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diff --git a/42696-h/42696-h.htm b/42696-h/42696-h.htm index d4a5976..fe0fb96 100644 --- a/42696-h/42696-h.htm +++ b/42696-h/42696-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Field and Woodland Plants, by William S. Furneaux</title> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> <style type="text/css"> @@ -201,26 +201,10 @@ p.head2 { </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42696 ***</div> <h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Field and Woodland Plants, by William S. Furneaux, Illustrated by Patten Wilson</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Field and Woodland Plants</p> -<p>Author: William S. Furneaux</p> -<p>Release Date: May 11, 2013 [eBook #42696]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Robert Morse,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -1802,7 +1786,7 @@ that it is not a member of order 44. Turning now to the Synopsis of the Natural Orders (p. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>), we find that the irregular flowers of this group of orders occur only in 51, 52, 53, 54, and 56. Finally, the square stem, opposite leaves, and character of the fruit, show us that -the plant must belong to the order <i>Labiatæ</i>.</p> +the plant must belong to the order <i>Labiatæ</i>.</p> <p>The student should, as far as possible, deal with all flowers in this manner, assigning each one to its proper order; and, if he preserves his @@ -1838,7 +1822,7 @@ referring to the synopsis of the orders, before noting those characters which are given as being more directly concerned in the determination of the species themselves. Thus, when we describe the Pasque Flower (p. <a href="#Page_297">297</a>) we do not refer to those general characters that apply to -all the <i>Ranunculaceæ</i> or Buttercup family, and which may be seen at +all the <i>Ranunculaceæ</i> or Buttercup family, and which may be seen at once by referring to p. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, but give all those details that are necessary to enable one to distinguish between the Pasque Flower and the other members of the same order.</p> @@ -1929,290 +1913,290 @@ threes or multiples of three)</p> <h3>SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS</h3> -<p>1. <span class="smcap">Ranunculaceæ.</span>—Herbs mostly with alternate leaves and regular +<p>1. <span class="smcap">Ranunculaceæ.</span>—Herbs mostly with alternate leaves and regular flowers. Sepals generally 5, distinct. Petals 5 or more. Stamens 12 or more. Pistil of many distinct carpels. Fruit of many one-seeded achenes. (The Buttercup Family.)</p> -<p>2. <span class="smcap">Berberidaceæ.</span>—Shrub with compound spines; alternate, spiny leaves; +<p>2. <span class="smcap">Berberidaceæ.</span>—Shrub with compound spines; alternate, spiny leaves; and pendulous flowers. Sepals 6. Petals 6. Stamens 6. Fruit a berry. (The Berberry Family.)</p> -<p>3. <span class="smcap">Nymphæaceæ.</span>—Aquatic plants with floating leaves and solitary +<p>3. <span class="smcap">Nymphæaceæ.</span>—Aquatic plants with floating leaves and solitary flowers. Petals numerous, gradually passing into sepals outwards, and into stamens inwards. Ovary of many cells, with many seeds. (The Water-lily Family.)</p> -<p>4. <span class="smcap">Papaveraceæ.</span>—Herbs with a milky sap; alternate leaves without +<p>4. <span class="smcap">Papaveraceæ.</span>—Herbs with a milky sap; alternate leaves without stipules; and regular (generally nodding) flowers. Sepals 2, deciduous. Fruit a capsule. Petals 4. Stamens many. Ovary one-celled, but with many membranous, incomplete partitions. (The Poppy Family.)</p> -<p>5. <span class="smcap">Fumariaceæ.</span>—Herbs with much divided, exstipulate leaves; and racemes +<p>5. <span class="smcap">Fumariaceæ.</span>—Herbs with much divided, exstipulate leaves; and racemes of small irregular, bracteate flowers. Sepals 2 or 0, deciduous. Petals 4, irregular. Stamens 6, in two bundles. Ovary of two carpels, one-celled. (The Fumitory Family.)</p> -<p>6. <span class="smcap">Cruciferæ.</span>—Herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves, and racemes of +<p>6. <span class="smcap">Cruciferæ.</span>—Herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves, and racemes of regular flowers. Sepals 4. Petals 4, cruciform. Stamens 6, four longer and two shorter. Ovary one-or two-celled. Fruit a siliqua. (The Cabbage Family.)</p> -<p>7. <span class="smcap">Resedaceæ.</span>—Herbs or shrubs with alternate, exstipulate leaves;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> and +<p>7. <span class="smcap">Resedaceæ.</span>—Herbs or shrubs with alternate, exstipulate leaves;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> and spikes of irregular, greenish flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent. Petals 4 to 7, irregular. Stamens many. Ovary of 3 lobes, one-celled. (The Mignonette Family.)</p> -<p>8. <span class="smcap">Cistaceæ.</span>—Herbs or undershrubs with entire, opposite leaves; and +<p>8. <span class="smcap">Cistaceæ.</span>—Herbs or undershrubs with entire, opposite leaves; and conspicuous, regular flowers. Sepals 3 to 5. Petals 5, twisted in the bud. Stamens many. Ovary of 3 carpels, one-chambered. (The Rock-rose Family.)</p> -<p>9. <span class="smcap">Violaceæ.</span>—Herbs with alternate, stipuled leaves; and axillary, +<p>9. <span class="smcap">Violaceæ.</span>—Herbs with alternate, stipuled leaves; and axillary, irregular flowers. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unequal, the lower one prolonged into a spur. Stamens 5. Ovary of three carpels, one-celled. (The Violet Family.)</p> -<p>10. <span class="smcap">Droseraceæ.</span>—Small marsh plants with radical, glandular leaves; and +<p>10. <span class="smcap">Droseraceæ.</span>—Small marsh plants with radical, glandular leaves; and cymes of small, white, regular flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5 or 10. Ovary of 3 to 5 carpels, one-celled. (The Sundew Family.)</p> -<p>11. <span class="smcap">Polygalaceæ.</span>—Herbs with alternate, scattered, exstipulate, simple +<p>11. <span class="smcap">Polygalaceæ.</span>—Herbs with alternate, scattered, exstipulate, simple leaves; and racemes of irregular flowers. Sepals 5, the inner ones resembling petals. Petals 3 to 5, unequal. Stamens 8, in two bundles. Ovary two-celled. Fruit a capsule. (The Milkwort Family.)</p> -<p>12. <span class="smcap">Frankeniaceæ.</span>—Herb with opposite, exstipulate leaves; and small, +<p>12. <span class="smcap">Frankeniaceæ.</span>—Herb with opposite, exstipulate leaves; and small, axillary, red, regular flowers. Sepals 4 to 6, united into a tube. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens 4 to 6. Ovary of 2 to 5 carpels, one-celled. (The Sea Heath.)</p> -<p>13. <span class="smcap">Elatinaceæ.</span>—Small aquatic herbs, with opposite, stipulate, +<p>13. <span class="smcap">Elatinaceæ.</span>—Small aquatic herbs, with opposite, stipulate, spathulate leaves; and minute, axillary, red flowers. Sepals, petals and stamens 2 to 5. Fruit a capsule with 2 to 5 valves. (The Waterwort Family.)</p> -<p>14. <span class="smcap">Caryophyllaceæ.</span>—Herbs mostly with jointed stems; opposite, simple +<p>14. <span class="smcap">Caryophyllaceæ.</span>—Herbs mostly with jointed stems; opposite, simple leaves; and red or white, regular flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 2 to 5. Fruit a one-celled capsule, opening at top by teeth. (The Pink Family.)</p> -<p>15. <span class="smcap">Linaceæ.</span>—Herbs with slender stems; narrow, simple, entire, +<p>15. <span class="smcap">Linaceæ.</span>—Herbs with slender stems; narrow, simple, entire, exstipulate leaves; and cymes of regular flowers. Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4 or 5. Petals twisted in the bud, fugacious (falling early). Carpels each with two ovules. Fruit a capsule of 3 to 5 cells. (The Flax Family.)</p> -<p>16. <span class="smcap">Malvaceæ.</span>—Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipuled leaves; and +<p>16. <span class="smcap">Malvaceæ.</span>—Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipuled leaves; and conspicuous, axillary, regular flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, twisted in the bud. Stamens many, united into a tube. Carpels many, each with one ovule. (The Mallow Family.)</p> -<p>17. <span class="smcap">Tiliaceæ.</span>—Trees with alternate, stipuled, oblique, serrate leaves; +<p>17. <span class="smcap">Tiliaceæ.</span>—Trees with alternate, stipuled, oblique, serrate leaves; a large bract adherent to the flower stalk; and cymes of greenish, regular flowers. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels 5, each with two ovules. (The Linden Family.)</p> -<p>18. <span class="smcap">Hypericaceæ.</span>—Herbs or shrubs with opposite, simple, exstipulate +<p>18. <span class="smcap">Hypericaceæ.</span>—Herbs or shrubs with opposite, simple, exstipulate leaves, often dotted with glands; and cymes of conspicuous yellow, regular flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, with glandular dots. Petals 4 or 5, twisted in the bud. Stamens many, united into several bundles. Carpels 3 to 5, with many ovules. Fruit a capsule with 3 to 5 cells. (The St. John's-wort Family.)</p> -<p>19. <span class="smcap">Aceraceæ.</span>—Trees with opposite, palmately-lobed leaves; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> small, +<p>19. <span class="smcap">Aceraceæ.</span>—Trees with opposite, palmately-lobed leaves; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> small, green, regular flowers. Sepals and petals 4 to 9. Stamens 8, on the disc. Fruit a samara. (The Maple Family.)</p> -<p>20. <span class="smcap">Geraniaceæ.</span>—Herbs with lobed, generally stipulate leaves; and +<p>20. <span class="smcap">Geraniaceæ.</span>—Herbs with lobed, generally stipulate leaves; and conspicuous, regular flowers. Sepals 3 to 5, persistent. Petals 3 to 5. Stamens 5 to 10. Carpels 3 to 5, surrounding a long beak. (The Crane's-bill Family.)</p> -<p>21. <span class="smcap">Balsaminaceæ.</span>—Herbs with simple, alternate leaves; and axillary, +<p>21. <span class="smcap">Balsaminaceæ.</span>—Herbs with simple, alternate leaves; and axillary, irregular, yellow flowers. Sepals 3 or 5, one forming a wide-mouthed spur. Petals 5, four of which are united in pairs. Stamens 5. Fruit a capsule with five elastic valves. (The Balsam Family.)</p> -<p>22. <span class="smcap">Oxalidaceæ.</span>—Low herbs, with radical, generally trifoliate leaves; +<p>22. <span class="smcap">Oxalidaceæ.</span>—Low herbs, with radical, generally trifoliate leaves; and axillary, regular flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens 10. Ovary five-celled, with many ovules. (The Wood Sorrel Family.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>23. <span class="smcap">Celastraceæ.</span>—Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves; and small, +<p>23. <span class="smcap">Celastraceæ.</span>—Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves; and small, regular flowers in axillary cymes. Sepals and petals usually 4. Stamens usually 4, alternating with the petals. Carpels 4. Fruit a fleshy capsule. (Spindle Tree.)</p> -<p>24. <span class="smcap">Rhamnaceæ.</span>—Shrubs with simple leaves; small, greenish flowers; and +<p>24. <span class="smcap">Rhamnaceæ.</span>—Shrubs with simple leaves; small, greenish flowers; and berry-like fruit. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 or 5. Stamens opposite the petals. Ovary superior, three-celled, with one ovule in each cell. (The Buckthorn Family.)</p> -<p>25. <span class="smcap">Leguminosæ.</span>—Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipuled leaves, +<p>25. <span class="smcap">Leguminosæ.</span>—Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipuled leaves, generally pinnate or ternate, often tendrilled; and papilionaceous (butterfly-like) flowers. Sepals 5, combined. Petals 5, irregular. Stamens generally 10, all, or nine of them united. Ovary superior. Fruit a pod. (The Pea Family.)</p> -<p>26. <span class="smcap">Rosaceæ.</span>—Trees, shrubs, or herbs with alternate, stipuled leaves; +<p>26. <span class="smcap">Rosaceæ.</span>—Trees, shrubs, or herbs with alternate, stipuled leaves; and conspicuous, regular flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens many. Carpels 1, 2, 5, or many. (The Rose Family.)</p> -<p>27. <span class="smcap">Onagraceæ.</span>—Herbs with mostly entire, simple, exstipulate leaves; +<p>27. <span class="smcap">Onagraceæ.</span>—Herbs with mostly entire, simple, exstipulate leaves; and conspicuous, regular flowers. Sepals 2 to 4. Petals 2 to 4, twisted in the bud, or absent. Stamens 2 to 4, or 8. Ovary inferior, with carpels 1 to 6 (usually 4), many-seeded. (The Willow-herb Family.)</p> -<p>28. <span class="smcap">Haloragiaceæ.</span>—Aquatic herbs with whorled leaves and minute flowers. +<p>28. <span class="smcap">Haloragiaceæ.</span>—Aquatic herbs with whorled leaves and minute flowers. Sepals 2 to 4 or absent. Petals 2 to 4 or absent. Stamens 1, 2, 4, or 8. Ovary inferior. Carpels 1 to 4. (The Mare's-tail Family.)</p> -<p>29. <span class="smcap">Lythraceæ.</span>—Herbs with opposite or whorled, entire leaves; and +<p>29. <span class="smcap">Lythraceæ.</span>—Herbs with opposite or whorled, entire leaves; and conspicuous, regular flowers. Sepals, and petals 3 to 6. Stamens generally twice as many as petals. Ovary superior. Carpels 2 to 6. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. (The Loosestrife Family.)</p> -<p>30. <span class="smcap">Tamariscaceæ.</span>—Shrub with minute, scale-like leaves; and lateral +<p>30. <span class="smcap">Tamariscaceæ.</span>—Shrub with minute, scale-like leaves; and lateral spikes of small, regular flowers. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 4 to 10, on the disc. Styles 3. (The Tamarisk.)</p> -<p>31. <span class="smcap">Cucurbitaceæ.</span>—Rough, climbing herb, with tendrilled, +<p>31. <span class="smcap">Cucurbitaceæ.</span>—Rough, climbing herb, with tendrilled, palmately-lobed leaves; greenish, diœcious flowers in axillary racemes; and scarlet berries. Sepals and petals 5, united. Stamens 3. Ovary inferior. Carpels 3. (The White Bryony.)</p> -<p>32. <span class="smcap">Saxifragaceæ.</span>—Shrubs and herbs with regular flowers. Sepals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> and +<p>32. <span class="smcap">Saxifragaceæ.</span>—Shrubs and herbs with regular flowers. Sepals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 4 or 10. Carpels 2 or 4, united. (The Saxifrage Family.)</p> -<p>33. <span class="smcap">Crassulaceæ.</span>—Succulent herbs with simple leaves; and small, +<p>33. <span class="smcap">Crassulaceæ.</span>—Succulent herbs with simple leaves; and small, regular, starry flowers. Sepals, petals, and carpels 3 to 20, usually 5. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Carpels superior, forming follicles. (The Stonecrop Family.)</p> -<p>34. <span class="smcap">Araliaceæ.</span>—Climbing shrub with clinging rootlets, evergreen leaves, +<p>34. <span class="smcap">Araliaceæ.</span>—Climbing shrub with clinging rootlets, evergreen leaves, umbels of yellowish flowers, and black berries. Sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, and seeds 5 each. Ovary inferior. (The Ivy.)</p> -<p>35. <span class="smcap">Cornaceæ.</span>—Herbs and shrubs with opposite leaves, small flowers, and +<p>35. <span class="smcap">Cornaceæ.</span>—Herbs and shrubs with opposite leaves, small flowers, and berry-like fruits. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 or 5. Ovary inferior. Carpels 2, each with one ovule. (The Dogwood Family.)</p> -<p>36. <span class="smcap">Umbelliferæ.</span>—Herbs with mostly compound, pinnate leaves, sheathing +<p>36. <span class="smcap">Umbelliferæ.</span>—Herbs with mostly compound, pinnate leaves, sheathing at the base; and compound umbels of small, white flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Ovary inferior. Fruit of two adhering carpels. (The Parsley Family.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>37. <span class="smcap">Caprifoliaceæ.</span>—Shrubs and herbs with opposite leaves, and +<p>37. <span class="smcap">Caprifoliaceæ.</span>—Shrubs and herbs with opposite leaves, and conspicuous (sometimes irregular) flowers. Sepals and petals 3 to 5. Stamens 4 to 10. Fruit a berry. (The Honeysuckle Family.)</p> -<p>38. <span class="smcap">Rubiaceæ.</span>—Herbs with whorled leaves; and small, regular flowers. +<p>38. <span class="smcap">Rubiaceæ.</span>—Herbs with whorled leaves; and small, regular flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 to 6. Carpels 2. (The Bedstraw Family.)</p> -<p>39. <span class="smcap">Valerianaceæ.</span>—Herbs with opposite leaves and small (sometimes +<p>39. <span class="smcap">Valerianaceæ.</span>—Herbs with opposite leaves and small (sometimes irregular) flowers. Sepals 3 to 5, often downy. Petals 3 to 5. Stamens 1 or 3. Ovary of three carpels, one-celled. (The Valerian Family.)</p> -<p>40. <span class="smcap">Dipsaceæ.</span>—Herbs with opposite leaves; and heads of small flowers, +<p>40. <span class="smcap">Dipsaceæ.</span>—Herbs with opposite leaves; and heads of small flowers, mostly blue. Calyx enclosed in a whorl of scaly bracts. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens 4, free. Ovary one-celled and one-seeded. (The Teasel Family.)</p> -<p>41. <span class="smcap">Compositæ.</span>—Herbs with heads of small flowers with tubular or +<p>41. <span class="smcap">Compositæ.</span>—Herbs with heads of small flowers with tubular or strap-shaped corollas. Calyx absent or represented by a whorl of silky hairs (pappus). Stamens 4 or 5, anthers generally united. (The Daisy Family.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>42. <span class="smcap">Campanulaceæ.</span>—Herbs with milky sap; alternate, entire, scattered +<p>42. <span class="smcap">Campanulaceæ.</span>—Herbs with milky sap; alternate, entire, scattered leaves; and usually conspicuous, blue, regular flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Ovary of 2 to 8 carpels. (The Bellflower Family.)</p> -<p>43. <span class="smcap">Vacciniaceæ.</span>—Low (mostly mountainous) shrubs, with scattered, +<p>43. <span class="smcap">Vacciniaceæ.</span>—Low (mostly mountainous) shrubs, with scattered, simple, alternate leaves; small drooping, reddish or pink, regular flowers; and edible berries. Sepals, petals, and carpels 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. (The Cranberry Family.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>44. <span class="smcap">Ericaceæ.</span>—Shrubs or herbs with opposite or whorled, evergreen +<p>44. <span class="smcap">Ericaceæ.</span>—Shrubs or herbs with opposite or whorled, evergreen leaves; and small conspicuous, regular, flowers. Sepals, petals, and carpels 4 or 5. Stamens 5 to 10. (The Heath Family.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>45. <span class="smcap">Aquifoliaceæ.</span>—Shrub with evergreen, spiny leaves; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> small, +<p>45. <span class="smcap">Aquifoliaceæ.</span>—Shrub with evergreen, spiny leaves; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> small, greenish, regular flowers. Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4 or 5. Fruit berry-like, with one-seeded stones. (The Holly.)</p> -<p>46. <span class="smcap">Oleaceæ.</span>—Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves; and small, regular +<p>46. <span class="smcap">Oleaceæ.</span>—Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves; and small, regular flowers. Sepals and petals 4, sometimes absent. Stamens 2. Fruit a berry or a samara. (The Olive Family.)</p> -<p>47. <span class="smcap">Apocynaceæ.</span>—Slender, prostrate shrubs, with milky sap; opposite, +<p>47. <span class="smcap">Apocynaceæ.</span>—Slender, prostrate shrubs, with milky sap; opposite, evergreen, entire leaves; and conspicuous, regular, purple flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Corolla salver-shaped. (The Periwinkle Family.)</p> -<p>48. <span class="smcap">Gentianaceæ.</span>—Bitter herbs with opposite, simple, entire leaves; and +<p>48. <span class="smcap">Gentianaceæ.</span>—Bitter herbs with opposite, simple, entire leaves; and regular, conspicuous flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 to 10. Carpels 2. Fruit a capsule. (The Gentian Family.)</p> -<p>49. <span class="smcap">Convolvulaceæ.</span>—Herbs, generally twining, with alternate, simple +<p>49. <span class="smcap">Convolvulaceæ.</span>—Herbs, generally twining, with alternate, simple leaves (sometimes absent); and mostly conspicuous, regular flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 or 5. Ovary two-or four-celled. Fruit a four-seeded capsule. (The Bindweed Family.)</p> -<p>50. <span class="smcap">Solanaceæ.</span>—Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, and axillary +<p>50. <span class="smcap">Solanaceæ.</span>—Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, and axillary cymes of regular flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Ovary two-celled. Fruit berry-like or a capsule, many seeded. (The Nightshade Family.)</p> -<p>51. <span class="smcap">Scrophulariaceæ.</span>—Herbs with mostly irregular, lipped flowers. +<p>51. <span class="smcap">Scrophulariaceæ.</span>—Herbs with mostly irregular, lipped flowers. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 2, or 4, two longer than the others. Carpels 2. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. (The Figwort Family.)</p> -<p>52. <span class="smcap">Orobanchaceæ.</span>—Fleshy, brown, parasitic plants, with scattered +<p>52. <span class="smcap">Orobanchaceæ.</span>—Fleshy, brown, parasitic plants, with scattered scale-leaves; and mostly brownish, irregular flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 5, lipped. Stamens 4, two longer than the others. Carpels 2. Fruit a one-chambered, many-seeded capsule. (The Broom-rape Family.)</p> -<p>53. <span class="smcap">Verbenaceæ.</span>—An erect, branched herb, with opposite leaves; and a +<p>53. <span class="smcap">Verbenaceæ.</span>—An erect, branched herb, with opposite leaves; and a compound spike of small, irregular flowers. Sepals and petals 5. Corolla lipped. Stamens 4, two longer than the others. Ovary four-celled. Fruit of 4 nutlets. (The Vervain.)</p> -<p>54. <span class="smcap">Labiatæ.</span>—Herbs, mostly aromatic, with square stems, opposite +<p>54. <span class="smcap">Labiatæ.</span>—Herbs, mostly aromatic, with square stems, opposite leaves, and whorls or cymes of irregular flowers. Sepals and petals 5. Corolla usually lipped. Stamens 4 (rarely 2), two longer than the others. Fruit of 4 one-seeded nutlets. (The Dead Nettle Family.)</p> -<p>55. <span class="smcap">Boraginaceæ.</span>—Herbs, mostly rough, with alternate, simple leaves; +<p>55. <span class="smcap">Boraginaceæ.</span>—Herbs, mostly rough, with alternate, simple leaves; and spikes of conspicuous, regular flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Carpels 2. Fruit of 4 one-seeded nutlets. (The Borage Family.)</p> -<p>56. <span class="smcap">Lentibulariaceæ.</span>—Insectivorous, marsh herbs, with radical, entire +<p>56. <span class="smcap">Lentibulariaceæ.</span>—Insectivorous, marsh herbs, with radical, entire leaves, or much-divided floating leaves with bladders; and conspicuous, irregular flowers. Sepals and petals 5. Corolla usually lipped. Stamens 2. Fruit a one-chambered, many-seeded capsule. (The Butterwort Family.)</p> -<p>57. <span class="smcap">Primulaceæ.</span>—Herbs, mostly with radical leaves; and conspicuous, +<p>57. <span class="smcap">Primulaceæ.</span>—Herbs, mostly with radical leaves; and conspicuous, regular flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 to 9. Stamens opposite the petals. Ovary one-celled, with free central placenta. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. (The Primrose Family.)</p> -<p>58. <span class="smcap">Plumbaginaceæ.</span>—Herbs, mostly maritime, with radical or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> alternate +<p>58. <span class="smcap">Plumbaginaceæ.</span>—Herbs, mostly maritime, with radical or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> alternate leaves; and mostly blue, regular flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Stamens opposite the petals, and usually free. Carpels 3 to 5. Ovary one-celled and one-seeded. (The Thrift Family.)</p> -<p>59. <span class="smcap">Plantaginaceæ.</span>—Herbs with (generally) simple, entire, radical +<p>59. <span class="smcap">Plantaginaceæ.</span>—Herbs with (generally) simple, entire, radical leaves; and spikes of greenish flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4. Corolla scaly. Carpels usually 2 or 4. Fruit a one-to four-chambered capsule. (The Plantain Family.)