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diff --git a/42701-h/42701-h.htm b/42701-h/42701-h.htm index 9f69a48..a0267b0 100644 --- a/42701-h/42701-h.htm +++ b/42701-h/42701-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg ebook of The Colonies 1492-1750, by Reuben Gold Thwaites. @@ -181,43 +181,7 @@ li {margin-left: 1em; /* secondary index lines indented */ </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Colonies 1492-1750, by Reuben Gold Thwaites - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Colonies 1492-1750 - -Author: Reuben Gold Thwaites - -Release Date: May 12, 2013 [EBook #42701] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COLONIES 1492-1750 *** - - - - -Produced by Clare Boothby, Carol Brown and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42701 ***</div> <div class="tnote"> <h4>Transcriber's Note:</h4> @@ -525,7 +489,7 @@ an authority on this subject.</p> America</cite>. 12 <abbr title="volumes">vols.</abbr> Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1851-1892. The titles of volumes comprising this series are: Pioneers of France in the New World; The Jesuits in North America; -La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West; The Old Régime +La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West; The Old Régime in Canada; Count Frontenac and New France; A Half-Century of Conflict, 2 <abbr title="volumes">vols.</abbr>; Montcalm and Wolfe, 2 <abbr title="volumes">vols.</abbr>; The Conspiracy of Pontiac, 2 <abbr title="volumes">vols.</abbr>—In spite of its age, this @@ -824,7 +788,7 @@ wars (1700-1750), <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.&mdas <p><strong>Bibliographies.</strong>—L. Farrand, <cite>Basis of American History</cite>, <abbr title="chapter 18">ch. xviii.</abbr>; J. Larned, <cite>Literature of American History</cite>, 21-50; J. Winsor, <cite>Narrative and Critical History</cite>, <abbr title="One, Two">I., II.</abbr>; Channing and -Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="sections">§§</abbr> 21, 77-80; C. Lummis, <cite>Reading List on Indians</cite>.</p> +Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="sections">§§</abbr> 21, 77-80; C. Lummis, <cite>Reading List on Indians</cite>.</p> <p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1, this volume (<i>Epoch Maps</i>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> <a href="#Map1">1</a>); T. MacCoun, <cite>Historical Geography of United States</cite>; school histories @@ -894,7 +858,7 @@ and Malays. <span class="sni"><span class="hide">|</span>a mere matter of conjecture. <span class="hide">|</span></span> On the other hand, some -archæologists hold that men as far advanced as +archæologists hold that men as far advanced as the present Eskimos followed the retreating ice-cap of the last glacial epoch. In the absence of positive historical evidence, the origin of the native peoples of America is @@ -1044,7 +1008,7 @@ expenditure of labor. <span class="sni"><span class="hide">|</span>Climate.<span class="hide">|</span></span> The climate is subject to frequent and extreme changes. At about -30° latitude the mean temperature is similar to that on +30° latitude the mean temperature is similar to that on the opposite side of the Atlantic; but farther north the American climate, owing to the divergence of the Gulf Stream and the influence of the great continent to the west, @@ -1435,7 +1399,7 @@ animal, every plant, had its manitou, or incarnate spirit. Fancy ran riot in superstition. Even the dances practised by the aborigines had a certain religious significance, being pantomimes, and in some features resembling -the mediæval miracle-plays of Europe. +the mediæval miracle-plays of Europe. <span class="sni"><span class="hide">|</span>Medicine.<span class="hide">|</span></span> The art of healing was tinctured with necromancy, although @@ -1603,12 +1567,12 @@ History</cite>, <abbr title="One, 21 through 37">I. xix-xxxvii</abbr>, 33-58, 76 205, <abbr title="three">III.</abbr> 7-58, 78-84, 97-104, 121, 126, 184-218; Larned, <cite>Literature of American History</cite>, 50-68, and <cite>History for Ready Reference</cite>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 54-79; Avery, <cite>United States</cite>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 376-403; Channing and -Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="sections">§§</abbr> 81-96; also bibliographical chapters in Bourne, +Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="sections">§§</abbr> 81-96; also bibliographical chapters in Bourne, Cheney, and Tyler, below.</p> <p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1, this volume (<cite>Epoch Maps</cite>, <abbr title="Number one">No. <a href="#Map1">1</a></abbr>); MacCoun; Winsor, <cite>Narrative and Critical History</cite>, <abbr title="One, Two">I., II.</abbr>; H. -Harrisse, <cite>Discovery of North America</cite>, and <cite lang="fr">Découverte et Evolution +Harrisse, <cite>Discovery of North America</cite>, and <cite lang="fr">Découverte et Evolution Cartographique de Terre-Neuve</cite>; E. L. Stevenson, <cite>Maps illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration in America</cite>; maps in <cite>American Nation</cite> series (Bourne, Cheney, and Tyler).