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diff --git a/42680-8.txt b/42680-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index bfa2092..0000000 --- a/42680-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33605 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sixty Years in Southern California 1853-1913, by -Harris Newmark - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Sixty Years in Southern California 1853-1913 - Containing the Reminiscences of Harris Newmark - -Author: Harris Newmark - -Editor: Maurice H. Newmark - Marco R. Newmark - -Release Date: May 10, 2013 [EBook #42680] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS IN SOUTHERN *** - - - - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - -Transcriber's Note: - - Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have - been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - - Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. - - The book uses both Phillippi and Phillipi. - - An upside-down T symbol is represented as [Symbol: upside-down T]. - - - - - [Illustration: Harris Newmark] - - - - - SIXTY YEARS - IN - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - - 1853-1913 - - CONTAINING THE REMINISCENCES OF - HARRIS NEWMARK - - EDITED BY - MAURICE H. NEWMARK - MARCO R. NEWMARK - - Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed - to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by - fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, - the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even - when they fail, are entitled to praise.--MACAULAY. - - _WITH 150 ILLUSTRATIONS_ - - - NEW YORK - The Knickerbocker Press - 1916 - - - - - COPYRIGHT, 1916 - BY - M. H. AND M. R. NEWMARK - - - - - To - THE MEMORY OF - MY WIFE - - - - -In Memoriam - - -At the hour of high twelve on April the fourth, 1916, the sun shone -into a room where lay the temporal abode, for eighty-one years and -more, of the spirit of Harris Newmark. On his face still lingered that -look of peace which betokens a life worthily used and gently -relinquished. - -Many were the duties allotted him in his pilgrimage; splendidly did he -accomplish them! Providence permitted him the completion of his final -task--a labor of love--but denied him the privilege of seeing it given -to the community of his adoption. - -To him and to her, by whose side he sleeps, may it be both monument -and epitaph. - -_Thy will be done!_ - - M. H. N. - M. R. N. - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -Several times during his latter years my friend, Charles Dwight -Willard, urged me to write out my recollections of the five or six -decades I had already passed in Los Angeles, expressing his regret -that many pioneers had carried from this world so much that might have -been of interest to both the Angeleño of the present and the future -historian of Southern California; but as I had always led an active -life of business or travel, and had neither fitted myself for any sort -of literary undertaking nor attempted one, I gave scant attention to -the proposal. Mr. Willard's persistency, however, together with the -prospect of coöperation offered me by my sons, finally overcame my -reluctance and I determined to commence the work. - -Accordingly in June, 1913, at my Santa Monica home, I began to devote -a few hours each day to a more or less fragmentary enumeration of the -incidents of my boyhood; of my voyage over the great wastes of sea and -land between my ancestral and adopted homes; of the pueblo and its -surroundings that I found on this Western shore; of its people and -their customs; and, finally, of the men and women who, from then until -now, have contributed to the greatness of the Southland, and of the -things they have done or said to entitle their names to be recorded. -This task I finished in the early fall. During its progress I entered -more and more into the distant Past, until Memory conjured before me -many long-forgotten faces and happenings. In the end, I found that I -had jotted down a mass of notes much greater than I had expected. - -Thereupon the Editors began their duties, which were to arrange the -materials at hand, to supply names and dates that had escaped me, and -to interview many who had been principals in events and, accordingly, -were presumed to know the details; and much progress was made, to the -enlarging and enrichment of the book. But it was not long before they -found that the work involved an amount of investigation which their -limited time would not permit; and that if carried out on even the -modest plan originally contemplated, some additional assistance would -be required. - -Fortunately, just then they met Perry Worden, a post-graduate of -Columbia and a Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Halle, -Germany; a scholar and an author of attainments. His aid, as -investigator and adviser, has been indispensable to the completion of -the work in its present form. Dr. Worden spent many months searching -the newspapers, magazines and books--some of whose titles find special -mention in the text--which deal with Southern California and its past; -and he also interviewed many pioneers, to each of whom I owe -acknowledgment for ready and friendly coöperation. In short, no pains -was spared to confirm and amplify all the facts and narratives. - -Whether to arrange the matter chronologically or not, was a problem -impossible of solution to the complete satisfaction of the Editors; -this, as well as other methods, having its advantages and -disadvantages. After mature consideration, the chronological plan was -adopted, and the events of each year have been recorded more or less -in the order of their happening. Whatever confusion, if any, may arise -through this treatment of local history as a chronicle for ready -reference will be easily overcome, it is believed, through the dating -of the chapters and the provision of a comprehensive index; while the -brief chapter-heading, generally a reference to some marked occurrence -in that period, will further assist the reader to get his bearings. -Preference has been given to the first thirty years of my residence in -Los Angeles, both on account of my affectionate remembrance of that -time and because of the peculiarity of memory in advanced life which -enables us to recall remote events when more recent ones are -forgotten; and inasmuch as so little has been handed down from the -days of the adobe, this partiality will probably find favor. - -In collecting this mass of data, many discrepancies were met with, -calling for the acceptance or rejection of much long current here as -fact; and in all such cases I selected the version most closely -corresponding with my own recollection, or that seemed to me, in the -light of other facts, to be correct. For this reason, no less than -because in my narrative of hitherto unrecorded events and -personalities it would be miraculous if errors have not found their -way into the story, I shall be grateful if those who discover -inaccuracies will report them to me. In these sixty years, also, I -have met many men and women worthy of recollection, and it is certain -that there are some whose names I have not mentioned; if so, I wish to -disclaim any intentional neglect. Indeed, precisely as I have -introduced the names of a number for whom I have had no personal -liking, but whose services to the community I remember with respect, -so there are doubtless others whose activities, past or present, it -would afford me keen pleasure to note, but whom unhappily I have -overlooked. - -With this brief introduction, I give the manuscript to the printer, -not with the ambitious hope of enriching literature in any respect, -but not without confidence that I have provided some new material for -the local historian--perhaps of the future--and that there may be a -goodly number of people sufficiently interested to read and enjoy the -story, yet indulgent enough to overlook the many faults in its -narration. - - H. N. - - LOS ANGELES, - _December 31, 1915_. - - - - -FOREWORD - - -The Historian no longer writes History by warming over the pancakes of -his predecessors. He must surely know what they have done, and -how--and whereby they succeeded and wherein they failed. But his own -labor is to find the sidelights they did not have. Macaulay saves him -from doing again all the research that Macaulay had to do; but if he -could find a twin Boswell or a second Pepys he would rather have -either than a dozen new Macaulays. Since history is becoming really a -Science, and is no more a closet exploration of half-digested -arm-chair books, we are beginning to learn the overwhelming value of -the contemporary witness. Even a justice's court will not admit -Hearsay Evidence; and Science has been shamed into adopting the same -sane rule. Nowadays it demands the eye-witness. We look less for the -"Authorities" now, and more for the Documents. There are too many -histories already, such as they are--self-satisfied and oracular, but -not one conclusive. Every history is put out of date, almost daily, by -the discovery of some scrap of paper or some clay tablet from under -the ashes of Babylon. - -Mere Humans no longer read History--except in school where they have -to, or in study clubs where it is also Required. But a plain personal -narrative is interesting now as it has been for five thousand years. -The world's greatest book is of course compulsory; but what is the -_interesting_ part of it? Why, the stories--Adam and Eve; Abraham, -Isaac and Jacob; Saul and David and Samson and Delilah; Solomon, Job, -and Jesus the Christ! And if anyone thinks Moses worked-in a little -too much of the Family Tree--he doesn't know what biblical archæology -is doing. For it is thanks to these same "petty" details that modern -Science, in its excavations and decipherings, has verified the Bible -and resolved many of its riddles! - -Greece had one Herodotus. America had _four_, antedating the year -1600. All these truly great historians built from all the "sources" -they could find. But none of them quite give us the homely, vital -picture of life and feeling that one untaught and untamed soldier, -Bernal Diaz, wrote for us three hundred years ago when he was past -ninety, and toothless--and angry "because the historians didn't get it -straight." The student of Spanish America has often to wish there had -been a Bernal Diaz for every decade and every province from 1492 to -1800. His unstudied gossip about the conquest of Mexico is less -balanced and less authoritative, but far more illuminative, than the -classics of his leader, Cortez--a university man, as well as a great -conqueror. - -For more than a quarter of a century it was one of my duties to study -and review (for the _Nation_ and other critical journals) all sorts of -local chronicles all over Spanish and English America--particularly of -frontier times. In this work I have read searchingly many hundreds of -volumes; and have been brought into close contact with our greatest -students and editors of "History-Material," and with their standards. - -I have read no other such book with so unflagging interest and content -as these memoirs of Harris Newmark. My personal acquaintance with -Southern California for more than thirty years may color my interest -in names and incidents; but I am appraising this book (whose proofs I -have been permitted to read thoroughly) from the standpoint of the -student of history anywhere. Parkman and Fiske and Coues and Hodge and -Thwaites would join me in the wish that every American community might -have so competent a memorandum of its life and customs and growth, for -its most formative half-century. - -This is _not_ a history. It is two other much more necessary -things--for there is no such thing as a real History of Los Angeles, -and cannot be for years. These are the frank, naïve, conversational -memoirs of a man who for more than sixty years could say of Southern -California almost as truly as Æneas of his own time--"All of which I -saw, much of which I was." The keen observation, the dry humor, the -fireside intimacy of the talk, the equity and accuracy of memory and -judgment--all these make it a book which will be much more valued by -future generations of readers and students. We are rather too near to -it now. - -But it is more than the "confessions" of one ripe and noble -experience. It is, beyond any reasonable comparison, the most -characteristic and accurate composite picture we have ever had of an -old, brave, human, free, and distinctive life that has changed -incredibly to the veneers of modern society. It is the very mirror of -who and what the people were that laid the real foundations for a -community which is now the wonder of the historian. The very details -which are "not Big enough" for the casual reader (mentally over-tuned -to newspaper headlines and moving pictures) are the vital and enduring -merits of this unpretentious volume. No one else has ever set down so -many of the very things that the final historian of Los Angeles will -search for, a hundred years after all our oratories and "literary -efforts" have been well forgotten. It is a chronicle indispensable for -every public library, every reference library, the shelf of every -individual concerned with the story of California. - -It is the _Pepys's Diary_ of Los Angeles and its tributary domain. - - CHARLES F. LUMMIS. - - - - -PREFACE - - -The Editors wish to acknowledge the coöperation given, from time to -time, by many whose names, already mentioned in the text, are not -repeated here, and in particular to Drs. Leo Newmark and Charles F. -Lummis, and Joseph P. and Edwin J. Loeb, for having read the proofs. -They also wish to acknowledge Dr. Lummis's self-imposed task of -preparing the generous foreword with which this volume has been -favored. Gratitude is also due to various friends who have so kindly -permitted the use of photographs--not a few of which, never before -published, are rare and difficult to obtain. Just as in the case, -however, of those who deserve mention in these memoirs, but have been -overlooked, so it is feared that there are some who have supplied -information and yet have been forgotten. To all such, as well as to -several librarians and the following, thanks are hereby expressed: -Frederick Baker, Horace Baker, Mrs. J. A. Barrows, Prospero Barrows, -Mrs. R. C. Bartow, Miss Anna McConnell Beckley, Sigmund Beel, Samuel -Behrendt, Arthur S. Bent, Mrs. Dora Bilderback, C. V. Boquist, Mrs. -Mary Bowman, Allan Bromley, Professor Valentin Buehner, Dr. Rose -Bullard, J. O. Burns, Malcolm Campbell, Gabe Carroll, J. W. Carson, -Walter M. Castle, R. B. Chapman, J. H. Clancy, Herman Cohn, Miss -Gertrude Darlow, Ernest Dawson and Dawson's Bookshop, Louise Deen, -George E. Dimitry, Robert Dominguez, Durell Draper, Miss Marjorie -Driscoll, S. D. Dunann, Gottlieb Eckbahl, Richard Egan, Professor -Alfred Ewington, David P. Fleming, James G. Fowler, Miss Effie -Josephine Fussell, A. P. Gibson, J. Sherman Glasscock, Gilbert H. -Grosvenor, Edgar J. Hartung, Chauncey Hayes, George H. Higbee, Joseph -Hopper, Adelbert Hornung, Walter Hotz, F. A. Howe, Dr. Clarence -Edward Ide, Luther Ingersoll, C. W. Jones, Mrs. Eleanor Brodie Jones, -Reverend Henderson Judd, D. P. Kellogg, C. G. Keyes, Willis T. -Knowlton, Bradner Lee, Jr., H. J. Lelande, Isaac Levy, Miss Ella -Housefield Lowe, Mrs. Celeste Manning, Mrs. Morris Meyberg, Miss -Louisa Meyer, William Meying, Charles E. Mitchell, R. C. Neuendorffer, -S. B. Norton, B. H. Prentice, Burr Price, Edward H. Quimby, B. B. -Rich, Edward I. Robinson, W. J. Rouse, Paul P. Royere, Louis -Sainsevain, Ludwig Schiff, R. D. Sepúlveda, Calvin Luther Severy, Miss -Emily R. Smith, Miss Harriet Steele, George F. Strobridge, Father -Eugene Sugranes, Mrs. Carrie Switzer, Walter P. Temple, W. I. Turck, -Judge and Mrs. E. P. Unangst, William M. Van Dyke, August Wackerbarth, -Mrs. J. T. Ward, Mrs. Olive E. Weston, Professor A. C. Wheat and -Charles L. Wilde. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - IN MEMORIAM v - - INTRODUCTION vii - - FOREWORD xi - - PREFACE xv - - - CHAPTER - - I.--CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH, 1834-1853 1 - - II.--WESTWARD, HO! 1853 6 - - III.--NEW YORK--NICARAGUA--THE GOLDEN GATE, 1853 14 - - IV.--FIRST ADVENTURES IN LOS ANGELES, 1853 27 - - V.--LAWYERS AND COURTS, 1853 45 - - VI.--MERCHANTS AND SHOPS, 1853 60 - - VII.--IN AND NEAR THE OLD PUEBLO, 1853 80 - - VIII.--ROUND ABOUT THE PLAZA, 1853-1854 97 - - IX.--FAMILIAR HOME-SCENES, 1854 112 - - X.--EARLY SOCIAL LIFE, 1854 128 - - XI.--THE RUSH FOR GOLD, 1855 146 - - XII.--THE GREAT HORSE RACE, 1855 157 - - XIII.--PRINCELY _RANCHO_ DOMAINS, 1855 166 - - XIV.--ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS, 1856 189 - - XV.--SHERIFF BARTON AND THE _BANDIDOS_, 1857 204 - - XVI.--MARRIAGE--THE BUTTERFIELD STAGES, 1858 220 - - XVII.--ADMISSION TO CITIZENSHIP, 1859 240 - - XVIII.--FIRST EXPERIENCE WITH THE TELEGRAPH, 1860 260 - - XIX.--STEAM-WAGON--ODD CHARACTERS, 1860 274 - - XX.--THE RUMBLINGS OF WAR, 1861 289 - - XXI.--HANCOCK--LADY FRANKLIN--THE DELUGE, 1861 299 - - XXII.--DROUGHTS--THE _ADA HANCOCK_ DISASTER, - 1862-1863 310 - - XXIII.--ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN, 1864-1865 328 - - XXIV.--H. NEWMARK & COMPANY--CARLISLE-KING DUEL, - 1865-1866 342 - - XXV.--REMOVAL TO NEW YORK, AND RETURN, 1867-1868 359 - - XXVI.--THE CERRO GORDO MINES, 1869 379 - - XXVII.--COMING OF THE IRON HORSE, 1869 393 - - XXVIII.--THE LAST OF THE VIGILANTES, 1870 408 - - XXIX.--THE CHINESE MASSACRE, 1871 421 - - XXX.--THE WOOL CRAZE, 1872-1873 437 - - XXXI.--THE END OF VASQUEZ, 1874 452 - - XXXII.--THE SANTA ANITA _RANCHO_, 1875 472 - - XXXIII.--LOS ANGELES & INDEPENDENCE RAILROAD, 1876 485 - - XXXIV.--THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC, 1876 496 - - XXXV.--THE REVIVAL OF THE SOUTHLAND, 1877-1880 509 - - XXXVI.--CENTENARY OF THE CITY--ELECTRIC LIGHT, - 1881-1884 525 - - XXXVII.--REPETTO AND THE LAWYERS, 1885-1887 546 - - XXXVIII.--THE GREAT BOOM, 1887 564 - - XXXIX.--PROPOSED STATE DIVISION, 1888-1891 588 - - XL.--THE FIRST _FIESTAS_, 1892-1897 602 - - XLI.--THE SOUTHWEST ARCHÆOLOGICAL SOCIETY, - 1898-1905 616 - - XLII.--THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE, 1906-1910 633 - - XLIII.--RETROSPECTION, 1910-1913 641 - - INDEX 653 - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - FACING - PAGE - - HARRIS NEWMARK. IN HIS SEVENTY-NINTH YEAR - Engraved from a photograph _Frontispiece_ - - FACSIMILE OF A PART OF THE MS 2 - - REPRODUCTION OF SWEDISH ADVERTISEMENT 3 - - PHILIPP NEUMARK 10 - From a Daguerreotype - - ESTHER NEUMARK 10 - From a Daguerreotype - - J. P. NEWMARK 10 - From a Daguerreotype - - MR. AND MRS. JOSEPH NEWMARK 10 - - LOS ANGELES IN THE EARLY FIFTIES 11 - From a drawing of the Pacific Railway Expedition - - BELLA UNION AS IT APPEARED IN 1858 26 - From a lithograph - - JOHN GOLLER'S BLACKSMITH SHOP 27 - From a lithograph of 1858 - - HENRY MELLUS 50 - From a Daguerreotype - - FRANCIS MELLUS 50 - From a Daguerreotype - - JOHN G. DOWNEY 50 - - CHARLES L. DUCOMMUN 50 - - THE PLAZA CHURCH 51 - From a photograph, probably taken in the middle - eighties - - PIO PICO 68 - From an oil portrait - - JUAN BANDINI 68 - - ABEL STEARNS 68 - - ISAAC WILLIAMS 68 - - STORE OF FELIPE RHEIM 69 - - JOHN JONES 102 - - CAPTAIN F. MORTON 102 - - CAPTAIN AND MRS. J. S. GARCIA 102 - - CAPTAIN SALISBURY HALEY 102 - - _El Palacio_, HOME OF ABEL AND ARCADIA STEARNS 103 - From a photograph of the seventies - - THE LUGO RANCH-HOUSE, IN THE NINETIES 103 - - J. P. NEWMARK 112 - From a vignette of the sixties - - JACOB RICH 112 - - O. W. CHILDS 112 - - JOHN O. WHEELER 112 - - BENJAMIN D. WILSON 113 - - GEORGE HANSEN 113 - - DR. OBED MACY 113 - - SAMUEL C. FOY 113 - - MYER J. AND HARRIS NEWMARK 128 - From a Daguerreotype - - GEORGE CARSON 128 - - JOHN G. NICHOLS 128 - - DAVID W. ALEXANDER 129 - - THOMAS E. ROWAN 129 - - MATTHEW KELLER 129 - - SAMUEL MEYER 129 - - LOUIS SAINSEVAIN 154 - - MANUEL DOMINGUEZ 154 - - _El Aliso_, THE SAINSEVAIN WINERY 154 - From an old lithograph - - JACOB ELIAS 155 - - JOHN T. LANFRANCO 155 - - J. FRANK BURNS 155 - - HENRY D. BARROWS 155 - - MAURICE KREMER 168 - - SOLOMON LAZARD 168 - - MELLUS'S, OR BELL'S ROW 168 - From a lithograph of 1858 - - WILLIAM H. WORKMAN AND JOHN KING 169 - - PRUDENT BEAUDRY 169 - - JAMES S. MALLARD 169 - - JOHN BEHN 169 - - LOUIS ROBIDOUX 174 - - JULIUS G. WEYSE 174 - - JOHN BEHN 174 - - LOUIS BREER 174 - - WILLIAM J. BRODRICK 175 - - ISAAC R. DUNKELBERGER 175 - - FRANK J. CARPENTER 175 - - AUGUSTUS ULYARD 175 - - LOS ANGELES IN THE LATE FIFTIES 188 - From a contemporary sketch - - MYER J. NEWMARK 189 - - EDWARD J. C. KEWEN 189 - - DR. JOHN S. GRIFFIN 189 - - WILLIAM C. WARREN 189 - - HARRIS NEWMARK, WHEN (ABOUT) THIRTY-FOUR YEARS OLD 224 - - SARAH NEWMARK, WHEN (ABOUT) TWENTY-FOUR YEARS OF AGE 224 - - FACSIMILE OF HARRIS AND SARAH NEWMARK'S WEDDING - INVITATION 225 - - SAN PEDRO STREET, NEAR SECOND, IN THE EARLY SEVENTIES 254 - - COMMERCIAL STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM MAIN, ABOUT 1870 254 - - VIEW OF PLAZA, SHOWING THE RESERVOIR 255 - - OLD LANFRANCO BLOCK 255 - - WINFIELD SCOTT HANCOCK 290 - - ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON 290 - - LOS ANGELES COUNTY IN 1854 291 - From a contemporary map - - THE MORRIS ADOBE, ONCE FRÉMONT'S HEADQUARTERS 291 - - EUGENE MEYER 310 - - JACOB A. MOERENHOUT 310 - - FRANK LECOUVREUR 310 - - THOMAS D. MOTT 310 - - LEONARD J. ROSE 311 - - H. K. S. O'MELVENY 311 - - REMI NADEAU 311 - - JOHN M. GRIFFITH 311 - - KASPARE COHN 342 - - M. A. NEWMARK 342 - - H. NEWMARK & CO.'S STORE, ARCADIA BLOCK, ABOUT 1875, - INCLUDING (LEFT) JOHN JONES'S FORMER PREMISES 343 - - H. NEWMARK & CO.'S BUILDING, AMESTOY BLOCK, ABOUT - 1884 343 - - DR. TRUMAN H. ROSE 370 - - ANDREW GLASSELL 370 - - DR. VINCENT GELCICH 370 - - CHARLES E. MILES, IN UNIFORM OF 38'S 370 - - FACSIMILE OF STOCK CERTIFICATE, PIONEER OIL CO. 371 - - AMERICAN BAKERY, JAKE KUHRTS'S BUILDING, ABOUT 1880 371 - - LOEBAU MARKET PLACE, NEAR THE HOUSE IN WHICH - HARRIS NEWMARK WAS BORN 384 - - STREET IN LOEBAU, SHOWING (RIGHT) REMNANT OF ANCIENT - CITY WALL 384 - - ROBERT M. WIDNEY 385 - - DR. JOSEPH KURTZ 385 - - ISAAC N. VAN NUYS 385 - - ABRAHAM HAAS 385 - - PHINEAS BANNING, ABOUT 1869 400 - - HENRI PENELON, IN HIS STUDIO 400 - - _Carreta_, EARLIEST MODE OF TRANSPORTATION 401 - - ALAMEDA STREET DEPOT AND TRAIN, LOS ANGELES & SAN - PEDRO RAILROAD 401 - - HENRY C. G. SCHAEFFER 428 - - LORENZO LECK 428 - - HENRY HAMMEL 428 - - LOUIS MESMER 428 - - JOHN SCHUMACHER 428 - - WILLIAM NORDHOLT 428 - - TURNVEREIN-GERMANIA BUILDING, SPRING STREET 429 - - VASQUEZ AND HIS CAPTORS 452 - (_Top_) D. K. SMITH, - WILLIAM R. ROWLAND, - WALTER E. RODGERS. - (_Middle_) ALBERT JOHNSON, - GREEK GEORGE'S HOME, - G. A. BEERS. - (_Bottom_) EMIL HARRIS, - TIBÚRCIO VASQUEZ, - J. S. BRYANT. - - GREEK GEORGE 453 - - NICOLÁS MARTINEZ 453 - - BENJAMIN S. EATON 464 - - HENRY T. HAZARD 464 - - FORT STREET HOME, HARRIS NEWMARK, SITE OF BLANCHARD - HALL; JOSEPH NEWMARK AT THE DOOR 464 - - CALLE DE LOS NEGROS (NIGGER ALLEY), ABOUT 1870 465 - - SECOND STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM HILL STREET, EARLY - SEVENTIES 465 - - ROUND HOUSE, WITH MAIN STREET ENTRANCE 476 - - SPRING STREET ENTRANCE TO GARDEN OF PARADISE 476 - - TEMPLE STREET, LOOKING WEST FROM BROADWAY, ABOUT - 1870 477 - - PICO HOUSE, SOON AFTER COMPLETION 477 - - WILLIAM PRIDHAM 500 - - BENJAMIN HAYES 500 - - ISAAC LANKERSHIM 500 - - RABBI A. W. EDELMAN 500 - - FORT STREET, FROM THE CHAPARRAL ON FORT HILL 501 - - ANTONIO FRANCO AND MARIANA CORONEL 520 - From an oil painting in the Coronel Collection - - FOURTH STREET, LOOKING WEST FROM MAIN 520 - - TIMMS LANDING 521 - From a print of the late fifties - - SANTA CATALINA, IN THE MIDDLE EIGHTIES 521 - - MAIN STREET LOOKING NORTH FROM SIXTH, PROBABLY IN - THE LATE SEVENTIES 530 - - HIGH SCHOOL, ON POUND CAKE HILL, ABOUT 1873 530 - - TEMPLE COURT HOUSE, AFTER ABANDONMENT BY THE - COUNTY 531 - - FIRST STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM HILL 531 - - SPRING STREET, LOOKING NORTH FROM FIRST, ABOUT 1885 566 - - CABLE CAR, RUNNING NORTH ON BROADWAY (PREVIOUSLY - FORT STREET), NEAR SECOND 567 - - EARLY ELECTRIC CAR, WITH CONDUCTOR JAMES GALLAGHER - (STILL IN SERVICE) 567 - - GEORGE W. BURTON 594 - - BEN C. TRUMAN 594 - - CHARLES F. LUMMIS 594 - - CHARLES DWIGHT WILLARD 594 - - GRAND AVENUE RESIDENCE, HARRIS NEWMARK, 1889 595 - - ISAIAS W. HELLMAN 616 - - HERMAN W. HELLMAN 616 - - CAMERON E. THOM 616 - - YGNÁCIO SEPÚLVEDA 616 - - FIRST SANTA FÉ LOCOMOTIVE TO ENTER LOS ANGELES 617 - - MAIN STREET, LOOKING NORTH, SHOWING FIRST FEDERAL - BUILDING, MIDDLE NINETIES 617 - - HARRIS AND SARAH NEWMARK, AT TIME OF GOLDEN WEDDING 636 - - SUMMER HOME OF HARRIS NEWMARK, SANTA MONICA 637 - - HARRIS NEWMARK, AT THE DEDICATION OF M. A. NEWMARK - & CO.'S ESTABLISHMENT, 1912 644 - - J. P. NEWMARK, ABOUT 1890 644 - - HARRIS NEWMARK BREAKING GROUND FOR THE JEWISH - ORPHANS' HOME, NOVEMBER 28TH, 1911 645 - - - - - SIXTY YEARS - IN - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - - - - -Sixty Years in Southern California - - - - -CHAPTER I - -CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH - -1834-1853 - - -I was born in Loebau, West Prussia, on the 5th of July, 1834, the son -of Philipp and Esther, _née_ Meyer, Neumark; and I have reason to -believe that I was not a very welcome guest. My parents, who were -poor, already had five children, and the prospects of properly -supporting the sixth child were not bright. As I had put in an -appearance, however, and there was no alternative, I was admitted with -good grace into the family circle and, being the baby, soon became the -pet. - -My father was born in the ancient town of Neumark; and in his youth he -was apprenticed to a dealer in boots and shoes in a Russian village -through which Napoleon Bonaparte marched on his way to Moscow. The -conqueror sent to the shop for a pair of fur boots, and I have often -heard my father tell, with modest satisfaction, how, shortly before he -visited the great fair at Nijni Novgorod, he was selected to deliver -them; how more than one ambitious and inquisitive friend tried to -purchase the privilege of approaching the great man, and what were his -impressions of the warrior. When ushered into the august presence, he -found Bonaparte in one of his characteristic postures, standing -erect, in a meditative mood, braced against the wall, with one hand to -his forehead and the other behind his back, apparently absorbed in -deep and anxious thought. - -When I was but three weeks old, my father's business affairs called -him away from home, and compelled the sacrifice of a more or less -continued absence of eight and one half years. During this period my -mother's health was very poor. Unfortunately, also, my father was too -liberal and extravagantly-inclined for his narrow circumstances; and -not being equipped to meet the conditions of the district in which we -lived and our economical necessities, we were continually, so to -speak, in financial hot water. While he was absent, my father traveled -in Sweden and Denmark, remitting regularly to his family as much as -his means would permit, yet earning for them but a precarious living. -In 1842 he again joined his family in Loebau, making visits to Sweden -and Denmark during the summer seasons from 1843 until the middle -fifties and spending the long winters at home. Loebau was then, as -now, of little commercial importance, and until 1849, when I was -fifteen years of age and had my first introduction to the world, my -life was very commonplace and marked by little worthy of special -record, unless it was the commotion centering in the cobble-paved -market-place, as a result of the Revolution of 1848. - -With the winter of 1837 had come a change in my father's plans and -enterprises. Undergoing unusually severe weather in Scandinavia, he -listened to the lure of the New World and embarked for New York, -arriving there in the very hot summer of 1838. The contrast in -climatic conditions proved most disastrous; for, although life in the -new Republic seemed both pleasing and acceptable to one of his -temperament and liberal views, illness finally compelled him to bid -America adieu. - - [Illustration: Facsimile of a Part of the MS.] - - [Illustration: "Note.--The 'F' in the above announcement is the - abbreviation for Fabian, one of Philipp Neumark's given names, at - one time used in business, but seldom employed in social - correspondence, and finally abandoned altogether."] - -My father was engaged in the making of ink and blacking, neither of -which commodities was, at that time, in such universal demand as it is -now; and my brother, Joseph Philipp, later known as J. P. Newmark, -having some time before left Sweden, where he had been assisting -him, for England, it was agreed, in 1849, after a family council, that -I was old enough to accompany my father on his business trips, -gradually become acquainted with his affairs, and thus prepare to -succeed him. Accordingly, in April of that year, I left the family -hearth, endeared to me, unpretentious though it was, and wandered with -my father out into the world. Open confession, it is said, is good for -the soul; hence I must admit that the prospect of making such a trip -attracted me, notwithstanding the tender associations of home; and the -sorrow of parting from my mother was rather evenly balanced, in my -youthful mind, by the pleasurable anticipation of visiting new and -strange lands. - -Any attempt to compare methods of travel in 1849, even in the -countries I then traversed, with those now in vogue, would be somewhat -ridiculous. Country roads were generally poor--in fact, very bad; and -vehicles were worse, so that the entire first day's run brought us -only to Lessen, a small village but twelve miles from home! Here we -spent the night, because of the lack of better accommodations, in -blankets, on the floor of the wayside inn; and this experience was -such a disappointment, failing to realize, as it did, my youthful -anticipations, that I was desperately homesick and ready, at the first -opportunity, to return to my sorrowing mother. The Fates, however, -were against any such change in our plans; and the next morning we -proceeded on our way, arriving that evening at the much larger town of -Bromberg. Here, for the first time, the roads and other conditions -were better, and my spirits revived. - -Next day we left for Stettin, where we took passage for Ystad, a small -seaport in southern Sweden. Now our real troubles began; part of the -trip was arduous, and the low state of our finances permitted us -nothing better than exposed deck-quarters. This was particularly -trying, since the sea was rough, the weather tempestuous, and I both -seasick and longing for home; moreover, on arriving at Ystad, after a -voyage of twelve hours or more, the Health Officer came on board our -boat and notified us that, as cholera was epidemic in Prussia, we -were prohibited from landing! This filled me with mortal fear lest we -should be returned to Stettin under the same miserable conditions -through which we had just passed; but this state of mind had its -compensating influence, for my tears at the discouraging announcement -worked upon the charity of the uniformed officials, and, in a short -time, to my inexpressible delight, we were permitted to land. With a -natural alertness to observe anything new in my experience, I shall -never forget my first impressions of the ocean. There seemed no limit -to the expanse of stormy waters over which we were traveling; and this -fact alone added a touch of solemnity to my first venture from home. - -From Ystad we proceeded to Copenhagen, where my father had intimate -friends, especially in the Lachmann, Eichel and Ruben families, to -whose splendid hospitality and unvarying kindness, displayed whenever -I visited their neighborhood, I wish to testify. We remained at -Copenhagen a couple of months, and then proceeded to Gothenburg. It -was not at this time my father's intention to burden me with serious -responsibility; and, having in mind my age, he gave me but little of -the work to do, while he never failed to afford me, when he could, an -hour of recreation or pleasure. The trip as a whole, therefore, was -rather an educational experiment. - -In the fall of 1849, we returned to Loebau for the winter. From this -time until 1851 we made two trips together, very similar to the one -already described; and in 1851, when I was seventeen years of age, I -commenced helping in real earnest. By degrees, I was taught the -process of manufacturing; and when at intervals a stock had been -prepared, I made short trips to dispose of it. The blacking was a -paste, put up in small wooden boxes, to be applied with a brush, such -a thing as waterproof blacking then not being thought of, at least by -us. During the summer of 1851, business carried me to Haparanda, about -the most northerly port in Sweden; and from there I took passage, -stopping at Luleå, Piteå, Umeå, Hernösand, Sundsvall, Söderhamn and -Gefle, all small places along the route. I transacted no business, -however, on the trip up the coast because it was my intention to -return by land, when I should have more time for trade; accordingly, -on my way back to Stockholm, I revisited all of these points and -succeeded beyond my expectations. - -On my trip north, I sailed over the Gulf of Bothnia which, the reader -will recollect, separates Sweden from Finland, a province most -unhappily under Russia's bigoted, despotic sway; and while at -Haparanda, I was seized with a desire to visit Torneå, in Finland. I -was well aware that if I attempted to do so by the regular routes on -land, it would be necessary to pass the Russian customhouse, where -officers would be sure to examine my passport; and knowing, as the -whole liberal world now more than ever knows, that a person of Jewish -faith finds the merest sally beyond the Russian border beset with -unreasonable obstacles, I decided to walk across the wide marsh in the -northern part of the Gulf, and thus circumvent these exponents of -intolerance. Besides, I was curious to learn whether, in such a -benighted country, blacking and ink were used at all. I set out, -therefore, through the great moist waste, making my way without much -difficulty, and in due time arrived at Torneå, when I proceeded -immediately to the first store in the neighborhood; but there I was -destined to experience a rude, unexpected setback. An old man, -evidently the proprietor, met me and straightway asked, "Are you a -Jew?" and seeing, or imagining that I saw, a delay (perhaps not -altogether temporary!) in a Russian jail, I withdrew from the store -without ceremony, and returned to the place whence I had come. -Notwithstanding this adventure, I reached Stockholm in due season, the -trip back consuming about three weeks; and during part of that period -I subsisted almost entirely on salmon, bear's meat, milk, and -_knäckebröd_, the last a bread usually made of rye flour in which the -bran had been preserved. All in all, I was well pleased with this -maiden-trip; and as it was then September, I returned to Loebau to -spend one more winter at home. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -WESTWARD, HO! - -1853 - - -In April, 1853, when I had reached the age of nineteen, and was -expected to take a still more important part in our business--an -arrangement perfectly agreeable to me--my father and I resumed our -selling and again left for Sweden. For the sake of economy, as well as -to be closer to our field of operations, we had established two -insignificant manufacturing plants, the one at Copenhagen, where we -packed for two months, the other at Gothenburg, where we also prepared -stock; and from these two points, we operated until the middle of May, -1853. Then a most important event occurred, completely changing the -course of my life. In the spring, a letter was received from my -brother, J. P. Newmark, who, in 1848, had gone to the United States, -and had later settled in Los Angeles. He had previously, about 1846, -resided in England, as I have said; had then sailed to New York and -tarried for a while in the East; when, attracted by the discovery of -gold, he had proceeded to San Francisco, arriving there on May 6th, -1851, being the first of our family to come to the Coast. In this -letter my brother invited me to join him in California; and from the -first I was inclined to make the change, though I realized that much -depended on my father. He looked over my shoulder while I read the -momentous message; and when I came to the suggestion that I should -leave for America, I examined my father's face to anticipate, if -possible, his decision. After some reflection, he said he had no -doubt that my future would be benefited by such a change; and while -reluctant enough to let me go, he decided that as soon as practicable -I ought to start. We calculated the amount of blacking likely to be -required for our trade to the season's end, and then devoted the -necessary time to its manufacture. My mother, when informed of my -proposed departure, was beside herself with grief and forthwith -insisted on my return to Loebau; but being convinced that she intended -to thwart my desire, and having in mind the very optimistic spirit of -my brother's letter, I yielded to the influence of ambitious and -unreflecting youth, and sorrowfully but firmly insisted on the -execution of my plans. I feared that, should I return home to defend -my intended course, the mutual pain of parting would still be great. I -also had in mind my sisters and brothers (two of whom, Johanna, still -alive, and Nathan, deceased, subsequently came to Los Angeles), and -knew that each would appeal strongly to my affection and regret. This -resolution to leave without a formal adieu caused me no end of -distress; and my regret was the greater when, on Friday, July 1st, -1853, I stood face to face with the actual realization, among absolute -strangers on the deck of the vessel that was to carry me from -Gothenburg to Hull and far away from home and kindred. - -With deep emotion, my father bade me good-bye on the Gothenburg pier, -nor was I less affected at the parting; indeed, I have never doubted -that my father made a great sacrifice when he permitted me to leave -him, since I must have been of much assistance and considerable -comfort, especially during his otherwise solitary travels in foreign -lands. I remember distinctly remaining on deck as long as there was -the least vision of him; but when distance obliterated all view of the -shore, I went below to regain my composure. I soon installed my -belongings in the stateroom, or cabin as it was then called, and began -to accustom myself to my new and strange environment. - -There was but one other passenger--a young man--and he was to have a -curious part in my immediate future. As he also was bound for Hull, -we entered into conversation; and following the usual tendency of -people aboard ship, we soon became acquaintances. I had learned the -Swedish language, and could speak it with comparative ease; so that we -conversed without difficulty. He gave Gothenburg as his place of -residence, although there was no one at his departure to wish him -God-speed; and while this impressed me strangely at the time, I saw in -it no particular reason to be suspicious. He stated also that he was -bound for New York; and as it developed that we intended to take -passage on the same boat, we were pleased with the prospect of having -each other's company throughout the entire voyage. Soon our relations -became more confidential and he finally told me that he was carrying a -sum of money, and asked me to take charge of a part of it. -Unsophisticated though I was, I remembered my father's warning to be -careful in transactions with strangers; furthermore, the idea of -burdening myself with another's responsibility seeming injudicious, I -politely refused his request, although even then my suspicions were -not aroused. It was peculiar, to be sure, that when we steamed away -from land, the young man was in his cabin; but it was only in the -light of later developments that I understood why he so concealed -himself. - -We had now entered the open sea, which was very rough, and I retired, -remaining in my bunk for two days, or until we approached Hull, -suffering from the most terrible seasickness I have ever experienced; -and not until we sailed into port did I recover my sea legs at all. -Having dressed, I again met my traveling companion; and we became -still more intimate. On Sunday morning we reached Hull, then boasting -of no such harbor facilities as the great Humber docks now in course -of construction; and having transferred our baggage to the train as -best we could, we proceeded almost immediately on our way to -Liverpool. While now the fast English express crosses the country in -about three hours, the trip then consumed the better part of the night -and, being made in the darkness, afforded but little opportunity for -observation. - -Hardly had we arrived in Liverpool, when I was surprised in a way -that I shall never forget. While attempting to find our bundles as -they came from the luggage van--a precaution necessitated by the poor -baggage system then in vogue, which did not provide for checking--my -companion and I were taken in hand by officers of the law, told that -we were under arrest, and at once conducted to an examining -magistrate! As my conscience was clear, I had no misgivings on account -of the detention, although I did fear that I might lose my personal -effects; nor was I at ease again until they were brought in for -special inspection. Our trunks were opened in the presence of the -Swedish Consul who had come, in the meantime, upon the scene; and mine -having been emptied, it was immediately repacked and closed. What was -my amazement, however, when my fellow-traveler's trunk was found to -contain a very large amount of money with which he had absconded from -Gothenburg! He was at once hurried away to police headquarters; and I -then learned that, after our departure, messages had been sent to both -Hull and Liverpool to stop the thief, but that through confusion in -the description, doubtless due to the crude and incomplete information -transmitted by telegraph (then by no means as thoroughly developed as -now), the Liverpool authorities had arrested the only two passengers -arriving there who were known to have embarked at Gothenburg, and I, -unfortunately, happened to be one of them. - -At the period whereof I write, there was a semimonthly steamer service -between Liverpool and New York; and as bad luck would have it, the -boat in which I was to travel paddled away while I was in the midst of -the predicament just described, leaving me with the unpleasant outlook -of having to delay my departure for America two full weeks. The one -thing that consoled me was that, not having been fastidious as to my -berth, I had not engaged passage in advance, and so was not further -embarrassed by the forfeiture of hard-earned and much-needed money. As -it was, having stopped at a moderately priced hotel for the night, I -set out the next morning to investigate the situation. Speaking no -English, I was fortunate, a few days later, in meeting a Swedish -emigration agent who informed me that the _Star King_, a three-masted -sailing vessel in command of Captain Burland--both ship and captain -hailing from Baltimore--was booked to leave the following morning; and -finding the office of the company, I engaged one of the six -first-class berths in the saloon. There was no second-cabin, or I -might have traveled in that class; and of steerage passengers the -_Star King_ carried more than eight hundred crowded and seasick souls, -most of whom were Irish. Even in the first-class saloon, there were -few, if any, of the ordinary comforts, as I soon discovered, while of -luxuries there were none; and if one had the misfortune to lose even -trifling delicacies such as I had, including half a dozen bottles of -assorted syrups--put up by good Mrs. Lipman, on my leaving Gothenburg, -and dropped by a bungling porter--the inconvenience of the situation -was intensified. - -We left Liverpool--which, unlike Hull, I have since seen on one of my -several visits to Europe--on the evening of the 10th of July. On my -way to the cabin, I passed the dining table already arranged for -supper; and as I had eaten very sparingly since my seasickness on the -way to Hull, I was fully prepared for a square meal. The absence not -only of smoke, but of any smell as from an engine, was also favorable -to my appetite; and when the proper time arrived, I did full justice -to what was set before me. Steamers then were infrequent on the -Atlantic, but there were many sailing vessels; and these we often -passed, so close, in fact, as to enable the respective captains to -converse with each other. In the beginning, we had an ample supply of -fresh meat, eggs and butter, as well as some poultry, and the first -week's travel was like a delightful pleasure excursion. After that, -however, the meat commenced to deteriorate, the eggs turned stale, and -the butter became rancid; and as the days passed, everything grew -worse, excepting a good supply of cheese which possessed, as usual, -the faculty of improving, rather than spoiling, as it aged. Mountain -water might justly have shown indignation if the contents of the -barrels then on board had claimed relationship; while coffee and -tea, of which we partook in the usual manner at the commencement of -our voyage, we were compelled to drink, after a short time, without -milk--the one black and the other green. Notwithstanding these -annoyances, I enjoyed the experience immensely, once I had recovered -from my depression at leaving Europe; for youth could laugh at such -drawbacks, none of which, after all, seriously affected my naturally -buoyant spirits. Not until I narrowly escaped being shot, through the -Captain's careless handling of a derringer, was I roused from a -monotonous, half-dreamy existence. - - [Illustration: Philipp Neumark - From a Daguerreotype] - - [Illustration: Esther Neumark - From a Daguerreotype] - - [Illustration: J. P. Newmark - From a Daguerreotype] - - [Illustration: Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Newmark] - - [Illustration: Los Angeles in the Early Fifties - From a drawing of the Pacific Railway Expedition] - -Following this escape, matters progressed without special incident -until we were off the coast of Newfoundland, when we had every reason -to expect an early arrival in New York. Late one afternoon, while the -vessel was proceeding with all sail set, a furious squall struck her, -squarely amidships; and in almost as short a time as it takes to -relate the catastrophe, our three masts were snapped asunder, falling -over the side of the boat and all but capsizing her. The utmost -excitement prevailed; and from the Captain down to the ordinary -seaman, all hands were terror-stricken. The Captain believed, in fact, -that there was no hope of saving his ship; and forgetful of all need -of self-control and discipline, he loudly called to us, "Every man for -himself!" at the same time actually tearing at and plucking his bushy -hair--a performance that in no wise relieved the crisis. In less than -half an hour, the fury of the elements had subsided, and we found -ourselves becalmed; and the crew, assisted by the passengers, were -enabled, by cutting away chains, ropes and torn sails, to steady the -ship and keep her afloat. After this was accomplished, the Captain -engaged a number of competent steerage passengers to help put up -emergency masts, and to prepare new sails, for which we carried -material. For twelve weary days we drifted with the current, -apparently not advancing a mile; and during all this time the -Atlantic, but recently so stormy and raging, was as smooth as a -mill-pond, and the wreckage kept close to our ship. It was about the -middle of August when this disaster occurred, and not until we had -been busy many days rigging up again did a stiff breeze spring up, -enabling us to complete our voyage. - -On August 28th, 1853, exactly forty-nine days after our departure from -Liverpool, we arrived at New York, reaching Sandy Hook in a fog so -dense that it was impossible to see any distance ahead; and only when -the fog lifted, revealing the great harbor and showing how -miraculously we had escaped collision with the numerous craft all -about us, was our joy and relief at reaching port complete. I cannot -recollect whether we took a pilot aboard or not; but I do know that -the peculiar circumstances under which we arrived having prevented a -health officer from immediately visiting us, we were obliged to cast -anchor and await his inspection the next morning. During the evening, -the Captain bought fresh meat, vegetables, butter and eggs, offered -for sale by venders in boats coming alongside; and with sharpened -appetites we made short work of a fine supper, notwithstanding that -various features of shore life, or some passing craft, every minute or -two challenged our attention, and quite as amply we did justice, on -the following morning, to our last breakfast aboard ship. As I -obtained my first glimpse of New York, I thought of the hardships of -my father there, a few years before, and of his compulsory return to -Europe; and I wondered what might have been my position among -Americans had he succeeded in New York. At last, on August 29th, 1853, -under a blue and inspiriting sky and with both curiosity and hope -tuned to the highest pitch, I first set foot on American soil, in the -country where I was to live and labor the remainder of my life, whose -flag and institutions I have more and more learned to honor and love. - -Before leaving Europe, I had been provided with the New York addresses -of friends from Loebau, and my first duty was to look them up. One of -these, named Lindauer, kept a boarding-house on Bayard Street near the -Five Points, now, I believe, in the neighborhood of Chinatown; and as -I had no desire to frequent high-priced hotels, I made my temporary -abode with him. I also located the house of Rich Brothers, associated -with the San Francisco concern of the same name and through whom I -was to obtain funds from my brother with which to continue my journey; -but as I had to remain in New York three weeks until their receipt, I -could do little more in furthering my departure than to engage -second-cabin passage _via_ Nicaragua by a line running in opposition -to the Panamá route, and offering cheapness as its principal -attraction. Having attended to that, I spent the balance of the time -visiting and seeing the city, and in making my first commercial -venture in the New World. In my impatience to be doing something, I -foolishly relieved Samuel, a brother of Kaspare Cohn, and a nephew of -mine, of a portion of his merchandise; but in a single day I decided -to abandon peddling--a difficult business for which, evidently, I was -never intended. After that, a painful experience with mosquitoes was -my only unpleasant adventure. I did not know until later that an -excited crowd of men were just then assembled in the neighborhood, in -what was styled the Universal Ice-Water Convention, and that not far -away a crowd of women, quite as demonstrative, excluded from the -councils of men and led by no less a personality than P. T. Barnum, -the showman, were clamoring for both Prohibition and Equal Suffrage! - - - - -CHAPTER III - -NEW YORK--NICARAGUA--THE GOLDEN GATE - -1853 - - -On September 20th, during some excitement due to the fear lest -passengers from New Orleans afflicted with yellow-fever were being -smuggled into the city despite the vigilance of the health -authorities, I left New York for Nicaragua, then popularly spoken of -as the Isthmus, sailing on the steamer _Illinois_ as one of some -eleven or twelve hundred travelers recently arrived from Europe who -were hurrying to California on that ship and the _Star of the West_. -The occasion afforded my numerous acquaintances a magnificent -opportunity to give me all kinds of advice, in the sifting of which -the bad was discarded, while some attention was paid to the good. One -of the important matters mentioned was the danger from drinking such -water as was generally found in the tropics unless it were first mixed -with brandy; and this led me, before departing, to buy a gallon -demijohn--a bulging bottle destined to figure in a ludicrous episode -on my trip from sea to sea. I can recall little of the voyage to the -eastern coast of Nicaragua. We kept well out at sea until we reached -the Bahama Islands, when we passed near Mariguana, felt our way -through the Windward Passage, and steered east of the Island of -Jamaica; but I recollect that it became warmer and warmer as we -proceeded farther south to about opposite Mosquito Gulf, where we -shifted our position in relation to the sun, and that we consumed nine -days in covering the two thousand miles or more between New York and -San Juan del Norte, or Grey Town. - -From San Juan del Norte--in normal times, a hamlet of four or five -hundred people clustered near one narrow, dirty street--we proceeded -up the San Juan River, nine hundred passengers huddled together on -three flat-bottomed boats, until, after three or four days, our -progress was interfered with, at Castillo Rapids, by a fall in the -stream. There we had to disembark and climb the rough grade, while our -baggage was carried up on a tramway; after which we continued our -journey on larger boats, though still miserably packed together, until -we had almost reached the mouth of Lake Nicaragua, when the water -became so shallow that we had to trust ourselves to the uncertain -_bongos_, or easily-overturned native canoes, or get out again and -walk. It would be impossible to describe the hardships experienced on -these crowded little steamboats, which were by no means one quarter as -large as the _Hermosa_, at present plying between Los Angeles harbor -and Catalina. The only drinking water that we could get came from the -river, and it was then that my brandy served its purpose: with the -addition of the liquor, I made the drink both palatable and safe. Men, -women and children, we were parched and packed like so many herring, -and at night there was not only practically no space between -passengers sleeping on deck, but the extremities of one were sure to -interfere with the body of another. The heat was indeed intense; the -mosquitoes seemed omnivorous; to add to which, the native officers in -charge of our expedition pestered us with their mercenary proceedings. -For a small cup of black coffee, a charge of fifty cents was made, -which leaves the impression that food was scarce, else no one would -have consented to pay so much for so little. This part of the trip was -replete with misery to many, but fortunately for me, although the -transportation company provided absolutely no conveniences, the -hardships could not interfere with my enjoyment of the delightful and -even sublime scenery surrounding us on all sides in this tropical -country. As the river had no great width, we were at close range to -the changing panorama on both banks; while the neighboring land was -covered with gorgeous jungles and vegetation. Here I first saw -orange, lemon and cocoanut trees. Monkeys of many kinds and sizes -were to be seen; and birds of variegated colors were plentiful, almost -innumerable varieties of parrots being visible. All these things were -novel to me; and notwithstanding the great discomforts under which we -traveled, I repeat that I enjoyed myself. - -A walk of a mile or two along the river bank, affording beneficial -exercise, brought us to Port San Carlos, from which point a larger -boat crossed the lake to Virgin Bay, where we took mules to convey us -to San Juan del Sur. This journey was as full of hardship as it was of -congeniality, and proved as interesting as it was amusing. Imagine, if -you please, nine hundred men, women and children from northern climes, -long accustomed to the ways of civilization, suddenly precipitated, -under an intensely hot tropical sun, into a small, Central American -landing, consisting of a few huts and some cheap, improvised tents -(used for saloons and restaurants), every one in search of a mule or a -horse, the only modes of transportation. The confusion necessarily -following the preparation for this part of the trip can hardly be -imagined: the steamship company furnished the army of animals, and the -nervous tourists furnished the jumble! Each one of the nine hundred -travelers feared that there would not be enough animals for all, and -the anxiety to secure a beast caused a stampede. - -In the scramble, I managed to get hold of a fine mule, and presently -we were all mounted and ready to start. This conglomeration of -humanity presented, indeed, a ludicrous sight; and I really believe -that I must have been the most grotesque figure of them all. I have -mentioned the demijohn of brandy, which a friend advised me to buy; -but I have not mentioned another friend who told me that I should be -in danger of sunstroke in this climate, and who induced me to carry an -umbrella to protect myself from the fierce rays of the enervating sun. -Picture me, then, none too short and very lank, astride a mule, a big -demijohn in one hand, and a spreading, green umbrella in the other, -riding through this southern village, and practically incapable of -contributing anything to the course of the mule. Had the animal been -left to his own resources, he might have followed the caravan; but in -my ignorance, I attempted to indicate to him which direction he should -take. My method was evidently not in accordance with the tradition of -guiding in just that part of the world; and to make a long story -short, the mule, with his three-fold burden, deftly walked into a -restaurant, in the most innocent manner and to the very great -amusement of the diners, but to the terrible embarrassment and -consternation of the rider. After some difficulty (for the restaurant -was hardly intended for such maneuvers as were required), we were led -out of the tent. This experience showed me the necessity of abandoning -either the umbrella or the brandy; and learning that lemonade could be -had at points along the route, I bade good-bye to the demijohn and its -exhilarating contents. From this time on, although I still displayed -inexpertness in control, his muleship and I gradually learned to -understand each other, and matters progressed very well, -notwithstanding the intense heat, and the fatigue natural to riding so -long in such an unaccustomed manner. The lemonade, though warm and, -therefore, dear at ten cents a glass, helped to quench my thirst; and -as the scenery was wonderful, I derived all the benefit and pleasure -possible from the short journey. - -All in all, we traversed about twelve miles on mule or horseback, and -finally arrived, about four o'clock in the afternoon of the day we had -started, at San Juan del Sur, thus putting behind us the most -disagreeable part of this uncomfortable trip. Here it may be -interesting to add that on our way across the Isthmus, we met a crowd -of disappointed travelers returning from the Golden Gate, on their way -toward New York. They were a discouraged lot and loudly declared that -California was nothing short of a _fiasco_; but, fortunately, there -prevailed that weakness of human nature which impels every man to earn -his own experience, else, following the advice of these discomfited -people, some of us might have retraced our steps and thus completely -altered our destinies. Not until the publication, years later, of the -_Personal Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman_, did I learn, with -peculiar interest, that the then rising soldier, returning to -California with his young wife, infant child and nurse, had actually -embarked from New York on the same day that I had, arriving in San -Francisco the same day that I arrived, and that therefore the -Shermans, whose experience with the mules was none the less trying and -ridiculous than my own, must have been members of the same party with -me in crossing the mosquito-infested Isthmus. - -There was no appreciable variation in temperature while I was in -Nicaragua, and at San Juan del Sur (whose older portion, much like San -Juan del Norte, was a village of the Spanish-American type with one -main street, up and down which, killing time, I wandered) the heat was -just as oppressive as it had been before. People often bunked in the -open, a hotel-keeper named Green renting hammocks, at one dollar each, -when all his beds had been taken. One of these hammocks I engaged; but -being unaccustomed to such an aërial lodging, I was most -unceremoniously spilled out, during a deep sleep in the night, falling -only a few feet, but seeming, to my stirred-up imagination, to be -sliding down through limitless space. Here I may mention that this -Nicaragua Route was the boom creation of a competitive service -generally understood to have been initiated by those who intended, at -the first opportunity, to sell out; and that since everybody expected -to pack and move on at short notice, San Juan del Sur, suddenly -enlarged by the coming and going of adventurers, was for the moment in -part a community of tents, presenting a most unstable appearance. A -picturesque little creek flowed by the town and into the Pacific; and -there a fellow-traveler, L. Harris, and I decided to refresh -ourselves. This was no sooner agreed upon than done; but a passer-by -having excitedly informed us that the creek was infested with -alligators, we were not many seconds in following his advice to -scramble out, thereby escaping perhaps a fate similar to that which -overtook, only a few years later, a near relative of Mrs. Henry -Hancock. - -At sundown, on the day after we arrived at San Juan del Sur, the -Pacific terminal, we were carried by natives through the surf to -small boats, and so transferred to the steamer _Cortez_; and then we -started, amidst great rejoicing, on the last lap of our journey. We -steamed away in a northerly direction, upon a calm sea and under the -most favorable circumstances, albeit the intense heat was most -unpleasant. In the course of about a week the temperature fell, for we -were steadily approaching a less tropical zone. Finally, on the 16th -of October, 1853, we entered the Golden Gate. - -Notwithstanding the lapse of many years, this first visit to San -Francisco has never been forgotten. The beauty of the harbor, the -surrounding elevations, the magnificence of the day, and the joy of -being at my journey's end, left an impression of delight which is -still fresh and agreeable in my memory. All San Francisco, so to -speak, was drawn to the wharf, and enthusiasm ran wild. Jacob Rich, -partner of my brother, was there to meet me and, without ceremony, -escorted me to his home; and under his hospitable roof I remained -until the morning when I was to depart for the still sunnier South. - -San Francisco, in 1853, was much like a frontier town, devoid of -either style or other evidences of permanent progress; yet it was -wide-awake and lively in the extreme. What little had been built, bad -and good, after the first rush of gold-seekers, had been destroyed in -the five or six fires that swept the city just before I came, so that -the best buildings I saw were of hasty and, for the most part, of -frame construction. Tents also, of all sizes, shapes and colors, -abounded. I was amazed, I remember, at the lack of civilization as I -understood it, at the comparative absence of women, and at the -spectacle of people riding around the streets on horseback like mad. -All sorts of excitement seemed to fill the air; everywhere there was a -noticeable lack of repose; and nothing perhaps better fits the scene I -would describe than some lines from a popular song of that time -entitled, _San Francisco in 1853_: - - City full of people, - In a business flurry; - Everybody's motto, - Hurry! hurry! hurry! - - Every nook and corner - Full to overflowing: - Like a locomotive, - Everybody going! - -One thing in particular struck me, and that was the unsettled state of -the surface on which the new town was being built. I recall for -example, the great quantity of sand that was continually being blown -into the streets from sand-dunes uninterruptedly forming in the -endless vacant lots, and how people, after a hard wind at night, would -find small sand-heaps in front of their stores and residences; so -that, in the absence of any municipal effort to keep the thoroughfares -in order, the owners were repeatedly engaged in sweeping away the -accumulation of sand, lest they might be overwhelmed. The streets were -ungraded, although some were covered with planks for pavement, and -presented altogether such an aspect of uncertainty that one might well -believe General Sherman's testimony that, in winter time, he had seen -mules fall, unable to rise, and had even witnessed one drown in a pool -of mud! Sidewalks, properly speaking, there were none. Planks and -boxes--some filled with produce not yet unpacked--were strung along in -irregular lines, requiring the poise of an acrobat to walk upon, -especially at night. As I waded through the sand-heaps or fell over -the obstructions designed as pavements, my thoughts reverted, very -naturally, to my brother who had preceded me to San Francisco two -years before; but it was not until some years later that I learned -that my distinguished fellow-countryman, Heinrich Schliemann, destined -to wander farther to Greece and Asia Minor, and there to search for -ancient Troy, had not only knocked about the sand-lots in the same -manner in which I was doing, but, stirred by the discovery of gold and -the admission of California to the Union, had even taken on American -citizenship. Schliemann visited California in 1850 and became -naturalized; nor did he ever, I believe, repudiate the act which makes -the greatest explorer of ancient Greece a burgher of the United -States! - -During my short stay in San Francisco, before leaving for Los -Angeles, I made the usual rounds under the guidance of Jacob Rich. -Having just arrived from the tropics, I was not provided with an -overcoat; and since the air was chilly at night, my host, who wore a -talma or large cape, lent me a shawl, shawls then being more used than -they are now. Rich took me to a concert that was held in a one-story -wooden shack, whereat I was much amazed; and afterward we visited a -number of places of louder revelry. Just as I found it to be a few -days later in Los Angeles, so San Francisco was filled with saloons -and gambling-houses; and these institutions were in such contrast to -the features of European life to which I had been accustomed, that -they made a strong impression upon me. There were no restrictions of -any sort, not even including a legal limit to their number, and people -engaged in these enterprises because, in all probability, they were -the most profitable. Such resorts attracted criminals, or developed in -certain persons latent propensities to wrong-doing, and perhaps it is -no wonder that Walker, but the summer previous, should have selected -San Francisco as headquarters for his filibustering expedition to -Lower California. By far the most talked-of man of that day was Harry -Meiggs--popularly known as "Honest Harry"--who was engaged in various -enterprises, and was a good patron of civic and church endeavor. He -was evidently the advance guard of the boomer organization, and built -the Long Wharf at North Beach, on a spot now at Commercial and -Montgomery streets, where later the Australian convict, trying to -steal a safe, was captured by the First Vigilance Committee; and so -much was Meiggs the envy of the less pyrotechnical though more -substantial people, that I repeatedly had my attention called, during -my brief stay in San Francisco, to what was looked upon as his -prodigious prosperity. But Meiggs, useful as he was to the society of -his day, finally ended his career by forging a lot of city scrip (a -great deal of which he sold to W. T. Sherman and his banking -associates), and by absconding to Peru, where he became prominent as a -banker and a developer of mines. - -Situated at the Plaza--where, but three years before, on the -admission of California as a State, the meeting of gold-seeking -pioneers and lassoing natives had been symbolized with streaming -banners, and the thirty-one stars were nailed to a rude pole--was the -El Dorado, the most luxurious gambling-place and saloon in the West, -despite the existence near by of the Bella Union, the Parker House and -the Empire. Music, particularly native Spanish or Mexican airs, played -its part there, as well as other attractions; and much of the life of -the throbbing town centered in that locality. It is my impression that -the water front was then Sansome Street; and if this be correct, it -will afford some idea of the large territory in San Francisco that is -made ground. - -As there was then no stage line between San Francisco and the South, I -was compelled to continue my journey by sea; and on the morning of -October 18th, I boarded the steamer _Goliah_--whose Captain was -Salisbury Haley, formerly a surveyor from Santa Bárbara--bound for Los -Angeles, and advertised to stop at Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa -Bárbara and one or two other landings formerly of importance but now -more or less forgotten. There were no wharves at any of those places; -passengers and freight were taken ashore in small boats; and when they -approached shallow water, everything was carried to dry land by the -sailors. This performance gave rise, at times, to most annoying -situations; boats would capsize and empty their passengers into the -water, creating a merriment enjoyed more by those who were secure than -by the victims themselves. On October 21st we arrived a mile or so off -San Pedro, and were disembarked in the manner above described, having -luckily suffered no such mishap as that which befell passengers on the -steamship _Winfield Scott_ who, journeying from Panamá but a month or -so later, at midnight struck one of the Anacapa Islands, now belonging -to Ventura County, running dead on to the rocks. The vessel in time -was smashed to pieces, and the passengers, several hundred in number, -were forced to camp on the island for a week or more. - -Almost from the time of the first visit of a steamer to San Pedro, the -_Gold Hunter_ (a side-wheeler which made the voyage from San -Francisco to Mazatlán in 1849), and certainly from the day in January -of that same year when Temple & Alexander put on their four-wheeled -vehicle, costing one thousand dollars and the second in the county, -there was competition in transporting passengers to Los Angeles. -Phineas Banning, Augustus W. Timms, J. J. Tomlinson, John Goller, -David W. Alexander, José Rúbio and B. A. Townsend were among the most -enterprising commission men; and their keen rivalry brought about two -landings--one controlled by Banning, who had come to Los Angeles in -1851, and the other by Timms, after whom one of the terminals was -named. Before I left San Francisco, Rich provided me with a letter of -introduction to Banning--who was then known, if I remember aright, as -Captain, though later he was called successively Major and General--at -the same time stating that this gentleman was a forwarding merchant. -Now, in European cities where I had heretofore lived, commission and -forwarding merchants were a dignified and, to my way of thinking, an -aristocratic class, which centuries of business experience had brought -to a genteel perfection; and they would have found themselves entirely -out of their element had their operations demanded their sudden -translation, in the fifties, to the west coast of America. At any -rate, upon arriving at San Pedro I had expected to find a man dressed -either in a uniform or a Prince Albert, with a high hat and other -appropriate appurtenances, and it is impossible to describe my -astonishment when Banning was pointed out to me; for I knew absolutely -nothing of the rough methods in vogue on the Pacific Coast. There -stood before me a very large, powerful man, coatless and vestless, -without necktie or collar, and wearing pantaloons at least six inches -too short, a pair of brogans and socks with large holes; while -bright-colored suspenders added to the picturesque effect of his -costume. It is not my desire to ridicule a gentleman who, during his -lifetime, was to be a good, constant friend of mine, but rather to -give my readers some idea of life in the West, as well as to present -my first impressions of Southern California. The fact of the matter is -that Banning, in his own way, was even then such a man of affairs -that he had bought, but a few months before, some fifteen wagons and -nearly five times as many mules, and had paid almost thirty thousand -dollars for them. I at once delivered the letter in which Rich had -stated that I had but a smattering of English and that it would be a -favor to him if Banning would help me safely on my way to Los Angeles; -and Banning, having digested the contents of the communication, looked -me over from head to foot, shook hands and, in a stentorian voice--loud -enough, I thought, to be heard beyond the hills--good-naturedly called -out, "_Wie geht's?_" After which, leading the way, and shaking hands -again, he provided me with a good place on the stage. - -Not a minute was lost between the arrival of passengers and the -departure of coaches for Los Angeles in the early fifties. The -competition referred to developed a racing tendency that was the talk -of the pueblo. The company that made the trip in the shortest time -usually obtained, through lively betting, the best of advertising and -the largest patronage; so that, from the moment of leaving San Pedro -until the final arrival in Los Angeles two and a half hours later, we -tore along at breakneck speed, over roads slowly traveled, but a few -years before, by Stockton's cannon. These roads never having been -cared for, and still less inspected, were abominably bad; and I have -often wondered that during such contests there were not more -accidents. The stages were of the common Western variety, and four to -six broncos were always a feature of the equipment. No particular -attention had been given to the harness, and everything was more or -less primitive. The stage was provided with four rows of seats and -each row, as a rule, was occupied by four passengers, the front row -including the oft-bibulous driver; and the fare was five dollars. - -Soon after leaving San Pedro, we passed thousands of ground squirrels, -and never having seen anything of the kind before, I took them for -ordinary rats. This was not an attractive discovery; and when later we -drove by a number of ranch houses and I saw beef cut into strings and -hung up over fences to dry, it looked as though I had landed on -another planet. I soon learned that dried beef or, as the natives -here called it, _carne seca_ (more generally known, perhaps, at least -among frontiersmen, as "jerked" beef or _jerky_) was an important -article of food in Southern California; but from the reminiscences of -various pioneers I have known, it evidently astonished others as much -as it did me. - -Having reached the Half-Way House, we changed horses; then we -continued and approached Los Angeles by San Pedro Street, which was a -narrow lane, possibly not more than ten feet wide, with growing -vineyards bordered by willow trees on each side of the road. It was on -a Sunday and in the midst of the grape season that I first beheld the -City of the Angels; and to these facts in particular I owe another odd -and unfavorable first impression of the neighborhood. Much of the work -connected with the grape industry was done by Indians and native -Mexicans, or Californians, as they were called, and every Saturday -evening they received their pay. During Saturday night and all day -Sunday, they drank themselves into hilarity and intoxication, and this -dissipation lasted until Sunday night. Then they slept off their -sprees and were ready to work Monday morning. During each period of -excitement, from one to three or four of these revelers were murdered. -Never having seen Indians before, I supposed them to represent the -citizenship of Los Angeles--an amusing error for which I might be -pardoned when one reflects that nine out of forty-four of the founders -of Los Angeles were Indians, and that, according to an official census -made the year before, Los Angeles County in 1852 had about -thirty-seven hundred domesticated Indians among a population of a -little over four thousand whites; and this mistake as to the typical -burgher, together with my previous experiences, added to my amazement. - -At last, with shouts and yells from the competing drivers, almost as -deafening as the horn-blowing of a somewhat later date, and hailed -apparently by every inhabitant and dog along the route, we arrived at -the only real hotel in town, the Bella Union, where stages stopped and -every city function took place. This hotel was a one-story, adobe -house enlarged in 1858 to two stories, and located on Main Street -above Commercial; and Dr. Obed Macy, who had bought it the previous -spring from Winston & Hodges, was the proprietor. - - [Illustration: Bella Union as it Appeared in 1858 - From a lithograph] - - [Illustration: John Goller's Blacksmith Shop - From a lithograph of 1858] - -My friend, Sam Meyer (now deceased, but for fifty years or more -treasurer of Forty-two, the oldest Masonic lodge in Los Angeles), who -had come here a few months in advance of me, awaited the arrival of -the stage and at once recognized me by my costume, which was anything -but in harmony with Southern California fashions of that time. My -brother, J. P. Newmark, not having seen me for several years, thought -that our meeting ought to be private, and so requested Sam to show me -to his store. I was immediately taken to my brother's place of -business where he received me with great affection; and there and then -we renewed that sympathetic association which continued many years, -until his death in 1895. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -FIRST ADVENTURES IN LOS ANGELES - -1853 - - -Once fairly well settled here, I began to clerk for my brother, who in -1852 had bought out a merchant named Howard. For this service I -received my lodging, the cost of my board, and thirty dollars each -month. The charges for board at the Bella Union--then enjoying a -certain prestige, through having been the official residence of Pio -Pico when Stockton took the city--were too heavy, and arrangements -were made with a Frenchman named John La Rue, who had a restaurant on -the east side of Los Angeles Street, about two hundred feet south of -Bell's Row. I paid him nine dollars a week for three more or less -hearty meals a day, not including eggs, unless I provided them; in -this case he agreed to prepare them for me. Eggs were by no means -scarce; but steaks and mutton and pork chops were the popular choice, -and potatoes and vegetables a customary accompaniment. - -This La Rue, or Leroux, as he was sometimes called, was an interesting -personality with an interesting history. Born in France, he sailed for -the United States about the time of the discovery of gold in -California, and made his way to San Francisco and the mines, where -luck encouraged him to venture farther and migrate to Mazatlán, -Mexico. While prospecting there, however, he was twice set upon and -robbed; and barely escaping with his life, he once more turned -northward, this time stopping at San Pedro and Los Angeles. Here, -meeting Miss Bridget Johnson, a native of Ireland, who had just come -from New York by way of San Diego, La Rue married her, notwithstanding -their inability to speak each other's language, and then opened a -restaurant, which he continued to conduct until 1858 when he died, as -the result of exposure at a fire on Main Street. Although La Rue was -in no sense an eminent citizen, it is certain that he was esteemed and -mourned. Prior to his death, he had bought thirty or thirty-five acres -of land, on which he planted a vineyard and an orange-orchard; and -these his wife inherited. In 1862, Madame La Rue married John Wilson, -also a native of Ireland, who had come to Los Angeles during the year -that the _restaurateur_ died. He was a blacksmith and worked for John -Goller, continuing in business for over twenty years, and adding -greatly, by industry and wise management, to the dowry brought him by -the thrifty widow. - -I distinctly recall La Rue's restaurant, and quite as clearly do I -remember one or two humorous experiences there. Nothing in Los -Angeles, perhaps, has ever been cruder than this popular eating-place. -The room, which faced the street, had a mud-floor and led to the -kitchen through a narrow opening. Half a dozen cheap wooden tables, -each provided with two chairs, stood against the walls. The -tablecloths were generally dirty, and the knives and forks, as well as -the furniture, were of the homeliest kind. The food made up in -portions what it lacked in quality, and the diner rarely had occasion -to leave the place hungry. What went most against my grain was the -slovenliness of the proprietor himself. Flies were very thick in the -summer months; and one day I found a big fellow splurging in my bowl -of soup. This did not, however, faze John La Rue. Seeing the -struggling insect, he calmly dipped his coffee-colored fingers into -the hot liquid and, quite as serenely, drew out the fly; and although -one could not then be as fastidious as nowadays, I nevertheless found -it impossible to eat the soup. - -On another occasion, however, mine host's equanimity was disturbed. I -had given him two eggs one morning, to prepare for me, when Councilman -A. Jacobi, a merchant and also a customer of La Rue's, came in for -breakfast, bringing one more egg than mine. Presently my meal, -unusually generous, was served, and without loss of time I disposed of -it and was about to leave; when just then Jacobi discovered that the -small portion set before him could not possibly contain the three eggs -he had supplied. Now, Jacobi was not only possessed of a considerable -appetite, but had as well a definite unwillingness to accept less than -his due, while La Rue, on the other hand, was very easily aroused to a -high pitch of Gallic excitement; so that in less time than is required -to relate the story, the two men were embroiled in a genuine -Franco-Prussian dispute, all on account of poor La Rue's unintentional -interchange of the two breakfasts. Soon after this encounter, Jacobi, -who was an amateur violinist of no mean order, and had fiddled himself -into the affections of his neighbors, left for Berlin with a snug -fortune, and there after some years he died. - -Having arranged for my meals, my brother's next provision was for a -sleeping-place. A small, unventilated room adjoining the store was -selected; and there I rested on an ordinary cot furnished with a -mattress, a pillow, and a pair of _frazadas_, or blankets. According -to custom, whatever of these covers I required were taken each evening -from stock, and the next morning they were returned to the shelves. -Stores as well as houses were then almost without stoves or -fireplaces; and as it grew colder, I found that the blankets gave -little or no warmth. Indeed they were nothing more or less, -notwithstanding their slight mixture of wool, than ordinary -horse-blankets, on which account in winter I had to use five or six of -them to enjoy any comfort whatever; and since I experienced difficulty -in keeping them on the cot, I resorted at last to the device of -tacking them down on one side. - -In 1853, free-and-easy customs were in vogue in Los Angeles, -permitting people in the ordinary affairs of life to do practically as -they pleased. There were few if any restrictions; and if -circumscribing City ordinances existed--except, perhaps, those of 1850 -which, while licensing gaming places, forbade the playing of cards on -the street--I do not remember what they were. As was the case in San -Francisco, neither saloons nor gambling places were limited by law, -and there were no regulations for their management. As many persons as -could make a living in this manner kept such establishments, which -were conspicuous amid the sights of the town. Indeed, chief among the -surprises greeting me during my first few weeks upon the Coast, the -many and flourishing gambling dens caused me the greatest -astonishment. - -Through the most popular of these districts, a newly-found friend -escorted me on the evening of my arrival in Los Angeles. The quarter -was known by the euphonious title of Calle de los Negros--Nigger -Alley; and this alley was a thoroughfare not over forty feet wide -which led from Aliso Street to the Plaza, an extent of just one -unbroken block. At this period, there was a long adobe facing Los -Angeles Street, having a covered platform or kind of veranda, about -four feet from the ground, running its entire length. The building -commenced at what was later Sanchez Street, and reached, in an -easterly direction, to within forty feet, more or less, of the east -side of Nigger Alley, then continuing north to the Plaza. This formed -the westerly boundary, while a line of adobes on the other side of the -street formed the easterly line. The structure first described, and -which was demolished many years ago, later became the scene of the -beginning of an awful massacre to which I shall refer in due season. - -Each side of the alley was occupied by saloons and gambling houses. -Men and women alike were to be found there, and both sexes looked -after the gaming tables, dealing monte and faro, and managing other -contrivances that parted the good-natured and easy-going people from -their money. Those in charge of the banks were always provided with -pistols, and were ready, if an emergency arose, to settle disputes on -the spot; and only rarely did a case come up for adjustment before the -properly-constituted authorities, such as that in 1848, which remained -a subject of discussion for some time, when counterfeiters, charged -with playing at monte with false money, were tried before a special -court made up of Abel Stearns and Stephen C. Foster. Time was -considered a very important element during the play; and sanguinary -verdicts in financial disputes were generally rendered at once. - -Human life at this period was about the cheapest thing in Los Angeles, -and killings were frequent. Nigger Alley was as tough a neighborhood, -in fact, as could be found anywhere, and a large proportion of the -twenty or thirty murders a month was committed there. About as -plentiful a thing, also, as there was in the pueblo was liquor. This -was served generously in these resorts, not only with respect to -quantity, but as well regarding variety. In addition to the -prodigality of feasting, there was no lack of music of the native -sort--the harp and the guitar predominating. These scenes were -picturesque and highly interesting. Nigger Alley, for a while the -headquarters for gamblers, enjoyed through that circumstance a certain -questionable status; but in the course of years it came to be more and -more occupied by the Chinese, and given over to their opium-dens, -shops and laundries. There, also, their peculiar religious rites were -celebrated in just as peculiar a joss house, the hideously-painted -gods not in the least becoming a deterrent factor. Juan Apablasa was -among those who owned considerable property in Chinatown, and a street -in that quarter perpetuates his name. - -Having crossed the Plaza, we entered Sonora Town, where my friend told -me that every evening there was much indulgence in drinking, smoking -and gambling, and quite as much participation in dancing. Some of this -life, which continued in full swing until the late seventies, I -witnessed on my first evening in Los Angeles. - -Returning to Main Street, formerly Calle Principal, we entered the -Montgomery, one of the well-known gambling houses--a one-story adobe -about a hundred feet in width, in front of which was a shaded -veranda--situated nearly opposite the Stearns home, and rather -aristocratic, not only in its furnishings but also in its management. -This resort was managed by the fearless William C., or Billy Getman, -afterward Sheriff of Los Angeles County, whom I saw killed while -trying to arrest a lunatic. The Montgomery was conducted in an -orderly manner, and catered to the most fastidious people of Los -Angeles, supplying liquors of a correspondingly high grade; the charge -for a drink there being invariably twenty-five cents. It was provided -with a billiard parlor, where matches were often arranged for a stake -of hundreds of dollars. Games of chance there were for every -requirement, the long and the short purse being equally well -accommodated. The ranch owner could bet his hundreds, while he of -lowlier estate might tempt the fickle goddess according to his -narrower means. - -A fraternity of gamblers almost indigenous to California, and which -has been celebrated and even, to an extent, glorified by such writers -as Mark Twain, Bret Harte and others, was everywhere then in evidence -in Los Angeles; and while it is true that their vocation was -illegitimate, many of them represented nevertheless a splendid type of -man: generous, honest in methods, courageous in operations and -respected by everybody. It would be impossible, perhaps, to describe -this class as I knew them and at the same time to satisfy the modern -ideal; but pioneers will confirm my tribute to these early gamesters -(among whom they may recall Brand Phillips) and their redeeming -characteristics. - -As I have said, my brother, J. P. Newmark, was in partnership with -Jacob Rich, the gentleman who met me when I reached San Francisco; -their business being dry-goods and clothing. They were established in -J. N. Padilla's adobe on the southeast corner of Main and Requena -streets, a site so far "out of town" that success was possible only -because of their catering to a wholesale clientele rather than to the -retail trade; and almost opposite them, ex-Mayor John G. Nichols -conducted a small grocery in a store that he built on the Main Street -side of the property now occupied by Temple Block. There was an old -adobe wall running north and south along the east line of the lot, out -of which Nichols cut about fifteen feet, using this property to a -depth of some thirty feet, thus forming a rectangular space which he -enclosed. Here he carried on a modest trade which, even in addition to -his other cares, scarcely demanded his whole time; so that he would -frequently visit his neighbors, among whom Newmark & Rich were his -nearest friends. Often have I seen him therefore, long and lank, -seated in my brother's store tilted back in a chair against the wall -or merchandise, a cigar, which he never lighted, in his mouth, -exhorting his hearers to be patriotic and to purchase City land at a -dollar an acre, thereby furnishing some of the taxes necessary to -lubricate the municipal machinery. Little did any of us realize, as we -listened to this man, that in the course of another generation or so -there would spring into life a prosperous metropolis whose very heart -would be situated near where old Mayor Nichols was vainly endeavoring -to dispose of thirty-five-acre bargains at thirty-five dollars each--a -feature of municipal coöperation with prospective settlers which was -inaugurated August 13th, 1852, and repealed through dissatisfaction in -1854. Nichols, who, with J. S. Mallard and Lewis Granger, brought one -of the first three American families to settle here permanently, and -who married a sister of Mrs. Mallard, was the father of John Gregg -Nichols, always claimed to be the first boy born (April 24th, 1851), -of American parents, in Los Angeles. Nichols when Mayor was never -neglectful of his official duties, as may be seen from his record in -providing Hancock's survey, his construction of the Bath Street -School, his encouragement of better irrigation facilities, his -introduction of the first fruit grafts--brought, by the way, from -far-off New York--and his reëlection as Mayor in 1856, 1857, and 1858. -In 1869, another son, Daniel B. Nichols, of whom I shall speak, was a -participant in a fatal shooting affray here. - -A still earlier survey than that of Hancock was made by Lieutenant -Edward O. C. Ord--later distinguished in the Union Army where, -singularly enough, he was fighting with Rosecrans, in time a resident -of Los Angeles--who, in an effort to bring order out of the pueblo -chaos, left still greater confusion. To clear up the difficulty of -adobes isolated or stranded in the middle of the streets, the Common -Council in 1854 permitted owners to claim a right of way to the -thoroughfares nearest their houses. This brings to mind the fact that -the _vara_, a Spanish unit equal to about thirty-three inches, was a -standard in real estate measurements even after the advent of Ord, -Hancock and Hansen, who were followed by such surveyors as P. J. -Virgen (recalled by Virgen Street) and his partner Hardy; and also -that the _reata_ was often used as a yardstick--its uncertain length -having contributed, without doubt, to the chaotic condition -confronting Ord. - -Graded streets and sidewalks were unknown; hence, after heavy winter -rains mud was from six inches to two feet deep, while during the -summer dust piled up to about the same extent. Few City ordinances -were obeyed; for notwithstanding that a regulation of the City Council -called on every citizen to sweep in front of his house to a certain -point on Saturday evenings, not the slightest attention was paid to -it. Into the roadway was thrown all the rubbish: if a man bought a new -suit of clothes, a pair of boots, a hat or a shirt, to replace a -corresponding part of his apparel that had outlived its usefulness, he -would think nothing, on attiring himself in the new purchase, of -tossing the discarded article into the street where it would remain -until some passing Indian, or other vagabond, took possession of it. -So wretched indeed were the conditions, that I have seen dead animals -left on the highways for days at a time, and can recall one instance -of a horse dying on Alameda Street and lying there until a party of -Indians cut up the carcass for food. What made these street conditions -more trying was the fact that on hot days roads and sidewalks were -devoid of shade, except for that furnished by a few scattered trees or -an occasional projecting veranda; while at night (if I except the -illumination from the few lanterns suspended in front of barrooms and -stores) thoroughfares were altogether unlighted. In those nights of -dark streets and still darker tragedies, people rarely went out unless -equipped with candle-burning lanterns, at least until camphine was -imported by my brother, after which this was brought into general use. -Stores were lighted in the same manner: first with candles, then with -camphine and finally with coal-oil, during which period of advancement -lamps replaced the cruder contrivances. - -Southern California from the first took an active part in State -affairs. Edward Hunter and Charles E. Carr were the Assemblymen from -this district in 1853; and the following year they were succeeded by -Francis Mellus and Dr. Wilson W. Jones. Carr was a lawyer who had come -in 1852; Hunter afterward succeeded Pablo de la Guerra as Marshal. -Jones was the doctor who just about the time I came, while returning -from a professional call at the Lugos at about sunset, nearly rode -over the bleeding and still warm body of a cattle-buyer named Porter, -on Alameda Street. The latter had been out to the Dominguez _rancho_, -to purchase stock, and had taken along with him a Mexican named Manuel -Vergara who introduced himself as an experienced interpreter and -guide, but who was, in reality, a cutthroat with a record of one or -two assassinations. Vergara observed that Porter possessed -considerable money; and on their way back to Los Angeles shot the -American from behind. Jones quickly gave the alarm; and Banning, -Stanley and others of the volunteer mounted police pursued the -murderer for eighty-five or ninety miles when, the ammunition of all -parties being exhausted, Vergara turned on the one Vigilante who had -caught up with him and, with an adroit thrust of his knife, cut the -latter's bridle and escaped. In the end, however, some of Major -Heintzelman's cavalry at Yuma (who had been informed by a fleet Indian -hired to carry the news of the fugitive's flight) overtook Vergara and -shot him dead. These volunteer police or Rangers, as they were called, -were a company of one hundred or more men under command of Dr. A. W. -Hope, and included such well-known early settlers as Nichols, J. G. -Downey, S. C. Foster, Agustin Olvera, Juan Sepúlveda, Horace Bell, M. -Keller, Banning, Benjamin Hayes, F. L. Guirado, David Alexander, J. L. -Brent and I. S. K. Ogier. - -Under the new order of things, too, following the adoption in 1849 of -a State constitution, County organization in Los Angeles was effected; -and by the time I declared myself for American citizenship, several -elections had been held. Benjamin Hayes was District Judge in 1853; -Agustin Olvera was finishing his term as County Judge; Dr. Wilson W. -Jones was County Clerk and Recorder--two offices not separated for -twenty years or until 1873; Lewis Granger was County Attorney; Henry -Hancock was Surveyor; Francis Mellus (who succeeded Don Manuel -Garfias, once the princely owner but bad manager of the San Pasqual -_rancho_), was Treasurer; A. F. Coronel was Assessor; James R. Barton -was Sheriff and also Collector of Taxes; and J. S. Mallard, whose name -was given to Mallard Street, was Coroner. Russell Sackett was a -Justice of the Peace here when I arrived; and after a while Mallard -had a court as Justice, near my store on Commercial Street. All in -all, a group of rather strong men! - -The administrative officials of both the City and the County had their -headquarters in the one-story adobe building at the northwest corner -of Franklin Alley (later called Jail Street[1]) and Spring Street. In -addition to those mentioned, there was a Justice of the Peace, a -_Zanjero_, and a Jailer. António Franco Coronel had but recently -succeeded Nichols as Mayor; A. S. Beard was Marshal and Tax Collector; -Judge William G. Dryden was Clerk; C. E. Carr was Attorney; Ygnácio -Coronel was Assessor; and S. Arbuckle was Treasurer. - -António Franco Coronel, after whom Coronel Street is named, had just -entered upon the duties of Mayor, and was busy enough with the -disposal of donation lots when I first commenced to observe Los -Angeles' government. He came from Mexico to California with his -father, Don Ygnácio F. Coronel; and by 1850 he was the first County -Assessor. He lived at what is now Alameda and Seventh streets, and had -a brother, Manuel, who was City Assessor in 1858. - -Major Henry Hancock, a New Hampshire lawyer and surveyor, came to Los -Angeles in 1852, and at the time of my arrival had just made the -second survey of the city, defining the boundaries of the -thirty-five-acre City lots. I met him frequently, and by 1859 I was -well acquainted with him. He then owed Newmark, Kremer & Company some -money and offered, toward liquidation of the debt, one hundred and ten -acres of land lying along Washington and extending as far as the -present Pico Street. It also reached from Main Street to what is now -Grand Avenue. Newmark, Kremer & Company did not wish the land, and so -arranged with Hancock to take firewood instead. From time to time, -therefore, he brought great logs into town, to be cut up; he also -bought a circular saw, which he installed, with horse-power and -tread-mill, in a vacant lot on Spring Street, back of Joseph Newmark's -second residence. The latter was on Main Street, between First and the -northern junction of Main and Spring; and between this junction and -First Street, it may be interesting to note, there was in 1853 no -thoroughfare from Main to Spring. As I was living there, I acted as -his agent for the sale of the wood that was left after our settlement. -The fact is that Hancock was always land poor, and never out of debt; -and when he was particularly hard up, he parted with his possessions -at whatever price they would bring. The Major (earlier known as -Captain Hancock, who enjoyed his titles through his association with -the militia) retained, however, the celebrated La Brea _rancho_--bought -at a very early date from A. J. Rocha, and lying between the city and -the sea--which he long thought would furnish oil, but little dreamt -would also contain some of the most important prehistoric finds; and -this ranch, once managed by his wife, a daughter of Colonel Augustin -Haraszthy, the San Francisco pioneer, is now owned by his son, George -Allan Hancock. - -George Hansen, to whose far-reaching foresight we owe the Elysian Park -of to-day, was another professional man who was here before I reached -Los Angeles, having come to California in 1850, by way of Cape Horn -and Peru. When he arrived at Los Angeles, in 1853, as he was fond of -recounting, he was too poor to possess even surveying instruments; but -he found a friend in John Temple, who let him have one hundred dollars -at two per cent interest per month, then a very low rate. Thereupon -Hansen sent to San Francisco for the outfit that enabled him to -establish himself. I met Hansen for the first time in the last few -weeks of 1853, when he came to my brother's store to buy a suit of -clothes, his own being in rags. He had been out, very probably, on an -expedition such as subjected a surveyor, particularly in the early -days, to much hard work and fatigue. Hansen, a good student and fine -linguist, was prominent for many years and made more land measurements -hereabouts than did any one else; he had the real management, in fact, -of Hancock's second survey. - -Among others who were here, I might mention the Wheeler brothers. -Colonel John Ozias Wheeler, at various times an office-holder, came to -California from Florida, and having endured many hardships on the trip -along the Mississippi, Arkansas and Gila rivers, arrived at the Chino -_rancho_ on August 12th, 1849, afterward assisting Isaac Williams in -conveying a train of supplies back to the Colorado River. The next -year he was joined by his brother, Horace Z. Wheeler, who came by way -of the Isthmus, and later rose to be Appraiser-General of the Imperial -Customs at Yokohama; and the two young men were soon conducting a -general merchandise business in Los Angeles--if I recollect aright, in -a one-story adobe at the northeast corner of Main and Commercial -streets. Extravagant stories have been printed as to Wheeler's -mercantile operations, one narrative crediting him with sales to the -extent of five thousand dollars or more a day. In those times, -however, no store was large enough to contain such a stock; and two -successive days of heavy sales would have been impossible. In 1851 -Colonel Wheeler, who had been on General Andrés Pico's staff, served -as a Ranger; and in 1853 he organized the first military company in -Los Angeles. - -Manuel Requena, from Yucatan, was another man of influence. He lived -on the east side of Los Angeles Street, north of the thoroughfare -opened through his vineyard and named after him--later extended east -of Los Angeles Street. As early as June, 1836, Requena, then -_Alcalde_, made a census of this district. He was a member of the -first, as well as the second, third, fifth and seventh Common -Councils, and with David W. Alexander was the only member of the first -body to serve out the entire term. In 1852, Requena was elected a -Supervisor. Mrs. Requena was a sister of Mrs. Alexander Bell and Mrs. -James, or Santiago Johnson, and an aunt of Henry and Francis Mellus -and Mrs. J. H. Lander. Requena died on June 27th, 1876, aged -seventy-four years. - -Henry N. Alexander appeared in Los Angeles at about the same time that -I did--possibly afterward--and was very active as a Ranger. He too -occupied positions of trust, in business as well as public life, being -both City and County Treasurer--in the latter case, preceding Maurice -Kremer. It is not surprising, therefore, that he became Wells Fargo & -Company's agent when much uphill work had to be done to establish -their interests here. He married a daughter of Don Pedro Dominguez. -Alexander moved to Arizona, after which I lost track of him. - -John W. Shore, who was here in 1853, was County Clerk from 1854 to -1857, and again from 1860 to 1863. He always canvassed for votes on -horseback until, one day, he fell off and broke his leg, necessitating -amputation. This terminated his active campaigns; but through sympathy -he was reëlected, and by a larger majority. Shore was a Democrat. - -Mention of public officials leads me to speak of an interesting -personality long associated with them. On the west side of Spring -Street near First, where the Schumacher Building now stands, John -Schumacher conducted, in a single room, as was then common, a grocery -store and bar. A good-hearted, honest German of the old school, and a -first-class citizen, he had come from Würtemberg to America, and then, -with Stevenson's Regiment, to California, arriving in Los Angeles in -1847 or 1848. From here he went to Sutter's Creek, where he found a -nugget of gold worth eight hundred dollars, for which he was offered -land in San Francisco later worth millions--a tender which the -Würtemberger declined; and the same year that I arrived, he returned -to Los Angeles, whose activity had increased considerably since he had -last seen it. In 1855, Schumacher married Fräulein Mary Uhrie, from -which union six children including two sons, John and Frank G. -Schumacher, were born. The eldest daughter became Mrs. Edward A. -Preuss. Schumacher established his store, having bought nearly the -whole block bounded by Spring and First streets and Franklin Alley -for the value of his famous gold nugget; and there he remained until -the early seventies, the Schumacher Block being built, as I have said, -on a part of the property. Mrs. Schumacher in 1880 met with a tragic -death: while at the railway station in Merced, she was jolted from the -platform of a car and was instantly killed. - -For something else, however, Schumacher was especially known. When he -returned in 1853, he put on sale the first lager beer introduced into -Los Angeles, importing the same from San Francisco, of which -enterprise the genial German was proud; but Schumacher acquired even -more fame for a drink that he may be said to have invented, and which -was known to the early settlers as _Peach and Honey_. It contained a -good mixture with peach brandy, and was a great favorite, especially -with politicians and frequenters of the neighboring Courthouse, -including well-known members of the Bar, all of whom crowded John's -place, "between times," to enjoy his much-praised concoction. Whenever -in fact anyone had a cold, or fancied that he was going to be so -afflicted, he hastened to John for his reputedly-certain cure. -Schumacher, who served as Councilman in 1855, 1856 and 1857, was -proficient in languages and, as an interpreter, often gave his time -and services freely in assisting his less-gifted neighbors, -particularly the poor and unfortunate, to straighten out their -affairs. In the fall of 1860, he had a narrow escape through the -carelessness of a customer who threw a lighted match into a can of -powder. Schumacher owned some acreage in what was known as the Green -Meadows, a section located near what is now South Figueroa Street; and -this land he held with Jacob Bell, who was assassinated, as I shall -relate, by a Frenchman named Lachenais--hanged, in turn, by an -exasperated mob. - -Most political meetings of that period took place at the Plaza home of -Don Ygnácio Del Valle, first County Recorder. From 1841, Don Ygnácio -lived for some time on the San Francisco _rancho_ granted by the King -of Spain to his father and confirmed by patent in 1875. He also owned -the more famous Camulos _rancho_ on the Santa Clara River, consisting -of several thousand acres north and west of Newhall, afterward -selected by Helen Hunt Jackson as the setting for some of the scenes -in her novel, _Ramona_; and these possessions made him a man of great -importance. During his later life, when he had abandoned his town -residence, Del Valle dwelt in genteel leisure at the _rancho_, dying -there in 1880; and I will not miss this opportunity to attest his -patrician bearing and genial qualities. - -At the time of my arrival, there was but one voting precinct and the -polling place was located at the old municipal and County adobe -already spoken of; although later a second polls was established at -the Round House. Inside the room sat the election judges and clerks; -outside a window stood the jam of voters. The window-sill -corresponded to the thickness of the adobe wall, and was therefore -about three feet deep. This sill served as a table, upon it being -placed a soap- or candle-box, into which a hole had been cut for the -deposit of the votes. - -There was also no register, either great or small, and anyone could -vote. Each party printed its own tickets; and so could any candidate. -This resulted in great confusion, since there were always many tickets -in the field--as many, in fact, as there were candidates; yet the -entire proceeding had become legalized by custom. The candidate of one -party could thus use the ticket of the other, substituting his own -name for his opponent's, and leaving all of the remainder of the -ticket unchanged; in addition to which there was such a lack of -uniformity in the size and color of the ballots as greatly to add to -the confusion in counting. - -To make matters worse, the ballot-box was not easily reached because -of the crowd which was made up largely of the candidates and their -friends. Challenging was the order of the day; yet, after crimination -and recrimination, the votes were generally permitted to be cast. -Although it is true, of course, that many votes were legitimate, yet -aliens such as Mexicans, who had not even considered the question of -taking out citizenship papers, were permitted to vote while Indians -and half-breeds, who were not eligible to citizenship at all, were -irregularly given the franchise. The story is told of an election not -far from Los Angeles at which a whole tribe of Indians was voted; -while on another occasion the names on a steamer's passenger-list were -utilized by persons who had already voted, that very day, once or -twice! Cutting off the hair, shaving one's beard or mustache, -reclothing or otherwise transforming the appearance of the -voter--these were some of the tricks then practiced, which the new -registry law of 1866 only partially did away with. - -Sonorans, who had recently arrived from Mexico, as well as the aliens -I have mentioned, were easy subjects for the political manipulator. -The various candidates, for example, would round-up these prospective -voters like so many cattle, confine them in corrals (usually in the -neighborhood of Boyle Heights), keep them in a truly magnificent state -of intoxication until the eventful morning, and then put them in -stages hired from either Banning or Tomlinson for the purpose; and -from the time the temporary prisoners left the corral until their -votes had been securely deposited, they were closely watched by -guards. On reaching the voting place, the captives were unloaded from -the stage like so much inanimate baggage, and turned over to friends -of the candidate to whom, so to speak, for the time being they -belonged. One at a time, these creatures were led to vote; and as each -staggered to the ballot-box, a ticket was held up and he was made to -deposit it. Once having served the purpose, he was turned loose and -remained free until another election unless, as I have intimated, he -and his fellows were again corralled and made to vote a second or even -a third time the same day. - -Nearly all influential Mexicans were Democrats, so that this party -easily controlled the political situation; from which circumstance a -certain brief campaign ended in a most amusing manner. It happened -that Thomas H. Workman, brother of William H., once ran for County -Clerk, although he was not a Democrat. Billy was naturally much -interested in his brother's candidacy, and did what he could to help -him. On the evening before election, he rented a corral--located near -what is now Macy Street and Mission Road, on property later used by -Charles F., father of Alfred Stern, and for years in partnership with -L. J. Rose; and there, with the assistance of some friends, he herded -together about one hundred docile though illegal voters, most of whom -were Indians, kept them all night and, by supplying fire-water -liberally, at length led them into the state of bewilderment necessary -for such an occasion. The Democratic leaders, however, having learned -of this magnificent _coup_, put their heads together and soon resolved -to thwart Billy's plan. In company with some prominent Mexican -politicians led by Tomás Sanchez, they loaded themselves into a stage -and visited the corral; and once arrived there, those that could made -such flowery stump speeches in the native language of the horde that, -in fifteen or twenty minutes, they had stampeded the whole band! Billy -entered a vigorous protest, saying that the votes were _his_ and that -it was a questionable and even a damnable trick; but all his protests -were of no avail: the bunch of corralled voters had been captured in a -body by the opposition, deciding the contest. These were the methods -then in vogue in accordance with which it was considered a perfectly -legitimate transaction to buy votes, and there was no secret made of -the _modus operandi_ by either party. - -During these times of agitated politics, newspapers (such as they -were) played an important part. In them were published letters written -by ambitious candidates to themselves and signed, "The People," "A -Disinterested Citizen," or some equally anonymous phrase. As an -exception to the usual maneuver, however, the following witty -announcement was once printed by an office-seeker: - - George N. Whitman, not having been requested by "Many - Friends," or solicited by "Many Voters," to become a - candidate for the office of Township Constable, at the end - of the ensuing September election, offers himself. - -Here I am reminded of an anecdote at the expense of John Quincy Adams -Stanley, who in 1856 ran for Sheriff against David W. Alexander, and -was County Assessor in the middle seventies. Stanley was a very -decent but somewhat over-trusting individual; and ignoring suggestions -as to expenditures for votes, too readily believed promises of support -by the voters of the county, almost every one of whom gave him a -favorable pledge in the course of the campaign. When the ballots were -counted, however, and Stanley learned that he had received just about -fifty votes, he remarked, rather dryly: "I didn't know that there were -so many _damned liars_ in the county!" - -Another interesting factor in early elections was the vote of -Teháchepi, then in Los Angeles County. About thirty votes were cast -there; but as communication with Los Angeles was irregular, it was -sometimes necessary to wait a week or more to know what bearing the -decision of Teháchepi had on the general result. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[1] In April, 1872, officially named Franklin Street. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -LAWYERS AND COURTS - -1853 - - -In the primitive fifties there were but comparatively few reputable -lawyers in this neighborhood; nor was there, perhaps, sufficient call -for their services to insure much of a living to many more. To a -greater extent even than now, attorneys were called "Judge;" and at -the time whereof I write, the most important among them were Jonathan -R. Scott, Benjamin Hayes, J. Lancaster Brent, Myron Norton, General -Ezra Drown, Benjamin S. Eaton, Cameron E. Thom, James H. Lander, Lewis -Granger, Isaac Stockton, Keith Ogier, Edward J. C. Kewen and Joseph R. -Gitchell. In addition to these, there was a lawyer named William G. -Dryden, of whom I shall presently speak, and one Kimball H. Dimmick, -who was largely devoted to criminal practice. - -Scott, who had been a prominent lawyer in Missouri, stood very high, -both as to physique and reputation. In addition to his great stature, -he had a splendid constitution and wonderful vitality and was -identified with nearly every important case. About March, 1850, he -came here an overland emigrant, and was made one of the two justices -of the peace who formed, with the county judge, on June 24th, the -first Court of Sessions. He then entered into partnership with -Benjamin Hayes, continuing in joint practice with him until April, -1852, after which he was a member successively of the law firms of -Scott & Granger, Scott & Lander, and Scott, Drown & Lander. -Practicing law in those days was not without its difficulties, partly -because of the lack of law-books; and Scott used to tell in his own -vehement style how, on one occasion, when he was defending a French -sea captain against charges preferred by a rich Peruvian passenger, he -was unable to make much headway because there was but one volume -(Kent's _Commentaries_) in the whole pueblo that threw any light, so -to speak, on the question; which lack of information induced _Alcalde_ -Stearns to decide against Scott's client. Although the Captain lost, -he nevertheless counted out to Scott, in shining gold-pieces, the full -sum of one thousand dollars as a fee. In 1859, a daughter of Scott -married Alfred Beck Chapman, a graduate of West Point, who came to Los -Angeles and Fort Tejón, as an officer, about 1854. Chapman later -studied law with Scott, and for twenty years practiced with Andrew -Glassell. In 1863, Chapman succeeded M. J. Newmark as City Attorney; -and in 1868, he was elected District Attorney. If I recollect rightly, -Scott died in the sixties, survived by Mrs. Scott--a sister of both -Mrs. J. S. Mallard and Mrs. J. G. Nichols--and a son, J. R. Scott, -admitted in 1880 to practice in the Supreme Court. - -Hayes was District Judge when I came, and continued as such for ten or -twelve years. His jurisdiction embraced Los Angeles, San Diego, San -Luis Obispo and Santa Bárbara counties; and the latter section then -included Ventura County. The Judge had regular terms in these -districts and was compelled to hold court at all of the County seats. -A native of Baltimore, Hayes came to Los Angeles on February 3d, -1850--followed on St. Valentine's Day, 1852, by his wife whose journey -from St. Louis, _via_ New Orleans, Havana and Panamá, consumed -forty-three days on the steamers. He was at once elected the first -County Attorney, and tried the famous case against the Irving party. -About the same time Hayes formed his partnership with Scott. In -January, 1855, and while District Judge, Hayes sentenced the murderer -Brown; and in 1858 he presided at Pancho Daniel's trial. Hayes -continued to practice for many years, and was known as a jurist of -high standing, though on account of his love for strong drink, court -on more than one occasion had to be adjourned. During his residence -here, he was known as an assiduous collector of historical data. He -was a brother of both Miss Louisa Hayes, the first woman public-school -teacher in Los Angeles, later the wife of Dr. J. S. Griffin, and Miss -Helena Hayes, who married Benjamin S. Eaton. Judge Hayes died on -August 4th, 1877. - -Brent, a native of the South, was also a man of attainment, arriving -here in 1850 with a fairly representative, though inadequate library, -and becoming in 1855 and 1856 a member of the State Assembly. He had -such wonderful influence, as one of the Democratic leaders, that he -could nominate at will any candidate; and being especially popular -with the Mexican element, could also tell a good story or two about -fees. When trouble arose in 1851 between several members of the Lugo -family and the Indians, resulting finally in an attempted -assassination and the narrow escape from death of Judge Hayes (who was -associated with the prosecution of the case), several of the Lugos -were tried for murder; and Brent, whose defense led to their -acquittal, received something like twenty thousand dollars for his -services. He was of a studious turn of mind and acquired most of Hugo -Reid's Indian library. When the Civil War broke out, Brent went South -again and became a Confederate brigadier-general. Brent Street bears -his name. - -Norton, a Vermonter, who had first practiced law in New York, then -migrated west, and had later been a prime mover for, and a member of, -the first California Constitutional Convention, and who was afterward -Superior Court Judge at San Francisco, was an excellent lawyer, when -sober, and a good fellow. He came to the Coast in the summer of 1848, -was made First Lieutenant and Chief-of-Staff of the California -Volunteers, and drifted in 1852 from Monterey to Los Angeles. He -joined Bean's Volunteers, and in 1857 delivered here a flowery Fourth -of July oration. Norton was the second County Judge, succeeding -Agustin Olvera and living with the latter's family at the Plaza; and -it was from Norton's Court of Sessions, in May, 1855, that the -dark-skinned Juan Flores was sent to the State prison, although few -persons suspected him to be guilty of such criminal tendencies as he -later developed. Norton died in Los Angeles in 1887; and Norton Avenue -recalls his life and work. - -Judge Hayes' successor, Don Pablo de la Guerra, was born in the -_presidio_ of Santa Bárbara in 1819, a member of one of the most -popular families of that locality. Although a Spaniard of the -Spaniards, he had been educated in an Eastern college, and spoke -English fluently. Four times he was elected State Senator from Santa -Bárbara and San Luis Obispo, and was besides a member of the -Constitutional Convention of 1849. Late in 1863, he was a candidate -for District Judge when a singular opposition developed that might -easily have led, in later years at least, to his defeat. A large part -of the population of Santa Bárbara was related to him by blood or -marriage; and it was argued that, if elected, De la Guerra in many -cases would be disqualified from sitting as judge. On January 1st, -1864, however, Don Pablo took up the work as District Judge where -Hayes surrendered it. Just as De la Guerra in 1854 had resigned in -favor of Hunter, before completing his term as United States Marshal, -so now toward the end of 1873, De la Guerra withdrew on account of -ill-health from the district judgeship, and on February 5th, 1874, he -died. - -Drown was a lawyer who came here a few months before I did, having -just passed through one of those trying ordeals which might easily -prove sufficient to destroy the courage and ambition of any man. He -hailed from Iowa, where he had served as Brigadier-General of Militia, -and was bound up the Coast from the Isthmus on the steamer -_Independence_ when it took fire, off Lower California, and burned to -the water's edge. General Drown, being a good swimmer and a plucky -fellow, set his wife adrift on a hencoop and then put off for shore -with his two children on his back. Having deposited them safely on the -beach, he swam back to get his wife; but a brutal fellow-passenger -pushed the fainting woman off when her agonized husband was within a -few feet of her; she sank beneath the waves, and he saw his companion -go to her doom at the moment she was about to be rescued. Though -broken in spirit, Drown on landing at San Pedro came to Los Angeles -with his two boys, and put his best foot forward. He established -himself as a lawyer and in 1858 became District Attorney, succeeding -Cameron E. Thom; and it was during his term that Pancho Daniel was -lynched. In 1855, too, Drown instituted the first Los Angeles lodge of -Odd Fellows. Drown was an able lawyer, eloquent and humorous, and -fairly popular; but his generosity affected his material prosperity, -and he died, at San Juan Capistrano, on August 17th, 1863, none too -blessed with this world's goods. - -Dimmick, who at one time occupied an office in the old Temple Block on -Main Street, had rather an eventful career. Born in Connecticut, he -learned the printer's trade; then he studied law and was soon admitted -to practice in New York; and in 1846 he sailed with Colonel J. D. -Stevenson, in command of Company K, landing, six months later, at the -picturesquely-named Yerba Buena, on whose slopes the bustling town of -San Francisco was so soon to be founded. When peace with Mexico was -established, Dimmick moved to San José; after which with Foster he -went to the convention whose mission was to frame a State -constitution, and was later chosen Judge of the Supreme Court. In -1852, after having revisited the East and been defrauded of -practically all he possessed by those to whom he had entrusted his -California affairs, Dimmick came to Los Angeles and served as Justice -of the Peace, Notary Public and County Judge. He was also elected -District Attorney, and at another time was appointed by the Court to -defend the outlaw, Pancho Daniel. Dimmick's practice was really -largely criminal, which frequently made him a defender of -horse-thieves, gamblers and desperadoes; and in such cases one could -always anticipate his stereotyped plea: - - Gentlemen of the Jury: The District Attorney prosecuting my - client is paid by the County to convict this prisoner, - whether he be guilty or innocent; and I plead with you, - gentlemen, in the name of Impartial Justice, to bring in a - verdict of "Not guilty!" - -Through the help of his old-time friend, Secretary William H. Seward, -Dimmick toward the end of his life was appointed Attorney for the -Southern District of the United States in California; but on September -11th, 1861, he suddenly died of heart disease. - -Eaton, another prominent representative of the Bar, came from New -England as early as 1850, while California government was in its -infancy and life anything but secure; and he had not been here more -than a few months when the maneuvers of António Garra, Agua Caliente's -chief, threatened an insurrection extending from Tulare to San Diego -and made necessary the organization, under General J. H. Bean, of -volunteers to allay the terror-stricken community's fears. Happily, -the company's chief activity was the quieting of feminine nerves. On -October 3d, 1853, Eaton was elected District Attorney and in 1857, -County Assessor. Later, after living for a while at San Gabriel, Eaton -became a founder of the Pasadena colony, acting as its President for -several years; and in 1876 he was one of the committee to arrange for -the local Centennial celebration. Frederick Eaton, several times City -Engineer and once--in 1899-1900--Mayor of Los Angeles, is a son of -Benjamin Eaton and his first wife, Helena Hayes, who died a few years -after she came here, and the brother of Mrs. Hancock Johnston. He -reflects no little credit on his father by reason of a very early, -effective advocacy of the Owens River Aqueduct. Under his -administration, the City began this colossal undertaking, which was -brought to a happy consummation in the year 1913 through the -engineering skill of William Mulholland, Eaton's friend. In 1861, -Judge Eaton married Miss Alice Taylor Clark, of Providence, R. I., who -is still living. - - [Illustration: Henry Mellus - From a Daguerrotype] - - [Illustration: Francis Mellus - From a Daguerrotype] - - [Illustration: John G. Downey] - - [Illustration: Charles L. Ducommun] - - [Illustration: The Plaza Church - From a photograph, probably taken in the middle eighties] - -While I am upon this subject of lawyers and officialdom, a few words -regarding early jurists and court decorum may be in order. In 1853, -Judge Dryden, who had arrived in 1850, was but a Police Justice, not -yet having succeeded Dimmick as County Judge; and at no time was his -knowledge of the law and things pertaining thereto other than -extremely limited. His audacity, however, frequently sustained him in -positions that otherwise might have been embarrassing; and this -audacity was especially apparent in Dryden's strong opposition to -the criminal element. He talked with the volubility of a Gatling gun, -expressing himself in a quick, nervous manner and was, besides, very -profane. One day he was trying a case, when Captain Cameron E. Thom -(who had first come to Los Angeles in 1854, as the representative of -the National Government, to take testimony before Commissioner -Burrill) was one of the attorneys. During the progress of the case, -Thom had occasion to read a lengthy passage from some statute book. -Interrupting him, the Judge asked to see the weighty volume; when, -having searched in vain for the citation, he said in his -characteristic, jerky way: - -"I'll be ---- _damned_, Mr. Thom, if I can find that law!" - -All of which recalls to me a report, once printed in the _Los Angeles -Star_, concerning this same jurist and an inquest held by him over a -dead Indian: - - Justice Dryden and the Jury sat on the body. The verdict - was: "Death from intoxication, _or_ by the visitation of - God!" - -Dryden, who was possessed of a genial personality, was long remembered -with pleasure for participation in Fourth of July celebrations and -processions. He was married, I believe, in 1851, only one year after -he arrived here, to Señorita Dolores Nieto; and she having died, he -took as his second wife, in September, 1868, another Spanish lady, -Señorita Anita Dominguez, daughter of Don Manuel Dominguez. Less than -a year afterward, on September 10th, 1869, Judge Dryden himself died -at the age of seventy years. - -Thom, by the way, came from Virginia in 1849 and advanced rapidly in -his profession. It was far from his expectation to remain in Los -Angeles longer than was necessary; and he has frequently repeated to -me the story of his immediate infatuation with this beautiful section -and its cheering climate, and how he fell in love with the quaint -little pueblo at first sight. Soon after he decided to remain here, he -was assigned as associate counsel to defend Pancho Daniel, after the -retirement of Columbus Sims. In 1856, Thom was appointed both City -and District Attorney, and occupied the two positions at the same -time--an odd situation which actually brought it about, during his -tenure of offices, that a land dispute between the City and the County -obliged Thom to defend both interests! In 1863, he was a partner with -A. B. Chapman; and twenty years later, having previously served as -State Senator, he was elected Mayor of the city. Captain Thom married -two sisters--first choosing Miss Susan Henrietta Hathwell, and then, -sometime after her death, leading to the altar Miss Belle Cameron -Hathwell whom he had named and for whom, when she was baptized, he had -stood godfather. A man ultimately affluent, he owned, among other -properties, a large ranch at Glendale.[2] - -Another good story concerning Judge Dryden comes to mind, recalling a -certain Sheriff. As the yarn goes, the latter presented himself as a -candidate for the office of Sheriff; and in order to capture the vote -of the native element, he also offered to marry the daughter of an -influential Mexican. A bargain was concluded and, as the result, he -forthwith assumed the responsibilities and dangers of both shrieval -and matrimonial life. - -Before the Sheriff had possessed this double dignity very long, -however, a gang of horse-thieves began depredations around Los -Angeles. A _posse_ was immediately organized to pursue the -desperadoes, and after a short chase they located the band and brought -them into Los Angeles. Imagine the Sheriff's dismay, when he found -that the leader was none other than his own brother-in-law whom he had -never before seen! - -To make the story short, the case was tried and the prisoner was found -guilty; but owing to influence (to which most juries in those days -were very susceptible) there was an appeal for judicial leniency. -Judge Dryden, therefore, in announcing the verdict, said to the -Sheriff's brother-in-law, "The jury finds you guilty as charged," and -then proceeded to read the prisoner a long and severe lecture, to -which he added: "But the jury recommends clemency. Accordingly, I -declare you a free man, and you may go about your business." Thereupon -someone in the room asked: "What _is_ his business?" To which the -Judge, never flinching, shouted: "_Horse-stealing_, sir! -_horse-stealing!_" - -Lander was here in 1853, having come from the East the year previous. -He was a Harvard College graduate--there were not many on the Coast in -those days--and was known as a good office-practitioner; he was for -some time, in fact, the Bar's choice for Court Commissioner. I think -that, for quite a while, he was the only examiner of real estate -titles; he was certainly the only one I knew. On October 15th, 1852, -Lander had married Señorita Margarita, a daughter of Don Santiago -Johnson, who was said to have been one of the best known business men -prior to 1846. Afterward Lander lived in a cottage on the northeast -corner of Fourth and Spring streets. This cottage he sold to I. W. -Hellman in the early seventies, for four thousand dollars; and -Hellman, in turn, sold it at cost to his brother. On that lot, worth -to-day probably a million dollars, the H. W. Hellman Building now -stands. Lander died on June 10th, 1873. - -Granger was still another lawyer who was here when I arrived, he -having come with his family--one of the first American households to -be permanently established here--in 1850. By 1852, he had formed a -partnership with Jonathan R. Scott, and in that year attained -popularity through his Fourth of July oration. Granger was, in fact, a -fluent and attractive speaker, which accounted, perhaps, for his -election as City Attorney in 1855, after he had served the city as a -member of the Common Council in 1854. If I recollect aright, he was a -candidate for the district judgeship in the seventies, but was -defeated. - -Ogier, a lawyer from Charleston, S. C., came to California in 1849, -and to Los Angeles in 1851, forming a partnership on May 31st of that -year with Don Manuel Clemente Rojo, a clever, genial native of Peru. -On September 29th, Ogier succeeded William C. Ferrell, the first -District Attorney; in 1853, he joined the voluntary police; and later -served, for some years, as United States District Judge. He died at -Holcombe Valley in May, 1861. Ogier Street, formerly Ogier Lane, was -named for him. Rojo, after dividing his time between the law and the -Spanish editorial work on the _Star_, wandered off to Lower California -and there became a "sub-political chief." - -Kewen, a native of Mississippi and a veteran of the Mexican War, came -to Los Angeles in 1858 with the title of Colonel, after _fiasco_ -followed his efforts, in the Southern States, to raise relief for the -filibuster Walker, on whose expedition A. L. Kewen, a brother, had -been killed in the battle at Rivas, Nicaragua, in June, 1855. Once a -practitioner at law in St. Louis, Kewen was elected California's first -Attorney-General, and even prior to the delivery of his oration before -the Society of Pioneers at San Francisco, in 1854, he was -distinguished for his eloquence. In 1858, he was Superintendent of Los -Angeles City Schools. In the sixties, Kewen and Norton formed a -partnership. Settling on an undulating tract of some four hundred and -fifty acres near San Gabriel, including the ruins of the old Mission -mill and now embracing the grounds of the Huntington Hotel, Kewen -repaired the house and converted it into a cosy and even luxurious -residence, calling the estate ornamented with gardens and fountains, -_El Molino_--a title perpetuated in the name of the present suburb. -Kewen was also a member of the State Assembly and, later, District -Attorney. He died in November, 1879. - -Gitchell, United States District Attorney in the late fifties, -practiced here for many years. He was a jolly old bachelor and was -popular, although he did not attain eminence. - -Isaac Hartman, an attorney, and his wife, who were among the -particularly agreeable people here in 1853, soon left for the East. - -Volney E. Howard came with his family in the late fifties. He left San -Francisco, where he had been practicing law, rather suddenly, and at a -time when social conditions in the city were demoralized, and the -citizens, as in the case of the people of Los Angeles, were obliged to -organize a vigilance committee. William T. Coleman, one of the -foremost citizens of his city, led the Northern movement, and M. J. -Newmark, then a resident of San Francisco, was among those who -participated. Howard, who succeeded William T., afterward General -Sherman in leading the Law and Order contingent, opposed the idea of -mob rule; but the people of San Francisco, fully alive to the -necessity of wiping out the vicious elements, and knowing how hard it -was to get a speedy trial and an honest jury, had little sympathy with -his views. He was accordingly ordered out of town, and made his way, -first to Sacramento, then to the South. Here, with Kewen as their -neighbor, Howard and his talented wife, a lady of decidedly -blue-stocking tendencies, took up their residence near the San Gabriel -Mission; and he became one of the most reliable attorneys in Los -Angeles, serving once or twice as County Judge and on the Supreme -Court bench, as well as in the State Constitutional Convention of -1878-1879. - -Speaking of the informality of courts in the earlier days, I should -record that jurymen and others would come in coatless and, especially -in warm weather, without vests and collars; and that it was the -fashion for each juryman to provide himself with a jack-knife and a -piece of wood, in order that he might whittle the time away. This was -a recognized privilege, and I am not exaggerating when I say that if -he forgot his piece of wood, it was considered his further prerogative -to whittle the chair on which he sat! In other respects, also, court -solemnity was lacking. Judge and attorneys would frequently lock -horns; and sometimes their disputes ended violently. On one occasion, -for example, while I was in court, Columbus Sims, an attorney who came -here in 1852, threw an inkstand at his opponent, during an -altercation; but this contempt of court did not call forth his -disbarment, for he was later found acting as attorney for Pancho -Daniel, one of Sheriff Barton's murderers, until sickness compelled -his retirement from the case. As to panel-service, I recollect that -while serving as juror in those early days, we were once locked up for -the night; and in order that time might not hang too heavily on our -hands, we engaged in a sociable little game of poker. Sims is dead. - -More than inkstands were sometimes hurled in the early courts. On one -occasion, for instance, after the angry disputants had arrived at a -state of agitation which made the further use of canes, chairs, and -similar objects tame and uninteresting, revolvers were drawn, -notwithstanding the marshal's repeated attempts to restore order. -Judge Dryden, in the midst of the _mêlée_, hid behind the platform -upon which his Judgeship's bench rested; and being well out of the -range of the threatening irons, yelled at the rioters: - -"_Shoot away_, damn you! and to _hell_ with all of you!" - -After making due allowance for primitive conditions, it must be -admitted that many and needless were the evils incidental to court -administration. There was, for instance, the law's delay, which -necessitated additional fees to witnesses and jurors and thus -materially added to the expenses of the County. Juries were always a -mixture of incoming pioneers and natives; the settlers understood very -little Spanish, and the native Californians knew still less English; -while few or none of the attorneys could speak Spanish at all. In -translating testimony, if the interpreter happened to be a friend of -the criminal (which he generally was), he would present the evidence -in a favorable light, and much time was wasted in sifting biased -translations. Of course, there were interpreters who doubtless -endeavored to perform their duties conscientiously. George Thompson -Burrill, the first Sheriff, received fifty dollars a month as court -interpreter, and Manuel Clemente Rojo translated testimony as well; -officials I believe to have been honest and conscientious. - -While alluding to court interpreters and the general use of Spanish -during at least the first decade after I came to California, I am -reminded of the case of Joaquín Carrillo, who was elected District -Judge, in the early fifties, to succeed Judge Henry A. Tefft of Santa -Bárbara, who had been drowned near San Luis Obispo while attempting to -land from a steamer in order to hold court. During the fourteen years -when Carrillo held office, he was constantly handicapped by his little -knowledge of the English language and the consequent necessity of -carrying on all court proceedings in Spanish, to say nothing of the -fact that he was really not a lawyer. Yet I am told that Carrillo -possessed common sense to such a degree that his decisions were seldom -set aside by the higher courts. - -Sheriff Burrill had a brother, S. Thompson Burrill, who was a lawyer -and a Justice of the Peace. He held court in the Padilla Building on -Main Street, opposite the present site of the Bullard Block and -adjoining my brother's store; and as a result of this proximity we -became friendly. He was one of the best-dressed men in town, although, -when I first met him, he could not have been less than sixty years of -age. He presented me with my first dog, which I lost on account of -stray poison: evil-disposed or thoughtless persons, with no respect -for the owner, whether a neighbor or not, and without the slightest -consideration for pedigree, were in the habit of throwing poison on -the streets to kill off canines, of which there was certainly a -superabundance. - -Ygnácio Sepúlveda, the jurist and a son of José Andrés Sepúlveda, was -living here when I arrived, though but a boy. Born in Los Angeles in -1842, he was educated in the East and in 1863 admitted to the Bar; he -served in the State Legislature of the following winter, was County -Judge from 1870 to 1873, and District Judge in 1874. Five years later -he was elected Superior Judge, but resigned his position in 1884 to -become Wells Fargo & Company's representative in the City of Mexico, -at which capital for two years he was also American _Chargé -d'Affaires_. There to my great pleasure I met him, bearing his honors -modestly, in January, 1885, during my tour of the southern -republic.[3] Sepúlveda Avenue is named for the family. - -Horace Bell was a nephew of Captain Alexander Bell, of Bell's Row; and -as an early comer to Los Angeles, he joined the volunteer mounted -police. Although for years an attorney and journalist, in which -capacity he edited the _Porcupine_, he is best known for his -_Reminiscences of a Ranger_, a volume written in rather a breezy and -entertaining style, but certainly containing exaggerations. - -This reference to the Rangers reminds me that I was not long in Los -Angeles when I heard of the adventures of Joaquín Murieta, who had -been killed but a few months before I came. According to the stories -current, Murieta, a nephew of José María Valdez, was a decent-enough -sort of fellow, who had been subjected to more or less injustice from -certain American settlers, and who was finally bound to a tree and -horsewhipped, after seeing his brother hung, on a trumped-up charge. -In revenge, Murieta had organized a company of bandits, and for two or -three years had terrorized a good part of the entire State. Finally, -in August, 1853, while the outlaw and several of his companions were -off their guard near the Tejón Paso, they were encountered by Captain -Harry Love and his volunteer mounted police organized to get him, -"dead or alive;" the latter killed Murieta and another desperado known -as Three-fingered Jack. Immediately the outlaws were despatched, their -heads and the deformed hand of Three-fingered Jack were removed from -the bodies and sent by John Sylvester and Harry Bloodsworth to Dr. -William Francis Edgar, then a surgeon at Fort Miller; but a flood -interfering, Sylvester swam the river with his barley sack and its -gruesome contents. Edgar put the trophies into whiskey and arsenic, -when they were transmitted to the civil authorities, as vouchers for a -reward. Bloodsworth died lately. - -Daredevils of a less malicious type were also resident among us. On -the evening of December 31st, 1853, for example, I was in our store at -eight o'clock when Felipe Rheim--often called Reihm and even -Riehm--gloriously intoxicated and out for a good time, appeared on the -scene, flourishing the ubiquitous weapon. His celebration of the New -Year had apparently commenced, and he was already six sheets in the -wind. Like many another man, Felipe, a very worthy German, was -good-natured when sober, but a terror when drunk; and as soon as he -spied my solitary figure, he pointed his gun at me, saying, at the -same time, in his vigorous native tongue, "Treat, or _I shoot_!" I -treated. After this pleasing transaction amid the smoky obscurity of -Ramón Alexander's saloon, Felipe fired his gun into the air and -disappeared. Startling as a demand like that might appear to-day, no -thought of arrest then resulted from such an incident. - -The first New Year's Eve that I spent in Los Angeles was ushered in -with the indiscriminate discharging of pistols and guns. This method -of celebrating was, I may say, a novelty to me, and no less a -surprise; for of course I was unaware of the fact that, when the city -was organized, three years before, a proposition to prohibit the -carrying of firearms of any sort, or the shooting off of the same, -except in defense of self, home or property, had been stricken from -the first constitution by the committee on police, who reported that -such an ordinance could not at that time be enforced. Promiscuous -firing continued for years to be indulged in by early Angeleños, -though frequently condemned in the daily press, and such was its -effect upon even me that I soon found myself peppering away at a -convenient adobe wall on Commercial Street, seeking to perfect my aim! - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2] Thom died on February 2d, 1915. - -[3] After an absence of thirty years, Judge Sepúlveda returned to Los -Angeles, in 1914, and was heartily welcomed back by his many friends -and admirers. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -MERCHANTS AND SHOPS - -1853 - - -Trivial events in a man's life sometimes become indelibly impressed on -his memory; and one such experience of my own is perhaps worth -mentioning as another illustration of the rough character of the -times. One Sunday, a few days after my arrival, my brother called upon -a tonsorial celebrity, Peter Biggs, of whom I shall speak later, -leaving me in charge of the store. There were two entrances, one on -Main Street, the other on Requena. I was standing at the Main Street -door, unconscious of impending excitement, when a stranger rode up on -horseback and, without the least hesitation or warning, pointed a -pistol at me. I was not sufficiently amused to delay my going, but -promptly retreated to the other door where the practical joker, -astride his horse, had easily anticipated my arrival and again greeted -me with the muzzle of his weapon. These maneuvers were executed a -number of times, and my ill-concealed trepidation only seemed to -augment the diversion of a rapidly-increasing audience. My brother -returned in the midst of the fun and asked the jolly joker what in -hell he meant by such behavior; to which he replied: "Oh, I just -wanted to frighten the boy!" - -Soon after this incident, my brother left for San Francisco; and his -partner, Jacob Rich, accompanied by his wife, came south and rented -rooms in what was then known as Mellus's Row, an adobe building for -the most part one-story, standing alone with a garden in the rear, -and occupying about three hundred feet on the east side of Los Angeles -Street, between Aliso and First. In this row, said by some to have -been built by Barton & Nordholt, in 1850, for Captain Alexander Bell, -a merchant here since 1842, after whom Bell Street is named, and by -others claimed to have been the headquarters of Frémont, in 1846, -there was a second-story at the corner of Aliso, provided with a large -veranda; and there the Bell and Mellus families lived. Francis Mellus, -who arrived in California in 1839, had married the niece of Mrs. Bell, -and Bell having sold the building to Mellus, Bell's Row became known -as Mellus's Row. Finally, Bell repurchased the property, retaining it -during the remainder of his life; and the name was again changed. This -famous stretch of adobe, familiarly known as The Row, housed many -early shopkeepers, such as Ferner & Kraushaar, general merchants, -Kalisher & Wartenberg, and Bachman & Bauman. The coming to Los Angeles -of Mr. and Mrs. Rich enabled me to abandon La Rue's restaurant, as I -was permitted to board with them. None the less, I missed my brother -very much. - -Everything at that time indicating that I was in for a commercial -career, it was natural that I should become acquainted with the -merchants then in Los Angeles. Some of the tradesmen, I dare say, I -have forgotten; but a more or less distinct recollection remains of -many, and to a few of them I shall allude. - -Temple Street had not then been opened by Beaudry and Potts, although -there was a little _cul-de-sac_ extending west from Spring Street; and -at the junction of what is now Spring and Temple streets, there was a -two-story adobe building in which D. W. Alexander and Francis Mellus -conducted a general merchandise business, and at one time acted as -agents for Mellus & Howard of San Francisco. Mellus, who was born in -Salem, Massachusetts, February 3d, 1824, came to the Coast in 1839, -first landing at Santa Bárbara; and when I first met him he had -married Adelaida, daughter of Don Santiago Johnson, and our -fellow-townsman, James J. Mellus--familiarly known as plain Jim--was -a baby. Alexander & Mellus had rather an extensive business in the -early days, bringing goods by sailing vessel around Cape Horn, and -exchanging them for hides and tallow which were carried back East by -the returning merchantmen. They had operated more or less extensively -even some years before California was ceded to the United States; but -competition from a new source forced these well-established merchants -to retire. With the advent of more frequent, although still irregular -service between San Francisco and the South, and the influx of more -white people, a number of new stores started here bringing merchandise -from the Northern market, while San Francisco buyers began to outbid -Alexander & Mellus for the local supply of hides and tallow. This so -revolutionized the methods under which this tradition-bound old -concern operated that, by 1858, it had succumbed to the inevitable, -and the business passed into the hands of Johnson & Allanson, a firm -made up of Charles R. Johnson, soon to be elected County Clerk, and -Horace S. Allanson. - -Most of the commercial activity in this period was carried on north of -First Street. The native population inhabited Sonora Town, for the -most part a collection of adobes, named after the Mexican state whence -came many of our people; there was a contingent from other parts of -Mexico; and a small sprinkling of South Americans from Chile and Peru. -Among this Spanish-speaking people quite a business was done by -Latin-American storekeepers. It followed, naturally enough, that they -dealt in all kinds of Mexican goods. - -One of the very few white men in this district was José Mascarel (a -powerfully-built French sea-captain and master of the ship that -brought Don Luis Vignes to the Southland), who settled in Los Angeles -in 1844, marrying an Indian woman. He had come with Prudhomme and -others; and under Captain Henseley had taken part in the military -events at San Bartolo and the Mesa. By 1865, when he was Mayor of the -city, he had already accumulated a number of important real estate -holdings and owned, with another Frenchman, Juan Barri, a baker, the -block extending east on the south side of Commercial Street, from -Main to Los Angeles, which had been built in 1861 to take the place of -several old adobes. This the owners later divided, Mascarel taking the -southeast corner of Commercial and Main streets, and Barri the -southwest corner of Commercial and Los Angeles streets. In the -seventies, I. W. Hellman bought the Mascarel corner, and in 1883, the -Farmers & Merchants Bank moved to that location, where it remained -until the institution purchased the southwest corner of Fourth and -Main streets, for the erection of its own building. - -Andrés Ramirez was another Sonora Town merchant. He had come from -Mexico in 1844, and sold general merchandise in what, for a while, was -dubbed the Street of the Maids. Later, this was better known as Upper -Main Street; and still later it was called San Fernando Street. - -Louis Abarca was a tradesman and a neighbor of Ramirez. Prosperous -until the advent of the pioneer, he little by little became