Green, Andrew H., ii. 152. - - Greene, General, 229, 233, 237, 240. - - Greenwood, John, ii. 86. - - Greenwood Cemetery, ii. 94. - - Gunnison, Herbert F., ii. 232. - - Guy's picture of Brooklyn in 1820, ii. 68. - - - Hagerman, Joseph, 155. - - Hale, Nathan, 267. - - Half Moon, 20. - - Hall, George, ii. 81, 108, 111. - - ---- Rev. Chas. H., ii. 219. - - Hall of Records, ii. 195. - - Hamilton, Alexander, 216. - - ---- Andrew, 188. - - ---- George, ii. 31. - - Hamilton Club, ii. 225. - - Hamilton Literary Association, ii. 91. - - Hammond, Annie A., xiii. - - Hanover Club, ii. 226. - - Hanssen, Jacob, 163. - - Hanssen, Joris, 162, 163. - - ---- Michael, 159. - - Harper, James, ii. 70. - - Harrison, Gabriel, ii. 196. - - Hart, Samuel, ii. 32. - - Hatton, John A., ii. 230. - - Havens, Thomas, ii. 24. - - Hayward, John W., ii. 152. - - Hazard, Thomas, 221. - - Hazzard, Wm. H., ii. 129. - - Hebrew Orphan Asylum, ii. 224. - - Hegeman, Adriaen, 99, 164, 284. - - ---- Joseph, 161. - - Heights, 54, 233. - - Hell Gate, ii. 167. - - Hendrix, Joseph C., ii. 176. - - Henry, James H., ii. 32. - - ---- John F., ii. 172, 230. - - ---- Thomas W., ii. 32. - - Herman, George G., ii. 129. - - Hessians, 255. - - Hester, Col. Wm., ii. 90. - - ---- Wm. Van Auden, ii. 90. - - Hewell, A. S., ii. 179, 182. - - Hicks, Jacob, ii. 69. - - ---- John, 221-223. - - ---- "Milk," ii. 70. - - ---- "Spetler," ii. 70. - - Hildreth, John T., ii. 23. - - Hobart, John Silas, 292. - - Hodgkinson, Worthington, ii. 86. - - Hoffman, John T., 151. - - Hogan, Capt. W. H., ii. 118. - - Holland, and Spain, 17; - education in, 94-96. - - Holland Society, xii. - - Hooley's Opera House, ii. 197. - - Hopkins, G. G., ii. 32. - - Hotchkiss, Maj. E. O., ii. 127. - - Houston Street Ferry, ii. 101. - - Howard, Henry W. B., vi. - - ---- William, 276-279. - - Howard Colored Orphan Asylum, ii. 224. - - Howell, James, Jr., ii. 168. - - Hubbard, 284. - - Hudde, Andries, 28, 39, 54. - - Hudson, Henry, 17, 19, 22. - - Hudson River, 17. - - Hunt, J. G. T., ii. 32. - - Hunter, John W., ii. 162. - - ---- Robert, 175-178. - - ---- William, Jr., ii. 152, 155. - - Husted, Seymour L., ii. 150, 154. - - Hutchins, A., ii. 32. - - ---- John, 167. - - Hutchinson, Anne, 41. - - ---- Joseph C., ii. 32. - - Huybertsen, Lambert, 39. - - Hyde, Lucius, ii. 32. - - Hyde & Behman's Theatre, ii. 198. - - - Indians, Long Island, 11-15; - and the Dutch, 15, 42-52; - and Hudson, 20; - and early settlers, 42-52; - and Puritans, 42. - - Industrial School Association, ii. 224. - - Inebriates' Home for Kings County, ii. 136. - - Ingersoll, Wm. H., 190. - - "Iphetanga," 54. - - Ireland, Rev. John, ii. 62. - - - Jackson, John, ii. 14, 29. - - Jamaica, Pres. Church, 174. - - Janssen, Abraham, 92; ii. 41. - - Janvier, Thomas A., 31; ii. 42. - - Jefferson, Thomas, 229. - - Jenks, G. T., ii. 151, 155. - - Jervis, Arthur N., vi. - - Jewett, Charles, ii. 32. - - Johnson, Barent, 213, 234. - - ---- Barnet, ii. 97. - - ---- David, ii. 103. - - ---- Gen. Jeremiah, ii. 14, 46, 55, 67, 87, 149. - - ---- Hornbeck, 235, 287. - - ---- Samuel E., 187. - - ---- Rev. Dr. S. R., 190. - - ---- William, 284. - - Johnson estate, 214. - - Jong, Lodewyck, 92. - - Joralemon, Teunis, ii. 72. - - Joralemon's Lane, ii. 71. - - Jourdan, Maj.