</p> @@ -1724,7 +1688,7 @@ and the Dighton Rock; but modern scholarship has determined that these are not relics of the vikings, and had a much less romantic origin. It is now safe to say that nowhere in America, south of undisputed traces -in Greenland, are there any convincing archæological +in Greenland, are there any convincing archæological proofs of these alleged centuries of Norse occupation in America.</p> @@ -1816,7 +1780,7 @@ of Cape Breton,—the first known European to make this important discovery. It is on record that "great honors" were heaped upon the adventurous mariner upon his return to England, and that the generous -king gave "£10 to him that found the new +king gave "£10 to him that found the new isle"—the equivalent of $700 or $800 of our money.</p> <div class="sidenote">Portugal reaches India by the southeast.</div> @@ -2000,7 +1964,7 @@ to find. Early in 1540 he set out with a well-equipped following of three hundred Spaniards and eight hundred Indians. The Cibola cities were found to be but pueblos in Arizona or New Mexico, like the communal -dwellings of the Hopis and Zuñis, with the +dwellings of the Hopis and Zuñis, with the aspect of which we are so familiar to-day; while the mild inhabitants destitute of wealth, peacefully practising their crude industries and tilling their irrigated @@ -2010,7 +1974,7 @@ gold, Coronado's gallant little army, frequently thinned <a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 30]</span> by death and desertion, beat for three years up and down the southwestern wilderness,—now thirsting in the -deserts, now penned up in gloomy cañons, now crawling +deserts, now penned up in gloomy cañons, now crawling over pathless mountains, suffering the horrors of starvation and of despair, but following this will-o'-the-wisp with a melancholy perseverance seldom seen in man save @@ -2028,7 +1992,7 @@ and would have gone still farther eastward but for his inability to cross the swollen river. Co-operating parties explored the upper valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila, ascended the Colorado for two hundred and forty miles -above its mouth, and visited the Grand Cañon of the +above its mouth, and visited the Grand Cañon of the same river. Coronado at last returned, satisfied that he had been made the victim of travellers' idle tales. He was rewarded with contumely and lost his place as @@ -2074,7 +2038,7 @@ In 1582, forty years after Coronado's march, Franciscan friars opened missions in the valleys of the Rio Grande and the Gila,—the Cibola of old. -Sixteen years later (1598) Santa Fé was established +Sixteen years later (1598) Santa Fé was established as the seat of Spanish power in the north; by 1630 this power was at its highest in New Mexico and Arizona, fifty missions administering religious instruction @@ -2093,7 +2057,7 @@ century.<span class="hide">|</span></span> At the close of the sixteenth century Spain held but few points in what is now the United -States,—Santa Fé in New Mexico, a few +States,—Santa Fé in New Mexico, a few scattering missions along the Gila and Rio Grande, and <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Augustine in Florida.</p> @@ -2113,7 +2077,7 @@ side." <span class="sni"><span class="hide">|</span>Cartier at Montreal;<span class="hide">|</span></span> The next year he was back again, and ascended to the first rapids at <span lang="fr">La Chine</span>, -naming the island mountain there, <span lang="fr">Mont-Réal</span>. Having +naming the island mountain there, <span lang="fr">Mont-Réal</span>. Having spent the winter in this inhospitable region, his reports were such as to discourage for a time further attempts at colonization in America by the French, who were just @@ -2162,17 +2126,17 @@ extremity for want of food. The more exhausted of the company were landed in France; the rest were taken to England.</p> -<div class="sidenote">Laudonnière in Florida.</div> +<div class="sidenote">Laudonnière in Florida.</div> <p>The succeeding season (1564), another colonizing expedition, -made up of Protestants, headed by <span lang="fr">René Goulaine -de Laudonnière</span>, and aided by the king, sought +made up of Protestants, headed by <span lang="fr">René Goulaine +de Laudonnière</span>, and aided by the king, sought Carolina. Avoiding Port Royal as ill-omened, they established themselves on <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> John's River. The emigrants were a dissolute set, as emigrants were apt to be in an age when the sweepings of European jails <a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 34]</span> and gutters were thought to furnish good colonizing -material for America. Laudonnière hung some of his +material for America. Laudonnière hung some of his followers for piracy against Spanish vessels; others were captured in the act by the Spaniards, and sold into slavery in the West Indies. What remained of the colony soon @@ -2230,7 +2194,7 @@ took out a company of forty jail-birds, liberated for the purpose, and landed them on the dreary, storm-washed Isle of Sable, off the Nova Scotia coast, where, eighty years earlier (1518), the Baron -de Léry had made a vain attempt to start a colony. La +de Léry had made a vain attempt to start a colony. La Roche, beggared on his return home, was unable to succor his colonists, who on their inhospitable sands lived more like beasts than men. Five years later the twelve @@ -2243,10 +2207,10 @@ matchless horror.