</p> @@ -2222,85 +2206,85 @@ occur in orders</i> 1, 6, 14, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 32.</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>60. <span class="smcap">Amaranthaceæ.</span>—A smooth, prostrate herb, with scattered, stalked, +<p>60. <span class="smcap">Amaranthaceæ.</span>—A smooth, prostrate herb, with scattered, stalked, exstipulate, simple leaves; and small, axillary, green, monœcious flowers. Sepals and stamens 3 to 5. (The Amaranth.)</p> -<p>61. <span class="smcap">Chenopodiaceæ.</span>—Herbs with simple, exstipulate leaves, or leafless, +<p>61. <span class="smcap">Chenopodiaceæ.</span>—Herbs with simple, exstipulate leaves, or leafless, jointed stems; and small green flowers. Sepals 3 to 5, persistent. Stamens 1 to 5, opposite the sepals. Fruit indehiscent. (The Goosefoot Family.)</p> -<p>62. <span class="smcap">Polygonaceæ.</span>—Herbs with sheathing stipules; alternate, simple +<p>62. <span class="smcap">Polygonaceæ.</span>—Herbs with sheathing stipules; alternate, simple leaves; and small flowers. Sepals 3 to 6, green or coloured, usually persistent. Stamens 5 to 8. Fruit indehiscent. (The Dock Family.)</p> -<p>63. <span class="smcap">Eleagnaceæ.</span>—A shrub with silvery scales; alternate, entire, +<p>63. <span class="smcap">Eleagnaceæ.</span>—A shrub with silvery scales; alternate, entire, exstipulate leaves; and inconspicuous, diœcious flowers. Sepals 2 to 4, persistent. Stamens 4. Fruit berry-like. (The Sea Buckthorn.)</p> -<p>64. <span class="smcap">Thymelaceæ.</span>—Shrubs with tough inner bark; simple, entire, +<p>64. <span class="smcap">Thymelaceæ.</span>—Shrubs with tough inner bark; simple, entire, exstipulate leaves; and conspicuous, perfect, sweet-scented flowers. Sepals 4. Stamens 8. Fruit berry-like. (The Spurge Laurel Family.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>65. <span class="smcap">Loranthaceæ.</span>—A green, parasitic, much branched shrub, with +<p>65. <span class="smcap">Loranthaceæ.</span>—A green, parasitic, much branched shrub, with opposite, simple, entire leaves; inconspicuous, diœcious flowers; and whitish viscid berries. Sepals and stamens 4. Ovary one-chambered. Berry one-seeded. (The Mistletoe.)</p> -<p>66. <span class="smcap">Aristolochiaceæ.</span>—Herbs and climbing shrubs, with alternate leaves +<p>66. <span class="smcap">Aristolochiaceæ.</span>—Herbs and climbing shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers. Sepals 2 or 3, sometimes coloured, sometimes lipped. Ovary with 4 to 6 chambers, containing many ovules. (The Birthwort Family.)</p> -<p>67. <span class="smcap">Santalaceæ.</span>—A slender, prostrate, root-parasite, with alternate, +<p>67. <span class="smcap">Santalaceæ.</span>—A slender, prostrate, root-parasite, with alternate, linear leaves; and inconspicuous, perfect flowers. Sepals and stamens 4 or 5. Ovary one-celled. Fruit dry, one-seeded. (The Bastard Toad-flax.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>68. <span class="smcap">Empetraceæ.</span>—A mountain, evergreen, resinous shrub, with alternate, +<p>68. <span class="smcap">Empetraceæ.</span>—A mountain, evergreen, resinous shrub, with alternate, narrow leaves; and inconspicuous, diœcious flowers. Perianth of 6 scales. Stamens 3. Ovary of 3 to 9 cells, with one ovule in each cell. (The Crowberry.)</p> -<p>69. <span class="smcap">Euphorbiaceæ.</span>—Trees, shrubs, or herbs, generally with a milky sap; +<p>69. <span class="smcap">Euphorbiaceæ.</span>—Trees, shrubs, or herbs, generally with a milky sap; simple, entire leaves; and small, inconspicuous flowers, sometimes enclosed in calyx-like bracts. Perianth of 3 or 4 parts, or absent. Stamens 1 or many. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 carpels elastically. (The Spurge Family.)</p> -<p>70. <span class="smcap">Urticaceæ.</span>—Herbs, often with simple, stinging leaves; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> small, +<p>70. <span class="smcap">Urticaceæ.</span>—Herbs, often with simple, stinging leaves; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> small, green, clustered, unisexual flowers. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary superior, one-celled. Fruit indehiscent. (The Nettle Family.)</p> -<p>71. <span class="smcap">Ulmaceæ.</span>—Trees with alternate, distichous leaves, and perfect +<p>71. <span class="smcap">Ulmaceæ.</span>—Trees with alternate, distichous leaves, and perfect flowers. Perianth of 4 or 5 parts, bell-shaped. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary superior, with one or two cells. Fruit a thin, one-seeded samara. (The Elm Family.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>72. <span class="smcap">Cupuliferæ.</span>—Trees or shrubs with alternate, stipuled, simple +<p>72. <span class="smcap">Cupuliferæ.</span>—Trees or shrubs with alternate, stipuled, simple leaves; and small, green flowers. Perianth of 5 or 6 parts. Stamens 5 to 20. Fruit a nut, enclosed in a tough cupule. (The Oak Family.)</p> -<p>73. <span class="smcap">Betulaceæ.</span>—Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves and small flowers. +<p>73. <span class="smcap">Betulaceæ.</span>—Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves and small flowers. Stamens 1 or more. Fruit small, indehiscent, winged, not enclosed in a cup. (The Birch Family.)</p> -<p>74. <span class="smcap">Salicaceæ.</span>—Trees with alternate, simple leaves; and flowers which +<p>74. <span class="smcap">Salicaceæ.</span>—Trees with alternate, simple leaves; and flowers which generally appear before the leaves. Stamens one or more to each scale. Fruit many-seeded, not enclosed in a cup. (The Willow Family.)</p> -<p>75. <span class="smcap">Myricaceæ.</span>—A small aromatic shrub, with alternate, simple leaves; +<p>75. <span class="smcap">Myricaceæ.</span>—A small aromatic shrub, with alternate, simple leaves; and inconspicuous flowers. Stamens 4 to 8. Fruit a drupe. (The Bog Myrtle.)</p> -<p>76. <span class="smcap">Coniferæ.</span><sup>1</sup>—Shrubs or trees with rigid evergreen, linear leaves; +<p>76. <span class="smcap">Coniferæ.</span><sup>1</sup>—Shrubs or trees with rigid evergreen, linear leaves; and resinous juices. Male flowers in catkins. Female flowers generally in cones. Seeds not enclosed in an ovary. (The Pine Family.)</p> @@ -2314,70 +2298,70 @@ our other forest trees.</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>77. <span class="smcap">Orchidaceæ.</span>—Herbs mostly with tuberous roots, and conspicuous, +<p>77. <span class="smcap">Orchidaceæ.</span>—Herbs mostly with tuberous roots, and conspicuous, irregular, perfect flowers in spikes or racemes. Sepals, petals, and carpels 3. Stamens 1 or 2, united to the style. (The Orchid Family.)</p> -<p>78. <span class="smcap">Iridaceæ.</span>—Herbs with fleshy, underground stems; narrow leaves; and +<p>78. <span class="smcap">Iridaceæ.</span>—Herbs with fleshy, underground stems; narrow leaves; and handsome, irregular, perfect flowers. Perianth of 6 parts. Stamens and carpels 3. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a many-seeded capsule with three valves. (The Iris Family.)</p> -<p>79. <span class="smcap">Amaryllidaceæ.</span>—Herbs with bulbs, narrow leaves, and handsome, +<p>79. <span class="smcap">Amaryllidaceæ.</span>—Herbs with bulbs, narrow leaves, and handsome, regular, perfect flowers. Perianth of 6 parts. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. (The Narcissus Family.)</p> -<p>80. <span class="smcap">Hydrocharidaceæ.</span>—Aquatic herbs, with floating or submerged leaves; +<p>80. <span class="smcap">Hydrocharidaceæ.</span>—Aquatic herbs, with floating or submerged leaves; and conspicuous, regular, diœcious flowers. Sepals and petals 3. Stamens 3 to 12. Carpels 3 or 6. Fruit a berry. (The Frog-bit Family.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>81. <span class="smcap">Dioscoriaceæ.</span>—A climbing herb, with broad, glossy leaves; and +<p>81. <span class="smcap">Dioscoriaceæ.</span>—A climbing herb, with broad, glossy leaves; and small, monœcious flowers. Sepals, petals, and carpels 3. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a berry. Seeds 6. (The Black Bryony.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>82. <span class="smcap">Liliaceæ.</span>—Herbs with mostly narrow leaves, and conspicuous, +<p>82. <span class="smcap">Liliaceæ.</span>—Herbs with mostly narrow leaves, and conspicuous, regular, perfect flowers. Perianth of 6 parts, Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a berry or capsule. (The Lily Family.)</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> -<p>83. <span class="smcap">Alismaceæ.</span>—Aquatic plants with radical, net-veined leaves; and +<p>83. <span class="smcap">Alismaceæ.</span>—Aquatic plants with radical, net-veined leaves; and conspicuous, white, perfect flowers. Perianth of 6 parts. Stamens 6 or more. Carpels numerous, and distinct or nearly so. (The Water-plantain Family.)</p> -<p>84. <span class="smcap">Naidaceæ.</span>—Aquatic plants with mostly floating or submerged leaves; +<p>84. <span class="smcap">Naidaceæ.</span>—Aquatic plants with mostly floating or submerged leaves; and inconspicuous flowers. Perianth of 4 to 6 scales, or absent. Stamens and carpels 1 to 6. (The Pond-weed Family.)</p> -<p>85. <span class="smcap">Lemnaceæ.</span>—Minute floating plants, with green, cellular fronds, +<p>85. <span class="smcap">Lemnaceæ.</span>—Minute floating plants, with green, cellular fronds, rarely flowering. Flowers very small, enclosed in a bract. Stamen 1. Ovary one-celled. Ovules 1 to 7. (The Duckweed Family.)</p> -<p>86. <span class="smcap">Araceæ.</span>—Herbs with net-veined, radical leaves; and small flowers on +<p>86. <span class="smcap">Araceæ.</span>—Herbs with net-veined, radical leaves; and small flowers on a fleshy spadix enclosed in a leafy sheath. Perianth of 6 parts, or absent. Stamens 1 to 6. Ovary of one to three cells. Fruit berry-like. (The Cuckoo Pint Family.)</p> -<p>87. <span class="smcap">Typhaceæ.</span>—Erect marsh plants, with long, narrow leaves; and small +<p>87. <span class="smcap">Typhaceæ.</span>—Erect marsh plants, with long, narrow leaves; and small monœcious flowers in conspicuous spikes or heads. Perianth absent. Stamens many. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. (The Reed-mace Family.)</p> -<p>88. <span class="smcap">Juncaceæ.</span>—Rush-like herbs, with cylindrical or narrow leaves, and +<p>88. <span class="smcap">Juncaceæ.</span>—Rush-like herbs, with cylindrical or narrow leaves, and small, brown flowers. Perianth membranous, of 6 parts. Stamens 6. Carpels 3. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. (The Rush Family.)</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p>89. <span class="smcap">Cyperaceæ.</span>—Grassy herbs, with usually solid, triangular stems; and +<p>89. <span class="smcap">Cyperaceæ.</span>—Grassy herbs, with usually solid, triangular stems; and linear leaves, with tubular sheaths. Flowers in spikelets, unisexual or perfect. Stamens 1 to 3. Carpels and stigmas 2 or 3. (The Sedge Family.)</p> -<p>90. <span class="smcap">Gramineæ.</span>—Grassy herbs, with hollow stems; and linear leaves, with +<p>90. <span class="smcap">Gramineæ.</span>—Grassy herbs, with hollow stems; and linear leaves, with split sheaths. Flowers usually perfect. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas 1 or 2. (The Grass Family.)</p> @@ -3210,7 +3194,7 @@ WOODS AND THICKETS IN SPRING</h2> <p>One of our earliest spring flowers of the wood is the lovely Daffodil or -Lent Lily (<i>Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus</i>) of the order <i>Amaryllidaceæ</i>. +Lent Lily (<i>Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus</i>) of the order <i>Amaryllidaceæ</i>. This plant develops from a bulb—an underground bud formed of thick, fleshy leaves; and the flowers appear during March and April. The perianth is composed of a tube and six spreading limbs of a delicate @@ -3223,7 +3207,7 @@ notched and curled at the rim.</p> </div> <p>During April and May we meet with the beautiful little Wood Anemone -(<i>Anemone nemorosa</i>—order <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>), often in such abundance that +(<i>Anemone nemorosa</i>—order <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>), often in such abundance that the ground beneath the trees is completely covered by its graceful leaves and flowers. The leaves are radical, stalked, and deeply lobed, springing from an underground stem. On the flower stalk, some distance @@ -3237,7 +3221,7 @@ with blue. The fruit consists of a number of downy achenes.</p> <p>The Wood Anemone</p> </div> -<p>Belonging to the same order (<i>Ranunculaceæ</i>) we have two species of +<p>Belonging to the same order (<i>Ranunculaceæ</i>) we have two species of Hellebore—the Green Hellebore (<i>Helleborus viridis</i>) and the Stinking Hellebore (<i>H. fœtidus</i>), both found in woods on chalk or limestone during April and May. The former, also known in parts as the Bear's-foot @@ -3269,7 +3253,7 @@ centre and south of England.</p> <p>The Goldilocks</p> </div> -<p>The Columbine (<i>Aquilegia vulgaris</i>), also one of the <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, so +<p>The Columbine (<i>Aquilegia vulgaris</i>), also one of the <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, so well known as a garden flower, grows wild in the thickets and copses of several parts, blooming from May to July. Its branched stem grows to a height of one or two feet; and the leaves are stalked, with three broad, @@ -3280,7 +3264,7 @@ petals, each with a curved spur that projects below the base of the calyx; numerous stamens; and an ovary of five carpels which ripen into as many follicles.</p> -<p>The Dog Violet (<i>Viola canina</i>—Order <i>Violaceæ</i>) is probably too well +<p>The Dog Violet (<i>Viola canina</i>—Order <i>Violaceæ</i>) is probably too well known to need description, seeing that it is easily distinguished from the other species of the same genus by the absence of scent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> and by the presence of running stems. It is, however, very variable, both in its @@ -3333,8 +3317,8 @@ These are fertilised by their own pollen, and produce abundance of seed.</p> <p>Soon after the appearance of the Dog Violet—usually early in May—we meet with the flowers of the Wood Sorrel or Alleluia (<i>Oxalis Acetosella</i>), a plant which is often included with the Crane's-bills in -the order <i>Geraniaceæ</i>, but sometimes placed in a separate small order -(<i>Oxalidaceæ</i>) containing only three British species. It is a very +the order <i>Geraniaceæ</i>, but sometimes placed in a separate small order +(<i>Oxalidaceæ</i>) containing only three British species. It is a very pretty little plant, of an acid nature, springing from a creeping rhizome. The leaves are radical, ternate, hairy, and sensitive, folding vertically at night in such a manner that the lower surfaces, containing @@ -3367,7 +3351,7 @@ of the slit formed suddenly roll back, and the seed is violently jerked out through the opening of the capsule immediately in front of it.</p> <p>In April, and from this month to about the end of July, the Wood -Strawberry (<i>Fragaria vesca</i>—order <i>Rosaceæ</i>) is in flower. There is no +Strawberry (<i>Fragaria vesca</i>—order <i>Rosaceæ</i>) is in flower. There is no mistaking this species when in fruit, but at other times the Barren Strawberry (<i>Potentilla Fragariastrum</i>), also called the Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil, is often confused with it. The latter may @@ -3381,7 +3365,7 @@ pedicels which droop when in fruit.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> <p>In shady woods grows the Sweet Woodruff (<i>Asperula odorata</i>—order -<i>Rubiaceæ</i>)—a small, erect and smooth plant, seldom exceeding eight +<i>Rubiaceæ</i>)—a small, erect and smooth plant, seldom exceeding eight inches in height. The leaves are six to nine in each whorl, lanceolate, with small prickles on the margins. The flowers are white, in terminal panicles, and the fruit is rough with hooked hairs. The herb emits, when @@ -3392,7 +3376,7 @@ dry, a pleasant odour resembling that of new hay.</p> <p>The Sweet Woodruff.</p> </div> -<p>There are two Periwinkles (order <i>Apocynaceæ</i>), both of which have been +<p>There are two Periwinkles (order <i>Apocynaceæ</i>), both of which have been introduced into Britain as garden flowers, but have become established as wild flowers in several parts. One of these—the Lesser Periwinkle (<i>Vinca minor</i>)—is moderately common, especially in the West, where it @@ -3412,7 +3396,7 @@ similar plant, but its leaves are broader, with minute hairs on the margin; the calyx segments are also hairy at the edges; and the corolla is larger, with a broad tube.</p> -<p>The Tooth-wort (<i>Lathræa squamaria</i>—order <i>Orobanchaceæ</i>) is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> a +<p>The Tooth-wort (<i>Lathræa squamaria</i>—order <i>Orobanchaceæ</i>) is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> a peculiar, fleshy, pinkish plant, to be found among decaying vegetable matter or at the roots of the Hazel, Elm and a few other trees. It is partly parasitic, deriving its nourishment from the roots of the trees @@ -3426,7 +3410,7 @@ very small animals, and a more detailed account of its form and habits will be found in our short <a href="#XXIV">chapter</a> devoted especially to carnivorous plants.</p> -<p>The Bugle (<i>Ajuga reptans</i>, of the order <i>Labiatæ</i>), is a very abundant +<p>The Bugle (<i>Ajuga reptans</i>, of the order <i>Labiatæ</i>), is a very abundant flower in moist woods and pastures, blooming in May and June. It has a short root-stock, generally with creeping runners; and erect, smooth flowering stems from three to twelve inches high. At the base is a tuft @@ -3462,7 +3446,7 @@ which is arched, while the lower is spotted with red, and has three lobes.</p> <p>Our next example, the lovely Primrose (<i>Primula vulgaris</i> or <i>P. -acaulis</i>—order <i>Primulaceæ</i>), which so beautifully bedecks our woods +acaulis</i>—order <i>Primulaceæ</i>), which so beautifully bedecks our woods and banks in April and May, is so well known that a description for purposes of identification is quite unnecessary.</p> @@ -3524,7 +3508,7 @@ three or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> fou are brownish with the exception of the lip, which is yellow and inflated.</p> -<p>Two species of Garlic (order <i>Liliaceæ</i>) are also to be found in woods +<p>Two species of Garlic (order <i>Liliaceæ</i>) are also to be found in woods early in the season. They are both strong-smelling plants with bulbous roots, radical leaves, and flowers arranged in an umbel with membranous spathes. One—the broad-leaved Garlic or Ramsons (<i>Allium ursinum</i>)—is @@ -3562,7 +3546,7 @@ outside with a central, green line, and having a nectary at the base.</p> <p>The same order includes the well-known Blue-bell or Wild Hyacinth (<i>Hyacinthus nonscriptus</i> or <i>Scilla festalis</i>), which is occasionally -confused with the Harebell of the order <i>Campanulaceæ</i>. The leaves of +confused with the Harebell of the order <i>Campanulaceæ</i>. The leaves of this plant are linear and channelled, and the drooping flowers form a raceme of from six to twelve blooms. The perianth is bell-shaped, composed of six united parts, usually blue, but rarely pink or white. @@ -3615,7 +3599,7 @@ the mode of branching, the appearance of the young twigs, and the nature of the soil and situation in which each species is found.</p> <p>Our first example is the Barberry (<i>Berberis vulgaris</i>)—the only -British representative of its order (<i>Berberaceæ</i>)—a smooth, pale-green +British representative of its order (<i>Berberaceæ</i>)—a smooth, pale-green shrub, from four to seven feet high, often seen in woods, thickets, and hedgerows, flowering in May and June. Its branches generally droop at the tips, and have triple spines at the base of each leaf or cluster of @@ -3638,7 +3622,7 @@ come in contact with the stigma of another flower.</p> </div> <p>The Sycamore, also called the Great Maple and the False Plane<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> (<i>Acer -pseudo-platanus</i>—order <i>Aceraceæ</i>), although not really a British tree, +pseudo-platanus</i>—order <i>Aceraceæ</i>), although not really a British tree, has probably found a home here for nearly five centuries. It has been named the False Plane on account of its having been mistaken for, and called, the Plane, which tree it somewhat resembles in the form of the @@ -3676,8 +3660,8 @@ loose, erect, axillary racemes; and the wings of the fruit always spread horizontally in a straight line. On p. <a href="#Page_337">337</a> is a photograph of a twig of this tree in fruit.</p> -<p>The Spindle Tree (<i>Euonymus europæus</i>), the only British member of the -order <i>Celastraceæ</i>, is a moderately common wood and hedgerow shrub +<p>The Spindle Tree (<i>Euonymus europæus</i>), the only British member of the +order <i>Celastraceæ</i>, is a moderately common wood and hedgerow shrub which is usually from four to ten feet high, when untrimmed, bearing yellowish-green flowers during May and June. Its branches are smooth, green and angular; and its leaves are opposite, shortly-stalked, oval, @@ -3691,7 +3675,7 @@ of the hedgerow during late summer. They are lobed capsules which open at the angles, exposing the bright orange mace that encloses the seeds.</p> <p>Several of the prettiest of our trees and shrubs belong to the order -<i>Rosaceæ</i>, and among these we may name the Dwarf Cherry, Bird Cherry, +<i>Rosaceæ</i>, and among these we may name the Dwarf Cherry, Bird Cherry, Gean, Sloe, Bullace, Hawthorn, Wild Pear, Crab Apple, Service Tree, White Beam Tree, and Mountain Ash. The first of these, known variously as the Wild Cherry, Dwarf Cherry, and Red Cherry (<i>Prunus Cerasus</i>), @@ -3747,7 +3731,7 @@ dark or yellow in colour, less acrid, and drooping.</p> <p>The above two species are the origins of the damsons and plums of our fruit gardens.</p> -<p>The May or Hawthorn (<i>Cratægus Oxyacantha</i>) is so well known that there +<p>The May or Hawthorn (<i>Cratægus Oxyacantha</i>) is so well known that there would be no necessity to describe it, were it not for the fact that, being so familiar, its distinguishing characters are liable to be overlooked. It is a much-branched shrub, with many of the branches @@ -3813,15 +3797,15 @@ corymbs. They bloom in May and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_6 is occupied by the scarlet globular fruits, with a yellow pulp, enclosing from two to four chambers.</p> -<p>The Black Currant (<i>Ribes nigrum</i>), of the order <i>Grossulariaceæ</i>, or -sometimes included in the <i>Saxifragaceæ</i>, is sometimes found wild in +<p>The Black Currant (<i>Ribes nigrum</i>), of the order <i>Grossulariaceæ</i>, or +sometimes included in the <i>Saxifragaceæ</i>, is sometimes found wild in moist woods, flowering in April or May. It is well known as a garden shrub, and may be easily recognised by the characteristic odour emitted from its stems and leaves when bruised. In some northern woods the Red Currant (<i>R. rubrum</i>) is also found wild.</p> <p>The Wayfaring Tree or Mealy Guelder Rose (<i>Viburnum Lantana</i>—order -<i>Caprifoliaceæ</i>) is moderately common in the woods and hedges of dry +<i>Caprifoliaceæ</i>) is moderately common in the woods and hedges of dry districts, especially on calcareous soils. It grows from ten to twenty feet high, and flowers during May and June. Its young shoots are covered with star-like hairs, which give them a characteristic mealy or downy @@ -3832,7 +3816,7 @@ conspicuous by its <i>flattened</i> berries, which become scarlet as they ripen and afterwards turn black. A photograph of a twig in fruit is given on p. <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</p> -<p>The Ash Tree (<i>Fraxinus excelsior</i>—order <i>Oleaceæ</i>) is easily +<p>The Ash Tree (<i>Fraxinus excelsior</i>—order <i>Oleaceæ</i>) is easily recognised at a distance, either in summer or winter, by the graceful curves of the lower branches, which droop, and then bend upward at their extremities; also, on a closer inspection, by the light ashy colour of @@ -3871,15 +3855,15 @@ berry-like fruit with a single stone.</p> found in similar situations, and flowers at the same time, but it may be known by its deciduous leaves, and by its pale red flowers arranged in threes on the side of the stem. These two species are the only British -representatives of the order <i>Thymelaceæ</i>.</p> +representatives of the order <i>Thymelaceæ</i>.