-Gen. Jas., ii. 179. - - "Journal," 186. - - - Kalbfleisch, Martin, ii. 117, 122, 129, 148, 151, 154, 160. - - Kemper, Jacob, 221. - - Kennedy, Platt, ii. 31. - - Kenney, James F., 104. - - Kershaw, Martin, 235. - - Kidd, Captain, 148-151. - - Kieft, William, 27. - - "Kiekout," 99. - - King, Gamaliel, ii. 129. - - ---- John S., ii. 52. - - Kings County, settled, 26; - first church, 88; - organized, 118; - during Revolution, 211-304; - during War of 1812, ii. 51-56; - during the Civil War, ii. 117-131; - churches in, 219. - - Kings County Court House, ii. 128-130. - - ---- _See_ Courts. - - Kings County Hospital, ii. 223. - - Kings County Medical Society, ii. 32, 119, 217. - - Kings County Sunday-school Ass'n, ii. 221. - - King's Highway, 161, 179-183. - - Kingsley, Harry S., ii. 90. - - ---- William C., ii. 150, 179, 189. - - Kingsley & Keeney, ii. 155. - - Kinsella, Thomas, ii. 90, 150. - - Kirk, Thomas, ii. 70. - - Kissam, Daniel, 204. - - Kissick's Business College, ii. 214. - - Knowles, Edwin, ii. 198. - - Knyphausen, General, 243. - - - Labadists, 119. - - Lafayette, 257. - - Lambertson, Thomas, 129. - - Lamb, Capt. John, 216. - - Lambert, Edward C., ii. 94. - - ---- John, ii. 50, 51. - - Laughlin, Rt. Rev. John, ii. 217. - - Law Library, ii. 217. - - Lawrence, John, 139. - - Lee, General, 217, 227. - - Lefferts, Barent, 213. - - ---- John, 189, 224, 289; ii. 66. - - ---- Leffert, 210, 285; ii. 2, 68, 234. - - Leisler, Jacob, 135-143. - - Leislerian party, 164. - - Leonard, John, ii. 103. - - Levermore, Chas. H., ii. 213. - - Lewis, Francis, 207, 230; ii. 235-257. - - ---- Francis, Jr., ii. 255. - - ---- John W., ii. 155. - - ---- Morgan, ii. 255. - - Lincoln Club, ii. 226. - - Lincoln statue, ii. 126, 195. - - Linden Camera Club, ii. 208. - - Littlejohn, Bishop, ii. 179, 219. - - Livingston, Col. H. B., 294. - - ---- Philip, 205, 207, 230; ii. 71 - Rev. Dr. John H., ii. 36. - - ---- Robert, 165, 229, 230. - - Livingston, Robert R., ii. 57. - - Locke, Richard Adams, ii. 88. - - Lockwood, John, 189. - - ---- John, ii. 213. - - Loisian Academy, ii. 62. - - Long Island, geology, 1-10; - trees, 10; - Indians, 11; - discovery, 16-20; - land, 37; - first houses, 73; - under English rule, 107; - named Nassau, 146; - slavery on, 172; - during Revolution, 211-304; - travel on, ii. 27; - first post route, 28. - - "Long Island Anzeiger," ii. 128. - - Long Island Bank, ii. 65, 234. - - Long Island Baptist Ass'n, ii. 221. - - Long Island Business College, ii. 214. - - Long Island College Hospital, ii. 116, 215. - - Long Island Free Library, ii. 216. - - Long Island Historical Society, xii. 119, 217. - - Long Island Insurance Co., ii. 234. - - Long Island Railroad, ii. 190. - - "Long Island Star," ii. 31, 47, 51, 59, 105. - - Long Island Throat and Lung Hospital, ii. 223. - - "Long Island Weekly Intelligencer," ii. 29. - - Lott, Abraham, 188, 201, 203. - - ---- Engelbert, 284. - - ---- Jeremiah, ii. 56. - - ---- Johannis, 188, 284. - - ---- John A., ii. 91, 