</p> well as of other economic experiments. In the year 1600 Chauvin obtained the exclusive right to prosecute the fur-trade in the New Land to the west, and united with -him a <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Malo merchant, Pontgravé. They made two +him a <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Malo merchant, Pontgravé. They made two lucrative voyages, but established no settlement. Samuel -de Champlain, in Pontgravé's company, went out in 1603, +de Champlain, in Pontgravé's company, went out in 1603, ascending the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lawrence as far as Montreal. <span class="sni"><span class="hide">|</span>De Monts' colony.<span class="hide">|</span></span> Later (this same year) De Monts, a Calvinist, @@ -2446,7 +2410,7 @@ Raleigh, Drake, Grenville, Frobisher, Hawkins, and the rest were engaged in preparing to resist the enemy. It was no time for colonization schemes. The Armada scattered, the father of English colonization in -America found himself ruined, having spent £40,000 +America found himself ruined, having spent £40,000 in his several fruitless ventures. Still hopeful, he next adopted a scheme of making large grants in Virginia to merchants and adventurers, and in this manner obtained @@ -2628,7 +2592,7 @@ a caravel.</p> of British Colonies</cite>, <abbr title="seven, eight">vii., viii.</abbr>; Winsor, <cite>Narrative and Critical History</cite>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr>, V.; Larned, <cite>Literature of American History</cite>, 67-76; Avery, <cite>United States</cite>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 409-411; E. Greene, <cite>Provincial America</cite>, -<abbr title="chapter 19">ch. xix.</abbr>; Channing and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="sections">§§</abbr> 92, 104, 110.</p> +<abbr title="chapter 19">ch. xix.</abbr>; Channing and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="sections">§§</abbr> 92, 104, 110.</p> <p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2, this volume (<cite>Epoch Maps</cite>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> <a href="#Map2">2</a>); MacCoun, Winsor, and Avery.</p> @@ -2648,7 +2612,7 @@ and Colonial Constitutions</cite>; Mill, <cite>Colonial Constitutions</cite>; J. institutions imported by American colonists, and colonial government generally: Greene, <cite>Provincial Governor</cite>; E. Eggleston, <cite>Transit of Civilization</cite>, and <cite>Beginners of a Nation</cite>; A. Low, -<cite>American People</cite>; Wilson, <cite>The State</cite>, <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> 832-864; E. Freeman, +<cite>American People</cite>; Wilson, <cite>The State</cite>, <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> 832-864; E. Freeman, <cite>English People in its Three Homes</cite>, lecture <abbr title="six">vi.</abbr>; H. Taylor, <cite>English Constitution</cite>, 15-48; Channing, <cite>Town and County Government</cite>; C. Bishop, <cite>History of Elections in the Colonies</cite>.</p> @@ -3226,7 +3190,7 @@ Jersey, where they were elected. These county judges were representative gentlemen, and not trained in the law. They had criminal jurisdiction except in capital cases, and final jurisdiction in civil cases not involving -large amounts; the limit was £20 in Virginia and £2 in +large amounts; the limit was £20 in Virginia and £2 in Maryland, and elsewhere between these extremes. Next was the provincial, supreme, or general court: ordinarily this was composed of the governor, as chancellor, and @@ -3309,7 +3273,7 @@ privilege was restricted (1634) to freemen,—practically all the members of the church,—and still later (1691), to "the possessors of an estate of freehold in land to the value of 40<abbr title="shillings">s.</abbr> per annum, or other estate to the value of -£40." In Virginia, at the start, all freemen were allowed +£40." In Virginia, at the start, all freemen were allowed to vote. But it was afterwards decided (1670) that the "usuall way of chuseing burgesses by the votes of all persons who, haveing served their time, are freemen of @@ -3379,7 +3343,7 @@ of South Carolina</cite>, footnotes; Avery, <cite>United States</cite>, <abbr ti 434-438, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 407-410, 412, 413; Larned, <cite>Literature of American History</cite>, 100-106; Winsor, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 153-166, 553-562, <abbr title="Five">V.</abbr> 335-356; C. Andrews, <cite>Colonial Self-Government</cite>, 351-354; Channing -and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> 97-102.</p> +and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> 97-102.