</p> <p>Two species of Elm are common in our woods and hedgerows. The small-leaved or Common Elm (<i>Ulmus campestris</i>), and the Wych Elm (<i>U. montana</i>). Both are distinguished by their thick, furrowed, corky bark; and their rough oval-cordate leaves with unequal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> sides. They are often -placed in the same order (<i>Urticaceæ</i>) as the well-known Stinging +placed in the same order (<i>Urticaceæ</i>) as the well-known Stinging Nettles, but some authorities form a distinct order for these two -species alone, under the name of <i>Ulmaceæ</i>.</p> +species alone, under the name of <i>Ulmaceæ</i>.</p> <p>The Common Elm is not indigenous, but was introduced into our country by the Romans. It is, however, one of our commonest trees, and is @@ -3924,7 +3908,7 @@ flower, and produce abundance of pollen.</p> <p>The Oak in Flower.</p> </div> -<p>Four of our forest trees belong to the order <i>Cupuliferæ</i>; these are the +<p>Four of our forest trees belong to the order <i>Cupuliferæ</i>; these are the Oak, Beech, Hornbeam and Hazel. The first of them—the Oak (<i>Quercus Robur</i>)—is easily recognised in the winter by its deeply-furrowed, corky bark, its zigzag, spreading branches, and the clusters of oval @@ -3994,7 +3978,7 @@ two-chambered ovary, and two styles; but only one cell develops, and thus the fruits, each with only one seed, lie on the bases of the leafy bracteoles which aid in their dispersion by the wind.</p> -<p>Our last example of the <i>Cupuliferæ</i> is the well-known Hazel (<i>Corylus +<p>Our last example of the <i>Cupuliferæ</i> is the well-known Hazel (<i>Corylus Avellana</i>), which is generally found in trimmed hedges and among the undergrowth of woods. Its bark on the trunk and larger branches is grey; but brown, hairy, and dotted with glands, on the young shoots. The @@ -4014,7 +3998,7 @@ in overlapping bracts which afterwards form the leafy cupules of the large woody nuts; and each one has a two-celled ovary and two styles.</p> <p>Our forest trees include three representatives of the order -<i>Betulaceæ</i>—the Common Birch, the Dwarf Birch, and the Alder. The first +<i>Betulaceæ</i>—the Common Birch, the Dwarf Birch, and the Alder. The first of these, the Common Birch, Silver Birch, or Lady of the Woods (<i>Betula alba</i>), is at once recognised by its smooth, silver-white bark, which peels off in horizontal strips; its copper-brown branches; and its very @@ -4057,7 +4041,7 @@ fruits are shed in the autumn, but the thickened woody bracts of the female catkin remain on the tree till, and even after, the flowers of the following spring are in bloom.</p> -<p>Coming now to the order <i>Salicaceæ</i>, we have to deal with the Poplars, +<p>Coming now to the order <i>Salicaceæ</i>, we have to deal with the Poplars, of which we have several species, all more or less common, and largely planted in cultivated ground. Our first example is the White Poplar (<i>Populus alba</i>), a large tree frequently seen in abundance in most @@ -4200,9 +4184,9 @@ are to be found by the waysides, including banks and hedgerows, and in waste places, during the spring months.</p> <p>Our first example is the Celandine (<i>Chelidonium majus</i>), of the Poppy -family (order <i>Papaveraceæ</i>), generally spoken of as the <i>Greater</i> +family (order <i>Papaveraceæ</i>), generally spoken of as the <i>Greater</i> Celandine in order to distinguish it from the Lesser Celandine (p. -<a href="#Page_108">108</a>), which belongs to the <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>. This plant is +<a href="#Page_108">108</a>), which belongs to the <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>. This plant is moderately common in shady hedgerows and waste places, grows to a height of from one to two feet, and flowers from May to July or August. It has a yellow, pungent, poisonous sap. The leaves are pinnate, with an odd @@ -4220,7 +4204,7 @@ into two valves.</p> <p>The Shepherd's Purse</p> </div> -<p>The Order <i>Cruciferæ</i> is well represented by the wayside and on waste +<p>The Order <i>Cruciferæ</i> is well represented by the wayside and on waste ground during the spring months, and the reader will do well to note the general characters of the flowers of this order (p. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>), unless already acquainted with them, before attempting to identify the species @@ -4266,7 +4250,7 @@ quarter of an inch long and half that width, containing many seeds.</p> <p>Two species of Winter Cress (genus <i>Barbarea</i>) are common in waste land—the Common Winter Cress or Yellow Rocket (<i>B. vulgaris</i>), and the -Early Winter Cress or American Cress (<i>B. præcox</i>). The former is an +Early Winter Cress or American Cress (<i>B. præcox</i>). The former is an erect plant, from one to two feet high, with numerous, small, yellow flowers in a loose raceme, blooming from May to August. The radical leaves are pinnately divided, with a large, rounded, terminal lobe, and @@ -4323,7 +4307,7 @@ smooth.</p> <p>The Sweet Violet (<i>Viola odorata</i>)—the favourite flower of wayside banks—is common in many parts, and is generally very easily -distinguished from other similar species of the order (<i>Violaceæ</i>) by +distinguished from other similar species of the order (<i>Violaceæ</i>) by its pleasing fragrance. It has a short root-stock, and, usually, long creeping runners. At the top of the stock is a cluster of long-stalked leaves, broadly heart-shaped in form, blunt, with crenate margins and a @@ -4337,7 +4321,7 @@ stigma. The conspicuous, scented flowers with which we are so well acquainted, bloom from March to April; but all through the summer the plant bears small petalless flowers that produce the seeds.</p> -<p>Of the order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i> our first example is the Ciliated +<p>Of the order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i> our first example is the Ciliated Pearlwort (<i>Sagina ciliata</i>), a small, creeping plant, flowering in May and June in dry places. The leaves are very small, narrow, ciliated, terminating abruptly in a sharp point; and the two of each pair are @@ -4461,7 +4445,7 @@ viscid by glandular hairs. A white-flowered variety of this geranium is occasionally seen.</p> <p>We have now to note four of the spring leguminous plants (order -<i>Leguminosæ</i>)—plants belonging to the Pea family, distinguished by +<i>Leguminosæ</i>)—plants belonging to the Pea family, distinguished by their butterfly-like flowers, and, usually, by compound, stipuled leaves. Our first example is the Black Medick or Non-such (<i>Medicago lupulina</i>) which is common in wastes, by the waysides and in pastures. @@ -4516,9 +4500,9 @@ is tufted on one side, and the pods are smooth and erect.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> -<p>We have now to note a flower of the Rose order (<i>Rosaceæ</i>), but since it +<p>We have now to note a flower of the Rose order (<i>Rosaceæ</i>), but since it is common for a beginner to be confused by the general resemblance of -some of the flowers of this group to some of the <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, it may +some of the flowers of this group to some of the <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, it may be well to point out that in the latter the stamens are united to the receptacle of the flower, below the carpels, while in the rose order the stamens are attached around or on the ovary itself.</p> @@ -4542,8 +4526,8 @@ wastes.</p> <p>The Tuberous Moschatel (<i>Adoxa Moschatellina</i>) is a very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> inconspicuous but an interesting little plant. It is sometimes placed in the same -order (<i>Araliaceæ</i>) as the Ivy, while some botanists regard it as -belonging to the Honeysuckle family (order <i>Caprifoliaceæ</i>). It has a +order (<i>Araliaceæ</i>) as the Ivy, while some botanists regard it as +belonging to the Honeysuckle family (order <i>Caprifoliaceæ</i>). It has a scaly, creeping, thick, underground stem or rhizome, and a four-angled aerial stem; and the whole plant emits the scent of musk. The flowers are small, of a yellowish-green colour, and are clustered together into @@ -4560,7 +4544,7 @@ during April and May.</p> <p>The White or Red-berried Bryony (<i>Bryonia dioica</i>) is a very common hedgerow climber, the only British representative of its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> order -(<i>Cucurbitaceæ</i>). It has a very thick rootstock; a slender stem, that +(<i>Cucurbitaceæ</i>). It has a very thick rootstock; a slender stem, that often reaches a length of ten feet or more; large, bright green, palmate leaves with three, five or seven angular, coarsely-toothed lobes; and long simple or branched tendrils. The flowers are imperfect, the males @@ -4581,7 +4565,7 @@ September.</p> </div> <p>The Common Beaked Parsley (<i>Anthriscus vulgaris</i>), of the order -<i>Umbelliferæ</i>, is very common by waysides, flowering during May and +<i>Umbelliferæ</i>, is very common by waysides, flowering during May and June. The stem of this plant is smooth and shining, from two to three feet high, slightly swollen at the nodes. The leaves are tri-pinnate, with blunt segments, and slightly hairy on the under side. The white @@ -4612,8 +4596,8 @@ has a longer beak. This species is not a native, but is often found as a garden escape. It grows to a height of about eighteen inches, and flowers from May to July.</p> -<p>Our last example of the <i>Umbelliferæ</i> is the Goutweed, Bishop-weed or -Herb Gerard (<i>Ægopodium Podagraria</i>), a rather coarse, erect, smooth +<p>Our last example of the <i>Umbelliferæ</i> is the Goutweed, Bishop-weed or +Herb Gerard (<i>Ægopodium Podagraria</i>), a rather coarse, erect, smooth plant, from one to two feet high, commonly seen in wayside ditches and other damp places. It was formerly cultivated largely for medicinal purposes, consequently it is to be found chiefly near towns and @@ -4632,7 +4616,7 @@ from May to August.</p> </div> <p>On dry banks by the wayside we may commonly meet with the Crosswort or -Mugwort (<i>Galium Cruciatum</i>) of the Bed-straw Family (<i>Rubiaceæ</i>). It is +Mugwort (<i>Galium Cruciatum</i>) of the Bed-straw Family (<i>Rubiaceæ</i>). It is a prostrate plant, with stem from six to eighteen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> inches long; and soft, downy, elliptical leaves arranged crosswise in whorls of four. Its fragrant little yellow flowers are in whorled, axillary cymes, each @@ -4645,7 +4629,7 @@ smooth. The time of flowering is from April to June.</p> <p>The Garden Beaked Parsley.</p> </div> -<p>Composite flowers (Order <i>Compositæ</i>) are mostly summer-bloomers, but +<p>Composite flowers (Order <i>Compositæ</i>) are mostly summer-bloomers, but three at least are very common by waysides in spring. One of these is the Mouse-ear Hawkweed (<i>Hieracium Pilosella</i>), a slender plant with leafy runners, rendered silky in appearance by long, soft hairs. The @@ -4680,7 +4664,7 @@ with a tuft of long, simple hairs.</p> <p>The Goutweed.</p> </div> -<p>The Speedwells (<i>Veronica</i>) belong to the order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>. They +<p>The Speedwells (<i>Veronica</i>) belong to the order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>. They are all herbs, with simple leaves; slightly irregular flowers with an unequally four-cleft, spreading corolla, the lower lobe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> of which is smallest; and only two stamens. At least six species of this genus may @@ -4709,7 +4693,7 @@ diameter, are in many-flowered, axillary, spike-like racemes. The capsules are of the same form as in the last species, but are deeply notched. This species flowers from May to July.</p> -<p>The Germander Speedwell (<i>Veronica Chamædrys</i>) is one of our most +<p>The Germander Speedwell (<i>Veronica Chamædrys</i>) is one of our most beautiful and most abundant spring flowers. It is very common on banks and by roadsides, flowering during May and June. Its stem is weak, decumbent, rooting at the base, often considerably more than a foot in @@ -4761,7 +4745,7 @@ white. This species flowers from April to the end of the summer.</p> <p>The White Dead Nettle.</p> </div> -<p>The Dead Nettles (genus <i>Lamium</i>, of the order <i>Labiatæ</i>) may be readily +<p>The Dead Nettles (genus <i>Lamium</i>, of the order <i>Labiatæ</i>) may be readily distinguished from the Stinging Nettles, with which they are often confused, by their square stems, and whorls of showy, lipped flowers. Further, these flowers may be recognised from among the others of their @@ -4815,7 +4799,7 @@ and the two front stamens are shorter.</p> </div> <p>The Early Field Scorpion Grass (<i>Myosotis collina</i>) belongs to the order -<i>Boraginaceæ</i>—a family of (usually) hairy herbs with alternate leaves +<i>Boraginaceæ</i>—a family of (usually) hairy herbs with alternate leaves and one-sided spikes or racemes of showy flowers. The flowers have a five-lobed calyx and corolla, five stamens, and a fruit of four nutlets. It is in the same genus as the familiar Forget-me-not, and, in fact, @@ -4842,7 +4826,7 @@ four to ten inches long, and the flowers appear during April and May.</p> </div> <p>The Wood Loosestrife or Yellow Pimpernel (<i>Lysimachia nemorum</i>) of shady -waysides and woods is a member of the <i>Primulaceæ</i> or Primrose family. +waysides and woods is a member of the <i>Primulaceæ</i> or Primrose family. It is altogether a pretty little plant, much like the Scarlet Pimpernel in general appearance, but somewhat larger and more glossy. It has a prostrate, spreading stem, often tinged with red; and opposite, oval, @@ -4852,7 +4836,7 @@ axillary, placed singly on very slender peduncles, and have very narrow sepals. This species flowers from May to August.</p> <p>The Perennial or Dog's Mercury (<i>Mercurialis perennis</i>), of the -<i>Euphorbiaceæ</i> or Spurge family, is one of our earliest spring flowers, +<i>Euphorbiaceæ</i> or Spurge family, is one of our earliest spring flowers, and may be seen in abundance on almost all shady waysides, in bloom from March to May, and growing from six to eighteen inches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> high. The minute green flowers, which have three sepals and no petals, are in racemes or @@ -4861,7 +4845,7 @@ the staminate flowers in slender racemes, with several erect stamens; and the pistillate ones in short, few-flowered spikes, with a two-celled ovary, two styles, and a few imperfectly formed stamens.</p> -<p>The Black Bryony (<i>Tamus communis</i>)—order <i>Dioscoriaceæ</i>—is a pretty +<p>The Black Bryony (<i>Tamus communis</i>)—order <i>Dioscoriaceæ</i>—is a pretty climbing plant, the slender stem of which twines for several feet among the hedgerow trees and shrubs. Its leaves are cordate and acute, and change either to a bright yellow or a beautiful bronze colour in the @@ -4875,7 +4859,7 @@ bright scarlet as the leaves assume their autumn tints.</p> </div> <p>Our next flower is the peculiar and interesting Wild Arum (<i>Arum -maculatum</i>), of the order <i>Araceæ</i>, also known as Lords and Ladies, +maculatum</i>), of the order <i>Araceæ</i>, also known as Lords and Ladies, Cuckoo Pint, and Wake Robin. It is a very common flower of shady waysides, blooming during April and May. The plant is succulent, with a short, fleshy rhizome; and large, smooth, sagittate leaves that are @@ -4956,7 +4940,7 @@ certainly the abundance of those bright yellow flowers known collectively as the Buttercups. But the name of Buttercup, standing alone, has no definite, scientific meaning, the name being applied to quite a number of flowers of the <i>Ranunculus</i> genus of the order -<i>Ranunculaceæ</i>.</p> +<i>Ranunculaceæ</i>.</p> <p>The earliest of these is undoubtedly the Pilewort or Lesser Celandine (<i>Ranunculus Ficaria</i>), which appears early in April, and often in such @@ -5035,7 +5019,7 @@ inch in length.</p> </div> <p>One of the common weeds of cultivated fields is the pretty Wild Pansy or -Heartsease (<i>Viola tricolor</i>), of the order <i>Violaceæ</i>. The plant may be +Heartsease (<i>Viola tricolor</i>), of the order <i>Violaceæ</i>. The plant may be easily recognised by its resemblance to the Garden Pansy, which is a variety of the same species. It is very variable, both in regard to its general build, and to the colour and size of the flowers. The plant is @@ -5049,7 +5033,7 @@ May to the end of the summer.</p> <p>In damp meadows, and especially near ditches and in marshy ground, we meet with the Ragged Robin (<i>Lychnis Flos-cuculi</i> of the order -<i>Caryophyllaceæ</i>). This is an erect plant, from one to two feet high, +<i>Caryophyllaceæ</i>). This is an erect plant, from one to two feet high, with a viscid stem that is slightly downy and never much branched. The leaves are few and small, the upper ones sessile and the lower stalked. The pretty red or rose-coloured flowers are arranged in a very loose @@ -5059,7 +5043,7 @@ the fruit is a broad oval capsule, which opens, when ripe, by five teeth. The flowers appear first in May, and continue to bloom till the end of June or the beginning of July.</p> -<p>Several spring-flowering leguminous plants (order <i>Leguminosæ</i>) are to +<p>Several spring-flowering leguminous plants (order <i>Leguminosæ</i>) are to be found in fields and meadows, and of these we will first notice the Spotted Medick (<i>Medicago maculata</i>), generally easily distinguished by the dark spot in the centre of the leaflets of its trifoliate leaves. It @@ -5145,7 +5129,7 @@ summer.</p> <p>The Purple Clover.</p> </div> -<p>Two of the Vetches (<i>Vicia</i>—of the order <i>Leguminosæ</i>) are also to be +<p>Two of the Vetches (<i>Vicia</i>—of the order <i>Leguminosæ</i>) are also to be included among our spring-flowering field-plants. One of these is the Spring Vetch (<i>V. lathyroides</i>), which may be found in flower from April to June on dry pastures. It is a small plant, with a hairy stem that @@ -5172,7 +5156,7 @@ It is represented in Fig. 5 of <a href="#PlateIV">Plate IV</a>.</p> </div> <p>The very pretty Meadow Saxifrage (<i>Saxifraga granulata</i>), of the order -<i>Saxifragaceæ</i>, is very abundant in the meadows of some parts of England +<i>Saxifragaceæ</i>, is very abundant in the meadows of some parts of England and Scotland, and may sometimes be seen on grassy roadsides. It varies from six to about ten inches high, and flowers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> during May and June. The stem is erect, simple or slightly branched, and covered with spreading @@ -5202,7 +5186,7 @@ fruit is oval or oblong, slightly flattened, with slightly-spreading styles, and ribs scarcely visible. The plant grows from one to three feet high, and flowers from May to July.</p> -<p>Dealing next with a few composite flowers (order <i>Compositæ</i>), we first +<p>Dealing next with a few composite flowers (order <i>Compositæ</i>), we first call attention to the leading characters of the Common Daisy (<i>Bellis perennis</i>), which is abundant in fields and meadows almost everywhere, and flowers practically all the year round. It has a tufted, perennial @@ -5258,7 +5242,7 @@ to May.</p> </div> <p>The Yellow Rattle (<i>Rhinanthus Crista-galli</i>), of the order -<i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>, is abundant in damp pastures, flowering from May to +<i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>, is abundant in damp pastures, flowering from May to July. It is a parasitic species, deriving a portion of its food, in the form of ready-made organic compounds, from the roots of surrounding grasses, and its parasitic habits are referred to in <a href="#XXIII">Chapter XXIII</a>. Its @@ -5286,7 +5270,7 @@ the tip. The plant flowers from April to July.</p> <p>The Henbit Dead Nettle.</p> </div> -<p>The only common spring labiate flower (order <i>Labiatæ</i>) of fields is the +<p>The only common spring labiate flower (order <i>Labiatæ</i>) of fields is the Henbit Dead Nettle (<i>Lamium amplexicaule</i>), which is frequently met with on sandy soils, flowering from April to the end of the summer. It is a low plant, seldom reaching a foot in height, with a branching stem that @@ -5310,9 +5294,9 @@ stem. The flowers are very small, almost sessile, and arranged in a one-sided, curved raceme. The calyx is deeply cleft into five parts which close quite over the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> ripening fruit; and the small corolla has a comparatively long tube and five spreading lobes. The plant flowers from -April to June. It belongs to the order <i>Boraginaceæ</i>.</p> +April to June. It belongs to the order <i>Boraginaceæ</i>.</p> -<p>The Cowslip (<i>Primula veris</i>—order <i>Primulaceæ</i>) is common in pastures +<p>The Cowslip (<i>Primula veris</i>—order <i>Primulaceæ</i>) is common in pastures in many parts of Britain. It usually grows from six to ten inches high, and flowers during May and June. The whole plant is clothed with soft, downy hairs; and its leaves are all radical, obovate, narrowed towards @@ -5328,7 +5312,7 @@ with five spreading lobes that form a shallow cup.</p> <p>Two species of Sorrel are very common in meadows and pastures during the spring. They are plants very much resembling the docks; in fact, they -belong to the same genus (<i>Rumex</i>) of the order <i>Polygonaceæ</i>. Both have +belong to the same genus (<i>Rumex</i>) of the order <i>Polygonaceæ</i>. Both have erect, leafy stems, with sheathing stipules; and numerous, small, green flowers which soon turn red. The latter are imperfect, with a deeply-cleft perianth of six lobes. The male flowers have six stamens; @@ -5364,7 +5348,7 @@ in that all the segments of the perianth close over the fruit.</p> </div> <p>Coming now to the monocotyledonous plants, we have first to note three -flowers of the order <i>Orchidaceæ</i>, the general features of which are +flowers of the order <i>Orchidaceæ</i>, the general features of which are described in <a href="#XVIII">Chapter XVIII</a>; and the reader is advised to refer to this short account of the leading characteristics of the group before attempting to identify the present species.</p> @@ -5431,7 +5415,7 @@ conspicuous, are sufficiently abundant and interesting to be included in our list.</p> <p>Our first is the beautiful Marsh Marigold (<i>Caltha palustris</i>) of the -Buttercup family (<i>Ranunculaceæ</i>), which is exceedingly abundant in +Buttercup family (<i>Ranunculaceæ</i>), which is exceedingly abundant in marshes and by the sides of muddy ditches in most parts of Britain, flowering from March to June. It is represented on <a href="#PlateV">Plate V</a>, and may be distinguished at once from the other members of its family by its @@ -5439,7 +5423,7 @@ glossy leaves, and its large flowers, varying from one to near two inches in diameter.</p> <p>A little later in the season we may meet with the pale blue or lilac -flowers of the Marsh Violet (<i>Viola palustris</i>—order <i>Violaceæ</i>), which +flowers of the Marsh Violet (<i>Viola palustris</i>—order <i>Violaceæ</i>), which generally make their first appearance in April, and continue until June or July. The plant is much like the well-known Sweet Violet in general appearance, but is smaller, with a creeping stock; and the whole is @@ -5459,7 +5443,7 @@ habits.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p> -<p>Coming next to the order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i> we have to note two of the +<p>Coming next to the order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i> we have to note two of the Stitchworts or Starworts (<i>Stellaria</i>)—slender plants distinguished by their opposite, pointed leaves; jointed stems; and little, white, star-like flowers. They have five sepals; five petals, deeply divided @@ -5492,7 +5476,7 @@ flowers during May and June.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span></p> -<p>The Rose family (<i>Rosaceæ</i>) includes the Purple Marsh Cinquefoil or +<p>The Rose family (<i>Rosaceæ</i>) includes the Purple Marsh Cinquefoil or Marsh Potentil (<i>Comarum palustre</i> or <i>Potentilla palustris</i>)—a stout plant, varying from six to eighteen inches high, the whole generally more or less tinged with purple. The flowers are of a dull purple-brown @@ -5507,7 +5491,7 @@ distributed, but is very local in the southern counties of England.</p> </div> <p>In shady marshes we may often meet with one or other of the two pretty -little Golden Saxifrages (order <i>Saxifragaceæ</i>), and sometimes the both +little Golden Saxifrages (order <i>Saxifragaceæ</i>), and sometimes the both growing together. One of them—the Common Golden Saxifrage (<i>Chrysosplenium oppositifolium</i>), is very abundant, often covering large patches of marsh with its golden leaves and flowers. It is a @@ -5546,7 +5530,7 @@ spreading petals. This plant flowers from May to August.