poorer, -and finally withdrew from business. - -Juan Bernard, a native of French Switzerland, whose daughter married -D. Botiller, now an important landowner, came to California by way of -the Horn, in search of the precious metal, preceding me to this land -of sunshine. For awhile, he had a brickyard on Buena Vista Street; but -in the late seventies, soon after marrying Señorita Susana Machado, -daughter of Don Agustin Machado, he bought a vineyard on Alameda -Street, picturesquely enclosed by a high adobe or brick wall much -after the fashion of a European _château_. He also came to own the -site of the Natick House. A clever linguist and a man of attractive -personality, he passed away in 1889. - -An American by the name of George Walters lived on Upper Main Street, -among the denizens of which locality he was an influential person. -Born at New Orleans as early as 1809, Walters had trapped and traded -in the Rocky Mountains, then teamed for awhile between Santa Fé and -neighboring points. Near the end of 1844, he left New Mexico in -company with James Waters, Jim Beckwith and other travelers, finally -reaching Los Angeles. Walters, who settled in San Bernardino, was at -the Chino Ranch, with B. D. Wilson and Louis Robidoux, when so many -Americans were made prisoners. - -Julian Chavez, after whom Chavez Street is named, was here in 1853. If -he was not native-born, he came here at a very early day. He owned a -stretch of many acres, about a mile northeast of Los Angeles. He was a -good, honest citizen, and is worthy of recollection. - -Ramón Alexander, a Frenchman often confused with David Alexander, came -to Los Angeles before 1850, while it was still a mere Mexican village. -Pioneers remember him especially as the builder of the long-famous -Round House, on Main Street, and as one who also for some time kept a -saloon near Requena Street. Alexander's wife was a Señorita Valdez. He -died in 1870. - -Antoine Laborie was another Frenchman here before the beginning of the -fifties. He continued to live in Los Angeles till at least the late -seventies. A fellow-countryman, B. Dubordieu, had a bakery in Sonora -Town. - -Philip Rheim, the good-natured German to whom I have referred, had a -little store and saloon, before I came, called _Los dos Amigos_, as -the proprietor of which he was known as Don Felipe. Nor was this title -amiss; for Felipe married a native woman and, German though he had -been, he gradually became, like so many others who had mated in the -same way, more and more Californian in manners and customs. - -A month after I arrived here, John Behn, who had a grocery business at -the northeast corner of First and Los Angeles streets, retired. He had -come to Los Angeles from Baden in 1848, and, after forming one or two -partnerships, had sold out to Lorenzo Leck, a German Dane, who reached -here in November, 1849, and whose son, Henry von der Leck, married a -daughter of Tom Mott and is living at San Juan Capistrano. Leck opened -his own store in 1854, and despite the trials to which he was to be -subjected, he was able, in 1868, to pay John Schumacher three thousand -dollars for a lot on Main Street. Leck had a liking for the -spectacular; and in the November previous to my arrival was active, as -I have been told, with Goller and Nordholt, in organizing the first -political procession seen in Los Angeles. The election of Pierce was -the incentive, and there were gorgeous transparencies provided for the -event. It was on this occasion that a popular local character, George -the Baker, burned himself badly while trying to fire off the -diminutive cannon borrowed from the Spanish _padre_ for the event. - -In the one-story adobe of Mascarel and Barri, on the corner of -Commercial and Main streets, now the site of the United States -National Bank, an Irishman named Samuel G. Arbuckle, who had come here -in 1850 and was associated for a short time with S. Lazard, conducted -a dry goods store. From 1852 to 1856, Arbuckle was City Treasurer. - -In the same building, and adjoining Arbuckle's, John Jones, father of -Mrs. J. B. Lankershim and M. G. Jones, carried on a wholesale grocery -business. Jones had left England for Australia, when forty-seven years -old, and a year later touched the coast of California at Monterey and -came to Los Angeles. Twice a year, Jones went north in a schooner, for -the purpose of replenishing his stock; and after making his purchases -and having the boat loaded, he would return to Los Angeles. Sometimes -he traveled with the round-bellied, short and jolly Captain Morton who -recalled his illustrious prototype, Wouter van Twiller, so humorously -described by Washington Irving as "exactly five feet six inches in -height, and six feet five inches in circumference;" sometimes he -sailed with Captain J. S. Garcia, a good-natured seaman. During his -absence, the store remained closed; and as this trip always required -at least six weeks, some idea may be obtained of the Sleepy Hollow -methods then prevailing in this part of the West. In 1854 or 1855, -Jones, who was reputed to be worth some fifty thousand dollars, went -to San Francisco and married Miss Doria Deighton, and it was generally -understood that he expected to settle there; but having been away for -a couple of years, he returned to the City of the Angels, this being -one of the first instances within my observation of the irresistible -attraction of Los Angeles for those who have once lived here. It is -my recollection that Jones bought from John G. Downey the Cristóbal -Aguilar home then occupied by W. H. and Mrs. Perry; a building the -more interesting since it was understood to have served, long in the -past and before the American occupation, as a _calabozo_ or jail, and -to have had a whipping-post supposed to have done much service in -keeping the turbulently-inclined natives quiet. How many of the old -adobes may at times have been used as jails, I am unable to say, but -it is also related that there stood on the hill west of the Plaza -another _cuartel_, afterward the home of B. S. Eaton, where Fred, -later Mayor of Los Angeles, was born. Like Felix Bachman and others, -Jones entered actively into trade with Salt Lake City; and although he -met with many reverses--notably in the loss of Captain Morton's _Laura -Bevan_, which sank, carrying down a shipload of uninsured goods--he -retired well-to-do. - -John, sometimes called Juan Temple--or Jonathan, as he used to sign -himself in earlier years--who paid the debt of Nature in 1866, and -after whom Temple Street is named, was another merchant, having a -store upon the piece of land (later the site of the Downey Block, and -now occupied by the Post Office) which, from 1849 to 1866, was in -charge of my friend, Don Ygnácio Garcia, his confidential business -agent. Garcia imported from Mexico both _serapes_ and _rebozos_; and -as every Mexican man and woman required one of these garments, Temple -had a large and very lucrative trade in them alone. Following the -death of Temple, Garcia continued under Hinchman, the executor of the -estate, until everything had been settled. - -It was really far back in 1827 when Temple came to Los Angeles, -started the first general merchandise store in town, and soon took -such a lead in local affairs that the first Vigilance Committee in the -city was organized in his store, in 1836. Toward the fifties, he -drifted south to Mexico and there acquired a vast stretch of land on -the coast; but he returned here, and was soon known as one of the -wealthiest, yet one of the stingiest men in all California. His real -estate holdings in or near Los Angeles were enormous; but the bad -judgment of his executor cost him dear, and valuable properties were -sacrificed. After his death, Temple's wife--who once accompanied her -husband to Paris, and had thus formed a liking for the livelier French -capital--returned to France with her daughter, later Doña Ajuria, to -live; and A. F. Hinchman, Temple's brother-in-law, who had been -Superintendent of Santa Bárbara County Schools, was appointed -administrator. Hinchman then resided in San Diego, and was intensely -partial to that place. This may have prejudiced him against Los -Angeles; but whatever the cause, he offered Temple's properties at -ridiculous prices, and some of the items of sale may now be -interesting. - -The present site of the Government Building, embracing as it then did -the forty-foot street north of it, was at that time improved with an -adobe building covering the entire front and running back to New High -Street; and this adobe, known after Temple's death as the Old Temple -Block, Hinchman sold for fifteen thousand dollars. He also disposed of -the new Temple Block, including the improvement at the south end which -I shall describe, for but sixteen thousand dollars. I remember quite -well that Ygnácio Garcia was the purchaser, and that, tiring of his -bargain in a couple of weeks, he resold the property to John Temple's -brother, Francisco, at cost. - -Hinchman, for fourteen thousand dollars, also disposed of the site of -the present Bullard Block, whereon Temple had erected a large brick -building, the lower part of which was used as a market while the upper -part was a theater. The terms in each of these three transactions were -a thousand dollars per annum, with interest at ten per cent. He sold -to the Bixbys the Cerritos _rancho_, containing twenty-six thousand -acres, for twenty thousand dollars. Besides these, there were eighteen -lots, each one hundred and twenty by three hundred and thirty feet, -located on Fort Street (now Broadway), some of which ran through to -Spring and others to Hill, which were bought by J. F. Burns and -William Buffum for one thousand and fifty dollars, or fifty dollars -each for the twelve inside and seventy-five dollars each for the six -corner lots. - -Returning to the Fort Street lots, it may be interesting to know that -the property would be worth to-day--at an average price of four -thousand dollars per foot--about nine million dollars. Eugene Meyer -purchased one of the lots (on the west side of Fort Street, running -through to Hill, one hundred and twenty by three hundred and thirty -feet in size), for the sum of one thousand dollars; and I paid him a -thousand dollars for sixty feet and the same depth. In 1874 I built on -this site the home occupied by me for about twelve years, after which -I improved both fronts for F. L. Blanchard. These two blocks are still -in my possession; the Broadway building is known as Blanchard Hall. -Blanchard, by the way, a comer of 1886, started his Los Angeles career -in A. G. Bartlett's music store, and has since always been closely -identified with art movements. He organized the system of cluster -street-lights in use here and was an early promoter of good roads. - - [Illustration: Pio Pico From an oil portrait] - - [Illustration: Juan Bandini] - - [Illustration: Abel Stearns] - - [Illustration: Isaac Williams] - - [Illustration: Store of Felipe Rheim] - -Charles L. Ducommun was here in business in 1853, he and John G. -Downey having arrived together, three years before. According to the -story still current, Ducommun, with his kit and stock as a watchmaker, -and Downey, with his outfit as a druggist, hired a _carreta_ together, -to transport their belongings from San Pedro to Los Angeles; but the -_carreta_ broke down, and the two pilgrims to the City of the Angels -had to finish their journey afoot. Ducommun's first store, located on -Commercial Street between Main and Los Angeles, was about sixteen by -thirty feet in size, but it contained an astonishing assortment of -merchandise, such as hardware, stationery and jewelry. Perhaps the -fact that Ducommun came from Switzerland, then even more than now the -chief home of watchmaking, explains his early venture in the making -and selling of watches; however that may be, it was to Charlie -Ducommun's that the bankrupt merchant Moreno--later sentenced to -fourteen or fifteen years in the penitentiary for robbing a -Frenchman--came to sell the Frenchman's gold watch. Moreno confessed -that he had organized a gang of robbers, after his failure in -business, and had murdered even his own lieutenants. Ducommun, -pretending to go into a rear room for the money, slipped out of the -back door and gave the alarm. Ducommun's store was a sort of -curiosity-shop containing many articles not obtainable elsewhere; and -he was clever enough, when asked for any rarity, to charge all that -the traffic would bear. I wonder what Charlie Ducommun would say if he -could return to life and see his sons conducting a large, modern -wholesale hardware establishment on an avenue never thought of in his -day and where once stretched acres of fruit and vine lands! Ducommun -Street commemorates this pioneer. - -Ozro W. Childs, who came to Los Angeles in November, 1850, was for -awhile in partnership with J. D. Hicks, the firm being known as Childs -& Hicks. They conducted a tin-shop on Commercial Street, in a building -about twenty by forty feet. In 1861, H. D. Barrows joined them, and -hardware was added to the business. Somewhat later the firm was known -as J. D. Hicks & Company. In 1871, Barrows bought out the Childs and -Hicks interests, and soon formed a partnership with W. C. Furrey, -although the latter arrived in Los Angeles only in 1872. When Barrows -retired, Furrey continued alone for several years. The W. C. Furrey -Company was next organized, with James W. Hellman as the active -partner of Furrey, and with Simon Maier, the meat-packer and brother -of the brewer, and J. A. Graves as stockholders. Hellman, in time, -succeeded this company and continued for himself. When Childs -withdrew, he went in for importing and selling exotic trees and -plants, and made his home place, in more modern days known as the -Huntington Purchase and running from Main to Hill and Eleventh to -Twelfth streets, wonderfully attractive to such tourists as then -chanced this way; he also claimed to be the pioneer floriculturist of -Los Angeles County. Toward the end of his life, Childs erected on Main -Street, south of First, a theater styled an opera house and later -known as the Grand, which was popular in its time. Childs Avenue bears -the family name. - -Labatt Brothers had one of the leading dry goods houses, which, -strange as it may seem, they conducted in a part of the Abel Stearns -home, corner of Main and Arcadia streets, now occupied by the Baker -Block. Their establishment, while the most pretentious and certainly -the most specialized of its day in town, and therefore patronized by -our well-to-do people, would nevertheless make but a sorry appearance -in comparison with even a single department in any of the mammoth -stores of to-day. - -Jacob Elias was not only here in 1853, in partnership with his brother -under the firm name of Elias Brothers, but he also induced some of his -friends in Augusta, Georgia, to migrate to California. Among those who -came in 1854 were Pollock, whose given name I forget, and L. C., -better known as Clem Goodwin. The latter clerked for awhile for Elias -Brothers, after which he associated himself with Pollock under the -title of Pollock & Goodwin. They occupied premises at what was then -the corner of Aliso Street and Nigger Alley, and the site, some years -later, of P. Beaudry's business when we had our interesting contest, -the story of which I shall relate in due time. Pollock & Goodwin -continued in the general merchandise business for a few years, after -which they returned to Augusta. Goodwin, however, came back to -California in 1864 a Benedick, and while in San Francisco accidentally -met Louis Polaski who was then looking for an opening. Goodwin induced -Polaski to enter into partnership with him, and the well-known early -clothing house of Polaski & Goodwin was thus established in the Downey -Block. In 1867, they bought out I. W. Hellman and moved over to the -southeast corner of Commercial and Main streets. Goodwin sold out to -Polaski in 1881, when the firm became Polaski & Sons; in 1883 Sam, -Isidor and Myer L. Polaski bought out their father, and in time -Polaski Brothers also withdrew. Goodwin became Vice-president of the -Farmers & Merchants Bank. Polaski died in 1900, Goodwin having -preceded him a short time before. Goodwin left his wife some valuable -property, and as they were without issue, she so richly endowed the -Children's Hospital, at her death, that the present building was made -possible. - -The Lanfranco brothers--Juan T. and Mateo--came from Genoa, Italy, by -way of Lima, Peru and New York, whence they crossed the Plains with -James Lick the carpenter later so celebrated, and they were both here -in business in 1853; Juan, a small capitalist or _petit rentier_, -living where the Lanfranco Building now stands, opposite the Federal -Building, while Mateo kept a grocery store on Main Street, not far -from Commercial. In 1854, Juan added to his independence by marrying -Señorita Petra Pilar, one of fourteen children of Don José Loreto -Sepúlveda, owner of the Palos Verdes _rancho_; the celebration of the -nuptials, in dancing and feasting, lasting five days. It was at that -ranch that a great stampede of cattle occurred, due to fright when the -pioneer sulky, imported by Juan Lanfranco from San Francisco, and then -a strange object, was driven into their midst. About 1861, the first -Lanfranco Building was erected. Mateo died on October 4th, 1873, while -Juan passed away on May 20th, 1875. His wife died in 1877. A daughter -married Walter Maxwell; a second daughter became the wife of Walter S. -Moore, for years Chief of the Fire Department; and still another -daughter married Arthur Brentano, one of the well-known Paris and New -York booksellers. - -Solomon Lazard and Maurice Kremer, cousins of about the same age, and -natives of Lorraine, were associated in 1853 under the title of Lazard -& Kremer, being located in a storeroom in Mellus's Row, and I may add -that since nearly all of the country development had taken place in -districts adjacent to San Gabriel, El Monte and San Bernardino, travel -through Aliso Street was important enough to make their situation one -of the best in town. Lazard had arrived in San Francisco in 1851, and -having remained there about a year, departed for San Diego, where it -was his intention to engage in the dry goods business. Finding that -there were not enough people there to maintain such an establishment -of even moderate proportions, Lazard decided upon the advice of a -seafaring man whom he met to remove his stock, which he had brought -from the Northern town, to Los Angeles. He told me that he paid -fifty-six dollars' steamer fare from San Francisco to San Diego, and -that the freight on his merchandise cost him twenty dollars a ton. -Among his native friends, Lazard was always known as Don Solomon, and -being popular, he frequently acted as floor-manager at balls and -fandangos. Lazard is still living at the good old age of eighty-seven -years. Kremer also reached here in 1852. In time, Timoteo Wolfskill, a -son of William Wolfskill, bought Kremer's interest, and the firm name -became Lazard & Wolfskill. Each of these worthy pioneers in his day -rendered signal service to the community--Lazard serving as Councilman -in 1862; and I shall have occasion, therefore, to refer to them again. -Abe Lazard, a brother of Solomon, who had spent some years in South -America, came in the late fifties. Dr. E. M. Lazard is a son of S. -Lazard. - -While speaking of San Diego, I may remark that it was quite fifteen -years before the interesting old Spanish settlement to the South, with -which I had no business relations, attracted me; and as I was no -exception, the reader may see how seldom the early settlers were -inclined to roam about merely for sight-seeing. - -In 1853, M. Norton and E. Greenbaum sold merchandise at the southwest -corner of Los Angeles and Commercial streets (when Jacob, J. L., an -early Supervisor and City Treasurer, 1863-64 and Moritz Morris, -Councilman in 1869-70, were competitors). In time, Jacob returned to -Germany, where he died. Herman Morris, a brother, was a local -newspaper reporter. Jacob Letter was another rival, who removed to -Oakland. Still another dealer in general merchandise was M. Michaels, -almost a dwarf in size, who emigrated to South America. Casper -Behrendt--father-in-law of John Kahn, a man prominent in many -movements--who arrived in 1851, was another Commercial Street -merchant. Still other early merchants whom I somewhat distinctly -recall were Israel Fleishman and Julius Sichel, who had a glassware, -crockery and hardware business; and L. Lasky, on Commercial Street. - -Thomas D. Mott, father of John Mott, the attorney, who was lured to -California by the gold-fever of 1849, and to Los Angeles, three years -later, by the climate, I met on the day of my arrival. His room -adjoined my brother's store, so that we soon formed an acquaintanceship -which ripened, in the course of time, into a friendship that endured -until the day of his death. In the early sixties, he was the -proprietor of a livery stable on Main Street, opposite the Stearns -home. He was very fond of hunting, being an expert at dropping a bird -on the wing; and frequently went dove-shooting with his friends. - -All of which, insignificant as it may at first appear, I mention for -the purpose of indicating the neighborhood of these operations. The -hunting-ground covered none other than that now lying between Main and -Olive streets from about Sixth Street to Pico, and teeming to-day, as -the reader knows, with activity and life. There sportsmen hunted, -while more matter-of-fact burghers frequently went with scythes to cut -grass for their horses. - -Prudent Beaudry, a native of Quebec destined to make and lose several -fortunes, was here when I came, having previously been a merchant in -San Francisco when staple articles--such as common tacks, selling at -sixteen dollars a package!--commanded enormous prices. Two or three -times, however, fire obliterated all his savings, and when he reached -Los Angeles, Beaudry had only about a thousand dollars' worth of goods -and two or three hundred dollars in cash. With these assets he opened -a small store on Main Street, opposite the Abel Stearns home; and -again favored by the economic conditions of the times, he added to his -capital very rapidly. From Main Street Beaudry moved to Commercial, -forming partnerships successively with a man named Brown and with one -Le Maître. As early as 1854, Beaudry had purchased the property at the -northeast corner of Aliso Street and Nigger Alley for eleven thousand -dollars, and this he so improved with the additional investment of -twenty-five thousand dollars that he made his now elongated adobe -bring him in an income of a thousand a month. As stated elsewhere, -Beaudry went to Europe in 1855, returning later to Montreal; and it -was not until 1861 or later that he came back to Los Angeles and -reëngaged in business, this time in his own building where until 1865 -he thrived, withdrawing, as I shall soon show, in the beginning of -1866. Beaudry Avenue recalls this early and important man of affairs. - -David W. Alexander, Phineas Banning's enterprising partner in -establishing wagon-trains, was here when I came and was rather an -influential person. An Irishman by birth, he had come to California -from Mexico by way of Salt Lake, in the early forties, and lived for -awhile in the San Bernardino country. From 1844 to 1849, John Temple -and he had a store at San Pedro, and still later he was associated in -business with Banning, selling out his interest in 1855. In 1850, -Alexander was President of the first Common Council of Los Angeles, -being one of the two members who completed their term; in 1852, he -visited Europe; and in September, 1855, he was elected Sheriff of the -County, bringing to his aid the practical experience of a Ranger. -Before keeping store, Alexander had farmed for awhile on the Rincon -_rancho_; he continued to hold a large extent of acreage and in 1872 -was granted a patent to over four thousand acres in the Providencia, -and in 1874 to nearly seventeen thousand acres in the Tejunga -_rancho_. George C. Alexander, David's brother, was Postmaster at San -Pedro in 1857. - -The Hazards arrived in 1853 with a large family of children, Captain -A. M. Hazard having made his way with ox-teams from the East, via Salt -Lake, on a journey which consumed nearly two years. At first they took -up a claim about four miles from Los Angeles, which was later declared -Government land. The eldest son, Daniel, was employed by Banning as a -teamster, traveling between Los Angeles and Yuma; but later he set up -in the teaming business for himself. George W. Hazard became a dealer -in saddlery in Requena Street; and taking an active interest in the -early history of Los Angeles, he collected, at personal sacrifice, -souvenirs of the past, and this collection has become one of the few -original sources available for research.[4] In 1889, Henry T. Hazard, -after having served the City as its Attorney, was elected Mayor, his -administration being marked by no little progress in the town's growth -and expansion. Henry, who married a daughter of Dr. William Geller, -and after whom Hazard Street is named, is the only one of the -brothers who survives. - -Sam Meyer, who met me, as related, when I alighted from the stage, was -another resident of Los Angeles prior to my coming. He had journeyed -from Germany to America in 1849, had spent four years in New Orleans, -Macon, and other Southern cities, and early in 1853 had come to -California. On Main Street, south of Requena, I found him, with -Hilliard Loewenstein, in the dry goods business, an undertaking they -continued until 1856, when Loewenstein returned to Germany, to marry a -sister of Meyer. Emanuel Loewenstein, one of the issue of this -marriage, and a jolly, charitable fellow, is well known about town. On -December 15th, 1861, Meyer married Miss Johanna,[5] daughter of S. C. -and Rosalia Davis, and the same year formed a partnership with Davis -in the crockery business. After two and a half years of residence in -Germany, Loewenstein returned to Los Angeles. Meyer, so long -identified with local freemasonry, died in 1903. A daughter married -Max Loewenthal, the attorney. - -Baruch Marks, one of the very few people yet living who were here when -I arrived, is now about ninety-one years of age, and still[6] a -resident of Los Angeles. He was with Louis Schlesinger (who lost his -life when the _Ada Hancock_ was destroyed) and Hyman Tischler in the -general merchandise business in 1853 at Mellus's Row, the firm being -known as B. Marks & Company; and having prospered, he went to Berlin. -There, after the Franco-Prussian War, when much disaster befell -speculators, he lost most of his means; and greatly reduced in -resources, he returned to Los Angeles. Since then, however, he has -never been able to retrieve his fortune. Luckily he enjoys good -health, even being able at his advanced age, as he told me recently, -to shave himself. - -In 1851, Herman Schlesinger reached Los Angeles and engaged in the dry -goods business with Tobias Sherwinsky. In 1855, Moritz Schlesinger, -Herman's brother, came here and clerked for the firm. In 1857, -Schlesinger & Sherwinsky, having made, approximately, fourteen -thousand dollars, which they divided, sold out to Moritz Schlesinger -and returned to Germany. A few years later Sherwinsky lost his money -and, coming back to California, located in San Diego where he died. -Schlesinger remained in Germany and died there, about 1900. - -Collins Wadhams had a general store on the northeast corner of Main -and Commercial streets--a piece of property afterward bought by -Charlie Ducommun. At another time, Wadhams & Foster were general -merchants who, succeeding to the business of Foster & McDougal, were -soon followed by Douglass, Foster & Wadhams. Clerking for this firm -when I came was William W. Jenkins, who left for Arizona, years -afterward, where he led an adventurous life. - -Henry G. Yarrow, often called _Cuatro Ojos_ or four eyes, from the -fact that he wore a pair of big spectacles on a large hooked nose, was -an eccentric character of the fifties and later. He once conducted a -store at the southwest corner of Los Angeles and Requena streets, and -was the Jevne of his day in so far as he dealt in superior and -exceptional commodities generally not found in any other store. In -other respects, however, the comparison fails; for he kept the -untidiest place in town, and his stock was fearfully jumbled together, -necessitating an indefinite search for every article demanded. The -store was a little low room in an adobe building about twenty feet -long and ten feet wide, with another room in the rear where Yarrow -cooked and slept. He was also a mysterious person, and nobody ever saw -the inside of this room. His clothes were of the commonest material; -he was polite and apparently well-bred; yet he never went anywhere for -social intercourse, nor did he wish anyone to call upon him except for -trade. Aside from the barest necessities, he was never known to spend -any money, and so he came to be regarded as a miser. One morning he -was found dead in his store, and for some time thereafter people dug -in his backyard searching for the earnings believed to have been -secreted there; but not a cent of his horde was ever found. There -were all kinds of rumors, however, respecting Yarrow. One was to the -effect that he was the scion of a noted English family, and that -disappointment in love had soured and driven him from the world; while -another report was that his past had been somewhat shady. Nobody, -apparently, knew the truth; but I personally believe that Yarrow was -honest, and know that when at one time, despite his efforts, he failed -in business, he endeavored to settle his debts upon the most honorable -basis. - -Charles Hale, later associated with M. W. Childs, had a tin-shop just -where Stearns's Arcadia Block now stands. This shop stood on elevated -ground, making his place of business rather difficult of access; from -which the reader will gain some idea of the irregular appearance of -the landscape in early days. Hale in time went to Mexico, where he was -reported to have made a fortune. - -August Ulyard arrived with his wife on the last day of December, 1852, -and rented a house near the Plaza. In competition with Joseph Lelong, -who had established his Jenny Lind bakery a couple of years previous, -Ulyard opened a bake-shop, making his first bread from yeast which -Mrs. Ulyard had brought with her across the Plains. There had been -nothing but French bread in Los Angeles up to that time, but Ulyard -began to introduce both German and American bread and cake, which soon -found favor with many; later he added freshly-baked crackers. After a -while, he moved to the site of the Natick House, at the southwest -corner of Main and First streets; and once he owned the southwest -corner of Fifth and Spring streets, on which the Alexandria Hotel now -stands. Having no children of their own, Ulyard and his wife adopted -first one and then another, until eventually they had a family of -seven! - -Picturing these unpretentious stores, I recall a custom long prevalent -here among the native population. Just as in Mexico a little lump of -sugar called a _pilon_, or something equally insignificant, was given -with even the smallest purchase, so here some trifle, called a -_pilon_, was thrown in to please the buyer. And if a merchant -neglected to offer such a gratuity, the customer was almost certain to -ask for it. - -Among the meat-handlers, there were several Sentous brothers, but -those with whom I was more intimately acquainted were Jean and Louis, -father of Louis Sentous the present French Consul, both of whom, if I -mistake not, came about the middle of the fifties. They engaged in the -sheep business; and later Louis had a packing-house of considerable -importance located between Los Angeles and Santa Monica, where he also -owned over a thousand acres of valuable land which he sold some time -before his death. They were very successful; and Sentous Street bears -their name. Jean died in 1903, and Louis a few years later. - -Refúgio Botello was another wholesale cattle- and meat-dealer. - -Arthur McKenzie Dodson, who came here in 1850 and later married Miss -Reyes, daughter of Nasário Dominguez, conducted a butcher shop and one -of the first grocery stores. He was also the first to make soap here. -For a while Dodson was in partnership with John Benner who, during a -quarter of a century when in business for himself, in the old Temple -adobe on Main Street, built up an important trade in the handling of -meat. James H. Dodson is Arthur's son. - -Santiago Bollo also kept a small grocery. - -"Hog" Bennett was here in the middle fifties. He raised and killed -hogs, and cured the ham and bacon which he sold to neighboring -dealers. - -Possessed as he was of an unusual sense of rectitude, I esteemed -Francisco Solano, father of Alfredo Solano, for his many good -qualities. He was in the butcher business in Sonora Town, and was -prosperous in the early fifties. - -An odd little store was that of Madame Salandie, who came to -California in 1849, on the same vessel that brought Lorenzo Leck. She -had a butcher shop; but, rather curiously, she was also a -money-lender. - -I believe that Jack Yates was here in 1853. He owned the first general -laundry, located on Los Angeles Street between First and Requena, and -conducted it with success and profit for many years, until he -succumbed to the competition of the Chinese. Yates's daughter, Miss -Mary D., married H. J. Woollacott, at one time a prominent financier. - -More than once, in recording these fragmentary recollections, I have -had occasion to refer to persons who, at one time or another, were -employed in a very different manner than in a later period of their -lives. The truth is that in the early days one's occupation did not -weigh much in the balance, provided only that he was honorable and a -good citizen; and pursuits lowly to-day were then engaged in by -excellent men. Many of the vocations of standing were unknown, in -fact, fifty or sixty years ago; and refined and educated gentlemen -often turned their attention to what are now considered humble -occupations. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[4] George Hazard died on February 8th, 1914. - -[5] Mrs. Meyer died on September 4th, 1914. - -[6] Marks died on July 9th, 1914. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -IN AND NEAR THE OLD PUEBLO - -1853 - - -About the time when I arrived, Assessor António F. Coronel reported an -increase in the City and County assessment of over eight hundred and -five thousand dollars, but the number of stores was really limited, -and the amount of business involved was in proportion. The community -was like a village; and such was the provincial character of the town -that, instead of indicating the location of a store or office by a -number, the advertiser more frequently used such a phrase as "opposite -the Bella Union," "near the Express Office," or "_vis-à-vis_ to Mr. -Temple's." Nor was this of great importance: change of names and -addresses were frequent in business establishments in those days--an -indication, perhaps, of the restless spirit of the times. - -Possibly because of this uncertainty as to headquarters, merchants -were indifferent toward many advertising aids considered to-day rather -essential. When I began business in Los Angeles, most of the -storekeepers contented themselves with signs rudely lettered or -painted on unbleached cloth, and nailed on the outside of the adobe -walls of their shops. Later, their signs were on bleached cloth and -secured in frames without glass. In 1865, we had a painted wooden -sign; and still later, many establishments boasted of letters in gold -on the glass doors and windows. So too, when I first came here, -merchants wrote their own billheads and often did not take the trouble -to do that; but within two or three years afterward, they began to -have them printed. - -People were also not as particular about keeping their places of -business open all day. Proprietors would sometimes close their stores -and go out for an hour or two for their meals, or to meet in a -friendly game of billiards. During the monotonous days when but little -business was being transacted, it was not uncommon for merchants to -visit back and forth and to spend hours at a time in playing cards. To -provide a substitute for a table, the window sill of the thick adobe -was used, the visitor seating himself on a box or barrel on the -outside, while the host within at the window would make himself -equally comfortable. Without particularizing, it is safe to state that -the majority of early traders indulged in such methods of killing -time. During this period of miserably lighted thoroughfares, and -before the arrival of many American families, those who did not play -cards and billiards in the saloons met at night at each other's stores -where, on an improvised table, they indulged in a little game of draw. - -Artisans, too, were among the pioneers. William H. Perry, a carpenter -by trade, came to Los Angeles on February 1st, 1853, bringing with -him, and setting up here, the first stationary steam engine. In May, -1855, seeing an opportunity to expand, he persuaded Ira Gilchrist to -form a partnership with him under the name of W. H. Perry & Company. A -brief month later, however--so quickly did enterprises evolve in early -Los Angeles--Perry gave up carpentering and joined James D. Brady in -the furniture business. Their location was on Main Street between -Arcadia and the Plaza. They continued together several years, until -Wallace Woodworth--one of Tom Mott's horsemen who went out to avenge -the death of Sheriff Barton--bought out Brady's interest, when the -firm became Perry & Woodworth. They prospered and grew in importance, -their speciality being inside cabinet-work; and on September 6th, -1861, they established a lumber yard in town, with the first regular -saw- and planing-mills seen here. They then manufactured beehives, -furniture and upholstery, and contracted for building and -house-furnishing. In 1863, Stephen H., brother of Tom Mott, joined the -firm. Perry & Woodworth were both active in politics, one being a -Councilman, the other a Supervisor--the latter, a Democratic leader, -going as a delegate to the convention that nominated General Winfield -S. Hancock for the presidency. Their political affiliations indeed -gave them an influence which, in the awarding of contracts, was -sufficient to keep them supplied with large orders. Woodworth's demise -occurred in 1883. Perry died on October 30th, 1906. - -Nels Williamson, a native of Maine and a clever fellow, was another -carpenter who was here when I arrived. He had come across the Plains -from New Orleans in 1852 as one of a party of twenty. In the -neighborhood of El Paso de Águila they were all ambushed by Indians, -and eighteen members of the party were killed; Williamson, and Dick -Johnson, afterward a resident of Los Angeles, being the two that -escaped. On a visit to Kern County, Nels was shot by a hunter who -mistook him for a bear; the result of which was that he was badly -crippled for life. So long as he lived--and he approached ninety -years--Nels, like many old-timers, was horribly profane. - -Henri Penelon, a fresco-painter, was here in 1853, and was recognized -as a decorator of some merit. When the old Plaza Church was renovated, -he added some ornamental touches to it. At a later period, he was a -photographer as well as a painter. - -Among the blacksmiths then in Los Angeles was a well-known German, -John Goller, who conducted his trade in his own shop, occupying about -one hundred feet on Los Angeles Street where the Los Angeles Saddlery -Company is now located. Goller was an emigrant who came by way of the -Salt Lake route, and who, when he set up as the pioneer blacksmith and -wagon-maker, was supplied by Louis Wilhart, who had a tannery on the -west side of the river, with both tools and customers. When Goller -arrived, ironworkers were scarce, and he was able to command pretty -much his own prices. He charged sixteen dollars for shoeing a horse -and used to laugh as he told how he received nearly five hundred -dollars for his part in rigging up the awning in front of a -neighboring house. When, in 1851, the Court of Sessions ordered the -Sheriff to see that fifty lances were made for the volunteer Rangers, -Goller secured the contract. Another commission which he filled was -the making for the County of a three-inch branding-iron with the -letters, _L. A._ There being little iron in stock, Goller bought up -old wagon-tires cast away on the plains, and converted them into -various utensils, including even horseshoes. As an early wagon-maker -he had rather a discouraging experience, his first wagon remaining on -his hands a good while: the natives looked upon it with inquisitive -distrust and still clung to their heavy _carretas_. He had introduced, -however, more modern methods, and gradually he established a good -sale. Afterward he extended his field of operations, the late sixties -finding him shipping wagons all over the State. His prosperity -increased, and Mullaly, Porter & Ayers constructed for him one of the -first brick buildings in Los Angeles. A few years later, Goller met -with heavy financial reverses, losing practically all that he had. - -I have stated that no care was given to either the streets or -sidewalks, and a daily evidence of this was the confusion in the -neighborhood of John's shop, which, together with his yard, was one of -the sights of the little town because the blacksmith had strewn the -footway, and even part of the road, with all kinds of piled-up -material; to say nothing of a lot of horses invariably waiting there -to be shod. The result was that passers-by were obliged to make a -detour into the often muddy street to get around and past Goller's -premises. - -John Ward was an Angeleño who knew something of the transition from -heavy to lighter vehicles. He was born in Virginia and took part in -the Battle of New Orleans. In the thirties he went to Santa Fé, in one -of the earliest prairie schooners to that point; thence he came to Los -Angeles for a temporary stay, making the trip in the first carriage -ever brought to the Coast from a Yankee workshop. In 1849, he returned -for permanent residence; and here he died in 1859. - -D. Anderson, whose daughter married Jerry Newell, a pioneer of 1856, -was a carriage-maker, having previously been in partnership with a man -named Burke in the making of pack-saddles. After a while, when -Anderson had a shop on Main Street, he commenced making a vehicle -somewhat lighter than a road wagon and less elaborate than a carriage. -With materials generally purchased from me he covered the vehicle, -making it look like a hearse. A newspaper clipping evidences -Anderson's activity in the middle seventies--"a little shaky on his -pins, but cordial as ever." - -Carriages were very scarce in California at the time of my arrival, -although there were a few, Don Abel Stearns possessing the only -private vehicle in Los Angeles; and transportation was almost entirely -by means of saddle-horses, or the native, capacious _carretas_. These -consisted of a heavy platform, four or five by eight or ten feet in -size, mounted on two large, solid wheels, sawed out of logs, and were -exceedingly primitive in appearance, although the owners sometimes -decorated them elaborately; while the wheels moved on coarse, wooden -axles, affording the traveler more jounce than restful ride. The -_carretas_ served, indeed, for nearly all the carrying business that -was done between the _ranchos_ and Los Angeles; and when in operation, -the squeaking could be heard at a great distance, owing especially to -the fact that the air being undisturbed by factories or noisy traffic, -quiet generally prevailed. So solid were these vehicles that, in early -wars, they were used for barricades and the making of temporary -corrals, and also for transporting cannon. - -This sharp squeaking of the _carreta_, however, while penetrating and -disagreeable in the extreme, served a purpose, after all, as the -signal that a buyer was approaching town; for the vehicle was likely -to have on board one or even two good-sized families of women and -children, and the keenest expectation of our little business world was -consequently aroused, bringing merchants and clerks to the front of -their stores. A couple of oxen, by means of ropes attached to their -horns, pulled the _carretas_, while the men accompanied their families -on horseback; and as the roving oxen were inclined to leave the road, -one of the riders (wielding a long, pointed stick) was kept busy -moving from side to side, prodding the wandering animals and thus -holding them to the highway. Following these _carretas_, there were -always from twenty-five to fifty dogs, barking and howling as if mad. - -Some of the _carretas_ had awnings and other tasteful trimmings, and -those who could afford it spent a great deal of money on saddles and -bridles. Each _caballero_ was supplied with a _reata_ (sometimes -locally misspelled _riata_) or leathern rope, one end of which was -tied around the neck of the horse while the other--coiled and tied to -the saddle when not in use--was held by the horseman when he went into -a house or store; for hitching posts were unknown, with the natural -result that there were many runaways. When necessary, the _reata_ was -lowered to the level of the ground, to accommodate passers-by. Riders -were always provided with one or two pistols, to say nothing of the -knife which was frequently a part of the armament; and I have seen -even sabers suspended from the saddles. - -As I have remarked, Don Abel Stearns owned the first carriage in town; -it was a strong, but rather light and graceful vehicle, with a closed -top, which he had imported from Boston in 1853, to please Doña -Arcadia, it was said. However that may be, it was pronounced by Don -Abel's neighbors the same dismal failure, considering the work it -would be called upon to perform under California conditions, as these -wiseacres later estimated the product of John Goller's carriage shop -to be. Speaking of Goller, reminds me that John Schumacher gave him an -order to build a spring wagon with a cover, in which he might take his -family riding. It was only a one-horse affair, but probably because of -the springs and the top which afforded protection from both the sun -and the rain, it was looked upon as a curiosity. - -It is interesting to note, in passing, that John H. Jones, who was -brought from Boston as a coachman by Henry Mellus--while Mrs. Jones -came as a seamstress for Mrs. Mellus--and who for years drove for Abel -Stearns, left a very large estate when he died, including such -properties as the northeast corner of Fifth and Spring streets, the -northwest corner of Main and Fifth streets (where, for several years, -he resided,) and other sites of great value; and it is my recollection -that his wage as coachman was the sole basis of this huge -accumulation. Stearns, as I mention elsewhere, suffered for years from -financial troubles; and I have always understood that during that -crisis Jones rendered his former employer assistance. - -Mrs. Frémont, the General's wife, also owned one of the first -carriages in California. It was built to order in the East and sent -around the Horn; and was constructed so that it could be fitted up as -a bed, thus enabling the distinguished lady and her daughter to camp -wherever night might overtake them. - -Shoemakers had a hard time establishing themselves in Los Angeles in the -fifties. A German shoemaker--perhaps I should say a _Schuhmachermeister_! ---was said to have come and gone by the beginning of 1852; and less -than a year later, Andrew Lehman, a fellow-countryman of John Behn, -arrived from Baden and began to solicit trade. So much, however, did -the general stores control the sale of boots and shoes at that time, -that Lehman used to say it was three years before he began to make -more than his expenses. Two other shoemakers, Morris and Weber, came -later. Slaney Brothers, in the late sixties, opened the first shoe -store here. - -In connection with shoemakers and their lack of patronage, I am -reminded of the different foot gear worn by nearly every man and boy -in the first quarter of a century after my arrival, and the way they -were handled. Then shoes were seldom used, although clumsy brogans -were occasionally in demand. Boots were almost exclusively worn by the -male population, those designed for boys usually being tipped with -copper at the toes. A dozen pair, of different sizes, came in a case, -and often a careful search was required through several boxes to find -just the size needed. At such times, the dealer would fish out one -pair after another, tossing them carelessly onto the floor; and as -each case contained odd sizes that had proven unsalable, the none too -patient and sometimes irascible merchant had to handle and rehandle -the slow-moving stock. Some of the boots were highly ornamented at the -top, and made a fine exhibit when displayed (by means of strings -passing through the boot straps) in front of the store. Boot-jacks, -now as obsolete as the boots themselves, are also an institution of -that past. - -Well out in the country, where the Capitol Milling Company's plant now -stands, and perhaps as successor to a still earlier mill built there -by an Englishman, Joseph Chapman (who married into the Ortega -family--since become famous through Émile C. Ortega who, in 1898, -successfully began preserving California chilis),--was a small mill, -run by water, known as the Eagle Mills. This was owned at different -times by Abel Stearns, Francis Mellus and J. R. Scott, and conducted, -from 1855 to 1868, by John Turner, who came here for that purpose, and -whose son, William, with Fred Lambourn later managed the grocery store -of Lambourn & Turner on Aliso Street. The miller made poor flour -indeed; though probably it was quite equal to that produced by Henry -Dalton at the Azusa, John Rowland at the Puente, Michael White at San -Gabriel, and the Theodore brothers at their Old Mill in Los Angeles. -The quantity of wheat raised in Southern California was exceedingly -small, and whenever the raw material became exhausted, Turner's supply -of flour gave out, and this indispensable commodity was then procured -from San Francisco. Turner, who was a large-hearted man and helpful to -his fellows, died in 1878. In the seventies, the mill was sold to J. -D. Deming, and by him to J. Loew, who still controls the corporation, -the activity of which has grown with the city. - -Half a year before my coming to Los Angeles, or in April, 1853, nearly -twenty-five thousand square miles had been lopped off from Los Angeles -County, to create the County of San Bernardino; and yet in that short -time the Mormons, who had established themselves there in 1851 as a -colony on a tract of land purchased from Diego Sepúlveda and the three -Lugos--José del Carmen, José María and Vicente--and consisting of -about thirty-five thousand acres, had quite succeeded in their -agricultural and other ventures. Copying somewhat the plan of Salt -Lake City, they laid out a town a mile square, with right-angled -blocks of eight acres and irrigating _zanjas_ parallel with the -streets. In a short time, they were raising corn, wheat (some of it -commanding five dollars a bushel), barley and vegetables; and along -their route of travel, by way of the Mormon metropolis, were coming to -the Southland many substantial pioneers. From San Bernardino, Los -Angeles drew her supply of butter, eggs and poultry; and as three days -were ordinarily required for their transportation across what was then -known as the desert, these products arrived in poor condition, -particularly during the summer heat. The butter would melt, and the -eggs would become stale. This disadvantage, however, was in part -compensated for by the economical advantage of the industry and thrift -of the Mormons, and their favorable situation in an open, fertile -country; for they could afford to sell us their produce very -reasonably--fifteen cents a dozen for eggs, and three dollars a dozen -for chickens well satisfying them! San Bernardino also supplied all of -our wants in the lumber line. A lumber yard was then a prospect--seven -or eight years elapsing before the first yard and planing-mill were -established; and this necessary building material was peddled around -town by the Mormon teamsters who, after disposing of all they could in -this manner, bartered the balance to storekeepers to be later put on -sale somewhere near their stores. - -But two towns broke the monotony of a trip between Los Angeles and San -Bernardino, and they were San Gabriel Mission and El Monte. I need not -remind my readers that the former place, the oldest and quaintest -settlement in the county, was founded by Father Junípero Serra and his -associates in 1771, and that thence radiated all of their operations -in this neighborhood; nor that, in spite of all the sacrifice and -human effort, matters with this beautifully-situated Mission were in a -precarious condition for several decades. It may be less known, -however, that the Mission Fathers excelled in the cultivation of -citrus fruits, and that their chief competitors, in 1853, were -William Wolfskill and Louis Vignes, who were also raising seedling -oranges of a very good quality. The population of San Gabriel was then -principally Indian and Mexican, although there were a few whites -dwelling some distance away. Among these, J. S. Mallard, afterward -Justice of the Peace and father of the present City Assessor, Walter -Mallard, carried on a small business; and Mrs. Laura Cecelia -Evertsen--mother-in-law of an old pioneer, Andrew J. King, whose wife -is the talented daughter, Mrs. Laura Evertsen King--also had a store -there. Still another early storekeeper at the quaint settlement was -Max Lazard, nephew of Solomon Lazard, who later went back to France. -Another pioneer to settle near the San Gabriel River was Louis -Phillips, a native of Germany who reached California in 1850, by way -of Louisiana, and for a while did business in a little store on the -Long Wharf at San Francisco. Then he came to Los Angeles, where he -engaged in trade; in 1853, he bought land on which, for ten years or -until he removed to Spadra (where Mrs. Phillips still survives him), -he tilled the soil and raised stock. The previous year, Hugo Reid, of -whom I often heard my neighbors speak in a complimentary way, had died -at San Gabriel where he had lived and worked. Reid was a cultured -Scotchman who, though born in the British Isles, had a part, as a -member of the convention, in making the first Constitution for -California. He married an Indian woman and, in his leisure hours, -studied the Indians on the mainland and Catalina, contributing to the -Los Angeles _Star_ a series of articles on the aborigines still -regarded as the valuable testimony of an eyewitness. - -This Indian wife of the scholarly Reid reminds me of Nathan Tuch, who -came here in 1853, having formerly lived in Cleveland where he lost -his first wife. He was thoroughly honest, very quiet and genteel, and -of an affectionate disposition. Coming to California and San Gabriel, -he opened a little store; and there he soon married a full-blooded -squaw. Notwithstanding, however, the difference in their stations and -the fact that she was uneducated, Tuch always remained faithful to -her, and treated her with every mark of respect. When I last visited -Tuch and his shop, I saw there a home-made sign, reading about as -follows: - - THIS STORE BELONGS TO NATHAN TUCH, - NOW 73 YEARS OLD. - -When he died, his wife permitted his burial in the Jewish Cemetery. - -Michael White was another pioneer, who divided his time between San -Gabriel and the neighborhood that came to be known as San Bernardino, -near which he had the rancho Muscupiabe. Although drifting hither as -long ago as 1828, he died, in the late eighties, without farm, home or -friends. - -Cyrus Burdick was still another settler who, after leaving Iowa with -his father and other relatives in December, 1853, stopped for a while -at San Gabriel. Soon young Burdick went to Oregon; but, being -dissatisfied, he returned to the Mission and engaged in farming. In -1855, he was elected Constable; a year later, he opened a store at San -Gabriel, which he conducted for eight or nine years. Subsequently, the -Burdicks lived in Los Angeles, at the corner of First and Fort streets -on the site of the present Tajo Building. They also owned the -northeast corner of Second and Spring streets. This property became -the possession of Fred Eaton, through his marriage to Miss Helen L. -Burdick. - -Fielding W. Gibson came early in the fifties. He had bought at Sonora, -Mexico, some five hundred and fifty head of cattle, but his _vaqueros_ -kept up such a regular system of side-tracking and thieving that, by -the time he reached the San Gabriel Valley, he had only about -one-seventh of his animals left. Fancying that neighborhood, he -purchased two hundred and fifty acres of land from Henry Dalton and -located west of El Monte, where he raised stock and broom corn. - -El Monte--a name by some thought to refer to the adjacent mountains, -but actually alluding to the dense willow forests then surrounding the -hamlet--the oldest American settlement in the county, was inhabited by -a party of mixed emigrants, largely Texans and including Ira W. -Thompson who opened the first tavern there and was the Postmaster when -its Post Office was officially designated Monte. Others were Dr. Obed -Macy and his son Oscar, of whom I speak elsewhere, Samuel M. Heath and -Charlotte Gray, who became John Rowland's second wife; the party -having taken possession, in the summer of 1851, of the rich farming -tract along the San Gabriel River some eleven or twelve miles east of -Los Angeles. The summer before I came, forty or fifty more families -arrived there, and among them were A. J. King, afterward a citizen of -Los Angeles; Dr. T. A. Hayes, William and Ezekiel Rubottom, Samuel -King--A. J. King's father--J. A. Johnson, Jacob Weil, A. Madox, A. J. -Horn, Thomas A. Garey, who acquired quite a reputation as a -horticulturist, and Jonathan Tibbets, spoken of in another chapter. -While tilling the soil, these farmer folks made it their particular -business to keep Whigs and, later, Republicans out of office; and slim -were the chances of those parties in El Monte and vicinity, but -correspondingly enthusiastic were the receptions given Democratic -candidates and their followers visiting there. Another important -function that engaged these worthy people was their part in the -lynchings which were necessary in Los Angeles. As soon as they -received the cue, the Monte boys galloped into town; and being by -temperament and training, through frontier life, used to dealing with -the rougher side of human nature, they were recognized disciplinarians. -The fact is that such was the peculiar public spirit animating these -early settlers that no one could live and prosper at the Monte who was -not extremely virile and ready for any dare-devil emergency. - -David Lewis, a Supervisor of 1855, crossed the continent to the San -Gabriel Valley in 1851, marrying there, in the following year, a -daughter of the innkeeper Ira Thompson, just referred to. Thompson was -a typical Vermonter and a good, popular fellow, who long kept the -Overland Stage station. Sometime in the late fifties, Lewis was a -pioneer in the growing of hops. Jonathan Tibbets, who settled at El -Monte the year that I came to Los Angeles, had so prospered by 1871 -that he left for the mines in Mohave County, Arizona, to inaugurate a -new enterprise, and took with him some twenty thousand pounds of cured -pork and a large quantity of lard, which had been prepared at El -Monte. Samuel M. Heath was another El Monte pioneer of 1851; he died -in 1876, kindly remembered by many poor immigrants. H. L., J. S. and -S. D. Thurman were farmers at El Monte, who came here in 1852. E. C. -Parish, who arrived in 1854 and became a Supervisor, was also a -ranchman there. Other El Monte folks, afterward favorably spoken of, -were the Hoyts, who were identified with early local education. - -Dr. Obed Macy, father of Mrs. Sam Foy, came to Los Angeles from the -Island of Nantucket, where he was born, by way of Indiana, in which -State he had practiced medicine, arriving in Southern California about -1850 and settling in El Monte. He moved to Los Angeles, a year later, -and bought the Bella Union from Winston & Hodges; where were opened -the Alameda Baths, on the site of the building later erected by his -son Oscar. There Dr. Macy died on July 9th, 1857. Oscar, a printer on -the _Southern Californian_, had set type in San Francisco, swung a -miner's pick and afterward returned to El Monte where he took up a -claim which, in time, he sold to Samuel King. Macy Street recalls this -pioneer family. - -The San Fernando and San Juan Capistrano missions, and Agua Caliente, -were the only other settlements in Los Angeles County then; the -former, famous by 1854 for its olives, passing into history both -through the activity of the Mission Fathers and also the renowned -set-to between Micheltorena and Castro when, after hours of -cannonading and grotesque swinging of the would-be terrifying _reata_, -the total of the dead was--_a single mule!_ Then, or somewhat -subsequently, General Andrés Pico began to occupy what was the most -pretentious adobe in the State, formerly the abode of the _padres_--a -building three hundred feet long, eighty feet wide and with walls four -feet thick. - -In 1853, there was but one newspaper in the city--a weekly known as -_La Estrella de los Angeles_ or _The Los Angeles Star_, printed half -in Spanish, half in English. It was founded on May 17th, 1851, by John -A. Lewis and John McElroy, who had their printing office in the lower -room of a small wooden house on Los Angeles Street, near the corral of -the Bella Union hotel. This firm later became Lewis, McElroy & Rand. -There was then no telegraphic communication with the outside world, -and the news ordinarily conveyed by the sheet was anything but -important. Indeed, all such information was known, each week, by the -handful of citizens in the little town long before the paper was -published, and delays in getting mail from a distance--in one case the -post from San Francisco to Los Angeles being under way no less than -fifty-two days!--led to Lewis giving up the editorship in disgust. -When a steamer arrived, some little news found its way into the paper; -but even then matters of national and international moment became -known in Los Angeles only after the lapse of a month or so. The -admission of California to the Union in 1850, for example, was first -reported on the Coast six weeks after Congress had voted in -California's favor; while in 1852, the deaths of Clay and Webster were -not known in the West until more than a month after they had occurred. -This was a slight improvement, however, over the conditions in 1841 -when (it used to be said) no one west of the Rockies knew of President -Harrison's demise until over three months and a half after he was -buried! Our first Los Angeles newspaper was really more of an -advertising medium than anything else, and the printing outfit was -decidedly primitive, though the printers may not have been as badly -off as were the typos of the _Californian_. The latter, using type -picked up in a Mexican cloister, found no _W_'s among the Spanish -letters and had to set double _V_'s until more type was brought from -the Cannibal or Sandwich Islands! Which reminds me of José de la Rosa, -born in Los Angeles about 1790, and the first journeyman to set type -in California, who died over one hundred years old. But if the -_Estrella_ made a poor showing as a newspaper, I have no doubt that, -to add to the editor's misfortunes, the advertising rates were so low -that his entire income was but small. In 1854, the _Star_ and its -_imprenta_, as it was then styled, were sold to a company organized by -James S. Waite, who, a year later, was appointed Postmaster of the -city. Speaking of the _Star_, I should add that one of its first -printers was Charles Meyrs Jenkins, later City _Zanjero_, who had come -to California, a mere stripling, with his stepfather, George Dalton, -Sr. - -The Post Office, too, at this time, was far from being an important -institution. It was located in an adobe building on Los Angeles, -between Commercial and Arcadia streets, and Dr. William B. Osburn, -sometimes known as Osbourn--who came to California from New York in -1847, in Colonel Stevenson's regiment, and who had established a drug -store, such as it was, in 1850--had just been appointed Postmaster. A -man who in his time played many parts, Osburn had half a dozen other -irons in the fire besides politics (including the interests of a -floral nursery and an auction room), and as the Postmaster was -generally away from his office, citizens desiring their mail would -help themselves out of a soap box--subdivided like a pigeon house, -each compartment being marked with a letter; and in this way the -city's mail was distributed! Indifferent as Dr. Osburn was to the -postmastership (which, of course, could not have paid enough to -command anyone's exclusive services), he was rather a clever fellow -and, somewhat naturally perhaps for a student of chemistry, is said to -have made as early as August 9th, 1851, (and in connection with one -Moses Searles, a pioneer house and sign painter) the first -daguerreotype photographs produced in Los Angeles. For two years or -more, Dr. Osburn remained Postmaster, resigning his office on November -1st, 1855. While he was a notary public, he had an office in Keller's -Building on Los Angeles Street. J. H. Blond was another notary; he had -an office opposite the Bella Union on Main Street. Osburn died in Los -Angeles on July 31st, 1867. - -No sooner had I arrived in San Francisco, than I became aware of the -excitement incidental to the search for gold, and on reaching Los -Angeles, I found symptoms of the same fever. That year, as a matter of -fact, recorded the highest output of gold, something like sixty-five -million dollars' worth being mined; and it was not many months before -all was bustle in and about our little city, many people coming and -going, and comparatively few wishing to settle, at least until they -had first tried their luck with the pick and pan. Not even the -discovery of gold in the San Feliciano Cañon, near Newhall, in the -early forties--for I believe the claim is made that Southern -Californians, while searching for wild onions, had the honor of -digging out, in the despised "cow-counties," the first lump of the -coveted metal--had set the natives so agog; so that while the rush to -the mines claimed many who might otherwise have become permanent -residents, it added but little to the prosperity of the town, and it -is no wonder that, for a while, the local newspapers refused to give -events the notice which they deserved. To be sure, certain -merchants--among them dealers in tinware, hardware and groceries, and -those who catered especially to miners, carrying such articles as -gold-washers, canteens and camp-outfits--increased their trade; but -many prospective gold-seekers, on their way to distant diggings, -waited until they got nearer the scene of their adventures before -buying tools and supplies, when they often exhausted their purses in -paying the exorbitant prices which were asked. Barring the success of -Francisco Garcia who used gangs of Indians and secured in the one year -1855 over sixty thousand dollars' worth of gold--one nugget being -nearly two thousand dollars in value--the placer gold-mining carried -on in the San Gabriel and San Francisquito _cañons_ was on the whole -unimportant, and what gold-dust was produced at these points came to -Los Angeles without much profit to the toiling miners; so that it may -be safely stated that cattle- and horse-raising, of which I shall -speak in more detail, were Southern California's principal sources of -income. As for the gold dust secured, San Francisco was the -clearing-house for the Coast, and all of the dust ultimately found its -way there until sometime later Sacramento developed and became a -competitor. Coming, as I did, from a part of the world where gold dust -was never seen, at least by the layman, this sudden introduction to -sacks and bottles full of the fascinating yellow metal produced upon -me, as the reader may imagine, another one of those strange -impressions fixing so indelibly my first experiences in the new, raw -and yet altogether romantic world. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -ROUND ABOUT THE PLAZA - -1853-1854 - - -At the time of my arrival, the Plaza, long the nucleus of the original -settlement, was the center of life in the little community, and around -it clustered the homes of many of those who were uppermost in the -social scale, although some of the descendants of the finest Spanish -families were living in other parts of the city. This was particularly -so in the case of José Andrés Sepúlveda, who had a beautiful old adobe -on some acreage that he owned northwest of Sonora Town, near the place -where he constructed a stone reservoir to supply his house with water. -Opposite the old Plaza Church dwelt a number of families of position -and, for the most part, of wealth--in many cases the patrons of less -fortunate or dependent ones, who lived nearby. The environment was not -beautiful, a solitary pepper, somewhat north of the Plaza, being the -only shade-tree there; yet the general character of the homes was -somewhat aristocratic, the landscape not yet having been seriously -disturbed by any utilitarian project such as that of the City Fathers -who, by later granting a part of the old square for a prosaic water -tank, created a greater rumpus than had the combative soldiers some -years before. The Plaza was shaped much as it is at present, having -been reduced considerably, but five or six years earlier, by the -Mexican authorities: they had planned to improve its shape, but had -finished their labors by contracting the object before them. There was -no sign of a park; on the contrary, parts of the Plaza itself, which -had suffered the same fate as the Plaza in San Francisco, were used -as a dumping-ground for refuse. From time to time many church and -other festivals were held at this square--a custom no doubt traceable -to the Old World and to earlier centuries; but before any such affair -could take place--requiring the erecting of booths and banks of -vegetation in front of the neighboring houses--all rubbish had to be -removed, even at the cost of several days' work. - -Among the distinguished citizens of Los Angeles whose residences added -to the social prestige of the neighborhood was Don Ygnácio Del Valle, -father of R. F. Del Valle. Until 1861, he resided on the east side of -the square, in a house between Calle de los Negros and Olvera Street, -receiving there his intimate friends as well as those who wished to -pay him their respects when he was _Alcalde_, Councilman and member of -the State Legislature. In 1861, Del Valle moved to his ranch, Camulos. -Ygnácio Coronel was another eminent burgher residing on the east side -of the Plaza, while Cristóbal Aguilar's home faced the South. - -Not far from Del Valle's--that is, back of the later site of the Pico -House, between the future Sanchez Street and Calle de los -Negros--lived Don Pio Pico, then and long after a striking figure, not -merely on account of his fame as the last of the Mexican governors, -but as well because of his physique and personality. I may add that as -long as he lived, or at least until the tide of his fortune turned and -he was forced to sell his most treasured personal effects, he -invariably adorned himself with massive jewelry of much value; and as -a further conceit, he frequently wore on his bosom Mexican decorations -that had been bestowed upon him for past official services. Don Pio -really preferred country life at the _Ranchito_, as his place was -called; but official duties and, later, illness and the need of -medical care, kept him in town for months at a time. He had three -sisters, two of whom married in succession José António Carrillo, -another resident at the Plaza and the then owner of the site of the -future Pico House; while the third was the wife of Don Juan Forster, -in whose comfortable home Don Pio found a retreat when distressing -poverty overtook him in old age. Sanchez Street recalls still another -don of the neighborhood, Vicente Sanchez, grandfather of Tomás A. -Sanchez, who was domiciled in a two-story and rather elaborate -dwelling near Carrillo, on the south side of the Plaza. Sanchez Hall -stood there until the late seventies. - -The Beau Brummel of Los Angeles in the early fifties was Don Vicente -Lugo, whose wardrobe was made up exclusively of the fanciest patterns -of Mexican type; his home, one of the few two-story houses in the -pueblo, was close to Ygnácio Del Valle's. Lugo, a brother of Don José -María, was one of the heavy taxpayers of his time; as late as 1860, he -had herds of twenty-five hundred head of cattle, or half a thousand -more than Pio and Andrés Pico together owned. María Ballestero, Lugo's -mother-in-law, lived near him. - -Don Agustin Olvera dwelt almost opposite Don Vicente Lugo's, on the -north side of the Plaza, at the corner of the street perpetuating his -name. Don Agustin arrived from Mexico, where he had been _Juez de -Paz_, in 1834, or about the same time that Don Ygnácio Coronel came, -and served as Captain in the campaign of Flores against Frémont, even -negotiating peace with the Americans; then he joined Dr. Hope's -volunteer police, and was finally chosen, at the first election in Los -Angeles, Judge of the First Instance, becoming the presiding officer -of the Court of Sessions. Five or six years later, he was School -Commissioner. He had married Doña Concepción, one of not less than -twenty-two children of Don Santiago Arguello, son of a governor of -both Californias, and his residence was at the northeast end of the -Plaza, in an adobe which is still standing. There, while fraternizing -with the newly-arrived Americans, he used to tell how, in 1850, when -the movement for the admission of California as a State was under way, -he acted as secretary to a meeting called in this city to protest -against the proposal, fearing lest the closer association with -Northern California would lead to an undue burden of taxes upon the -South. Olvera Street is often written by mistake, Olivera. - -Francisco O'Campo was another man of means whose home was on the east -side of the Plaza. Although he was also a member of the new -_Ayuntamiento_, inaugurated in 1849, and although he had occupied -other offices, he was very improvident, like so many natives of the -time, and died, in consequence, a poor man. In his later years, he -used to sit on the curbstone near the Plaza, a character quite -forlorn, utterly dejected in appearance, and despondently recalling -the by-gone days of his prosperity. - -Don Cristóbal Aguilar, several times in his career an _Alcalde_, -several times a City Councilman beginning with the first organization -of Los Angeles, and even twice or thrice Mayor, was another resident -near the Plaza. His adobe on upper Main Street was fairly spacious; -and partly, perhaps, for that reason, was used by the Sisters of -Charity when they instituted the first hospital in Los Angeles. - -A short distance from the Plaza, on Olvera Street, had long stood the -home of Don José María Ábila, who was killed in battle in the early -thirties. It was there that Commodore Stockton made his headquarters, -and the story of how this was brought about is one of the entertaining -incidents of this warlike period. The widow Ábila, who had scant love -for the Americans, had fled with her daughters to the home of Don -Luis[7] Vignes, but not before she placed a native boy on guard, -cautioning him against opening either doors or windows. When the young -custodian, however, heard the flourishes of Stockton's brass band, he -could not resist the temptation to learn what the excitement meant; so -he first poked his head out of a window, and finally made off to the -Plaza. Some of Stockton's staff, passing by, and seeing the tasteful -furniture within, were encouraged to investigate, with the result that -they selected the widow Ábila's house for Stockton's abode. Another -Ábila--Francisco--had an adobe at the present southeast corner of San -Fernando and Alpine streets. - -Francisca Gallardo, daughter of one of the Sepúlvedas, lived