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diff --git a/42680-h/42680-h.htm b/42680-h/42680-h.htm index 025d2c0..316a1c1 100644 --- a/42680-h/42680-h.htm +++ b/42680-h/42680-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sixty Years in Southern California, by Harris Newmark. @@ -197,50 +197,7 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sixty Years in Southern California 1853-1913, by -Harris Newmark - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Sixty Years in Southern California 1853-1913 - Containing the Reminiscences of Harris Newmark - -Author: Harris Newmark - -Editor: Maurice H. Newmark - Marco R. Newmark - -Release Date: May 10, 2013 [EBook #42680] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS IN SOUTHERN *** - - - - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42680 ***</div> <div class="tnbox"> <p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p> @@ -339,12 +296,12 @@ Dwight Willard, urged me to write out my recollections of the five or six decades I had already passed in Los Angeles, expressing his regret that many pioneers had carried from this world so much that might have been of interest to -both the Angeleño of the present and the future historian of +both the Angeleño of the present and the future historian of Southern California; but as I had always led an active life of business or travel, and had neither fitted myself for any sort of literary undertaking nor attempted one, I gave scant attention to the proposal. Mr. Willard's persistency, however, -together with the prospect of coöperation offered me by my +together with the prospect of coöperation offered me by my sons, finally overcame my reluctance and I determined to commence the work.</p> @@ -384,7 +341,7 @@ Dr. Worden spent many months searching the newspapers, magazines and books—some of whose titles find special mention in the text—which deal with Southern California and its past; and he also interviewed many pioneers, to each of whom -I owe acknowledgment for ready and friendly coöperation. In +I owe acknowledgment for ready and friendly coöperation. In short, no pains was spared to confirm and amplify all the facts and narratives.</p> @@ -475,7 +432,7 @@ stories—Adam and Eve; Abraham, Isaac and Jacob; Saul and David and Samson and Delilah; Solomon, Job, and Jesus the Christ! And if anyone thinks Moses worked-in a little too much of the Family Tree—he doesn't know what biblical -archæology is doing. For it is thanks to these same "petty" +archæology is doing. For it is thanks to these same "petty" <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XII" id="Page_XII">xii</a></span> details that modern Science, in its excavations and decipherings, has verified the Bible and resolved many of its riddles!</p> @@ -515,11 +472,11 @@ life and customs and growth, for its most formative half-century.</p> <p>This is <i>not</i> a history. It is two other much more necessary things—for there is no such thing as a real History of Los -Angeles, and cannot be for years. These are the frank, naïve, +Angeles, and cannot be for years. These are the frank, naïve, conversational memoirs of a man who for more than sixty <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XIII" id="Page_XIII">xiii</a></span> years could say of Southern California almost as truly as -Æneas of his own time—"All of which I saw, much of which I +Æneas of his own time—"All of which I saw, much of which I was." The keen observation, the dry humor, the fireside intimacy of the talk, the equity and accuracy of memory and judgment—all these make it a book which will be much more @@ -554,7 +511,7 @@ domain.</p> <h2>PREFACE</h2> -<p>The Editors wish to acknowledge the coöperation given, +<p>The Editors wish to acknowledge the coöperation given, from time to time, by many whose names, already mentioned in the text, are not repeated here, and in particular to Drs. Leo Newmark and Charles F. Lummis, and @@ -592,7 +549,7 @@ Housefield Lowe, Mrs. Celeste Manning, Mrs. Morris Meyberg, Miss Louisa Meyer, William Meying, Charles E. Mitchell, R. C. Neuendorffer, S. B. Norton, B. H. Prentice, Burr Price, Edward H. Quimby, B. B. Rich, Edward I. Robinson, W. J. Rouse, -Paul P. Royere, Louis Sainsevain, Ludwig Schiff, R. D. Sepúlveda, +Paul P. Royere, Louis Sainsevain, Ludwig Schiff, R. D. Sepúlveda, Calvin Luther Severy, Miss Emily R. Smith, Miss Harriet Steele, George F. Strobridge, Father Eugene Sugranes, Mrs. Carrie Switzer, Walter P. Temple, W. I. Turck, Judge @@ -873,7 +830,7 @@ A. C. Wheat and Charles L. Wilde. <tr> <td> </td> <td class="tdr">XLI.</td> -<td>—<span class="smcap">The Southwest Archæological Society</span>, 1898-1905</td> +<td>—<span class="smcap">The Southwest Archæological Society</span>, 1898-1905</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_616">616</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1291,7 +1248,7 @@ A. C. Wheat and Charles L. Wilde. <td>From a contemporary map</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The Morris Adobe, once Frémont's Headquarters</span></td> +<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The Morris Adobe, once Frémont's Headquarters</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_351b">291</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1475,7 +1432,7 @@ Pedro Railroad</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> -<td><span class="smcap">Tibúrcio Vasquez</span>,</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Tibúrcio Vasquez</span>,</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -1486,7 +1443,7 @@ Pedro Railroad</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_527a">453</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Nicolás Martinez</span></td> +<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Nicolás Martinez</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_527b">453</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1639,11 +1596,11 @@ Fort Street), near Second</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_706c">616</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Ygnácio Sepúlveda</span></td> +<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Ygnácio Sepúlveda</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_706d">616</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">First Santa Fé Locomotive to Enter Los Angeles</span></td> +<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">First Santa Fé Locomotive to Enter Los Angeles</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_707a">617</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1692,7 +1649,7 @@ CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH<br /> 1834-1853</h2> <p>I was born in Loebau, West Prussia, on the 5th of July, 1834, -the son of Philipp and Esther, <i>née</i> Meyer, Neumark; and +the son of Philipp and Esther, <i>née</i> Meyer, Neumark; and I have reason to believe that I was not a very welcome guest. My parents, who were poor, already had five children, and the prospects of properly supporting the sixth child were @@ -1844,8 +1801,8 @@ wooden boxes, to be applied with a brush, such a thing as waterproof blacking then not being thought of, at least by us. During the summer of 1851, business carried me to Haparanda, about the most northerly port in Sweden; and from there I took -passage, stopping at Luleå, Piteå, Umeå, Hernösand, Sundsvall, -Söderhamn and Gefle, all small places along the route. I transacted +passage, stopping at LuleÃ¥, PiteÃ¥, UmeÃ¥, Hernösand, Sundsvall, +Söderhamn and Gefle, all small places along the route. I transacted <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span> no business, however, on the trip up the coast because it was my intention to return by land, when I should have @@ -1857,7 +1814,7 @@ expectations.</p> the reader will recollect, separates Sweden from Finland, a province most unhappily under Russia's bigoted, despotic sway; and while at Haparanda, I was seized with a desire to -visit Torneå, in Finland. I was well aware that if I attempted +visit TorneÃ¥, in Finland. I was well aware that if I attempted to do so by the regular routes on land, it would be necessary to pass the Russian customhouse, where officers would be sure to examine my passport; and knowing, as the whole liberal @@ -1868,7 +1825,7 @@ the northern part of the Gulf, and thus circumvent these exponents of intolerance. Besides, I was curious to learn whether, in such a benighted country, blacking and ink were used at all. I set out, therefore, through the great moist waste, making my -way without much difficulty, and in due time arrived at Torneå, +way without much difficulty, and in due time arrived at TorneÃ¥, when I proceeded immediately to the first store in the neighborhood; but there I was destined to experience a rude, unexpected setback. An old man, evidently the proprietor, met @@ -1879,7 +1836,7 @@ ceremony, and returned to the place whence I had come. Notwithstanding this adventure, I reached Stockholm in due season, the trip back consuming about three weeks; and during part of that period I subsisted almost entirely on salmon, bear's -meat, milk, and <i>knäckebröd</i>, the last a bread usually made of rye +meat, milk, and <i>knäckebröd</i>, the last a bread usually made of rye flour in which the bran had been preserved. All in all, I was well pleased with this maiden-trip; and as it was then September, I returned to Loebau to spend one more winter at home. @@ -2186,7 +2143,7 @@ I was to obtain funds from my brother with which to continue my journey; but as I had to remain in New York three weeks until their receipt, I could do little more in furthering my departure than to engage second-cabin passage <i>via</i> Nicaragua by -a line running in opposition to the Panamá route, and offering +a line running in opposition to the Panamá route, and offering cheapness as its principal attraction. Having attended to that, I spent the balance of the time visiting and seeing the city, and in making my first commercial venture in the New World. In @@ -2372,7 +2329,7 @@ killing time, I wandered) the heat was just as oppressive as it had been before. People often bunked in the open, a hotel-keeper named Green renting hammocks, at one dollar each, when all his beds had been taken. One of these hammocks I -engaged; but being unaccustomed to such an aërial lodging, +engaged; but being unaccustomed to such an aërial lodging, I was most unceremoniously spilled out, during a deep sleep in the night, falling only a few feet, but seeming, to my stirred-up imagination, to be sliding down through limitless space. @@ -2538,8 +2495,8 @@ San Francisco that is made ground.</p> the South, I was compelled to continue my journey by sea; and on the morning of October 18th, I boarded the steamer <i>Goliah</i>—whose Captain was Salisbury Haley, formerly a surveyor -from Santa Bárbara—bound for Los Angeles, and advertised -to stop at Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Bárbara and +from Santa Bárbara—bound for Los Angeles, and advertised +to stop at Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Bárbara and one or two other landings formerly of importance but now more or less forgotten. There were no wharves at any of those places; passengers and freight were taken ashore in small boats; and @@ -2552,7 +2509,7 @@ themselves. On October 21st we arrived a mile or so off San Pedro, and were disembarked in the manner above described, having luckily suffered no such mishap as that which befell passengers on the steamship <i>Winfield Scott</i> who, journeying -from Panamá but a month or so later, at midnight struck +from Panamá but a month or so later, at midnight struck one of the Anacapa Islands, now belonging to Ventura County, running dead on to the rocks. The vessel in time was smashed to pieces, and the passengers, several hundred in number, were @@ -2561,13 +2518,13 @@ forced to camp on the island for a week or more.</p> <p>Almost from the time of the first visit of a steamer to San Pedro, the <i>Gold Hunter</i> (a side-wheeler which made the voyage <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> -from San Francisco to Mazatlán in 1849), and certainly from +from San Francisco to Mazatlán in 1849), and certainly from the day in January of that same year when Temple & Alexander put on their four-wheeled vehicle, costing one thousand dollars and the second in the county, there was competition in transporting passengers to Los Angeles. Phineas Banning, Augustus W. Timms, J. J. Tomlinson, John Goller, David W. -Alexander, José Rúbio and B. A. Townsend were among the +Alexander, José Rúbio and B. A. Townsend were among the most enterprising commission men; and their keen rivalry brought about two landings—one controlled by Banning, who had come to Los Angeles in 1851, and the other by Timms, after @@ -2737,7 +2694,7 @@ interesting personality with an interesting history. Born in France, he sailed for the United States about the time of the discovery of gold in California, and made his way to San Francisco and the mines, where luck encouraged him to venture -farther and migrate to Mazatlán, Mexico. While prospecting +farther and migrate to Mazatlán, Mexico. While prospecting there, however, he was twice set upon and robbed; and barely escaping with his life, he once more turned northward, this time stopping at San Pedro and Los Angeles. Here, meeting Miss @@ -2956,7 +2913,7 @@ generation or so there would spring into life a prosperous metropolis whose very heart would be situated near where old Mayor Nichols was vainly endeavoring to dispose of thirty-five-acre bargains at thirty-five dollars each—a feature of -municipal coöperation with prospective settlers which was inaugurated +municipal coöperation with prospective settlers which was inaugurated August 13th, 1852, and repealed through dissatisfaction in 1854. Nichols, who, with J. S. Mallard and Lewis Granger, brought one of the first three American families to @@ -2968,7 +2925,7 @@ his official duties, as may be seen from his record in providing Hancock's survey, his construction of the Bath Street School, his encouragement of better irrigation facilities, his introduction of the first fruit grafts—brought, by the way, from far-off -New York—and his reëlection as Mayor in 1856, 1857, and +New York—and his reëlection as Mayor in 1856, 1857, and 1858. In 1869, another son, Daniel B. Nichols, of whom I shall speak, was a participant in a fatal shooting affray here.</p> @@ -3051,7 +3008,7 @@ These volunteer police or Rangers, as they were called, were a company of one hundred or more men under command of Dr. A. W. Hope, and included such well-known early settlers as Nichols, J. G. Downey, S. C. Foster, Agustin Olvera, Juan -Sepúlveda, Horace Bell, M. Keller, Banning, Benjamin Hayes, +Sepúlveda, Horace Bell, M. Keller, Banning, Benjamin Hayes, F. L. Guirado, David Alexander, J. L. Brent and I. S. K. Ogier.</p> <p>Under the new order of things, too, following the adoption @@ -3077,17 +3034,17 @@ Street. All in all, a group of rather strong men!</p> County had their headquarters in the one-story adobe building at the northwest corner of Franklin Alley (later called Jail Street<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>) and Spring Street. In addition to those mentioned, -there was a Justice of the Peace, a <i>Zanjero</i>, and a Jailer. António +there was a Justice of the Peace, a <i>Zanjero</i>, and a Jailer. António Franco Coronel had but recently succeeded Nichols as Mayor; A. S. Beard was Marshal and Tax Collector; Judge William G. Dryden was Clerk; C. E. Carr was Attorney; -Ygnácio Coronel was Assessor; and S. Arbuckle was Treasurer.</p> +Ygnácio Coronel was Assessor; and S. Arbuckle was Treasurer.</p> -<p>António Franco Coronel, after whom Coronel Street is +<p>António Franco Coronel, after whom Coronel Street is named, had just entered upon the duties of Mayor, and was busy enough with the disposal of donation lots when I first commenced to observe Los Angeles' government. He came -from Mexico to California with his father, Don Ygnácio F. +from Mexico to California with his father, Don Ygnácio F. Coronel; and by 1850 he was the first County Assessor. He lived at what is now Alameda and Seventh streets, and had a brother, Manuel, who was City Assessor in 1858.</p> @@ -3164,7 +3121,7 @@ one narrative crediting him with sales to the extent of five thousand dollars or more a day. In those times, however, no store was large enough to contain such a stock; and two successive days of heavy sales would have been impossible. In -1851 Colonel Wheeler, who had been on General Andrés +1851 Colonel Wheeler, who had been on General Andrés Pico's staff, served as a Ranger; and in 1853 he organized the first military company in Los Angeles.</p> @@ -3198,7 +3155,7 @@ track of him.</p> from 1854 to 1857, and again from 1860 to 1863. He always canvassed for votes on horseback until, one day, he fell off and broke his leg, necessitating amputation. This terminated his -active campaigns; but through sympathy he was reëlected, and +active campaigns; but through sympathy he was reëlected, and by a larger majority. Shore was a Democrat.</p> <p>Mention of public officials leads me to speak of an interesting @@ -3207,15 +3164,15 @@ Spring Street near First, where the Schumacher Building now stands, John Schumacher conducted, in a single room, as was then common, a grocery store and bar. A good-hearted, honest German of the old school, and a first-class citizen, -he had come from Würtemberg to America, and then, with +he had come from Würtemberg to America, and then, with Stevenson's Regiment, to California, arriving in Los Angeles in 1847 or 1848. From here he went to Sutter's Creek, where he found a nugget of gold worth eight hundred dollars, for which he was offered land in San Francisco later worth millions—a -tender which the Würtemberger declined; and the same year +tender which the Würtemberger declined; and the same year that I arrived, he returned to Los Angeles, whose activity had increased considerably since he had last seen it. In 1855, -Schumacher married Fräulein Mary Uhrie, from which union +Schumacher married Fräulein Mary Uhrie, from which union six children including two sons, John and Frank G. Schumacher, were born. The eldest daughter became Mrs. Edward A. Preuss. Schumacher established his store, having bought @@ -3255,8 +3212,8 @@ shall relate, by a Frenchman named Lachenais—hanged, in turn, by an exasperated mob.</p> <p>Most political meetings of that period took place at the -Plaza home of Don Ygnácio Del Valle, first County Recorder. -From 1841, Don Ygnácio lived for some time on the San Francisco +Plaza home of Don Ygnácio Del Valle, first County Recorder. +From 1841, Don Ygnácio lived for some time on the San Francisco <i>rancho</i> granted by the King of Spain to his father and confirmed by patent in 1875. He also owned the more famous Camulos <i>rancho</i> on the Santa Clara River, consisting of several @@ -3351,7 +3308,7 @@ state of bewilderment necessary for such an occasion. The Democratic leaders, however, having learned of this magnificent <i>coup</i>, put their heads together and soon resolved to thwart Billy's plan. In company with some prominent Mexican -politicians led by Tomás Sanchez, they loaded themselves +politicians led by Tomás Sanchez, they loaded themselves into a stage and visited the corral; and once arrived there, those that could made such flowery stump speeches in the native language of the horde that, in fifteen or twenty minutes, @@ -3394,10 +3351,10 @@ had received just about fifty votes, he remarked, rather dryly: county!"</p> <p>Another interesting factor in early elections was the vote -of Teháchepi, then in Los Angeles County. About thirty votes +of Teháchepi, then in Los Angeles County. About thirty votes were cast there; but as communication with Los Angeles was irregular, it was sometimes necessary to wait a week or more -to know what bearing the decision of Teháchepi had on the +to know what bearing the decision of Teháchepi had on the general result. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span></p> @@ -3445,7 +3402,7 @@ to decide against Scott's client. Although the Captain lost, he nevertheless counted out to Scott, in shining gold-pieces, the full sum of one thousand dollars as a fee. In 1859, a daughter of Scott married Alfred Beck Chapman, a graduate of West -Point, who came to Los Angeles and Fort Tejón, as an officer, +Point, who came to Los Angeles and Fort Tejón, as an officer, about 1854. Chapman later studied law with Scott, and for twenty years practiced with Andrew Glassell. In 1863, Chapman succeeded M. J. Newmark as City Attorney; and in 1868, @@ -3456,13 +3413,13 @@ Scott, admitted in 1880 to practice in the Supreme Court.</p> <p>Hayes was District Judge when I came, and continued as such for ten or twelve years. His jurisdiction embraced Los -Angeles, San Diego, San Luis Obispo and Santa Bárbara +Angeles, San Diego, San Luis Obispo and Santa Bárbara counties; and the latter section then included Ventura County. The Judge had regular terms in these districts and was compelled to hold court at all of the County seats. A native of Baltimore, Hayes came to Los Angeles on February 3d, 1850—followed on St. Valentine's Day, 1852, by his wife whose -journey from St. Louis, <i>via</i> New Orleans, Havana and Panamá, +journey from St. Louis, <i>via</i> New Orleans, Havana and Panamá, consumed forty-three days on the steamers. He was at once elected the first County Attorney, and tried the famous case against the Irving party. About the same time Hayes formed @@ -3516,16 +3473,16 @@ criminal tendencies as he later developed. Norton died in Los Angeles in 1887; and Norton Avenue recalls his life and work.</p> <p>Judge Hayes' successor, Don Pablo de la Guerra, was born -in the <i>presidio</i> of Santa Bárbara in 1819, a member of one of the +in the <i>presidio</i> of Santa Bárbara in 1819, a member of one of the most popular families of that locality. Although a Spaniard of the Spaniards, he had been educated in an Eastern college, and spoke English fluently. Four times he was elected State -Senator from Santa Bárbara and San Luis Obispo, and was +Senator from Santa Bárbara and San Luis Obispo, and was besides a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1849. Late in 1863, he was a candidate for District Judge when a singular opposition developed that might easily have led, in later years at least, to his defeat. A large part of the -population of Santa Bárbara was related to him by blood or +population of Santa Bárbara was related to him by blood or marriage; and it was argued that, if elected, De la Guerra in many cases would be disqualified from sitting as judge. On January 1st, 1864, however, Don Pablo took up the work as District @@ -3570,7 +3527,7 @@ and in 1846 he sailed with Colonel J. D. Stevenson, in command of Company K, landing, six months later, at the picturesquely-named Yerba Buena, on whose slopes the bustling town of San Francisco was so soon to be founded. When peace with Mexico -was established, Dimmick moved to San José; after which +was established, Dimmick moved to San José; after which with Foster he went to the convention whose mission was to frame a State constitution, and was later chosen Judge of the Supreme Court. In 1852, after having revisited the East and @@ -3602,7 +3559,7 @@ heart disease.</p> from New England as early as 1850, while California government was in its infancy and life anything but secure; and he had not been here more than a few months when the maneuvers -of António Garra, Agua Caliente's chief, threatened an +of António Garra, Agua Caliente's chief, threatened an insurrection extending from Tulare to San Diego and made necessary the organization, under General J. H. Bean, of volunteers to allay the terror-stricken community's fears. @@ -3688,9 +3645,9 @@ was: "Death from intoxication, <i>or</i> by the visitation of God!"</p> <p>Dryden, who was possessed of a genial personality, was long remembered with pleasure for participation in Fourth of July celebrations and processions. He was married, I believe, -in 1851, only one year after he arrived here, to Señorita Dolores +in 1851, only one year after he arrived here, to Señorita Dolores Nieto; and she having died, he took as his second wife, in -September, 1868, another Spanish lady, Señorita Anita Dominguez, +September, 1868, another Spanish lady, Señorita Anita Dominguez, daughter of Don Manuel Dominguez. Less than a year afterward, on September 10th, 1869, Judge Dryden himself died at the age of seventy years.</p> @@ -3757,7 +3714,7 @@ good office-practitioner; he was for some time, in fact, the Bar's choice for Court Commissioner. I think that, for quite a while, he was the only examiner of real estate titles; he was certainly the only one I knew. On October 15th, 1852, Lander had married -Señorita Margarita, a daughter of Don Santiago Johnson, +Señorita Margarita, a daughter of Don Santiago Johnson, who was said to have been one of the best known business men prior to 1846. Afterward Lander lived in a cottage on the northeast corner of Fourth and Spring streets. This cottage @@ -3874,7 +3831,7 @@ had arrived at a state of agitation which made the further use of canes, chairs, and similar objects tame and uninteresting, revolvers were drawn, notwithstanding the marshal's repeated attempts to restore order. Judge Dryden, in -the midst of the <i>mêlée</i>, hid behind the platform upon which his +the midst of the <i>mêlée</i>, hid behind the platform upon which his Judgeship's bench rested; and being well out of the range of the threatening irons, yelled at the rioters:</p> @@ -3901,9 +3858,9 @@ honest and conscientious.</p> <p>While alluding to court interpreters and the general use of Spanish during at least the first decade after I came to -California, I am reminded of the case of Joaquín Carrillo, who +California, I am reminded of the case of JoaquÃn Carrillo, who was elected District Judge, in the early fifties, to succeed -Judge Henry A. Tefft of Santa Bárbara, who had been drowned +Judge Henry A. Tefft of Santa Bárbara, who had been drowned near San Luis Obispo while attempting to land from a steamer in order to hold court. During the fourteen years when Carrillo held office, he was constantly handicapped by his little @@ -3929,8 +3886,8 @@ slightest consideration for pedigree, were in the habit of throwing poison on the streets to kill off canines, of which there was certainly a superabundance.</p> -<p>Ygnácio Sepúlveda, the jurist and a son of José Andrés -Sepúlveda, was living here when I arrived, though but a boy. +<p>Ygnácio Sepúlveda, the jurist and a son of José Andrés +Sepúlveda, was living here when I arrived, though but a boy. Born in Los Angeles in 1842, he was educated in the East and in 1863 admitted to the Bar; he served in the State Legislature of the following winter, was County Judge from 1870 to @@ -3938,9 +3895,9 @@ of the following winter, was County Judge from 1870 to elected Superior Judge, but resigned his position in 1884 to become Wells Fargo & Company's representative in the City of Mexico, at which capital for two years he was also American -<i>Chargé d'Affaires</i>. There to my great pleasure I met him, +<i>Chargé d'Affaires</i>. There to my great pleasure I met him, bearing his honors modestly, in January, 1885, during my tour -of the southern republic.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Sepúlveda Avenue is named for the +of the southern republic.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Sepúlveda Avenue is named for the family.</p> <p>Horace Bell was a nephew of Captain Alexander Bell, of @@ -3953,10 +3910,10 @@ in rather a breezy and entertaining style, but certainly containing exaggerations.</p> <p>This reference to the Rangers reminds me that I was not -long in Los Angeles when I heard of the adventures of Joaquín +long in Los Angeles when I heard of the adventures of JoaquÃn Murieta, who had been killed but a few months before I came. According to the stories current, Murieta, a nephew of -José María Valdez, was a decent-enough sort of fellow, who +José MarÃa Valdez, was a decent-enough sort of fellow, who had been subjected to more or less injustice from certain American settlers, and who was finally bound to a tree and horsewhipped, after seeing his brother hung, on a trumped-up @@ -3964,7 +3921,7 @@ charge. In revenge, Murieta had organized a company of bandits, and for two or three years had terrorized a good part of the entire State. Finally, in August, 1853, while the outlaw and several of his companions were off their guard near the -Tejón Paso, they were encountered by Captain Harry Love +Tejón Paso, they were encountered by Captain Harry Love and his volunteer mounted police organized to get him, "dead or alive;" the latter killed Murieta and another desperado known as Three-fingered Jack. Immediately the outlaws @@ -3990,7 +3947,7 @@ spied my solitary figure, he pointed his gun at me, saying, at the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> same time, in his vigorous native tongue, "Treat, or <i>I shoot</i>!" I treated. After this pleasing transaction amid the smoky -obscurity of Ramón Alexander's saloon, Felipe fired his gun +obscurity of Ramón Alexander's saloon, Felipe fired his gun into the air and disappeared. Startling as a demand like that might appear to-day, no thought of arrest then resulted from such an incident.</p> @@ -4005,7 +3962,7 @@ the shooting off of the same, except in defense of self, home or property, had been stricken from the first constitution by the committee on police, who reported that such an ordinance could not at that time be enforced. Promiscuous firing continued -for years to be indulged in by early Angeleños, though +for years to be indulged in by early Angeleños, though frequently condemned in the daily press, and such was its effect upon even me that I soon found myself peppering away at a convenient adobe wall on Commercial Street, seeking to @@ -4049,7 +4006,7 @@ hundred feet on the east side of Los Angeles Street, between Aliso and First. In this row, said by some to have been built by Barton & Nordholt, in 1850, for Captain Alexander Bell, a merchant here since 1842, after whom Bell Street is named, -and by others claimed to have been the headquarters of Frémont, +and by others claimed to have been the headquarters of Frémont, in 1846, there was a second-story at the corner of Aliso, provided with a large veranda; and there the Bell and Mellus families lived. Francis Mellus, who arrived in California in @@ -4080,7 +4037,7 @@ D. W. Alexander and Francis Mellus conducted a general merchandise business, and at one time acted as agents for Mellus & Howard of San Francisco. Mellus, who was born in Salem, Massachusetts, February 3d, 1824, came to the Coast in -1839, first landing at Santa Bárbara; and when I first met him +1839, first landing at Santa Bárbara; and when I first met him he had married Adelaida, daughter of Don Santiago Johnson, and our fellow-townsman, James J. Mellus—familiarly known <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> @@ -4113,7 +4070,7 @@ this Spanish-speaking people quite a business was done by Latin-American storekeepers. It followed, naturally enough, that they dealt in all kinds of Mexican goods.</p> -<p>One of the very few white men in this district was José +<p>One of the very few white men in this district was José Mascarel (a powerfully-built French sea-captain and master of the ship that brought Don Luis Vignes to the Southland), who settled in Los Angeles in 1844, marrying an Indian woman. @@ -4134,7 +4091,7 @@ Merchants Bank moved to that location, where it remained until the institution purchased the southwest corner of Fourth and Main streets, for the erection of its own building.</p> -<p>Andrés Ramirez was another Sonora Town merchant. +<p>Andrés Ramirez was another Sonora Town merchant. He had come from Mexico in 1844, and sold general merchandise in what, for a while, was dubbed the Street of the Maids. Later, this was better known as Upper Main Street; and still @@ -4149,10 +4106,10 @@ married D. Botiller, now an important landowner, came to California by way of the Horn, in search of the precious metal, preceding me to this land of sunshine. For awhile, he had a brickyard on Buena Vista Street; but in the late seventies, soon -after marrying Señorita Susana Machado, daughter of Don +after marrying Señorita Susana Machado, daughter of Don Agustin Machado, he bought a vineyard on Alameda Street, picturesquely enclosed by a high adobe or brick wall much -after the fashion of a European <i>château</i>. He also came to own +after the fashion of a European <i>château</i>. He also came to own the site of the Natick House. A clever linguist and a man of attractive personality, he passed away in 1889.</p> @@ -4160,7 +4117,7 @@ of attractive personality, he passed away in 1889.</p> Upper Main Street, among the denizens of which locality he was an influential person. Born at New Orleans as early as 1809, Walters had trapped and traded in the Rocky Mountains, -then teamed for awhile between Santa Fé and neighboring +then teamed for awhile between Santa Fé and neighboring points. Near the end of 1844, he left New Mexico in company with James Waters, Jim Beckwith and other travelers, finally reaching Los Angeles. Walters, who settled in San @@ -4175,12 +4132,12 @@ early day. He owned a stretch of many acres, about a mile northeast of Los Angeles. He was a good, honest citizen, and is worthy of recollection.</p> -<p>Ramón Alexander, a Frenchman often confused with David +<p>Ramón Alexander, a Frenchman often confused with David Alexander, came to Los Angeles before 1850, while it was still a mere Mexican village. Pioneers remember him especially as the builder of the long-famous Round House, on Main Street, and as one who also for some time kept a saloon near Requena -Street. Alexander's wife was a Señorita Valdez. He died +Street. Alexander's wife was a Señorita Valdez. He died in 1870.</p> <p>Antoine Laborie was another Frenchman here before the @@ -4250,7 +4207,7 @@ the first instances within my observation of the irresistible attraction of Los Angeles for those who have once lived here. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> It is my recollection that Jones bought from John G. Downey -the Cristóbal Aguilar home then occupied by W. H. and Mrs. +the Cristóbal Aguilar home then occupied by W. H. and Mrs. Perry; a building the more interesting since it was understood to have served, long in the past and before the American occupation, as a <i>calabozo</i> or jail, and to have had a whipping-post @@ -4272,7 +4229,7 @@ Nature in 1866, and after whom Temple Street is named, was another merchant, having a store upon the piece of land (later the site of the Downey Block, and now occupied by the Post Office) which, from 1849 to 1866, was in charge of my friend, -Don Ygnácio Garcia, his confidential business agent. Garcia +Don Ygnácio Garcia, his confidential business agent. Garcia imported from Mexico both <i>serapes</i> and <i>rebozos</i>; and as every Mexican man and woman required one of these garments, Temple had a large and very lucrative trade in them alone. @@ -4294,9 +4251,9 @@ of his executor cost him dear, and valuable properties were sacrificed. After his death, Temple's wife—who once accompanied her husband to Paris, and had thus formed a liking for the livelier French capital—returned to France with -her daughter, later Doña Ajuria, to live; and A. F. Hinchman, +her daughter, later Doña Ajuria, to live; and A. F. Hinchman, Temple's brother-in-law, who had been Superintendent of -Santa Bárbara County Schools, was appointed administrator. +Santa Bárbara County Schools, was appointed administrator. Hinchman then resided in San Diego, and was intensely partial to that place. This may have prejudiced him against Los Angeles; but whatever the cause, he offered Temple's properties @@ -4311,7 +4268,7 @@ Temple's death as the Old Temple Block, Hinchman sold for fifteen thousand dollars. He also disposed of the new Temple Block, including the improvement at the south end which I shall describe, for but sixteen thousand dollars. I remember -quite well that Ygnácio Garcia was the purchaser, and that, +quite well that Ygnácio Garcia was the purchaser, and that, tiring of his bargain in a couple of weeks, he resold the property to John Temple's brother, Francisco, at cost.</p> @@ -4482,8 +4439,8 @@ a small capitalist or <i>petit rentier</i>, living where the Lanfranco Building now stands, opposite the Federal Building, while Mateo kept a grocery store on Main Street, not far from Commercial. In 1854, Juan added to his independence by marrying -Señorita Petra Pilar, one of fourteen children of Don José -Loreto Sepúlveda, owner of the Palos Verdes <i>rancho</i>; the celebration +Señorita Petra Pilar, one of fourteen children of Don José +Loreto Sepúlveda, owner of the Palos Verdes <i>rancho</i>; the celebration of the nuptials, in dancing and feasting, lasting five days. It was at that ranch that a great stampede of cattle occurred, due to fright when the pioneer sulky, imported by Juan Lanfranco @@ -4583,7 +4540,7 @@ he opened a small store on Main Street, opposite the Abel Stearns home; and again favored by the economic conditions of the times, he added to his capital very rapidly. From Main Street Beaudry moved to Commercial, forming partnerships -successively with a man named Brown and with one Le Maître. +successively with a man named Brown and with one Le Maître. As early as 1854, Beaudry had purchased the property at the northeast corner of Aliso Street and Nigger Alley for eleven thousand dollars, and this he so improved with the additional @@ -4591,7 +4548,7 @@ investment of twenty-five thousand dollars that he made his now elongated adobe bring him in an income of a thousand a month. As stated elsewhere, Beaudry went to Europe in 1855, returning later to Montreal; and it was not until 1861 or later -that he came back to Los Angeles and reëngaged in business, +that he came back to Los Angeles and reëngaged in business, this time in his own building where until 1865 he thrived, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> withdrawing, as I shall soon show, in the beginning of 1866. @@ -4768,10 +4725,10 @@ some time before his death. They were very successful; and Sentous Street bears their name. Jean died in 1903, and Louis a few years later.</p> -<p>Refúgio Botello was another wholesale cattle- and meat-dealer.</p> +<p>Refúgio Botello was another wholesale cattle- and meat-dealer.</p> <p>Arthur McKenzie Dodson, who came here in 1850 and -later married Miss Reyes, daughter of Nasário Dominguez, conducted +later married Miss Reyes, daughter of Nasário Dominguez, conducted a butcher shop and one of the first grocery stores. He was also the first to make soap here. For a while Dodson was in partnership with John Benner who, during a quarter of a @@ -4822,7 +4779,7 @@ IN AND NEAR THE OLD PUEBLO<br /> 1853</h2> -<p>About the time when I arrived, Assessor António F. +<p>About the time when I arrived, Assessor António F. Coronel reported an increase in the City and County assessment of over eight hundred and five thousand dollars, but the number of stores was really limited, and the @@ -4831,7 +4788,7 @@ was like a village; and such was the provincial character of the town that, instead of indicating the location of a store or office by a number, the advertiser more frequently used such a phrase as "opposite the Bella Union," "near the Express -Office," or "<i>vis-à-vis</i> to Mr. Temple's." Nor was this of great +Office," or "<i>vis-à -vis</i> to Mr. Temple's." Nor was this of great importance: change of names and addresses were frequent in business establishments in those days—an indication, perhaps, of the restless spirit of the times.</p> @@ -4902,7 +4859,7 @@ Woodworth's demise occurred in 1883. Perry died on October <p>Nels Williamson, a native of Maine and a clever fellow, was another carpenter who was here when I arrived. He had come across the Plains from New Orleans in 1852 as one of a -party of twenty. In the neighborhood of El Paso de Águila +party of twenty. In the neighborhood of El Paso de Ãguila they were all ambushed by Indians, and eighteen members of the party were killed; Williamson, and Dick Johnson, afterward a resident of Los Angeles, being the two that escaped. On a @@ -4959,10 +4916,10 @@ invariably waiting there to be shod. The result was that passers-by were obliged to make a detour into the often muddy street to get around and past Goller's premises.</p> -<p>John Ward was an Angeleño who knew something of the +<p>John Ward was an Angeleño who knew something of the transition from heavy to lighter vehicles. He was born in Virginia and took part in the Battle of New Orleans. In the thirties -he went to Santa Fé, in one of the earliest prairie schooners +he went to Santa Fé, in one of the earliest prairie schooners to that point; thence he came to Los Angeles for a temporary stay, making the trip in the first carriage ever brought to the Coast from a Yankee workshop. In 1849, he returned for @@ -5034,7 +4991,7 @@ from the saddles.</p> <p>As I have remarked, Don Abel Stearns owned the first carriage in town; it was a strong, but rather light and graceful vehicle, with a closed top, which he had imported from Boston -in 1853, to please Doña Arcadia, it was said. However that may +in 1853, to please Doña Arcadia, it was said. However that may be, it was pronounced by Don Abel's neighbors the same dismal failure, considering the work it would be called upon to perform under California conditions, as these wiseacres later @@ -5060,7 +5017,7 @@ Stearns, as I mention elsewhere, suffered for years from financial troubles; and I have always understood that during that crisis Jones rendered his former employer assistance.