</p> </div> <p>In the marshes of South Britain we may often meet with the pretty Marsh -Valerian (<i>Valeriana dioica</i>) of the <i>Valerianaceæ</i>. It grows from six +Valerian (<i>Valeriana dioica</i>) of the <i>Valerianaceæ</i>. It grows from six to eight inches high, and its flowers, which bloom during May and June, are of a pale rose colour, in a terminal corymb. They are mostly unisexual, the male and female flowers growing on different plants. All @@ -5556,7 +5540,7 @@ of a deeper colour. The former<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_ style and a lobed stigma; and the latter have three stamens on the corolla.</p> -<p>The <i>Gentianaceæ</i> is represented in bogs by the common Buckbean or Marsh +<p>The <i>Gentianaceæ</i> is represented in bogs by the common Buckbean or Marsh Trefoil (<i>Menyanthes trifoliata</i>), the only member of its family with trifoliate leaves. This plant has a creeping stock; and its flowers, which are pink in the bud and pinkish white when expanded, are in @@ -5577,7 +5561,7 @@ delicate filaments. The time of flowering is May to July.</p> <p>In the marshes, ditches, and wet meadows of most parts we may see the Red Rattle or Marsh Lousewort (<i>Pedicularis palustris</i>) which belongs to -the order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>. It has an erect stem, from six to eighteen +the order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>. It has an erect stem, from six to eighteen inches high, with reddish branches; and pinnate leaves with many oval segments more or less deeply cut. Its rather large crimson flowers are on very short stalks in the axils of the upper leaves, forming together @@ -5590,7 +5574,7 @@ September.</p> <p>Most wet places are characterised by the presence of one or more species of Willows—those water-loving trees and shrubs which constitute the -genus <i>Salix</i> of the order <i>Salicaceæ</i>. Some of them almost invariably +genus <i>Salix</i> of the order <i>Salicaceæ</i>. Some of them almost invariably establish themselves along the banks of rivers and streams, and may often be seen in long tortuous lines which mark the positions and courses of streams that no longer exist; while others thrive best in the @@ -5618,7 +5602,7 @@ difficult for a beginner.</p> <p>Some of our marshes and boggy pools are beautifully decorated from May to July by the large, bright flowers of the Yellow Iris or Flag (<i>Iris -Pseudacorus</i>), which belongs to the order <i>Iridaceæ</i>. This plant has a +Pseudacorus</i>), which belongs to the order <i>Iridaceæ</i>. This plant has a thick rhizome which creeps horizontally below the ground, and a round stem from one to three feet high. Two or three flowers grow on the stem, each with a sheathing bract at the base of its stalk. The perianth @@ -5659,8 +5643,8 @@ thickets and copses, we must be prepared to meet with several of them outside these habitats, particularly in damp places that are more or less protected from the heat of the sun.</p> -<p>Our first in this series is the Lime Tree (<i>Tilia europæa</i>) of the order -<i>Tiliaceæ</i>, which grows wild in many of our woods, but has been planted +<p>Our first in this series is the Lime Tree (<i>Tilia europæa</i>) of the order +<i>Tiliaceæ</i>, which grows wild in many of our woods, but has been planted to such an extent that it may be found in almost every cultivated district except in the extreme North. Its leaves are stalked, alternate, heart-shaped or broadly ovate, very pointed, serrate, smooth above, and @@ -5699,7 +5683,7 @@ downy fruit with from three to five prominent ribs.</p> <p>The Large-Flowered St. John's Wort.</p> </div> -<p>Several species of St. John's-wort (order <i>Hypericaceæ</i>) grow in +<p>Several species of St. John's-wort (order <i>Hypericaceæ</i>) grow in thickets and other wooded spots. They vary considerably in size, as well as in general appearance, but all agree in the following features: Their leaves are opposite, entire, without stipules, and either sessile or @@ -5709,7 +5693,7 @@ into three or five sets; and a superior<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" with many seeds. No less than four species of the genus (<i>Hypericum</i>) come within the province of the present chapter. They are:—</p> -<p>1. The Tutsan (<i>H. Androsæmum</i>).—An erect, shrubby plant, from one to +<p>1. The Tutsan (<i>H. Androsæmum</i>).—An erect, shrubby plant, from one to three feet high, flowering from June to August, common in the thickets of most of the western and southern counties of Britain. It has several erect, slightly-flattened stems; and large, blunt, ovate leaves, two or @@ -5759,7 +5743,7 @@ and fringed with stalked glands. The stamens are in three sets.</p> <p>The Dyer's Green-Weed.</p> </div> -<p>The Wood Crane's-bill (<i>Geranium sylvaticum</i>—order <i>Geraniaceæ</i>), one +<p>The Wood Crane's-bill (<i>Geranium sylvaticum</i>—order <i>Geraniaceæ</i>), one of the most handsome of our Wild Geraniums, is not found in the South, but is moderately common in parts of North Britain, including North Ireland. Its stem is erect, from one to two feet high, and branched @@ -5778,7 +5762,7 @@ The plant flowers during June and July.</p> <p>The Sweet Milk Vetch.</p> </div> -<p>Passing now to the order <i>Leguminosæ</i> we note first the Dyer's +<p>Passing now to the order <i>Leguminosæ</i> we note first the Dyer's Green-weed (<i>Genista tinctoria</i>)—a shrubby plant, common in the thickets and bushy places of South Britain, flowering from July to September. The stem is woody and stiff, but green; its base rests on the @@ -5833,7 +5817,7 @@ They are arranged in loose racemes.</p> <p>The Rose Bay Willow Herb.</p> </div> -<p>The Wild Raspberry (<i>Rubus Idæus</i>—order <i>Rosaceæ</i>) is to be found in +<p>The Wild Raspberry (<i>Rubus Idæus</i>—order <i>Rosaceæ</i>) is to be found in the woods and thickets of most parts of Britain. It may be easily distinguished from other species of its genus by the following description:—Rootstock creeping, with many suckers. Stems round, erect, @@ -5849,7 +5833,7 @@ high, and flowers from June to August.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> -<p>Two species of Willow Herb (order <i>Onagraceæ</i>) grow in copses and +<p>Two species of Willow Herb (order <i>Onagraceæ</i>) grow in copses and thickets, and are easily recognised by their rose-coloured flowers with very long, inferior ovaries. One is the beautiful French Willow or Rose Bay Willow Herb (<i>Epilobium angustifolium</i>), an erect plant, varying @@ -5889,7 +5873,7 @@ stamens, ovary, fruit, and seeds correspond in number and character with those of the last species; but the stigma is either entire or divided into four very short lobes.</p> -<p>In the same order we have the Enchanter's Nightshade (<i>Circæa +<p>In the same order we have the Enchanter's Nightshade (<i>Circæa lutetiana</i>), distinguished at once from the Willow Herbs by having only two sepals, two petals, and two stamens. It is an erect, hairy plant, from one to two feet high, flowering from June to August. Its stem is @@ -5903,7 +5887,7 @@ little two-lobed capsule with stiff, hooked hairs.</p> <p>The Wood Sanicle.</p> </div> -<p>The Cornel or Dogwood (<i>Cornus sanguinea</i>), of the order <i>Cornaceæ</i>, is +<p>The Cornel or Dogwood (<i>Cornus sanguinea</i>), of the order <i>Cornaceæ</i>, is a common shrub in woods and thickets, and is often employed in the making of hedgerows. It grows from five to eight feet high, and flowers during June and July. Its leaves are covered, when young, with fine, @@ -5918,7 +5902,7 @@ globular, berry-like drupe, containing a stone with one or two seeds.</p> <p>In very dense woods, where the light is so much reduced that but few flowers will grow, we may generally find the Wood Sanicle (<i>Sanicula -europæa</i>), a smooth umbelliferous plant with a short, hard rootstock, +europæa</i>), a smooth umbelliferous plant with a short, hard rootstock, and a simple stem from one to two feet high. The leaves, which are all radical, are on long stalks, and are palmately divided into three or five shining lobes that are themselves cut and sharply toothed. The @@ -5934,7 +5918,7 @@ little prickly fruits about a sixth of an inch long.</p> </div> <p>In damp woods we commonly meet with the tall, stout, branching Angelica -(<i>Angelica sylvestris</i>) of the same order (<i>Umbelliferæ</i>), with a thick, +(<i>Angelica sylvestris</i>) of the same order (<i>Umbelliferæ</i>), with a thick, furrowed stem, two to four feet high, downy above, and usually more or less shaded with purple. Its lower leaves are very large, with stalked, ovate leaflets, from one to two inches long, often three-lobed, and @@ -5953,7 +5937,7 @@ fruit is surrounded by a double wing.</p> <p>The Elder.</p> </div> -<p>The order <i>Caprifoliaceæ</i> includes the Common Elder (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>), +<p>The order <i>Caprifoliaceæ</i> includes the Common Elder (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>), the white or cream-coloured flowers of which are so conspicuous in our woods and hedgerows in June. This tree grows to a height of fifteen or twenty feet, and its young branches are remarkable for the large @@ -5984,7 +5968,7 @@ are large and barren.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p> <p>The Great Valerian or All-heal (<i>Valeriana officinalis</i>—order -<i>Valerianaceæ</i>) is moderately common in moist woods, and is rather +<i>Valerianaceæ</i>) is moderately common in moist woods, and is rather widely distributed. It is an erect plant, from two to four feet high, flowering from June to August. There seems to be two distinct varieties of this plant, one with from four to six pairs of leaflets, and the @@ -5998,9 +5982,9 @@ in the case of the Red Valerian (p. <a href="#Page_302">302</a>), but the base o tube is pouched on one side. This plant is shown on <a href="#PlateII">Plate II</a>, Fig. 1.</p> -<p>We have now to note some composite flowers (order <i>Compositæ</i>) of wooded +<p>We have now to note some composite flowers (order <i>Compositæ</i>) of wooded and shaded ground. Of these we will first take the Blunt-leaved or -Succory-leaved Hawk's-beard (<i>Crepis succisæfolia</i> or <i>C. hieracoides</i>), +Succory-leaved Hawk's-beard (<i>Crepis succisæfolia</i> or <i>C. hieracoides</i>), which is moderately common in the woods of North England and Scotland, but does not occur in the South. It is an erect plant, varying from one to three feet in height, smooth or slightly hairy, flowering during July @@ -6060,7 +6044,7 @@ plantagineum</i>), has, as its name denotes, leaves similar to those of the Plantain. It usually has solitary flower-heads, and is represented on <a href="#PlateI">Plate I</a>.</p> -<p>Passing now to the favourite Bell-flowers (Order <i>Campanulaceæ</i>),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> we +<p>Passing now to the favourite Bell-flowers (Order <i>Campanulaceæ</i>),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> we have to notice four species that are to be found in woods and other shady spots during the summer months. The features common to the four species are:—Leaves alternate. Calyx adhering to the ovary, with a @@ -6105,7 +6089,7 @@ pale blue colour, solitary on long,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id=" capsule is globular, opening by three valves at the top.</p> <p>From May to August is the best season to study the Holly (<i>Ilex -aquifolium</i>—order <i>Aquifoliaceæ</i>). We are all acquainted with this tree +aquifolium</i>—order <i>Aquifoliaceæ</i>). We are all acquainted with this tree in its winter condition, with its bright red or yellow 'berries,' but during the months above named the less familiar flowers are in bloom. The tree is common in the woods of all parts of Britain, and is easily @@ -6131,7 +6115,7 @@ stones.</p> </div> <p>The Privet (<i>Ligustrum vulgare</i>), which forms, together with the Ash, -the whole of the order <i>Oleaceæ</i>, as far as British species are +the whole of the order <i>Oleaceæ</i>, as far as British species are concerned, is very common in the southern counties, where it is often an escape from gardens, the bush being so largely employed in the formation of hedges; but it is truly wild, and very plentiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> on the chalky soils @@ -6153,7 +6137,7 @@ tree, the former in fruit.</span></p> </div> <p>Three species of Cow Wheat (<i>Melampyrum</i>) are to be found in copses and -woods during the summer. They belong to the order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>; +woods during the summer. They belong to the order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>; and, like other allied plants of this group, are partial parasites (See page <a href="#Page_349">349</a>), deriving a portion of their food from the roots of grasses by means of suckers. They have the following features in @@ -6206,7 +6190,7 @@ the lanceolate leaves are very seldom toothed.</p> <p>Bearded Wheat.</p> </div> -<p>The same order (<i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>) contains the handsome and favourite +<p>The same order (<i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>) contains the handsome and favourite Foxglove (<i>Digitalis purpurea</i>), which grows abundantly in most dry woods and shady wastes, flowering from June to August. Its stout, unbranched stem varies from two to six feet in height, a large @@ -6218,7 +6202,7 @@ and limestone soils, yet it will often make a sudden appearance in great profusion as we pass over the edge of a calcareous district. The flower is shown on <a href="#PlateII">Plate II</a>, Fig. 2.</p> -<p>Of the order <i>Labiatæ</i> we shall note one species only, and that is the +<p>Of the order <i>Labiatæ</i> we shall note one species only, and that is the pretty Wood Betony (<i>Stachys Betonica</i>), a very common plant in the woods and thickets of the south of Britain. It is a hairy species, with a slender, simple or slightly-branched stem from one to two feet high; @@ -6246,7 +6230,7 @@ consists of four little rounded nuts.</p> <p>In the dry woods of South Britain we occasionally meet with the Wood Scorpion-grass or Wood Forget-me-not (<i>Myosotis sylvatica</i>), of the -order <i>Boraginaceæ</i>. This plant is very much like the favourite Water +order <i>Boraginaceæ</i>. This plant is very much like the favourite Water Forget-me-not, and has equally large flowers, but it is much more hairy. Its stem is erect, without runners; and the blue flowers form a one-sided raceme without bracts. As the flowers expand the stalk @@ -6334,7 +6318,7 @@ during both Spring and Summer</p> a rule, bloom before the month of June.</p> <p>Our first example is the Wild Clematis, Traveller's Joy, or Old Man's -Beard (<i>Clematis Vitalba</i>), of the order <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>—a climbing +Beard (<i>Clematis Vitalba</i>), of the order <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>—a climbing shrub, very common in the hedgerows of the south and centre of England, producing a profusion of white, scented flowers during July and August, and rendered even more conspicuous in the autumn and winter by the dense @@ -6357,7 +6341,7 @@ persistent style that has become very long and feathered.</p> <p>The Hedge Mustard.</p> </div> -<p>The Common Hedge Mustard (<i>Sisymbrium officinale</i>—order <i>Cruciferæ</i>) is +<p>The Common Hedge Mustard (<i>Sisymbrium officinale</i>—order <i>Cruciferæ</i>) is a very common roadside plant, with stems and leaves so closely set with hairs that they effectually hold the dust. It bears small, yellow flowers, which appear during June and July; and it may be easily @@ -6375,14 +6359,14 @@ constricted between the numerous seeds.</p> <p>The Dyer's Weed, also known as the Dyer's Rocket and the Yellow Weed (<i>Reseda luteola</i>), is a plant of a habit similar to that of the Wild -Mignonette, and belongs to the same order (<i>Resedaceæ</i>), but may be +Mignonette, and belongs to the same order (<i>Resedaceæ</i>), but may be distinguished from the latter by its four sepals and four petals. It owes its popular names to the fact that it was formerly employed for the purpose of dyeing woollen fabrics. This is a common wayside plant, especially in calcareous districts, and often reaches a height of three feet, flowering during July and August.</p> -<p>Passing to the order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i>, we note the Deptford Pink +<p>Passing to the order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i>, we note the Deptford Pink (<i>Dianthus Armeria</i>)—a downy plant, a foot or more in height, with an erect, slightly-branched stem; and very narrow, opposite leaves, from one to three inches long, joined together at the base, and mostly acute @@ -6412,7 +6396,7 @@ spreading, deeply-notched limbs. The plant flowers during June and July.</p> <p>The Dyer's Weed.</p> </div> -<p>Three species of Mallow (order <i>Malvaceæ</i>) are more or less<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> common by +<p>Three species of Mallow (order <i>Malvaceæ</i>) are more or less<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> common by waysides and on waste ground. They are all interesting plants, with large, regular, attractive flowers; and stipuled leaves which are palmately lobed and veined. The flowers have five sepals and five @@ -6489,7 +6473,7 @@ July and August.</p> <p>The Common Mallow.</p> </div> -<p>Some three species of Geranium (order <i>Geraniaceæ</i>) have already been +<p>Some three species of Geranium (order <i>Geraniaceæ</i>) have already been described among the spring wayside flowers, and these were listed at the commencement of the present chapter as continuing to bloom during the summer; but now we have to note other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> interesting flowers of this and @@ -6581,7 +6565,7 @@ six to eighteen inches in length; and the flowers, which may be seen throughout the summer, are rose-coloured, or, sometimes, white. The petals are not divided or notched, and they soon fall.</p> -<p>Passing now to the order <i>Leguminosæ</i>, we deal first with the +<p>Passing now to the order <i>Leguminosæ</i>, we deal first with the exceedingly pretty and common Bird's-foot Trefoil (<i>Lotus corniculatus</i>), that derives its popular name from the arrangement of the cylindrical seed-pods, which spread in such a manner as to resemble @@ -6650,7 +6634,7 @@ seeds.</p> <p>The Herb Bennet or Geum.</p> </div> -<p>Of the order <i>Rosaceæ</i> we have several summer wayside flowers, our first +<p>Of the order <i>Rosaceæ</i> we have several summer wayside flowers, our first example being the Common Avens, also called the Wood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> Avens and the Herb Bennet (<i>Geum urbanum</i>), which is common on banks and hedgerows. This is an erect, hairy plant, from one to two feet high, with yellow flowers, @@ -6722,12 +6706,12 @@ are opposite, stalked (the lower ones almost stalkless), ovate, acute, with serrate edges, and smooth except along the margins and the principal veins, which are more or less downy. The plant grows to a height of one or two feet, and bears small, pale-purple flowers which -droop when in the bud. It belongs to the order <i>Onagraceæ</i>; and, like +droop when in the bud. It belongs to the order <i>Onagraceæ</i>; and, like the others of its genus, has four sepals, four petals, eight stamens, and a long inferior ovary which splits into four valves, setting free a large number of little, tufted seeds.</p> -<p>The order <i>Crassulaceæ</i> contains a number of low, succulent plants, with +<p>The order <i>Crassulaceæ</i> contains a number of low, succulent plants, with small, regular, star-like flowers. Some of them are well known as Stonecrops and House-leeks. Those of the Stonecrop group usually have cymes of flowers with perianth leaves in whorls of five, and stamens in @@ -6740,7 +6724,7 @@ gardens. Its leaves are large,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_ edges. The flowers have five sepals and five petals, are of a purple or crimson colour, and are clustered in close cymes.</p> -<p>We have now to consider several species of the order <i>Umbelliferæ</i>—a +<p>We have now to consider several species of the order <i>Umbelliferæ</i>—a group of flowers which contains so many species, with often such close resemblances in general appearance, that it is always more or less puzzling to the beginner, especially as it is frequently necessary to @@ -6786,7 +6770,7 @@ fruit. In addition to these features, there are often narrow, light-coloured streaks running parallel with the ridges, in the walls of the fruit. There are usually six of these in each carpel, sometimes more than one in the same furrow, and they mark the positions of narrow -oil-sacs or <i>vittæ</i>. Each carpel contains only one seed.</p> +oil-sacs or <i>vittæ</i>. Each carpel contains only one seed.</p> <div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> <img src="images/i_191.jpg" width="300" height="431" alt="" /> @@ -6796,7 +6780,7 @@ oil-sacs or <i>vittæ</i>. Each carpel contains only one seed.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p> <p>As to the general characters of the plants, it may also be noted that -the stems of the <i>Umbelliferæ</i> are jointed, and frequently hollow; also +the stems of the <i>Umbelliferæ</i> are jointed, and frequently hollow; also that the leaves are pinnately divided, and often <i>decompound</i> (compound, with compound leaflets).</p> @@ -6813,7 +6797,7 @@ is slender in proportion to the height, furrowed, smooth, and spotted with purple or red. The flowers are white, with hardly a trace of a calyx, and arranged in compound umbels,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> with three small bracts <i>on one side</i> of the secondary umbels. The fruit is short, swollen, and slightly -flattened laterally; and the carpels, without vittæ, have each five +flattened laterally; and the carpels, without vittæ, have each five thick, waved ridges. The Hemlock flowers during June and July.</p> <div class="figleft" style="width: 320px;"> @@ -6823,7 +6807,7 @@ thick, waved ridges. The Hemlock flowers during June and July.</p> <p>Several of the common umbelliferous plants are called the Fool's Parsley by those who are unable to distinguish between species, but this name is -correctly applied only to <i>Æthusa cynapium</i>, a smooth, leafy plant, with +correctly applied only to <i>Æthusa cynapium</i>, a smooth, leafy plant, with an unpleasant odour and poisonous properties. The plant grows from a foot to eighteen inches high, flowers during July and August, and is common in cultivated ground as well as in wastes and by waysides. It may @@ -6861,8 +6845,8 @@ is a very common hedgerow plant, flowering from July to September.</p> <p>The Honeysuckle.</p> </div> -<p>Our last example of the <i>Umbelliferæ</i> is the Rough Chervil -(<i>Chærophyllum temulum</i>), which is very common in hedgerows, among the +<p>Our last example of the <i>Umbelliferæ</i> is the Rough Chervil +(<i>Chærophyllum temulum</i>), which is very common in hedgerows, among the undergrowth of woods, and in other shady places. It has a slender stem, from one to three feet high, swollen at the joints, spotted with purple, and rendered rough by short hairs. The leaves, which are also rough and @@ -6873,7 +6857,7 @@ flowers are white, in terminal compound umbels which droop in the bud. The bracts are few in number or altogether absent, but there are several secondary bracts which are fringed and bent downwards.</p> -<p>Passing now to the order <i>Caprifoliaceæ</i>, we have to deal with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> the +<p>Passing now to the order <i>Caprifoliaceæ</i>, we have to deal with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> the well-known and favourite Honeysuckle or Woodbine (<i>Lonicera periclymenum</i>), so highly prized on account of its lovely fragrant flowers. It is a climbing plant, often reaching a height of ten or @@ -6897,7 +6881,7 @@ have no stalks.</p> <p>The Great Hedge Bedstraw.</p> </div> -<p>In the Bedstraw family (order <i>Rubiaceæ</i>) we have two very common, +<p>In the Bedstraw family (order <i>Rubiaceæ</i>) we have two very common, hedgerow plants—the Great Hedge Bedstraw (<i>Galium Mollugo</i>) and the Goose-grass or Cleavers (<i>G. Aparine</i>). The first is a very straggling plant, with a square stem, thickened at the joints, that often reaches a @@ -6924,7 +6908,7 @@ whole plant is rough with hooked bristles.