in the -vicinity of the Plaza. - -The only church in Los Angeles at this time was that of _Nuestra -Señora la Reyna de los Angeles_, known as Our Lady, the Queen of the -Angels, at the Plaza; and since but few changes were made for years in -its exterior, I looked upon the edifice as the original adobe built -here in the eighties of the preceding century. When I came to inquire -into the matter, however, I was astonished to learn that the Church -dated back no farther than the year 1822, although the first attempt -at laying a corner-stone was made in 1815, probably somewhat to the -east of the old Plaza and a year or two after rising waters frustrated -the attempt to build a chapel near the river and the present Aliso -Street. Those temporary foundations seem to have marked the spot where -later the so-called Woman's Gun--once buried by Mexicans, and -afterward dug up by women and used at the Battle of Dominguez -Ranch--was long exposed to view, propped up on wooden blocks. The -venerable building I then saw, in which all communicants for want of -pews knelt on the floor or stood while worshiping, is still admired by -those to whom age and sacred tradition, and the sacrifices of the -early Spanish Fathers, make appeal. In the first years of my residence -here, the bells of this honored old pile, ringing at six in the -morning and at eight in the evening, served as a curfew to regulate -the daily activities of the town. - -Had Edgar Allan Poe lived in early Los Angeles, he might well have -added to his poem one more stanza about these old church bells, whose -sweet chimes, penetrating the peace and quiet of the sleepy village, -not alone summoned the devout to early mass or announced the time of -vespers, but as well called many a merchant to his day's labor and -dismissed him to his home or the evening's rendezvous. That was a time -of sentiment and romance, and the memory of it lingers pleasantly in -contrast with the rush and bustle of to-day, when cold and -chronometrical exactitude, instead of a careless but, in its time, -sufficient measure of the hours, arranged the order of our comings and -our goings. - -Incidental to the ceremonial activity of the old Church on the Plaza, -the _Corpus Christi_ festival was one of the events of the year when -not the least imposing feature was the opening procession around the -Plaza. For all these occasions, the square was thoroughly cleaned, -and notable families, such as the Del Valles, the Olveras, the Lugos -and the Picos erected before their residences temporary altars, -decorated with silks, satins, laces and even costly jewelry. The -procession would start from the Church after the four o'clock service -and proceed around the Plaza from altar to altar. There the boys and -girls, carrying banners and flowers, and robed or dressed in white, -paused for formal worship, the progress through the square, small as -the Plaza was, thus taking a couple of hours. Each succeeding year the -procession became more resplendent and inclusive, and I have a -distinct recollection of a feature incidental to one of them when -twelve men, with twelve great burning candles, represented the -Apostles. - -These midwinter festivities remind me that, on Christmas Eve, the -young people here performed pastoral plays. It was the custom, much as -it still is in Upper Bavaria, to call at the homes of various friends -and acquaintances and, after giving little performances such as _Los -Pastores_, to pass on to the next house. A number of the Apostles and -other characters associated with the life of Jesus were portrayed, and -the Devil, who scared half to death the little children of the hamlet, -was never overlooked. The _buñuelo_, or native doughnut, also added -its delight to these celebrations. - - [Illustration: John Jones] - - [Illustration: Captain F. Morton] - - [Illustration: Captain and Mrs. J. S. Garcia] - - [Illustration: Captain Salisbury Haley] - - [Illustration: El Palacio, Home of Abel and Arcadia Stearns - From a photograph of the seventies] - - [Illustration: The Lugo Ranch-house, in the Nineties] - -And now a word about the old Spanish Missions in this vicinity. It was -no new experience for me to see religious edifices that had attained -great age, and this feature, therefore, made no special impression. I -dare say that I visited the Mission of San Gabriel very soon after I -arrived in Los Angeles; but it was then less than a century old, and -so was important only because it was the place of worship of many -natives. The Protestant denominations were not as numerous then as -now, and nearly all of the population was Catholic. With the passing -of the years, sentimental reverence for the Spanish Fathers has grown -greater and their old Mission homes have acquired more and more the -dignity of age. Helen Hunt Jackson's _Ramona_, John S. McGroarty's -_Mission Play_ (in which, by the by, Señorita Lucretia, daughter of -R. F. and granddaughter of Don Ygnácio Del Valle, so ably portrays the -character of _Doña Josefa Yorba_) and various other literary efforts -have increased the interest in these institutions of the past. - -The missions and their chapels recall an old Mexican woman who had her -home, when I came to Los Angeles, at what is now the southeast corner -of San Pedro and First streets. She dwelt in a typical adobe, and in -the rear of her house was a vineyard of attractive aspect. Adjoining -one of the rooms of her dwelling was a chapel, large enough, perhaps, -to hold ten or twelve people and somewhat like those on the Dominguez -and Coronel estates; and this chapel, like all the other rooms, had an -earthen floor. In it was a gaudily-decorated altar and crucifix. The -old lady was very religious and frequently repaired to her sanctuary. -From the sale of grapes, she derived, in part, her income; and many a -time have I bought from her the privilege of wandering through her -vineyard and eating all I could of this refreshing berry. If the -grape-season was not on, neighbors were none the less always welcome -there; and it was in this quiet and delightful retreat that, in 1856, -I proposed marriage to Miss Sarah Newmark, my future wife, such a mere -girl that a few evenings later I found her at home playing -jackstones--then a popular game--with Mrs. J. G. Downey, herself a -child. - -But while Catholics predominated, the Protestant churches had made a -beginning. Rev. Adam Bland, Presiding Elder of the Methodists in Los -Angeles in 1854, had come here a couple of years before, to begin his -work in the good, old-fashioned way; and, having bought the barroom, -El Dorado, and torn down Hughes's sign, he had transformed the place -into a chapel. But, alas for human foresight, or the lack of it: on at -least a part of the new church lot, the Merced Theater later stood! - -Two cemeteries were in existence at the time whereof I write: the -Roman Catholic--abandoned a few years ago--which occupied a site on -Buena Vista Street, and one, now long deserted, for other -denominations. This cemetery, which we shall see was sadly neglected, -thereby occasioning bitter criticism in the press, was on Fort Hill. -Later, another burial-ground was established in the neighborhood of -what is now Flower and Figueroa streets, near Ninth, many years before -there was any thought of Rosedale or Evergreen. - -As for my co-religionists and their provision of a cemetery, when I -first came to Los Angeles they were without a definite place for the -interment of their dead; but in 1854 the first steps were taken to -establish a Jewish cemetery here, and it was not very long before the -first Jewish child to die in Los Angeles, named Mahler, was buried -there. This cemetery, on land once owned and occupied by José Andrés -Sepúlveda's reservoir, was beautifully located in a recess or little -pocket, as it were, among the hills in the northwest section of the -city, where the environment of nature was in perfect harmony with the -Jewish ideal--"Home of Peace." - -Mrs. Jacob Rich, by the way, had the distinction of being the first -Jewess to settle in Los Angeles; and I am under the impression that -Mrs. E. Greenbaum became the mother of the first Jewish child born -here. - -Sam Prager arrived in 1854, and after clerking a while, associated -himself with the Morrises, who were just getting nicely established. -For a time, they met with much success and were among the most -important merchants of their day. Finally they dissolved, and the -Morris Brothers bought the large tract of land which I have elsewhere -described as having been refused by Newmark, Kremer & Company in -liquidation of Major Henry Hancock's account. Here, for several years, -in a fine old adobe lived the Morris family, dispensing a bountiful -hospitality quite in keeping with the open-handed manner of the times. -In the seventies, the Morris Brothers sold this property--later known -as Morris Vineyard--after they had planted it to vines, for the -insignificant sum of about twenty thousand dollars. - -Following Sam Prager, came his brother Charles. For a short time they -were associated, but afterward they operated independently, Charles -Prager starting on Commercial Street, on May 19th, 1869. Sam Prager, -long known as "Uncle Sam," was a good-natured and benevolent man, -taking a deep interest in Masonic matters, becoming Master of 42, and -a regular attendant at the annual meetings of the Grand Lodge of -California. He was also Chairman of the Masonic Board of Relief until -the time of his death. Charles Prager and the Morrises have all gone -to that - - undiscovered country, from whose bourn - No traveler returns. - -In the summer of 1853, a movement was inaugurated, through the -combined efforts of Mayors Nichols and Coronel, aided by John T. -Jones, to provide public schools; and three citizens, J. Lancaster -Brent, Lewis Granger and Stephen C. Foster, were appointed School -Commissioners. As early as 1838, Ygnácio Coronel, assisted by his wife -and daughter, had accepted some fifteen dollars a month from the -authorities--to permit the exercise of official supervision--and -opened a school which, as late as 1854, he conducted in his own home; -thereby doubtless inspiring his son António to take marked interest in -the education of the Indians. From time to time, private schools, -partly subsidized from public funds, were commenced. In May, 1854, -Mayor Foster pointed out that, while there were fully five hundred -children of school age and the pueblo had three thousand dollars -surplus, there was still no school building which the City could call -its own. New trustees--Manuel Requena, Francis Mellus and W. T. B. -Sanford--were elected; and then happened what, perhaps, has not -occurred here since, or ever in any other California town: Foster, -still Mayor, was also chosen School Superintendent. The new energy put -into the movement now led the Board to build, late in 1854 or early in -1855, a two-story brick schoolhouse, known as School No. 1, on the -northwest corner of Spring and Second streets, on the lot later -occupied, first by the old City Hall and secondly by the Bryson Block. -This structure cost six thousand dollars. Strange as it now seems, the -location was then rather "out in the country;" and I dare say the -selection was made, in part, to get the youngsters away from the -residential district around the Plaza. There school was opened on -March 19th, 1855; William A. Wallace, a botanist who had been sent -here to study the flora, having charge of the boys' department and -Miss Louisa Hayes directing the division for girls. Among her pupils -were Sarah Newmark and her sisters; Mary Wheeler, who married William -Pridham; and Lucinda Macy, afterward Mrs. Foy, who recalls -participating in the first public school examination, in June, 1856. -Dr. John S. Griffin, on June 7th, 1856, was elected Superintendent. -Having thus established a public school, the City Council voted to -discontinue all subsidies to private schools. - -One of the early school-teachers was the pioneer, James F. Burns. -Coming with an emigrant train in 1853, Burns arrived in Los Angeles, -after some adventures with the Indians near what was later the scene -of the Mountain Meadow Massacre, in November of the same year. Having -been trained in Kalamazoo, Michigan, as a teacher, Burns settled, in -1854, in San Gabriel; and there with Cæsar C. Twitchell, he conducted -a cross-roads school in a tent. Later, while still living at San -Gabriel, Burns was elected County School Superintendent. Before -reaching here--that is, at Provo, Utah, on September 25th--the young -schoolmaster had married Miss Lucretia Burdick, aunt of Fred Eaton's -first wife. Burns, though of small stature, became one of the fighting -sheriffs of the County. - -Among others who conducted schools in Los Angeles or vicinity, in the -early days, were Mrs. Adam Bland, wife of the missionary; H. D. -Barrows and the Hoyts. Mrs. Bland taught ten or twelve poor girls, in -1853, for which the Common Council allowed her about thirty-five -dollars. Barrows was one of several teachers employed by William -Wolfskill at various times, and at Wolfskill's school not merely were -his own children instructed but those of the neighboring families of -Carpenter, Rowland and Pleasants as well. Mrs. Gertrude Lawrence Hoyt -was an Episcopal clergyman's wife from New York who, being made a -widow, followed her son, Albert H. Hoyt, to Los Angeles in 1853. -Young Hoyt, a graduate of Rutgers College and a teacher excited by the -gold fever, joined a hundred and twenty men who chartered the bark -_Clarissa Perkins_ to come around the Horn, in 1849; but failing as a -miner, he began farming near Sacramento. When Mrs. Hoyt came to Los -Angeles, she conducted a private school in a rented building north of -the Plaza, beginning in 1854 and continuing until 1856; while her son -moved south and took up seventy or eighty acres of land in the San -Gabriel Valley, near El Monte. In 1855, young Hoyt came into town to -assist his mother in the school; and the following year Mrs. Hoyt's -daughter, Mary, journeyed West and also became a teacher here. Later, -Miss Hoyt kept a school on Alameda Street near the site of the Los -Angeles & San Pedro Railroad depot. Mrs. Hoyt died in Los Angeles in -1863. Other early teachers were William McKee, Mrs. Thomas Foster and -Miss Anna McArthur. - -As undeveloped as the pueblo was, Los Angeles boasted, in her very -infancy, a number of physicians, although there were few, if any, -Spanish or Mexican practitioners. In 1850, Drs. William B. Osburn, W. -W. Jones, A. W. Hope, A. P. Hodges and a Dr. Overstreet were here; -while in 1851, Drs. Thomas Foster, John Brinckerhoff and James P. -McFarland followed, to be reënforced, in 1852, by Dr. James B. Winston -and, soon after, by Drs. R. T. Hayes, T. J. White and A. B. Hayward. -Dr. John Strother Griffin (General Albert Sidney Johnston's -brother-in-law and the accepted suitor of Miss Louisa Hayes) came to -Los Angeles in 1848, or rather to San Gabriel--where, according to -Hugo Reid, no physician had settled, though the population took drugs -by the barrel; being the ranking surgeon under Kearney and Stockton -when, on January 8th, they drove back the Mexican forces. He was also -one of the hosts to young W. T. Sherman. Not until 1854, however, -after Griffin had returned to Washington and had resigned his -commission, did he actually settle in Los Angeles. Thereafter, his -participation in local affairs was such that, very properly, one of -our avenues is named after him. Dr. Richard S. Den antedated all of -these gentlemen, having resided and practiced medicine in Los Angeles -in 1843, 1844 and again in the early fifties, though he did not dwell -in this city permanently until January, 1866. Den I knew fairly well, -and Griffin was my esteemed physician and friend. Foster and Griffin -were practitioners whom I best recall as being here during my first -years, one or two others, as Dr. Osburn and Dr. Winston, having -already begun to devote their time to other enterprises. - -Dr. Richard S. Den, an Irishman of culture and refinement, having been -for awhile with his brother, Nicholas Den, in Santa Bárbara, returned -to Los Angeles in 1851. I say, "returned," because Den had looked in -on the little pueblo before I had even heard its name. While in the -former place, in the winter of 1843-44, Den received a call from Los -Angeles to perform one or two surgical operations, and here he -practiced until drawn to the mines by the gold excitement. He served, -in 1846-47, as Chief Physician and Surgeon of the Mexican forces -during the Mexican War, and treated, among others, the famous American -Consul Larkin, whose surety he became when Larkin was removed to -better quarters in the home of Louis Vignes. Den had only indifferent -luck as a miner, but was soon in such demand to relieve the sufferers -from malaria that it is said he received as much as a thousand dollars -in a day for his practice. In 1854, he returned to Santa Bárbara -County, remaining there for several years and suffering great loss, on -account of the drought and its effects on his cattle. Nicholas Den, -who was also known in Los Angeles, and was esteemed for both his -integrity and his hospitality, died at Santa Bárbara in 1862. - -Old Dr. Den will be remembered, not only with esteem, but with -affection. He was seldom seen except on horseback, in which fashion he -visited his patients, and was, all in all, somewhat a man of mystery. -He rode a magnificent coal-black charger, and was himself always -dressed in black. He wore, too, a black felt hat; and beneath the hat -there clustered a mass of wavy hair as white as snow. In addition to -all this, his standing collar was so high that he was compelled to -hold his head erect; and as if to offset the immaculate linen, he tied -around the collar a large black-silk scarf. Thus attired and seated on -his richly-caparisoned horse, Dr. Den appeared always dignified, and -even imposing. One may therefore easily picture him a friendly rival -with Don Juan Bandini at the early Spanish balls, as he was on -intimate terms with Don and Doña Abel Stearns, acknowledged social -leaders. Dr. Den was fond of horse-racing and had his own favorite -racehorses sent here from Santa Bárbara, where they were bred. - -Dr. Osburn, the Postmaster of 1853, had two years before installed a -small variety of drugs on a few shelves, referred to by the -complimentary term of drug store. Dr. Winston also kept a stock of -drugs. About the same time, and before Dr. A. W. Hope opened the third -drug store in September, 1854, John Gately Downey, an Irishman by -birth, who had been apprenticed to the drug trade in Maryland and -Ohio, formed a partnership with James P. McFarland, a native of -Tennessee, buying some of Winston's stock. Their store was a long, -one-story adobe on the northwest corner of Los Angeles and Commercial -streets, and was known as McFarland & Downey's. The former had been a -gold-miner; and this experience intensified the impression of an -already rugged physique as a frontier type. Entering politics, as -Osburn and practically every other professional man then -did--doubtless as much as anything else for the assurance of some -definite income--McFarland secured a seat in the Assembly in 1852, and -in the Senate in 1853-54. About 1858, he returned to Tennessee and in -December, 1860, revisited California; after which he settled -permanently in the East. Downey, in 1859, having been elected -Lieutenant-Governor, was later made Governor, through the election of -Latham to the United States Senate; but his suddenly-revealed -sympathies with the Secessionists, together with his advocacy of a -bill for the apprenticing of Indians, contributed toward killing him -politically and he retired to private life. Dr. H. R. Myles, destined -to meet with a tragic death in a steamboat disaster which I shall -narrate, was another druggist, with a partner, Dr. J. C. Welch, a -South Carolinian dentist who came here in the early fifties and died -in August, 1869. Their drug store on Main Street, nearly opposite the -Bella Union, filled the prescriptions of the city's seven or eight -doctors. Considerably later, but still among the pioneer druggists, -was Dr. V. Gelcich, who came here as Surgeon to the Fourth California -Infantry. - -Speaking of druggists, it may be interesting to add that medicines -were administered in earlier days to a much greater extent than now. -For every little ailment there was a pill, a powder or some other -nostrum. The early _botica_, or drug store, kept only drugs and things -incidental to the drug business. There was also more of home treatment -than now. Every mother did more or less doctoring on her own account, -and had her well-stocked medicine-chest. Castor oil, ipecac, black -draught and calomel were generally among the domestic supply. - -The practice of surgery was also very primitive; and he was -unfortunate, indeed, who required such service. Operations had to be -performed at home; there were few or none of the modern scientific -appliances or devices for either rendering the patient immune or -contending with active disease. - -Preceded by a brother, Colonel James C. Foy--who visited California in -1850 and was killed in 1864, while in Sherman's army, by the bursting -of a shell--Samuel C. Foy started for San Francisco, by way of New -Orleans and the Isthmus, when he was but twenty-two years old and, -allured by the gold-fever, wasted a year or two in the mines. In -January, 1854, he made his way south to Los Angeles; and seeing the -prospect for trade in harness, on February 19th of that year opened an -American saddlery, in which business he was joined by his brother, -John M. Foy. Their store was on Main Street, between Commercial and -Requena. The location was one of the best; and the Foy Brothers -offering, besides saddlery, such necessities of the times as tents, -enjoyed one of the first chances to sell to passing emigrants and -neighboring _rancheros_, as they came into town. Some spurs, exhibited -in the County Museum, are a souvenir of Foy's enterprise in those -pioneer days. In May, 1856, Sam Foy began operating in cattle and -continued in that business until 1865, periodically taking herds -north and leaving his brother in charge of the store. - -In the course of time, the Foys moved to Los Angeles Street, becoming -my neighbors; and while there, in 1882, S. C. Foy, in a quaint -advertisement embellished with a blanketed horse, announced his -establishment as the "oldest business house in Los Angeles, still at -the old stand, 17 Los Angeles Street, next to H. Newmark & Company's." -John Foy, who later removed to San Bernardino, died many years ago, -and Sam Foy also has long since joined the silent majority; but one of -the old signs of the saddlery is still to be seen on Los Angeles -Street, where the son, James Calvert Foy, conducts the business. The -Foys first lived on Los Angeles Street, and then on Main. Some years -later, they moved to the corner of Seventh and Pearl streets, now -called Figueroa, and came to control much valuable land there, still -in possession of the family. A daughter of Samuel C. Foy is Miss Mary -Foy, formerly a teacher and later Public Librarian. Another daughter -married Thomas Lee Woolwine, the attorney. - -Wells Fargo & Company--formerly always styled Wells, Fargo & -Company--were early in the field here. On March 28th, 1854, they were -advertising, through H. R. Myles, their agent, that they were a joint -stock company with a capital of five hundred thousand dollars! - -FOOTNOTE: - -[7] Often spoken of as Don Louis. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -FAMILIAR HOME-SCENES - -1854 - - -Many of the houses, as I have related, were clustered around and north -of the Plaza Church, while the hills surrounding the pueblo to the -West were almost bare. These same hills have since been subdivided and -graded to accommodate the Westlake, the Wilshire, the West Temple and -other sections. Main and Spring streets were laid out beyond First, -but they were very sparsely settled; while to the East of Main and -extending up to that street, there were many large vineyards without a -single break as far south as the Ninth Street of to-day, unless we -except a narrow and short lane there. To enable the reader to form an -accurate impression of the time spent in getting to a nearby point, I -will add that, to reach William Wolfskin's home, which was in the -neighborhood of the present Arcade Depot, one was obliged to travel -down to Aliso Street, thence to Alameda, and then south on Alameda to -Wolfskin's orchard. From Spring Street, west and as far as the coast, -there was one huge field, practically unimproved and undeveloped, the -swamp lands of which were covered with tules. All of this land, from -the heart of the present retail district to the city limits, belonged -to the municipality. I incline to the opinion that both Ord and -Hancock had already surveyed in this southwestern district; but -through there, nevertheless, no single street had as yet been cut. - - [Illustration: J. P. Newmark - From a vignette of the sixties] - - [Illustration: O. W. Childs] - - [Illustration: Jacob Rich] - - [Illustration: John O. Wheeler] - - [Illustration: Benjamin D. Wilson] - - [Illustration: Dr. Obed Macy] - - [Illustration: George Hansen] - - [Illustration: Samuel C. Foy] - -Not merely at the Plaza, but throughout Los Angeles, most of the -houses were built of adobe, or mud mixed with straw and dried for -months in the sun; and several fine dwellings of this kind were -constructed after I came. The composition was of such a nature that, -unless protected by roofs and verandas,[8] the mud would slowly wash -away. The walls, however, also requiring months in which to dry, were -generally three or four feet thick; and to this as well as to the -nature of the material may be attributed the fact that the houses in -the summer season were cool and comfortable, while in winter they were -warm and cheerful. They were usually rectangular in shape, and were -invariably provided with _patios_ and corridors. There was no such -thing as a basement under a house, and floors were frequently earthen. -Conventionality prescribed no limit as to the number of rooms, an -adobe frequently having a sitting-room, a dining-room, a kitchen and -as many bedrooms as were required; but there were few, if any, -"frills" for the mere sake of style. Most adobes were but one story in -height, although there were a few two-story houses; and it is my -recollection that, in such cases, the second story was reached from -the outside. Everything about an adobe was emblematic of hospitality: -the doors, heavy and often apparently home-made, were wide, and the -windows were deep. In private houses, the doors were locked with a -key; but in some of the stores, they were fastened with a bolt fitted -into iron receptacles on either side. The windows, swinging on hinges, -opened inward and were locked in the center. There were few curtains -or blinds; wooden shutters, an inch thick, also fastening in the -center, being generally used instead. If there were such conveniences -as hearths and fireplaces, I cannot recollect them, although I think -that here and there the _brasero_, or pan and hot coals, was still -employed. There were no chimneys, and the smoke, as from the kitchen -stove, escaped through the regular stacks leading out through a pane -in the window or a hole in the wall. The porches, also spoken of as -verandas and rather wide, were supported by equidistant perpendicular -posts; and when an adobe had two stories, the veranda was also -double-storied. Few if any vines grew around these verandas in early -days, largely because of the high cost of water. For the same reason, -there were almost no gardens. - -The roofs which, as I have intimated, proved as necessary to preserve -the adobe as to afford protection from the semi-tropical sun, were -generally covered with asphalt and were usually flat in order to keep -the tar from running off. As well as I can recollect, Vicente -Salsido--or Salcito, as his name was also written--who lived in or -somewhere near Nigger Alley, was the only man then engaged in the -business of mending pitch-roofs. When winter approached and the first -rainfall produced leaks, there was a general demand for Salsido's -services and a great scramble among owners of buildings to obtain -them. Such was the need, in fact, that more than one family, drowned -out while waiting, was compelled to move to the drier quarters of -relatives or friends, there to stay until the roofer could attend to -their own houses. Under a huge kettle, put up in the public street, -Salsido set fire to some wood, threw in his pitch and melted it. Then, -after he or a helper had climbed onto the roof, the molten pitch was -hauled up in buckets and poured over the troublesome leaks. Much of -this tar was imported from the North, but some was obtained in this -locality, particularly from so-called springs on the Hancock ranch, -which for a long time have furnished great quantities of the useful, -if unattractive, substance. This asphalt was later used for sidewalks, -and even into the eighties was employed as fuel. To return to Salsido, -I might add that in summer the pitch-roofer had no work at all. - -Besides the adobes with their asphalt roofs, some houses, erected -within the first quarter of the Nineteenth Century, were covered with -tiles. The most notable tiled building was the old Church, whose roof -was unfortunately removed when the edifice was so extensively -renovated. The Carrillo home was topped with these ancient tiles, as -were also José María Ábila's residence; Vicente Sanchez's two-story -adobe south of the Plaza, and the Alvarado house on First Street, -between Main and Los Angeles streets. - -It was my impression that there were no bricks in Los Angeles when I -first came, although about 1854 or 1855 Jacob Weixel had the first -regular brickyard. In conversation with old-timers, however, many -years ago, I was assured that Captain Jesse Hunter, whom I recall, had -built a kiln not far from the later site of the Potomac Block, on Fort -Street, between Second and Third; and that, as early as 1853, he had -put up a brick building on the west side of Main Street, about one -hundred and fifty feet south of the present site of the Bullard Block. -This was for Mayor Nichols, who paid Hunter thirty dollars a thousand -for the new and more attractive kind of building material. This -pioneer brick building has long since disappeared. Hunter seems to -have come to Los Angeles alone, and to have been followed across the -plains by his wife, two sons and three daughters, taking up his -permanent residence here in 1856. One of the daughters married a man -named Burke, who conducted a blacksmith and wagon shop in Hunter's -Building on Main Street. Hunter died in 1874. Dr. William A. Hammel, -father of Sheriff William Hammel, who came to California during the -gold excitement of '49, had one of the first red brick houses in Los -Angeles, on San Pedro Street, between Second and Third. - -Sometime in 1853, or perhaps in 1854, the first building erected by -the public in Los Angeles County was put together here of brick baked -in the second kiln ever fired in the city. It was the Town Jail on the -site of the present Phillips Block,[9] at the northwest corner of -Spring and Franklin streets. This building took the place of the first -County Jail, a rude adobe that stood on the hill back of the present -National Government Building. In that jail, I have understood, there -were no cells, and prisoners were fastened by chains to logs outside. - -_Zanja_ water was being used for irrigation when I arrived. A system -of seven or eight _zanjas_, or open ditches--originated, I have no -doubt, by the Catholic Fathers--was then in operation, although it -was not placed under the supervision of a _Zanjero_, or Water -Commissioner, until 1854. These small surface canals connected at the -source with the _zanja madre_, or mother ditch, on the north side of -the town, from which they received their supply; the _zanja madre_ -itself being fed from the river, at a point a long way from town. The -_Zanjero_ issued permits, for which application had to be made some -days in advance, authorizing the use of the water for irrigation -purposes. A certain amount was paid for the use of this water during a -period of twelve hours, without any limit as to the quantity consumed, -and the purchaser was permitted to draw his supply both day and night. - -Water for domestic uses was a still more expensive luxury. Inhabitants -living in the immediate neighborhood of _zanjas_, or near the river, -helped themselves; but their less-fortunate brethren were served by a -carrier, who charged fifty cents a week for one bucket a day, while he -did not deliver on Sunday at all. Extra requirements were met on the -same basis; and in order to avoid an interruption in the supply, -prompt settlement of the charge had to be made every Saturday evening. -This character was known as Bill the Waterman. He was a tall American, -about thirty or thirty-five years old; he had a mustache, wore long, -rubber boots coming nearly to his waist, and presented the general -appearance of a laboring man; and his somewhat rickety vehicle, drawn -by two superannuated horses, slowly conveyed the man and his barrel of -about sixty gallons capacity from house to house. He was a wise -dispenser, and quite alert to each household's needs. - -Bill obtained his supply from the Los Angeles River, where at best it -was none too clean, in part owing to the frequent passage of the river -by man and beast. Animals of all kinds, including cattle, horses, -sheep, pigs, mules and donkeys, crossed and recrossed the stream -continually, so that the mud was incessantly stirred up, and the -polluted product proved unpalatable and even, undoubtedly, -unhealthful. To make matters worse, the river and the _zanjas_ were -the favorite bathing-places, all the urchins of the hamlet disporting -themselves there daily, while most of the adults, also, frequently -immersed themselves. Both the yet unbridged stream and the _zanjas_, -therefore, were repeatedly contaminated, although common sense should -have protected the former to a greater or less extent; while as to the -latter there were ordinances drawn up by the Common Council of 1850 -which prohibited the throwing of filth into fresh water designed for -common use, and also forbade the washing of clothes on the _zanja_ -banks. This latter regulation was disobeyed by the native women, who -continued to gather there, dip their soiled garments in the water, -place them on stones and beat them with sticks, a method then popular -for the extraction of dirt. - -Besides Bill the Waterman, Dan Schieck was a water-vender, but at a -somewhat later date. Proceeding to the _zanja_ in a curious old cart, -he would draw the water he needed, fresh every morning, and make daily -deliveries at customers' houses for a couple of dollars a month. -Schieck forsook this business, however, and went into draying, making -a specialty of meeting Banning's coaches and transferring the -passengers to their several destinations. He was a frugal man, and -accumulated enough to buy the southwest corner of Franklin and Spring -streets. As a result, he left property of considerable value. He died -about twenty-five years ago; Mrs. Schieck, who was a sister of John -Fröhling, died in 1874. - -Just one more reference to the drinking-water of that period. When -delivered to the customer, it was emptied into _ollas_, or urn-shaped -vessels, made from burned clay or terra cotta. Every family and every -store was provided with at least one of these containers which, being -slightly porous, possessed the virtue (of particular value at a time -when there was no ice) of keeping the water cool and refreshing. The -_olla_ commonly in use had a capacity of four or five gallons, and was -usually suspended from the ceiling of a porch or other convenient -place; while attached to this domestic reservoir, as a rule, was a -long-handled dipper generally made from a gourd. Filters were not in -use, in consequence of which fastidious people washed out their -_ollas_ very frequently. These wide-mouthed pots recall to me an -appetizing Spanish dish, known as _olla-podrida_, a stew consisting of -various spiced meats, chopped fine, and an equally varied assortment -of vegetables, partaken of separately; all bringing to mind, perhaps, -Thackeray's sentimental _Ballad of Bouillabaisse_. Considering these -inconveniences, how surprising it is that the Common Council, in 1853, -should have frowned upon Judge William G. Dryden's proposition to -distribute, in pipes, all the water needed for domestic use. - -On May 16th, 1854, the first Masonic lodge--then and now known as -42--received its charter, having worked under special dispensation -since the preceding December. The first officers chosen were: H. P. -Dorsey, Master; J. Elias, Senior Warden; Thomas Foster, Junior Warden; -James R. Barton, Treasurer; Timothy Foster, Secretary; Jacob Rich, -Senior Deacon; and W. A. Smith, Tyler. - -For about three decades after my arrival, smallpox epidemics visited -us somewhat regularly every other year, and the effect on the town was -exceedingly bad. The whole population was on such a friendly footing -that every death made a very great impression. The native element was -always averse to vaccination and other sanitary measures; everybody -objected to isolation, and disinfecting was unknown. In more than one -familiar case, the surviving members of a stricken family went into -the homes of their kinsmen, notwithstanding the danger of contagion. -Is it any wonder, therefore, when such ignorance was universal, that -the pest spread alarmingly and that the death-rate was high? - -The smallpox wagon, dubbed the _Black Maria_, was a frequent sight on -the streets of Los Angeles during these sieges. There was an isolated -pesthouse near the Chavez Ravine, but the patients of the better class -were always treated at home, where the sanitation was never good; and -at best the community was seriously exposed. Consternation seized the -public mind, communication with the outside world was disturbed, and -these epidemics were the invariable signal for business disorder and -crises. - -This matter of primitive sanitation reminds me of an experience. To -accommodate an old iron bath-tub that I wished to set up in my Main -Street