</p> -<p>Mrs. Frémont, the General's wife, also owned one of the +<p>Mrs. Frémont, the General's wife, also owned one of the first carriages in California. It was built to order in the East and sent around the Horn; and was constructed so that it could be fitted up as a bed, thus enabling the distinguished lady @@ -5103,7 +5060,7 @@ past.</p> plant now stands, and perhaps as successor to a still earlier mill built there by an Englishman, Joseph Chapman (who married into the Ortega family—since become famous -through Émile C. Ortega who, in 1898, successfully began +through Émile C. Ortega who, in 1898, successfully began preserving California chilis),—was a small mill, run by water, known as the Eagle Mills. This was owned at different times by Abel Stearns, Francis Mellus and J. R. Scott, and conducted, @@ -5128,8 +5085,8 @@ April, 1853, nearly twenty-five thousand square miles had been lopped off from Los Angeles County, to create the County of San Bernardino; and yet in that short time the Mormons, who had established themselves there in 1851 as a colony on a -tract of land purchased from Diego Sepúlveda and the three -Lugos—José del Carmen, José María and Vicente—and +tract of land purchased from Diego Sepúlveda and the three +Lugos—José del Carmen, José MarÃa and Vicente—and consisting of about thirty-five thousand acres, had quite <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> succeeded in their agricultural and other ventures. Copying @@ -5163,7 +5120,7 @@ somewhere near their stores.</p> Angeles and San Bernardino, and they were San Gabriel Mission and El Monte. I need not remind my readers that the former place, the oldest and quaintest settlement in the -county, was founded by Father Junípero Serra and his associates +county, was founded by Father JunÃpero Serra and his associates in 1771, and that thence radiated all of their operations in this neighborhood; nor that, in spite of all the sacrifice and human effort, matters with this beautifully-situated Mission @@ -5327,7 +5284,7 @@ and also the renowned set-to between Micheltorena and Castro when, after hours of cannonading and grotesque swinging of the would-be terrifying <i>reata</i>, the total of the dead was—<i>a single mule!</i> Then, or somewhat subsequently, General -Andrés Pico began to occupy what was the most pretentious +Andrés Pico began to occupy what was the most pretentious adobe in the State, formerly the abode of the <i>padres</i>—a building three hundred feet long, eighty feet wide and with walls four feet thick.</p> @@ -5366,7 +5323,7 @@ badly off as were the typos of the <i>Californian</i>. The latter, using type picked up in a Mexican cloister, found no <i>W</i>'s among the Spanish letters and had to set double <i>V</i>'s until more type was brought from the Cannibal or Sandwich Islands! -Which reminds me of José de la Rosa, born in Los Angeles +Which reminds me of José de la Rosa, born in Los Angeles about 1790, and the first journeyman to set type in California, who died over one hundred years old. But if the <i>Estrella</i> made a poor showing as a newspaper, I have no doubt that, to add to @@ -5418,7 +5375,7 @@ mined; and it was not many months before all was bustle in and about our little city, many people coming and going, and comparatively few wishing to settle, at least until they had first tried their luck with the pick and pan. Not even the discovery -of gold in the San Feliciano Cañon, near Newhall, in the early +of gold in the San Feliciano Cañon, near Newhall, in the early forties—for I believe the claim is made that Southern Californians, while searching for wild onions, had the honor of digging out, in the despised "cow-counties," the first lump of the @@ -5439,7 +5396,7 @@ Francisco Garcia who used gangs of Indians and secured in the one year 1855 over sixty thousand dollars' worth of gold—one nugget being nearly two thousand dollars in value—the placer gold-mining carried on in the San Gabriel and San Francisquito -<i>cañons</i> was on the whole unimportant, and what gold-dust +<i>cañons</i> was on the whole unimportant, and what gold-dust was produced at these points came to Los Angeles without much profit to the toiling miners; so that it may be safely stated that cattle- and horse-raising, of which I shall speak in @@ -5468,8 +5425,8 @@ original settlement, was the center of life in the little community, and around it clustered the homes of many of those who were uppermost in the social scale, although some of the descendants of the finest Spanish families were living in -other parts of the city. This was particularly so in the case of José -Andrés Sepúlveda, who had a beautiful old adobe on some acreage +other parts of the city. This was particularly so in the case of José +Andrés Sepúlveda, who had a beautiful old adobe on some acreage that he owned northwest of Sonora Town, near the place where he constructed a stone reservoir to supply his house with water. Opposite the old Plaza Church dwelt a number of families of @@ -5499,14 +5456,14 @@ had to be removed, even at the cost of several days' work.</p> <p>Among the distinguished citizens of Los Angeles whose residences added to the social prestige of the neighborhood -was Don Ygnácio Del Valle, father of R. F. Del Valle. Until +was Don Ygnácio Del Valle, father of R. F. Del Valle. Until 1861, he resided on the east side of the square, in a house between Calle de los Negros and Olvera Street, receiving there his intimate friends as well as those who wished to pay him their respects when he was <i>Alcalde</i>, Councilman and member of the State Legislature. In 1861, Del Valle moved to his ranch, -Camulos. Ygnácio Coronel was another eminent burgher -residing on the east side of the Plaza, while Cristóbal Aguilar's +Camulos. Ygnácio Coronel was another eminent burgher +residing on the east side of the Plaza, while Cristóbal Aguilar's home faced the South.</p> <p>Not far from Del Valle's—that is, back of the later site of @@ -5523,14 +5480,14 @@ that had been bestowed upon him for past official services. Don Pio really preferred country life at the <i>Ranchito</i>, as his place was called; but official duties and, later, illness and the need of medical care, kept him in town for months at a time. -He had three sisters, two of whom married in succession José -António Carrillo, another resident at the Plaza and the then +He had three sisters, two of whom married in succession José +António Carrillo, another resident at the Plaza and the then owner of the site of the future Pico House; while the third was the wife of Don Juan Forster, in whose comfortable home Don Pio found a retreat when distressing poverty overtook him in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span> old age. Sanchez Street recalls still another don of the neighborhood, -Vicente Sanchez, grandfather of Tomás A. Sanchez, +Vicente Sanchez, grandfather of Tomás A. Sanchez, who was domiciled in a two-story and rather elaborate dwelling near Carrillo, on the south side of the Plaza. Sanchez Hall stood there until the late seventies.</p> @@ -5538,24 +5495,24 @@ stood there until the late seventies.</p> <p>The Beau Brummel of Los Angeles in the early fifties was Don Vicente Lugo, whose wardrobe was made up exclusively of the fanciest patterns of Mexican type; his home, one of the -few two-story houses in the pueblo, was close to Ygnácio Del -Valle's. Lugo, a brother of Don José María, was one of the +few two-story houses in the pueblo, was close to Ygnácio Del +Valle's. Lugo, a brother of Don José MarÃa, was one of the heavy taxpayers of his time; as late as 1860, he had herds of twenty-five hundred head of cattle, or half a thousand more -than Pio and Andrés Pico together owned. María Ballestero, +than Pio and Andrés Pico together owned. MarÃa Ballestero, Lugo's mother-in-law, lived near him.</p> <p>Don Agustin Olvera dwelt almost opposite Don Vicente Lugo's, on the north side of the Plaza, at the corner of the street perpetuating his name. Don Agustin arrived from Mexico, where he had been <i>Juez de Paz</i>, in 1834, or about the same -time that Don Ygnácio Coronel came, and served as Captain in -the campaign of Flores against Frémont, even negotiating peace +time that Don Ygnácio Coronel came, and served as Captain in +the campaign of Flores against Frémont, even negotiating peace with the Americans; then he joined Dr. Hope's volunteer police, and was finally chosen, at the first election in Los Angeles, Judge of the First Instance, becoming the presiding officer of the Court of Sessions. Five or six years later, he was School -Commissioner. He had married Doña Concepción, one of not +Commissioner. He had married Doña Concepción, one of not less than twenty-two children of Don Santiago Arguello, son of a governor of both Californias, and his residence was at the northeast end of the Plaza, in an adobe which is still standing. @@ -5578,7 +5535,7 @@ near the Plaza, a character quite forlorn, utterly dejected in appearance, and despondently recalling the by-gone days of his prosperity.</p> -<p>Don Cristóbal Aguilar, several times in his career an +<p>Don Cristóbal Aguilar, several times in his career an <i>Alcalde</i>, several times a City Councilman beginning with the first organization of Los Angeles, and even twice or thrice Mayor, was another resident near the Plaza. His adobe on @@ -5587,11 +5544,11 @@ for that reason, was used by the Sisters of Charity when they instituted the first hospital in Los Angeles.</p> <p>A short distance from the Plaza, on Olvera Street, had long -stood the home of Don José María Ábila, who was killed in +stood the home of Don José MarÃa Ãbila, who was killed in battle in the early thirties. It was there that Commodore Stockton made his headquarters, and the story of how this was brought about is one of the entertaining incidents of this -warlike period. The widow Ábila, who had scant love for the +warlike period. The widow Ãbila, who had scant love for the Americans, had fled with her daughters to the home of Don Luis<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Vignes, but not before she placed a native boy on guard, cautioning him against opening either doors or windows. @@ -5601,15 +5558,15 @@ learn what the excitement meant; so he first poked his head out of a window, and finally made off to the Plaza. Some of Stockton's staff, passing by, and seeing the tasteful furniture within, were encouraged to investigate, with the result that -they selected the widow Ábila's house for Stockton's abode. -Another Ábila—Francisco—had an adobe at the present +they selected the widow Ãbila's house for Stockton's abode. +Another Ãbila—Francisco—had an adobe at the present southeast corner of San Fernando and Alpine streets.</p> -<p>Francisca Gallardo, daughter of one of the Sepúlvedas, +<p>Francisca Gallardo, daughter of one of the Sepúlvedas, lived in the vicinity of the Plaza.</p> <p>The only church in Los Angeles at this time was that of -<i>Nuestra Señora la Reyna de los Angeles</i>, known as Our Lady, the +<i>Nuestra Señora la Reyna de los Angeles</i>, known as Our Lady, the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> Queen of the Angels, at the Plaza; and since but few changes were made for years in its exterior, I looked upon the edifice as @@ -5674,7 +5631,7 @@ little performances such as <i>Los Pastores</i>, to pass on to the next house. A number of the Apostles and other characters associated with the life of Jesus were portrayed, and the Devil, who scared half to death the little children of the hamlet, was never -overlooked. The <i>buñuelo</i>, or native doughnut, also added its +overlooked. The <i>buñuelo</i>, or native doughnut, also added its delight to these celebrations.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_144a" id="i_144a"></a> @@ -5722,9 +5679,9 @@ Fathers has grown greater and their old Mission homes have acquired more and more the dignity of age. Helen Hunt Jackson's <i>Ramona</i>, John S. McGroarty's <i>Mission Play</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> -(in which, by the by, Señorita Lucretia, daughter of R. F. and -granddaughter of Don Ygnácio Del Valle, so ably portrays the -character of <i>Doña Josefa Yorba</i>) and various other literary +(in which, by the by, Señorita Lucretia, daughter of R. F. and +granddaughter of Don Ygnácio Del Valle, so ably portrays the +character of <i>Doña Josefa Yorba</i>) and various other literary efforts have increased the interest in these institutions of the past.</p> @@ -5775,7 +5732,7 @@ place for the interment of their dead; but in 1854 the first steps were taken to establish a Jewish cemetery here, and it was not very long before the first Jewish child to die in Los Angeles, named Mahler, was buried there. This cemetery, on -land once owned and occupied by José Andrés Sepúlveda's +land once owned and occupied by José Andrés Sepúlveda's reservoir, was beautifully located in a recess or little pocket, as it were, among the hills in the northwest section of the city, where the environment of nature was in perfect harmony @@ -5824,11 +5781,11 @@ through the combined efforts of Mayors Nichols and Coronel, aided by John T. Jones, to provide public schools; and three citizens, J. Lancaster Brent, Lewis Granger and Stephen C. Foster, were appointed School Commissioners. As early as -1838, Ygnácio Coronel, assisted by his wife and daughter, had +1838, Ygnácio Coronel, assisted by his wife and daughter, had accepted some fifteen dollars a month from the authorities—to permit the exercise of official supervision—and opened a school which, as late as 1854, he conducted in his own home; -thereby doubtless inspiring his son António to take marked +thereby doubtless inspiring his son António to take marked interest in the education of the Indians. From time to time, private schools, partly subsidized from public funds, were commenced. In May, 1854, Mayor Foster pointed out that, while @@ -5866,7 +5823,7 @@ in Los Angeles, after some adventures with the Indians near what was later the scene of the Mountain Meadow Massacre, in November of the same year. Having been trained in Kalamazoo, Michigan, as a teacher, Burns settled, in 1854, in San -Gabriel; and there with Cæsar C. Twitchell, he conducted +Gabriel; and there with Cæsar C. Twitchell, he conducted a cross-roads school in a tent. Later, while still living at San Gabriel, Burns was elected County School Superintendent. Before reaching here—that is, at Provo, Utah, on @@ -5910,7 +5867,7 @@ few, if any, Spanish or Mexican practitioners. In 1850, Drs. William B. Osburn, W. W. Jones, A. W. Hope, A. P. Hodges and a Dr. Overstreet were here; while in 1851, Drs. Thomas Foster, John Brinckerhoff and James P. McFarland followed, -to be reënforced, in 1852, by Dr. James B. Winston and, soon +to be reënforced, in 1852, by Dr. James B. Winston and, soon after, by Drs. R. T. Hayes, T. J. White and A. B. Hayward. Dr. John Strother Griffin (General Albert Sidney Johnston's brother-in-law and the accepted suitor of Miss Louisa Hayes) @@ -5936,7 +5893,7 @@ their time to other enterprises.</p> <p>Dr. Richard S. Den, an Irishman of culture and refinement, having been for awhile with his brother, Nicholas Den, in -Santa Bárbara, returned to Los Angeles in 1851. I say, "returned," +Santa Bárbara, returned to Los Angeles in 1851. I say, "returned," because Den had looked in on the little pueblo before I had even heard its name. While in the former place, in the winter of 1843-44, Den received a call from Los Angeles to @@ -5949,11 +5906,11 @@ Larkin was removed to better quarters in the home of Louis Vignes. Den had only indifferent luck as a miner, but was soon in such demand to relieve the sufferers from malaria that it is said he received as much as a thousand dollars in a day for -his practice. In 1854, he returned to Santa Bárbara County, +his practice. In 1854, he returned to Santa Bárbara County, remaining there for several years and suffering great loss, on account of the drought and its effects on his cattle. Nicholas Den, who was also known in Los Angeles, and was esteemed for -both his integrity and his hospitality, died at Santa Bárbara in +both his integrity and his hospitality, died at Santa Bárbara in 1862.</p> <p>Old Dr. Den will be remembered, not only with esteem, but @@ -5971,9 +5928,9 @@ and seated on his richly-caparisoned horse, Dr. Den appeared always dignified, and even imposing. One may therefore easily picture him a friendly rival with Don Juan Bandini at the early Spanish balls, as he was on intimate terms with -Don and Doña Abel Stearns, acknowledged social leaders. Dr. +Don and Doña Abel Stearns, acknowledged social leaders. Dr. Den was fond of horse-racing and had his own favorite racehorses -sent here from Santa Bárbara, where they were bred.</p> +sent here from Santa Bárbara, where they were bred.</p> <p>Dr. Osburn, the Postmaster of 1853, had two years before installed a small variety of drugs on a few shelves, referred to @@ -6219,8 +6176,8 @@ erected within the first quarter of the Nineteenth Century, were covered with tiles. The most notable tiled building was the old Church, whose roof was unfortunately removed when the edifice was so extensively renovated. The Carrillo home -was topped with these ancient tiles, as were also José María -Ábila's residence; Vicente Sanchez's two-story adobe south of +was topped with these ancient tiles, as were also José MarÃa +Ãbila's residence; Vicente Sanchez's two-story adobe south of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> the Plaza, and the Alvarado house on First Street, between Main and Los Angeles streets.</p> @@ -6326,7 +6283,7 @@ several destinations. He was a frugal man, and accumulated enough to buy the southwest corner of Franklin and Spring streets. As a result, he left property of considerable value. He died about twenty-five years ago; Mrs. Schieck, who was a -sister of John Fröhling, died in 1874.</p> +sister of John Fröhling, died in 1874.</p> <p>Just one more reference to the drinking-water of that period. When delivered to the customer, it was emptied into @@ -6410,7 +6367,7 @@ von der Glocke</i>:</p> <div class="poetry-container"> <div class="poem"> -<p><i>Durch der Hände lange Kette</i></p> +<p><i>Durch der Hände lange Kette</i></p> <p><i>Um die Wette</i></p> <p><i>Fliegt der Eimer</i>;<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> </div></div> @@ -6457,7 +6414,7 @@ the earliest "fire-proof" buildings here.</p> <p>As early as 1854, the need of better communication between Los Angeles and the outside world was beginning to be felt; and in the summer of that year the Supervisors—D. W. -Alexander, S. C. Foster, J. Sepúlveda, C. Aguilar and S. S. +Alexander, S. C. Foster, J. Sepúlveda, C. Aguilar and S. S. Thompson—voted to spend one thousand dollars to open a wagon road over the mountains between the San Fernando Mission and the San Francisco <i>rancho</i>. A rather broad trail @@ -6561,7 +6518,7 @@ to Los Angeles. After brewing beer for a while at the corner of Third and Main streets, Messer bought a twenty-acre vineyard which, in 1857, he increased by another purchase to forty-five or fifty acres; and it was his good fortune that this property -was so located as to be needed by the Santa Fé Railroad, in +was so located as to be needed by the Santa Fé Railroad, in 1888, as a terminal. Toward the end of the seventies, Messer, moderately well-to-do, was a grocer at the corner of Rose and First streets; and about 1885, he retired.</p> @@ -6586,9 +6543,9 @@ Chinese and the coming of white girls. Joseph Newmark, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> when I lived with his family, employed, in addition to the Chinaman, an Indian named Pedro who had come with his -wife from Temécula and whose remuneration was fifty cents a +wife from Temécula and whose remuneration was fifty cents a day; and these servants attended to most of the household -duties. The annual <i>fiesta</i> at Temécula used to attract Pedro +duties. The annual <i>fiesta</i> at Temécula used to attract Pedro and his better-half; and while they were absent, the Newmark girls did the work.</p> @@ -6695,7 +6652,7 @@ hills and rising ground. In winter, the ground was thickly covered with burr-clover and the poetically-named <i>alfilaria</i>.</p> <p>Writing of vegetables and fruit, I naturally think of one of -California's most popular products, the <i>sandía</i> or watermelon, +California's most popular products, the <i>sandÃa</i> or watermelon, and of its plenteousness in those more monotonous days when many and many a <i>carreta</i> load was brought to the indulging town. The melons were sold direct from the vehicles, as well as @@ -6727,7 +6684,7 @@ purchased several swarms of bees and had no difficulty in selling the honey at one dollar a pound. By the fall of 1861, the bee industry had so expanded that Perry & Woodworth, as I have stated, devoted part of their time to the making of -beehives. J. E. Pleasants, of Santiago Cañon, known also for +beehives. J. E. Pleasants, of Santiago Cañon, known also for his Cashmere goats, was another pioneer bee-man and received a gold medal for his exhibit at the New Orleans Exposition. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span></p> @@ -6900,7 +6857,7 @@ evil that a sharp lookout had to be kept. On one occasion, I saw a native woman deftly abstract a pair of shoes and cleverly secrete them on her person; and at the conclusion of her purchases, as she was about to leave the store, I stepped up to her, -and with a "<i>¡Dispense me Vd.!</i>" quietly recovered the <i>zapatos</i>. +and with a "<i>¡Dispense me Vd.!</i>" quietly recovered the <i>zapatos</i>. The woman smiled, each of us bowed, the pilfering patron departed, and nothing further was ever said of the affair.</p> @@ -6989,11 +6946,11 @@ being nine dollars a year, or six dollars in advance.</p> <p>In 1853, a number of Spanish-American restaurant keepers plied their vocation, so that Mexican and Spanish cooking were -always obtainable. Then came the <i>cafetería</i>, but the term was +always obtainable. Then came the <i>cafeterÃa</i>, but the term was used with a different significance from that now in vogue. It was rather a place for drinking than for eating, and in this respect the name had little of the meaning current in parts of -Mexico to-day, where a <i>cafetería</i> is a small restaurant serving +Mexico to-day, where a <i>cafeterÃa</i> is a small restaurant serving ordinary alcoholic drinks and plain meals. Nor was the institution the same as that familiarly known in Pacific Coast towns, and particularly in Los Angeles—one of the first American @@ -7060,15 +7017,15 @@ and first saw Don Juan Bandini execute the dance—witnessed here; little by little it went out of fashion, perhaps in part because of the skill required for its performance. Balls and hops, however, for a long time were carelessly called by that -name. When the <i>fandango</i> really was in vogue, Bandini, António -Coronel, Andrés Pico, the Lugos and other native Californians +name. When the <i>fandango</i> really was in vogue, Bandini, António +Coronel, Andrés Pico, the Lugos and other native Californians were among its most noted exponents; they often hired a hall, gave a <i>fandango</i> in which they did not hesitate to take the leading parts, and turned the whole proceeds over to some church or charity. On such occasions not merely the plain people (always so responsive to music and its accompanying pleasures) were the <i>fandangueros</i>, but the flower of our local society turned -out <i>en masse</i>, adding to the affair a high degree of <i>éclat</i>. There +out <i>en masse</i>, adding to the affair a high degree of <i>éclat</i>. There was no end, too, of good things to eat and drink, which people managed somehow to pass around; and the enjoyment was not lessened by the fact that every such dance hall was crowded @@ -7078,7 +7035,7 @@ smoke.</p> <p>Still living are some who have memories of these old <i>fandango</i> days and the journeys taken from suburb to town in -order to participate in them. Doña Petra Pilar Lanfranco used +order to participate in them. Doña Petra Pilar Lanfranco used to tell me how, as a young girl, she came up from the old Palos Verdes ranch house in a <i>carreta</i> and was always chaperoned by a lady relative. On such occasions, the <i>carreta</i> would be @@ -7117,7 +7074,7 @@ could, among the smiling, blushing ladies, the one who had ventured so agreeably to offend. Such was the courtliness, in fact, among the native population that even at <i>fandangos</i>, in which the public participated and the compliment of the -<i>cascarón</i> was almost universally observed, there was seldom a +<i>cascarón</i> was almost universally observed, there was seldom a violation of regard for another's feelings. When such rowdyism did occur, however (prompted perhaps by jealousy), and bad eggs or that which was even less aromatic, were substituted, @@ -7173,7 +7130,7 @@ early sixties, Pete was advertising as follows:</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Shaving</td> -<td>12½c.</td> +<td>12½c.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hair-cutting</td> @@ -7356,7 +7313,7 @@ schoolmaster, arrived in Los Angeles in December, 1854, as private tutor to William Wolfskill. Other parts of Barrows's career were common to many pioneers: he was in business for a while in New York, caught the gold-fever, gave up everything -to make the journey across the Isthmus of Panamá, on which +to make the journey across the Isthmus of Panamá, on which trip he was herded as one of seventeen hundred passengers on a rickety Coast vessel; and finally, after some unsuccessful experiences as a miner in Northern California, he made his way to @@ -7366,7 +7323,7 @@ adventures. Barrows taught here three years, returned East by steamer for a brief trip in 1857, and in 1859-60 tried his hand at cultivating grapes, in a vineyard owned by Prudent Beaudry. On November 14th, 1860, Barrows was married to Wolfskill's -daughter, Señorita Juana; and later he was County School +daughter, Señorita Juana; and later he was County School Superintendent. In 1861, President Lincoln appointed Barrows United States Marshal, the duties of which office he performed for four years. In 1864, having lost his wife he married the @@ -7377,7 +7334,7 @@ tin and hardware for twelve or fifteen years. In 1868, bereaved of his second wife, Barrows married Miss Bessie Ann Greene, a native of New York. That year, too, he was joined by his brother, James Arnold Barrows,<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> who came by way of -Panamá and bought thirty-five acres of land afterward obtained +Panamá and bought thirty-five acres of land afterward obtained by the University of Southern California. About 1874, Barrows was manufacturing pipe. For years he dwelt with his daughter, Mrs. R. G. Weyse, contributing now and then to the @@ -7411,7 +7368,7 @@ United States Minister to Japan, and another daughter to Dr. Hayes, of Los Angeles.</p> <p>Bishop, after a while, sold out his interest in the land -and moved to San José, where he engaged in street-car operations. +and moved to San José, where he engaged in street-car operations. He was married near San Gabriel to Miss Frances Young, and I officiated as one of the groomsmen at the wedding. After Bishop disposed of his share, Colonel R. S. Baker became @@ -7468,7 +7425,7 @@ the shooting affray.</p> <p>Uncle Billy Rubottom, as he was familiarly called, came to Los Angeles County after losing heavily through the bursting of Yuba Dam and was one of the founders of Spadra. He -named the settlement, laid out on a part of the San José <i>rancho</i>, +named the settlement, laid out on a part of the San José <i>rancho</i>, after his home town, Spadra Bluffs in Arkansas, and opened a hotel which he made locally famous, during a decade and a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span> @@ -7517,7 +7474,7 @@ legal world.</p> <p>Thomas A. Delano, whose name is perpetuated in our local geography, was a sailor who came to Los Angeles on January 4th, 1855, after which, for fifteen or sixteen years, he engaged in -freighting. He married Señorita Soledad, daughter of John +freighting. He married Señorita Soledad, daughter of John C. Vejar, the well-known Spanish Californian.</p> <p>Slowness and uncertainty of mail delivery in our first @@ -7529,7 +7486,7 @@ and Alvitre would get a stay from higher authority; and sure enough, a stay was granted Alvitre, but the document was delayed in transit until the murderer, on January 12th, 1855, had forfeited his life! Curiously enough, another Alvitre—an -aged Californian named José Claudio—also of El Monte, +aged Californian named José Claudio—also of El Monte, but six years later atrociously murdered his aged wife; and on April 28th, 1861, he was hanged. The lynchers placed him on a horse under a tree, and then drove the animal away, leaving @@ -7619,7 +7576,7 @@ his shoulders forty pounds of baggage; but on putting up at the United States Hotel, then recently started, he was dissuaded by some experienced miners from venturing farther up the country. Soon after, he met a fellow-countryman from -Königsberg, named Arnold, who induced him, on account of his +Königsberg, named Arnold, who induced him, on account of his needy condition, to take work in his saloon; but disliking his duties and the rather frequent demands upon his nervous system through being shot at, several times, by patrons not @@ -7657,7 +7614,7 @@ having a casual acquaintance with the man, asked him if he would lend him the animal for a while? People were generous in those days; and the good-hearted Mexican, thinking perhaps that Sam was "just going around the corner," carelessly answered, -"<i>Sí, Señor</i>," and proceeded with his bartering. Sam, +"<i>SÃ, Señor</i>," and proceeded with his bartering. Sam, on the other hand, came out of the shop and led the horse away! After some days of minor adventures, when we lost our path near the Old Mission and had to put back to El Monte @@ -7738,7 +7695,7 @@ issue of a Los Angeles newspaper. Much of this commerce with the Southland for years was conducted by means of schooners which ran irregularly and only when there was cargo. They plied between San Francisco and San Pedro, and by -agreement put in at Santa Bárbara and other Coast places +agreement put in at Santa Bárbara and other Coast places such as Port San Luis, when the shipments warranted such stops. N. Pierce & Company were the owners. One of these vessels in 1855 was the clipper schooner <i>Laura Bevan</i>, captained @@ -7786,11 +7743,11 @@ consummated.</p> service was enlarged by the addition of a stage line from San Francisco which ran along the Coast from the Northern city to the Old Town of San Diego, making stops all along the road, including -San José, San Luis Obispo, Santa Bárbara and San +San José, San Luis Obispo, Santa Bárbara and San Buenaventura, and particularly at Los Angeles, where not only horses, but stages and supplies were kept. The stage to San Diego followed, for the most part, the route selected later -by the Santa Fé Railroad.</p> +by the Santa Fé Railroad.</p> <p>These old-time stages remind me again of the few varieties of vehicles then in use. John Goller had met with much skepticism @@ -7935,11 +7892,11 @@ of the first Masons here and was highly esteemed; and he early declared himself in favor of better school and water facilities.</p> <p>About the second week of June, 1855, appeared the first -Spanish newspaper in Los Angeles under the American <i>régime</i>. -It was called <i>El Clamor Público</i>, and made its appeal, socially, +Spanish newspaper in Los Angeles under the American <i>régime</i>. +It was called <i>El Clamor Público</i>, and made its appeal, socially, to the better class of native Californians. Politically, it was edited for Republicans, especially for the supporters, in 1856, of -Frémont for President. Its editor was Francisco P. Ramirez; +Frémont for President. Its editor was Francisco P. Ramirez; but though he was an able journalist and a good typo—becoming, between 1860 and 1862, State Printer in Sonora and, in 1865, Spanish Translator for the State of California—the <i>Clamor</i>, on @@ -7959,7 +7916,7 @@ the City's reorganization, although afterward, as we shall see, the day was often neglected; but certainly in 1855 the festivities were worthy of remembrance. There was less formality, perhaps, and more cannonading than in later years; -music was furnished by a brass band from Fort Tejón; and +music was furnished by a brass band from Fort Tejón; and Phineas Banning was the stentorian "orator of the day." Two years previously, Banning had provided a three days' celebration and barbecue for the Fourth, attended by my brother; @@ -7978,7 +7935,7 @@ the streets, as many as ten abreast, jingling the metallic parts of their paraphernalia, admired and applauded by the populace, and keenly alive to the splendid appearance they and their outfits made, and to the effect sure to be produced on -the fair <i>señoritas</i>. The most popular thoroughfare for this +the fair <i>señoritas</i>. The most popular thoroughfare for this <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span> purpose was Main Street. On such occasions, the men wore short, very tight-fitting jackets of bright-colored material—blue, @@ -8002,9 +7959,9 @@ it was thrown over the saddle. The head-gear consisted in winter of a broad-rimmed, high-crowned, woolen <i>sombrero</i>, usually brown, which was kept in place during fast travel or a race by a ribbon or band fastened under the chin; often, as in the familiar -case of Ygnácio Lugo, the hat was ornamented with beads. +case of Ygnácio Lugo, the hat was ornamented with beads. In summer, the rider substituted a shirt for the <i>serape</i> and -a Panamá for the <i>sombrero</i>. The <i>caballero's</i> outfit, in the case +a Panamá for the <i>sombrero</i>. The <i>caballero's</i> outfit, in the case of some wealthy dons, exceeded a thousand dollars in value; and it was not uncommon for fancy costumes to be handed down as heirlooms.</p> @@ -8037,10 +7994,10 @@ made could be found in most of the stores.</p> <p>As with clothes and tailors, so it was with other articles of apparel and those who manufactured them; the natives had their own shoe- and hat-makers, and their styles were unvarying. -The genuine Panamá hat was highly prized and often copied; +The genuine Panamá hat was highly prized and often copied; and Francisco Velardes—who used a grindstone bought of John Temple in 1852, now in the County Museum—was one who -sold and imitated Panamás of the fifties. A product of the +sold and imitated Panamás of the fifties. A product of the bootmakers' skill were leathern leggings, worn to protect the trousers when riding on horseback. The <i>Gringos</i> were then given to copying the fashions of the natives; but as the @@ -8055,7 +8012,7 @@ was Francisco Moreno, who had a little shop on the south side of Aliso Street, not far from Los Angeles. One of these hand-worked saddles often cost two hundred dollars or more, in addition to which expensive bridles, bits and spurs -were deemed necessary accessories. António María Lugo had +were deemed necessary accessories. António MarÃa Lugo had a silver-mounted saddle, bridle and spurs that cost fifteen hundred dollars.</p> @@ -8073,15 +8030,15 @@ stock changed hands, according to the success or failure of the different favorites. It cannot be claimed, perhaps, that the Mexican, like the <i>Gringo</i>, made a specialty of developing horseflesh to perfection; yet Mexicans owned many of the fast horses, -such as Don José Sepúlveda's <i>Sydney Ware</i> and <i>Black Swan</i>, +such as Don José Sepúlveda's <i>Sydney Ware</i> and <i>Black Swan</i>, and the Californian <i>Sarco</i> belonging to Don Pio Pico.</p> <p>The most celebrated of all these horse races of early days -was that between José Andrés Sepúlveda's <i>Black Swan</i> and +was that between José Andrés Sepúlveda's <i>Black Swan</i> and Pio Pico's <i>Sarco</i>, the details of which I learned, soon after I -came here, from Tom Mott. Sepúlveda had imported the <i>Black +came here, from Tom Mott. Sepúlveda had imported the <i>Black Swan</i> from Australia, in 1852, the year of the race, while Pico -chose a California steed to defend the honors of the day. Sepúlveda +chose a California steed to defend the honors of the day. Sepúlveda himself went to San Francisco to receive the consignment in person, after which he committed the thoroughbred into the keeping of Bill Brady, the trainer, who rode him down to Los @@ -8096,7 +8053,7 @@ hurried to Los Angeles to witness the contest and bet on the result. Twenty-five thousand dollars, in addition to five hundred horses, five hundred mares, five hundred heifers, five hundred calves and five hundred sheep were among the princely -stakes put up; and the wife of José Andrés was driven to the +stakes put up; and the wife of José Andrés was driven to the scene of the memorable contest with a veritable fortune in gold slugs wrapped in a large handkerchief. Upon arriving there, she opened her improvised purse and distributed the @@ -8116,7 +8073,7 @@ price for the vehicle.</p> <p>Many kinds of amusements marked these festal occasions, and bull-fights were among the diversions patronized by some -Angeleños, the Christmas and New Year holidays of 1854-55 +Angeleños, the Christmas and New Year holidays of 1854-55 being celebrated in that manner. I dare say that in earlier days Los Angeles may have had its Plaza de Toros, as did the ancient metropolis of the great country to the South; but in the later @@ -8157,8 +8114,8 @@ modern merry-go-round.</p> <p>The easy-going temperament of the native gave rise to many an amusing incident. I once asked a woman, as we were discussing the coming marriage of her daughter, whom the dark-eyed -<i>señorita</i> was to marry; whereupon she replied, "I forget;" -and turning to her daughter, she asked: "<i>¿Como se llama?</i>" +<i>señorita</i> was to marry; whereupon she replied, "I forget;" +and turning to her daughter, she asked: "<i>¿Como se llama?</i>" (What did you say was his name?)</p> <p>George Dalton bought a tract of land on Washington, east @@ -8269,7 +8226,7 @@ remoter points than San Francisco in search of relief. In 1855, Beaudry's health having become seriously impaired, he went to Paris to consult the famous oculist, Sichel; but he received little or no benefit. While in Europe, Beaudry visited the -Exposition of that year, and was one of the first Angeleños, I +Exposition of that year, and was one of the first Angeleños, I suppose, to see a World's Fair. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span></p> @@ -8278,7 +8235,7 @@ brother, and some of my own experiences, recall the changes in the manner of bidding Los Angeles travelers <i>bon-voyage</i>. Friends generally accompanied the tourist to the outlying steamer, reached by a tug or lighter; and when the leave-taking -came, there were cheers, repetitions of <i>adiós</i> and the waving of +came, there were cheers, repetitions of <i>adiós</i> and the waving of hats and handkerchiefs, which continued until the steamer had disappeared from view.</p> @@ -8320,7 +8277,7 @@ acres between San Pedro and San Bernardino, now covered with cities, towns and hamlets. The site of the Long Beach of to-day was but a small part of his Alamitos <i>rancho</i>, a portion of the town also including some of the Cerritos acres of John -Temple. Los Coyotes, La Habra and San Juan Cajón de +Temple. Los Coyotes, La Habra and San Juan Cajón de Santa Ana were among the Stearns ranches advertised for sale in 1869. Later, I shall relate how this Alamitos land came to be held by Jotham Bixby and his associates.</p> @@ -8349,7 +8306,7 @@ a man exceptionally modest and known among his Spanish-speaking friends as Templito, because of his five feet four stature. He came here, by way of the Horn, in 1841, when he was but nineteen years of age, and for a while was in business with -his brother John. Marrying Señorita Antónia Margarita Workman, +his brother John. Marrying Señorita Antónia Margarita Workman, however, on September 30th, 1845, Francis made his home at La Merced Ranch, twelve miles east of Los Angeles, in the San Gabriel Valley, where he had a spacious and hospitable @@ -8370,8 +8327,8 @@ after I arrived, owned the celebrated Cucamonga and Chino ranches. As early as 1842, after a nine or ten years' residence in Los Angeles, Williams moved to the Rancho del Chino, which included not merely the Santa Ana del Chino grant—some -twenty-two thousand acres originally given to Don António -María Lugo, in 1841—but the addition of twelve to thirteen +twenty-two thousand acres originally given to Don António +MarÃa Lugo, in 1841—but the addition of twelve to thirteen <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> thousand acres, granted in 1843 to Williams (who became Lugo's son-in-law) making a total of almost thirty-five thousand @@ -8391,7 +8348,7 @@ dollars. In the end, he gave his <i>ranchos</i> to his daughters as marriage-portions: the Chino to Francisca, or Mrs. Robert Carlisle, who became the wife of Dr. F. A. McDougall, Mayor in 1877-78, and, after his death, Mrs. Jesurun; and the Cucamonga -to María Merced, or Mrs. John Rains, mother-in-law of +to MarÃa Merced, or Mrs. John Rains, mother-in-law of ex-Governor Henry T. Gage, who was later Mrs. Carrillo.