</p> </div> <p>We conclude this chapter with a description of the common Teasel -(<i>Dipsacus sylvestris</i>) of the order <i>Dipsaceæ</i>. This is really a very +(<i>Dipsacus sylvestris</i>) of the order <i>Dipsaceæ</i>. This is really a very graceful plant, rarely less than three or four feet high, and sometimes reaching six feet or more. Its stem is very stout and prickly; and its large bright green leaves are simple, sessile, and arranged in opposite @@ -6968,7 +6952,7 @@ WAYSIDES AND WASTES IN SUMMER (<i>Continued</i>)</h2> <p><span class="smcap">Composite Flowers</span></p> -<p>There are so many flowers of the order <i>Compositæ</i> in bloom by the +<p>There are so many flowers of the order <i>Compositæ</i> in bloom by the wayside and on waste ground during the summer months that we devote a chapter entirely to them.</p> @@ -7330,7 +7314,7 @@ The plant flowers during August and September, is not so common as the last species, but is abundant in districts near the sea.</p> <p>One of the most conspicuous flowers of the summer is the Common Ragwort -(<i>Senecio Jacobæa</i>). It belongs to the same genus as the Groundsel, but +(<i>Senecio Jacobæa</i>). It belongs to the same genus as the Groundsel, but differs in having very showy, terminal corymbs of large, bright yellow flowers with spreading rays. Its erect stem does not branch, as a rule, except near the top, and reaches a height of from one to three or four @@ -7409,7 +7393,7 @@ WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER (<i>Continued</i>)</h2> <p>Continuing our list of the numerous wayside flowers of the summer months, we take first the Rampion Bellflower or Ramps (<i>Campanula -Rapunculus</i>), of the order <i>Campanulaceæ</i>. The flowers of this order are +Rapunculus</i>), of the order <i>Campanulaceæ</i>. The flowers of this order are usually easily distinguished by their bell-shaped corolla, mounted on an inferior ovary, and by their general resemblance to the Canterbury Bells so familiar to us as favourite garden flowers. The Rampion is to be seen @@ -7424,7 +7408,7 @@ between this and other species of the same genus we should note that the segments of its calyx are narrow and entire; and that the corolla is divided deeply into five narrow, pointed segments.</p> -<p>The Great Bindweed (<i>Convolvulus sepium</i>) of the order <i>Convolvulaceæ</i>, +<p>The Great Bindweed (<i>Convolvulus sepium</i>) of the order <i>Convolvulaceæ</i>, is very conspicuous in most hedgerows, and is probably so well known that a description need hardly be given for purposes of identification, but we must call attention to a few interesting features that might be @@ -7447,7 +7431,7 @@ other parasitic plants in <a href="#XXIII">Chapter XXIII</a>.</p> <p>The Rampion Bellflower.</p> </div> -<p>The four British plants of the order <i>Solanaceæ</i> are all wayside +<p>The four British plants of the order <i>Solanaceæ</i> are all wayside species, flowering from June onwards, and may be considered together here. They possess the following features in common:—The leaves are alternately arranged, without stipules. The flowers are regular, with a @@ -7539,7 +7523,7 @@ large, poisonous berry, almost globular, but flattened above.</p> </div> <p>On waysides and in neglected fields we meet with the very common Red -Bartsia (<i>Bartsia Odontites</i>) of the order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>. This is a +Bartsia (<i>Bartsia Odontites</i>) of the order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>. This is a small, tough plant (see <a href="#PlateIII">Plate III</a>), from six inches to a foot or more in height, rather downy, with spreading branches. It may be readily recognised by its several one-sided spikes of numerous purple-red @@ -7563,7 +7547,7 @@ lower lip.</p> <p>The Yellow Toadflax.</p> </div> -<p>In the order <i>Verbenaceæ</i> we have the common Vervein (<i>Verbena +<p>In the order <i>Verbenaceæ</i> we have the common Vervein (<i>Verbena officinalis</i>), a common plant in the dry wastes of the South of England, and moderately frequent in some other parts. This is a smooth, erect plant, with long, spreading, wiry, four-angled stems; and small, lilac @@ -7654,7 +7638,7 @@ tube of which is longer than the calyx, is of a dark, red-purple colour, prettily variegated with white on the lower lip. This plant varies from one to three feet in height and has a very unpleasant odour.</p> -<p>We next take a few examples of the Borage family (order <i>Boraginaceæ</i>), +<p>We next take a few examples of the Borage family (order <i>Boraginaceæ</i>), all of which are herbs more or less rough with coarse hairs, having alternate, simple leaves, and flowers in one-sided spikes or racemes which are rolled back while in bud. In all of them the calyx has five @@ -7737,7 +7721,7 @@ of a reddish purple colour. The fruit is covered with little spines and is about a quarter of an inch in diameter.</p> <p>On dry waysides the Buck's-horn Plantain (<i>Plantago Coronopus</i>—order -<i>Plantaginaceæ</i>) is common. It may be readily distinguished as a +<i>Plantaginaceæ</i>) is common. It may be readily distinguished as a plantain by its slender, cylindrical spikes of small flowers, and its spreading tuft of radical leaves. This species has a thick rootstock, and its leaves are either linear and undivided, or, more commonly, cut @@ -7751,7 +7735,7 @@ bloom during June and July.</p> </div> <p>The plants which form the genus <i>Chenopodium</i>, of the order -<i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, are essentially plants of the wayside and waste ground, +<i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, are essentially plants of the wayside and waste ground, and of these we shall have to note several species. Most of them are distinguished by the dusty mealiness of their leaves, though a few do not possess this feature. In general they are characterised by @@ -7837,7 +7821,7 @@ united, pointed, sometimes toothed, and spotted above. The plant flowers from July to September, and is abundant in most parts, especially near the sea.</p> -<p>The order <i>Polygonaceæ</i> also includes several wayside plants which may +<p>The order <i>Polygonaceæ</i> also includes several wayside plants which may be easily distinguished as a group by the following characters:—At the bases of the alternate leaves are membranous stipules that form a sheath round the stem. The flowers are small, arranged in clusters in the axils @@ -7964,7 +7948,7 @@ have rough keels or wings.</p> <p>The Great Nettle.</p> </div> -<p>Passing to the Stinging Nettles (order <i>Urticaceæ</i>), we have to deal +<p>Passing to the Stinging Nettles (order <i>Urticaceæ</i>), we have to deal with three herbs that are remarkable for the stinging hairs which clothe both leaves and stem. The leaves of all are opposite, and the flowers imperfect. The male flowers have four stamens,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> and a small, green @@ -8136,7 +8120,7 @@ central vein, and edges flattened into a narrow wing.</p> <p>The Bladder Campion.</p> </div> -<p>The order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i> is represented in pastures by the Bladder +<p>The order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i> is represented in pastures by the Bladder Campion (<i>Silene inflata</i> or <i>S. cucubalis</i>)—a flower that is easily recognised among the Campions and the Catchflys by the globular calyx. The stem of the plant is semi-erect, branched below, and from two to @@ -8170,7 +8154,7 @@ open waste ground.</p> </div> <p>Our fields and pastures are particularly rich in flowers of the Pea -family (order <i>Leguminosæ</i>) during the summer months; and of these we +family (order <i>Leguminosæ</i>) during the summer months; and of these we shall first note the pretty Kidney Vetch or Lady's Fingers (<i>Anthyllis Vulneraria</i>), which is common in the dry pastures of most parts of Britain. The whole plant is covered with short silky hairs which lie @@ -8287,7 +8271,7 @@ flowers at the same time, but is more slender and more procumbent; and its flower-heads, which consist of from ten to twenty pale yellow flowers, are on stiff peduncles.</p> -<p>Our last example of the <i>Leguminosæ</i> is the Meadow Pea or Meadow +<p>Our last example of the <i>Leguminosæ</i> is the Meadow Pea or Meadow Vetchling (<i>Lathyrus pratensis</i>), which is a very common flower of moist pastures. The plant is straggling, with a weak, angled stem that supports itself by interlacing with the surrounding herbage, aided by @@ -8298,7 +8282,7 @@ the support of the plant. The long axillary peduncles each bear a one-sided raceme of from six to ten yellow flowers, which are followed by rather large, smooth pods. The plant flowers from June to September.</p> -<p>The order <i>Rosaceæ</i> contains the Great Burnet (<i>Sanguisorba +<p>The order <i>Rosaceæ</i> contains the Great Burnet (<i>Sanguisorba officinalis</i>), the only British representative of its genus. It is very much like the Lesser Burnet (p. <a href="#Page_301">301</a>) in general appearance, but much taller and larger. It is a smooth plant, with an erect stem from @@ -8321,7 +8305,7 @@ and an ovary of one or two one-seeded carpels enclosed in the tube of the calyx.</p> <p>In moist meadows and other damp places we commonly see the fragrant -Meadow Sweet or Queen of the Meadows (<i>Spiræa Ulmaria</i>), of the same +Meadow Sweet or Queen of the Meadows (<i>Spiræa Ulmaria</i>), of the same order. This is an erect plant, from two to four feet high, bearing densely-crowded cymes of small, creamy-white flowers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> from June to August. Its stem is rather thick, often reddish in colour; and the @@ -8338,7 +8322,7 @@ little twisted capsules.</p> </div> <p>The Burnet Saxifrage (<i>Pimpinella Saxifraga</i>), of the order -<i>Umbelliferæ</i>, is a common plant in dry pastures, and is very generally +<i>Umbelliferæ</i>, is a common plant in dry pastures, and is very generally distributed. Its stem is from one to two feet high, and but little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> branched; and the leaves are very variable in form—the radical ones usually pinnate, with from three to nine oval or round leaflets that are @@ -8365,7 +8349,7 @@ are covered with little hooked prickles.</p> <p>The Burnet Saxifrage.</p> </div> -<p>The Devil's-bit Scabious (<i>Scabiosa succisa</i>—order <i>Dipsaceæ</i>) is very +<p>The Devil's-bit Scabious (<i>Scabiosa succisa</i>—order <i>Dipsaceæ</i>) is very common in the pastures of almost all parts of Britain, and much resembles the Field Scabious (p. <a href="#Page_290">290</a>) in general habit. Its stem is erect, branching, from one to two feet high. The radical leaves are @@ -8390,7 +8374,7 @@ or October.</p> <p>The Wild Carrot.</p> </div> -<p>Coming now to the <i>Compositæ</i>, we have a considerable number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> of meadow +<p>Coming now to the <i>Compositæ</i>, we have a considerable number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> of meadow flowers to describe; and we assume that the reader has already made himself acquainted with the nature of the flowers of this order as given on p. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>. If such is not the case, we advise him to refresh his @@ -8544,8 +8528,8 @@ disc-florets, intermixed with small scales, and about twelve short, broad, white florets of the ray. The time of flowering is July and August.</p> -<p>The Common Centaury (<i>Erythræa Centaurium</i>), of the order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> -<i>Gentianaceæ</i>, is a very common plant in dry pastures. Its stem is +<p>The Common Centaury (<i>Erythræa Centaurium</i>), of the order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> +<i>Gentianaceæ</i>, is a very common plant in dry pastures. Its stem is erect, simple below, freely branched towards the top, from six to eighteen inches high; and the leaves are ovate, spreading and closely placed below, narrow and more distant above. The flowers are rose-red or @@ -8557,7 +8541,7 @@ a corolla consisting of a narrow tube and five spreading lobes.</p> <p>The Ox-Eye Daisy.</p> </div> -<p>Of the order <i>Convolvulaceæ</i> we shall note one species—the Small +<p>Of the order <i>Convolvulaceæ</i> we shall note one species—the Small Bindweed (<i>Convolvulus arvensis</i>), so well known as a troublesome weed in cultivated fields. It has a creeping rootstock, and a twining stem, from a few inches to two feet in length, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> sometimes climbs, but @@ -8576,7 +8560,7 @@ June to August.</p> <p>The Sneezewort.</p> </div> -<p>The Meadow Clary (<i>Salvia pratensis</i>—order <i>Labiatæ</i>), shown on +<p>The Meadow Clary (<i>Salvia pratensis</i>—order <i>Labiatæ</i>), shown on <a href="#PlateIV">Plate IV</a>, Fig. 6, is a rather rare plant, apparently to be seen only in the dry fields of Oxfordshire, Kent, Surrey, and the extreme south-west of England; but it is one of the most handsome of the @@ -8650,7 +8634,7 @@ other. It will be noticed that some of the flowers are larger than others, and that these are perfect, while the smaller ones have no stamens.</p> -<p>In the same order (<i>Labiatæ</i>) there is the Self-Heal (<i>Prunella +<p>In the same order (<i>Labiatæ</i>) there is the Self-Heal (<i>Prunella vulgaris</i>), a very common plant in moist meadows, flowering from July to the end of the summer. The lower portion of the stem of this plant usually rests on the ground and roots at the nodes, but from this arises @@ -8666,7 +8650,7 @@ lengthens out to about an inch and a half or two inches.</p> <p>The Ribwort Plantain.</p> </div> -<p>Coming now to the Plantains (order <i>Plantaginaceæ</i>) we have two species +<p>Coming now to the Plantains (order <i>Plantaginaceæ</i>) we have two species to note, both of which are very abundant on pasture land. One is the Greater Plantain (<i>Plantago major</i>)—a very low plant, with a short, thick rootstock, and a radical cluster of spreading or ascending leaves @@ -8746,7 +8730,7 @@ Grass (<i>Dactylis glomerata</i>) which appears on <a href="#PlateIV">Plate IV</ BOGS, MARSHES AND WET PLACES—SUMMER</h2> -<p>The Crowfoot group of the <i>Ranunculaceæ</i> contains two bog-plants +<p>The Crowfoot group of the <i>Ranunculaceæ</i> contains two bog-plants popularly known as Spearworts on account of their spear-like leaves. One of these—the Lesser Spearwort (<i>Ranunculus Flammula</i>)—is abundant in wet places, especially the edges of muddy pools and ditches, where its @@ -8763,7 +8747,7 @@ fibres from the lowest joints; and the glossy, yellow flowers vary from one to one and a half inches in diameter. This species is not nearly so common as the other, but occurs more or less in most parts of Britain.</p> -<p>Taking next the cruciferous plants (<i>Cruciferæ</i>), we have first to note +<p>Taking next the cruciferous plants (<i>Cruciferæ</i>), we have first to note a few species of the <i>Nasturtium</i> genus, including the Water-cress and the Yellow-cress. These are all smooth plants, with small yellow or white flowers. They may be distinguished from other crucifers by their @@ -8819,7 +8803,7 @@ as the sepals. The pods are broad, only about a sixth of an inch long, with a rather long style.</p> <p>In the marshes of the South of England we may often see the Marsh Mallow -(<i>Malva officinalis</i> or <i>Althæa officinalis</i>), of the order <i>Malvaceæ</i>, +(<i>Malva officinalis</i> or <i>Althæa officinalis</i>), of the order <i>Malvaceæ</i>, flowering during August and September. Its stem is hairy, with erect flowering branches two or three feet high; and the leaves are shortly stalked, thick, velvety, broadly ovate, and sometimes divided into three @@ -8835,7 +8819,7 @@ broad, rose-coloured petals. This plant is shown on <a href="#PlateV">Plate V</a <p>The Great Hairy Willow-Herb.</p> </div> -<p>The Marsh St. John's-wort (<i>Hypericum Elodes</i>—order <i>Hypericaceæ</i>) is a +<p>The Marsh St. John's-wort (<i>Hypericum Elodes</i>—order <i>Hypericaceæ</i>) is a somewhat shaggy little plant, common in the bogs of many parts of Britain, more especially in West England and Ireland. It varies from a few inches to a foot in length; with prostrate stems rooting at the @@ -8849,7 +8833,7 @@ united to more than half way up into three bundles. (See <a href="#PlateV">Plate 6.)</p> <p>The Blue Marsh Vetchling or Marsh Pea (<i>Lathyrus palustris</i>—order -<i>Leguminosæ</i>) is occasionally to be met with in boggy places, flowering +<i>Leguminosæ</i>) is occasionally to be met with in boggy places, flowering from June to August. It is a smooth plant, with a weak, winged stem, two or three feet long; and pinnate leaves consisting of from two to four pairs of narrow, sharp leaflets, and terminating in a branched tendril. @@ -8864,7 +8848,7 @@ are smooth and about an inch in length. This plant is represented on <p>The Purple Loosestrife.</p> </div> -<p>Some of the Willow-herbs (<i>Onagraceæ</i>) are very partial to wet and boggy +<p>Some of the Willow-herbs (<i>Onagraceæ</i>) are very partial to wet and boggy places. A few species of other habitats are described in Chapters <a href="#X">X</a> and <a href="#XI">XI</a>, and these, together with the members that come within the range of the present chapter, are readily distinguished by their willow-like @@ -8898,7 +8882,7 @@ when in bud. The petals are of a rose-pink colour, deeply notched; and the stigma is not divided. This species flowers in July and August.</p> <p>Our next flower is the beautiful Purple Loosestrife (<i>Lythrum -Salicaria</i>—order <i>Lythraceæ</i>), which is abundant in the marshes, +Salicaria</i>—order <i>Lythraceæ</i>), which is abundant in the marshes, ditches, and wet places of most parts of Great Britain. It has a creeping rootstock; a stout, erect, slightly-branched, four-angled stem, from two to four feet high; and sessile, narrow, clasping, entire, acute @@ -8912,7 +8896,7 @@ time of flowering of this species is July to September.</p> <p>We have now to note several species of umbelliferous plants that grow in bogs and other wet places. The general features of the order -(<i>Umbelliferæ</i>) will be found on p. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, and the reader should +(<i>Umbelliferæ</i>) will be found on p. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, and the reader should refer to these, if necessary, before attempting to identify the following:—</p> @@ -8993,7 +8977,7 @@ secondary bracts, but no primary ones.</p> <p>All three of the above species flower from July to September.</p> -<p>Next follow a few composite flowers (order <i>Compositæ</i>), the first of +<p>Next follow a few composite flowers (order <i>Compositæ</i>), the first of which is the Marsh Thistle (<i>Carduus palustris</i>) that varies from two to eight feet in height, and bears dense clusters of purple (occasionally white) heads during July and August. Its stem is stiff, hollow, slightly @@ -9025,12 +9009,12 @@ slightly drooping.</p> represented in marshes and wet places by a very similar plant called the Marsh Ragwort (<i>Senecio aquaticus</i>), which varies from one to three feet in height, and flowers in July and August. Its stem is more slender than -that of <i>S. Jacobæa</i>, and is usually more branched. The leaves are +that of <i>S. Jacobæa</i>, and is usually more branched. The leaves are either deeply toothed, or pinnately cut into segments which decrease in size towards the base. The yellow flower-heads are not so densely crowded as in the Common Ragwort, and have longer stalks.</p> -<p>The <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i> contains three common plants of the <i>Veronica</i> +<p>The <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i> contains three common plants of the <i>Veronica</i> genus that grow in wet places. All three are similar in that they have opposite leaves; a corolla with a short tube, and four spreading limbs, of which the lowest is narrowest; two stamens; and a capsular fruit, @@ -9066,7 +9050,7 @@ flowering branches; thick, elliptical, blunt, slightly-toothed leaves on short stalks; and opposite, axillary racemes of blue (occasionally pink) flowers about a third of an inch across.</p> -<p>Two of the Figworts, belonging to the same order (<i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>), +<p>Two of the Figworts, belonging to the same order (<i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>), are abundant in wet places all over Britain. They are both tall erect plants, with opposite leaves, and peculiar greenish brown or dull purple flowers. In both the corolla is almost spherical and shortly lipped. Two @@ -9094,8 +9078,8 @@ by the little green, fleshy knots of its rhizome. Its stem is sharply four-angled, but not winged; its leaves are acute, and doubly toothed; and the panicle has small, narrow, sharp bracts.</p> -<p>Passing now to the order <i>Labiatæ</i>, we come first to the Gipsy-wort -(<i>Lycopus europæus</i>), an erect, branched, slightly hairy plant, from one +<p>Passing now to the order <i>Labiatæ</i>, we come first to the Gipsy-wort +(<i>Lycopus europæus</i>), an erect, branched, slightly hairy plant, from one to three feet high, bearing dense whorls of small, white,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> sessile flowers from June to September. The calyx has five equal teeth with stiff points; and the corolla, which is only slightly longer than the @@ -9140,7 +9124,7 @@ five feet high; and its elliptical, toothed leaves are hairy on both sides. The flowers are lilac, in dense, axillary whorls, without any terminal cluster.</p> -<p>There is yet another marsh plant of the <i>Labiatæ</i> to be considered, and +<p>There is yet another marsh plant of the <i>Labiatæ</i> to be considered, and that is the Marsh Woundwort (<i>Stachys palustris</i>), which is very much like the Hedge Woundwort described on p. <a href="#Page_199">199</a>. It has a stout, hollow, hairy stem, from one to three feet high; and narrow, @@ -9156,7 +9140,7 @@ back.</p> <p>The Forget-Me-Not.</p> </div> -<p>We now reach the interesting <i>Myosotis</i> genus of the <i>Boraginaceæ</i>, +<p>We now reach the interesting <i>Myosotis</i> genus of the <i>Boraginaceæ</i>, containing the favourite Forget-me-not and the similar Scorpion-grasses. They are all rather low and weak plants, with small, sessile, narrow leaves; and small flowers in one-sided, curved racemes without bracts. @@ -9186,7 +9170,7 @@ too, are of about the same size, but of a sky-blue colour, and their stalks are longer, bending downwards when in fruit. The calyx is divided to about the middle into narrow teeth.</p> -<p>3. The Tufted Water Scorpion-grass (<i>M. cæspitosa</i>).—Also a similar +<p>3. The Tufted Water Scorpion-grass (<i>M. cæspitosa</i>).—Also a similar plant, often regarded as a variety of <i>M. palustris</i>; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> its flowers are only about half the size, of a sky-blue colour, with narrow calyx teeth almost as long as the corolla. It is of a paler green colour, and @@ -9202,7 +9186,7 @@ is described, together with other plants of similar habits, in <a href="#XXIV">C XXIV</a>.</p> <p>In most parts of Britain we may meet with the pretty little Bog -Pimpernel (<i>Anagallis tenella</i>) of the <i>Primulaceæ</i>. It is a delicate, +Pimpernel (<i>Anagallis tenella</i>) of the <i>Primulaceæ</i>. It is a delicate, creeping plant (see <a href="#PlateV">Plate V</a>, Fig. 7), only about three or four inches long, with a slender, decumbent stem; and very small, opposite, rounded leaves on short stalks. Its flowers are funnel-shaped, of a pale @@ -9214,14 +9198,14 @@ Scarlet Pimpernel.</p> <p>Ditches are frequently quite overgrown with the Water Pepper or Biting Persicaria (<i>Polygonum Hydropiper</i>), which is very much like the Spotted -Persicaria (p. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>) of the same order (<i>Polygonaceæ</i>), but is +Persicaria (p. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>) of the same order (<i>Polygonaceæ</i>), but is much more slender, is creeping and rooting at the base, and more or less biting to the taste. Its stem is freely branched, from one to three feet high; its leaves narrow and wavy, with membranous stipules much fringed at the top; and the little pinkish-green flowers are in slender, drooping, interrupted spikes, leafy at the base.</p> -<p>Of the <i>Orchidaceæ</i> we shall note here but one species—the Marsh +<p>Of the <i>Orchidaceæ</i> we shall note here but one species—the Marsh Helleborine (<i>Epipactis palustris</i>), which is widely distributed, and really abundant in places, flowering during July and August. It is very much like the Broad-leaved Helleborine described on p. <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, and @@ -9240,7 +9224,7 @@ they form quite a characteristic feature of these localities; and the number of common species is so large that we must necessarily confine our attention to a very small proportion.