</p> <p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—<abbr title="Numbers">Nos.</abbr> 2 and 3, this volume (<cite>Epoch Maps</cite>, <abbr title="Numbers">Nos.</abbr> <a href="#Map2">2</a>, <a href="#Map3">3</a>); Doyle, <cite>English Colonies</cite>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr>; MacCoun, Winsor, and @@ -4513,7 +4477,7 @@ so to all generations." The plan was the dream of an aristocrat; it was an attempt to reproduce the thirteenth century in the seventeenth; it was artificial and unwieldy. While the rough backwoods-men could not grasp -its intricacies or understand its mediæval terms, they instinctively +its intricacies or understand its mediæval terms, they instinctively felt it to be a useless bit of constitutional romancing, and would have little to do with it.</p> @@ -4683,7 +4647,7 @@ England.</p> <p class="p2 center"><strong>39. References.</strong></p> -<p><strong>Bibliographies.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec27">27</a>, above.</p> +<p><strong>Bibliographies.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec27">27</a>, above.</p> <p><strong>General Accounts.</strong>—Doyle, <cite>Colonies</cite>, <abbr title="One, Chapter 13">I. ch. xiii.</abbr>; Cooke, <cite>Virginia</cite>, <abbr title="chapter 24">ch. xxiv.</abbr></p> @@ -4700,7 +4664,7 @@ J. Ballagh, <cite>Slavery in Virginia</cite>; S. Weeks, <cite>Quakers</cite>; G. University Studies</cite>. See also, biographies of prominent men.</p> <p><strong>Contemporary Accounts.</strong>—W. Hening, <cite>Statutes</cite>; narratives -enumerated in <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 27, above. Reprints in <cite>American History told by +enumerated in <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 27, above. Reprints in <cite>American History told by Contemporaries</cite>, <abbr title="One, chapters 9, 13">I. chs. ix., xiii.</abbr>; publications of historical societies and commissions.</p> @@ -5307,7 +5271,7 @@ Revolution.</p> <cite>Literature of American History</cite>, 72-92; Avery, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 421-423; Andrews, <cite>Colonial Self-Government</cite>, <abbr title="chapter 20">ch. xx.</abbr>; Green, <cite>Provincial America</cite>, <abbr title="chaapter 19">ch. xix.</abbr>; M. Wilson, <cite>Reading List on Colonial New England</cite>; -Channing and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> 109-123.</p> +Channing and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> 109-123.</p> <p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2, this volume (<cite>Epoch Maps</cite>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> <a href="#Map2">2</a>); Doyle, <cite>Colonies</cite>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr>; MacCoun, Winsor, and school histories already @@ -5970,7 +5934,7 @@ not remove them.</p> <div class="sidenote">The Watertown protest.</div> <p>That same year, however, came a vigorous protest against this autocratic rule. The Watertown freemen -declined to pay a tax of £60, levied by the +declined to pay a tax of £60, levied by the assistants for fortifications built at Cambridge. It was argued that a people who submitted to taxation without representation were in danger of "bringing themselves @@ -6048,14 +6012,14 @@ and the clergymen had, as conscientious Reformers seeing no hope of improvement in the English Church, abandoned comfortable livings at home to take charge of rude Independent meeting-houses -in America. In 1636, an appropriation of £400—a very +in America. In 1636, an appropriation of £400—a very large sum, considering the means of the province—was made by the General Court to found a college at Cambridge, that "the light of learning might not go out, nor the study of God's Word perish." Two years later (1638) the <abbr title="Reverand">Rev.</abbr> John Harvard, a graduate of Emmanuel College, who had come out in 1637, dying, left his library -and a legacy of £800 to the new institution of learning, +and a legacy of £800 to the new institution of learning, "towards the erecting of a college;" and the Court decreed that it should bear his name. For two centuries the college continued to receive grants from the @@ -6212,7 +6176,7 @@ Mrs. Hutchinson's teachings were considered dangerous to the State; they opposed the authority of the ecclesiastical rulers, and this tended to breed civil dissension. One of her supporters, Greensmith, was -fined £40 by the General Court (March, 1637) for publicly +fined £40 by the General Court (March, 1637) for publicly declaring that all the preachers except Cotton, Wheelwright, and Thomas Hooker taught a covenant of works instead of a covenant of grace, the difference between @@ -6985,10 +6949,10 @@ be applied to them.</p> <p class="p2 center"><strong><a name="Sec63"></a>63. References.</strong></p> -<p><strong>Bibliographies.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec47">47</a>, above; Avery, <abbr title="Two, Three">II., III.</abbr>; -Channing and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> 124-128.</p> +<p><strong>Bibliographies.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec47">47</a>, above; Avery, <abbr title="Two, Three">II., III.