129. - - ---- Petrus, 285. - - Lovelace, Governor, 109. - - Low, A. A., ii. 122. - - ---- Cornelius, ii. 32. - - ---- Seth, ii. 87, 97. - - ---- Seth, 190; ii. 170, 171-178, 180, 195, 199. - - Lowe, Doctor, ii. 29. - - ---- John, 129. - - Lubbertsen, Frederick, 37, 108. - - Luqueer's mill, ii. 41. - - Lutheran Hospital, ii. 223. - - - Macloy, Rev. Dr. Archibald, ii. 54. - - Mahon, John, ii. 31. - - Manhattan Beach R. R., ii. 168. - - Manhattan Island, 23. - - Manning, Captain, 110. - - Manufacturers' National Bank, ii. 104. - - Mapes, General, ii. 53. - - Marriage among the Dutch, 79. - - Marsh, William B., ii. 89. - - Marshall, Wm., ii. 152, 155. - - Martense, Roetiff, 155. - - Martin, Geo. H., 189. - - Martyn, Jan, 92. - - Mason, Theodore L., ii. 32. - - Maspeth, 100. - - Mauje, Jan, 39. - - Maxwell, James H., ii. 44. - - ---- William H., ii. 199, 200. - - McClellan, C. R., ii. 32. - - McCloskey, Henry, ii. 89. - - McCue, Alexander, 189; ii. 150, 151, 154. - - McDonnell, Rt. Rev. Charles E., ii. 219. - - McLaughlin, Hugh, ii. 232. - - McLean, Andrew, ii. 90, 231. - - ---- Samuel, ii. 152, 154. - - McDougall, Alexander, 213. - - McKelway, St. Clair, ii. 90. - - Meeker, Benjamin, ii. 69. - - ---- Rev. Stephen H., 189. - - ---- S. M., ii. 103. - - Megapolensis, Johannes, 88. - - Memorial Hospital for Women and Children, ii. 223. - - Mercerin, Andrew, ii. 64. - - Meserole, Abraham, 101. - - ---- Jean, 99. - - ---- Jeremiah V., 99; ii. 119, 127. - - ---- John A., ii. 38. - - ---- John I., ii. 38. - - Methodist Episcopal Hospital, ii. 223. - - Metropolitan police, ii. 116. - - Metropolitan Sanitary District, ii. 133. - - Meyers, T. Bailey, ii. 151. - - Michaelius, Jonas, 87. - - Middagh, Mrs., ii. 69. - - Midwood Club, ii. 225. - - Midwout, 55. - - Milburne, 138, 143. - - Military, in Civil War, ii. 118-127. - - Military Garden, ii. 71, 197. - - Mill, first on L. I., ii. 34. - - Miller, David, ii. 38. - - ---- Eleazar, 204. - - ---- Peter, 235. - - Mills, E. S., ii. 152. - - Minuit, Peter, 23. - - Miss Rounds's School for Girls, ii. 214. - - Mitchell, Chauncey L., ii. 32, 151. - - Monitor, ii. 121. - - Montauk Club, ii. 225. - - Montgomerie, Governor, 185. - - Moody, Lady Deborah, 56, 57. - - Moore, Thomas, ii. 195. - - Morrell, Th., ii. 44. - - Morris, Lewis, 230. - - Morse, Judge N. B., ii. 131. - - Morton, Brig.-General, ii. 19. - - ---- John, ii. 152. - - Moser, Joseph, ii. 76. - - Mudie, A. E., ii. 136. - - Municipal Building, ii. 195. - - Municipal Union Society, ii. 163. - - Murphy, George I., 189. - - ---- Henry C., 59, 119, 189; ii. 22, 60, 91, 92, 150, 151, 154, 156, - 188, 232, 258. - - ---- Henry C., Jr., 189. - - ---- John G., ii. 60. - - - Nagel, Philip, 284. - - Nanfan, Governor, 164-168. - - Nassau ferry-boat, ii. 59. - - Nassau Island, 146, 289. - - Nassau Water Company, ii. 110, 146. - - National Guard, in Civil War, 118-127; - in 1893, 198. - - Naval Hospital, ii. 194. - - Neilson, Judge, ii. 194. - - Nelson, Chief Justice, ii. 86. - - New Amersfoort, 29. - - New Amsterdam, 71. - - New Netherland, 24, 36. - - New Orange, 112. - - New Utrecht, 122; ii. 36, 37. - - New