</p> -<p>The Rushes, which constitute the order <i>Juncaceæ</i>, are stiff, smooth +<p>The Rushes, which constitute the order <i>Juncaceæ</i>, are stiff, smooth plants, often of such social habits that they cover large patches of wet or watery soil. Their stems are usually erect, and seldom branched; and their stiff, smooth leaves are frequently cylindrical, like the stems, @@ -9306,7 +9290,7 @@ which grows to a height of only a few inches. It has tufted stems that branch from near the base; and its flowers are either solitary or in clusters of two or three.</p> -<p>As regards the Sedges (order <i>Cyperaceæ</i>), the species are so numerous +<p>As regards the Sedges (order <i>Cyperaceæ</i>), the species are so numerous that it is impossible to do them justice in a work of this nature.</p> <div class="figright" style="width: 225px;"> @@ -9467,7 +9451,7 @@ these, at least, will be easily identified by the descriptions given.</p> <p>On almost all heaths and downs we may see the pretty little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span> Milkwort (<i>Polygala vulgaris</i>)—the only British representative of its order -(<i>Polygalaceæ</i>), unless we regard some varieties of this variable plant +(<i>Polygalaceæ</i>), unless we regard some varieties of this variable plant as distinct species, according to the opinions of some authorities. It is a smooth or slightly hairy plant, with a woody stem that gives off several spreading branches varying from two to nine inches in length. @@ -9487,7 +9471,7 @@ general colouring of patches of heath and moor.</p> <p>The Broom.</p> </div> -<p>Two small species of St. John's Wort (order <i>Hypericaceæ</i>) are +<p>Two small species of St. John's Wort (order <i>Hypericaceæ</i>) are moderately abundant on downs and commons, especially in South Britain. The flowers of this order are all yellow, and may be easily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> recognised by their stamens, three or five in number, which are so much branched @@ -9502,7 +9486,7 @@ feet high, with cordate leaves that embrace the stem, and panicled flowers which are tipped with red when in the bud. Both species flower during July and August.</p> -<p>Passing now to the <i>Leguminosæ</i>, we take first the Broom (<i>Sarothamus +<p>Passing now to the <i>Leguminosæ</i>, we take first the Broom (<i>Sarothamus scoparius</i> or <i>Cytisus scoparius</i>)—a smooth or slightly hairy shrub, from two to six feet high, bearing large, yellow flowers during May and June. Its branches are long, erect, angular and green; and the leaves @@ -9518,7 +9502,7 @@ spirally-curved style.</p> <p>The Furze or Gorse.</p> </div> -<p>The Furze, Gorse, or Whin (<i>Ulex europæus</i>) is a bush of about the same +<p>The Furze, Gorse, or Whin (<i>Ulex europæus</i>) is a bush of about the same size, with more or less erect branches that all terminate in a sharp, rigid point. Sometimes little lanceolate leaves may be seen near the bases of the short branches, but normally all the leaves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span> are reduced to @@ -9551,7 +9535,7 @@ compound, bearing small ovate or narrow leaves; and solitary, axillary, pale yellow flowers in short, leafy clusters. This species flowers during May and June.</p> -<p>In the same order (<i>Leguminosæ</i>) are two species of Rest Harrow, common +<p>In the same order (<i>Leguminosæ</i>) are two species of Rest Harrow, common on heaths and stony banks. One of these—the Common Rest Harrow (<i>Ononis arvensis</i>)—is a very variable plant, with pink or rose-coloured flowers that bloom from June to September. Its stem is sometimes procumbent and @@ -9569,7 +9553,7 @@ and appear during the same time; but the stem is erect, spiny, without runners, seldom more than a foot high, and has two longitudinal rows of hairs.</p> -<p>Passing next to the order <i>Rosaceæ</i>, we first note the Dropwort (<i>Spiræa +<p>Passing next to the order <i>Rosaceæ</i>, we first note the Dropwort (<i>Spiræa Filipendula</i>), of the same genus as the Meadow Sweet, frequently met with on the downs and dry pastures of England and Scotland. Its leaves are mostly radical, three or four inches long, interruptedly pinnate, @@ -9591,7 +9575,7 @@ the upper always sessile. The flowers are rather small, yellow, generally with four petals, on slender peduncles arising from the axils of the leaves or from the forks of the stem.</p> -<p>Our last example of the <i>Rosaceæ</i> is the Blackberry (<i>Rubus +<p>Our last example of the <i>Rosaceæ</i> is the Blackberry (<i>Rubus fruticosus</i>); but it should be mentioned at once that the popular name of Blackberry embraces quite a number of shrubs, often estimated at some scores of species and varieties. We cannot here, however, attempt to @@ -9610,7 +9594,7 @@ stamens. The fruit is black, and consists of several one-seeded carpels which do not readily separate from the receptacle when ripe; and the persistent sepals are usually bent downward below it.</p> -<p>Coming now to the <i>Rubiaceæ</i>, we have to note four species, all +<p>Coming now to the <i>Rubiaceæ</i>, we have to note four species, all characterised by whorled leaves; a corolla of four, united petals; stamens attached to the corolla; and an inferior ovary, of two carpels, that ripens to a dry fruit. Three of the four belong to the Bedstraw @@ -9661,7 +9645,7 @@ surface.</p> <p>The Dwarf Thistle.</p> </div> -<p>The Small Scabious (<i>Scabiosa Columbaria</i>), of the order <i>Dipsaceæ</i>, is +<p>The Small Scabious (<i>Scabiosa Columbaria</i>), of the order <i>Dipsaceæ</i>, is common on the dry heaths of England, and is readily distinguished from the Devil's-bit Scabious, which it somewhat resembles, by its deeply-divided leaves and pale purple or lilac flowers. Its stem is @@ -9674,7 +9658,7 @@ of short bracts, and intermixed with the little, narrow scales of the receptacle, the outer flowers of each head being larger than the others, and very irregular. This plant flowers during July and August.</p> -<p>Of the <i>Compositæ</i> we shall first take the Hairy Hawkbit (<i>Leontodon +<p>Of the <i>Compositæ</i> we shall first take the Hairy Hawkbit (<i>Leontodon hirtus</i>), which is very common on moors in most parts of Great Britain, flowering during July and August. Although known as the <i>Hairy</i> Hawkbit, this plant is sometimes quite smooth; more commonly, however, the leaves @@ -9807,7 +9791,7 @@ September.</p> <p>We now come to those interesting plants known collectively as Heaths, and which add so much beauty to our heaths and moors. They belong to the -order <i>Ericaceæ</i>, and are all readily distinguished by their bushy +order <i>Ericaceæ</i>, and are all readily distinguished by their bushy appearance, hard woody stems, and small, simple leaves arranged in pairs or whorls. The flowers, too, are very characteristic, each one having an inferior calyx of four sepals; a bell-shaped or pitcher-shaped, @@ -9855,7 +9839,7 @@ four rows. Its flowers are small, drooping, shortly<span class="pagenum"><a name two pairs of small bracts at its base; and are arranged in irregular, leafy racemes on the topmost branches.</p> -<p>Still in the same order (<i>Ericaceæ</i>), but quite distinct from the +<p>Still in the same order (<i>Ericaceæ</i>), but quite distinct from the Heaths, are a few moorland shrubs the berries of which are largely eaten by the country-folk. They belong to the genus <i>Vaccinium</i>, and have scattered, deciduous or evergreen leaves. We have noticed that in the @@ -9888,7 +9872,7 @@ strongly marked on the under side; and the flowers are globular, of a pale pink colour, smaller than those of the last species. This species flowers during May and June.</p> -<p>3. The Red Whortleberry or Cowberry (<i>V. Vitis-idæa</i>).—A straggling, +<p>3. The Red Whortleberry or Cowberry (<i>V. Vitis-idæa</i>).—A straggling, much branched, and woody shrub, from six to eighteen inches high, found chiefly on the mountainous heaths of the North. Its leaves are evergreen, obovate, dotted beneath, with the margins slightly rolled @@ -9909,7 +9893,7 @@ August and September, are represented on <a href="#PlateV">Plate V</a>.</p> <p>The Eyebright.</p> </div> -<p>In the same order (<i>Gentianaceæ</i>) is the Autumn or Small-flowered +<p>In the same order (<i>Gentianaceæ</i>) is the Autumn or Small-flowered Gentian (<i>Gentiana Amarella</i>)—a little erect plant, from three to twelve inches high, common on dry heaths and stony pastures. Its stem is square, very leafy, simple or branched, often of a blue-green or purple @@ -9926,7 +9910,7 @@ Heaths, Thyme, and other shrubby plants. It is described in <a href="#XXIII">Cha XXIII</a>, where will also be found a short account of its growth and parasitic habits.</p> -<p>Our only example of the <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i> as far as this chapter is +<p>Our only example of the <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i> as far as this chapter is concerned—the Eyebright (<i>Euphrasia officinalis</i>)—is also a partial parasite, and is referred to, with other plants of the same nature, in <a href="#XXIII">Chapter XXIII</a>. It is a little plant, the general appearance of which is @@ -9934,7 +9918,7 @@ shown in our illustration. It varies from one to eight inches high, and bears little lilac, lipped flowers, streaked with purple, with a rather large yellow spot at the base of the lower lip.</p> -<p>One of the Mints—<i>Mentha Pulegium</i> (order <i>Labiatæ</i>)—well-known as a +<p>One of the Mints—<i>Mentha Pulegium</i> (order <i>Labiatæ</i>)—well-known as a garden herb under the name of Pennyroyal, is to be found on damp heaths. Though not very common, it is widely distributed, occurring in nearly all parts of Great Britain. It is very aromatic, and is largely @@ -9991,7 +9975,7 @@ small lips, the lower of which is divided into three lobes.</p> <p>The Autumnal Lady's Tresses.</p> </div> -<p>The Dwarf Silky Willow (<i>Salix repens</i>—order <i>Salicaceæ</i>) is very +<p>The Dwarf Silky Willow (<i>Salix repens</i>—order <i>Salicaceæ</i>) is very common on heaths. It is a small, straggling shrub, from one to three feet high, sometimes erect, but more commonly procumbent and rooting at the base, with slender branches. Its leaves are often less than an inch @@ -10022,7 +10006,7 @@ diameter. The Juniper flowers during May and June.</p> <p>The Butcher's Broom, in Fruit.</p> </div> -<p>Passing now to the <i>Orchidaceæ</i> we have to note two species, the first +<p>Passing now to the <i>Orchidaceæ</i> we have to note two species, the first of which is the Autumnal Lady's Tresses (<i>Spiranthes autumnalis</i>), a moderately common plant on the dry downs of South Britain, flowering from August to October. It has two or three thick, oval tubers; and a @@ -10057,7 +10041,7 @@ shorter than the ovary. This Orchis is represented on Fig. 6 of <p>The Common Quaking Grass.</p> </div> -<p>Our single example of the <i>Liliaceæ</i> is the Butcher's Broom (<i>Ruscus +<p>Our single example of the <i>Liliaceæ</i> is the Butcher's Broom (<i>Ruscus aculeatus</i>), the only British monocotyledonous shrub. It is of a very dark green colour, varies from one to four feet in height, and is occasionally met with on the wooded heaths of the southern counties. Its @@ -10081,7 +10065,7 @@ or two seeds. The flowers appear during March and April.</p> <p>The Common Mat Grass.</p> </div> -<p>Two of the Rushes (order <i>Juncaceæ</i>) are very common on heaths and +<p>Two of the Rushes (order <i>Juncaceæ</i>) are very common on heaths and moors. One of these is the Heath Rush (<i>Juncus squarrosus</i>), which appears on <a href="#PlateVI">Plate VI</a>. This is a rigid Rush, varying from four to ten inches high, flowering in June and July. Its stems are stout, solid, @@ -10165,7 +10149,7 @@ not ploughed too deeply into the soil spring up almost in the same position in the following season.</p> <p>Starting with the species of the Buttercup family (order -<i>Ranunculaceæ</i>), we take first the beautiful Pheasant's Eye (<i>Adonis +<i>Ranunculaceæ</i>), we take first the beautiful Pheasant's Eye (<i>Adonis autumnalis</i>), which is sometimes seen among the corn, especially in the fields of the southern counties. The plant is not a native, but has become well established as a wild flower in several parts, though it is @@ -10201,7 +10185,7 @@ corn-crops have been previously raised. It flowers from May to July.</p> <p>The Mouse-Tail.</p> </div> -<p>The same order (<i>Ranunculaceæ</i>) includes the Field Larkspur (<i>Delphinium +<p>The same order (<i>Ranunculaceæ</i>) includes the Field Larkspur (<i>Delphinium Ajacis</i>) which sometimes grows wild in corn-fields. It is not indigenous, but has been introduced from South Europe; and the wild plants are probably escapes from cultivation. The stem is from nine to @@ -10215,7 +10199,7 @@ a single, downy follicle that contains several seeds. This plant flowers during June and July.</p> <p>We have now to notice a few of the favourite Poppies (order -<i>Papaveraceæ</i>); and although these are generally easily distinguished, +<i>Papaveraceæ</i>); and although these are generally easily distinguished, even by the tyro, from the flowers of other orders, we think it advisable to call attention to the leading features of the group. These plants have a milky sap, and leaves without stipules. Their flowers are @@ -10230,7 +10214,7 @@ within. The fruit opens when ripe by the formation of pores just under the edge of the disc.</p> <p>The most abundant species is undoubtedly the Common Red Poppy (<i>Papaver -Rhæas</i>), which is to be found in almost every corn-field, as well as in +Rhæas</i>), which is to be found in almost every corn-field, as well as in other fields and waste places in cultivated districts, flowering from May to July. It is from one to two feet high, covered with rather stiff spreading hairs; and its leaves are pinnately divided into narrow, @@ -10279,7 +10263,7 @@ globular and smooth. This species flowers from June to August.</p> <p>The White or Opium Poppy.</p> </div> -<p>The pretty little Fumitory (<i>Fumaria officinalis</i>—order <i>Fumariaceæ</i>) +<p>The pretty little Fumitory (<i>Fumaria officinalis</i>—order <i>Fumariaceæ</i>) is abundant in most of the cornfields and other cultivated places<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> of most parts of Britain, flowering from June to September. It is a very variable plant, quite smooth, and of a delicate, pale green colour. Its @@ -10298,7 +10282,7 @@ colour is very variable—usually cream-coloured or pink, and often tipped with crimson.</p> <p>Some of the Mustards are very common weeds in corn-fields. They belong -to the genus <i>Brassica</i>, of the order <i>Cruciferæ</i>, and are distinguished +to the genus <i>Brassica</i>, of the order <i>Cruciferæ</i>, and are distinguished by their long siliquas, almost cylindrical in form, terminating in a 'beak' which is formed entirely of the persistent style, or of this together with a modified portion of the fruit containing one or more @@ -10365,7 +10349,7 @@ the last joint.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span></p> -<p>Coming now to the order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i> we have to note the pretty Corn +<p>Coming now to the order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i> we have to note the pretty Corn Cockle (<i>Lychnis Githago</i>), which is commonly seen in the midst of the corn, often growing so tall that its pale purple flowers peep above the ears. Its stem is clothed with long, soft, white hairs; and the leaves @@ -10385,7 +10369,7 @@ the narrow, whorled leaves from one to two inches. The flowers are only a quarter of an inch in diameter, with sepals usually a little shorter than the petals.</p> -<p>In the order <i>Linaceæ</i> we have the Common Flax or Linseed (<i>Linum +<p>In the order <i>Linaceæ</i> we have the Common Flax or Linseed (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i>), which is cultivated in some districts, and often appears as a weed in fields. It is an erect, smooth plant, with a slender stem about a foot high, and very narrow, entire, acute leaves, @@ -10395,7 +10379,7 @@ which fall early; five perfect and five imperfect stamens; and an ovary with five styles. It flowers during July. (See <a href="#PlateVII">Plate VII</a>.)</p> <p>The Shepherd's Needle or Venus's Comb (<i>Scandix Pecten-Veneris</i>) of the -order <i>Umbelliferæ</i> derives its name from the long, flat, needle-like +order <i>Umbelliferæ</i> derives its name from the long, flat, needle-like beaks of the fruits that are placed almost parallel like the teeth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> of a coarse comb. The plant is erect, branched, from three to twelve inches high; and the general character of its leaves and inflorescence may be @@ -10409,7 +10393,7 @@ flowers from June to September.</p> <p>The Shepherd's Needle or Venus's Comb.</p> </div> -<p>Of the order <i>Rubiaceæ</i> we shall include the common Field Madder +<p>Of the order <i>Rubiaceæ</i> we shall include the common Field Madder (<i>Sherardia arvensis</i>), a little plant, varying from five to ten inches high, the minute lilac flowers of which may be seen from April to October. Its branched stems are often decumbent; and the little, narrow, @@ -10437,7 +10421,7 @@ from June to August.</p> <p>The Venus's Looking-Glass or Corn Bellflower.</p> </div> -<p>Two of the Sow Thistles (order <i>Compositæ</i>) have already been noticed +<p>Two of the Sow Thistles (order <i>Compositæ</i>) have already been noticed among the flowers of waste places (p. <a href="#Page_179">179</a>), and a third, known as the Corn Sow-Thistle (<i>Sonchus arvensis</i>), falls within the range of the present chapter, being a very common corn-field weed. It is an erect @@ -10506,7 +10490,7 @@ top; and the fruits are rendered rough by numerous little glandular projections. This plant flowers from June to September.</p> <p>The Corn Bellflower or Wild Venus's Looking-glass (<i>Campanula hybrida</i>), -of the order <i>Campanulaceæ</i>, is not uncommon in the cornfields of the +of the order <i>Campanulaceæ</i>, is not uncommon in the cornfields of the chalky districts of South and East England. It is an erect plant, from six to ten inches high, bearing purple, blue, or (occasionally) white flowers from July to September. In addition to the general features @@ -10516,7 +10500,7 @@ slits near the top.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span></p> -<p>In the order <i>Boraginaceæ</i> we have the Small Bugloss (<i>Lycopsis +<p>In the order <i>Boraginaceæ</i> we have the Small Bugloss (<i>Lycopsis arvensis</i>), a branched plant, from six inches to two feet in height, covered all over with stiff bristles that are swollen at the base. Its leaves are oblong or very narrow, wavy, and sometimes toothed; the upper @@ -10535,7 +10519,7 @@ corn fields of most parts; and flowers during June and July.</p> <p>Our next flower is the pretty little Scarlet Pimpernel or Poor Man's Weather Glass (<i>Anagallis arvensis</i>) of the Primrose order -(<i>Primulaceæ</i>), which is very common in cornfields and on other +(<i>Primulaceæ</i>), which is very common in cornfields and on other cultivated ground, flowering from May to very late in the autumn. The stem of this plant is procumbent and much branched, the branches sometimes reaching a length of considerably more than a foot; and its @@ -10548,7 +10532,7 @@ hairs, spreads its five lobes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_2 little globular capsule, enclosed in the persistent calyx, splitting transversely into two hemispheres when ripe.</p> -<p>The Climbing Bistort (<i>Polygonum convolvulus</i>—order <i>Polygonaceæ</i>), +<p>The Climbing Bistort (<i>Polygonum convolvulus</i>—order <i>Polygonaceæ</i>), also known as the Climbing Buckwheat, Climbing Persicaria, and Black Bindweed, is a very troublesome corn-field weed, with the climbing habit of the Convolvulus, often strangling the plants round which it twines @@ -10562,7 +10546,7 @@ keeled, and occasionally winged; and the three outer ones closely envelop the fruit—a triangular nut. The plant flowers from July to September.</p> -<p>At least two or three of the Spurges (<i>Euphorbiaceæ</i>) are commonly seen +<p>At least two or three of the Spurges (<i>Euphorbiaceæ</i>) are commonly seen in cultivated fields, but one in particular—the Dwarf Spurge (<i>Euphorbia exigua</i>)—is common in corn fields. It is a slender, smooth plant, usually from two to ten inches high, with several ascending stems @@ -10656,7 +10640,7 @@ often in rich profusion, that are less restricted in their habitats.</p> <p>In the present chapter we shall note the principal flowers that grow principally or entirely in calcareous districts, the first being the -Pasque Flower (<i>Anemone Pulsatilla</i>—order <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>), rare, it is +Pasque Flower (<i>Anemone Pulsatilla</i>—order <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>), rare, it is true, but too beautiful to be omitted from our selection. This flower, shown on <a href="#PlateVIII">Plate VIII</a>, Fig. 5, may be seen on some chalky hills during May and June. It is of a silky nature, and the lovely purple blossoms often @@ -10668,14 +10652,14 @@ the bud, but the peduncle becomes erect as they expand. The stamens are yellow, and the fruits are provided with feathered hairs.</p> <p>On chalky, sandy, and other dry soils we may meet with the Round -Prickly-headed Poppy (<i>Papaver hybridum</i>—order <i>Papaveraceæ</i>), very +Prickly-headed Poppy (<i>Papaver hybridum</i>—order <i>Papaveraceæ</i>), very much like the Common Poppy in general appearance, but readily distinguished by its general hairy character, and, more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> especially, by the globular, furrowed fruit covered with spreading bristles. The flowers vary from one to two inches in diameter, and the crimson or deep scarlet petals are often black at the base.</p> -<p>The Bitter Candytuft (<i>Iberis amara</i>—order <i>Cruciferæ</i>), which is so +<p>The Bitter Candytuft (<i>Iberis amara</i>—order <i>Cruciferæ</i>), which is so well known as a border-flower of our gardens, grows freely in some of the chalk districts of the South and East of England. Unlike most of the Crucifers, the flowers are not symmetrical, the two outer petals being @@ -10685,7 +10669,7 @@ the colour of the petals is white, lilac or red. The height of this plant varies from six to nine inches, and the flowers bloom during July and August.</p> -<p>The Wild Mignonette (<i>Reseda lutea</i>—order <i>Resedaceæ</i>) is very common +<p>The Wild Mignonette (<i>Reseda lutea</i>—order <i>Resedaceæ</i>) is very common in some chalky districts, generally in fields and other open ground, and may be easily recognised by its close resemblance to the well-known Sweet Mignonette (<i>R. odorata</i>), which is so highly valued as a garden @@ -10698,7 +10682,7 @@ very unequal, while the posterior one is divided into many parts. The flowers bloom throughout the summer.</p> <p>One of the most characteristic flowers of the chalk is the pretty Rock -Rose (<i>Helianthemum vulgare</i>—order <i>Cistaceæ</i>), which is often so +Rose (<i>Helianthemum vulgare</i>—order <i>Cistaceæ</i>), which is often so abundant that it completely covers large patches of banks and pasture-land. The plant is of a procumbent nature, with woody stems, and opposite, flat, oval or oblong leaves, green above and hoary beneath. @@ -10715,14 +10699,14 @@ last, but the leaves are not stipuled, are smooth or hairy above, and very hoary beneath. The flowers, too, are much smaller.</p> <p>A species of Violet—the Hairy Violet (<i>Viola hirta</i>—order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span> -<i>Violaceæ</i>)—may be found in some limestone and chalk districts, and +<i>Violaceæ</i>)—may be found in some limestone and chalk districts, and also on some dry soils removed from calcareous rocks. It has no runners like those of other species, and its cordate leaves are very hairy, on petioles covered with spreading hairs. The flowers are scentless, pale violet or white, with bracts below the middle of the peduncle; and the spur of the corolla is long, blunt, flattened, and hooked.</p> -<p>Two species of Flax (order <i>Linaceæ</i>) are to be found on chalky soils. +<p>Two species of Flax (order <i>Linaceæ</i>) are to be found on chalky soils. One—the Perennial Flax (<i>Linum perenne</i>)—grows in hilly districts, but is not at all common. It is a slender plant, with numerous wiry stems from one to two feet high; and sessile, linear, acute leaves. The petals @@ -10736,7 +10720,7 @@ linear-lanceolate. The corolla is of a lighter lilac-blue colour. <i>L. perenne</i> blooms during June and July, and the narrow-leaved species from June to September. The latter is shown on <a href="#PlateVIII">Plate VIII</a>.