</abbr>; +Channing and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> 124-128.</p> -<p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec47">47</a>, above.</p> +<p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec47">47</a>, above.</p> <p><strong>General Accounts.</strong>—Doyle, <cite>Colonies</cite>, <abbr title=" Two, chapters 8, 9, Three, chapters 1 - 5">II. chs. viii., ix., III. chs. i.-v.</abbr>; Lodge, <cite>Colonies</cite>, 351-362, 375-380, 387-392, 398-400; @@ -6999,7 +6963,7 @@ Palfrey, <cite>New England</cite>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 269-408, <abbr ti of New England</cite>; Hallowell, <cite>Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts</cite>; R. Frothingham, <cite>Rise of the Republic</cite>, <abbr title="chapters 2, 3">chs. ii., iii.</abbr>; A. MacLear, <cite>Early New England Towns</cite>; Winsor, <cite>Narrative and Critical</cite>, as -in <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 47.</p> +in <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 47.</p> <p><strong>Special Histories.</strong>—Consult the numerous local histories, some of them of much importance; Winsor's <cite>Boston</cite>, and Sheldon's @@ -7805,7 +7769,7 @@ Massachusetts; but three years later (1668) that commonwealth calmly took it back again. Gorges was inclined to make trouble, and agents of Massachusetts quietly purchased his claim -(1677) for £1,250. The skilful manœuvre excited the +(1677) for £1,250. The skilful manœuvre excited the displeasure of the king, who had intended himself to buy out the claims of Gorges, in order to erect Maine into a proprietary province for his reputed son, the Duke @@ -7908,8 +7872,8 @@ liberal as had been hoped. The people were allowed their representative assembly as before, but the governor was to be appointed by the Crown; the religious qualification for suffrage was abolished, a small property -qualification (an estate of £40 value, or a freehold worth -£2 a year) being substituted; laws passed by the General +qualification (an estate of £40 value, or a freehold worth +£2 a year) being substituted; laws passed by the General <a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 177]</span> Court were subject to veto by the king,—a provision fraught with danger to the colonists. Thus Massachusetts @@ -7957,10 +7921,10 @@ loyalty to the Crown and of local independence.</p> <p class="p2 center"><strong>74. References.</strong></p> -<p><strong>Bibliographies.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> <a href="#Sec47">47</a> and <a href="#Sec63">63</a>, above; Channing -and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 130.</p> +<p><strong>Bibliographies.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> <a href="#Sec47">47</a> and <a href="#Sec63">63</a>, above; Channing +and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 130.</p> -<p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec47">47</a>, above.</p> +<p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec47">47</a>, above.</p> <p><strong>General Accounts.</strong>—Osgood, <cite>Colonies</cite>; Doyle, <cite>Colonies</cite>, <abbr title="Three, chapter 9">III. ch. ix.</abbr>; Lodge, <cite>Colonies</cite>, <abbr title="chapter 22">ch. xxii.</abbr>; W. Weeden, <cite>Economic and Social @@ -7990,7 +7954,7 @@ of Slave Trade</cite>.—On the witchcraft delusion: C. Upham, Holmes, <cite>Medical Profession in Massachusetts</cite>. See also, biographies of prominent men.</p> -<p><strong>Contemporary Accounts.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec63">63</a>, above.</p> +<p><strong>Contemporary Accounts.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec63">63</a>, above.</p> <p class="p2 center"><strong>75. Land and People.</strong> <a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 179]</span></p> @@ -8219,7 +8183,7 @@ possible, American efforts in this direction.</p> <div class="sidenote">Fisheries.</div> <p>The fisheries, particularly whale and cod, were an important source of income, those of Massachusetts -being estimated, in 1750, at £250,000 per year. +being estimated, in 1750, at £250,000 per year. Fishers' hamlets, with their great net-reels and drying stages, were strung along the shores. The men engaged in the traffic were hardy and bold, no weather @@ -8614,7 +8578,7 @@ commonwealth.</p> 92-100; Andrews, <cite>Colonial Self-Government</cite>, <abbr title="chapter 20">ch. xx.</abbr>; Avery, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 417-421, 438-444, III. 413-418, 430-432, 443-445; Winsor, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 411-420, 449-456, 495-516, <abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr> 409-442, 488-502; Channing and -Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> 104-108.</p> +Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Sections">§§</abbr> 104-108.</p> <p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—<abbr title="Numbers">Nos.</abbr> 1, 2, and 3, this volume (<cite>Epoch Maps</cite>, Nos. <a href="#Map1">1</a>, <a href="#Map2">2</a>, <a href="#Map3">3</a>); Winsor, as above.