York, taken by English, 105; - new charter, 106; - retaken by Dutch, 112; - named New Orange, 112; - restored to English, 116; - during Revolution, 211-304. - - New York and Brooklyn Ferry Co., ii. 190. - - Newspapers, 191. - - Newtown Creek, 100. - - Nicholas the Frenchman, 92. - - Nicholson, Francis, 133. - - Nicoll, William, 204. - - Nicolls, Governor, 106. - - North Dutch Church, ii. 4. - - Northrup, Daniel W., 190. - - Nostrand, John, 235. - - Noyes, Stephen B., ii. 215. - - Nyack (Najack), 122. - - Nye, James W., ii. 116. - - - Ocean Parkway, ii. 145, 167. - - Odeon, ii. 197. - - Old Brooklynites, Society of, xii.; ii. 23, 229. - - Old Jersey, prison ship, ii. 5, 6. - - Olympia, ii. 29. - - Onderdonk, Right Rev. Henry Ustick, 189. - - Osborn, Albert H., ii. 86, 113. - - ---- Sir Danvers, 189. - - ---- William J., 189. - - Osborne, Samuel J., ii. 32. - - Ostrander, Abraham Duryea, ix. - - ---- Geertje, vii. - - ---- George A., ix. - - ---- Hendrick, viii. - - ---- Peter Wilson, ix. - - ---- Pieter, vii. - - ---- Pieter Pieterszen, vii. - - ---- Stephen, viii. - - ---- Stephen M., vii.-xiii. - - ---- Tryutje, vii. - - Otterson, Andrew, ii. 32. - - Oxford Club, ii. 226. - - - Packer, Mrs. W. S., ii. 211, 212. - - Packer Collegiate Institute, ii. 100, 211. - - Paine, Colonel, ii. 157. - - Palmer, Lorin, ii. 230. - - Parade Ground, ii. 143, 145. - - Park Theatre, ii. 197. - - Patchen, Jacob, ii. 69. - - Payne, Elijah Freeman, 212. - - ---- John Howard, ii. 195. - - ---- Thomas, 226. - - Penitentiary, ii. 97, 98. - - Percy, Earl, 243. - - Perkins, Albert C., ii. 213. - - Perry, Colonel, ii. 120. - - Peters, Bernard, ii. 106. - - ---- Leffert, 183. - - Pierrepont, H. B., ii. 62, 70, 72. - - ---- H. E., ii. 151. - - Pierrepont Mansion, 257, 304; ii. 71. - - Pierson, Joseph B., ii. 31. - - Pirates, 146. - - Plymouth Church, ii. 119. - - Polhemus, Rev. Johannes Theodoras, 88-93. - - ---- Theodorus, 207, 224, 232, 285. - - Police Department, ii. 160. - - Polytechnic Institute, ii. 212. - - Pope, Thomas, ii. 149. - - Powell, Samuel S., ii. 116. - - ---- Samuel T., ii. 162. - - Powers, George, 221, 222. - - Pratt, Chas., ii. 212, 213. - - Pratt Institute, 213, 214, 216. - - Prentice, John H., ii. 152, 155. - - Presbyterians at Jamaica, 174. - - Prime, Nathaniel S., 1, 10, 12. - - Prince, L. Bradford, 190. - - Prison ships of the Wallabout, ii. 3-23. - - Prospect Park, ii. 143. - - Prout, J. S., ii. 32. - - Provincial Congress, 215, 219, 227, 229, 289. - - Provost, John, ii. 38. - - Public School No. 1, ii. 62. - - Public Schools, ii. 147, 199-202. - - Puritans, 40, 42. - - Putnam, Fort, 237, 254. - - Putnam, General, 229, 237, 266. - - - Queens County, organized, 118. - - - "Rain-water Doctor," ii. 32. - - Rapalje, Daniel, 235. - - ---- Diana, ii. 69. - - ---- John, 180, 204, 301. - - ---- Joramus, 164. - - ---- Joris Jansen, 30-35, 101. - - ---- Mrs., 259-261. - - ---- Sarah, 33-35. - - Rapelye, Isaac I., 32. - - Raymond, Dr. John H., ii. 212. - - Reade, John, 221. - - Reese, W. W., ii. 32. - - Religion, under the Dutch, 85-87; - under English, 133, 144. - - Religious societies, ii. 