</p> <p>Benjamin Davis Wilson, or Benito Wilson, as he was usually @@ -8468,7 +8425,7 @@ From a lithograph of 1858</p> <p>Colonel Jonathan Trumbull Warner, master of Warner's Ranch, later the property of John G. Downey, and known—from -his superb stature of over six feet—both as Juan José +his superb stature of over six feet—both as Juan José Warner and as Juan Largo, "Long John," returned to Los Angeles in 1857. Warner had arrived in Southern California, on December 5th, 1831, at the age of twenty-eight, having come @@ -8483,7 +8440,7 @@ fourteen years of his occupancy, some of the most stirring episodes of the Mexican War occurred; during one of which—Ensign Espinosa's attack—Don Juan having objected to the forcible searching of his house, he had his arm broken. There, -also, António Garra and his lawless band made their assault, +also, António Garra and his lawless band made their assault, and were repulsed by Long John, who escaped on horseback, leaving in his wake four or five dead Indians. For this, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span> @@ -8526,13 +8483,13 @@ assisted to build, soon after his arrival here, one of the first vessels ever constructed and launched in California—a schooner fitted out at San Pedro to hunt for sea otter. In January, 1841, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span> -Wolfskill married Doña Magdalena Lugo, daughter of Don José -Ygnácio Lugo, of Santa Bárbara. A daughter, Señorita Magdalena, +Wolfskill married Doña Magdalena Lugo, daughter of Don José +Ygnácio Lugo, of Santa Bárbara. A daughter, Señorita Magdalena, in 1865 married Frank Sabichi, a native of Los Angeles, who first saw the light of day in 1842. Sabichi, by the way, always a man of importance in this community, is the son of Mateo and Josefa Franco Sabichi (the mother, a sister -of António Franco Coronel), buried at San Gabriel Mission. +of António Franco Coronel), buried at San Gabriel Mission. J. E. Pleasants, to whom I elsewhere refer, first made a good start when he formed a partnership with Wolfskill in a cattle deal.</p> @@ -8552,7 +8509,7 @@ who preceded the Forty-niners and was permitted to see Los Angeles well on its way toward metropolitan standing. In 1844 he had joined an expedition to California organized by Jim Bridger; and having reached the Western country, he -volunteered to serve under Frémont in the Mexican campaign. +volunteered to serve under Frémont in the Mexican campaign. There the hardships which Moulton endured were far severer than those which tested the grit of the average emigrant; and Moulton in better days often told how, when nearly driven to @@ -8609,9 +8566,9 @@ Oil Company. <p>Juan Forster, an Englishman, possessed the Santa Margarita <i>rancho</i>, which he had taken up in 1864, some years -after he married Doña Ysidora Pico. She was a sister of Pio -and Andrés Pico, and there, as a result of that alliance, General -Pico found a safe retreat while fleeing from Frémont into Lower +after he married Doña Ysidora Pico. She was a sister of Pio +and Andrés Pico, and there, as a result of that alliance, General +Pico found a safe retreat while fleeing from Frémont into Lower California. Forster for a while was a seaman out of San Pedro. When he went to San Juan Capistrano, where he became a sort of local <i>Alcalde</i> and was often called Don San Juan or even @@ -8625,28 +8582,28 @@ though the owner of such a princely territory, he was assessed in 1851 on but thirteen thousand dollars in personal property. Later Don Juan lorded it over twice as much land in the ranches of Santa Margarita and Las Flores. His fourth son, -a namesake, married Señorita Josefa del Valle, daughter of Don -Ygnácio del Valle.</p> +a namesake, married Señorita Josefa del Valle, daughter of Don +Ygnácio del Valle.</p> -<p>Manuel, Pedro, Nasário and Victoria Dominguez owned in +<p>Manuel, Pedro, Nasário and Victoria Dominguez owned in the neighborhood of forty-eight thousand acres of the choicest -land in the South. More than a century ago, Juan José +land in the South. More than a century ago, Juan José Dominguez received from the King of Spain ten or eleven leagues of land, known as the Rancho de San Pedro; and this -was given by Governor de Sola, after Juan José's death in 1822, -to his brother, Don Cristóbal Dominguez, a Spanish officer. -Don Cristóbal married a Mexican commissioner's daughter, +was given by Governor de Sola, after Juan José's death in 1822, +to his brother, Don Cristóbal Dominguez, a Spanish officer. +Don Cristóbal married a Mexican commissioner's daughter, and one of their ten children was Manuel, who, educated by wide reading and fortunate in a genial temperament and high standard of honor, became an esteemed and popular -officer under the Mexican <i>régime</i>, displaying no little chivalry +officer under the Mexican <i>régime</i>, displaying no little chivalry in the battle of Dominguez fought on his own property. On the death of his father, Don Manuel took charge of the Rancho de San Pedro (buying out his sister Victoria's interest of twelve thousand acres, at fifty cents an acre) until in 1855 it was partitioned between himself, his brother, Don Pedro and two <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span> -nephews, José António Aguirre and Jacinto Rocha. One daughter, +nephews, José António Aguirre and Jacinto Rocha. One daughter, Victoria, married George Carson in 1857. At his death, in 1882, Dominguez bequeathed to his heirs twenty odd thousand acres, including Rattlesnake Island in San Pedro Bay. James A. @@ -8658,8 +8615,8 @@ having been a merchant in Peru, owned the Azusa Ranch of over four thousand acres, the patent to which was finally issued in 1876, and also part of the San Francisquito Ranch of eight thousand acres, allowed him somewhat later. Besides these, -he had an interest, with Ygnácio Palomares and Ricardo Vejar, -in the San José <i>rancho</i> of nearly twenty-seven thousand acres. +he had an interest, with Ygnácio Palomares and Ricardo Vejar, +in the San José <i>rancho</i> of nearly twenty-seven thousand acres. As early as the twenty-first of May, 1851, Dalton, with keen foresight, seems to have published a plan for the subdivision of nine or ten thousand acres into lots to suit limited ranchers; but @@ -8674,13 +8631,13 @@ brother, George, I have already mentioned as having likewise settled here.</p> <p>Of all these worthy dons, possessing vast landed estates, -Don António María Lugo, brother of Ygnácio Lugo, was one of -the most affluent and venerable. He owned the San António +Don António MarÃa Lugo, brother of Ygnácio Lugo, was one of +the most affluent and venerable. He owned the San António <i>rancho</i>, named I presume after him; and in 1856, when he celebrated his seventy-fifth birthday, was reputed to be the owner of fully twenty-nine thousand acres and personal property to the extent of seventy-two thousand dollars. Three -sons, José María, José del Carmen and Vicente Lugo, as early +sons, José MarÃa, José del Carmen and Vicente Lugo, as early as 1842 also acquired in their own names about thirty-seven thousand acres.</p> @@ -8801,7 +8758,7 @@ closing my story.</p> <p>Robidoux's name leads me to recur to early judges and to his identification with the first Court of Sessions here, when -there was such a sparseness even of <i>rancherías</i>. Robidoux then +there was such a sparseness even of <i>rancherÃas</i>. Robidoux then lived on his Jurupa domain, and not having been at the meeting of township justices which selected himself and Judge Scott to sit on the bench, and enjoying but infrequent communication @@ -8848,15 +8805,15 @@ same operation on the old don several times.</p> <p>The Verdugo family had an extensive acreage where such towns as Glendale now enjoy the benefit of recent suburban development, Governor Pedro Fages having granted, as early -as 1784, some thirty-six thousand acres to Don José María +as 1784, some thirty-six thousand acres to Don José MarÃa <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span> Verdugo, which grant was reaffirmed in 1798, thereby affording the basis of a patent issued in 1882, to Julio Verdugo <i>et al</i>, although Verdugo died in 1858. To this Verdugo <i>rancho</i>, -Frémont sent Jesus Pico—the Mexican guide whose life he had +Frémont sent Jesus Pico—the Mexican guide whose life he had spared, as he was about to be executed at San Luis Obispo—to talk with the Californians and to persuade them to deal -with Frémont instead of Stockton; and there on February 21st, +with Frémont instead of Stockton; and there on February 21st, 1845, Micheltorena and Castro met. Near there also, still later, the celebrated Casa Verdugo entertained for many years the epicures of Southern California, becoming one of the best-known @@ -8885,13 +8842,13 @@ stood the first house erected on the ranch. It is my impression that beautiful Altadena is also on this land.</p> <p>Ricardo Vejar, another magnate, had an interest in a wide -area of rich territory known as the San José Ranch. Not less +area of rich territory known as the San José Ranch. Not less than twenty-two thousand acres made up this <i>rancho</i> which, as early as 1837, had been granted by Governor Alvarado to Vejar <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span> -and Ygnácio Palomares who died on November 25th, 1864. Two +and Ygnácio Palomares who died on November 25th, 1864. Two or three years later, Luis Arenas joined the two, and Alvarado -renewed his grant, tacking on a league or two of San José land +renewed his grant, tacking on a league or two of San José land lying to the West and nearer the San Gabriel mountains. Arenas, in time, disposed of his interest to Henry Dalton; and Dalton joined Vejar in applying to the courts for a partitioning @@ -8902,7 +8859,7 @@ tribunals many years, the decree finally being set aside by the Court. Vejar, who had been assessed in 1851 for thirty-four thousand dollars' worth of personal property, sold his share of the estate for twenty-nine thousand dollars, in the spring of -1874. It is a curious fact that not until the San José <i>rancho</i> had +1874. It is a curious fact that not until the San José <i>rancho</i> had been so cut up that it was not easy to trace it back to the original grantees, did the authorities at Washington finally issue a patent to Dalton, Palomares and Vejar for the twenty-two @@ -8911,7 +8868,7 @@ thousand acres which originally made up the ranch.</p> <p>The Machados, of whom there were several brothers—Don Agustin, who died on May 17th, 1865, being the head of the family—had title to nearly fourteen thousand acres. -Their ranch, originally granted to Don Ygnácio Machado in +Their ranch, originally granted to Don Ygnácio Machado in 1839 and patented in 1873, was known as La Ballona and extended from the city limits to the ocean; and there, among other stock, in 1860, were more than two thousand head of @@ -8919,14 +8876,14 @@ cattle.</p> <p>The Picos acquired much territory. There were two brothers—Pio, who as Mexican Governor had had wide supervision -over land, and Andrés, who had fought throughout the San +over land, and Andrés, who had fought throughout the San Pasqual campaigns until the capitulation at Cahuenga, and still later had dashed with spirit across country in pursuit of the murderers of Sheriff Barton. Pio Pico alone, in 1851, was assessed for twenty-two thousand acres as well as twenty-one thousand dollars in personal property. Besides controlling various San Fernando ranches (once under B. H. Lancaro's -management), Andrés Pico possessed La Habra, a ranch of over +management), Andrés Pico possessed La Habra, a ranch of over six thousand acres, for which a patent was granted in 1872, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span> the ranch Los Coyotes, including over forty-eight thousand @@ -8950,7 +8907,7 @@ of the loan-agreement being decided against him.</p> <p>Henry C. Wiley must have arrived very early, as he had been in Los Angeles some years before I came. He married -a daughter of Andrés Pico and for a while had charge of his +a daughter of Andrés Pico and for a while had charge of his San Fernando Ranch. Wiley served, at one time, as Sheriff of the County. He died in 1898.</p> @@ -8977,36 +8934,36 @@ the forty-four hundred acres of the Potrero Grande, was his heir.</p> <p>There were two large and important landowners, second -cousins, known as José Sepúlveda; the one, Don José Andrés, -and the other, Don José Loreto. The father of José Andrés -was Don Francisco Sepúlveda, a Spanish officer to whom the -San Vicente Ranch had been granted; and José Andrés, born in +cousins, known as José Sepúlveda; the one, Don José Andrés, +and the other, Don José Loreto. The father of José Andrés +was Don Francisco Sepúlveda, a Spanish officer to whom the +San Vicente Ranch had been granted; and José Andrés, born in San Diego in 1804, was the oldest of eleven children. His -brothers were Fernando, José del Carmen, Dolores and Juan -María; and he also had six sisters. To José Andrés, or José as -he was called, the San Joaquín Ranch was given, an enormous +brothers were Fernando, José del Carmen, Dolores and Juan +MarÃa; and he also had six sisters. To José Andrés, or José as +he was called, the San JoaquÃn Ranch was given, an enormous tract of land lying between the present Tustin, earlier known as Tustin City, and San Juan Capistrano, and running from the hills to the sea; while, on the death of Don Francisco, the San Vicente Ranch, later bought by Jones and Baker, was left to -José del Carmen, Dolores and Juan María. José, in addition, -bought eighteen hundred acres from José António Yorba, and +José del Carmen, Dolores and Juan MarÃa. José, in addition, +bought eighteen hundred acres from José António Yorba, and on this newly-acquired property he built his ranchhouse, although he and his family may be said to have been more or -less permanent residents of Los Angeles. Fernando Sepúlveda +less permanent residents of Los Angeles. Fernando Sepúlveda married a Verdugo, and through her became proprietor of much -of the Verdugo <i>rancho</i>. The fact that José was so well provided +of the Verdugo <i>rancho</i>. The fact that José was so well provided for, and that Fernando had come into control of the Verdugo acres, made it mutually satisfactory that the San Vicente Ranch -should have been willed to the other sons. The children of José -Andrés included Miguel, Maurício, Bernabé, Joaquín, Andrónico -and Ygnácio, and Francisca, wife of James Thompson, -Tomása, wife of Frank Rico, Ramona, wife of Captain Salisbury -Haley of the <i>Sea Bird</i>, Ascención, wife of Tom Mott, and -Tranquilina. The latter, with Mrs. Mott and Judge Ygnácio, +should have been willed to the other sons. The children of José +Andrés included Miguel, MaurÃcio, Bernabé, JoaquÃn, Andrónico +and Ygnácio, and Francisca, wife of James Thompson, +Tomása, wife of Frank Rico, Ramona, wife of Captain Salisbury +Haley of the <i>Sea Bird</i>, Ascención, wife of Tom Mott, and +Tranquilina. The latter, with Mrs. Mott and Judge Ygnácio, are still living here.</p> -<p>Don José Loreto, brother of Juan and Diego Sepúlveda, +<p>Don José Loreto, brother of Juan and Diego Sepúlveda, father of Mrs. John T. Lanfranco, and a well-known resident of Los Angeles County in early days, presided over the destinies <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span> @@ -9027,7 +8984,7 @@ followed by the calves, which were also branded, in anticipation of the next <i>rodeo</i>.</p> <p>Such round-ups were great events, for they brought all the -<i>rancheros</i> and <i>vaqueros</i> together. They became the <i>raison d'être</i> +<i>rancheros</i> and <i>vaqueros</i> together. They became the <i>raison d'être</i> of elaborate celebrations, sometimes including horse-races, bull-fights and other amusements; and this was the case particularly in 1861, because of the rains and consequent excellent season.</p> @@ -9057,9 +9014,9 @@ beyond the pales of the towns. Under Mexican rule, a Judge of the Plains, who was more or less a law unto himself, served for glory and dignity (much as does an English Justice of the Peace); and the latter factor was an important part of the -stipulation, as we may gather from a story told by early Angeleños -of the impeachment of Don António María Lugo. Don -António was then a Judge of the Plains, and as such was +stipulation, as we may gather from a story told by early Angeleños +of the impeachment of Don António MarÃa Lugo. Don +António was then a Judge of the Plains, and as such was charged with having, while on horseback, nearly trampled upon Pedro Sanchez, for no other reason than that poor Pedro had refused to "uncover" while the Judge rode by, and to keep his @@ -9149,7 +9106,7 @@ of our families and the preservation of our homes.</p> <p>In the fall of 1855, Dr. Thomas J. White, a native of St. Louis and Speaker of the Assembly in the first California -Legislature convened at San José, in December, 1849, arrived +Legislature convened at San José, in December, 1849, arrived from San Francisco with his wife and two daughters, and bought a vineyard next to Dr. Hoover's ten-acre place where, in three or four years, he became one of the leading wine-producers. @@ -9202,7 +9159,7 @@ many to come to Los Angeles in 1853, and who had brought with him a small stock of furniture, started a store in a little wooden house he had acquired on a lot next to that which later became the site of the Pico House. Abbott married -Doña Merced Garcia; and good fortune favoring him, he not +Doña Merced Garcia; and good fortune favoring him, he not only gradually enlarged his stock of goods, but built a more commodious building, in the upper story of which was the Merced Theater, named after Abbott's wife, and opened in the @@ -9213,12 +9170,12 @@ and, as the scene of disreputable dances, before 1890 had been pronounced a nuisance. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span></p> -<p>During the first decade under the American <i>régime</i>, Los +<p>During the first decade under the American <i>régime</i>, Los Angeles gradually learned the value of reaching toward the outside world and welcoming all who responded. In 1855, as I have said, a brisk trade was begun with Salt Lake, through the opening up of a route—leading along the old Spanish -trail to Santa Fé. Banning & Alexander, with their usual enterprise, +trail to Santa Fé. Banning & Alexander, with their usual enterprise, together with W. T. B. Sanford, made the first shipment in a heavily-freighted train of fifteen wagons drawn by one hundred and fifty mules. The train, which carried thirty tons, @@ -9348,9 +9305,9 @@ Bishop Amat during the preceding month, to provide for their coming, when Abel Stearns presided and John G. Downey acted as Secretary. Benjamin Hayes, Thomas Foster, Ezra Drown, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span> -Louis Vignes, Ygnácio del Valle and António Coronel coöperated, +Louis Vignes, Ygnácio del Valle and António Coronel coöperated, while Manuel Requena collected the necessary funds. -On January 5th, Sisters María Scholastica, María Corzina, +On January 5th, Sisters MarÃa Scholastica, MarÃa Corzina, Ana, Clara, Francisca and Angela arrived—three of them coming almost directly from Spain; and immediately they formed an important adjunct to the Church in matters pertaining @@ -9371,7 +9328,7 @@ school on Bath Street. The building, two stories in height, was of brick and had two rooms.</p> <p>On January 9th, John P. Brodie assumed charge of the -<i>Southern Californian</i>. Andrés Pico was then proprietor; and +<i>Southern Californian</i>. Andrés Pico was then proprietor; and before the newspaper died, in 1857, Pico lost, it is said, ten thousand dollars in the venture.</p> @@ -9392,7 +9349,7 @@ quickly sent to Major E. H. Fitzgerald and had the latter <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span> come post-haste to town and court with a detachment of soldiers; and with this superior, disciplined force he overawed -the bandits' <i>compañeros</i> who, sure enough, were there and fully +the bandits' <i>compañeros</i> who, sure enough, were there and fully armed to make a demonstration.</p> <p>Thomas E. Rowan arrived here with his father, James @@ -9407,7 +9364,7 @@ from Louis Mesmer the American Bakery, located at the southwest corner of Main and First streets and originally established by August Ulyard. When James Rowan died about forty years ago, Tom fell heir to the bakery; but as he -was otherwise engaged, he employed Maurice Maurício as manager, +was otherwise engaged, he employed Maurice MaurÃcio as manager, and P. Galta, afterward a prosperous business man of Bakersfield, as driver. Tom, who died in 1899, was also associated as cashier with I. W. Hellman and F. P. F. Temple in their @@ -9441,7 +9398,7 @@ bills due. He soon found a ready customer in William A. Wallace, the Principal of the boys' school who, on the twelfth of April, bought the paper; but Waite's disgust was nothing to that of the schoolteacher who, after two short months' trial with the -editorial quill, scribbled a last doleful <i>adiós</i>. "The flush times +editorial quill, scribbled a last doleful <i>adiós</i>. "The flush times of the pueblo, the day of large prices and pocket-books, are past," Wallace declared; and before him the editor saw "only picayunes, bad liquor, rags and universal dullness, when neither @@ -9476,9 +9433,9 @@ to attract attention; and Lehman (who, when he appeared on the street, had a crooked cane hanging on his arm and a lemon in his hand), came to be known as "Round House George." The house had been erected in the late forties by Raimundo, -generally called Ramón, or Raymond Alexander, a sailor, who +generally called Ramón, or Raymond Alexander, a sailor, who asserted that the design was a copy of a structure he had once -seen on the coast of Africa; and there Ramón and his native +seen on the coast of Africa; and there Ramón and his native California wife had lived for many years. Partly because he wished to cover the exterior with vines and flowers, Lehman nailed boards over the outer adobe walls and thus changed the @@ -9522,7 +9479,7 @@ earlier day: in 1856, a single electric disturbance, accompanied by intense heat and sandstorms, left tens of thousands of dead cattle to tell the story of drought and destruction.</p> -<p>During the summer, I had occasion to go to Fort Tejón to +<p>During the summer, I had occasion to go to Fort Tejón to see George C. Alexander, a customer, and I again asked Sam Meyer if he would accompany me. Such a proposition was always agreeable to Sam; and, having procured horses, we @@ -9547,7 +9504,7 @@ who had come to Los Angeles in 1849 and was then engaged with his brother Sanford in raising sheep in that neighborhood. Cy was on horseback and had two pack animals, loaded with provisions. "Hello, boys! where are you bound?" he asked; -and when we told him that we were on our way to Fort Tejón, +and when we told him that we were on our way to Fort Tejón, he said that he was also going there, and volunteered to save us forty miles by guiding us over the trail. Such a shortening of our journey appealed to us as a good prospect, and we fell @@ -9578,7 +9535,7 @@ neighborhood. A bear generally means business; and you may depend upon it that neither Sam, myself nor even Cy were very long in bundling out of the wagon and making a dash for the more protecting house. Early next morning, we recommenced -our journey toward Fort Tejón, and reached there +our journey toward Fort Tejón, and reached there without any further adventures worth relating.</p> <p>Coming back, we stopped for the night at Gordon's Station, @@ -9588,7 +9545,7 @@ regular saddle exercise.</p> <p>A few months later, I met Cy on the street. "Harris," said he, "do you know that once, on that hot day going to Fort -Tejón, we were within three hundred feet of a fine, cool spring?" +Tejón, we were within three hundred feet of a fine, cool spring?" "Then why in the devil," I retorted, "didn't you take us to it?" To which Cy, with a chuckle, answered: "Well, I just wanted to see what would happen to you!"</p> @@ -9606,8 +9563,8 @@ creeds formed a bond rather than a hindrance.</p> <p>It was in 1856 that, in connection with our regular business, we began buying hides. One day a Mexican customer came -into the store and, looking around, said: "<i>¿Compra cueros?</i>" -(Do you buy hides?) "<i>Sí, señor</i>," I replied, to which he then +into the store and, looking around, said: "<i>¿Compra cueros?</i>" +(Do you buy hides?) "<i>SÃ, señor</i>," I replied, to which he then said: "<i>Tengo muchos en mi rancho</i>" (I have many at my ranch). "Where do you live?" I asked. "Between Cahuenga and San Fernando Mission," he answered. He had come to town in his @@ -9627,9 +9584,9 @@ the adobe veranda.</p> premises. To my amazement, I saw but one little kipskin hanging up to dry! When at length my Mexican friend appeared on the scene, I asked him where he kept his hides? -(<i>¿Donde tiene usted los cueros?</i>) At which he pointed to the +(<i>¿Donde tiene usted los cueros?</i>) At which he pointed to the lone kip and, with a characteristic and perfectly indifferent -shrug of the shoulders, said: "<i>¡No tengo más!</i>" (I have no +shrug of the shoulders, said: "<i>¡No tengo más!</i>" (I have no more!)</p> <p>I then deliberated with Sam as to what we should do; @@ -9740,7 +9697,7 @@ however, in 1855, William M. Stockton had a large vineyard nursery. William Wolfskill was one of the leading vineyardists, having set out his first vine, so it was said, in 1838, when he affirmed his belief that the plant, if well cared for, would flourish -a hundred years! Don José Serrano, from whom Dr. Leonce +a hundred years! Don José Serrano, from whom Dr. Leonce Hoover bought many of the grapes he needed, did have vines, it was declared, that were nearly a century old. When I first passed through San Francisco, <i>en route</i> to Los Angeles, I saw @@ -9787,7 +9744,7 @@ Bernard and Ricardo Vejar had wineries, and John Schumacher had a vineyard opposite the site of the City Gardens in the late seventies. L. H. Titus, in time, had a vineyard, known as the Dewdrop, near that of Rose. Still another wine producer -was António María Lugo, who set out his vines on San Pedro +was António MarÃa Lugo, who set out his vines on San Pedro Street, near the present Second, and often dwelt in the long adobe house where both Steve Foster, Lugo's son-in-law, and Mrs. Wallace Woodworth lived, and where I have been many @@ -9823,7 +9780,7 @@ Isthmus, they found him settled as a vineyardist, occupying the Foster property running from Alameda Street to the river, in a section between Second and Sixth streets. The advent of a group of young people, so well qualified to add to what has -truthfully been described by old-time Angeleños as our family +truthfully been described by old-time Angeleños as our family circle, was hailed with a great deal of interest and satisfaction. In time, Miss Emeline Huber was married to O. W. Childs, and Miss Caroline was wedded to Dr. Frederick Preston Howard, a @@ -9835,20 +9792,20 @@ and be elected County Treasurer, succeeding M. Kremer, who had served six years. Huber, Sr., died about the middle sixties. Mrs. Huber lived to be eighty-three years old.</p> -<p>José de Rúbio had at least two vineyards when I came—one +<p>José de Rúbio had at least two vineyards when I came—one on Alameda Street, south of Wolfskill's and not far from -Coronel's, and one on the east side of the river. Rúbio came +Coronel's, and one on the east side of the river. Rúbio came <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span> here very early in the century, after having married Juana, a -daughter of Juan María Miron, a well-known sea captain, and +daughter of Juan MarÃa Miron, a well-known sea captain, and built three adobe houses. The first of these was on the site of the present home of William H. Workman, on Boyle Heights; the second was near what was later the corner of Alameda and Eighth streets, and the third was on Alameda Street near the present Vernon Avenue. One of his ranches was known as -"Rúbio's," and there many a barbecue was celebrated. In 1859, -Rúbio leased the Sepúlveda Landing, at San Pedro, and commenced -to haul freight, to and fro. Señor and Señora Rúbio<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +"Rúbio's," and there many a barbecue was celebrated. In 1859, +Rúbio leased the Sepúlveda Landing, at San Pedro, and commenced +to haul freight, to and fro. Señor and Señora Rúbio<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> had twenty-five children, of whom five are now living. Another Los Angeles vineyardist who lived near the river when I came was a Frenchman named Clemente.</p> @@ -9932,7 +9889,7 @@ minutes, the <i>temblor</i> continued and much damage was done. Los Angeles felt the disturbance far less than many other places, although five to six shocks were noted and twenty times during the week people were frightened from their homes; at Temple's -<i>rancho</i> and at Fort Tejón great rents were opened in the earth and +<i>rancho</i> and at Fort Tejón great rents were opened in the earth and then closed again, piling up a heap or dune of finely-powdered stone and dirt. Large trees were uprooted and hurled down the hillsides; and tumbling after them went the cattle. Many @@ -10008,7 +9965,7 @@ community was seized with terror.</p> <p>A large band of Mexican outlaws, led by Pancho Daniel, a convict who had escaped from San Quentin prison, and including -Luciano Tapía and Juan Flores, on January 22d had killed +Luciano TapÃa and Juan Flores, on January 22d had killed a German storekeeper named George W. Pflugardt, in San Juan Capistrano, while he was preparing his evening meal; and after having placed his body on the table, they sat around @@ -10024,9 +9981,9 @@ for something more than defense.</p> K. Baker, both constables, Charles F. Daley, an early blacksmith here, Alfred Hardy and Frank Alexander—all volunteers—left that evening for San Juan Capistrano, to capture -the murderers, and soon arrived at the San Joaquín Ranch, -about eighteen miles from San Juan. There Don José Andrés -Sepúlveda told Barton of a trap set for him, and that the +the murderers, and soon arrived at the San JoaquÃn Ranch, +about eighteen miles from San Juan. There Don José Andrés +Sepúlveda told Barton of a trap set for him, and that the robbers outnumbered his <i>posse</i>, two to one; and urged him to send back to Los Angeles for more volunteers. Brave but <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span> @@ -10049,7 +10006,7 @@ and at once voted financial aid.</p> <p>Although the Committee of Safety had the assistance of special foot police in guarding the city, the citizens made a -requisition on Fort Tejón, and fifty soldiers were sent from +requisition on Fort Tejón, and fifty soldiers were sent from that post to help pursue the band. Troops from San Diego, with good horses and plenty of provisions, were also placed at the disposition of the Los Angeles authorities. Companies of @@ -10086,7 +10043,7 @@ took the matter in hand and performed their rites over those who were Masons, and even paid their respects, with a portion of the ritual, to the non-Masonic dead.</p> -<p>General Andrés Pico, with a company of native mounted +<p>General Andrés Pico, with a company of native mounted Californians, who left immediately after the funeral, was especially prominent in running down the outlaws, thus again displaying his natural gift of leadership; and others fitted @@ -10158,10 +10115,10 @@ was hung. Lopez again escaped; and it was not until February other realms.</p> <p>Two days after Juan Flores was sent to a warmer clime, -Luciano Tapía and Thomas King were executed. Tapía's +Luciano TapÃa and Thomas King were executed. TapÃa's case was rather regrettable, for he had been a respectable laborer at San Luis Obispo until Flores, meeting him, persuaded -him to abandon honest work. Tapía came to Los Angeles, +him to abandon honest work. TapÃa came to Los Angeles, joined the robber band and was one of those who helped to kill Sheriff Barton.</p> @@ -10169,9 +10126,9 @@ kill Sheriff Barton.</p> Infirmary, the first regular hospital in the city, with Sister Ana, for years well known here, as Sister Superior. For a while, temporary quarters were taken in the house long occupied by -Don José María Aguilar and family, which property the Sisters +Don José MarÃa Aguilar and family, which property the Sisters soon purchased; but the next year they bought some land from -Don Luis Arenas, adjoining Don José Andrés Sepúlveda's, and +Don Luis Arenas, adjoining Don José Andrés Sepúlveda's, and were thus enabled to enlarge the hospital. Their service being the best, in time they were enabled to acquire a good-sized, two-story building of brick, in the upper part of the city; and @@ -10195,7 +10152,7 @@ for the home, it was not until February 24th that Judge W. G. Dryden—who, with a man named McFadden, had established the nucleus of a system—was granted a franchise to distribute water from his land, and to build a water-wheel in the <i>zanja -madre</i>. The Dryden, formerly known as the Ábila Springs +madre</i>. The Dryden, formerly known as the Ãbila Springs <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span> and later the source of the Beaudry supply, were near the site selected for the San Fernando Street Railway Station; and @@ -10253,7 +10210,7 @@ this orchard was made to yield very large crops.</p> <p>In 1857, a group of Germans living in San Francisco bought twelve hundred acres of waste, sandy land, at two dollars an -acre, from Don Pacífico Onteveras, and on it started the town +acre, from Don PacÃfico Onteveras, and on it started the town of Anaheim—a name composed of the Spanish <i>Ana</i>, from Santa Ana, and the German <i>Heim</i>, for home; and this was the first settlement in the county founded after my arrival. This @@ -10268,7 +10225,7 @@ the deal. There were fifty shareholders, who paid seven hundred and fifty dollars each, with an Executive Council composed of Otmar Caler, President; G. Charles Kohler, Vice-President; Cyrus Beythien, Treasurer; and John Fischer, Secretary; -while John Fröhling, R. Emerson, Felix Bachman, who was a +while John Fröhling, R. Emerson, Felix Bachman, who was a kind of Sub-treasurer, and Louis Jazyinsky, made up the Los Angeles Auditing Committee. George Hansen, afterward the colony's Superintendent, surveyed the tract and laid it @@ -10304,7 +10261,7 @@ took a leading place in the production of grapes and wine; and this position of honor it kept until, in 1888, a strange disease suddenly attacked and, within a single year, killed all the vines, after which the cultivation of oranges and walnuts was undertaken. -Kohler and Fröhling had wineries in both San Francisco +Kohler and Fröhling had wineries in both San Francisco and Los Angeles, the latter being adjacent to the present corner of Central Avenue and Seventh Street; and this firm purchased most of Anaheim's grape crop, although some vineyard @@ -10337,13 +10294,13 @@ some four years before he died, Major Harvey arrived from Washington with an appointment as Register of the Land Office, in place of H. P. Dorsey. At the same time, Don Agustin Olvera was appointed Receiver, in lieu of General -Andrés Pico. These and other rotations in office were due, of +Andrés Pico. These and other rotations in office were due, of course, to national administration changes, President Buchanan having recently been inaugurated.</p> <p>One of the interesting legal inquiries of the fifties was -conducted in 1857 when, in the District Court here, António -María Lugo, crowned with the white of seventy-six winters, +conducted in 1857 when, in the District Court here, António +MarÃa Lugo, crowned with the white of seventy-six winters, testified, at a hearing to establish certain claims to land, as to what he knew of old <i>ranchos</i> hereabouts, recalling many details of the pueblo and incidents as far back as 1785. He had seen @@ -10352,16 +10309,16 @@ roamed, as a young man, over the still older Dominguez and Nietos hills.</p> <p>Charles Henry Forbes, who was born at the Mission San -José, came to Los Angeles County in 1857 and, though but +José, came to Los Angeles County in 1857 and, though but twenty-two years old, was engaged by Don Abel Stearns to superintend his various <i>ranchos</i>, becoming Stearns's business manager in 1866, with a small office on the ground-floor of -the Arcadia Block. In 1864, Forbes married Doña Luisa +the Arcadia Block. In 1864, Forbes married Doña Luisa <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span> Olvera, daughter of Judge Agustin Olvera, and a graduate of the Sisters' school. On the death of Don Abel, in 1871, Forbes settled up Stearns's large estate, retaining his professional -association with Doña Arcadia, after her marriage to +association with Doña Arcadia, after her marriage to Colonel Baker, and even until he died in May, 1894.</p> <p>As I have intimated, the principal industry throughout Los @@ -10395,7 +10352,7 @@ one determining factor in the problem of a successful or a disastrous season, and became a very important theme when ranchers and others congregated at our store.</p> -<p>And here I may mention, <i>à propos</i> of this matter of rainfall +<p>And here I may mention, <i>à propos</i> of this matter of rainfall and its general effects, that there were millions of ground-squirrels all over this country that shared with other animals <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span> @@ -10408,7 +10365,7 @@ of these troublesome little rodents.</p> <p>The raising of sheep had not yet developed any importance at the time of my arrival; most of the mutton then consumed in Los Angeles coming from Santa Cruz Island, in the Santa -Bárbara Channel, though some was brought from San Clemente +Bárbara Channel, though some was brought from San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands. On the latter, there was a herd of from eight to ten thousand sheep in which Oscar Macy later acquired an interest; and L. Harris, father-in-law of H. W. @@ -10420,8 +10377,8 @@ of the wool. Santa Cruz Island had much larger herds, and steamers running to and from San Francisco often stopped there to take on sheep and sheep-products.</p> -<p>Santa Catalina Island, for years the property of Don José -María Covarrúbias—and later of the eccentric San Francisco +<p>Santa Catalina Island, for years the property of Don José +MarÃa Covarrúbias—and later of the eccentric San Francisco pioneer James Lick, who crossed the plains in the same party with the Lanfranco brothers and tried to induce them to settle in the North—was not far from San Clemente; and there, @@ -10447,7 +10404,7 @@ engage in the sheep industry. Soon after he arrived, he went into the livery business, to which he gave attention even when in partnership successively with Sanford, Dean and Hicks in the hardware business, on Commercial Street. On July 30th, -1857, Carson married Doña Victoria, a daughter of Manuel +1857, Carson married Doña Victoria, a daughter of Manuel Dominguez; but it was not until 1864 that, having sold out his two business interests (the livery to George Butler and the hardware to his partner), he moved to the ranch of his father-in-law, @@ -10490,7 +10447,7 @@ girls were rescued from the Indians (by whom they had been tattooed), and for a while they stayed at Ira Thompson's, where I saw them.</p> -<p>In 1857, J. G. Nichols was reëlected Mayor of Los Angeles, +<p>In 1857, J. G. Nichols was reëlected Mayor of Los Angeles, and began several improvements he had previously advocated, especially the irrigating of the plain below the city. By August 2d, <i>Zanja</i> No. 2 was completed; and this brought about the @@ -10526,7 +10483,7 @@ Jazynsky was a partner with Potter, for a while, under the firm name of Potter & Company; but later Jazynsky left Los Angeles for San Francisco. Potter died here in 1868.</p> -<p>Possibly the first instance of an Angeleño proffering a gift +<p>Possibly the first instance of an Angeleño proffering a gift to the President of the United States—and that, too, of something characteristic of this productive soil and climate—was when Henry D. Barrows, in September, called on President @@ -10574,7 +10531,7 @@ some investigation, I selected and purchased for an insignificant sum, just west of the present Hollenbeck Home on Boyle Avenue, a convenient site, which consisted of twenty acres of land, through which a ditch conducted water to Don -Felipe Lugo's San António <i>rancho</i>—a flow quite sufficient, at +Felipe Lugo's San António <i>rancho</i>—a flow quite sufficient, at the time, for my herd. These sheep I pastured on adjacent lands belonging to the City; and as others often did the same, no one said me Nay. Everything progressed beautifully until @@ -10656,7 +10613,7 @@ spectacular command of Ned, otherwise Lieutenant, and later General and Ambassador E. F. Beale, and the forbear of the so-called hundred million dollar McLean baby; the same Lieutenant Beale who opened up Beale's Route from the Rio -Grande to Fort Tejón. The camels had just come in from the +Grande to Fort Tejón. The camels had just come in from the fort, having traveled forty or more miles a day across the desert, to be loaded with military stores and provisions. As early as the beginning of the fifties, Jefferson Davis, then in @@ -10678,7 +10635,7 @@ had been picked up by Commodore Dave Porter—and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span> Greek George, years afterward host to bandit Vasquez; and camels and drivers made several trips back and forth across -the Southwest country. Once headquartered at Fort Tejón, +the Southwest country. Once headquartered at Fort Tejón, they came to Los Angeles every few weeks for provisions; each time creating no little excitement among the adult population and affording much amusement, as they passed along the @@ -10688,16 +10645,16 @@ streets, to the small boy.</p> murderers. He was heard from occasionally, as foraging north toward San Luis Obispo, and was finally captured, after repeated efforts to entrap and round him up, by Sheriff Murphy, -on January 19th, 1858, while hiding in a haystack near San José. +on January 19th, 1858, while hiding in a haystack near San José. When he was brought to Los Angeles, he was jailed, and then released on bail. Finally, Daniel's lawyers secured for him a -change of venue to Santa Bárbara; and this was the last abuse +change of venue to Santa Bárbara; and this was the last abuse that led the public again to administer a little law of its own. Early on the morning of November 30th, Pancho's body was found hanging by the neck at the gateway to the County Jail yard, a handful of men having overpowered the keeper, secured the key and the prisoner, and sent him on a journey with a -different destination from Santa Bárbara.