</p> @@ -9334,7 +9298,7 @@ of the country, giving Carteret the eastern part,—much more than one half,—and leaving the rest to the Quaker proprietors. In 1676, Carteret and the Quakers agreed upon a boundary line, running from Little Egg -Harbor northwest to the Delaware, at 41° 40´.</p> +Harbor northwest to the Delaware, at 41° 40´.</p> <div class="sidenote">West New Jersey.</div> <p>In West New Jersey the Quakers set up a liberal @@ -9410,7 +9374,7 @@ assembly. All Christian sects were tolerated, but Roman Catholics were denied political privileges. There was a property qualification for suffrage,—the possession of two hundred acres of land, or other property -worth £50. The inhabitants were generally prosperous. +worth £50. The inhabitants were generally prosperous. Their isolated geographical position secured them immunity from attacks by hostile Indians; they had scrupulously purchased the lands from the native @@ -9450,7 +9414,7 @@ it be looked on as vanity in me."</p> <div class="sidenote">His colonization scheme.</div> <p>Penn at once widely advertised his dominions. He -offered to sell one hundred acres of land for £2, subject +offered to sell one hundred acres of land for £2, subject to a small quit-rent, and even servants might acquire half this amount. He proposed to establish a popular government, based on the principle @@ -9562,13 +9526,13 @@ Massachusetts in importance.</p> <p class="p2 center"><strong>90. References.</strong></p> -<p><strong>Bibliographies.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec82">82</a>, above.</p> +<p><strong>Bibliographies.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec82">82</a>, above.</p> -<p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec82">82</a>, above.</p> +<p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec82">82</a>, above.</p> <p><strong>General Accounts.</strong>—Doyle, <cite>Colonies</cite>, <abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr>; Lodge, <cite>Colonies</cite>, <abbr title="chapters 13, 15, 17">chs. xiii., xv., xvii.</abbr>; Andrews, <cite>Colonial Self-Government</cite>, <abbr title="chapters 18, 19">chs. xviii., -xix</abbr>. See also histories of separate colonies, <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 82, above.</p> +xix</abbr>. See also histories of separate colonies, <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 82, above.</p> <p><strong>Special Histories.</strong>—Topography: Semple, <cite>American History and its Geographic Conditions</cite>, <abbr title="chapters 1 - 4">chs. i.-iv.</abbr>; Roberts, <cite>New York</cite>, @@ -9581,9 +9545,9 @@ York was Young</cite>; T. Janvier, <cite>Old New York</cite>; E. Singleton, A. Gummere, <cite>The Quaker: a Study in Costume</cite>; novels by S. W. Mitchell.—Industries: Bishop, <cite>History of American Manufactures</cite>.—Slavery: J. Brackett, <cite>Negro in Maryland</cite>. See also -<abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 82, above, and biographies of prominent men.</p> +<abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 82, above, and biographies of prominent men.</p> -<p><strong>Contemporary Accounts.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec82">82</a>, above.</p> +<p><strong>Contemporary Accounts.</strong>—Same as <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> <a href="#Sec82">82</a>, above.</p> <p class="p2 center"><strong>91. Geographical Conditions in the Middle Colonies.</strong></p> @@ -9825,7 +9789,7 @@ obtained elsewhere in America. In each province was an upper court, consisting of a chief justice and associates, appointed by the governor; from this an appeal might go in important cases to the -governor and council, and in causes involving £200 or +governor and council, and in causes involving £200 or over, to the king in council. Below the upper court was a regular series of courts, ranging down to the local justices of the peace. Justice was cheap, and court @@ -10182,7 +10146,7 @@ by Hatton and Harvey, Smith, and Pedley; S. Dawson, <cite>Canada and Newfoundland</cite>; W. Greswell, <cite>Geography of Canada and Newfoundland</cite>.—Nova Scotia: J. Bourinot, <cite>Builders of Nova Scotia</cite>; T. Haliburton, <cite>Nova Scotia</cite>; B. Murdoch, <cite>Nova Scotia</cite>; E. -Richard, <cite>Acadia</cite>.—Canada: see <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 107.—Hudson's Bay Company: +Richard, <cite>Acadia</cite>.—Canada: see <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 107.—Hudson's Bay Company: G. Bryce, <cite>Remarkable History of Hudson's Bay Company</cite>; L. Burpee, <cite>Search for the Western Sea</cite>; A. Laut, <cite>Conquest of Great Northwest</cite>; B. Willson, <cite>Great Company</cite>. Consult also publications @@ -10192,9 +10156,9 @@ antiquarian societies.</p> <p><strong>Contemporary Accounts.