</p> -<p>Quite a number of species of leguminous plants (order <i>Leguminosæ</i>), +<p>Quite a number of species of leguminous plants (order <i>Leguminosæ</i>), may, as a rule, be met with on dry soils, but only two common ones may be described as particularly partial to chalk and limestone localities. These are the Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch (<i>Hippocrepis comosa</i>) and the @@ -10765,7 +10749,7 @@ lower edge. This species flowers during June and July.</p> </div> <p>On some chalky heaths the True Sweet-briar (<i>Rosa rubiginosa</i>—order -<i>Rosaceæ</i>) is a common shrub, growing from three to six feet high, and +<i>Rosaceæ</i>) is a common shrub, growing from three to six feet high, and flowering during June and July. It is an erect and compact bush, with numerous prickles of varying shapes—the larger ones being hooked, while the smaller are straight and very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span> unequal. The leaves are compound and @@ -10800,7 +10784,7 @@ flowers during June, July, and August.</p> <p>The Field Gentian.</p> </div> -<p>The Bedstraw Family (order <i>Rubiaceæ</i>) is represented on the chalk by +<p>The Bedstraw Family (order <i>Rubiaceæ</i>) is represented on the chalk by the Rough-fruited Corn Bedstraw (<i>Galium tricorne</i>), which is common in fields. It is a spreading plant, with procumbent stems, one to three feet long; and small, long, narrow leaves, rough with recurved prickles, @@ -10809,7 +10793,7 @@ white, grouped in little cymes of three. The fruit is comparatively large, and granulated, but not bristly, and it droops by the bending of the pedicel. The plant flowers from June to October.</p> -<p>The Red Spur Valerian (<i>Centranthus ruber</i>—order <i>Valerianaceæ</i>) is a +<p>The Red Spur Valerian (<i>Centranthus ruber</i>—order <i>Valerianaceæ</i>) is a glaucous, leafy plant (see <a href="#PlateVIII">Plate VIII</a>), sometimes growing to a height of two feet or more, often to be seen in chalk-pits and limestone quarries, and frequently on old walls. It is not indigenous, but is @@ -10844,7 +10828,7 @@ colour, with leaflike bracts, arranged in a branched corymb. The involucre bracts are linear and reflexed, and the ray florets are inconspicuous.</p> -<p>Two representatives of the order <i>Gentianaceæ</i> are commonly found on +<p>Two representatives of the order <i>Gentianaceæ</i> are commonly found on chalk hills and pastures; they are the Field Gentian (<i>Gentiana campestris</i>), and the Perfoliate Yellow-wort (<i>Chlora perfoliata</i>, or <i>Blackstonia perfoliata</i>). The former is an erect plant, from four to @@ -10867,7 +10851,7 @@ corolla are spreading. This plant flowers from June to September.</p> <p>Some species of Mullein (<i>Verbascum</i>) are particularly partial to chalk and limestone districts. They are handsome plants, belonging to the -order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>, rendered conspicuous by their woolly leaves and +order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>, rendered conspicuous by their woolly leaves and spikes of yellow or white flowers. The Great Mullein (<i>V. Thapsus</i>) is common on banks and roadsides, and flowers from June to August. Its stem is stout, erect, very woolly, and varies from two to five feet in @@ -10941,7 +10925,7 @@ red, as the common name suggests, but rose-coloured, while in <i>G. tetrahit</i> it is purple or white, and in <i>G. versicolor</i> it is yellow. The upper lip of the flower, too, is only slightly notched.</p> -<p>The Viper's Bugloss (<i>Echium vulgare</i>—order <i>Boraginaceæ</i>) is common on +<p>The Viper's Bugloss (<i>Echium vulgare</i>—order <i>Boraginaceæ</i>) is common on dry soils, especially in calcareous districts, where it is often found close to the sea, even on the beach very near high-water level. It is a very peculiar plant, both stem and leaves being thickly covered with @@ -10961,7 +10945,7 @@ lower leaves, too, are oblong and stalked, while the upper ones are cordate and half clasp the stem.</p> <p>No doubt the reader is already acquainted with the commoner Plantains -(order <i>Plantaginaceæ</i>), so easily distinguished by their spreading +(order <i>Plantaginaceæ</i>), so easily distinguished by their spreading radical leaves, with prominent, parallel ribs, and their dense spikes of greenish flowers. There are five British species, one of which—the Hoary Plantain or Lamb's-tongue (<i>Plantago media</i>) is particularly @@ -10985,7 +10969,7 @@ on the tips of long filaments.</p> masses. B, stigma.</span></p> </div> -<p>We have now to consider several representatives of the <i>Orchidaceæ</i>, and +<p>We have now to consider several representatives of the <i>Orchidaceæ</i>, and it will be well here to note the general characters of this remarkable order as a whole. The Orchids have rounded or palmate tuberous roots, a few glossy leaves which sheath the stem, and simple spikes or racemes of @@ -11112,14 +11096,14 @@ and May.</p> <p>Our last example of this order is the pretty little Fly Orchis (<i>Ophrys muscifera</i>). It is a slender plant, with a few oblong leaves, and usually from two to ten flowers arranged in a loose spike. The sepals -are yellowish-green, and the very slender petals resemble the antennæ of +are yellowish-green, and the very slender petals resemble the antennæ of an insect. The lip of the flower is of a brownish purple colour, with a blue blotch in the middle; and is oblong, with three lobes, the middle of which is divided into two. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span> species grows from six inches to a foot in height, and flowers from May to July. It is moderately common in the open spaces and on the banks of some calcareous districts.</p> -<p>Although a great variety of Grasses (order <i>Gramineæ</i>) are to be found +<p>Although a great variety of Grasses (order <i>Gramineæ</i>) are to be found on calcareous soils, there are two common species which are almost exclusively confined to dry, chalky pastures. One is the Downy Oat Grass (<i>Avena pubescens</i>), which flowers in June and July. It has a creeping @@ -11164,7 +11148,7 @@ not many which require the extreme wetness of soil that restricts them to the sodden banks of rivers and streams.</p> <p>Our first example is the Common Meadow Rue (<i>Thalictrum flavum</i>). It -belongs to the order <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, but its pale yellow flowers do not, +belongs to the order <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, but its pale yellow flowers do not, at first sight, suggest a resemblance to the buttercups, anemones, and other favourite flowers of this group, for they have no petals, very small sepals, and are rendered conspicuous only by their @@ -11176,7 +11160,7 @@ during July and August.</p> garden flower, which is occasionally seen wild near the banks of streams and ditches, we come to the Blue Meadow Crane's-bill (<i>Geranium pratense</i>)—one of the several species of pretty Wild Geraniums (order -<i>Geraniaceæ</i>). It is a downy plant, varying from one to four feet high, +<i>Geraniaceæ</i>). It is a downy plant, varying from one to four feet high, with an erect stem, swollen at the nodes; and opposite, roundish leaves, deeply divided into five or seven lobes with sharp segments. The flowers are of a bluish purple colour, an inch or more in diameter, usually @@ -11196,7 +11180,7 @@ thickets. It flowers in June and July.</p> <p>The Common Meadow Rue.</p> </div> -<p>The Hemp Agrimony (<i>Eupatorium cannabinum</i>), of the order <i>Compositæ</i>, +<p>The Hemp Agrimony (<i>Eupatorium cannabinum</i>), of the order <i>Compositæ</i>, is very common along the banks of streams and on the borders of wayside ditches all over Britain. It would hardly be taken for a composite flower by those who are acquainted only with the more typical members of @@ -11223,7 +11207,7 @@ same genus—the Common Skull-cap (<i>Scutellaria galericulata</i>)—th frequently seen on the banks of streams and in other wet places. The latter is a slightly downy plant, with a creeping stock, and a slender, branched stem from eight to sixteen inches high. Its leaves are -opposite, as in other plants of the same order (<i>Labiatæ</i>), with very +opposite, as in other plants of the same order (<i>Labiatæ</i>), with very short stalks, and crenate or slightly-toothed edges. The flowers are in pairs in the axils of the leaves, almost sessile, and all turned towards the same side of the stem. On the back of the two-lipped calyx is a @@ -11236,7 +11220,7 @@ July to September.</p> <p>On the banks of streams and ditches we may often meet with the Comfrey (<i>Symphytum officinale</i>)—a coarse and rough but pretty plant belonging -to the <i>Boraginaceæ</i>. It has a stout, branching stem, two or three feet +to the <i>Boraginaceæ</i>. It has a stout, branching stem, two or three feet high; and the stem-leaves extend downward on its surface forming wing-like ridges. The lower leaves are stalked, broader than the upper ones, generally from six to eight inches long; and all the leaves are @@ -11254,7 +11238,7 @@ blooms during May and June.</p> </div> <p>The Yellow Loosestrife (<i>Lysimachia vulgaris</i>), of the order -<i>Primulaceæ</i> is a beautiful river-side plant, common in most parts, +<i>Primulaceæ</i> is a beautiful river-side plant, common in most parts, flowering during July and August. Its stem is stout, erect, branched,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span> slightly downy, from two to three feet high; and its leaves are ovate or lanceolate, sessile, and arranged in opposite pairs or in whorls of @@ -11276,12 +11260,12 @@ habitat, but rather grows in marshes and wet places generally, it is described in another chapter (<a href="#XV">XV</a>). It should be noted, however, that the two plants are not so nearly allied as the popular names suggest; for while the one described above is of the Primrose family, the latter is a -member of the <i>Lythraceæ</i>, and differs in having a corolla of free +member of the <i>Lythraceæ</i>, and differs in having a corolla of free petals.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span></p> -<p>Passing now to the order <i>Polygonaceæ</i> we have to note the Great Water +<p>Passing now to the order <i>Polygonaceæ</i> we have to note the Great Water Dock (<i>Rumex Hydrolapathum</i>)—a smooth plant, varying from three to six feet in height, much resembling other Common Docks in general appearance, but found almost always on the borders of streams and ponds. @@ -11296,7 +11280,7 @@ fruit. Each flower has six stamens and three very short styles. This plant is in flower during July and August.</p> <p>A few species of Willows and Sallows that grow on the banks of streams -belong to the order <i>Salicaceæ</i>, and have the following features in +belong to the order <i>Salicaceæ</i>, and have the following features in common:—Their leaves are simple, stipulate, and deciduous. The flowers are imperfect, in erect catkins with small scales at the base, the male and the female flowers being produced on separate trees or shrubs. Each @@ -11399,7 +11383,7 @@ atmosphere, they lose but little water by evaporation, and thus require no reserves within their leaves or stems.</p> <p>Our first species is the well-known Wallflower (<i>Cheiranthus cheiri</i>), -of the order <i>Cruciferæ</i>. It is a rather shrubby plant, frequent on old +of the order <i>Cruciferæ</i>. It is a rather shrubby plant, frequent on old walls and ruins, where it flowers during April and May. Though too familiar to need any description, we may note that in the wild state it varies from six to twelve inches high, and bears sweetly-scented, yellow @@ -11422,7 +11406,7 @@ England, and flowers from July to September or early October.</p> <p>On dry rocks, chiefly in the hilly and mountainous districts of North and West Britain, we meet with the Vernal Sandwort (<i>Arenaria verna</i>) of -the order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i>. This is a little tufted plant, only from two +the order <i>Caryophyllaceæ</i>. This is a little tufted plant, only from two to four inches high, with branched stems more or less decumbent at the base; and small, sessile, opposite, very narrow leaves, each with three veins. The starlike, white flowers are about a third of an inch across, @@ -11437,7 +11421,7 @@ valves.</p> almost essentially a plant of walls and rocks. It is a beautiful species, smooth and shining in all its parts, with a tendency to turn red, like the Herb Robert; and, as in other plants of its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span> order -(<i>Geraniaceæ</i>), distinguished by the swollen joints of its stem. The +(<i>Geraniaceæ</i>), distinguished by the swollen joints of its stem. The leaves are almost round in general outline, but are deeply divided into five, broad, coarsely-toothed segments. The flowers are small, rose-coloured, and generally grow in pairs on axillary stalks. They have @@ -11451,7 +11435,7 @@ September.</p> <p>The Biting Stonecrop or Wall Pepper.</p> </div> -<p>We have now to consider a few species of the order <i>Crassulaceæ</i>, which +<p>We have now to consider a few species of the order <i>Crassulaceæ</i>, which includes some very interesting succulent plants that are peculiarly adapted to a life in the dryest of situations on walls, roofs, &c. In addition to the thick, fleshy nature of their stems and leaves, these @@ -11501,7 +11485,7 @@ almost globular in form. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_32 three-cleft panicles, have very short, blunt sepals; and much longer, narrow, pointed petals.</p> -<p>The same order (<i>Crassulaceæ</i>) includes the House Leek (<i>Sempervivum +<p>The same order (<i>Crassulaceæ</i>) includes the House Leek (<i>Sempervivum tectorum</i>)—a plant which has been introduced into Britain, and is now commonly seen growing wild on rocks and on the roofs of country houses. Its spreading offsets give rise to globular tufts of flowerless shoots, @@ -11613,7 +11597,7 @@ one-third as long as the petals. This species flowers from May to July.</p> <p>Old walls, ruins, and limestone cliffs are frequently adorned with the pretty flowers of the Snapdragon (<i>Antirrhinum majus</i>—order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span> -<i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>) which bloom from July to September. The plant varies +<i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>) which bloom from July to September. The plant varies from one to two feet in height, is tufted and leafy at the base, and has erect stems which bear racemes of large flowers. The leaves are very narrow and entire; and the flowers, which are usually white, pink or @@ -11643,7 +11627,7 @@ closing the mouth, but it has a short spur at the base.</p> <p>The one remaining flower of this chapter is the Wall Pellitory (<i>Parietaria officinalis</i>), which belongs to the Nettle family -(<i>Urticaceæ</i>). It is a somewhat bushy plant, varying from six inches to +(<i>Urticaceæ</i>). It is a somewhat bushy plant, varying from six inches to two feet in height, bearing axillary clusters of small, sessile, green flowers from June to September, and is common on walls and stony banks, more especially in the South of England. Most of the flowers are usually @@ -12046,7 +12030,7 @@ round Killarney and in other parts.</p> <p>In conclusion, we must note one autumn flower of the woods which is exceedingly common—that of the Ivy (<i>Hedera Helix</i>), belonging to the -order <i>Araliaceæ</i>. The Ivy is an evergreen climber, fixing itself by +order <i>Araliaceæ</i>. The Ivy is an evergreen climber, fixing itself by means of little rootlike suckers attached to the main stem and its branches, while the lower branches trail along the ground. The leaves are thick and glossy, usually of a deep green colour, but often @@ -12128,14 +12112,14 @@ ovary has two distinct styles, and the fruit is a globular capsule. The following summary of distinguishing features will enable the reader to identify the British species of the genus:—</p> -<p>1. The Greater Dodder (<i>Cuscuta europæa</i>).—A plant of a greenish yellow +<p>1. The Greater Dodder (<i>Cuscuta europæa</i>).—A plant of a greenish yellow colour, generally more or less tinged with red, with flowers in sessile, globular clusters nearly half an inch in diameter, each individual flower being about a tenth of an inch. This species is not abundant. It may be met with in hop-fields, and is also parasitic on nettles, various shrubs, and trees, including the elder and the ash.</p> -<p>2. The Flax Dodder (<i>C. Epilinum</i>).—Very much like <i>C. europæa</i>, but +<p>2. The Flax Dodder (<i>C. Epilinum</i>).—Very much like <i>C. europæa</i>, but the flowers are fewer in number, larger, and more fleshy. The calyx is nearly as long as the corolla, with sharply-pointed segments; and the corolla tube is always globular. This species is not indigenous, but is @@ -12154,7 +12138,7 @@ cylindrical in form. It is rare, but sometimes appears in undesirable numbers in clover fields.</p> <p>All the species produce their flowers in August and September, but <i>C. -europæa</i> may often be seen in bloom very early in July.</p> +europæa</i> may often be seen in bloom very early in July.</p> <p>The seeds of the Dodder fall from the opened capsules during late summer and early autumn, alighting on the soil, or on the decomposing foliage @@ -12235,7 +12219,7 @@ served as its host.</p> incapable of building up organic compounds for themselves, derive their food from the roots of trees and shrubs.</p> -<p>Among these is the Toothwort (<i>Lathræa</i>), which is carnivorous as well +<p>Among these is the Toothwort (<i>Lathræa</i>), which is carnivorous as well as parasitic, and is described in our chapter (<a href="#XXIV">XXIV</a>) dealing with carnivorous plants, so that we need only refer here to its habit as a parasite.</p> @@ -12252,7 +12236,7 @@ the root to extract its sap. The parasite now grows very rapidly, producing its underground stems, with their fleshy, overlapping scales, as described on p. <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p> -<p>The Broomrapes of the same order (<i>Orobanchaceæ</i>) are very similar in +<p>The Broomrapes of the same order (<i>Orobanchaceæ</i>) are very similar in their parasitic habits to the Toothwort, and, like the latter, they possess no chlorophyll. The seeds germinate on the damp soil, producing a long, narrow embryo that grows downward into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span> the ground until it @@ -12320,7 +12304,7 @@ obtains the whole of its food, with the exception of carbonic acid gas, direct from its host.</p> <p>This plant—the Mistletoe (<i>Viscum album</i>), of the order -<i>Loranthaceæ</i>—is attached to the tree on which it grows by a thick stem +<i>Loranthaceæ</i>—is attached to the tree on which it grows by a thick stem that becomes woody when old. Its branches are of a yellowish-green colour, and are repeatedly forked in such a manner as to form a dense tuft that often reaches a diameter of two feet or more. The leaves are @@ -12410,7 +12394,7 @@ others, under similar conditions, though they reach what we may term the adult stage, remain somewhat weak and stunted, and produce but few flowers and fruits.</p> -<p>Most of the plants referred to belong to the order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>, +<p>Most of the plants referred to belong to the order <i>Scrophulariaceæ</i>, and among them we may mention the Eyebright (<i>Euphrasia</i>), the Yellow Rattle (<i>Rhinanthus</i>), the Cow-wheat (<i>Melampyrum</i>), and the Lousewort (<i>Pedicularis</i>). They generally appear in large numbers close together, @@ -12485,7 +12469,7 @@ at least at the time of flowering, but consist of a tuft of long, rootlike, submerged branches, bearing much-divided leaves, and sending leafless stalks of yellow flowers above the surface of the water. These plants are the Bladderworts (<i>Utricularia</i>), of the order -<i>Lentibulaceæ</i>, and are so called because they have little air-bladders +<i>Lentibulaceæ</i>, and are so called because they have little air-bladders either attached to the leaves or supported on leafless branches.</p> <p>The leaves are divided into numerous very narrow segments, thus @@ -12509,7 +12493,7 @@ easy ingress, but no exit. It does not seem to produce any secretion which would hasten the death of the creatures entrapped, nor does it appear to produce any kind of digestive fluid, as is the case with other carnivorous plants; but small aquatic creatures, such as water-fleas, -cyclops, very small larvæ, &c., entering the bladders for shelter or +cyclops, very small larvæ, &c., entering the bladders for shelter or some other purpose, are securely imprisoned until they die of starvation or suffocation; and their bodies then decay, giving rise to soluble gases and other products which are absorbed into the plant by special @@ -12530,7 +12514,7 @@ branches.</p> <p>In the <a href="#XXIII">preceding chapter</a> we gave an account of certain plants which are parasitic on other plants and trees, deriving more or less of their nutriment from their vegetable hosts. One of these—the Tooth-wort -(<i>Lathræa squamaria</i>), of the order <i>Orobanchaceæ</i>—is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span> not only a +(<i>Lathræa squamaria</i>), of the order <i>Orobanchaceæ</i>—is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span> not only a parasite, deriving nourishment from the roots of trees, but is also a carnivorous species, feeding on minute animals which are captured and digested by its peculiar leaves; and therefore it may be conveniently @@ -12779,7 +12763,7 @@ text.</p> <p>The first number given after each name is the height, or, in the case of climbing and trailing species, the length of the plant; and this is followed by the colour and diameter, of the flower, or, in the case of -the <i>Dipsaceæ</i>, <i>Compositæ</i>, and some other plants in which the flowers +the <i>Dipsaceæ</i>, <i>Compositæ</i>, and some other plants in which the flowers are densely clustered, the diameter of the cluster or head.