220. - - Remsen, Abraham, ii. 31. - - ---- Col. Jeromus, 290. - - ---- Derick, 284. - - ---- Hendrick, ii. 263. - - ---- Jacob, ii. 27. - - ---- Jan, 126. - - ---- Jeremiah, 224, 285. - - ---- Peter, ii. 71. - - ---- Rem, 164, 221; ii. 41. - - Remsen house, ii. 41. - - Remsen's mill, ii. 41. - - Revolution, 211-304. - - Riding and Driving Club, ii. 225. - - Rising Sun Tavern, 274. - - Roach, John, ii. 151. - - Robertson & Little, ii. 29. - - Roebling, John A., ii. 155, 156, 188. - - ---- Washington A., ii. 155, 157, 188. - - Roehr, Col. Henry E., ii. 128. - - ---- Edward Franz, ii. 128. - - Romaine, Benjamin, ii. 19. - - Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum Society, ii. 224. - - Ruggles, Edward, ii. 151. - - Rushmore, Merwin, 190. - - ---- W. C., ii. 152. - - Rycken, Abraham, 38. - - Ryerse, Adriaen, 126. - - Ryersen, John, 255. - - - Sands, Comfort, 208, 300, 301, 303. - - ---- Joshua, 301; ii. 62, 69. - - Sanford, Lewis, ii. 101. - - Schenck, Abraham, 201, 204. - - ---- Gilliam, ii. 129. - - ---- Martin, 213. - - Schenck property, 214. - - Schepens, 63. - - Schoonmaker, Dominie, ii. 53. - - Schouts, 65. - - Schroeder, Frederick A., ii. 165, 230. - - Schuyler, General, 272. - - ---- Peter, 165, 178. - - Scorpion, ii. 5. - - Sea Beach R. R., ii. 168. - - Seaman, Benjamin, 235. - - ---- Henry L., ii. 92. - - ---- John, ii. 64. - - ---- Zebulon, 204. - - Sebring, Isaac, 220. - - ---- Jacob, 220. - - Selyns, Rev. Henricus, 93. - - Seymour, Rt. Rev. George F., 190. - - Sharpe, Jacob, ii. 2. - - Sheltering Arms Nursery, ii. 224. - - Sherman, Roger, 229. - - Sickels, Garret, ii. 19. - - "Single head" bill, ii. 169. - - Skene, A. J. C., ii. 32. - - Skillman, John, ii. 97. - - Skinner, Chas. M., 3; ii. 89. - - Slavery, 84, 170, 171, 177. - - Slocum, Hy. W., ii. 155, 156. - - Sloughter, Henry, 136. - - Sluyter, Peter, 119. - - Smallpox, 188. - - Smith, Abel, ii. 126. - - ---- Capt. John, 20. - - ---- Col. William, 164. - - ---- Cyrus P., ii. 87. - - ---- George, ii. 71. - - ---- Hugh, ii. 155. - - ---- Isaac A., ii. 106. - - ---- Joseph, 221. - - ---- Samuel, ii. 94. - - ---- Selah, ii. 69. - - Snedeker, Isaac, 235. - - Snedicor, John, 88. - - Snow, Dr. Henry Sanger, ii. 212. - - Society for Improving the Condition of the Poor, ii. 135. - - Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, ii. 136. - - Society of St. Vincent de Paul, ii. 222. - - Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Arch, ii. 195. - - Sons of Liberty, 280. - - South Brooklyn, 5. - - South Ferry, ii. 78. - - Southampton, 40. - - Southold, 40. - - Spooner, Alden, ii. 62, 69. - - Sprague, Homer B., ii. 213. - - ---- Joseph, ii. 73, 75, 87, 92. - - St. Francis College, ii. 214. - - St. Catherine's Hospital, ii. 223. - - St. Mary's Hospital, ii. 223. - - St. Peter's Hospital, ii. 223. - - St. John's College, ii. 214. - - St. John's Hospital, ii. 223. - - St. Joseph's Institute, ii. 214. - - Staats, John, 163. - - Stagg, Peter, ii. 103. - - Stamp Act, 200, 202. - - Standard Oil Company, ii. 193. - - Stanton, Henry, ii. 24. - - Stearns, John M., ii. 43, 45. - - Stebbins, H. G., ii. 151. - - Steddiford, Brig.