</strong>—Whitbourne, <cite>Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundland</cite> (1620); Mason, <cite>Brief Discourse of Newfoundland</cite> -(1620); Du Tertre, <cite lang="fr">Histoire Générale des Antilles</cite> (1654); +(1620); Du Tertre, <cite lang="fr">Histoire Générale des Antilles</cite> (1654); Denys, <cite>Description and Natural History of Arcadia</cite> (1672); Labat, -<cite lang="fr">Nouveau Voyage aux Isles d'Amérique</cite> (1724); Oldmixon, <cite>British +<cite lang="fr">Nouveau Voyage aux Isles d'Amérique</cite> (1724); Oldmixon, <cite>British Empire in America</cite> (1741); Dobbs, <cite>Countries adjoining to Hudson's Bay</cite> (1744); Ellis, <cite>Voyage to Hudson Bay</cite> (1748); Hakluyt, <cite>Voyages</cite>. Reprints in publications of historical and antiquarian @@ -10567,7 +10531,7 @@ the Massachusetts men captured Port Royal; and in <a name="Page_243" id="Page_243"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 243]</span> 1713 France relinquished possession to England by the treaty of Utrecht. Again in 1745, Massachusetts volunteers -captured Louisbourg on Cape Breton (§§ 111, 112).</p> +captured Louisbourg on Cape Breton (§§ 111, 112).</p> <div class="sidenote">Deportation of the Acadians.</div> <p>England paid little attention to Nova Scotia until 1749, @@ -10623,7 +10587,7 @@ made to Hudson's Bay by French war vessels; much devastation was wrought and blood spilled, until in 1697 the treaty of Ryswick put an end to the trouble, and left the company in undisputed possession. It had lost more than -£200,000 in this predatory warfare, but soon regained its +£200,000 in this predatory warfare, but soon regained its position, through the profits of the fur-trade.</p> <div class="sidenote">American rivals.</div> @@ -10663,7 +10627,7 @@ were English, but in numbers they were few.</p> and <cite>France in America</cite>, <abbr title="chapter 19">ch. xix.</abbr>; H. Biggar, <cite>Early Trading Companies</cite>, 171-296; Larned, <cite>Literature of American History</cite>, 395-421; Avery, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 403-408, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436, 437; P. Gagnon, <cite lang="fr">Essai de bibliographie -canadienne</cite>; H. Harrisse, <cite lang="fr">Notes pour servir à l'histoire +canadienne</cite>; H. Harrisse, <cite lang="fr">Notes pour servir à l'histoire du Canada</cite>. Consult also Wrong and Langton, <cite>Review of Historical Publications relating to Canada</cite> (published annually).</p> @@ -10906,7 +10870,7 @@ land immediately from the king, and parcelled it out among his vassals, the <i lang="fr">habitants</i>, or cultivators, who paid him a small rent, patronized his shops and mills, and owed him certain feudal obligations. Upon the estates -were (3) parishes, in which the curé and the captain of +were (3) parishes, in which the curé and the captain of militia were the chief personages. The only public duties exercised by the <i lang="fr">habitants</i> were in connection with parish affairs, and then the initiative was taken at @@ -11155,7 +11119,7 @@ French realized that they could not keep up connection between New Orleans and their settlements on the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lawrence if not permitted to hold the valley of the Ohio. Governor -<span lang="fr">La Jonquière</span> (1749-1752) understood the situation, and +<span lang="fr">La Jonquière</span> (1749-1752) understood the situation, and pleaded for the shipment of ten thousand French peasants to settle the region; but the government at Paris was just then as indifferent to New France as was King @@ -11192,7 +11156,7 @@ language and the customs of the time of their settlement.</p> <p class="p2 center"><strong>115. References.</strong></p> <p><strong>Bibliographies.</strong>—Avery, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 438-440; Winsor, <abbr title="Five">V.</abbr> 392-406; -Channing and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 103.</p> +Channing and Hart, <cite>Guide</cite>, <abbr title="Section">§</abbr> 103.</p> <p><strong>Historical Maps.</strong>—<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 4, this volume (<cite>Epoch Maps</cite>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> <a href="#Map4">4</a>), MacCoun, and school histories already cited.</p> @@ -12019,9 +11983,9 @@ enterprise.</p> paper money. This was in 1690, to aid in fitting out an expedition against Canada. The other provinces followed at intervals. Affairs had come -to such a pass by 1748 that the price in paper of £100 -in coin ranged all the way from £1100 in New England -to £180 in Pennsylvania. The royal governors in all +to such a pass by 1748 that the price in paper of £100 +in coin ranged all the way from £1100 in New England +to £180 in Pennsylvania. The royal governors in all <a name="Page_279" id="Page_279"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 279]</span> the colonies, acting under instructions from home, were generally persistent opponents of this financial expedient. @@ -12435,7 +12399,7 @@ series,—the Formation of the Union.</p> </ul> <ul class="IX"> -<li>Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, discovers Pacific ocean, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +<li>Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, discovers Pacific ocean, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> </ul> <ul class="IX"> @@ -13520,7 +13484,7 @@ series,—the Formation of the Union.