</p> <p>Abbreviations are used as follows:—</p> @@ -14075,7 +14059,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <tr> <th class="nam"> </th><th class="pag">PAGE</th> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" style="padding-top: 0;" colspan="2">Ranunculaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" style="padding-top: 0;" colspan="2">Ranunculaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Clematis Vitalba</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> @@ -14138,12 +14122,12 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Berberaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Berberaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Berberis vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Papaveraceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Papaveraceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Papaver hybridum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> @@ -14163,12 +14147,12 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Chelidonium majus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Fumariaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Fumariaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Fumaria officinalis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cruciferæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cruciferæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Thlaspi arvense</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> @@ -14194,7 +14178,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Barbarea vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Barbarea præcox</td> +<td class="nam">Barbarea præcox</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Nasturtium officinale</td> @@ -14242,7 +14226,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Raphanus Raphanistrum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Resedaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Resedaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Reseda luteola</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> @@ -14250,7 +14234,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Reseda lutea</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cistaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cistaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Helianthemum vulgare</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> @@ -14258,7 +14242,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Helianthemum canum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span>Violaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span>Violaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Viola palustris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> @@ -14275,7 +14259,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Viola tricolor</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Droseraceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Droseraceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Drosera rotundifolia</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_355">355</a></td> @@ -14286,12 +14270,12 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Drosera anglica</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_355">355</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Polygalaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Polygalaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Polygala vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Caryophyllaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Caryophyllaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Dianthus Armeria</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> @@ -14344,7 +14328,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Cerastium triviale</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Linaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Linaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Linum usitatissimum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td> @@ -14355,7 +14339,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Linum angustifolium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Malvaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Malvaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Malva moschata</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> @@ -14366,17 +14350,17 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Malva rotundifolia</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Althæa officinalis</td> +<td class="nam">Althæa officinalis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Tiliaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Tiliaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Tilia vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Hypericaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Hypericaceæ</td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Hypericum Androsæmum</td> +<td class="nam">Hypericum Androsæmum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Hypericum calycinum</td> @@ -14397,7 +14381,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Hypericum Elodes</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Aceraceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Aceraceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Acer campestre</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> @@ -14405,7 +14389,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Acer Pseudo-platanus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Geraniaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Geraniaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Geranium sanguineum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> @@ -14437,22 +14421,22 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Erodium cicutarium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Oxalidaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Oxalidaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Oxalis Acetosella</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Celastraceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Celastraceæ</td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Euonymus europæus</td> +<td class="nam">Euonymus europæus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Leguminosæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Leguminosæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Sarothamus scoparius</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Ulex europæus</td> +<td class="nam">Ulex europæus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Ulex nanus</td> @@ -14566,7 +14550,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Lathyrus palustris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Rosaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Rosaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Prunus spinosa</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> @@ -14583,10 +14567,10 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Prunus Avium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Spiræa Ulmaria</td> +<td class="nam">Spiræa Ulmaria</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Spiræa Filipendula</td> +<td class="nam">Spiræa Filipendula</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Geum urbanum</td> @@ -14613,7 +14597,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Fragaria vesca</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Rubus Idæus</td> +<td class="nam">Rubus Idæus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Rubus fruticosus</td> @@ -14637,7 +14621,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Alchemilla vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Cratægus Oxyacantha</td> +<td class="nam">Cratægus Oxyacantha</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Pyrus communis</td> @@ -14655,7 +14639,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Pyrus Aucuparia</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Onagraceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Onagraceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Epilobium angustifolium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> @@ -14675,20 +14659,20 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Epilobium tetragonum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Circæa lutetiana</td> +<td class="nam">Circæa lutetiana</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Lythraceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Lythraceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Lythrum Salicaria</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cucurbitaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cucurbitaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Bryonia dioica</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Grossulariaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Grossulariaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Ribes nigrum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> @@ -14696,7 +14680,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Ribes rubrum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Crassulaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Crassulaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Sedum Telephium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> @@ -14716,7 +14700,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Cotyledon umbilicus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Saxifragaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Saxifragaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Saxifraga umbrosa</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_324">324</a></td> @@ -14742,7 +14726,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Chrysosplenium alternifolium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Araliaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Araliaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Adoxa Moschatellina</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> @@ -14750,12 +14734,12 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Hedera Helix</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cornaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cornaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Cornus sanguinea</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Umbelliferæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Umbelliferæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Cicuta virosa</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> @@ -14763,7 +14747,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Hydrocotyle vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Sanicula europæa</td> +<td class="nam">Sanicula europæa</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Conium maculatum</td> @@ -14772,7 +14756,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Helosciadium nodiflorum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Ægopodium Podagraria</td> +<td class="nam">Ægopodium Podagraria</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Bunium flexuosum</td> @@ -14790,7 +14774,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Œnanthe Phellandrium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Æthusa cynapium</td> +<td class="nam">Æthusa cynapium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Angelica sylvestris</td> @@ -14820,15 +14804,15 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Anthriscus cerefolium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Chærophyllum temulum</td> +<td class="nam">Chærophyllum temulum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Loranthaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Loranthaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Viscum album</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_346">346</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Caprifoliaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Caprifoliaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Sambucus nigra</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> @@ -14848,7 +14832,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Lonicera Xylosteum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Rubiaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Rubiaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Galium verum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td> @@ -14880,7 +14864,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Asperula cynanchica</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Valerianaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Valerianaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Centranthus ruber</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td> @@ -14891,7 +14875,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Valeriana officinalis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Dipsaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Dipsaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Dipsacus sylvestris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> @@ -14905,7 +14889,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Knautia arvensis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Compositæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Compositæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Tragopogon pratensis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> @@ -15030,7 +15014,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Senecio vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Senecio Jacobæa</td> +<td class="nam">Senecio Jacobæa</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Senecio aquaticus</td> @@ -15081,7 +15065,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Achillea millefolium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Campanulaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Campanulaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Campanula rotundifolia</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td> @@ -15110,7 +15094,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Jasione montana</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Ericaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Ericaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Erica Tetralix</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td> @@ -15124,7 +15108,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Calluna vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Vacciniaceæ <span class="nobold">(often included in the <b>Ericaceæ</b>)</span></td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Vacciniaceæ <span class="nobold">(often included in the <b>Ericaceæ</b>)</span></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Vaccinium Myrtillus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td> @@ -15132,15 +15116,15 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Vaccinium uliginosum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Vaccinium Vitis-idæa</td> +<td class="nam">Vaccinium Vitis-idæa</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Aquifoliaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Aquifoliaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Ilex Aquifolium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Oleaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Oleaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Ligustrum vulgare</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> @@ -15148,7 +15132,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Fraxinus excelsior</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Apocynaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Apocynaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Vinca minor</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> @@ -15156,7 +15140,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Vinca major</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Gentianaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Gentianaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Gentiana Pneumonanthe</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td> @@ -15167,7 +15151,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Gentiana campestris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Erythræa Centaurium</td> +<td class="nam">Erythræa Centaurium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Chlora perfoliata</td> @@ -15176,7 +15160,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Menyanthes trifoliata</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Convolvulaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Convolvulaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Convolvulus arvensis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> @@ -15184,7 +15168,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Convolvulus sepium</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Cuscuta europæa</td> +<td class="nam">Cuscuta europæa</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Cuscuta Epilinum</td> @@ -15196,7 +15180,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Cuscuta Trifolii</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Solanaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Solanaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Hyoscyamus niger</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> @@ -15210,7 +15194,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Atropa belladonna</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Scrophulariaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Scrophulariaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Verbascum Thapsus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td> @@ -15242,7 +15226,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Veronica officinalis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Veronica Chamædrys</td> +<td class="nam">Veronica Chamædrys</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Veronica arvensis</td> @@ -15296,7 +15280,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Linaria vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Orobanchaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Orobanchaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Orobanche Rapum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td> @@ -15310,15 +15294,15 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Orobanche minor</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_346">346</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Lathræa squamaria</td> +<td class="nam">Lathræa squamaria</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Verbenaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Verbenaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Verbena officinalis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span>Labiatæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span>Labiatæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Salvia Verbenaca</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_306">306</a></td> @@ -15326,7 +15310,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Salvia pratensis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Lycopus europæus</td> +<td class="nam">Lycopus europæus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Mentha rotundifolia</td> @@ -15404,7 +15388,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Scutellaria minor</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Boraginaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Boraginaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Myosotis palustris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> @@ -15412,7 +15396,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Myosotis repens</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="nam">Myosotis cæspitosa</td> +<td class="nam">Myosotis cæspitosa</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Myosotis sylvatica</td> @@ -15454,7 +15438,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Echium Plantagineum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Lentibulaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Lentibulaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Pinguicula vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_353">353</a></td> @@ -15474,7 +15458,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Utricularia intermedia</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Primulaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Primulaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Primula vulgaris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> @@ -15494,7 +15478,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Anagallis tenella</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Plantaginaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Plantaginaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Plantago major</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> @@ -15508,7 +15492,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Plantago Coronopus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Chenopodiaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Chenopodiaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Chenopodium olidum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> @@ -15534,7 +15518,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Atriplex patula</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Polygonaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Polygonaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Polygonum Persicaria</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> @@ -15566,7 +15550,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Rumex Acetosella</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Thymelaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Thymelaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Daphne Laureola</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> @@ -15574,7 +15558,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Daphne Mezereum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Euphorbiaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Euphorbiaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Euphorbia Helioscopia</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> @@ -15588,7 +15572,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Mercurialis perennis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span>Urticaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span>Urticaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Urtica dioica</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> @@ -15605,7 +15589,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Humulus Lupulus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Ulmaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Ulmaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Ulmus campestris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> @@ -15613,7 +15597,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Ulmus montana</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cupuliferæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cupuliferæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Quercus Robur</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> @@ -15627,7 +15611,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Corylus Avellana</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Betulaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Betulaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Betula alba</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> @@ -15638,7 +15622,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Alnus glutinosa</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Salicaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Salicaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Populus nigra</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> @@ -15655,7 +15639,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Salix (<i>Willows</i>)</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Coniferæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Coniferæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Pinus sylvestris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> @@ -15666,7 +15650,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Taxus baccata</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Orchidaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Orchidaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Spiranthes autumnalis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td> @@ -15719,17 +15703,17 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Cypripedium Calceolus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Iridaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Iridaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Iris Pseudacorus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Amaryllidaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Amaryllidaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Liliaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Liliaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Allium Scorodoprasum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> @@ -15746,17 +15730,17 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Ruscus aculeatus</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Dioscoreaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Dioscoreaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Tamus communis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Araceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Araceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Arum maculatum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Juncaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Juncaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Narthecium ossifragum</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> @@ -15779,7 +15763,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Luzula campestris</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cyperaceæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Cyperaceæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Eriophorum polystachyon</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> @@ -15796,7 +15780,7 @@ Fine-leaved Heath. 1-2 ft. P. or W. ⅛ in. (Moors)</td><td class="pag"><a h <td class="nam">Carex hirta</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> </tr><tr> -<td class="fam" colspan="2">Gramineæ</td> +<td class="fam" colspan="2">Gramineæ</td> </tr><tr> <td class="nam">Phalaris canariensis</td> <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> @@ -16146,7 +16130,7 @@ version.</p> <p>P. 93 "Wild Strawbery" changed to Strawberry</p> -<p>P. 94 "Caprifoliacæ" changed to Caprifoliaceæ</p> +<p>P. 94 "Caprifoliacæ" changed to Caprifoliaceæ</p> <p>P. 118 "stems each bears a" changed to bear</p> @@ -16156,7 +16140,7 @@ version.</p> <p>P. 207 "is usually nubranched" changed to unbranched</p> -<p>P. 228 "Convolvulacæ" changed to Convolvulaceæ</p> +<p>P. 228 "Convolvulacæ" changed to Convolvulaceæ</p> <p>P. 265 "which is somewhat resembles" changed to it</p> @@ -16173,360 +16157,6 @@ version.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 42696-h.txt or 42696-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/6/9/42696">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/6/9/42696</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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