</p> +different destination from Santa Bárbara.</p> <p>On February 25th, fire started in Childs & Hicks's store, on Los Angeles Street, and threatened both the Bella Union and @@ -10709,7 +10666,7 @@ alone carrying insurance. The conflagration demonstrated the need of a fire engine, and a subscription was started to get one.</p> -<p>Weeks later workmen, rummaging among the <i>débris</i>, found +<p>Weeks later workmen, rummaging among the <i>débris</i>, found five thousand dollars in gold, which discovery produced no little excitement. Childs claimed the money as his, saying that it had been stolen from him by a thieving clerk; but the workmen, @@ -10737,7 +10694,7 @@ at dinner; and in the evening there was a house-party and dance, for which invitations printed on lace-paper, in the typography characteristic of that day, had been sent out. Among the friends who attended, were the military officers -stationed at Fort Tejón, including Major Bell, the commanding +stationed at Fort Tejón, including Major Bell, the commanding officer, and Lieutenant John B. Magruder, formerly Colonel at San Diego and later a Major General in the Civil War, commanding Confederate forces in the Peninsula and in Texas, @@ -10810,7 +10767,7 @@ in removing the wounded, dying and dead.</p> <p>From Geneva, Switzerland, in 1854, a highly educated French lady, Mlle. Theresa Bry, whose oil portrait hangs in the County Museum, reached Los Angeles, and four years later -married François Henriot, a gardener by profession, who had +married François Henriot, a gardener by profession, who had come from <i>la belle France</i> in 1851. Together, on First Street near Los Angeles, they conducted a private school which enjoyed considerable patronage; removing the institution, in @@ -10818,7 +10775,7 @@ the early eighties, to the Arroyo Seco district. This matrimonial transaction, on account of the unequal social stations of the respective parties, caused some little flurry: in contrast to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span> -her own beauty and ladylike accomplishments, François's +her own beauty and ladylike accomplishments, François's manners were unrefined, his stature short and squatty, while his full beard (although it inspired respect, if not a certain feeling of awe, when he came to exercise authority in the school) @@ -10829,7 +10786,7 @@ her husband five years later.</p> <p>In 1858, the outlook for business brightened in Los Angeles; and Don Abel Stearns, who had acquired riches as a <i>ranchero</i>, built the Arcadia Block, on the corner of Los Angeles and -Arcadia streets, naming it after his wife, Doña Arcadia, who, +Arcadia streets, naming it after his wife, Doña Arcadia, who, since these memoirs were commenced, has joined the silent majority. The structure cost about eighty thousand dollars, and was talked of for some time as the most notable business @@ -10845,7 +10802,7 @@ fruit; to make the iron doors and shutters of the block, he started a foundry on New High Street and soon created some local iron-casting trade.</p> -<p>On April 24th, Señora Guadalupe Romero died at the age, +<p>On April 24th, Señora Guadalupe Romero died at the age, it is said, of one hundred and fifteen years. She came to Los Angeles, I was told, as far back as 1781, the wife of one of the earliest soldiers sent here, and had thus lived in the pueblo @@ -10906,7 +10863,7 @@ bedroom. Just at that moment the offender turned over with a grunt; and the excited army of lodgers, baffled by the unresisting apathy of the sleeper, retreated, each to his nest. The next day, breathing a sigh of relief, Edgar forsook the heavenly -regions of the Bella Union and made for Cajón Pass, eventually +regions of the Bella Union and made for Cajón Pass, eventually reaching the Colorado and the place where the expedition found the charred remains of emigrants' wagons, the mournful evidence of Indian treachery and atrocity.</p> @@ -10939,7 +10896,7 @@ refused him admission and advised him to go home and put on his Sunday go-to-meetings. Jake went and, what is <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span> more important, fortunately returned; for while spinning around -on the knotty floor, he met, fell in love with and ogled Fräulein +on the knotty floor, he met, fell in love with and ogled Fräulein Susan Buhn, whom somewhat later he married. In 1864, Kuhrts had a little store on Spring Street near the adobe City Hall; and there he prospered so well that by 1866 he had bought @@ -11161,10 +11118,10 @@ Government, and that these animals were in charge of Greek George to whom I have already referred.</p> <p>Butterfield chose a route from San Francisco coming down -the Coast to Gilroy, San José and through the mountain passes; -on to Visalia and Fort Tejón, and then to Los Angeles, in all +the Coast to Gilroy, San José and through the mountain passes; +on to Visalia and Fort Tejón, and then to Los Angeles, in all some four hundred and sixty-two miles. From Los Angeles it -ran eastward through El Monte, San Bernardino, Temécula +ran eastward through El Monte, San Bernardino, Temécula and Warner's Ranch to Fort Yuma, and then by way of El Paso to St. Louis. In this manner, Butterfield arranged for what was undoubtedly the longest continuous stage-line ever established, @@ -11228,7 +11185,7 @@ be Civil War. When the United States Government first had under consideration the building of a trans-isthmian canal, Pyle bought large tracts of land in Nicaragua, believing that the Nicaraguan route would eventually be chosen. Shortly after -the selection of the Panamá survey, however, I read one day in +the selection of the Panamá survey, however, I read one day in a local newspaper that B. W. Pyle had shot himself, at the age of seventy years.</p> @@ -11308,8 +11265,8 @@ as 1852, Garfias had applied to the Land Commission for a patent; but this was not issued until April 3d, 1863, and the document, especially interesting because it bore the signature of Abraham Lincoln, brought little consolation to Garfias or his -proud wife, <i>née</i> Ábila, who had then signed away all claim to -the splendid property which was in time to play such a <i>rôle</i> in +proud wife, <i>née</i> Ãbila, who had then signed away all claim to +the splendid property which was in time to play such a <i>rôle</i> in the development of Los Angeles, Pasadena and their environs.</p> <p>On November 20th, Don Bernardo Yorba died, bequeathing @@ -11446,7 +11403,7 @@ of thirteen, from different sections of the commonwealth, later substituted a bill providing for three states: Shasta, in the North; California, at the middle; Colorado, in the South; but nothing evolving as a result of the effort, our Assemblyman, -Andrés Pico, in 1859 fathered a measure for the segregation of +Andrés Pico, in 1859 fathered a measure for the segregation of the Southern counties under the name of Colorado, when this bill passed both houses and was signed by the Governor. It had to be submitted to the people, however, at the election in @@ -11556,7 +11513,7 @@ and again engaged in mercantile pursuits; but he was never able to recover, and died a pauper.</p> <p>Corbitt, who at one time controlled, with Dibblee, great -ranch areas near Santa Bárbara, and in 1859 was in partnership +ranch areas near Santa Bárbara, and in 1859 was in partnership with Barker, owned the Santa Anita <i>rancho</i>, which he later sold to William Wolfskill. From Los Angeles, Corbitt went to Oregon, where he became, I think, a leading banker.</p> @@ -11646,17 +11603,17 @@ Los Angeles for years was largely dependent upon sail and steamboat service, and each year the need of a better highway to the North, for stages, became more and more apparent. Finally, in May, 1859, General Ezra Drown was sent as a -commissioner to Santa Bárbara, to discuss the construction of +commissioner to Santa Bárbara, to discuss the construction of a road to that city; and on his return he declared the project quite practicable. The Supervisors had agreed to devote a -certain sum of money, and the Santa Barbareños, on their part, +certain sum of money, and the Santa Barbareños, on their part, were to vote on the proposition of appropriating fifteen thousand dollars for the work. Evidently the citizens voted favorably; for in July of the following year James Thompson, of Los Angeles, contracted for making the new road through Santa -Bárbara County, from the Los Angeles to the San Luis Obispo +Bárbara County, from the Los Angeles to the San Luis Obispo lines, passing through Ventura—or San Buenaventura, as it -was then more poetically called—Santa Bárbara and out by +was then more poetically called—Santa Bárbara and out by the Gaviota Pass; in all, a distance of about one hundred and twenty-five miles. Some five or six months were required to finish the rough work, and over thirty thousand dollars @@ -11685,7 +11642,7 @@ and paying vein of gold quartz.</p> ice in Los Angeles, having an ice-house in 1859, where, in the springtime, they stored the frozen product taken from the mountain lakes fifty miles away. The ice was cut into cubes -of about one hundred pounds each, packed down the <i>cañons</i> +of about one hundred pounds each, packed down the <i>cañons</i> by a train of thirty to forty mules, and then brought in wagons to Los Angeles. By September, 1860, wagon-loads of San Bernardino ice—or perhaps one would better say compact @@ -11733,7 +11690,7 @@ grocery business.</p> <p>John Philbin, an Irishman, arrived here penniless late in the fifties, but with my assistance started a small store at Fort -Tejón, then a military post necessary for the preservation of +Tejón, then a military post necessary for the preservation of order on the Indian Reservation; and there, during the short space of eighteen months, he accumulated twenty thousand dollars. Illness compelled him to leave, and I bought his @@ -11752,10 +11709,10 @@ had recently arrived from Europe, to take his place.</p> <p>It was in 1859, or a year before Abraham Lincoln was elected President, that I bought out Philbin, and at the breaking out of the War, the troops were withdrawn from Fort -Tejón, thus ending my activity there as a merchant. We +Tejón, thus ending my activity there as a merchant. We disposed of the stock as best we could; but the building, which had cost three thousand dollars, brought at forced sale just -fifty. Fort Tejón, established about 1854, I may add, after +fifty. Fort Tejón, established about 1854, I may add, after it attained some fame as the only military post in Southern California where snow ever fell, and also as the scene of the earthquake phenomena I have described, was abandoned altogether @@ -11850,7 +11807,7 @@ and, having again been bundled into the stages, the excursionists were back in Los Angeles about ten o'clock.</p> <p>I have said that most of the early political meetings took -place at the residence of Don Ygnácio del Valle. I recall, +place at the residence of Don Ygnácio del Valle. I recall, however, a mass meeting and barbecue, in August, 1859, in a grove at El Monte owned by inn-keeper Thompson. Benches were provided for the ladies, prompting the editor of the <i>Star</i> to @@ -11860,7 +11817,7 @@ the State ever witnessed."</p> <p>On September 11th, Eberhard & Koll opened the Lafayette Hotel on Main Street, on the site opposite the Bella Union -where once had stood the residence of Don Eulógio de Celis. +where once had stood the residence of Don Eulógio de Celis. Particular inducements to families desiring quiet and the attraction of a table "supplied with the choicest viands and delicacies of the season" were duly advertised; but the proprietors @@ -11923,9 +11880,9 @@ all of the native female population smoked cigarettes, for it was a custom of the country; but the American ladies did not indulge. While spending an enjoyable hour at the County Museum recently, I noticed a cigarette-case of finely-woven -matting that once belonged to António María Lugo, +matting that once belonged to António MarÃa Lugo, and a bundle of cigarettes, rolled up, like so many matches, by -Andrés Pico; and both the little <i>cigarillos</i> and the holder will +Andrés Pico; and both the little <i>cigarillos</i> and the holder will give a fair understanding of these customs of the past.</p> <p>Besides the use of tobacco in cigar and cigarette form, and @@ -11969,7 +11926,7 @@ butt of many a pun.</p> <p>Jacob A. Moerenhout, a native of Antwerp, Belgium, who had been French Consul for a couple of years at Monterey, in -the latter days of the Mexican <i>régime</i>, removed to Los Angeles +the latter days of the Mexican <i>régime</i>, removed to Los Angeles on October 29th, 1859, on which occasion the Consular flag of France was raised at his residence in this city. As early as January 13th, 1835, President Andrew Jackson had appointed @@ -11988,7 +11945,7 @@ goodly company at his hospitable residence. There patriotic toasts were gracefully proposed and as gracefully responded to. The festivities continued until the small hours of the morning, after which Consul Moerenhout was declared a duly-initiated -Angeleño.</p> +Angeleño.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_312a" id="i_312a"></a> <img src="images/i_312a.jpg" width="426" height="263" alt="" /> @@ -12013,7 +11970,7 @@ Angeleño.</p> <p>Surrounded by most of his family, Don Juan Bandini, a distinguished Southern Californian and a worthy member of one of the finest Spanish families here, after a long and painful illness, -died at the home of his daughter and son-in-law, Doña Arcadia +died at the home of his daughter and son-in-law, Doña Arcadia <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span> and Don Abel Stearns, in Los Angeles, on November 4th, 1859. Don Juan had come to California far back in the early twenties, @@ -12036,20 +11993,20 @@ this native Californian.</p> <p>Himself of a good-sized family, Don Juan married twice. His first wife, courted in 1823, was Dolores, daughter of Captain -José Estudillo, a <i>comandante</i> at Monterey; and of that union -were born Doña Arcadia, first the wife of Abel Stearns and later of -Colonel R. S. Baker; Doña Ysidora, who married Lieutenant -Cave J. Coutts, a cousin of General Grant; Doña Josefa, later +José Estudillo, a <i>comandante</i> at Monterey; and of that union +were born Doña Arcadia, first the wife of Abel Stearns and later of +Colonel R. S. Baker; Doña Ysidora, who married Lieutenant +Cave J. Coutts, a cousin of General Grant; Doña Josefa, later the wife of Pedro C. Carrillo (father of J. J. Carrillo, formerly Marshal here and now Justice of the Peace at Santa -Monica), and the sons, José María Bandini and Juanito Bandini. -Don Juan's second wife was Refúgio, a daughter of +Monica), and the sons, José MarÃa Bandini and Juanito Bandini. +Don Juan's second wife was Refúgio, a daughter of Santiago Arguello and a granddaughter of the governor who made the first grants of land to <i>rancheros</i> of Los Angeles. She it was who nursed the wounded Kearny and who became a friend of Lieutenant William T. Sherman, once -a guest at her home; and she was also the mother of Doña -Dolores, later the wife of Charles R. Johnson, and of Doña +a guest at her home; and she was also the mother of Doña +Dolores, later the wife of Charles R. Johnson, and of Doña Margarita whom Dr. James B. Winston married after his rollicking bachelor days. By Bandini's second marriage there were three sons: Juan de la Cruz Bandini, Alfredo Bandini @@ -12098,7 +12055,7 @@ expense, the undertaking was not well patronized by the public, and the project, to the regret of many, had to be abandoned. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">257</a></span></p> -<p>This effort to establish a library recalls an Angeleño of the +<p>This effort to establish a library recalls an Angeleño of the fifties, Ralph Emerson, a cousin, I believe, though somewhat distantly removed, of the famous Concord philosopher. He lived on the west side of Alameda Street, in an adobe known @@ -12137,7 +12094,7 @@ of December the most disastrous rain known in the history of the Southland set in, precipitating, within a single day and night, twelve inches of water; and causing the rise of the San Gabriel and other rivers to a height never before -recorded and such a cataclysm that sand and <i>débris</i> +recorded and such a cataclysm that sand and <i>débris</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">258</a></span> were scattered far and wide. Lean and weakened from the ravaging drought through which they had just passed, @@ -12304,8 +12261,8 @@ Catholic Church at Los Angeles in English and Spanish, the former being spoken at one mass, the latter at another. English proper names such as John and Benjamin were Spanished into Juan and Benito, and common Spanish terms persisted in -English advertisements, as when Don Juan Ávila and Fernando -Sepúlveda, in January, announced that they would run +English advertisements, as when Don Juan Ãvila and Fernando +Sepúlveda, in January, announced that they would run the horse <i>Coyote</i> one thousand <i>varas</i>, for three thousand dollars. In 1862, also, when Syriaco Arza was executed for the murder of Frank Riley, the peddler, and the prisoner had made a speech @@ -12332,25 +12289,25 @@ the economical editor, he should have appointed a pupil to swing a broom each day or, at least, <i>each week</i>, and otherwise perform the necessary duties on behalf of the health of the school.</p> -<p>The year 1860 witnessed the death of Don António María -Lugo—brother of Don José Ygnácio Lugo, grandfather of the +<p>The year 1860 witnessed the death of Don António MarÃa +Lugo—brother of Don José Ygnácio Lugo, grandfather of the Wolfskills—uncle of General Vallejo and the father-in-law of Colonel Isaac Williams, who preceded Lugo to the grave by four years. For a long time, Lugo lived in a spacious adobe built in 1819 near the present corner of East Second and San Pedro streets, and there the sons, for whom he obtained the San Bernardino <i>rancho</i>, were born. In earlier days, or from 1813, -Don António lived on the San António Ranch near what is +Don António lived on the San António Ranch near what is now Compton; and so well did he prosper there that eleven leagues were not enough for the support of his cattle and flocks. It was a daughter of Lugo who, having married a Perez and being made a widow, became the wife of Stephen C. Foster, her daughter in turn marrying Wallace Woodworth and becoming -María Antónia Perez de Woodworth; and Lugo, who used to +MarÃa Antónia Perez de Woodworth; and Lugo, who used to visit them and the business establishments of the town, was a familiar figure as a sturdy <i>caballero</i> in the streets of Los Angeles, his ornamental sword strapped in Spanish-soldier -fashion to his equally-ornamental saddle. Don António died +fashion to his equally-ornamental saddle. Don António died about the first of February, aged eighty-seven years.</p> <p>About the middle of February, John Temple fitted up the @@ -12537,7 +12494,7 @@ small towns, and victorious candidates, at least, knew how to celebrate. On Monday, May 7th, 1860, Henry Mellus was elected Mayor; and next day, he and the other City officers paraded our streets in a four-horse stagecoach with a brass -band. The Mayor-elect and his <i>confrères</i> were stuffed inside +band. The Mayor-elect and his <i>confrères</i> were stuffed inside the hot, decorated vehicle, while the puffing musicians bounced up and down on the swaying top outside, like pop-corn in a frying-pan.</p> @@ -12693,13 +12650,13 @@ known.</p> <p>A week later, General, or as he was then entitled, Colonel <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">272</a></span> -John C. Frémont drew up at the Plaza. His coming to this +John C. Frémont drew up at the Plaza. His coming to this locality in connection with the Temescal tin mine and Mariposa forestry interests had been heralded from Godey's ranch some days before; and when he arrived on Tuesday, July 31st, in company with Leonidas Haskell and Joseph C. Palmer, the Republicans were out in full force and fired a salute of twenty-five -guns. In the evening, Colonel Frémont was waited upon +guns. In the evening, Colonel Frémont was waited upon in the parlors of the Bella Union by a goodly company, under the leadership of the Republican Committee, although all classes, irrespective of politics, united to pay the celebrated @@ -12833,13 +12790,13 @@ back; and when his body was found, it was pierced with three or four arrows, probably shot at him simultaneously by as many of the cattle-thieves.</p> -<p>Don Tomás A. Sanchez, Sheriff from 1860 to 1867, had a +<p>Don Tomás A. Sanchez, Sheriff from 1860 to 1867, had a record for physical courage and prowess, having previously been an officer under Pico in the Mexican War days, and having later aided Pico in his efforts to punish Barton's murderers. Sanchez had property; and in 1887 a patent was granted his estate for four thousand or more acres in the ranch known as -<i>Ciénega ó Paso de la Tijera</i>.</p> +<i>Ciénega ó Paso de la Tijera</i>.</p> <p>Destructive fires in the open country, if not as common as now, still occasionally stirred our citizens. Such a fire broke out @@ -12980,7 +12937,7 @@ servants, laundrymen or farm hands. In March, a Chinese company was also organized to compete for local fish trade. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">279</a></span></p> -<p>In 1860, Émile Bordenave & Company opened the Louisiana +<p>In 1860, Émile Bordenave & Company opened the Louisiana Coffee Saloon as a French restaurant. Roast duck and oysters were their specialty, and they charged fifty cents a meal. But they also served "a plate at one bit."<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Some years later, there @@ -13019,7 +12976,7 @@ in the two towns mentioned, Colonel J. O. Wheeler serving as Clerk and the Court for the Southern term occupying seven rooms of the second story of John Temple's Block. These alternate sessions continued to be held until about 1866 when -the tribunal for the Southern District ceased to exist and Angeleños +the tribunal for the Southern District ceased to exist and Angeleños were compelled to apply to the court in San Francisco.</p> <p> @@ -13057,8 +13014,8 @@ very great proportion of merchandising activity, whereas my successors of to-day, as well as their competitors, deal only in groceries and kindred lines.</p> -<p>Two brothers, Émile and Théophile Vaché, in the fall of -1860, started what has become the oldest firm—Vaché Frères—in +<p>Two brothers, Émile and Théophile Vaché, in the fall of +1860, started what has become the oldest firm—Vaché Frères—in the local wine business, at first utilizing the Bernard residence at Alameda and Third streets, in time used by the Government as a bonded warehouse. Later, they removed to the @@ -13067,14 +13024,14 @@ where the cellars proved serviceable for a winery. There they attempted the manufacture of cream of tartar from wine-crystals, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">281</a></span> but the venture was not remunerative. In 1881, the -Vachés, joined by their brother Adolphe, began to grow grapes +Vachés, joined by their brother Adolphe, began to grow grapes in the Barton Vineyard in San Bernardino County, and some time afterward they bought near-by land and started the -famous Brookside Vineyard. Émile is now dead; while Théophile, +famous Brookside Vineyard. Émile is now dead; while Théophile, who retired and returned to Europe in 1892, retaining -an interest in the firm of T. Vaché & Company, passes his hours -pleasantly on the picturesque island of St. George d'Oléron, in -the Charente Inférieure, in his native France.</p> +an interest in the firm of T. Vaché & Company, passes his hours +pleasantly on the picturesque island of St. George d'Oléron, in +the Charente Inférieure, in his native France.</p> <p>On September 21st, Captain W. S. Hancock, who first came to Los Angeles in connection with the expedition against the @@ -13085,7 +13042,7 @@ they had been gone two and a half days, the regular express messenger bound for Los Angeles met them at Lane's Crossing, apparently in none too promising a condition; which later gave rise to a report that the camel had died on the desert. This -occasioned numerous newspaper squibs <i>à propos</i> of both the +occasioned numerous newspaper squibs <i>à propos</i> of both the speed and the staying powers of the camel as contrasted with those of the burro; and finally, in October, the following announcement appeared placarded throughout the town:</p> @@ -13182,12 +13139,12 @@ while <i>en route</i> to Los Angeles, my attention was called to a line of electric telegraph, then just installed between the Golden Gate and the town, for use in reporting the arrival of vessels. About a month later a line was built from San Francisco to Sacramento, -Stockton and around to San José. Nothing further, +Stockton and around to San José. Nothing further, however, was done toward reaching Southern California with the electric wire until the end of May or the beginning of June, 1860, when President R. E. Raimond and Secretary Fred. J. McCrellish (promoters of the Pacific & Atlantic Telegraph -Company, organized in 1858 to reach San António, Texas, and +Company, organized in 1858 to reach San António, Texas, and Memphis, Tennessee) came to Los Angeles to lay the matter before our citizens. Stock was soon subscribed for a line through the city and as far as Fort Yuma, and in a few days @@ -13501,7 +13458,7 @@ From a contemporary map</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_351b" id="i_351b"></a> <img src="images/i_351b.jpg" width="435" height="257" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The Morris Adobe, once Frémont's Headquarters</p> +<p class="caption">The Morris Adobe, once Frémont's Headquarters</p> </div> <p>In 1861, Adolph Junge arrived and established a drug-store @@ -13638,7 +13595,7 @@ The church was also frescoed, inside and out, by Henri Penelon, the French pioneer artist and photographer, who painted upon the wall the following inscription:</p> -<p class="center"><i>Los Fieles de Esta Parroquia á la Reina de los Angeles, 1861.</i><a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> +<p class="center"><i>Los Fieles de Esta Parroquia á la Reina de los Angeles, 1861.</i><a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> <p>Early in March, Sanchez Street was opened by the Common Council. It was opposite the northern section of Arcadia @@ -13652,14 +13609,14 @@ meeting in the Court House presided over by George W. Gift, with M. J. Newmark, who became an officer in the company, as Secretary.</p> -<p>Late in March, John Fröhling rented from the City Fathers +<p>Late in March, John Fröhling rented from the City Fathers a space under the Temple Market building for a wine cellar; and in December, 1860, at the close of his vintage, when he had conducted a hearty harvest-home celebration, he filled the vault with pipes and other casks containing twenty thousand or more gallons of native wines. In a corner, a bar was speedily -built; and by many Angeleños that day not associated with -at least one pilgrimage to Fröhling's cool and rather obscure +built; and by many Angeleños that day not associated with +at least one pilgrimage to Fröhling's cool and rather obscure recesses was considered incomplete.</p> <p>Few who witnessed the momentous events of 1861 will @@ -13772,14 +13729,14 @@ a leader in national Democratic councils, and was an intimate adviser of Samuel J. Tilden in his historic campaign.</p> <p>Oscar Macy, son of Dr. Obed Macy, having as a newspaper -man enthusiastically advocated the election of Frémont +man enthusiastically advocated the election of Frémont in 1856, was appointed, on Lincoln's inauguration, to the Collectorship of Customs at San Pedro; a post which he continued to fill even after the office had been reduced to an inspectorship, later resigning in favor of George C. Alexander. This recalls another appointment by Lincoln—that of Major -António María Pico, a nephew of Pio Pico, to the Receivership -of Public Moneys at Los Angeles. Pico lived at San José; +António MarÃa Pico, a nephew of Pio Pico, to the Receivership +of Public Moneys at Los Angeles. Pico lived at San José; and finding that his new duties exiled him from his family, he soon resigned the office.</p> @@ -13795,7 +13752,7 @@ and in the finest style of the art; while Cupping, Bleeding, and Teeth-Extracting will also be attended to!</p> </div> -<p>Fort Tejón had been pretty well broken up by June, when +<p>Fort Tejón had been pretty well broken up by June, when a good deal of the army property was moved to Los Angeles. Along with Uncle Sam's bag and baggage, came thirty or more of the camels previously mentioned, including half a dozen @@ -13879,7 +13836,7 @@ heard the report, and declared, with angry vehemence, that he would "treat the whole damned lot of them as common thieves!" In the light of this demonstration and his subsequent part as a national character of great renown, Hancock's speech at the -Fourth of July celebration, in 1861, when the patriotic Angeleños +Fourth of July celebration, in 1861, when the patriotic Angeleños assembled at the Plaza and marched to the shady grove of Don Luis Sainsevain, is worthy of special note. Hancock made a sound argument for the preservation of the Union, and @@ -14098,7 +14055,7 @@ as to preclude any further intelligible conversation.</p> not awake to its full significance until the credit of the Government began to decline. Four weeks were required, it is well to remember, to complete the trip from New York to San -Francisco <i>via</i> Panamá, and our knowledge of events in the +Francisco <i>via</i> Panamá, and our knowledge of events in the East was far from perfect. Until the completion of the continental telegraph in October, 1861, the only immediate news that reached the Coast came privately and we were, therefore, @@ -14207,7 +14164,7 @@ again talking uninterruptedly over the wire with its neighbor until July.</p> <p>On November 15th, the first number of <i>El Amigo del -Pueblo</i>, printed in Spanish, appeared from the shop of José +Pueblo</i>, printed in Spanish, appeared from the shop of José E. Gonzales & Company; but native support being withheld, "The Friend of the People" starved to death in the following May.</p> @@ -14242,8 +14199,8 @@ sometimes penetrated by the brightness of social life, and among the happier occasions of the winter of 1861 was the marriage, on December 23d, in the presence of a large circle <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">309</a></span> -of friends, of Tom D. Mott to Ascención, daughter of Don José -Andrés and Doña Francisca Ábila Sepúlveda.</p> +of friends, of Tom D. Mott to Ascención, daughter of Don José +Andrés and Doña Francisca Ãbila Sepúlveda.</p> <p>The winter of 1861-62 recorded the greatest of all floods, especially in the North where, in December and January, something @@ -14431,7 +14388,7 @@ horsemen from San Bernardino on February 4th, that an earthquake had occurred there in the morning, until Captain Tom Seeley returned with the <i>Senator</i> to San Pedro and told about a seismic disturbance at sea, during which he struck the wildest -storm off Point Concepción, in all his sea-faring experience. +storm off Point Concepción, in all his sea-faring experience. Sailors were then better all-round seamen than now; yet there was greater superstition in Jack Tar's mind, and such a storm made a deep impression upon his imagination.</p> @@ -14499,8 +14456,8 @@ of Los Angeles, and soon attained distinction as a Talmudic scholar and a preacher. The first services under Rabbi Edelman were held in Stearns's, or Arcadia Hall; next, the Congregation worshipped in Leck's Hall on Main Street between Second -and Third; and finally, through the courtesy of Judge Ygnácio -Sepúlveda, the court room was used. In 1873 the Jews of +and Third; and finally, through the courtesy of Judge Ygnácio +Sepúlveda, the court room was used. In 1873 the Jews of Los Angeles erected their first synagogue, a brick building entered by a steep stairway leading to a platform, and located on the east side of Fort Street between Second and Third, on @@ -14524,7 +14481,7 @@ Los Angeles. To the North of the city, the white mantle quite hid the mountains and formed a new and lower snow-line; while within the city, the temperature so lowered that at several intervals during the day, huge hail-stones beat against the -window-panes—a very unusual experience for Angeleños.</p> +window-panes—a very unusual experience for Angeleños.</p> <p>Because of political charges preferred against A. J. King, then Under Sheriff of the County, the latter, on April 10th, was @@ -14553,7 +14510,7 @@ spoken of as the fishhook, barrel and nigger-head variety, is made deliciously palatable when siruped from ten to thirty days.</p> -<p>Ygnácio Sepúlveda, declared by the Los Angeles <i>Star</i> "a +<p>Ygnácio Sepúlveda, declared by the Los Angeles <i>Star</i> "a young gentleman of liberal education, and good, natural endowments, already versed in legal studies," on September 6th was admitted to the District Court Bar.</p> @@ -14594,7 +14551,7 @@ who superseded General Johnston, to the hero of Shiloh is that, later in the War, Sumner led a corps of Union troops at Fair Oaks, Virginia!</p> -<p>Don Ygnácio Coronel, father of António Franco Coronel, +<p>Don Ygnácio Coronel, father of António Franco Coronel, and the early school patron to whom I have referred, died in Los Angeles on December 19th, aged seventy years. He had come to California in 1834, and had long been eminent in political @@ -14624,7 +14581,7 @@ the fence, making no charge for his services.</p> <p>About the middle of January word was received in Los Angeles of the death, at Baltimore, of Colonel B. L. Beall, -commander for years of the Fort Tejón garrison, and active in +commander for years of the Fort Tejón garrison, and active in the Mojave and Kern River campaigns.</p> <p>Death entered our home for the first time, when an infant @@ -14752,14 +14709,14 @@ Fargo's messenger, to whom was entrusted ten thousand dollars, which, as far as my memory goes, was lost. Two Mormon missionaries, <i>en route</i> to the Sandwich Islands, were also killed. Still another, who lost not only his treasure but his -life, was Fred E. Kerlin of Fort Tejón: thirty thousand dollars +life, was Fred E. Kerlin of Fort Tejón: thirty thousand dollars which he carried with him, in greenbacks, disappeared as mysteriously as did the jewelry on the persons of others, and from these circumstances it was concluded that, even in the presence of Death, these bodies had been speedily robbed. Mrs. Banning and her mother, Mrs. Sanford, and a daughter of B. D. Wilson were among the wounded; while Miss -M. Hereford, Mrs. Wilson's sister and the <i>fiancée</i> of Dr. Myles, +M. Hereford, Mrs. Wilson's sister and the <i>fiancée</i> of Dr. Myles, was so severely injured that, after long suffering, she also died. Although the accident had happened about five o'clock in the afternoon, the awful news, casting a general and indescribable @@ -14872,7 +14829,7 @@ dollars of his slender savings as a reward for the capture of the slayer; but nothing ever came of the search.</p> <p>In November the stern necessities of war were at last driven -home to Angeleños when, on the ninth of that somber month, +home to Angeleños when, on the ninth of that somber month, Don Juan Warner, Deputy Provost Marshal, appeared with his big blank books and began to superintend the registering of all able-bodied citizens suitable for military service. To many, @@ -14909,8 +14866,8 @@ was but the first of several of our citizens to whom he intended to pay his respects. Daimwood and his three companions were captured and lodged in jail, and on the twenty-first of November two hundred or more armed Vigilantes forced the -jail doors, seized the scoundrels and hung them to the <i>pórtico</i> -of the old City Hall on Spring Street. Tomás Sanchez, the +jail doors, seized the scoundrels and hung them to the <i>pórtico</i> +of the old City Hall on Spring Street. Tomás Sanchez, the Sheriff, talked of organizing a <i>posse comitatus</i> to arrest the committee leaders; but so positive was public sentiment, as reflected in the newspapers, in support of the summary executions, @@ -14990,12 +14947,12 @@ the picturesque.</p> stirred by the news that John Rains, one of Colonel Isaac Williams' sons-in-law and well known in Los Angeles, had been waylaid and killed on the highway near the Azusa <i>rancho</i> -the night before. It was claimed that one Ramón Carrillo +the night before. It was claimed that one Ramón Carrillo had hired the assassins to do the foul deed; and about the middle of February, 1863, a Mexican by the name of Manuel Cerradel was arrested by Thomas Trafford, the City Marshal, as a participant. In time, he was tried and sentenced to ten -years in San Quentin Prison. On December 9th, Sheriff Tomás +years in San Quentin Prison. On December 9th, Sheriff Tomás Sanchez started to take the prisoner north, and at Wilmington boarded the little steamer <i>Cricket</i> to go out to the <i>Senator</i>, which was ready to sail. A goodly number of other passengers also @@ -15020,7 +14977,7 @@ who, having stolen a pistol and a knife from the Bella Union and put the same into the hands of young Wood (whose lynching I have described), sent the lad on his way to the gallows. A couple of years later Wilkins waylaid and murdered John Sanford, -a rancher living near Fort Tejón and a brother of Captain +a rancher living near Fort Tejón and a brother of Captain W. T. B. Sanford, the second Postmaster of Los Angeles; and when the murderer had been apprehended and was being tried, an exciting incident occurred, to which I was an eye-witness. @@ -15261,11 +15218,11 @@ again in 1864.</p> <p>Politics enlivened the situation somewhat in the fall of this year of depression. In September, the troops were withdrawn from Catalina Island, and the following month most -of the guard was brought in from Fort Tejón; and this, creating +of the guard was brought in from Fort Tejón; and this, creating possibly a feeling of security, paved the way for still larger Union meetings in October and November. Toward the end of October, Francisco P. Ramirez, formerly editor of <i>El Clamor -Público</i>, was made Postmaster, succeeding William G. Still, +Público</i>, was made Postmaster, succeeding William G. Still, upon whose life an attempt had been made while he was in office.</p> @@ -15327,7 +15284,7 @@ of First.</p> <p>After moving in, we were inconvenienced because there was no driveway, and everything needed for housekeeping had to be carried, in consequence, through the front door of the dwelling. -I therefore interviewed my friend and neighbor, Ygnácio Garcia, +I therefore interviewed my friend and neighbor, Ygnácio Garcia, who owned a hundred feet adjoining me, and asked him if he would sell or rent me twenty feet of his property; whereupon he permitted me the free use of twenty feet, thus supplying me with @@ -15358,7 +15315,7 @@ the latter's growth. Street, particularly as it exemplifies the influence that romance sometimes has upon affairs usually prosaic. Ord, the surveyor, was then more than prepossessed in favor of the -delightful Señorita Trinidad de la Guerra, for whose hand he +delightful Señorita Trinidad de la Guerra, for whose hand he was, in fact, a suitor and to whom he always referred as <i>Mi Primavera</i>—"My Springtime;" and when asked to name the new thoroughfare, he gallantly replied, "Primavera, of course! @@ -15403,7 +15360,7 @@ The vines prospered so well that, in the following year, Eaton planted five or six times as many more. He came to the conclusion, however, that he must have water; and so arranged to bring some from what is now known as Eaton's -Cañon. I remember that, after his vines began to bear, +Cañon. I remember that, after his vines began to bear, the greatest worry of the Judge was not the matter of irrigation, but the wild beasts that preyed upon the clustering fruit. The visitor to Pasadena and Altadena to-day can hardly realize @@ -15507,7 +15464,7 @@ concealment.</p> <p>Notwithstanding the strong Secessionist sentiment in Los Angeles during much of the Civil War period, the City election -resulted in a Unionist victory. José Mascarel was elected +resulted in a Unionist victory. José Mascarel was elected Mayor; William C. Warren, Marshal; J. F. Burns, Treasurer; J. H. Lander, Attorney; and J. W. Beebe, Assessor. The triumph of the Federal Government doubtless at once began to @@ -15581,7 +15538,7 @@ the cutter and made off for the North.</p> <p>Anticipating this visit of General McDowell, due preparations were made to receive him. It happened, however, as I -have indicated, that José Mascarel was then Mayor; and since +have indicated, that José Mascarel was then Mayor; and since he had never been able to express himself freely in English, though speaking Spanish as well as French, it was feared that embarrassment must follow the meeting of the civil and military @@ -15697,7 +15654,7 @@ M. A. Newmark & Company.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footno <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">344</a></span></p> <p>At that time, Stearns's property was all in the hands of the -Sheriff, Tomás Sanchez, who had also been appointed Receiver; +Sheriff, Tomás Sanchez, who had also been appointed Receiver; and like all the other tenants, I rented my storeroom from Deputy A. J. King. Rents and other incomes were paid to the Receiver, and out of them a regular monthly allowance of @@ -15805,7 +15762,7 @@ exhibited some local kerosene or "coal-oil;" and experimenters were gathering the oil that floated on Pico Spring and refining it, without distillation, at a cost of ten cents a gallon. Coming just when Major Stroble announced progress in boring at la -Cañada de Brea, these ventures increased here the excitement +Cañada de Brea, these ventures increased here the excitement <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">347</a></span> about oil and soon after wells were sunk in the Camulos <i>rancho</i>.