</p> </ul> <ul class="IX"> -<li>Guzman, Nuño Beltran de, founds Culiacan, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>; +<li>Guzman, Nuño Beltran de, founds Culiacan, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>; <ul class="IX"> <li>expedition to Cibola, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> </ul></li> @@ -13934,7 +13898,7 @@ series,—the Formation of the Union.</p> </ul> <ul class="IX"> -<li>Léry, Baron de, colonizing attempt of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>. +<li>Léry, Baron de, colonizing attempt of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>. <a name="Page_293" id="Page_293"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 293]</span></li> </ul> @@ -14531,7 +14495,7 @@ series,—the Formation of the Union.</p> <li>crime and pauperism, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li> <li>political conditions, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> <li>Indian affairs, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> - <li>the Dutch régime, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>-202;</li> + <li>the Dutch régime, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>-202;</li> <li>captured by English, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> <li>the "duke's laws," 204;</li> <li>recaptured by Dutch, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> @@ -15075,7 +15039,7 @@ series,—the Formation of the Union.</p> </ul> <ul class="IX"> -<li>Roberval, Jean François de, attempt at French colonization, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> +<li>Roberval, Jean François de, attempt at French colonization, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> </ul> <ul class="IX"> @@ -15122,7 +15086,7 @@ series,—the Formation of the Union.</p> </ul> <ul class="IX"> -<li>Santa Fé, <abbr title="New Mexico">N. Mex.</abbr>, founded, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> +<li>Santa Fé, <abbr title="New Mexico">N. Mex.</abbr>, founded, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> </ul> <ul class="IX"> @@ -15761,7 +15725,7 @@ series,—the Formation of the Union.</p> <p class="p2"></p> <ul class="IX"> -<li>Zuñi Indians, visited by Spaniards, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Zuñi Indians, visited by Spaniards, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> </ul> <p class="p4 map">EPOCH MAP II</p> @@ -15803,404 +15767,31 @@ The index entry for Augusta, <abbr title="Georgia">GA</abbr>, is out of order in Archaic and obsolete spellings were left unchanged.</p> <p>The following spelling corrections were made:<br /> -'da Leon' to 'de Leon,' sidenote, Chapter II, § 9<br /> -'Greene' to 'Green,' sidenote, Chapter IV, § 36<br /> -'Roberth' to 'Robert,' Chapter IV, § 36<br /> -'browbreat' to 'browbeat,' Chapter IV, § 38<br /> -'circumtances' to 'circumstances,' Chapter XII, § 110<br /> -'beween' to 'between,' Chapter XIV, § 121<br /> +'da Leon' to 'de Leon,' sidenote, Chapter II, § 9<br /> +'Greene' to 'Green,' sidenote, Chapter IV, § 36<br /> +'Roberth' to 'Robert,' Chapter IV, § 36<br /> +'browbreat' to 'browbeat,' Chapter IV, § 38<br /> +'circumtances' to 'circumstances,' Chapter XII, § 110<br /> +'beween' to 'between,' Chapter XIV, § 121<br /> 'king Charles' to 'King Charles,' index entry for Massachusetts<br /> 'Phillip's War' to 'Philip's War,' twice, in the index only</p> The following hyphenated words were changed for consistency within the text:<br /> -'brow-beat' to 'browbeat,' Chapter IV, § 31<br /> -'fire-places' to 'fireplaces,' Chapter V, § 45<br /> -'foot-hold' to 'foothold,' Chapter XII, § 112<br /> -'free-men' to 'freemen,' Chapter IX, § 89<br /> -'heartrending' to 'heart-rending,' Chapter XIV, § 125<br /> -'Jersey-men' to 'Jerseymen,' Chapter X, § 92<br /> -'long-shore' to 'longshore,' Chapter X, § 94<br /> +'brow-beat' to 'browbeat,' Chapter IV, § 31<br /> +'fire-places' to 'fireplaces,' Chapter V, § 45<br /> +'foot-hold' to 'foothold,' Chapter XII, § 112<br /> +'free-men' to 'freemen,' Chapter IX, § 89<br /> +'heartrending' to 'heart-rending,' Chapter XIV, § 125<br /> +'Jersey-men' to 'Jerseymen,' Chapter X, § 92<br /> +'long-shore' to 'longshore,' Chapter X, § 94<br /> 'overpopulation' to 'over-population,' index, Portuguese and index, Spaniards<br /> -'re-affirm' to 'reaffirm,' Chapter IV, § 34<br /> -'Ship-building' to 'Shipbuilding,' Chapter VII, § 77; +'re-affirm' to 'reaffirm,' Chapter IV, § 34<br /> +'Ship-building' to 'Shipbuilding,' Chapter VII, § 77; index, Massachusetts; and index, Shipbuilding<br /> -'vice-regal' to 'viceregal,' Chapter XIV, § 120<br /> +'vice-regal' to 'viceregal,' Chapter XIV, § 120<br /> </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Colonies 1492-1750, by Reuben Gold Thwaites - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COLONIES 1492-1750 *** - -***** This file should be named 42701-h.htm or 42701-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/7/0/42701/ - -Produced by Clare Boothby, Carol Brown and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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