-General, ii. 19. - - Stellenwerth, Jacob, 214. - - Stevens, Alfred C., ii. 86. - - Stiles, Henry R., v., 25. - - ---- R. Cresson, ii. 32, 133. - - Stillman, Capt. Francis, ii. 56. - - Stillwell, Nicholaus, 155. - - Stillwell, Rich., 129, 207, 284. - - Stirling, Lord, 219. - - Stoffelsen, Jacob, 59. - - Stoothoof, Abraham, ii. 24. - - ---- Wihls, 285. - - Storrs, Rev. R. S., ii. 123, 125, 126, 129, 179, 184, 218. - - Stowe, Harriet Beecher, ii. 165. - - Stranahan, J. S. T., ii. 116, 143, 150, 154, 156, 179, 189, 195. - - ---- Mrs. J. S. T., ii. 124. - - Stryker, Burdett, ii. 16, 69. - - ---- John, 88. - - Stuyvesant, Peter, 68, 70. - - Sugar Refineries, ii. 192. - - Sullivan, General, 233. - - Suydam, Bernardus, 234, 235. - - ---- Evert, 284. - - ---- Ferdinand, 214. - - ---- Hendrick, 235; ii. 37. - - ---- Jacob, 235, 295. - - ---- Lambert, 234, 235. - - ---- Roger, 235. - - Sweeny, Peter B., ii. 155. - - Swift, General, ii. 149. - - - Talbot, Charles A., ii. 129. - - Talmage, Rev. T. DeWitt, ii. 218. - - Tammany Society, ii. 15-17. - - Taylor, Chas. G., ii. 96, 97. - - ---- Stephen G., ii. 213. - - "Tea Party," 206. - - Teckritz, Henry, ii. 129. - - Terhune, Roelof, 235. - - Terry, D. D., 190. - - Thayer, William H., ii. 32. - - Theatres, ii. 196-198. - - Thomasen, William, 53. - - Thompson, George, ii. 104. - - Thoms, Major Richard, 290. - - Thorne, J. Sullivan, ii. 32. - - Tienpont, Adrien Jorissen, 22. - - Tilton, Theodore, ii. 230. - - Titus, Abiel, ii. 69. - - ---- "Charlum," ii. 41. - - ---- Daniel, 221. - - ---- Francis J., ii. 44, 56. - - ---- Johannes, 214. - - ---- John, 234. - - Tonneman, Sheriff, 92. - - Townsend, Charles A., ii. 151. - - ---- Robert, ii. 16. - - Tracy, Benj. F., ii. 230. - - Traphagen, Wm. Janssen, viii. - - Trial for Treason, 154-156. - - Trinity Church, 279. - - Trotter, Jonathan, ii. 82. - - Trumbull, Colonel, 252. - - ---- Governor, 242. - - Tryon, Governor, 206, 286. - - Tweed, Wm. M., 155. - - Twenty-eighth Regiment Armory, ii. 160. - - - Union for Christian Work, ii. 216. - - Union Ferry Co., ii. 119. - - Union League Club, ii. 224. - - Union Missionary Training Institute, ii. 220. - - Unitarian Club, ii. 221. - - Universalist Club, ii. 221. - - University of Leyden, 95. - - Usselinx, Wm., 19. - - Utrecht, treaty of, 178. - - - Van Auden, Isaac, ii. 88, 150, 152, 154, 161. - - Van Bommel, Elizabeth, viii. - - Van Brunt, Adrian, 234. - - ---- Albert C., ii. 56. - - ---- Rutgert, 214, 224, 235. - - ---- William, 285. - - Van Cott, J., ii. 24, 38. - - Van Corlaer, Jacob, 26. - - Van Eckkellen, Johannes, 126. - - Van Dam, Nicholas, 221. - - ---- Rip, 185. - - Van Naerden, Claes Jansen, 39. - - Van Northwyck, Joostje Willems, viii. - - Van Nostrand, Losee, ii. 76. - - Van Pelt, Petrus, 285. - - Van Ruyven, 100. - - Van Schaick, Alex., 213. - - Van Vaas, Jansen, 37. - - Van Wagner, Henry W., ii. 161. - - Vande Water, Benjamin, 161. - - ---- Jacob, 160, 162. - - Vanderbilt, Jeremiah, 203, 207, 224, 284. - - ---- John, 214, 224, 234, 285. - - ---- J. C., ii. 34. - - Vanderveer, Adrian, ii. 32. - - ---- D., 204. - - ---- John, 234, 235. - - ---- John