</p> @@ -16017,7 +15974,7 @@ to what an extent the building of railroads ultimately affected the early Los Angeles merchants.</p> <p>The Spanish drama was the event of December 17th, when -Señor Don Guirado L. del Castillo and Señora Amelia Estrella +Señor Don Guirado L. del Castillo and Señora Amelia Estrella del Castillo played <i>La Trenza de sus Cabellos</i> to an enthusiastic audience.</p> @@ -16175,7 +16132,7 @@ he became in time one of the oldest members of Lodge No. 35. On March 23d, 1879, Loeb married my eldest daughter, Estelle; and on July 22d, 1911, he died. Joseph P. and Edwin J. Loeb, the attorneys and partners of Irving M. Walker, -(son-in-law of Tomás Lorenzo Duque),<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> are sons of Leon Loeb.</p> +(son-in-law of Tomás Lorenzo Duque),<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> are sons of Leon Loeb.</p> <p>In the summer there came to Los Angeles from the Northern <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">356</a></span> @@ -16243,7 +16200,7 @@ seventies, Joughin was making rather ingenious plows of iron and steel which attracted considerable attention. As fast as he accumulated a little money, he invested it in land, buying in 1874, for six thousand dollars, some three hundred and sixty -acres comprising a part of one of the Ciénega <i>ranchos</i>, to +acres comprising a part of one of the Ciénega <i>ranchos</i>, to which he moved in 1876. Seven years later, he purchased three hundred and five acres once called the Tom Gray Ranch, now known by the more pretentious name of Arlington Heights. @@ -16254,7 +16211,7 @@ Isle of Man.</p> <p>Pat Goodwin was another blacksmith, who reached Los Angeles in 1866 or 1867, shoeing his way, as it were, south -from San Francisco, through San José, Whisky Flat and other +from San Francisco, through San José, Whisky Flat and other picturesque places, in the service of A. O. Thorn, one of the stage-line proprietors. He had a shop first on Spring Street, where later the Empire Stables were opened, and afterward @@ -16304,10 +16261,10 @@ going a few months.</p> <p>My family at this time consisted of my wife and four children; and together on January 29th, 1867, we left San Pedro for -New York, by way of San Francisco and Panamá, experiencing +New York, by way of San Francisco and Panamá, experiencing frightfully hot weather. Stopping at Acapulco, during Maximilian's revolution, we were summarily warned to keep away -from the fort on the hill; while at Panamá yellow fever, spread +from the fort on the hill; while at Panamá yellow fever, spread by travelers recently arrived from South America, caused the Captain to beat a hasty retreat. Sailing on the steamer <i>Henry Chancey</i> from Aspinwall, we arrived at New York on the sixth @@ -16343,7 +16300,7 @@ seven hundred were Americans.</p> standing in the midst of the machinery one day, the <i>gendarmes</i> suddenly began to force the crowd back, and on retreating with the rest, I saw a group of ladies and gentlemen approaching. -It was soon whispered that they were the Empress Eugénie +It was soon whispered that they were the Empress Eugénie and her suite, and that we had been commanded to retire in order to permit her Majesty to get a better view of a new railroad coach that she desired to inspect.</p> @@ -16382,7 +16339,7 @@ secretary until he was appointed, in 1866, special agent for the Post Office department on the Pacific Coast. He came to Los Angeles in February, 1867, to look after postal matters in Southern California and Arizona, but more particularly to -reëstablish, between Los Angeles and points in New Mexico, the +reëstablish, between Los Angeles and points in New Mexico, the old Butterfield Route which had been discontinued on account of the War. Truman opened post offices at a number of places in Los Angeles County. On December 8th, 1869, the Major @@ -16483,7 +16440,7 @@ store, on Spring Street opposite Court. And what is more, they brought in hogsheads from Saratoga what would be difficult <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">364</a></span> to find in all Los Angeles to-day: Congress, Vichy and -Kissingen waters. Stoll, by the way, in 1873, married Fräulein +Kissingen waters. Stoll, by the way, in 1873, married Fräulein Louisa Behn, daughter of John Behn.</p> <p>An important industry of the late sixties and early seventies @@ -16626,7 +16583,7 @@ conducting a pharmacy. For some time prior to his graduation in medicine, in 1872, Dr. Kurtz had an office in the Lanfranco Building. For many years, he was surgeon to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and consulting physician to the -Santa Fé Railroad Company, and he also served as President +Santa Fé Railroad Company, and he also served as President of the Los Angeles College Clinical Association. I shall have further occasion to refer to this good friend. Dr. Carl Kurtz is distinguishing himself in the profession of his father.</p> @@ -16698,7 +16655,7 @@ of Miss Hollister's heart and hand! <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">369</a></span></p> <p>One reason why the Bella Union played such an important -<i>rôle</i> in the early days of Los Angeles, was because there was no +<i>rôle</i> in the early days of Los Angeles, was because there was no such thing as a high-class restaurant; indeed, the first recollection I have of anything like a satisfactory place is that of Louis Vielle, known by some as French Louis and nicknamed by @@ -16854,15 +16811,15 @@ store in the Allen Block, corner of Spring and Temple streets, thus forerunning Coulter & Harper, Harper & Moore, Harper, Reynolds & Company and the Harper-Reynolds Company.</p> -<p>Michel Lèvy, an Alsatian, arrived in San Francisco when +<p>Michel Lèvy, an Alsatian, arrived in San Francisco when but seventeen years of age, and after various experiences in California and Nevada towns, he came to Los Angeles in 1868, soon establishing, with Joe Coblentz, the wholesale liquor house -of Lèvy & Coblentz. The latter left here in 1879, and Lèvy -continued under the firm name of M. Lèvy & Company until +of Lèvy & Coblentz. The latter left here in 1879, and Lèvy +continued under the firm name of M. Lèvy & Company until his death in 1905.</p> -<p>Anastácio Cárdenas, a dwarf who weighed but one and +<p>Anastácio Cárdenas, a dwarf who weighed but one and a half pounds when born, came to Los Angeles in 1867 and soon appeared before the public as a singer and dancer. He carried a sword and was popularly dubbed "General." A @@ -16871,7 +16828,7 @@ brother, Ruperto, long lived here.</p> <p>When the Canal & Reservoir Company was organized with George Hansen as President and J. J. Warner as Secretary, P. Beaudry contributed heavily to construct a twenty-foot dam -across the <i>cañon</i>, below the present site of Echo Park, and a +across the <i>cañon</i>, below the present site of Echo Park, and a ditch leading down to Pearl Street. This first turned attention to the possibilities in the hill-lands to the West; and in return, the City gave to the company a large amount of land, @@ -17009,7 +16966,7 @@ Sixth Street was most important in its relation to travel. Along this highway the daily Overland stages entered and departed from the city; and by this route came all the Havilah, Lone Pine, Soledad and Owens River trade, as well as that of -the Ballona and Ciénega districts. Sixth Street also led to the +the Ballona and Ciénega districts. Sixth Street also led to the Fair Grounds, and over its none too even surface dashed most of the sports and gallants on their way to the race course.</p> @@ -17052,7 +17009,7 @@ approaches to the western hills. I was also to learn that there was a general demand for property all over the city, Colonel Charles H. Larrabee, City Attorney in 1868, especially having bought several hundred feet on Spring and Fort streets. -Later, I heard of the experiences of other Angeleños aboard +Later, I heard of the experiences of other Angeleños aboard ship who were deluged with circulars advertising prospective towns.</p> @@ -17180,7 +17137,7 @@ King died in December, 1871.</p> <p>In the winter of 1868-69, when heavy rains seriously interfered with bringing in the small supply of lumber at San -Pedro, a coöperative society was proposed, to insure the +Pedro, a coöperative society was proposed, to insure the importation each summer of enough supplies to tide the community over during the wintry weather. Over one hundred persons, it was then estimated, had abandoned building, and @@ -17222,7 +17179,7 @@ had paid all that it was worth.</p> <p>Isaac Lankershim—father of J. B. Lankershim and Mrs. I. N. Van Nuys—who first visited California in 1854, came from San Francisco in 1869 and bought, for one hundred and fifteen -thousand dollars, part of Andrés Pico's San Fernando <i>rancho</i>, +thousand dollars, part of Andrés Pico's San Fernando <i>rancho</i>, which he stocked with sheep. Levi Strauss & Company, Scholle Brothers, L. and M. Sachs & Company of San Francisco and others, were interested in this partnership, then known as @@ -17640,7 +17597,7 @@ for every plantation of five thousand mulberry trees of two years' growth, and a bounty of three hundred dollars for each one hundred thousand salable cocoons; and in three years an enormous number of mulberry trees, in various stages of growth, was -registered. Prominent among silk-growers was Louis Prévost, +registered. Prominent among silk-growers was Louis Prévost, who rather early had established here an extensive mulberry-tree <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">391</a></span> nursery and near it a large cocoonery for the rearing @@ -17653,7 +17610,7 @@ sixty acres of the Hartshorn Tract and three thousand one hundred and sixty-nine acres of the Jurupa, on the east side of the Santa Ana River, were purchased. That was in June or July; but on August 16th, in the midst of a dry season, Louis -Prévost died, and the movement received a serious setback. +Prévost died, and the movement received a serious setback. To add to the reverses, the demand for silk-worm eggs fell off amazingly; while finally, to give the enterprise its death-blow, the Legislators, fearful that the State Treasury would be depleted @@ -17680,7 +17637,7 @@ could grow in the arid soil, Riverside in course of time had something to sell as well as to buy.</p> <p>Who was more familiar both to the youth of the town and to -grown-ups than Nicolás Martinez, in summer the purveyor of +grown-ups than Nicolás Martinez, in summer the purveyor of cooling ice cream, in winter the vender of hot <i>tamales</i>! From <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">392</a></span> morning till night, month in and month out during the sixties @@ -17699,7 +17656,7 @@ a circular iron tray, in which were holes to accommodate three or four glasses. Further, for the convenience of the exacting youth of the town, he added a spoon to each cream-filled glass; and what stray speck of the ice was left on the spoon after the -youngster had given it a parting lick, Nicolás, bawling anew +youngster had given it a parting lick, Nicolás, bawling anew to attract the next customer, fastidiously removed with his tobacco-stained fingers! <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">393</a></span></p> @@ -17733,7 +17690,7 @@ shops where the cars for freight, express, baggage, smoking and passenger service (designed by A. A. Polhamus, the machinist) were being built under the superintendence of Samuel Atkinson, who had been brought West by the San Francisco -& San José Valley Railroad, because of a reputation +& San José Valley Railroad, because of a reputation for railroad experience enjoyed by few, if by any other persons on the Coast. The Company also had a planing <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">394</a></span> @@ -17822,7 +17779,7 @@ excited much comment; but I am unable to say whether it was ever accepted by competent judges as having been written by Franklin's associates.</p> -<p>In 1869, the long-familiar adobe of José António Carrillo +<p>In 1869, the long-familiar adobe of José António Carrillo was razed to make way for what, for many years, was the leading hotel of Los Angeles. This was the Pico House, in its decline known as the National Hotel, which, when erected on @@ -17998,7 +17955,7 @@ going home to dress? Just as we were, we walked across the street and, entering the hotel, whom should we meet but ex-Mayor John G. Nichols, wearing a grayish linen duster, popular in those days, that extended to his very ankles; while Pio -and Andrés Pico came attired in blue coats with big brass +and Andrés Pico came attired in blue coats with big brass buttons. Meyer, observing the Mayor's outfit, facetiously asked me if I still wished him to go home and dress according to Los Angeles fashion; whereupon I drew off my gloves, buttoned @@ -18085,7 +18042,7 @@ flax.</p> <p>It is not clear to me just when the rocky Arroyo Seco began to be popular as a resort, but I remember going there on picnics as early as 1857. By the late sixties, when Santa Monica -Cañon also appealed to the lovers of sylvan life, the Arroyo +Cañon also appealed to the lovers of sylvan life, the Arroyo had become known as Sycamore Grove—a name doubtless suggested by the numerous sycamores there—and Clois F. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">402</a></span> @@ -18165,7 +18122,7 @@ of office. In 1869, various friends waited upon me and requested me to stand as their candidate for the supervisorship; to which I answered that I would be glad to serve my district, but that I would not lift a finger toward securing my election. H. -Ábila was chosen with six hundred and thirty-one votes, E. M. +Ãbila was chosen with six hundred and thirty-one votes, E. M. Sanford being a close second with six hundred and sixteen; while five hundred and thirty-seven votes were cast in my favor.</p> @@ -18471,9 +18428,9 @@ Coast, service was anything but satisfactory. The poles between Los Angeles and San Francisco had become rotten and often fell, dragging the wires with them, and interrupting communication with the North. There were no wires, up to -that time, to Santa Bárbara or San Bernardino; and only in +that time, to Santa Bárbara or San Bernardino; and only in the spring of that year was it decided to put a telegraph line -through to San Diego. When the Santa Bárbara line was +through to San Diego. When the Santa Bárbara line was proposed, the citizens there speedily subscribed twenty-two hundred and forty-five dollars; it having been the company's plan always to get some local stockholders.</p> @@ -18830,7 +18787,7 @@ ways. The reader may have already observed that this was not the first time that the old Tomlinson & Griffith gate had served this same gruesome purpose.</p> -<p>The following January, County Judge Y. Sepúlveda charged +<p>The following January, County Judge Y. Sepúlveda charged the Grand Jury to do its duty toward ferreting out the leaders of the mob, and so wipe out this reproach to the city; but the Grand Jury expressed the conviction that if the law had @@ -18862,7 +18819,7 @@ to the monotony of our work. Some of the most important of these visitors were Jotham, John W. and Llewellyn Bixby, Isaac Lankershim, L. J. Rose, I. N. Van Nuys, R. S. Baker, George Carson, Manuel Dominguez, Domingo Amestoy, Juan -Matías Sanchez, Dan Freeman, John Rowland, John Reed, +MatÃas Sanchez, Dan Freeman, John Rowland, John Reed, Joe Bridger, Louis Phillips, the brothers Garnier, Remi Nadeau, E. J. Baldwin, P. Banning and Alessandro Repetto. There was also not a weather prophet, near or far, who did not @@ -18907,8 +18864,8 @@ Theater:</p> LOS ANGELES<br /> Lunes, Enero 30, de 1871</p> -<p>Primero Función de la Gran Compañia Dramática, De Don -Tomás Maguire, El Empresario Veterano de San Francisco, +<p>Primero Función de la Gran Compañia Dramática, De Don +Tomás Maguire, El Empresario Veterano de San Francisco, <span class="smcap">Veinte y Cuatro</span> Artistas de ambos sexos, todos conocidos como <span class="smcap">Estrellas</span> de primera clase.</p> </div> @@ -18950,7 +18907,7 @@ their office was in the former rooms of Hellman, Temple & Company. On the tenth of April the institution was opened as the Farmers & Merchants Bank; and on July 10th, J. G. Downey, Charles Ducommun, O. W. Childs, I. M. Hellman, -George Hansen, A. Glassell, J. S. Griffin, José Mascarel and +George Hansen, A. Glassell, J. S. Griffin, José Mascarel and I. W. Hellman were chosen Trustees. From the first the Bank prospered, so that when the crisis of 1875 tested the substantiability of the financial institutions here, the Farmers @@ -18980,10 +18937,10 @@ Fort Yuma met Burns at San Pedro, and having agreed to sell him certain information about the fugitive, revealed the fact that Bill had been seen near Tecate, mounted on a horse, with his squaw and infant riding a mule. The chase had previously -taken the Sheriff from Verdugo Cañon to White Pine, Nevada, +taken the Sheriff from Verdugo Cañon to White Pine, Nevada, and back to Los Angeles; and acting on this new clue, Burns obtained a requisition on the Mexican Governor from Judge -Ygnácio Sepúlveda, and went to Lower California where, with +Ygnácio Sepúlveda, and went to Lower California where, with Felipe Zarate, a Mexican officer, he located the man after two or three days' search. About twenty miles north of Real Castillo, the Sheriff found the fugitive, and in the ensuing @@ -19069,7 +19026,7 @@ East, lost in favor, particularly among those of social pretensions.</p> <p>In March, a call for a meeting to organize an Agricultural -Society for the Counties of Los Angeles, Santa Bárbara, San +Society for the Counties of Los Angeles, Santa Bárbara, San Bernardino, Kern and San Diego brought together a large number of our citizens. L. J. Rose and his neighbor L. H. Titus, Dr. J. S. Griffin, Colonel J. J. Warner, Judge H. K. S. @@ -19210,7 +19167,7 @@ years before many people saw in the Bay and its immediate environment the opportunities upon which thousands have since seized. In the summer of 1871 less than twenty families, the majority in tents, sojourned there among the sycamore -groves in the Cañon where J. M. Harned had a bar and "refreshment +groves in the Cañon where J. M. Harned had a bar and "refreshment parlor." The attractions of beach and surf, however, were beginning to be appreciated, and so were the opportunities for shooting—at Tell's and elsewhere; and on Sundays two or @@ -19220,7 +19177,7 @@ people to the beach.</p> <p>Speaking of this gradual awakening to the attractions of Santa Monica, I recall that school children of the late sixties -held their picnics at the Cañon, going down on crowded stages +held their picnics at the Cañon, going down on crowded stages where the choicest seats were on the box; and that one of the most popular drivers of that period was Tommy O'Campo. He handled the reins with the dexterity of a Hank Monk, @@ -19260,7 +19217,7 @@ week or two previously. Awesome indeed was the scene that I witnessed when the ropes sustaining the eight hundred pound metallic casket snapped, pitching the coffin and its grim contents into the grave. I shall never forget the unearthly shriek -of Doña Arcadia, as well as the accident itself.</p> +of Doña Arcadia, as well as the accident itself.</p> <p>With the wane of summer, we received the startling news of the death, through Indians, of Frederick Loring, the young @@ -19459,7 +19416,7 @@ furnishings were elaborate, one feature of the office outfit being a very handsome counter of native cedar, a decided advance in decoration over the primitive bare or painted wood then common here. Neither Temple, who had sold his fine ranch near -Fort Tejón to embark in the enterprise, nor Workman had had +Fort Tejón to embark in the enterprise, nor Workman had had any practical experience in either finance or commerce; and to make matters worse, Workman, being at that time a very old man, left the entire management to his son-in-law, Temple, @@ -19479,7 +19436,7 @@ by companies or individuals with headquarters in the Northern metropolis. Matthew Keller was then in San Francisco; and having been led to believe that a company could be financed, books were opened for subscriptions in Los Angeles, -Santa Bárbara, San Luis Obispo and elsewhere. For lack of +Santa Bárbara, San Luis Obispo and elsewhere. For lack of the necessary support, this plan was abandoned; but late in July a meeting was held in the Bella Union to further consider the matter. Among those present was George Wright, long @@ -19487,7 +19444,7 @@ engaged in coast shipping; and he proposed to sell the control of the <i>Olympia</i>.</p> <p>H. Newmark & Company being considerably interested in -the movement, declared themselves ready to coöperate in +the movement, declared themselves ready to coöperate in improving the situation; for which reason great surprise was expressed when, in December, 1871, B. L. Peel, the commission merchant, made an attack on us, openly charging that, although @@ -19555,13 +19512,13 @@ of 1872. As a result of this tremendous conflagration, the insurance company which carried their policy failed and Beale & Baker met with a great loss.</p> -<p>The brothers Philip, Eugène and Camille Garnier of the +<p>The brothers Philip, Eugène and Camille Garnier of the Encino Ranch—who, while generally operating separately, clubbed together at that time in disposing of their product—had a clip of wool somewhat exceeding one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. The spokesman for the three was -Eugène, and on the same day that I made Colonel Baker -the offer of fifty cents, I told Eugène that I would allow him +Eugène, and on the same day that I made Colonel Baker +the offer of fifty cents, I told Eugène that I would allow him forty-eight and a half cents for the Garnier product. This offer he disdainfully refused, returning immediately to his ranch; and now, as I look back upon the matter, I do not @@ -19572,7 +19529,7 @@ however, points the moral. My offer to the Garnier Brothers was made on a Friday. During that day and the next, we received several telegrams indicating that the crest of the craze had been reached, and that buyers refused to take hold. -On Monday following the first visit of Eugène Garnier, he again +On Monday following the first visit of Eugène Garnier, he again came to town and wanted me to buy their wool at the price which I had quoted him on Friday; but by that time we had withdrawn from the market. My brother wired that San Francisco @@ -19605,7 +19562,7 @@ financial strain. John Simmons, who drove H. Newmark & Company's truck and slept in a barn in my back yard on Main Street, was so reliable a man that we made him overseer of the ranch. When we sold the property, Simmons was engaged -by Lazard Frères, the San Francisco bankers, to do special +by Lazard Frères, the San Francisco bankers, to do special service that involved the carrying of large sums of money.</p> <p>When we bought the Santa Anita, there were five eucalyptus @@ -19638,9 +19595,9 @@ elected. This seemed a great step forward, but anti-railroad sentiment, as in the case of Banning's line, again manifested itself here. The Southern Pacific, just incorporated as a subsidiary of the Central Pacific, was laying its tracks down the -San Joaquín Valley; yet there was grave doubt whether it +San JoaquÃn Valley; yet there was grave doubt whether it would include Los Angeles or not. It contemplated a line -through Teháchepi Pass; but from that point two separate +through Teháchepi Pass; but from that point two separate surveys had been made, one by way of Soledad Pass via Los Angeles, through costly tunnels and over heavy grades; the other, straight to the Needles, over an almost level plain along @@ -19684,7 +19641,7 @@ Committee was then appointed to seek general information concerning railroads likely to extend their lines to Los Angeles; and on that Committee I had the honor of serving with F. P. F. Temple, A. F. Coronel, H. K. S. O'Melveny, J. G. Downey, S. B. -Caswell, J. M. Griffith, Henry Dalton, Andrés Pico, L. J. Rose, +Caswell, J. M. Griffith, Henry Dalton, Andrés Pico, L. J. Rose, General George Stoneman and D. W. Alexander. A few days later, Wilson, Rose and W. R. Olden of Anaheim were sent to San Francisco to discuss terms with the Southern Pacific; @@ -19773,8 +19730,8 @@ for some time as a member of our family.</p> <p>I have spoken of the attempt made, in 1859, to found a Public Library. In 1872, there was another agitation that led to a mass-meeting on December 7th, in the old Merced Theatre -on Main Street; and among others present were Judge Ygnácio -Sepúlveda, General George H. Stoneman, Governor John G. +on Main Street; and among others present were Judge Ygnácio +Sepúlveda, General George H. Stoneman, Governor John G. Downey, Henry Kirk White Bent, S. B. Caswell, W. J. Brodrick, Colonel G. H. Smith, W. B. Lawlor and myself. The Los Angeles Library Association was formed; and Downey, Bent, @@ -19819,7 +19776,7 @@ special needs; and there it continued to be published until, in <p>Nels Williamson, to whom I have referred, married a native Californian, and their eldest daughter, Mariana, in 1873 -became the wife of António Franco Coronel, the gay couple +became the wife of António Franco Coronel, the gay couple settling in one of the old pueblo adobes on the present site of Bishop & Company's factory; and there they were visited by Helen Hunt Jackson when she came here in the early eighties. @@ -19860,7 +19817,7 @@ who constructed large reservoirs near the San Gabriel Mission, piped water to Alhambra and sold it to local consumers.</p> <p>James R. Toberman, destined to be twice rechosen Mayor -of Los Angeles, was first elected in 1873, defeating Cristóbal +of Los Angeles, was first elected in 1873, defeating Cristóbal Aguilar, an honored citizen of early days, who had thrice been Mayor and was again a candidate. Toberman made a record for fiscal reform by reducing the City's indebtedness over thirty @@ -19939,13 +19896,13 @@ weighed twenty-one hundred pounds—or more.</p> interested to learn of the presence here, in earlier days, of the ferocious wild boar. These were met with, for a long time, in the wooded districts of certain mountainous land-tracts -owned by the Ábilas, and there wild swine were hunted as late +owned by the Ãbilas, and there wild swine were hunted as late as 1873.</p> <p>In the summer, D. M. Berry, General Nathan Kimball, Calvin Fletcher and J. H. Baker came to Los Angeles from Indianapolis, representing the California Colony of Indiana, a -coöperative association which proposed to secure land for +coöperative association which proposed to secure land for Hoosiers who wished to found a settlement in Southern California. This scheme originated with Dr. Thomas Balch Elliott of Indianapolis, Berry's brother-in-law and an army surgeon @@ -19975,7 +19932,7 @@ the Indiana Colony, though but a handful of Hoosiers had actually joined the movement; and Dr. and Mrs. Elliott, reaching Los Angeles on December 1st, 1874, immediately took possession of their grant on the banks of the Arroyo Seco near -the Frémont Trail. On April 22d, 1875, The Indiana Colony +the Frémont Trail. On April 22d, 1875, The Indiana Colony was discontinued as the name of the settlement; it being seen that a more attractive title should be selected. Dr. Elliott wrote to a college-mate in the East for an appropriate Indian @@ -20053,7 +20010,7 @@ John M. Baldwin took up the quill.</p> <p>In the autumn of 1873, Barnard Brothers set in operation the first woolen mill here, built in 1868 or 1869 by George Hansen and his associates in the Canal and Reservoir Company. -It was located on the ditch along the <i>cañon</i> of the +It was located on the ditch along the <i>cañon</i> of the Arroyo de Los Reyes—now Figueroa Street; and for fifteen years or more was operated by the Barnards and the Coulters, after which it was turned into an ice factory.</p> @@ -20074,7 +20031,7 @@ all familiar with the published life of Zadoc Kahn and his reputation as a scholar and pulpit orator. He was a man <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">451</a></span> of the highest ideals, as was proved in his unflinching activity, -with Émile Zola, in the defense and liberation of the long-persecuted +with Émile Zola, in the defense and liberation of the long-persecuted Dreyfus.</p> <p>Sometime in December, L. C. Tibbetts, one of the early @@ -20158,7 +20115,7 @@ Chief Clerk of the General Passenger Office.</p> </div> <div class="stanza"> <p><b>(<i>Bottom</i>) Emil Harris,</b></p> -<p><b>Tibúrcio Vasquez,</b></p> +<p><b>Tibúrcio Vasquez,</b></p> <p><b>J. S. Bryant.</b></p> </div></div></div></div> @@ -20169,7 +20126,7 @@ Chief Clerk of the General Passenger Office.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_527b" id="i_527b"></a> <img src="images/i_527b.jpg" width="343" height="425" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Nicolás Martinez</p> +<p class="caption">Nicolás Martinez</p> </div> <p>George H. Peck, County Superintendent of Schools between @@ -20196,9 +20153,9 @@ in the character of <i>Dick Turpin</i>, and mounted on his charger, A son, Frank A. Weinschank, was a pioneer plumber.</p> <p>In the early seventies, while the Southern Pacific Railway -was building from San Francisco to San José, some twelve or +was building from San Francisco to San José, some twelve or fifteen bandits, carousing at a country dance in the Mexican -settlement, Panamá (about six miles south of Bakersfield) +settlement, Panamá (about six miles south of Bakersfield) planned to cross the mountains and hold up the pay-car. They were unsuccessful; whereupon, they turned their attention to the village of Tres Pinos, robbed several store-keepers and @@ -20207,7 +20164,7 @@ Kingston, in Tulare County, where they plundered practically the whole town. Then they once more disappeared.</p> <p>Presently various clues pointed to the identity of the chief -<i>bandido</i> as one Tibúrcio Vasquez, born in Monterey in the +<i>bandido</i> as one Tibúrcio Vasquez, born in Monterey in the thirties, who had taken to the life of an outlaw because, as he fantastically said, some <i>Gringos</i> had insolently danced off with the prettiest girls at <i>fandangos</i>, among them being his sweetheart @@ -20253,7 +20210,7 @@ were mounted on fresh horses, they escaped. Even while being pursued, Vasquez had the audacity to fleece a party of men in the employ of the Los Angeles Water Company who were doing some work near the Alhambra Tract. The well-known -Angeleño and engineer in charge, Charles E. Miles, was +Angeleño and engineer in charge, Charles E. Miles, was relieved of an expensive gold watch.</p> <p>In April, 1874, Sheriff Rowland heard that Vasquez @@ -20297,7 +20254,7 @@ could observe Greek George's farm; and Bryant, returning to camp, reported that a couple of gray horses had been seen tied near the ranch-house. Shortly thereafter, a four-horse <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">456</a></span> -empty wagon, driven by two Mexicans, went by the <i>cañon</i> +empty wagon, driven by two Mexicans, went by the <i>cañon</i> and was immediately stopped and brought in. The Mexicans were put in charge of an officer, and about the same time Johnston came tearing down the ravine with the startling @@ -20403,16 +20360,16 @@ flourishes, thanked the Italian and began to speak of repayment, when Repetto replied: "I do not expect that. But I beg of you, if ever you resume operations, never to visit <i>me</i> again." Whereupon Vasquez, placing his hand dramatically -upon his breast, exclaimed: "Ah, Señor, I am a cavalier, -with a cavalier's heart!"—<i>¡Señor Repetto, yo soy un caballero, -con el corazón de un caballero!</i></p> +upon his breast, exclaimed: "Ah, Señor, I am a cavalier, +with a cavalier's heart!"—<i>¡Señor Repetto, yo soy un caballero, +con el corazón de un caballero!</i></p> <p>As soon as Vasquez's wounds were healed, he was taken by Sheriff Rowland to Tres Pinos and there indicted for murder. Miller & Lux, the great cattle owners, furnished the money, it was understood, for his defense—supposedly as a matter of policy. His attorneys asked for, and obtained, a change of -venue, and Vasquez was removed to San José. There he was +venue, and Vasquez was removed to San José. There he was promptly tried, found guilty and, in March, 1875, hanged.</p> <p>Many good anecdotes were long told of Vasquez; one of @@ -20463,10 +20420,10 @@ north of San Pedro; where a town, Truxton—doubtless named after the General's son—was to be founded. The proposed railway was to be known as the Los Angeles & Truxton Railroad, with a route from the western part of the -city in the direction of Ciénega and the Rincon de los Bueyes, +city in the direction of Ciénega and the Rincon de los Bueyes, and along a corner of the Ballona. The estimated length of the line was fourteen miles, and the projectors claimed that it -would enable the Angeleño to reach San Francisco within thirty +would enable the Angeleño to reach San Francisco within thirty hours, with but one night at sea, and so add to the comfort, convenience and cheapness of passenger travel. A new harbor and an additional pier stretching far into the ocean were to @@ -20652,7 +20609,7 @@ the following reference to Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Newmark and an event of particular interest to me and my family:</p> <div class="blockquot"> -<p>Mr. Newmark, <i>père</i> and wife, were among the passengers +<p>Mr. Newmark, <i>père</i> and wife, were among the passengers for San Francisco by the <i>Senator</i> yesterday. This well-known and highly-esteemed couple go to attend the marriage of their son, Judge M. J. Newmark, which event occurs on the seventh @@ -20797,7 +20754,7 @@ into the Temple & Workman banking-room, after the latter's failure. For a while the County Bank did both a commercial and a savings business; but later it forfeited the savings clause of its charter, and its capital was reduced to one hundred -thousand dollars. In time, John E. Plater, a well-known Angeleño, +thousand dollars. In time, John E. Plater, a well-known Angeleño, became a controlling factor.</p> <p>About the end of 1874, Edward F. Spence, who had come @@ -21027,7 +20984,7 @@ in this institution is Vice-president Stoddard Jess.</p> <p>Captain Wilcox, owner of the Colorado Steam Navigation Company, who finally sold out to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, brought to California, on his own vessel in 1848, -the first light-houses. He married Señorita María Antónia +the first light-houses. He married Señorita MarÃa Antónia Arguello, the granddaughter of an early Governor of California. One of his daughters became the wife of Lieutenant Randolph Huntington Miner, and another married Lieutenant @@ -21058,8 +21015,8 @@ Angeles in 1875 and soon made her home, <i>El Nido</i>, the center of many notable sociological and philanthropic activities. Especially active was she in promoting the free kindergarten, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">474</a></span> -working in coöperation with Mrs. Grover Cleveland and Kate -Douglas Wiggin, the California author who was her <i>protégée</i> +working in coöperation with Mrs. Grover Cleveland and Kate +Douglas Wiggin, the California author who was her <i>protégée</i> and resided for some time at <i>El Nido</i> when she was first becoming famous as a story-writer.</p> @@ -21082,7 +21039,7 @@ fifty acres commencing at Washington Street, on the south and a little east of Main Street, and taking in many important sections of to-day; selling it, in the early eighties, to Kaspare Cohn who, in turn, disposed of it during the boom of that -decade. George Compère, somewhat noted as a local entomologist, +decade. George Compère, somewhat noted as a local entomologist, cared for this vineyard while we owned it. Baldwin died on March 1st, 1909.</p> @@ -21198,9 +21155,9 @@ years had a law office at Anaheim until, in 1877 or 1878, he removed to Los Angeles and soon became an active operator in real estate. He secured from Jonathan S. Slauson—who organized the Azusa Land and Water Company and helped lay -out the town—the Dalton section of the San José Ranch. +out the town—the Dalton section of the San José Ranch. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">477</a></span> -Wicks was also active in locating the depot of the Santa Fé +Wicks was also active in locating the depot of the Santa Fé Railroad, carrying through at private expense the opening of Second Street from Main almost to the river. A brother, Moye Wicks, long an attorney here, later removed to the State @@ -21270,7 +21227,7 @@ to E. J. Baldwin, a Monte Cristo of that period, for a loan. He was willing to advance them two hundred and ten thousand dollars, but upon two conditions: first, that they would give him a blanket-mortgage on their combined real estate; -secondly, that their intimate friend, Juan Matías Sanchez, +secondly, that their intimate friend, Juan MatÃas Sanchez, would include in the mortgage his splendid tract consisting of twenty-two hundred acres of the finest land around the Old Mission. Sanchez, who transacted a good deal of business @@ -21281,7 +21238,7 @@ it would be permanent, and so I strenuously urged Sanchez to refuse; which he finally promised me to do. So <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">479</a></span> impressive was our interview that I still vividly recall the scene -when he dramatically said: "<i>¡No quiero morir de hambre!</i>"—"I +when he dramatically said: "<i>¡No quiero morir de hambre!</i>"—"I do not wish to die of hunger!" A few days later I learned, to my deep disappointment, that Sanchez had agreed, after all, to include his lands. In the course of time, Baldwin foreclosed @@ -21424,7 +21381,7 @@ completed. He engaged in the pork-packing business, for a long period prospered and built a residence on the southwest corner of Sixth and Main streets, opening it with a large reception. He was an honorable man and had a host of -friends; but about 1887, when the Santa Fé had been built +friends; but about 1887, when the Santa Fé had been built to Los Angeles, the large Eastern packers of hog products sent agents into Southern California and wiped Dodsworth out of business.</p> @@ -21469,7 +21426,7 @@ Easterners to migrate West and to settle in Los Angeles and vicinity.</p> <p>In the early seventies, Grange Stores, brought into existence -by a craze for coöperation, were scattered throughout +by a craze for coöperation, were scattered throughout the State, and Milton H. La Fetra in February, 1875 helped to organize one here. In time, this establishment became known, first as Seymour & Company and then as Seymour, @@ -21538,9 +21495,9 @@ was Superintendent and Chief Engineer.</p> although passenger traffic was often interfered with. Early in January, 1876, for instance, the train from Santa Monica failed to make its appearance, the engineer having spied a -bit of ground suspiciously soft in the <i>ciénaga</i>—locally spelled +bit of ground suspiciously soft in the <i>ciénaga</i>—locally spelled <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">486</a></span> -<i>ciénega</i>—refused, despite the protests of passengers, to +<i>ciénega</i>—refused, despite the protests of passengers, to proceed!</p> <p>There were also inconveniences of travel by steamer such @@ -21639,7 +21596,7 @@ compartments, the whole sumptuously furnished and partly upholstered with crimson velvet!</p> </div> -<p>On February 14th, General Andrés Pico died at his residence, +<p>On February 14th, General Andrés Pico died at his residence, 203 Main Street, and was buried from his home on the following day.</p> @@ -21680,7 +21637,7 @@ old-fashioned way, supplied all our needs until 1881.</p> regulate railroad transportation, engrossed the attention of commercial leaders, and on March 9th, President S. Lazard called together the Directors of the Chamber of Commerce -at the office of Judge Ygnácio Sepúlveda. Besides President +at the office of Judge Ygnácio Sepúlveda. Besides President Lazard, there were present R. M. Widney, W. J. Brodrick, M. J. Newmark, E. E. Hewitt and I. W. Lord. Little time was lost in the framing of a despatch which indicated to our @@ -21819,7 +21776,7 @@ exceptionally fine for that time. And in this beautiful home, in close proximity to Boyle Avenue, he lived until his death, on September 2d, 1885, at the age of fifty-six years. Succeeding A. C. Bilicke in 1903, John S. Mitchell, long a -prominent Angeleño, is still controlling this busy hostelry.</p> +prominent Angeleño, is still controlling this busy hostelry.</p> <p>I have spoken of an adobe on ten acres of land I once purchased to secure water for my flock of sheep. After Hollenbeck @@ -21840,7 +21797,7 @@ the mortgagee tired of the loan. Hollenbeck bought the mortgage and made a further advance of four thousand dollars on the property. He finally foreclosed, but at the same time did the handsome thing when he gave Mrs. Wiley, a -daughter of Andrés Pico, a deed for the forty feet on Fort +daughter of Andrés Pico, a deed for the forty feet on Fort Street upon which the cottage stood. These forty feet are almost directly opposite Coulter's dry goods store.</p> @@ -21901,13 +21858,13 @@ colony finally induced her and her husband, Charles Bozenta Chlapowski, to make the dubious experiment of abandoning the stimulation of Old World culture and committing themselves to rustic life near the bee ranch of J. E. Pleasants in Santiago -Cañon. Heaps of cigarettes, books and musical instruments +Cañon. Heaps of cigarettes, books and musical instruments were laid in to help pass the hours pleasantly; but disaster of one kind or another soon overtook the idealists who found that "roughing it" in primeval California suggested a nightmare rather than a pleasant dream. Forced to take up some more lucrative profession, Madame Modjeska, in July, 1877, -made her <i>début</i> in San Francisco as <i>Adrienne Lecouvreur</i> +made her <i>début</i> in San Francisco as <i>Adrienne Lecouvreur</i> and was soon starring with Booth. This radical departure, however, did not take the gifted lady away for good; her love for California led her to build, near the site of their first encampment @@ -21963,11 +21920,11 @@ County, and from Tipton by rail to San Francisco. The Coast Line and the Telegraph Line stage companies carried passengers part of the way. The Coast Line Stage Company coaches left Los Angeles every morning at five o'clock and proceeded <i>via</i> -Pleasant Valley, San Buenaventura, Santa Bárbara, Guadalupe, +Pleasant Valley, San Buenaventura, Santa Bárbara, Guadalupe, San Luis Obispo and Paso de Robles Hot Springs, and connected at Soledad with the Southern Pacific Railroad bound <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">497</a></span> -for San Francisco by way of Salinas City, Gilroy and San José; +for San Francisco by way of Salinas City, Gilroy and San José; and this line made a speciality of daylight travel, thus offering unusual inducements to tourists. There was no limit as to time; and passengers were enabled to stop over at any point @@ -22175,7 +22132,7 @@ such as this:</p> once stood, shall find no mound to kiss; when the arch of Titus shall have been obliterated; the Colosseum crumbled into antique dust; the greatness of Athens degenerated into dim -tradition; Alexander, Cæsar and Napoleon forgotten; the +tradition; Alexander, Cæsar and Napoleon forgotten; the memories of Independence Hall shall still bloom in imperishable freshness!</p> </div> @@ -22214,7 +22171,7 @@ H. Newmark & Company supplying most of the illuminants.</p> <p>Some of the facts concerning the planning, building and attendant celebration of this now famous tunnel should be -peculiarly interesting to the Angeleño of to-day, as also to his +peculiarly interesting to the Angeleño of to-day, as also to his descendants, for not only do they possess intrinsic historical importance, but they exemplify as well both the comparative insignificance of Los Angeles at the time when this great engineering @@ -22463,7 +22420,7 @@ THE REVIVAL OF THE SOUTHLAND<br /> <p>The late seventies were marked by an encouraging awakening of national energy and a growing desire on the part -of the Angeleño, notwithstanding the excessive local +of the Angeleño, notwithstanding the excessive local dullness, to bring the outside world a pace or two nearer; as a result of which, things began to simmer, while there was an unmistakable manifestation on the part of those at places @@ -22519,7 +22476,7 @@ his name on the site of the historic adobe home of Don Abel Stearns, the walls of which structure, when demolished, killed two of the workmen. This building, the most modern of that period, immediately became the scene of much -retail activity; and three wide-awake merchants—Eugène Germain, +retail activity; and three wide-awake merchants—Eugène Germain, George D. Rowan and Rev. B. F. Coulter—moved into it. Germain was the first of these to arrive in Los Angeles, coming in 1870 and, soon after, establishing several trading @@ -22637,7 +22594,7 @@ better judge than I.</p> <p>Sometime in the late seventies, Jerry Illich started a chop-house on North Main Street and prospered so well that in time he was able to open a larger and much finer establishment -which he called the Maison Dorée. This restaurant was one +which he called the Maison Dorée. This restaurant was one of the best of the time, and became the <i>rendezvous</i> of men about town. In 1896, Jerry moved again, this time to Third Street opposite the Bradbury Block; and thither went with @@ -22654,13 +22611,13 @@ this municipal assistance enabled the directors to carry the work along even though the annual membership fee was reduced to four dollars, payable quarterly.</p> -<p>On September 25th, General John C. Frémont arrived in +<p>On September 25th, General John C. Frémont arrived in Los Angeles on his way to Arizona, of which Territory he had been appointed Governor; and accompanied by his wife and daughter, he was driven at once to the St. Charles Hotel. There, in response to a demonstration by the citizens, he referred to the great changes which had taken place here during -his absence of thirty years. Two days later, General Frémont +his absence of thirty years. Two days later, General Frémont and family left for Yuma, the explorer traveling that route by means of the iron horse for the first time.</p> @@ -22760,7 +22717,7 @@ objected.</p> <p>Probably the earliest Los Angeles newspaper published in French was a weekly, <i>L'Union Nouvelle</i>, which commenced -in 1879 with P. Ganée as editor.</p> +in 1879 with P. Ganée as editor.</p> <p>Exceeding the limits of animated editorial debate into which the rival journalists had been drawn in the heated campaign of @@ -22861,7 +22818,7 @@ or demands.</p> <p>On January 1st, 1880, the District Court of Los Angeles was abolished to give way to the County Court; on which occasion <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">519</a></span> -Don Ygnácio Sepúlveda, the last of the District Court judges, +Don Ygnácio Sepúlveda, the last of the District Court judges, became the first County Judge.</p> <p>The first cement pavement in the city was laid on Main @@ -22904,7 +22861,7 @@ Indians of Southern California; and on this commission he <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">520</a></span> served with Helen Hunt Jackson, so famous as <i>H. H.</i> or, especially in California, as the author of <i>Ramona</i>, visiting with -her all the well-known Indian <i>rancherías</i> between San Diego +her all the well-known Indian <i>rancherÃas</i> between San Diego and Monterey, in addition to the twenty-one Franciscan Missions.</p> @@ -23039,7 +22996,7 @@ way or another, sought to infuse new commercial life here and more rapidly to expand the city; but, after all, George Lehman, of whom I have already spoken, was perhaps <i>the</i> pioneer local boomer before that picturesque word had become incorporated -in the Angeleño's vocabulary. Nor were his peculiarities +in the Angeleño's vocabulary. Nor were his peculiarities in this direction entirely confined to booming, for he did considerable buying as well. Lehman's operations, however, most unfortunately for himself, were conducted at too @@ -23055,13 +23012,13 @@ on Main, Spring, Fort and Hill streets. Practically none of this property brought any income, so that when the City began to grade and improve the streets, Lehman's assessments compelled him to give a fifteen thousand dollar blanket -mortgage to Lazard Frères of San Francisco.</p> +mortgage to Lazard Frères of San Francisco.</p> <p>Lehman soon found himself beyond his depth and defaulted in the payment of both principal and interest. Not only that, but with a complacency and a confidence in the future that were sublime, he refused to sell a single foot of -land, and Lazard Frères with a worthy desire, natural to +land, and Lazard Frères with a worthy desire, natural to bankers, to turn a piece of paper into something more negotiable, foreclosed the mortgage, in 1879, and shut the gates of the Garden of Paradise forever; and a sheriff's sale was advertised @@ -23179,10 +23136,10 @@ of Los Angeles City Schools.</p> owing, in part, to the social connections of the persons involved. Francisco, or Chico Forster, as he was popularly called, the sporting son of Don Juan Forster, had been keeping company -with a Señorita Abarta, a young woman of superb stature, +with a Señorita Abarta, a young woman of superb stature, whose father was French and mother was Mexican; and having promised to marry her, he betrayed her confidence. Her insistence -that Forster should keep his word had its <i>dénouement</i> +that Forster should keep his word had its <i>dénouement</i> when, one day, at her behest, they visited the Plaza church; but Forster so far endeavored to postpone the ceremony that he returned to the carriage, in which he had left her, declaring @@ -23191,8 +23148,8 @@ until they reached the corner of Commercial and Los Angeles streets, half a block from H. Newmark & Company's. There the young woman left the carriage, followed by Forster; and on reaching the sidewalk, she said to him in Spanish, -"<i>¿Chico, que vas hacer?</i>" ("What are you going to do?") -Forster gave some evasive answer, and Señorita Abarta shot +"<i>¿Chico, que vas hacer?</i>" ("What are you going to do?") +Forster gave some evasive answer, and Señorita Abarta shot him dead. She was arrested and tried; but owing to the expert evidence in her behalf given by Dr. Joseph Kurtz she was exonerated, to the satisfaction of nearly the entire community. @@ -23283,9 +23240,9 @@ morning.</p> of Los Angeles of whom the city was justly proud, was Miss Mamie Perry, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. William H. Perry. In 1880, she went to Italy and studied under Sangiovanni and -in September, 1881, made her <i>début</i>, singing in Milan, Florence, +in September, 1881, made her <i>début</i>, singing in Milan, Florence, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">529</a></span> -Mantua and Bologna the title <i>rôle</i> of Petrella's opera, <i>Contessa +Mantua and Bologna the title <i>rôle</i> of Petrella's opera, <i>Contessa d'Amalfi</i>. In other cities, she attained further distinction. A musical career was interrupted by her marriage, in 1883, to Charles W. Davis; but, after his untimely death in 1889, Mrs. @@ -23376,21 +23333,21 @@ semi-tropical glory of Southern California was most appealing, Helen Hunt Jackson, exploring the Southwest for materials of value in the study of the Indian, came to Los Angeles and met, as I have already related, Abbot Kinney, himself a student -of the aborigines. She also met Don António F. and Doña +of the aborigines. She also met Don António F. and Doña Mariana Coronel; and finding in the latter a highly intelligent and affable lady, she passed some hours each day at the hospitable Coronel mansion, driving out there from her hotel and reclining under the broad palm trees. When Mrs. Jackson first -came, with her pencils and note-books, the retiring Señora (as +came, with her pencils and note-books, the retiring Señora (as she used to tell me), having little comprehension of the Eastern lady's ambitious plans, looked with some suspicion on the motives of her enthusiastic visitor; but fortunately this half-distrust <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">531</a></span> was dispelled by the warmth of the author's geniality, -and Doña Mariana, opening both her house and heart, contributed +and Doña Mariana, opening both her house and heart, contributed inestimably to the success of the now famous <i>Ramona</i>, most of the rough notes for which were written at a little table -on the Coronel veranda. On Doña Mariana's advice, Mrs. +on the Coronel veranda. On Doña Mariana's advice, Mrs. Jackson selected the Del Valle ranchhouse at the Camulos, as the best-preserved and most typical place for a background; although, disappointed in not finding the Del Valles at home, @@ -23445,7 +23402,7 @@ doled out to the passengers both crossroad data and bits of ancient lore.</p> <p>Fire having destroyed the State Normal School at San -José, in 1880, then the only institution of its kind in California, +José, in 1880, then the only institution of its kind in California, the Legislature, on March 14th, 1881, provided for the establishing here of a branch; and the following March George Gephard, a German who had come in 1875, raised eight thousand @@ -23458,7 +23415,7 @@ More and the school became an independent institution. Edward T. Pierce, who followed Professor More, retired in 1904. An instructor there for twenty-two years was Professor Melville Dozier, who made for California, by way of -Panamá, in 1868. Largely through the devotion of these +Panamá, in 1868. Largely through the devotion of these pioneer teachers, as well as through those qualities which have marked the administration of Dr. Jesse F. Millspaugh, scholar and pedagogue, for nearly the last decade, this Normal School @@ -23624,7 +23581,7 @@ of California blotted the calendar for January 20th, when over twenty persons were killed and sudden grief was brought to several happy Los Angeles circles. About three o'clock on a cold wintry night, an express train, bound south, stopped -at the Teháchepi Station, near the summit; and while the +at the Teháchepi Station, near the summit; and while the engineer and fireman on the detached locomotive and tender were busy loading water and fuel, and the conductor was in the office making his report, the brakeman, with what proved @@ -23642,7 +23599,7 @@ having become so faint as to be scarcely visible. The passengers, too, had noticed nothing unusual until too late; when the train, plunging along at fearful velocity, leaped the track and fell in a heap to the ravine below. The old-fashioned -lamps and stoves set fire to the <i>débris</i>; with the result that +lamps and stoves set fire to the <i>débris</i>; with the result that those who were not crushed were burned. The dead and wounded were brought to Los Angeles as quickly as possible; but the remains of some were never identified. Governor @@ -23665,7 +23622,7 @@ Exchange, in the Arcadia Block on Los Angeles Street on March 9th, presided over by C. W. Gibson when J. Mills Davies acted as Secretary, the Board of Trade of Los Angeles was organized, M. Dodsworth, C. W. Gibson, A. Haas, J. M. -Davies, Eugène Germain, J. J. Mellus, John R. Mathews, +Davies, Eugène Germain, J. J. Mellus, John R. Mathews, Walter S. Maxwell, I. N. Van Nuys and myself being the incorporators. Six directors—Gibson, Van Nuys, Haas, Dodsworth, Mathews and Newmark—were chosen. On March @@ -23776,7 +23733,7 @@ less in public life, he was elected in 1883 Governor of California.</p> <p>In December, 1883, Eugene Meyer sold out to Nathan Cahn and Leon Loeb, his partners in the City of Paris store, -and engaged in banking with Lazard Frères, in San Francisco, +and engaged in banking with Lazard Frères, in San Francisco, in which enterprise he continued until 1892, when he moved to New York and became one of the managing partners of the same institution in that city, retiring from active business @@ -23812,11 +23769,11 @@ room, after that in the County Court room; and later at the houses of the members. On February 12th, 1891, the Society was incorporated.</p> -<p><i>Le Progrès</i>, a seven-column paper, was started here, in +<p><i>Le Progrès</i>, a seven-column paper, was started here, in 1883, as the organ of the French population, some rather prominent citizens of Gallic origin becoming the stockholders. -Dr. Pigné du Puytren was the first editor, and he was succeeded, -in a year or two, by Georges Le Mésnager, the wine-grower.</p> +Dr. Pigné du Puytren was the first editor, and he was succeeded, +in a year or two, by Georges Le Mésnager, the wine-grower.</p> <p>On February 18th, another flood of unusual proportions, continuing until May, devastated the Southland. Following @@ -23859,7 +23816,7 @@ Indians—securing, in particular, for the evicted Warner's Ranch Indians a better reservation than that from which they were driven. From 1905 to 1911 he was Librarian of the Los Angeles Public Library. In 1903 he founded the Southwest -Society of the Archæological Institute of America which conducted +Society of the Archæological Institute of America which conducted many scientific expeditions in Arizona, New Mexico and Guatemala, acquired valuable collections and maintained the first free public exhibits of science in Southern California. @@ -23949,7 +23906,7 @@ D. W. Coquillett; and so rapidly was this tiny favorite of children propagated and disseminated, that the dreaded scale was exterminated and the crops were saved. Wolfskill, by the way, though he fought hard with the assistance of his foreman, -Alexander Craw, to save his noted trees, lacked the coöperation +Alexander Craw, to save his noted trees, lacked the coöperation of his neighbors; and the injury then inflicted largely influenced him to subdivide his famous citrus property.</p> @@ -24013,7 +23970,7 @@ fortune attended his efforts and he died a poor man.</p> <p>On January 11th, my wife and I left for a trip to the City of Mexico, where we spent four or five days and were pleasantly entertained, before going to the New Orleans Exposition, by our -old friend, Judge Ygnácio Sepúlveda and his wife. Previous +old friend, Judge Ygnácio Sepúlveda and his wife. Previous to crossing the border, we stored our trunks in El Paso and received them upon our return, strapped as before. Some valuables, however, which I had hidden away in the linen were @@ -24082,7 +24039,7 @@ started and edited by Edward A. Weed, voiced the community's interests.</p> <p>This year was marked by the demise of a number of well-known -Angeleños. On the second of March, John Schumacher, +Angeleños. On the second of March, John Schumacher, a man esteemed and beloved by many, died here of apoplexy, in the seventieth year of his age. Six days later, General Phineas Banning, who had been sick for several months, expired @@ -24095,7 +24052,7 @@ to fetch him. On June 5th, Dr. Vincent Gelcich, the pioneer surgeon, died here at the age of fifty-six years.</p> <p>In 1885, the first medical school in Los Angeles was founded -in the house once occupied by Vaché Frères, the wine-makers, +in the house once occupied by Vaché Frères, the wine-makers, on Aliso Street between Lyons and Center. For years the school was conducted as a part of the University of Southern California, and Dr. J. P. Widney was Dean.</p> @@ -24110,11 +24067,11 @@ here the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and founding the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.</p> -<p>The first train of the Santa Fé Railroad to enter the city +<p>The first train of the Santa Fé Railroad to enter the city of Los Angeles ran from Colton over the rails of the Southern Pacific, on November 29th, the two corporations having come to an agreement to use the one set of tracks until the spring -of 1887, when the Santa Fé finished building from San Bernardino +of 1887, when the Santa Fé finished building from San Bernardino to its junction with the Los Angeles & San Gabriel Valley Railroad. The locomotive bore the name, <i>L. Severy</i>—a prominent director in the Company, and the father of the @@ -24134,8 +24091,8 @@ found me once again shipping hides and wool.</p> vague, it is true—of those with whom I had business relations. In the picturesque adobe days, the majority of my customers were simple-mannered natives such as -Manuel Carizosa, on South Alameda Street; José María -Dávila, in Sonora Town next door to José María Fuentes, +Manuel Carizosa, on South Alameda Street; José MarÃa +Dávila, in Sonora Town next door to José MarÃa Fuentes, his competitor; and M. G. Santa Cruz, in the same district. Jordan Brothers, Americans, kept store on Aliso Street opposite the Aliso Mill, and G. Ginnochio, father-in-law of James Castruccio, @@ -24162,7 +24119,7 @@ Sciscisch, who terminated his life as a suicide, attended diligently to business on First Street, near Los Angeles; and not so very far away Thomas Strohm was laying the foundation, in his grocery trade, for that popularity which caused him, in the -eighties, to be chosen Chief of the Fire Department. António +eighties, to be chosen Chief of the Fire Department. António Valle, who built on the northeast corner of First and Los Angeles streets (calling the block in honor of his five sons, the Five Brothers), for a number of years had a grocery store @@ -24416,7 +24373,7 @@ me to become a candidate for Mayor of Los Angeles; but a contemplated European trip compelled me to decline the honor.</p> <p>In the spring of 1886, a falling out between the Southern -Pacific and the Santa Fé railroads brought on a rate-war, +Pacific and the Santa Fé railroads brought on a rate-war, disastrous enough to those companies but productive of great benefit to Los Angeles. Round-trip tickets from points as far east as the Missouri River were hammered down to fifteen @@ -24466,7 +24423,7 @@ years the <i>Tribune</i> was well maintained.</p> <p>Charles Frederick Holder, the distinguished naturalist, came to California in search of health,<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> in 1886, and settled -in Pasadena, where he was appointed Professor of Zoölogy in +in Pasadena, where he was appointed Professor of Zoölogy in the Throop Institute. An enthusiastic admirer of the Southland and an early explorer of its islands and mountain ranges, Professor Holder has devoted much attention to Pasadena @@ -24593,7 +24550,7 @@ general delivery window.</p> here, in which both judge and counselor played their parts. Now and then the juror also contributed to the diversion, as was evidenced in the late eighties when a couple of -jurymen in a San Gabriel Cañon water case created both +jurymen in a San Gabriel Cañon water case created both excitement and merriment through a practical joke. Tiring of a midnight session, and bethinking himself of the new invention to facilitate speaking at a distance, one of the jurors @@ -24620,7 +24577,7 @@ imposed for eligibility precluded the possibility of securing many more, this first union of pioneers soon ceased to exist.</p> <p>Professor T. S. C. Lowe, with a splendid reputation for -scientific research, especially in the field of aëronautics—having +scientific research, especially in the field of aëronautics—having acquired his first experience with balloons, as did also Graf Ferdinand Zeppelin, by participating in the Union army maneuvers during our Civil War—took up, in the late eighties, @@ -24659,7 +24616,7 @@ streets is the result of this transaction.</p> Pacific officials visited Los Angeles with the view of locating a site for the new and "magnificent railroad station" long promised the city, and at the same time to win some of the -popular favor then being accorded the Santa Fé. For many +popular favor then being accorded the Santa Fé. For many years, objection had been made to the tracks on Alameda Street, originally laid down by Banning; and hoping to secure their removal, Mayor Workman offered a right of way along the @@ -24712,7 +24669,7 @@ future Hollywood.</p> <p>Unlike Sierra Madre, so long retarded for want of railway facilities, Monrovia—founded in May, 1886, by William N. Monroe, at an altitude of twelve hundred feet, and favored by -both the Santa Fé and the Southern Pacific systems—rapidly +both the Santa Fé and the Southern Pacific systems—rapidly developed, although it did not attain its present importance as a foothill town until it had passed through the usual depression of the late eighties, due to the collapse of the Boom, of which @@ -24754,10 +24711,10 @@ old friends.</p> <p>In Paris we had an exciting experience as observers of a conflagration <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565">565</a></span> that might have terminated seriously for us. We had -been thinking of going to the Opéra Comique in the evening, +been thinking of going to the Opéra Comique in the evening, but instead had accepted an invitation to dinner at the residence of Alexander Weil, the well-known international banker, formerly -of San Francisco; and only on our return to the Hôtel du Helder, +of San Francisco; and only on our return to the Hôtel du Helder, a comfortable family hostelry in the Rue du Helder (within a couple of blocks of the theater), did we learn of a disastrous fire in the opera house which caused the loss of many lives. For @@ -24779,7 +24736,7 @@ in this, her first contact with European life and customs.</p> <p>It was during my absence, on May 2d, that Erskine Mayo Ross was appointed, by President Cleveland, Judge of the new United States District Court just established. He was then in -partnership with Stephen M. White. A native of Belpré, Virginia, +partnership with Stephen M. White. A native of Belpré, Virginia, he had come to Los Angeles in 1868 to study law with his uncle, Cameron E. Thom. Soon admitted to the Bar, he was elected in 1879, at the age of thirty-four, to the Supreme Bench @@ -24810,8 +24767,8 @@ standing, was finally bought by Abbot Kinney and named the Abbotsford Inn.</p> <p>In a note regarding the life and accomplishments of Mme. -Severance, I have referred to the distinguished <i>rôle</i> played by -this Angeleña in the early advocacy of the kindergarten for +Severance, I have referred to the distinguished <i>rôle</i> played by +this Angeleña in the early advocacy of the kindergarten for America. It took three years, however, for the educational authorities here to awake to the significance of the departure, for it was not until 1887 that Froebel's plan was admitted for @@ -24905,7 +24862,7 @@ dollars, Shatto making a partial payment; whereupon the latter agreed to resell the island to an English syndicate. Failure to find there the store of minerals they expected, however, led the English bankers to refuse the property; and -in 1892, after a friendly suit had reëstablished the title of the +in 1892, after a friendly suit had reëstablished the title of the Lick trustees, they disposed of that part of the estate (for about the same price offered Shatto), to William, J. B. and Hancock Banning—sons of my old friend, Phineas Banning—the three @@ -24923,7 +24880,7 @@ the three o'clock train for Los Angeles. The fare for the round trip was four dollars.</p> <p>The year 1887 witnessed the completion of the Arcadia Hotel -at Santa Monica, named after Doña Arcadia, wife of Colonel +at Santa Monica, named after Doña Arcadia, wife of Colonel R. S. Baker. It was built on a bluff, was four stories high and had a great veranda with side wings; and with its center tower and cupola was more imposing than any hotel there to-day. @@ -24964,7 +24921,7 @@ as I have said, at the Philadelphia Centennial and, later, through the continuous efforts of the first and second Chambers of Commerce and the Board of Trade), together with the extension of the Southern Pacific to the East and the -building of the Santa Fé Railroad, had brought here a class +building of the Santa Fé Railroad, had brought here a class of tourists who not only enjoyed the winter, but ventured to stay through the summer season; and who, having remained, were not long in seeking land and homesteads. The rapidly-increasing @@ -24996,7 +24953,7 @@ interesting, newspapers, letters and photographs from home—supplemented, on my return, by the personal narratives of friends—supplied me with considerable information of the craze.</p> -<p>As I have already remarked, the coming of the Santa Fé—as +<p>As I have already remarked, the coming of the Santa Fé—as well as the ensuing railroad war—was a very potent factor in this temporary growth and advance in values; and soon after the railroad's advent, a dozen towns had been laid out on the @@ -25267,7 +25224,7 @@ Queen of the Foothills and Crown of the San Gabriel Valley.</p> hotel there, for in those days a good hotel was half of a town; and when Lordsburg slumped, he sold the building to a colony of Dunkers for a college. Nadeau Park was projected as a -town at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé's +town at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé's Ballona road and the Southern Pacific. Santa Ana, too, after <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_577" id="Page_577">577</a></span> its sale in June of over eighty thousand dollars' worth of land, @@ -25441,11 +25398,11 @@ the Boom. About the first of June, 1887, Port Ballona—formerly Will Tell's—began to be advertised as "The Future Harbor of Southern California" and the ocean terminus of the California Central Railroad, which was a part of the Atchison, -Topeka & Santa Fé system. In August, thousands of people +Topeka & Santa Fé system. In August, thousands of people assembled at the beach to celebrate the opening of La Ballona Harbor. The enterprise had been backed by Louis Mesmer, Bernard Mills, Frank Sabichi and others; and Mesmer, General -Nelson A. Miles, ex-Governor Stoneman, Eugène Germain and +Nelson A. Miles, ex-Governor Stoneman, Eugène Germain and J. D. Lynch were among the speakers. A syndicate, headed by J. R. Tuffree, which purchased the Palos Verdes <i>rancho</i>, announced its intention of creating the harbor of Catalina at @@ -25501,7 +25458,7 @@ activities that its sound will be as thunder to the cracking of a hickory nut!" Nor was Armour the only one who was so carried away by the phenomena of the times: San Francisco watched Los Angeles with wonder and interest, marveling at -all she heard of the magic changes south of the Teháchepi, +all she heard of the magic changes south of the Teháchepi, and asking herself if Los Angeles might not be able to point the way to better methods of city-building?</p> @@ -25536,7 +25493,7 @@ contracts already entered into.</p> <p>Incidental to the opening of the Southern Pacific Railroad's route between the North and South by way of the coast, on -August 20th, a great railway <i>fête</i> was held at Santa Bárbara, the +August 20th, a great railway <i>fête</i> was held at Santa Bárbara, the first through trains from San Francisco and Los Angeles meeting at that point. A procession, illustrating the progress in transportation methods from the burro pack and stage coach @@ -25629,7 +25586,7 @@ that peace denied him here.</p> <p>The Los Angeles & San Gabriel Valley Railroad, begun the previous year by J. F. Crank and destined to be absorbed by -the Santa Fé, was opened for traffic to Pasadena on September +the Santa Fé, was opened for traffic to Pasadena on September 17th by a popular excursion in which thousands participated.</p> <p>With the increase in the number and activity of the Chinese @@ -25646,7 +25603,7 @@ a prelate since my settling here.</p> <p>One of the numerous fires of the eighties that gave great alarm was the blaze of October 28th, which destroyed the -Santa Fé Railroad depot and with it a trainload of oil. The +Santa Fé Railroad depot and with it a trainload of oil. The conflagration proved obstinate to fight, although the good work of the department prevented its spread. A host of people for hours watched the spectacular scene.</p> @@ -25668,7 +25625,7 @@ Trade to secure one of the veterans' homes projected by Congress, the managers of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers visited Los Angeles. A committee, representing business men and the Grand Army, showed the visitors around; -and as a result of the coöperation of General Nelson A. Miles, +and as a result of the coöperation of General Nelson A. Miles, Judge Brunson (representing Senator Jones) and others, three hundred acres of the old San Vicente <i>rancho</i> were donated by the Jones and Baker estates and the Santa Monica Land @@ -25686,7 +25643,7 @@ wishing to draft a new charter for Los Angeles, agreed on a non-partisan Board consisting of William H. Workman, Cameron E. Thom, I. R. Dunkelberger, Dr. Joseph Kurtz, Walter S. Moore, Jeremiah Baldwin, General John Mansfield, -P. M. Scott, J. H. Book, José G. Estudillo, Charles E. Day, +P. M. Scott, J. H. Book, José G. Estudillo, Charles E. Day, Thomas B. Brown, W. W. Robinson, A. F. Mackey and George H. Bonebrake; and the following 31st of May the Board was duly elected. Workman was chosen Chairman and Moore, @@ -25725,7 +25682,7 @@ Angeles can boast.</p> <p>Booth and Barrett, the famous tragedians, visited Los Angeles together this winter, giving a notable performance in Child's Opera House, their combined genius showing to greatest -advantage in the presentation of <i>Julius Cæsar</i> and <i>Othello</i>.</p> +advantage in the presentation of <i>Julius Cæsar</i> and <i>Othello</i>.</p> <p>Toward the end of the seventies, I dipped into an amusing volume, <i>The Rise and Fall of the Mustache</i>, by Robert J. Burdette—then @@ -25753,7 +25710,7 @@ and as a scientifically-prepared guide was written by two fellow-townsmen, Drs. Walter Lindley and J. P. Widney.</p> <p>Very shortly after their coming to Los Angeles, in April, -1888, I had the pleasure of meeting Mr. and Mrs. Tomás +1888, I had the pleasure of meeting Mr. and Mrs. Tomás Lorenzo Duque with whom I have since been on terms of intimacy. Mr. Duque, a Cuban by birth, is a broad-minded, educated gentleman of the old school.</p> @@ -25769,7 +25726,7 @@ it was upon his return in September, 1890, that he settled in Los Angeles, building his home at 1043 South Grand Avenue, but a few doors from mine.</p> -<p>The coast-line branch of the Santa Fé Railroad was opened +<p>The coast-line branch of the Santa Fé Railroad was opened in August between Los Angeles and San Diego.</p> <p>W. E. Hughes has been credited with suggesting the second @@ -25841,8 +25798,8 @@ Smiley, twin brothers who had amassed a fortune through successful hotel management at summer-resorts in the mountains of New York, came to California and purchased about two hundred acres near Redlands, situated on a ridge commanding -a fine view of San Timoteo Cañon; and there they laid out -the celebrated Cañon Crest Park, more popularly known as +a fine view of San Timoteo Cañon; and there they laid out +the celebrated Cañon Crest Park, more popularly known as Smiley Heights. They also gave the community a public library. On account of their connections, they were able to attract well-to-do settlers and tourists to their neighborhood @@ -25904,7 +25861,7 @@ Meade, toward the end of the eighties, there were about a hundred and twenty pedigreed horses; and at a sale in 1889 fifty of these brought one hundred and ninety thousand dollars. This reminds me that early in April, the same year, -Nicolás Covarrúbias (in whose stable on Los Angeles Street, +Nicolás Covarrúbias (in whose stable on Los Angeles Street, but a short time before, nearly a hundred horses had perished <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593">593</a></span> by fire) sold <i>Gladstone</i> to L. H. Titus for twenty-five hundred @@ -26055,7 +26012,7 @@ interesting reading.</p> achieved much, I. W. Hellman moved to San Francisco on March 2d, 1890, and there reorganized the Nevada Bank. Still a resident of the northern city, he has become a vital -part of its life and preëminent in its financial affairs. +part of its life and preëminent in its financial affairs. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">596</a></span></p> <p>Judge Walter Van Dyke was here in the early fifties, although @@ -26068,7 +26025,7 @@ of the north end of Temple Block. The instigator of this suit was Louis Mesmer, who saw the advantage that would accrue to his property, at the corner of Main and Requena streets, if the square should be enlarged; but we won the case. A principal -witness for us was José Mascarel, and our attorneys were +witness for us was José Mascarel, and our attorneys were Stephen M. White and Houghton, Silent & Campbell. My second experience with Judge Van Dyke was in 1899, when I bought a lot from him at Santa Monica. This attempt to @@ -26083,7 +26040,7 @@ profession; and many of the attorneys I have had occasion to speak of as being here after our acquisition of the building had their headquarters there. Thus I became acquainted with Judge Charles Silent who, like his partner, Sherman Otis Houghton, -hailed from San José in 1886, or possibly 1885, the two doubtless +hailed from San José in 1886, or possibly 1885, the two doubtless coming together. Judge Houghton brought with him a reputation for great physical and moral courage; and the two friends formed with Alexander Campbell the law firm of Houghton, @@ -26127,15 +26084,15 @@ California described in his book, <i>On Horseback</i>, published in Magazine</i>, came ostensibly in the service of the Harpers, that firm later issuing his appreciative and well-illustrated volume, <i>Our Italy</i>, in which he suggested certain comparisons between -Southern California and Southern Europe; but the Santa Fé +Southern California and Southern Europe; but the Santa Fé Railroad Company, then particularly desirous of attracting Easterners to the Coast, really sent out the author, footing most if not all of the bills. Mrs. Custer, widow of the General, -was another guest of the Santa Fé; and she also wrote about +was another guest of the Santa Fé; and she also wrote about Southern California for periodicals in the East.</p> <p>News of the death, in New York City, of General John C. -Frémont was received here the day after, on July 14th, and +Frémont was received here the day after, on July 14th, and caused profound regret. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_598" id="Page_598">598</a></span></p> @@ -26337,7 +26294,7 @@ craze for property along the bluffs of old Santa Monica, gave practical evidence of their faith in the future of the sand dunes hereabouts by buying an extensive strip of land on the ocean-front, some of it being within the town of Santa Monica but -most of it stretching farther south. They induced the Santa Fé +most of it stretching farther south. They induced the Santa Fé to lay out a route to Ocean Park as the new town was to be called; and having erected piers, a bath house and an auditorium, they built numerous cottages. Hardly was this enterprise well @@ -26364,18 +26321,18 @@ known as the Oil Queen.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_604" id="Page_604">604</a></span> open-air meeting of the Los Angeles Historical Society was held on the evening of March 28th at the residence of Don -António and Doña Mariana Coronel, near the corner of Central +António and Doña Mariana Coronel, near the corner of Central Avenue and Seventh Street. Three hundred guests assembled to enjoy the proverbial Spanish hospitality of this distinguished couple, and to hear reports of the activities of various Los -Angeles societies. Don António possessed, as is well known, +Angeles societies. Don António possessed, as is well known, valuable historical and ethnological collections; and some of his choicest curios were that evening placed at the service of his guests. Professor Ira More participated, presiding at a table once used by the first Constitutional Governor, Echeandia, and -I still recall the manner in which António chuckled when he +I still recall the manner in which António chuckled when he told us how he had swapped "four gentle cows" for the piece -of furniture; while, instead of a gavel, Señora Coronel had +of furniture; while, instead of a gavel, Señora Coronel had provided a bell long used to summon the Indians to Mission service.</p> @@ -26478,7 +26435,7 @@ Among these patrons were John Alton, Hancock Banning, W. A. Barker, A. C. Bilicke, L. W. Blinn, W. C. Bluett, R. W. Burnham, John M. Crawley, James Cuzner, J. H. Dockweiler, T. A. Eisen, J. A. Foshay, John F. Francis, A. W. Francisco, -H. W. Frank, Dan Freeman, Mrs. Jessie Benton Frémont, W. +H. W. Frank, Dan Freeman, Mrs. Jessie Benton Frémont, W. M. Garland, T. E. Gibbon, J. T. Griffith, Harley Hamilton, R. H. Howell, Sumner P. Hunt, A. Jacoby, General E. P. Johnson, John Kahn, F. W. King, Abbot Kinney, E. F. C. @@ -26547,7 +26504,7 @@ later, he moved to Los Angeles and began the erection of the Homer Laughlin fire-proof building, adding to the same, in 1905, a reinforced concrete annex.</p> -<p>At midnight, on April 17th, Don António Franco Coronel +<p>At midnight, on April 17th, Don António Franco Coronel died at his home in Los Angeles, aged seventy-seven years. In less than four months, his life-long friend, Don Pio Pico died here—on September 11th, aged ninety-three years.</p> @@ -26573,7 +26530,7 @@ demand and the whole enterprise collapsed.</p> <p>A lively election in 1895 was that which decided the immediate future of a suburb of Los Angeles where, on April 27th of the same year, Don Juan Warner, who had lived there -with his daughter, Mrs. Rúbio, went to his rest. This was +with his daughter, Mrs. Rúbio, went to his rest. This was University Place, in 1880 a mere hamlet, though three years later it had a post office of its own. In 1895, an effort was made to annex the community, with Vernon, Rosedale and Pico @@ -26722,7 +26679,7 @@ Sherman and E. P. Clark—the former a Yankee from Vermont, and the latter a Middle Westerner from Iowa—both of whom had settled in Arizona in the early seventies. While in the Territory, Sherman taught school and, under appointment by -Governor Frémont as Superintendent of Instruction, laid the +Governor Frémont as Superintendent of Instruction, laid the foundation of the public school system there. Both came to Los Angeles in 1889, soon after which Sherman organized the Consolidated Electric Railway Company. In 1896, the old @@ -26785,7 +26742,7 @@ in earlier chapters—the second largest pleasure ground in the world.</p> <p>On July 1st, 1897, the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad was absorbed -by the Santa Fé; Charles W. Smith, the receiver, having +by the Santa Fé; Charles W. Smith, the receiver, having brought order out of chaos after the former road in 1895 had met with disaster.</p> @@ -26831,7 +26788,7 @@ and organized a company for exploiting the invention. <h2>CHAPTER XLI<br /> -THE SOUTHWEST ARCHÆOLOGICAL SOCIETY<br /> +THE SOUTHWEST ARCHÆOLOGICAL SOCIETY<br /> 1898-1905</h2> @@ -26867,7 +26824,7 @@ died here at the age of eighty-five years.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_706d" id="i_706d"></a> <img src="images/i_706d.jpg" width="228" height="326" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Ygnácio Sepúlveda</p> +<p class="caption">Ygnácio Sepúlveda</p> </div> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_707a" id="i_707a"></a> @@ -26877,7 +26834,7 @@ died here at the age of eighty-five years.