C., ii. 34. - - Vandervoort, Jacob, ii. 16. - - ---- Peter, 235. - - Vanderwick, Cornelis Baren, 126. - - Vandewenter, Jacobus, 285. - - Vanduyk, Cornelius, 163. - - Vanzuren, Casparus, 126. - - Vecht, Hendrick, 113, 183. - - Voorhies, Abram, 285. - - ---- Adrian, 285. - - ---- Stephen, 284. - - - Wade, T. Anderson, ii. 32. - - Waertman, Janse, 19. - - Walden, D. T., ii. 129. - - Waldron, Adolf, 220, 223. - - Wall, Wm., ii. 104. - - Wallabout, 25, 26; ii. 137. - - Wallabout and Brooklyn Toll Bridge Company, ii. 28. - - Wallabout Road, 238. - - Wallace, James P., ii. 126. - - Walloons, 24-26. - - War Fund Committee, ii. 122. - - War of 1812, ii. 51-56. - - Ward, Colonel, 219. - - ---- John Q. A., ii. 165. - - ---- F. A., 190. - - Wartman, homestead, ii. 41. - - Washington, George, 217, 225, 226, 229, 231, 241, 244, 253-260, 264, - 272, 273, 280; ii. 13. - - Washington Engine Co. No. 1, ii. 25. - - Washington Park, 237; ii. 143. - - Water and Sewerage Commissioners, ii. 146. - - Water Rights, ii. 78. - - Water Supply, ii. 146. - - Waterbury, Noah, ii. 46, 101. - - Watson, Benjamin, ii. 16. - - Wendell, Matthew, ii. 32. - - West India Company, 19, 22, 36. - - West Riding, 109. - - Whaley, Alexander, ii. 38. - - "Whig-Hog-Rum Party," ii. 82. - - Whiting, W. Leggett, 190. - - Whitman, Walt, ii. 89. - - Whittaker, Prof. J. B., ii. 213. - - Williams, Colonel, ii. 43. - - ---- Francis, ii. 123. - - ---- Henry, 300. - - Williamsburgh, ii. 43-46, 100-107. - - Williamsburgh City Bank, ii. 104. - - Williamsburgh City Fire Insurance Co., ii. 104. - - "Williamsburgh Democrat," ii. 101. - - "Williamsburgh Gazette," ii. 101. - - Williamsburgh Lyceum, ii. 101. - - Williamsburgh Medical Society, ii. 104. - - "Williamsburgh Morning Post," ii. 106. - - Williamsburgh Savings Bank, ii. 103, 148, 234. - - "Williamsburgh Times," ii. 105-107. - - Williamson, Rem, 234. - - Wilson, Capt. John, ii. 51. - - ---- Margaret T., ix. - - ---- Peter, ix. - - ---- P. L., 190. - - Wit, Peter Janse, 59. - - Wolckertsen, Dirck, 100. - - Wolfertsen, Gerrit, 59. - - Woman's Relief Association, ii. 122. - - Wood, Colonel A. M., ii. 122, 127, 152. - - ---- Silas, 46. - - ---- Wm. W. W., ii. 151. - - Woodford, Stewart L., 189, 230. - - Woodhull, Nathaniel, 119, 215, 227, 233, 262, 263. - - ---- Richard M., ii. 42. - - Woodward, John B., ii. 126. - - ---- Martin, ii. 24. - - Wyckoff, Cornelius, 285. - - ---- Garret, 284. - - ---- Hendrick, 235. - - ---- Nicholas, ii. 38. - - ---- Nicholas, ii. 42, 103. - - ---- Peter, 235. - - ---- Van Brunt, 189. - - Wyckoff farm, ii. 41. - - - Yellow fever, 173. - - Yorkton, ii. 45. - - Young Men's Christian Ass'n of Brooklyn, ii. 104, 217. - - Young Men's Christian Ass'n of Williamsburgh, ii. 104. - - Young Women's Christian Ass'n, ii. 217. - - - Zabriskie, John B., ii. 32. - - Zenger, Jn. Peter, 186-188. - - Zoellner Maennerchor, ii. 228. - - - - -Transcriber's Notes: - - -Volume I of this eBook is available at Project Gutenberg as eText #41979. - -Simple typographical errors were corrected, including some Index -references to Volume I. 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