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_707b" id="i_707b"></a> <img src="images/i_707b.jpg" width="432" height="301" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">First Santa Fé Locomotive to Enter Los Angeles</p> +<p class="caption">First Santa Fé Locomotive to Enter Los Angeles</p> </div> <p>Colonel Harrison Gray Otis, soldier, Union officer, Government @@ -26906,14 +26863,14 @@ in the fight for San Pedro harbor, it was an important element and did much to bring the energetic campaign to a successful termination.</p> -<p>Paul De Longpré, the French artist who made his mark, +<p>Paul De Longpré, the French artist who made his mark, when but eleven years old, in the Salon of 1876, was a distinguished member of a little group of Frenchmen arriving in the late nineties. In 1901, he bought a home at Hollywood and there surrounded himself with three acres of choicest gardens—one of the sights of suburban Los Angeles—which became an inspiration to him in his work as a painter of -flowers. De Longpré died in Hollywood, on June 29th, 1911.</p> +flowers. De Longpré died in Hollywood, on June 29th, 1911.</p> <p>On August 23d, my excellent friend, Dr. John Strother Griffin, for nearly fifty years one of the most efficient and @@ -26997,7 +26954,7 @@ relinquish the work. On February 21st, 1900, Baruch having resigned, M. H. Newmark began a service of twelve years as President. The strength of the organization was materially increased when, in March, 1908, F. P. Gregson, well up in the -traffic councils of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad, +traffic councils of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad, assumed the management of the recently-established traffic bureau.</p> @@ -27006,8 +26963,8 @@ trouble and disappointment, during which the Executive Committee and Secretary Willard had frequent conferences with J. C. Stubbs and William Sproule (then Stubbs's assistant) of the Southern Pacific, and W. A. Bissell, of the Atchison, -Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad, it became evident that more -equitable rates for shippers into the San Joaquín Valley and +Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad, it became evident that more +equitable rates for shippers into the San JoaquÃn Valley and elsewhere could not peaceably be obtained. A promised readjustment, lowering Los Angeles rates about twenty per cent., had been published; but at the request of the San @@ -27099,7 +27056,7 @@ first observed at Santa Monica on Memorial Day in 1900, and bids fair to become an appropriate national custom. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_622" id="Page_622">622</a></span></p> -<p>Señora António F. Coronel entrusted to the Chamber of +<p>Señora António F. Coronel entrusted to the Chamber of Commerce, on June 6th, the invaluable historical souvenirs known as the Coronel Collection; and now<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> for years these exhibits, housed in the Chamber of Commerce Building, @@ -27112,13 +27069,13 @@ the Boundary League and the lady who made the first move to secure the interesting League mementos now preserved and displayed at the County Museum. When the matter of making the Coronel heirlooms more accessible to the public was brought -to Señora Coronel's attention, she not only showed a lively +to Señora Coronel's attention, she not only showed a lively interest, but at once agreed to make the donation. She imposed, however, the condition that Miss Picher should bring to her M. J. Newmark and John F. Francis, then directors, in whose integrity and acumen she had great confidence. This was done; and these gentlemen having pledged their -personal attention and sponsorship, the Señora committed +personal attention and sponsorship, the Señora committed the historic objects to the Chamber of Commerce for the benefit, forever, of all the people.</p> @@ -27171,7 +27128,7 @@ pleasure to the pioneer.</p> in Los Angeles Turnverein circles, having popularized science before institutions and lecture-courses existed here for that purpose. A native of Potsdam, Prussia, Grosser came to -Southern California <i>via</i> Panamá, and on settling in Los Angeles, +Southern California <i>via</i> Panamá, and on settling in Los Angeles, laid out the Grosser Tract. Having been an advanced student of astronomical science and microscopy, and possessing a good-sized portable telescope, he was soon in demand by @@ -27183,7 +27140,7 @@ part in the carving of the chair made from "the spreading chestnut tree" and presented to the poet Longfellow by the school children of Cambridge—has been for years an honored resident of Ocean Park, where she was one of the early investors. -A granddaughter is Fräulein Elsa Grosser, the violinist.</p> +A granddaughter is Fräulein Elsa Grosser, the violinist.</p> <p>On April 24th, Samuel Calvert Foy died, aged seventy-one, survived by his wife and six children.</p> @@ -27224,16 +27181,16 @@ of M. A. Newmark & Company.</p> <p>The women of California, in the late eighties, wishing to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_625" id="Page_625">625</a></span> -pay Mrs. John C. Frémont an appropriate tribute, presented +pay Mrs. John C. Frémont an appropriate tribute, presented her with a residence at the northwest corner of Hoover and Twenty-eighth streets, Los Angeles where, on December 27th, 1902, at the age of seventy-eight years, she died. Mrs. -Frémont was a woman of charming personality and decidedly +Frémont was a woman of charming personality and decidedly intellectual gifts; and in addition to having written several meritorious works, she was engaged, at the time of her death, on her autobiography. Her ashes were sent East to the banks of the Hudson, to be interred beside those of her distinguished -husband; but her daughter, Miss Elizabeth Benton Frémont, +husband; but her daughter, Miss Elizabeth Benton Frémont, has continued to reside here in the family homestead.</p> <p>On the site of one of my early homes, the corner-stone of the @@ -27294,7 +27251,7 @@ Treasurer. Associated with these officers were J. O. Koepfli, M. A. Hamburger, General H. G. Otis, Henry W. O'Melveny, Major E. W. Jones, J. A. Foshay, the Right Reverend Thomas J. Conaty, J. D. Bicknell and others. In the beginning, it was -a branch of the Archæological Institute of America; but so +a branch of the Archæological Institute of America; but so rapid was the Society's growth that, in three years, it had fifty per cent. more members than belonged to the thirty-year-old parent organization in Boston, with which it remained @@ -27345,7 +27302,7 @@ of his more advanced age.</p> <p>The task of building here a King's Highway—El Camino Real—intended to connect all the missions and <i>presidios</i> between San Diego and Sonoma was undertaken in the troublous -days of Don Gaspar de Portolá and Father Junípero Serra; +days of Don Gaspar de Portolá and Father JunÃpero Serra; <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_628" id="Page_628">628</a></span> but time in a measure obliterated this landmark. Since 1904, however, such kindred spirits as Miss Anna B. Picher—for @@ -27590,7 +27547,7 @@ and within two or three hours after the terrifying news had first been received, the Directors of the Chamber of Commerce met and appointed various committees headed by Francis Quarles Story, a patriotic and indomitable citizen who arrived -in 1883; and having the valuable coöperation of Frank Wiggins, +in 1883; and having the valuable coöperation of Frank Wiggins, who served as Secretary, they went actively to work to render the most practical assistance possible. A Supply Committee, of which M. H. Newmark was chairman, by five o'clock the @@ -27783,7 +27740,7 @@ Shrine Auditorium. Every honor was shown the distinguished guest, and his stay of two or three days was devoted to much sight-seeing, to say nothing of the patriotic efforts of many politicians whose laudable desire was to whisper in the -Presidential ear <i>à propos</i> of government employment.</p> +Presidential ear <i>à propos</i> of government employment.</p> <p>The election of George Alexander as Mayor on November 10th, 1909 was largely responsible for the later success of the @@ -27809,7 +27766,7 @@ Garland, M. C. Neuner, Dick Ferris and F. J. Zeehandelaar, the committee in charge of the first Aviation Meet here, a banquet at the Alexandria Hotel. The contests had occurred a few days before at Dominguez Field, on a part of the once -famous <i>rancho</i>; and to see the aërial antics of the huge man-made +famous <i>rancho</i>; and to see the aërial antics of the huge man-made <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_640" id="Page_640">640</a></span> birds, as they swiftly ascended and descended, was no less nerve-racking, at least to me, than it was interesting.</p> @@ -27822,7 +27779,7 @@ taken in January, 1910, by the Historical Society of Southern California to provide the Museum building now such a source of civic pride. Other bodies, including the Fine Arts League, the Southern California Academy of Science and a branch of -the Cooper Ornithological Society, were invited to coöperate, +the Cooper Ornithological Society, were invited to coöperate, each being promised a place in the park and museum plans; and by the middle of February, the supervisors had agreed to vote the necessary building funds. On July 11th, 1910, in the @@ -28129,11 +28086,11 @@ priceless collection of <i>Americana</i>. A sightly eminence of seventeen acres near Sycamore Grove was secured; and on November 16th, 1912, ground was broken with the formalities usual to such events, the first spadeful being turned by Miss Elizabeth Benton -Frémont, daughter of the Pathfinder, followed by General +Frémont, daughter of the Pathfinder, followed by General <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_648" id="Page_648">648</a></span> Chaffee and Dr. Lummis. An inspiring feature of the day was -the raising by Miss Frémont and General Chaffee of the same -flag that on August 16th, 1842 General Frémont had unfurled on +the raising by Miss Frémont and General Chaffee of the same +flag that on August 16th, 1842 General Frémont had unfurled on the crest of the Rocky Mountains. On this occasion Henry W. O'Melveny presented a certified check for fifty thousand dollars, the bequest of Mrs. Carrie M. Jones. This auspicious beginning @@ -28256,7 +28213,7 @@ life-giving soil, her fruits, flowers and grain, and the same sun will shine upon her with the same generous warmth, out of the same blue sky, as ever. The affairs of men, on the other hand, change rapidly. After gigantic labor initiated but ten short -years ago, the Panamá Canal is dedicated to the use of mankind, +years ago, the Panamá Canal is dedicated to the use of mankind, and through its crowded waters will come the ships of every nation, bringing to the marts of Los Angeles choice products to be exchanged for our own. For this and other reasons, @@ -28286,21 +28243,21 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Abarca, Luis (Louis), <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p> -<p>Abarta, Señorita, <a href="#Page_526">526</a></p> +<p>Abarta, Señorita, <a href="#Page_526">526</a></p> <p>Abbotsford Inn, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>, <a href="#Page_627">627</a></p> -<p>Abbott, William and Mrs. (<i>née</i> Garcia), <a href="#Page_186">186</a></p> +<p>Abbott, William and Mrs. (<i>née</i> Garcia), <a href="#Page_186">186</a></p> <p>Abell, J. B., <a href="#Page_543">543</a></p> -<p>Ábila, Francisco, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> +<p>Ãbila, Francisco, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> -<p>Ábila, H., <a href="#Page_403">403</a></p> +<p>Ãbila, H., <a href="#Page_403">403</a></p> -<p>Ábila, José María and Señora, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> +<p>Ãbila, José MarÃa and Señora, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> -<p>Ábila ranch, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>; +<p>Ãbila ranch, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>; springs, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> <p>Abolitionists, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> @@ -28343,7 +28300,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Advertising, freak, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>; boom —, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>ff.</p> -<p>Æneas , <a href="#Page_XIII">xiii</a></p> +<p>Æneas , <a href="#Page_XIII">xiii</a></p> <p>Africa, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></p> @@ -28356,11 +28313,11 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Aguilar, Casildo, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p> -<p>Aguilar, Cristóbal, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></p> +<p>Aguilar, Cristóbal, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></p> -<p>Aguilar, José María, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> +<p>Aguilar, José MarÃa, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> -<p>Aguirre, José António, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></p> +<p>Aguirre, José António, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></p> <p>Aguirre, Martin G., <a href="#Page_551">551</a></p> @@ -28398,7 +28355,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Alexander, Henry N., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>; Mrs. —, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></p> -<p>Alexander, Ramón (Raimundo), <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></p> +<p>Alexander, Ramón (Raimundo), <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></p> <p><a name="Alexandria" id="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> Hotel, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_639">639</a></p> @@ -28448,7 +28405,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Alvitre, Felipe, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p> -<p>Alvitre, José Claudio, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p> +<p>Alvitre, José Claudio, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p> <p>Amat, Thaddeus, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> @@ -28531,7 +28488,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Arcadia Block, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_545">545</a></p> -<p>Arcadia, Doña (see under <a href="#Baker">Baker, Bandini, Stearns</a>)</p> +<p>Arcadia, Doña (see under <a href="#Baker">Baker, Bandini, Stearns</a>)</p> <p>Arcadia Hall (see <a href="#Stearns">Stearns Hall</a>)</p> @@ -28539,7 +28496,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Arcadia Street, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_518">518</a></p> -<p>Archæological Institute of America, <a href="#Page_626">626</a></p> +<p>Archæological Institute of America, <a href="#Page_626">626</a></p> <p>Archer Freight and Fare Bill, <a href="#Page_489">489</a></p> @@ -28553,11 +28510,11 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p><i>Argonaut</i>, San Francisco, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_647">647</a></p> -<p>Arguello, Concepción, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> +<p>Arguello, Concepción, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> -<p>Arguello, María António, <a href="#Page_473">473</a></p> +<p>Arguello, MarÃa António, <a href="#Page_473">473</a></p> -<p>Arguello, Refúgio, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> +<p>Arguello, Refúgio, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> <p>Arguello, Santiago, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> @@ -28598,7 +28555,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Associated Jobbers of Los Angeles, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>; of Southern California, <a href="#Page_619">619</a></p> -<p><a name="Atchison" id="Atchison">Atchison</a>, Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>; +<p><a name="Atchison" id="Atchison">Atchison</a>, Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>; coast line, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>; depot, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>; first train, <a href="#Page_549">549</a></p> @@ -28627,7 +28584,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Aviation meet, first, <a href="#Page_639">639</a></p> -<p>Ávila, Juan, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> +<p>Ãvila, Juan, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> <p>Axtell, S. B., <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></p> @@ -28660,7 +28617,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Bailes, <a href="#Page_528">528</a></p> -<p><a name="Baker" id="Baker">Baker</a>, Arcadia (<i>née</i> Bandini), <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_568">568</a></p> +<p><a name="Baker" id="Baker">Baker</a>, Arcadia (<i>née</i> Bandini), <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_568">568</a></p> <p>Baker, Charles K., <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> @@ -28705,7 +28662,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p><i>Ballad of Bouillabaisse</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></p> -<p>Ballestero, María, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> +<p>Ballestero, MarÃa, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> <p>Ballona, La, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>; Port —, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>; @@ -28717,7 +28674,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Bandini, Alfredo, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> -<p>Bandini, Arcadia (later Señora Stearns and Señora Baker), <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> +<p>Bandini, Arcadia (later Señora Stearns and Señora Baker), <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> <p>Bandini, Arcadia (later Mrs. J. T. Gaffey), <a href="#Page_631">631</a></p> @@ -28727,13 +28684,13 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Bandini, Dolores (later Mrs. Ward), <a href="#Page_631">631</a></p> -<p>Bandini, José María, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> +<p>Bandini, José MarÃa, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> -<p>Bandini, Josefa (later Señora P. C. Carrillo), <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> +<p>Bandini, Josefa (later Señora P. C. Carrillo), <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> <p>Bandini, Juan 109, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>; - Señora — (<i>née</i> Estudillo), <a href="#Page_255">255</a>; - Señora — (<i>née</i> Arguello), <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> + Señora — (<i>née</i> Estudillo), <a href="#Page_255">255</a>; + Señora — (<i>née</i> Arguello), <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> <p>Bandini, Juan B., <a href="#Page_631">631</a></p> @@ -28761,8 +28718,8 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Banning, J. B., <a href="#Page_522">522</a>, <a href="#Page_568">568</a></p> <p>Banning, Phineas, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>; - — Mrs. (<i>née</i> Sanford), <a href="#Page_320">320</a>; - (<i>née</i> Hollister), <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>; + — Mrs. (<i>née</i> Sanford), <a href="#Page_320">320</a>; + (<i>née</i> Hollister), <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>; — & Alexander, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>; — & Co., <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>; — & Hinchman, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></p> @@ -28808,9 +28765,9 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> — & Mascarel Block, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></p> <p>Barrows, Henry Dwight, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>; - Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Wolfskill), <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; - (<i>née</i> Woodworth), <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; - (<i>née</i> Greene), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> + Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Wolfskill), <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; + (<i>née</i> Woodworth), <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; + (<i>née</i> Greene), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> <p>Barrows, James Arnold, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; Mrs. — , <a href="#Page_XV">xv</a></p> @@ -29171,7 +29128,7 @@ travels may take him, be proud to declare,</p> <p>Boquist, C. V. , <a href="#Page_XV">xv</a> Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> -<p>Bordenave & Co., Émile, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> +<p>Bordenave & Co., Émile, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> <p>Bors, the miller, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> @@ -29186,7 +29143,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p><i>Bota de agua</i>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></p> -<p>Botello, Refúgio, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> +<p>Botello, Refúgio, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> <p>Bothnia, Gulf of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> @@ -29421,7 +29378,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_563">563</a>, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>; — tunnel, <a href="#Page_622">622</a></p> -<p><i>Buñuelo</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></p> +<p><i>Buñuelo</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></p> <p>Burbank, David, <a href="#Page_578">578</a></p> @@ -29461,7 +29418,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Burns, J. F., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>; Mrs. —, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></p> -<p>Burns, Hôtel de, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></p> +<p>Burns, Hôtel de, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></p> <p>Burns, J. O. , <a href="#Page_XV">xv</a></p> @@ -29526,7 +29483,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p><i>Cactus</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>; — as food, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></p> -<p>Cafeterías, then and now, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> +<p>CafeterÃas, then and now, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> <p>Cahen, Hippolyte, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>; Mrs. —, <a href="#Page_549">549</a></p> @@ -29539,7 +29496,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Cahuenga, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> -<p>Cajón Pass, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> +<p>Cajón Pass, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> <p><i>Calabozos</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_558">558</a></p> @@ -29604,7 +29561,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Camulos <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a></p> -<p>Cañada de Brea, la, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></p> +<p>Cañada de Brea, la, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></p> <p>Canal & Reservoir Co., <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a></p> @@ -29615,7 +29572,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Cannibal Islands, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></p> -<p>Cañon Crest Park, <a href="#Page_591">591</a></p> +<p>Cañon Crest Park, <a href="#Page_591">591</a></p> <p>Canterbury, England, <a href="#Page_469">469</a></p> @@ -29625,9 +29582,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Caracole Tower, <a href="#Page_648">648</a></p> -<p>Cárdenas, Anastácio, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></p> +<p>Cárdenas, Anastácio, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></p> -<p>Cárdenas, Ruperto, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></p> +<p>Cárdenas, Ruperto, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></p> <p>Card-playing, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></p> @@ -29670,16 +29627,16 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Carrier-pigeons, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></p> <p>Carrillo, J. A., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>; - Señora — (<i>née</i> Pico), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; + Señora — (<i>née</i> Pico), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_658" id="Page_658">658</a></span></p> -<p>Carrillo, Joaquín, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> +<p>Carrillo, JoaquÃn, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> <p>Carrillo, J. J., <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a></p> <p>Carrillo, Pedro C. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> -<p>Carrillo, Ramón, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></p> +<p>Carrillo, Ramón, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></p> <p><i>Carrington</i>, ship, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></p> @@ -29728,7 +29685,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Castor-oil mill, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></p> -<p>Castro, José, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> +<p>Castro, José, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> <p>Castruccio Bros., <a href="#Page_550">550</a>; James —, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a></p> @@ -29949,9 +29906,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Chuzzlewit, Martin, <a href="#Page_571">571</a></p> -<p>Ciénega <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a></p> +<p>Ciénega <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a></p> -<p>Ciénega ó Paso de la Tijera, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> +<p>Ciénega ó Paso de la Tijera, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> <p>Cigarettes, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>; —, use by Vasquez, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></p> @@ -29985,9 +29942,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Civic Center proposed, <a href="#Page_510">510</a></p> <p>Civil War, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>; - — and aëronautics, <a href="#Page_561">561</a></p> + — and aëronautics, <a href="#Page_561">561</a></p> -<p><i>Clamor Público, El</i>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></p> +<p><i>Clamor Público, El</i>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></p> <p>Clams, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></p> @@ -30139,7 +30096,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Commission merchants, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></p> -<p>Compère, George, <a href="#Page_474">474</a></p> +<p>Compère, George, <a href="#Page_474">474</a></p> <p>Compton, G. D., <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>; Compton (Comptonville), <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_574">574</a></p> @@ -30189,8 +30146,8 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Corn, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></p> -<p>Coronel, António F., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>; - Señora (Mariana, <i>née</i> Williamson) —, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>; +<p>Coronel, António F., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>; + Señora (Mariana, <i>née</i> Williamson) —, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>; — chapel, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; — home, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a></p> @@ -30198,8 +30155,8 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Coronel, Pancho, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> -<p>Coronel, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>; - Señora, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></p> +<p>Coronel, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>; + Señora, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></p> <p>Coronel Collection, <a href="#Page_622">622</a></p> @@ -30219,13 +30176,13 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Cortez, Hernando , <a href="#Page_XII">xii</a></p> -<p>Corzina, María, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> +<p>Corzina, MarÃa, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> <p><a name="Cosmopolitan" id="Cosmopolitan">Cosmopolitan</a> Hotel, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_525">525</a></p> <p>Cota, Francisco, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></p> -<p>Cota, María Engracia (later Señora Dominguez), <a href="#Page_535">535</a></p> +<p>Cota, MarÃa Engracia (later Señora Dominguez), <a href="#Page_535">535</a></p> <p>Cotton, experiments in cultivating, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></p> @@ -30259,11 +30216,11 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Courts and court life, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_560">560</a> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_660" id="Page_660">660</a></span></p> -<p>Coutts, Cave J. and Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Bandini), <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> +<p>Coutts, Cave J. and Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Bandini), <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> -<p>Covarrúbias, José María, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></p> +<p>Covarrúbias, José MarÃa, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></p> -<p>Covarrúbias, Nicolás, <a href="#Page_592">592</a></p> +<p>Covarrúbias, Nicolás, <a href="#Page_592">592</a></p> <p>Covent Garden, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></p> @@ -30413,7 +30370,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Davies, J. Mills, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_543">543</a></p> -<p>Dávila, José María, <a href="#Page_549">549</a></p> +<p>Dávila, José MarÃa, <a href="#Page_549">549</a></p> <p>Davis, Charles Cassatt, <a href="#Page_626">626</a></p> @@ -30443,7 +30400,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>De Celis, A., <a href="#Page_516">516</a></p> -<p>De Celis, Eulógio F., <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a></p> +<p>De Celis, Eulógio F., <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a></p> <p>Decoration Day, <a href="#Page_621">621</a></p> @@ -30464,7 +30421,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>De Long, Charles, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> -<p>De Longpré, Paul, <a href="#Page_617">617</a></p> +<p>De Longpré, Paul, <a href="#Page_617">617</a></p> <p>Del Valle, Josefa, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> @@ -30472,7 +30429,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Del Valle, R. F., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>, <a href="#Page_628">628</a></p> -<p>Del Valle, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>; +<p>Del Valle, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>; — ranch house, <a href="#Page_531">531</a></p> <p>Deming, J. D., <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; @@ -30595,18 +30552,18 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Dominguez, Anita, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></p> -<p>Dominguez, Cristóbal, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> +<p>Dominguez, Cristóbal, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> -<p>Dominguez, Juan José, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> +<p>Dominguez, Juan José, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> <p>Dominguez, Manuel, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>; - Señora —, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>; + Señora —, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>; — chapel, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; — Field, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>; <i>rancho</i> —, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>; battle of —, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p> -<p>Dominguez, Nasário, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> +<p>Dominguez, Nasário, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> <p>Dominguez, Pedro, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> @@ -30688,8 +30645,8 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> — Barracks, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a></p> <p>Dryden, William G., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>ff., <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>; - Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Nieto), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; - Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Dominguez), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; + Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Nieto), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; + Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Dominguez), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; — Springs, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> <p>Duane, C. P., <a href="#Page_150">150</a></p> @@ -30725,14 +30682,14 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Dupuy, J. R., <a href="#Page_597">597</a></p> -<p>Duque, Tomás Lorenzo, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>; +<p>Duque, Tomás Lorenzo, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>; Mrs. —, <a href="#Page_589">589</a></p> <p>Durfee's farm, <a href="#Page_471">471</a></p> <p>Dutchman, Flying, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> -<p>Du Puytren, Pigné, <a href="#Page_541">541</a></p> +<p>Du Puytren, Pigné, <a href="#Page_541">541</a></p> <p>Dye, Joseph F., <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></p> @@ -30764,9 +30721,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p><i>East Side Champion</i>, <a href="#Page_548">548</a></p> <p>Eaton, Benjamin S., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>; - Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Hayes), <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; - Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Clark), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; - —'s Cañon, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></p> + Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Hayes), <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; + Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Clark), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; + —'s Cañon, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></p> <p>Eaton, Frederick, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></p> @@ -30777,7 +30734,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Ebinger, Lewis, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></p> -<p>Echeandia, José María, <a href="#Page_604">604</a></p> +<p>Echeandia, José MarÃa, <a href="#Page_604">604</a></p> <p><i>Echo</i>, race horse, <a href="#Page_423">423</a></p> @@ -30892,9 +30849,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Estudillo, Dolores, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> -<p>Estudillo, José G., <a href="#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a></p> +<p>Estudillo, José G., <a href="#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a></p> -<p>Estudillo, José, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> +<p>Estudillo, José, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></p> <p>Etchemendy, Juan, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></p> @@ -30903,7 +30860,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Euclid Avenue, <a href="#Page_579">579</a></p> -<p>Eugénie, Empress, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></p> +<p>Eugénie, Empress, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></p> <p>Europe, travel to, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> @@ -31098,7 +31055,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Florence, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></p> -<p>Flores, José María, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></p> +<p>Flores, José MarÃa, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></p> <p>Flores, Juan, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> @@ -31150,7 +31107,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Forster, Francisco (Chico), <a href="#Page_526">526</a></p> <p>Forster, Juan, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>; - Doña — (<i>née</i> Pico), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a></p> + Doña — (<i>née</i> Pico), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a></p> <p>Fort Hill, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></p> @@ -31162,7 +31119,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> prophecy as to, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>; widening of, <a href="#Page_588">588</a></p> -<p>Fort Tejón, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></p> +<p>Fort Tejón, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></p> <p>Fort Yuma, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></p> @@ -31261,12 +31218,12 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Freighting along the coast, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>; — by teams, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a></p> -<p>Frémont, Elizabeth Benton, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>, <a href="#Page_647">647</a></p> +<p>Frémont, Elizabeth Benton, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>, <a href="#Page_647">647</a></p> -<p>Frémont, J. C., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>; +<p>Frémont, J. C., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>; — Trail, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> -<p>Frémont, Jessie Benton, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>; +<p>Frémont, Jessie Benton, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>; carriage of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; gift of residence to, and death of, <a href="#Page_625">625</a></p> @@ -31301,7 +31258,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Frink, E. B., <a href="#Page_405">405</a>; —'s Ranch, <a href="#Page_414">414</a></p> -<p>Fröhling, John, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></p> +<p>Fröhling, John, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></p> <p>Frosts, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_525">525</a></p> @@ -31310,7 +31267,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> — grafts, first from New York, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; — trees imported from the East, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p> -<p>Fuentes, José María, <a href="#Page_549">549</a></p> +<p>Fuentes, José MarÃa, <a href="#Page_549">549</a></p> <p>Fullerton, <a href="#Page_577">577</a></p> @@ -31336,7 +31293,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Gage, H. R., <a href="#Page_603">603</a></p> <p>Gage, Henry T., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>; - Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Rains), <a href="#Page_617">617</a></p> + Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Rains), <a href="#Page_617">617</a></p> <p>Galatin, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></p> @@ -31356,7 +31313,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Ganahl, Frank J., <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a></p> -<p>Ganée, P., <a href="#Page_516">516</a></p> +<p>Ganée, P., <a href="#Page_516">516</a></p> <p>Garage, first, <a href="#Page_626">626</a></p> @@ -31369,7 +31326,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Garcia, Merced, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></p> -<p>Garcia, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></p> +<p>Garcia, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></p> <p>Gard, George E., <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>, <a href="#Page_579">579</a></p> @@ -31392,9 +31349,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Garland, W. M., <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_639">639</a></p> <p>Garnier Bros., <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>; - —, Camille, Eugène, Philip, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></p> + —, Camille, Eugène, Philip, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></p> -<p>Garra, António, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p> +<p>Garra, António, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p> <p>Garter, Mexican, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> @@ -31429,7 +31386,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Gerkins, J. F., <a href="#Page_510">510</a></p> -<p>Germain, Eugène, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_581">581</a></p> +<p>Germain, Eugène, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_581">581</a></p> <p>German bankers and statesmen, visit of, <a href="#Page_539">539</a></p> @@ -31555,7 +31512,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Gonzales, Juan, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></p> -<p>Gonzales & Co., José E., <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> +<p>Gonzales & Co., José E., <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> <p>Goodall, Nelson & Perkins, Goodall, Nelson & Co., <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> @@ -31998,7 +31955,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Henrickson, Clois F., <a href="#Page_401">401</a></p> -<p>Henriot, François and Mme., <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> +<p>Henriot, François and Mme., <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> <p><i>Henry</i> steamer, <i>Chancey</i>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></p> @@ -32029,7 +31986,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p><i>Hermosa</i>, steamer, <a href="#Page_15">15</a> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_666" id="Page_666">666</a></span></p> -<p>Hernösand, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> +<p>Hernösand, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> <p>Hickey, William (Bill, the Waterman), <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></p> @@ -32538,7 +32495,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Juez de Paz, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> -<p><i>Julius Cæsar</i>, <a href="#Page_588">588</a></p> +<p><i>Julius Cæsar</i>, <a href="#Page_588">588</a></p> <p>Jumper, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></p> @@ -32667,7 +32624,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Klokke, E. F. C., <a href="#Page_606">606</a></p> -<p><i>Knäckebröd</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> +<p><i>Knäckebröd</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> <p><i>Kneipe</i>, Temple Block 230</p> @@ -32688,7 +32645,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Kohler, F. D., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></p> <p>Kohler, G. Charles, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; - — & Fröhling, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></p> + — & Fröhling, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></p> <p>Koll, Frederick W., <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> @@ -32699,7 +32656,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Kremer, Campbell & Co., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></p> <p>Kremer, Maurice, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>; - Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Newmark), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>, <a href="#Page_636">636</a></p> + Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Newmark), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>, <a href="#Page_636">636</a></p> <p>Kress, George H., <a href="#Page_641">641</a></p> @@ -32878,7 +32835,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Lazard, E. M., <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p> -<p>Lazard Frères, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>, <a href="#Page_540">540</a></p> +<p>Lazard Frères, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>, <a href="#Page_540">540</a></p> <p>Lazard, Max, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></p> @@ -32956,7 +32913,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Lemon, William, <a href="#Page_476">476</a></p> -<p>Le Mésnager, George, <a href="#Page_541">541</a></p> +<p>Le Mésnager, George, <a href="#Page_541">541</a></p> <p>Le Moyne, Francis Julius, <a href="#Page_567">567</a></p> @@ -33279,23 +33236,23 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Lucky, W. T., <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a></p> -<p>Lugo, António María, and the Lugo family, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></p> +<p>Lugo, António MarÃa, and the Lugo family, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></p> <p>Lugo, Felipe, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></p> -<p>Lugo, José del Carmen, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></p> +<p>Lugo, José del Carmen, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></p> -<p>Lugo, José María, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></p> +<p>Lugo, José MarÃa, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></p> -<p>Lugo, José Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> +<p>Lugo, José Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> <p>Lugo, Magdalena, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> <p>Lugo, Vicente, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></p> -<p>Lugo, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></p> +<p>Lugo, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></p> -<p>Luleå, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> +<p>LuleÃ¥, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> <p>Lumber-famine, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></p> @@ -33418,7 +33375,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Machado, Susana, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p> -<p>Machado, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></p> +<p>Machado, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></p> <p><i>Machete</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></p> @@ -33474,7 +33431,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p><i>Maine</i>, the, <a href="#Page_616">616</a></p> -<p>Maison Dorée, <a href="#Page_513">513</a></p> +<p>Maison Dorée, <a href="#Page_513">513</a></p> <p>Major, L. A., <a href="#Page_516">516</a></p> @@ -33539,9 +33496,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Martin, W. H., <a href="#Page_237">237</a></p> -<p>Martinez, Nicolás, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></p> +<p>Martinez, Nicolás, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></p> -<p>Mascarel, José, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>; +<p>Mascarel, José, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>; — & Barri, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></p> <p>Masonic Temple, San Francisco, laying of corner-stone, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></p> @@ -33557,7 +33514,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Mathews, John R., <a href="#Page_537">537</a></p> -<p>Maurício, Maurice, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></p> +<p>MaurÃcio, Maurice, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></p> <p>Maximilian, Emperor, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></p> @@ -33571,7 +33528,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Mayors of Los Angeles, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>; Mayor as Justice of Peace, <a href="#Page_524">524</a></p> -<p>Mazatlán, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></p> +<p>Mazatlán, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></p> <p>Meat-packers, <a href="#Page_482">482</a></p> @@ -33729,7 +33686,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Minting, early, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></p> -<p>Miron, Juan María, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> +<p>Miron, Juan MarÃa, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> <p>Miron, Juana, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> @@ -33919,7 +33876,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Murdoch, W. T., <a href="#Page_610">610</a></p> -<p>Murieta, Joaquín, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p> +<p>Murieta, JoaquÃn, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p> <p>Murphy, Joe, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></p> @@ -33969,7 +33926,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p><a name="National" id="National">National</a> Hotel, <a href="#Page_396">396</a></p> -<p>Natives, naïve temperaments of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> +<p>Natives, naïve temperaments of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> <p>Naud, Edouard, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; Mrs. —, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; @@ -34093,7 +34050,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> proposes marriage to Miss Sarah Newmark, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; third business venture, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; revisits San Francisco, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; - rides horseback to Fort Tejón, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>ff.; + rides horseback to Fort Tejón, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>ff.; begins buying hides, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; joins the Masonic order, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; second experience with earthquake, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; @@ -34104,7 +34061,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> eyewitness to slaying of Sheriff Getman, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; marries Miss Sarah Newmark, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>; engages in the clothing trade, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>; - unfortunate business venture at Fort Tejón, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>; + unfortunate business venture at Fort Tejón, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>; participates in a <i>rodeo</i>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>; forms friendship with Winfield Scott Hancock, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>; N. on Hancock's patriotism, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>; @@ -34135,7 +34092,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> spectator at the King-Carlisle duel, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>; also at the Kewen-Lemberg affray, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>; decides to remove to New York, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; - with family, crosses the Isthmus of Panamá, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; + with family, crosses the Isthmus of Panamá, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; opens branch office in the metropolis, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; buys home in New York, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; revisits Europe, and sees again birthplace and father, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>; @@ -34168,9 +34125,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> housewarming, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>; first meeting with Lucky Baldwin, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>; visits Lake Tahoe, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>; - advises Juan Matías Sanchez against risking his property, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>; + advises Juan MatÃas Sanchez against risking his property, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>; buys first lot sold in Santa Monica, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>; - coöperates in editing Chamber of Commerce report for Centennial, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>; + coöperates in editing Chamber of Commerce report for Centennial, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>; by stage and rail to San Francisco, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>; visits Centennial Exhibition, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>; crossing Continent to New York by rail, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>; @@ -34307,7 +34264,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> becomes a Mason, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; revisits Europe, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; bearer of U. S. Government despatches, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; - marries, in Germany, Fräulein Augusta Leseritz, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; + marries, in Germany, Fräulein Augusta Leseritz, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; returns from Europe, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; member of Newmark, Kremer & Co., <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; removes again to San Francisco, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>; @@ -34562,7 +34519,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Noyes, E. W., <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a></p> -<p><i>Nuestra Señora Reyna de los Angeles, La</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> +<p><i>Nuestra Señora Reyna de los Angeles, La</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> <p>Nurses, scarcity of trained, <a href="#Page_409">409</a></p> @@ -34666,9 +34623,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Ontario, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>, <a href="#Page_579">579</a></p> -<p>Onteveras, Pacífico, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> +<p>Onteveras, PacÃfico, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> -<p>Opéra Comique, Paris, <a href="#Page_565">565</a></p> +<p>Opéra Comique, Paris, <a href="#Page_565">565</a></p> <p>Ophir Mine, <a href="#Page_474">474</a></p> @@ -34710,7 +34667,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Orphans, homes for, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a></p> -<p>Ortega, Émile C., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> +<p>Ortega, Émile C., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> <p>Ortiz, Miguel, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></p> @@ -34819,12 +34776,12 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Palmer, Joseph C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></p> -<p>Palomares, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; +<p>Palomares, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; —, town of, <a href="#Page_578">578</a></p> <p>Palos Verdes <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_581">581</a></p> -<p>Panamá Canal, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>; +<p>Panamá Canal, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>; — Route and travel, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>; — hat, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; —, Kern County, <a href="#Page_453">453</a></p> @@ -34876,7 +34833,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> South —, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>; — Railroad, <a href="#Page_563">563</a></p> -<p>Paso de Águila, El, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></p> +<p>Paso de Ãguila, El, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></p> <p>Paso de Robles, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a></p> @@ -34987,7 +34944,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Pflugardt, George W., <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> -<p>Phæton, first here, <a href="#Page_511">511</a></p> +<p>Phæton, first here, <a href="#Page_511">511</a></p> <p>Phelps, E. C., <a href="#Page_405">405</a></p> @@ -35027,10 +34984,10 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Picnics, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a></p> -<p>Pico, Andrés, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>; +<p>Pico, Andrés, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>; — ranches, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></p> -<p>Pico, António María, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></p> +<p>Pico, António MarÃa, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></p> <p>Pico, Jesus, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> @@ -35090,7 +35047,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Pitch-roofs, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> -<p>Piteå, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> +<p>PiteÃ¥, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> <p>Pi-Utes, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> @@ -35202,7 +35159,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Portland, Oregon, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></p> -<p>Portolá, Gaspar de, <a href="#Page_627">627</a></p> +<p>Portolá, Gaspar de, <a href="#Page_627">627</a></p> <p>Portugal, Adolph, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></p> @@ -35261,7 +35218,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> Mrs. —, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; — & Pironi, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> -<p>Prévost, Louis, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></p> +<p>Prévost, Louis, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></p> <p>Price, Burr , <a href="#Page_XVI">xvi</a></p> @@ -35287,7 +35244,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Processions, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a></p> -<p><i>Progrès, le</i>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a></p> +<p><i>Progrès, le</i>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a></p> <p>Progressive Party, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a></p> @@ -35391,7 +35348,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Ralston, W. C., <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a></p> -<p>Ramirez, Andrés, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p> +<p>Ramirez, Andrés, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p> <p>Ramirez, B. F., <a href="#Page_443">443</a></p> @@ -35572,7 +35529,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Robidoux Hill, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> <p>Robidoux, Louis, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; - Señora —, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; + Señora —, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; — Mount, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; — <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; —, spelling of name, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></p> @@ -35622,7 +35579,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Roosters, game, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> -<p>Rosa, José de la, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></p> +<p>Rosa, José de la, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></p> <p>Rose, Annie Wilhelmina, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></p> @@ -35677,9 +35634,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Royere, Paul P. , <a href="#Page_XII">xii</a></p> -<p>Rúbio, José de, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; - Señora —, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>; - Rúbio's, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> +<p>Rúbio, José de, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; + Señora —, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>; + Rúbio's, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> <p>Rubottom, Ezekiel, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p> @@ -35755,7 +35712,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p><a name="St_Elmo" id="St_Elmo">St</a>. Elmo Hotel, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_613">613</a></p> -<p>St. George d'Oléron, France, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></p> +<p>St. George d'Oléron, France, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></p> <p>St. James, <a href="#Page_579">579</a></p> @@ -35793,7 +35750,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Samsbury, Stephen, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></p> -<p>San António <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> +<p>San António <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> <p>San Bernardino, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>; — County, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> @@ -35819,7 +35776,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>San Dimas, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_579">579</a></p> -<p>San Feliciano Cañon, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> +<p>San Feliciano Cañon, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> <p>San Fernando, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>; — Farm Association, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></p> @@ -35853,14 +35810,14 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> lead shipped to —, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>; — Dock & Wharf Co., <a href="#Page_269">269</a>; — <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; - — & San José Valley Railroad, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>; + — & San José Valley Railroad, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>; — as a standard of comparison, <a href="#Page_491">491</a></p> -<p>San Francisquito Cañon, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; +<p>San Francisquito Cañon, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; — Ranch, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></p> <p>San Gabriel, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>; - — Cañon, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + — Cañon, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; locomotive, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></p> <p>San Gabriel Electric Co., <a href="#Page_515">515</a></p> @@ -35882,18 +35839,18 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>San Jacinto and Valley, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_620">620</a></p> -<p>San Joaquín Ranch, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> +<p>San JoaquÃn Ranch, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> -<p>San Joaquín Valley, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>; +<p>San JoaquÃn Valley, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>; — rate case, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>, <a href="#Page_620">620</a></p> -<p>San José, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a></p> +<p>San José, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a></p> -<p>San José <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a></p> +<p>San José <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a></p> <p>San Juan Bautista, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></p> -<p>San Juan Cajón de Santa Ana, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> +<p>San Juan Cajón de Santa Ana, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> <p>San Juan Capistrano, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; Don San Juan and Don San Juan Capistrano, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>; @@ -35941,7 +35898,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>San Rafael Ranch, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>; — Heights, <a href="#Page_646">646</a></p> -<p>San Timoteo Cañon, <a href="#Page_591">591</a></p> +<p>San Timoteo Cañon, <a href="#Page_591">591</a></p> <p>San Vicente <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_586">586</a></p> @@ -35949,16 +35906,16 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Sanchez Hall, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> -<p>Sanchez, Juan Matías, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a></p> +<p>Sanchez, Juan MatÃas, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a></p> <p>Sanchez, Pedro, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></p> -<p>Sanchez, Tomás A., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></p> +<p>Sanchez, Tomás A., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></p> <p>Sanchez, Vicente, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>; — Street, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></p> -<p><i>Sandía</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></p> +<p><i>SandÃa</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></p> <p>Sandwich Islands, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></p> @@ -35993,7 +35950,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> — placers, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>; — <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_526">526</a></p> -<p>Santa Bárbara, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>; +<p>Santa Bárbara, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>; — Channel, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>; — County, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>; —, road to, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></p> @@ -36010,9 +35967,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Santa Cruz, Mariano G., <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_549">549</a></p> -<p>Santa Fé Railroad (see <a href="#Atchison">Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé</a>)</p> +<p>Santa Fé Railroad (see <a href="#Atchison">Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé</a>)</p> -<p>Santa Fé, town of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> +<p>Santa Fé, town of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> <p>Santa Gertrudis <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> @@ -36023,14 +35980,14 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> sale of first lots at —, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>; gravity railroad, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>; opposition of Southern Pacific Railroad to —, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>; - — Cañon, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>; + — Cañon, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>; — hotels, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>; — Land Co., <a href="#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>; —, South, <a href="#Page_488">488</a></p> <p><i>Santa Monica</i>, palace car, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></p> -<p>Santiago Cañon, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a></p> +<p>Santiago Cañon, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a></p> <p><i>Sarah Gamp</i>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> @@ -36197,55 +36154,55 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Sentous, Louis, Jr., <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Andrónico, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Andrónico, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Ascención, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Ascención, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Bernabé, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Bernabé, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Diego, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Diego, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Dolores, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Dolores, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Fernando, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Fernando, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Francisca Ábila, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Francisca Ãbila, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Francisca, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Francisca, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, J., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, J., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Joaquín, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, JoaquÃn, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, José Andrés, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>; - Señora —, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; +<p>Sepúlveda, José Andrés, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>; + Señora —, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; — Avenue, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, José del Carmen, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, José del Carmen, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, José Loreto, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, José Loreto, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Juan, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Juan, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Juan María, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Juan MarÃa, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda Landing, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda Landing, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Maurício, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, MaurÃcio, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Miguel, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Miguel, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Petra Pilar, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Petra Pilar, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Ramona, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Ramona, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, R. D. , <a href="#Page_XVI">xvi</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, R. D. , <a href="#Page_XVI">xvi</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Tomása, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Tomása, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Tranquilina, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Sepúlveda, Tranquilina, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p>Sepúlveda, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>; +<p>Sepúlveda, Ygnácio, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>; Mrs. —, <a href="#Page_546">546</a></p> <p>Sequoya League, <a href="#Page_542">542</a></p> @@ -36254,9 +36211,9 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Serenades, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p>Serra, Junípero, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_627">627</a></p> +<p>Serra, JunÃpero, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_627">627</a></p> -<p>Serrano, José, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> +<p>Serrano, José, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> <p>Servants, Chinese, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; Indian —, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; @@ -36405,8 +36362,8 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> — Angela, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; — Clara, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; — Francisca, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; - — María Corzina, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; - — María Scholastica, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> + — MarÃa Corzina, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; + — MarÃa Scholastica, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> <p>Sitka, <a href="#Page_602">602</a></p> @@ -36497,7 +36454,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Soda water and fountains, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> -<p>Söderhamn, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> +<p>Söderhamn, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> <p>Sohms, Henry, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></p> @@ -36687,7 +36644,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> — & Bell, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; — carriage, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; — Hall, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>; - Doña Arcadia — (<i>née</i> Bandini), <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></p> + Doña Arcadia — (<i>née</i> Bandini), <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></p> <p>Steele, Harriet , <a href="#Page_XVI">xvi</a></p> @@ -36891,7 +36848,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Tannery, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>; attempt to establish a —, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></p> -<p>Tapía, Luciano, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> +<p>TapÃa, Luciano, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> <p>Tatooing, by Indians, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> @@ -36917,10 +36874,10 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Tefft, Henry A., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> -<p>Teháchepi, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>; +<p>Teháchepi, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>; disaster near —, <a href="#Page_536">536</a></p> -<p>Tejón, Fort, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>; +<p>Tejón, Fort, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>; — Band, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>; — Paso, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p> @@ -36947,7 +36904,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Tell, Will, and Tell's Place, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_581">581</a></p> -<p>Temécula, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></p> +<p>Temécula, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></p> <p>Temescal mines, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></p> @@ -37007,8 +36964,8 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Thirty-fifth parallel, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a></p> <p>Thom, Cameron E., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>; - Mrs. — (first wife, <i>née</i> Hathwell), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; - Mrs. — (second wife, <i>née</i> Hathwell), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></p> + Mrs. — (first wife, <i>née</i> Hathwell), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; + Mrs. — (second wife, <i>née</i> Hathwell), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></p> <p>Thomas, Bill, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></p> @@ -37116,7 +37073,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p><i>Toreador</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></p> -<p>Torneå, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> +<p>TorneÃ¥, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> <p>Toros, <a href="#Page_414">414</a></p> @@ -37237,7 +37194,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Twist, W. W., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></p> -<p>Twitchell, Cæsar C., <a href="#Page_106">106</a></p> +<p>Twitchell, Cæsar C., <a href="#Page_106">106</a></p> <p><i>Two Years before the Mast</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></p> @@ -37254,7 +37211,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Ulyard, August, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>; Mrs. —, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> -<p>Umeå, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> +<p>UmeÃ¥, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> <p>Unangst, E. P. and Mrs. , <a href="#Page_XVI">xvi</a></p> @@ -37306,19 +37263,19 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Vaccination, opposition to, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> -<p>Vaché, Adolphe, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></p> +<p>Vaché, Adolphe, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></p> -<p>Vaché, Émile, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; - — Frères, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_548">548</a></p> +<p>Vaché, Émile, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; + — Frères, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_548">548</a></p> -<p>Vaché, Théophile, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; +<p>Vaché, Théophile, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; — & Co., T., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></p> <p>Vail, W. L., <a href="#Page_634">634</a></p> -<p>Valdez, José María, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p> +<p>Valdez, José MarÃa, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p> -<p>Valle, António, <a href="#Page_550">550</a></p> +<p>Valle, António, <a href="#Page_550">550</a></p> <p>Vallejo, General, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> @@ -37344,7 +37301,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Varela, Serbo, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></p> -<p>Vasquez, Tibúrcio, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>ff., <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>; +<p>Vasquez, Tibúrcio, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>ff., <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>; —, recipient, in cell, of flowers, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>; —, executed, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></p> @@ -37382,14 +37339,14 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Verde, Cape, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> -<p>Verdugo Cañon, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>; +<p>Verdugo Cañon, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>; —, Casa, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> <p>Verdugo family, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></p> <p>Verdugo, Guillermo, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> -<p>Verdugo, José María, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; +<p>Verdugo, José MarÃa, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; — <i>rancho</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></p> <p>Verdugo, Julio, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> @@ -37520,7 +37477,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Warner, Charles Dudley, <a href="#Page_597">597</a></p> -<p>Warner, Jonathan Trumbull (Juan José), <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>; +<p>Warner, Jonathan Trumbull (Juan José), <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>; —, Mrs., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>; —'s Ranch, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_542">542</a></p> @@ -37778,7 +37735,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Williams, Julian Isaac, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>; —, Mrs., <a href="#Page_347">347</a></p> -<p>Williams, María Merced, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> +<p>Williams, MarÃa Merced, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> <p>Williamson, George, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></p> @@ -37824,7 +37781,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> — subdivision, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></p> <p>Wilson, Benjamin (Benito) Davis, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>; - Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Yorba), <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; + Mrs. — (<i>née</i> Yorba), <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; Mrs. — (formerly Mrs. M. S. Hereford), <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>; proposed — College, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>; —, Mount, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>; @@ -37939,7 +37896,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Worden, Perry , <a href="#Page_VIII">viii</a>., <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> -<p>Workman, Antónia Margarita, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> +<p>Workman, Antónia Margarita, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> <p>Workman, Boyle, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></p> @@ -38000,7 +37957,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Yorba, Bernardo, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></p> -<p>Yorba, José António, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> +<p>Yorba, José António, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> <p>Yorba, Josefa, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></p> @@ -38037,7 +37994,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p>Zeppelin, Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_561">561</a></p> -<p>Zola, Émile, <a href="#Page_451">451</a></p> +<p>Zola, Émile, <a href="#Page_451">451</a></p> </div> <div class="footnotes p6"> @@ -38047,7 +38004,7 @@ Borax and Owens Lake, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>Thom died on February 2d, 1915.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>After an absence of thirty years, Judge Sepúlveda returned to Los Angeles, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>After an absence of thirty years, Judge Sepúlveda returned to Los Angeles, in 1914, and was heartily welcomed back by his many friends and admirers.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>George Hazard died on February 8th, 1914.</p> @@ -38085,7 +38042,7 @@ for it.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>Julio Chrisostino Verdugo died early in March, 1915, supposed to be about one hundred and twelve years old.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>Señora de Rúbio survived her husband many years, dying on October 27th, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>Señora de Rúbio survived her husband many years, dying on October 27th, 1914, at the age of one hundred and seven, after residing in Los Angeles ninety-four years.</p> @@ -38151,7 +38108,7 @@ to the detriment perhaps, at times, of the town itself.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a>In 1915, in recognition of historical work, the King of Spain conferred upon Lummis the dignity of a Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Isabel la -Católica.</p> +Católica.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a>On June 21st, 1914, Mr. Ralphs lost his life in a deplorable accident in the San Bernardino Mountains, being crushed by a huge bowlder; although his wife escaped @@ -38197,7 +38154,7 @@ and Fifth Street, its shelves, a month later, holding 227,894 volumes.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a>In 1914, Fredericks was the Republican candidate for the Governorship of California.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a>Even while this manuscript is being revised, the name of another Angeleño—that +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a>Even while this manuscript is being revised, the name of another Angeleño—that of the lamented A. C. Bilicke, a self-made man of large accomplishments, who perished on May 7th, 1915, in the awful destruction of the <i>Lusitania</i>—is added to the scrolls of the ill-starred.</p> @@ -38222,388 +38179,6 @@ on September 18th, 1915—and by General Chaffee.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sixty Years in Southern California -1853-1913, by Harris Newmark - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS IN SOUTHERN *** - -***** This file should be named 42680-h.htm or 42680-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/6/8/42680/ - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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