home in the late sixties, I was obliged to select one of the -bedrooms; since, when my adobe was built, the idea of having a -separate bathroom in a house had never occurred to any owner. I -connected it with the _zanja_ at the rear of my lot by means of a -wooden conduit; which, although it did not join very closely, answered -all purposes for the discharge of waste water. One of my children for -several years slept in this combination bath- and bedroom; and -although the plumbing was as old-fashioned as it well could be, yet -during all that time there was no sickness in our family. - -It was fortunate indeed that the adobe construction of the fifties -rendered houses practically fireproof since, in the absence of a -water-system, a bucket-brigade was all there was to fight a fire with, -and this rendered but poor service. I remember such a brigade at work, -some years after I came, in the vicinity of the Bell Block, when a -chain of helpers formed a relay from the nearest _zanja_ to the -blazing structure. Buckets were passed briskly along, from person to -person, as in the animated scene described by Schiller in the -well-known lines of _Das Lied von der Glocke_: - - _Durch der Hände lange Kette - Um die Wette - Fliegt der Eimer_;[10] - -a process which was continued until the fire had exhausted itself. -Francis Mellus had a little hand-cart, but for lack of water it was -generally useless. Instead of fire-bells announcing to the people that -a conflagration was in progress, the discharging of pistols in rapid -succession gave the alarm and was the signal for a general fusillade -throughout the neighboring streets. Indeed, this method of sounding a -fire-alarm was used as late as the eighties. On the breaking out of -fires, neighbors and friends rushed to assist the victim in saving -what they could of his property. - -On account of the inadequate facilities for extinguishing anything -like a conflagration, it transpired that insurance companies would not -for some time accept risks in Los Angeles. If I am not mistaken, S. -Lazard obtained the first protection late in the fifties and paid a -premium of four per cent. The policy was issued by the Hamburg-Bremen -Company, through Adelsdorfer Brothers of San Francisco, who also -imported foreign merchandise; and Lazard, thereafter, as the Los -Angeles agent for the Hamburg-Bremen Company, was the first insurance -underwriter here of whom I have any knowledge. Adelsdorfer Brothers, -it is also interesting to note, imported the first Swedish matches -brought into California, perhaps having in mind cause and effect with -profit at both ends; they put them on the retail market in Los Angeles -at twenty-five cents a package. - -This matter of fires calls to mind an interesting feature of the city -when I first saw it. When Henry, or Enrique Dalton sailed from -England, he shipped a couple of corrugated iron buildings, taking them -to South America where he used them for several years. On coming to -Los Angeles, he brought the buildings with him, and they were set up -at the site of the present corner of Spring and Court streets. In a -sense, therefore, these much-transported iron structures (one of -which, in 1858, I rented as a storeroom for wool) came to be among the -earliest "fire-proof" buildings here. - -As early as 1854, the need of better communication between Los Angeles -and the outside world was beginning to be felt; and in the summer of -that year the Supervisors--D. W. Alexander, S. C. Foster, J. -Sepúlveda, C. Aguilar and S. S. Thompson--voted to spend one thousand -dollars to open a wagon road over the mountains between the San -Fernando Mission and the San Francisco _rancho_. A rather broad trail -already existed there; but such was its grade that many a pioneer, -compelled to use a windlass or other contrivance to let down his -wagon in safety, will never forget the real perils of the descent. For -years it was a familiar experience with stages, on which I sometimes -traveled, to attach chains or boards to retard their downward -movement; nor were passengers even then without anxiety until the -hill- or mountain-side had been passed. - -During 1854, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Newmark and family, whom I had met, -the year before, for a few hours in San Francisco, arrived here and -located in the one-story adobe owned by John Goller and adjoining his -blacksmith shop. There were six children--Matilda, Myer J., Sarah, -Edward, Caroline and Harriet--all of whom had been born in New York -City. With their advent, my personal environment immediately changed: -they provided me with a congenial home; and as they at once began to -take part in local social activities, I soon became well acquainted. -My aunt took charge of my English education, and taught me to spell, -read and write in that language; and I have always held her efforts in -my behalf in grateful appreciation. As a matter of fact, having so -early been thrown into contact with Spanish-speaking neighbors and -patrons, I learned Spanish before I acquired English. - -The Newmarks had left New York on December 15th, 1852, on the ship -_Carrington_, T. B. French commanding, to make the trip around the -Horn, San Francisco being their destination. After a voyage for the -most part pleasant, although not altogether free from disagreeable -features and marked by much rough weather, they reached the Golden -Gate, having been four months and five days on the ocean. One of the -enjoyable incidents _en route_ was an old-fashioned celebration in -which _Neptune_ took part when they crossed the equator. In a diary of -that voyage kept by Myer J. Newmark, mention is made that "our -Democratic President, Franklin Pierce, and Vice-President, William R. -King, were inaugurated March 4th, 1853;" which reminds me that some -forty years later Judge H. A. Pierce, the President's cousin, and his -wife who was of literary proclivities, came to be my neighbors in Los -Angeles. Mr. and Mrs. Newmark and their family remained in San -Francisco until 1854. - -Joseph Newmark, formerly Neumark, born June 15th, 1799, was, I assume, -the first to adopt the English form of the name. He was genuinely -religious and exalted in character. His wife, Rosa, whom he married in -New York in 1835, was born in London on March 17th, 1808. He came to -America in 1824, spent a few years in New York, and resided for a -while in Somerset, Connecticut, where, on January 21st, 1831, he -joined the Masonic fraternity. During his first residence in New York, -he started the Elm Street Synagogue, one of the earliest in America. -In 1840, we find him in St. Louis, a pioneer indeed. Five years later -he was in Dubuque, Iowa, then a frontier village. In 1846, he once -more pitched his tent in New York; and during this sojourn he -organized the Wooster Street Congregation. Immediately after reaching -Los Angeles, he brought into existence the Los Angeles Hebrew -Benevolent Society, which met for some time at his home on Sunday -evenings, and which, I think, was the first charitable institution in -this city. Its principal objects were to care for the sick, to pay -proper respect, according to Jewish ritual, to the dead, and to look -after the Jewish Cemetery which was laid out about that time; so that -the Society at once became a real spiritual force and continued so for -several years. The first President was Jacob Elias. Although Mr. -Newmark had never served as a salaried Rabbi, he had been ordained -and was permitted to officiate; and one of the immediate results of -his influence was the establishment of worship on Jewish holidays, -under the auspices of the Society named. The first service was held in -the rear room of an adobe owned by John Temple. Joseph Newmark also -inspired the purchase of land for the Jewish Cemetery. After Rabbi -Edelman came, my uncle continued on various occasions to assist him. -When, in course of time, the population of Los Angeles increased, the -responsibilities of the Hebrew Benevolent Society were extended. -Although a Jewish organization, and none but Jews could become members -of it or receive burial in the Jewish Cemetery, its aim was to give -relief, as long as its financial condition would permit, to every -worthy person that appeared, whoever he was or whatever his creed. -Recalling this efficient organization, I may say that I believe myself -to be one of but two survivors among the charter members--S. Lazard -being the other. - -Kiln Messer was another pioneer who came around the Horn about that -time, although he arrived here from Germany a year later than I did; -and during his voyage, he had a trying experience in a shipwreck off -Cape Verde where, with his comrades, he had to wait a couple of months -before another vessel could be signaled. Even then he could get no -farther toward his destination--the Golden Gate--than Rio de Janeiro, -where he was delayed five or six months more. Finally reaching San -Francisco, he took to mining; but, weakened by fever (an experience -common among the gold-seekers), he made his way to Los Angeles. After -brewing beer for a while at the corner of Third and Main streets, -Messer bought a twenty-acre vineyard which, in 1857, he increased by -another purchase to forty-five or fifty acres; and it was his good -fortune that this property was so located as to be needed by the Santa -Fé Railroad, in 1888, as a terminal. Toward the end of the seventies, -Messer, moderately well-to-do, was a grocer at the corner of Rose and -First streets; and about 1885, he retired. - -Joseph Newmark brought with him to Los Angeles a Chinese servant, to -whom he paid one hundred dollars a month; and, as far as I know, this -Mongolian was the first to come to our city. This domestic item has -additional interest, perhaps, because it was but five or six years -before that the first Chinese to emigrate from the Celestial Kingdom -to California--two men and a lone woman--had come to San Francisco in -the ship _Eagle_ from Hong Kong. A year later, there were half a -hundred Chinamen in the territory, while at the end of still another -year, during the gold excitement, nearly a thousand Chinese entered -the Golden Gate. - -The housekeeping experiences of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Newmark remind me -that it was not easy in the early days to get satisfactory domestic -service. Indians, negroes and sometimes Mexicans were employed, until -the arrival of more Chinese and the coming of white girls. Joseph -Newmark, when I lived with his family, employed, in addition to the -Chinaman, an Indian named Pedro who had come with his wife from -Temécula and whose remuneration was fifty cents a day; and these -servants attended to most of the household duties. The annual _fiesta_ -at Temécula used to attract Pedro and his better-half; and while they -were absent, the Newmark girls did the work. - -My new home was very congenial, not the least of its attractions being -the family associations at meal-time. The opportunities for obtaining -a variety of food were not as good perhaps as they are to-day, and yet -some delicacies were more in evidence. Among these I might mention -wild game and chickens. Turkeys, of all poultry, were the scarcest and -most-prized. All in all, our ordinary fare has not changed so much -except in the use of mutton, certain vegetables, ice and a few -dainties. - -There was no extravagance in the furnishing of pioneer homes. Few -people coming to Los Angeles expected to locate permanently; they -usually planned to accumulate a small competency and then return to -their native heaths. In consequence, little attention was paid to -quality or styles, and it is hard to convey a comprehensive idea of -the prevailing lack of ordinary comforts. For many years the inner -walls of adobes were whitewashed--a method of mural finish not the -most agreeable, since the coating so easily "came off;" and only in -the later periods of frame houses, did we have kalsomined and -hard-finished wall surfaces. Just when papered and tinted walls came -in, I do not remember; but they were long delayed. Furniture was plain -and none too plentiful; and glassware and tableware were of an -inferior grade. - -Certain vegetables were abundant, truck-gardening having been -introduced here in the early fifties by Andrew Briswalter, an Alsatian -by birth and an original character. He first operated on San Pedro -Street, where he rented a tract of land and peddled his vegetables in -a wheelbarrow, charging big prices. So quickly did he prosper that he -was soon able to buy a piece of land, as well as a horse and wagon. -When he died, in the eighties, he bequeathed a large estate, -consisting of City and County acreage and lots, in the disposition of -which he unrighteously cut off his only niece. Playa del Rey was later -built on some of this land. Acres of fruit trees, fronting on Main, in -the neighborhood of the present Ninth and Tenth streets, and extending -far in an easterly direction, formed another part of his holding. It -was on this land that Briswalter lived until his last illness. He -bought this tract from O. W. Childs, it having originally belonged to -H. C. Cardwell, a son-in-law of William Wolfskill--the same Cardwell -who introduced here, on January 7th, 1856, the heretofore unknown -seedling strawberries. - -One Mumus was in the field nearly as soon as Briswalter. A few years -later, Chinese vegetable men came to monopolize this trade. Most of -their gardens neighbored on what is now Figueroa Street, north of -Pico; and then, as now, they peddled their wares from wagons. Wild -celery grew in quantities around the _zanjas_, but was not much liked. -Cultivated celery, on the other hand, was in demand and was brought -from the North, whence we also imported most of our cabbage, -cauliflower and asparagus. But after a while, the Chinese also -cultivated celery; and when, in the nineties, E. A. Curtis, D. E. -Smeltzer and others failed in an effort to grow celery, Curtis fell -back on the Chinese gardeners. The Orientals, though pestered by -envious workmen, finally made a success of the industry, helping to -establish what is now a most important local agricultural activity. - -These Chinese vegetable gardeners, by the way, came to practice a -trick[11] designed to reduce their expenses, and at which they were -sometimes caught. Having bargained with the authorities for a small -quantity of water, they would cut the _zanjas_, while the _Zanjero_ or -his assistants slept, steal the additional water needed, and, before -the arrival of the _Zanjero_ at daybreak, close the openings! - -J. Wesley Potts was an early arrival, having tramped across the Plains -all the way from Texas, in 1852, reaching Los Angeles in September. At -first, he could obtain nothing to do but haul dirt in a hand-cart for -the spasmodic patching-up of the streets; but when he had earned five -or six dollars in that way, he took to peddling fruit, first carrying -it around in a basket. Then he had a fruit stand. Getting the -gold-fever, however, Potts went to the mines; but despairing at last -of realizing anything there, he returned to Los Angeles and raised -vegetables, introducing, among other things, the first locally-grown -sweet potatoes put on the market--a stroke of enterprise recalling J. -E. Pleasants's early venture in cultivating garden pease. Later he was -widely known as a "weather prophet"--with predictions quite as likely -to be worthless as to come true. - -The prickly pear, the fruit of the cactus, was common in early Los -Angeles. It grew in profusion all over this Southern country, but -particularly so around San Gabriel at which place it was found in -almost obstructing quantities; and prickly pears bordered the gardens -of the Round House where they were plucked by visitors. Ugly enough -things to handle, they were, nevertheless, full of juice, and proved -refreshing and palatable when properly peeled. Pomegranates and -quinces were also numerous, but they were not cultivated for the -trade. Sycamore and oak trees were seen here and there, while the -willow was evident in almost jungle profuseness, especially around -river banks and along the borders of lanes. Wild mustard charmingly -variegated the landscape and _chaparral_ obscured many of the hills -and rising ground. In winter, the ground was thickly covered with -burr-clover and the poetically-named _alfilaria_. - -Writing of vegetables and fruit, I naturally think of one of -California's most popular products, the _sandía_ or watermelon, and of -its plenteousness in those more monotonous days when many and many a -_carreta_ load was brought to the indulging town. The melons were sold -direct from the vehicles, as well as in stores, and the street seemed -to be the principal place for the consumption of the luscious fruit. -It was a very common sight to see Indians and others sitting along the -roads, their faces buried in the green-pink depths. Some old-timers -troubled with diseases of the kidney, believing that there was virtue -in watermelon seeds, boiled them and used the tea medicinally. - -Fish, caught at San Pedro and peddled around town, was a favorite item -of food during the cooler months of the year. The _pescadero_, or -vender, used a loud fish horn, whose deep but not melodious tones -announced to the expectant housewife that he was at hand with a load -of sea-food. Owing to the poorer facilities for catching them, only a -few varieties of deep-water fish, such as barracuda, yellowtail and -rockfish were sold. - -Somewhere I have seen it stated that, in 1854, O. W. Childs brought -the first hive of bees from San Francisco at a cost of one hundred and -fifty dollars; but as nearly as I can recollect, a man named Logan -owned the first beehives and was, therefore, the pioneer -honey-producer. I remember paying him three dollars for a three-pound -box of comb-honey, but I have forgotten the date of the transaction. -In 1860, Cyrus Burdick purchased several swarms of bees and had no -difficulty in selling the honey at one dollar a pound. By the fall of -1861, the bee industry had so expanded that Perry & Woodworth, as I -have stated, devoted part of their time to the making of beehives. J. -E. Pleasants, of Santiago Cañon, known also for his Cashmere goats, -was another pioneer bee-man and received a gold medal for his exhibit -at the New Orleans Exposition. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[8] Verandas, spoken of locally as _corridors_; from which fact I may -use both terms interchangeably. - -[9] Recently razed. - -[10] Translated by Perry Worden for the centenary of _The Song of the -Bell_: - - Through each hand close-joined and waiting, - Emulating, - Flies the pail. - - -[11] History repeats itself: in 1915, ranchers at Zelzah were accused -of appropriating water from the new aqueduct, under cover of the -night, without paying for it. - - - - -CHAPTER X - -EARLY SOCIAL LIFE - -1854 - - -In June, 1854, my brother sold out, and I determined to establish -myself in business and thus become my own master. My lack of knowledge -of English was somewhat of a handicap; but youth and energy were in my -favor, and an eager desire to succeed overcame all obstacles. Upon -computing my worldly possessions, I found that I had saved nearly two -hundred and forty dollars, the sum total of my eight months' wages; -and this sum I invested in my first venture. My brother, J. P. -Newmark, opened a credit for me, which contributed materially to my -success; and I rented the store on the north side of Commercial -Street, about one hundred feet west of Los Angeles, owned by Mateo -Keller and just vacated by Prudent Beaudry. Little did I think, in so -doing, that, twelve years later, some Nemesis would cause Beaudry to -sell out to me. I fully realized the importance of succeeding in my -initial effort, and this requited me for seven months of sacrifices, -until January 1st, 1855, when I took an inventory and found a net -profit of fifteen hundred dollars. To give some idea of what was then -required to attain such success, I may say that, having no assistance -at all, I was absolutely a prisoner from early morning until late in -the evening--the usual hour of closing, as I have elsewhere explained, -being eight o'clock. From sweeping out to keeping books, I attended to -all my own work; and since I neither wished to go out and lock up nor -leave my stock long unprotected, I remained on guard all day, -giving the closest possible attention to my little store. - - [Illustration: Myer J. and Harris Newmark - From a Daguerreotype] - - [Illustration: George Carson] - - [Illustration: John G. Nichols] - - [Illustration: David W. Alexander] - - [Illustration: Thomas E. Rowan] - - [Illustration: Matthew Keller] - - [Illustration: Samuel Meyer] - -Business conditions in the fifties were necessarily very different -from what they are to-day. There was no bank in Los Angeles for some -years, although Downey and one or two others may have had some kind of -a safe. People generally hoarded their cash in deep, narrow buckskin -bags, hiding it behind merchandise on the shelves until the departure -of a steamer for San Francisco, or turning it into such vouchers as -were negotiable and could be obtained here. John Temple, who had a -ranch or two in the North (from which he sent cattle to his agent in -San Francisco), generally had a large reserve of cash to his credit -with butchers or bankers in the Northern city, and he was thus able to -issue drafts against his balances there; being glad enough to make the -exchange, free of cost. When, however, Temple had exhausted his cash, -the would-be remitter was compelled to send the coin itself by -express. He would then take the specie to the company's agent; and the -latter, in his presence, would do it up in a sealed package and charge -one dollar a hundred for safe transmission. No wonder, therefore, that -people found expressing coin somewhat expensive, and were more partial -to the other method. - -In the beginning of the fifties, too, silver was irregular in supply. -Nevada's treasures still lay undiscovered within the bowels of the -earth, and much foreign coin was in use here, leading the shrewdest -operators to import silver money from France, Spain, Mexico and other -countries. The size of coins, rather than their intrinsic value, was -then the standard. For example, a five-franc piece, a Mexican dollar -or a coin of similar size from any other country passed for a dollar -here; while a Mexican twenty-five-cent piece, worth but fourteen -cents, was accepted for an American quarter, so that these importers -did a "land-office" business. Half-dollars and their equivalents were -very scarce; and these coins being in great demand among gamblers, it -often happened that they would absorb the supply. This forced such a -premium that eighteen dollars in silver would commonly bring twenty -dollars in gold. - -Most of the output of the mines of Southern California--then rated as -the best dust--went to San Francisco assayers, who minted it into -octagonal and round pieces known as slugs. Among those issuing -privately-stamped coins were J. S. Ormsby (whose mark, _J. S. O._, -became familiar) and Augustus Humbert, both of whom circulated -eight-cornered ingots; and Wass Molitor & Co., whose slugs were always -round. Pieces of the value of from one to twenty-five dollars, and -even miniature coins for fractional parts of a dollar, were also -minted; while F. D. Kohler, the State Assayer, made an oblong ingot -worth about fifty dollars. Some of the other important assaying -concerns were Moffatt & Co., Kellogg & Co. and Templeton Reid. Baldwin -& Co. was another firm which issued coins of smaller denomination; and -to this firm belonged David Colbert Broderick, who was killed by -Terry. - -Usurers were here from the beginning, and their tax was often -ruinously exorbitant. So much did they charge for money, in fact, that -from two to twelve and a half per cent. _a week_ was paid; this -brought about the loss of many early estates. I recollect, for -example, that the owner of several thousand acres of land borrowed two -hundred dollars, at an interest charge of twelve and a half per cent. -for each week, from a resident of Los Angeles whose family is still -prominent in California; and that when principal and interest amounted -to twenty-two thousand dollars, the lender foreclosed and thus -ingloriously came into possession of a magnificent property. - -For at least twenty years after I arrived in Los Angeles, the credit -system was so irregular as to be no system at all. Land and other -values were exceedingly low, there was not much ready money, and while -the credit of a large rancher was small compared with what his rating -would be today because of the tremendous advances in land and stock, -much longer time was then given on running accounts than would be -allowed now. Bills were generally settled after the harvest. The -wine-grower would pay his score when the grape crop was sold; and the -cattleman would liquidate what he could when he sold his cattle. In -other words, there was no credit foundation whatever; indeed, I have -known accounts to be carried through three and four dry seasons. - -It is true, also, that many a fine property was lost through the mania -of the Californian for gambling, and it might be just as well to add -that the loose credit system ruined many. I believe, in fact, it is -generally recognized in certain lines of business that the too -flexible local fiscal practice of to-day is the descendant of the -careless methods of the past. - -My early experiences as a merchant afforded me a good opportunity to -observe the character and peculiarities of the people with whom I had -to deal. In those days a disposition to steal was a common weakness on -the part of many, especially Indians, and merchants generally suffered -so much from the evil that a sharp lookout had to be kept. On one -occasion, I saw a native woman deftly abstract a pair of shoes and -cleverly secrete them on her person; and at the conclusion of her -purchases, as she was about to leave the store, I stepped up to her, -and with a "_¡Dispense me Vd.!_" quietly recovered the _zapatos_. The -woman smiled, each of us bowed, the pilfering patron departed, and -nothing further was ever said of the affair. - -This proneness to steal was frequently utilized by early and astute -traders, who kept on hand a stock of very cheap but gaudy jewelry -which was placed on the counter within easy reach--a device which -prevented the filching of more valuable articles, while it attracted, -at the same time, this class of customers; and as soon as the esteemed -customers ceased to buy, the trays of tempting trinkets were removed. - -Shyness of the truth was another characteristic of many a native that -often had to be reckoned with by merchants wishing to accommodate, as -far as possible, while avoiding loss. One day in 1854, a middle-aged -Indian related to me that his mother (who was living half a block -north on Main Street, and was between eighty and ninety years of age) -had suddenly died, and that he would like some candles, for which he -was unable to pay, to place around the bed holding the remains of the -departed. I could not refuse this filial request, and straightway gave -him the wax tapers which were to be used for so holy a purpose. The -following day, however, I met the old woman on the street and she was -as lively a corpse as one might ever expect to see; leaving me to -conclude that she was lighted to her room, the previous night, by one -of the very candles supposed to be then lighting her to eternity. - -The fact that I used to order straw hats which came telescoped in -dozens and were of the same pattern (in the crown of one of which, at -the top, I found one morning a litter of kittens tenderly deposited -there by the store cat), recalls an amusing incident showing the -modesty of the times, at least in the style of ladies' bonnets. S. -Lazard & Company once made an importation of Leghorn hats which, when -they arrived, were found to be all trimmed alike--a bit of ribbon and -a little bunch of artificial flowers in front being their only -ornamentation! Practically, all the fair damsels and matrons of the -town were limited, for the season, to this supply--a fact that was -patent enough, a few days later, at a picnic held at Sainsevain's -favorite vineyard and well patronized by the feminine leaders in our -little world. - -But to return to one or two pioneers. David Workman died soon after he -came here, in 1854, with his wife whose maiden name was Nancy Hook. He -was a brother of William Workman and followed him to Los Angeles, -bringing his three sons, Thomas H.--killed in the explosion of the -_Ada Hancock_--Elijah H. and William H., who was for a while a printer -and later in partnership with his brother in the saddlery business. -Elijah once owned a tract of land stretching from what is now Main to -Hill streets and around Twelfth. Workman Street is named after this -family. - -Henry Mellus, brother of Francis Mellus, to whom I elsewhere more -fully refer, who had returned to New England, was among us again in -1854. Whether this was the occasion of Mellus's unfortunate -investment, or not, I cannot say; but on one of his trips to the East, -he lost a quarter of a million through an unlucky investment in iron. - -Jean B. Trudell (a nephew of Damien Marchessault and a cousin of P. -Beaudry), for a short time in partnership with S. Lazard, was an -old-timer who married Anita, the widow of Henry Mellus; and through -this union a large family resulted. He conducted salt works, from -which he supplied the town with all grades of cheap salt; and he stood -well in the community. Mrs. Trudell took care of her aunt, Mrs. Bell, -during her later years. - -With the growth of our little town, newspapers increased, even though -they did not exactly prosper. On the 20th of July, 1854, C. N. -Richards & Company started the _Southern Californian_, a name no doubt -suggested by that of the San Francisco journal, with William Butts as -editor; and on November 2d, Colonel John O. Wheeler joined Butts and -bought out Richards & Company. Their paper was printed in one of -Dalton's corrugated iron houses. The _Southern Californian_ was a -four-page weekly, on one side of which news, editorials and -advertisements, often mere translations of matter in the other -columns, were published in Spanish. One result of the appearance of -this paper was that Waite & Company, a month or so later, reduced the -subscription price of the _Star_--their new rate being nine dollars a -year, or six dollars in advance. - -In 1853, a number of Spanish-American restaurant keepers plied their -vocation, so that Mexican and Spanish cooking were always obtainable. -Then came the _cafetería_, but the term was used with a different -significance from that now in vogue. It was rather a place for -drinking than for eating, and in this respect the name had little of -the meaning current in parts of Mexico to-day, where a _cafetería_ is -a small restaurant serving ordinary alcoholic drinks and plain meals. -Nor was the institution the same as that familiarly known in Pacific -Coast towns, and particularly in Los Angeles--one of the first -American cities to experiment with this departure; where a -considerable variety of food (mostly cooked and warm) is displayed to -view, and the prospective diner, having secured his tray and napkin, -knife, fork and spoons, indicates his choice as he passes by the -steam-heated tables and is helped to whatever he selects, and then -carries both service and viands to a small table. - -The native population followed their own _cuisine_, and the visitor -to Spanish-American homes naturally partook of native food. All the -Mexican dishes that are common now, such as _tamales_, _enchiladas_ -and _frijoles_, were favorite dishes then. There were many saloons in -Sonora Town and elsewhere, and _mescal_ and _aguardiente_, popular -drinks with the Mexicans, were also indulged in by the first white -settlers. Although there were imported wines, the wine-drinkers -generally patronized the local product. This was a very cheap article, -costing about fifteen cents a gallon, and was usually supplied with -meals, without extra charge. _Tamales_ in particular were very popular -with the Californians, but it took some time for the incoming epicure -to appreciate all that was claimed for them and other masterpieces of -Mexican cooking. - -The _tortilla_ was another favorite, being a generous-sized maize -cake, round and rather thin, in the early preparation of which the -grain was softened, cleaned and parboiled, after which it was rolled -and crushed between two pieces of flat stone. Deft hands then worked -the product into a pancake, which was placed, sometimes on a piece of -stoneware, sometimes on a plate of iron, and baked, first on one side -and then on the other. A part of the trick in _tortilla_-baking -consisted in its delicate toasting; and when just the right degree of -parching had been reached, the crisp, tasty _tortilla_ was ready to -maintain its position even against more pretentious members of the -pancake family. - -_Pan de huevos_, or bread of eggs, was peddled around town on little -trays by Mexican women and, when well-prepared, was very palatable. -_Panocha_, a dark Mexican sugar made into cakes, was also vended by -native women. _Pinole_ was brought in by Indians; and as far as I can -remember, it could not have had a very exact meaning, since I have -heard the term applied both to ground pinenuts and ground corn, and it -may also have been used to mean other food prepared in the same -manner. Be this as it may, the value to the Indian came from the fact -that, when mixed with water, _pinole_ proved a cheap, but nutritious -article of diet. - -I have told of the old-fashioned, comfortable adobes, broad and -liberal, whose halls, rooms, verandas and _patios_ bespoke at least -comfort if not elaborateness. Among the old California families -dwelling within these houses, there was much visiting and -entertainment, and I often partook of this proverbial and princely -hospitality. There was also much merry-making, the firing of crackers, -bell-ringing and dancing the _fandango_, _jota_ and _cachucha_ marking -their jolly and whole-souled _fiestas_. Only for the first few years -after I came was the real _fandango_--so popular when Dana visited Los -Angeles and first saw Don Juan Bandini execute the dance--witnessed -here; little by little it went out of fashion, perhaps in part because -of the skill required for its performance. Balls and hops, however, -for a long time were carelessly called by that name. When the -_fandango_ really was in vogue, Bandini, António Coronel, Andrés Pico, -the Lugos and other native Californians were among its most noted -exponents; they often hired a hall, gave a _fandango_ in which they -did not hesitate to take the leading parts, and turned the whole -proceeds over to some church or charity. On such occasions not merely -the plain people (always so responsive to music and its accompanying -pleasures) were the _fandangueros_, but the flower of our local -society turned out _en masse_, adding to the affair a high degree of -_éclat_. There was no end, too, of good things to eat and drink, which -people managed somehow to pass around; and the enjoyment was not -lessened by the fact that every such dance hall was crowded to the -walls, and that the atmosphere, relieved by but a narrow door and -window or two, was literally thick with both dust and smoke. - -Still living are some who have memories of these old _fandango_ days -and the journeys taken from suburb to town in order to participate in -them. Doña Petra Pilar Lanfranco used to tell me how, as a young girl, -she came up from the old Palos Verdes ranch house in a _carreta_ and -was always chaperoned by a lady relative. On such occasions, the -_carreta_ would be provided with mattresses, pillows and covers, while -at the end, well strapped, was the trunk containing the finery to be -worn at the ball. To reach town even from a point that would now be -regarded as near, a start was generally made by four o'clock in the -morning; and it often took until late the same evening to arrive at -the Bella Union, where final preparations were made. - -One of the pleasant features of a _fandango_ or hop was the use of -_cascarones_, or egg-shells, filled with one thing or another, -agreeable when scattered, and for the time being sealed up. These -shells were generally painted; and most often they contained -many-colored pieces of paper, or the tinsel, _oropel_, cut up very -fine. Not infrequently the shell of the egg was filled with perfume; -and in the days when Californians were flush, gold leaf or even gold -dust was sometimes thus inclosed, with a wafer, and kept for the -_casamiento_, when it would be showered upon the fortunate bride. The -greatest compliment that a gentleman could pay a lady was to break one -of these _cascarones_ over her head, and often the compliment would be -returned; the floor, at the termination of such festivities, being -literally covered with the bits of paper and egg-shell. When the -_fandango_ was on in all its mad delight, a gentleman would approach a -lady to salute her, upon which she would bow her head slightly and -permit him, while he gently squeezed the egg-shell, to let its -contents fall gracefully over her head, neck and shoulders; and very -often she would cleverly choose the right moment--perhaps when he was -not looking--to politely reciprocate the courtesy, under which -circumstances he was in duty bound to detect, if he could, among the -smiling, blushing ladies, the one who had ventured so agreeably to -offend. Such was the courtliness, in fact, among the native population -that even at _fandangos_, in which the public participated and the -compliment of the _cascarón_ was almost universally observed, there -was seldom a violation of regard for another's feelings. When such -rowdyism did occur, however (prompted perhaps by jealousy), and bad -eggs or that which was even less aromatic, were substituted, serious -trouble ensued; and one or two fatalities are on record as growing out -of such senseless acts. Speaking of _fandangos_, it may be added that -in January, 1861, the Common Council of Los Angeles passed an -ordinance requiring the payment in advance of ten dollars for a -one-night license to hold any public dance within the city limits. - -The pueblo was so small in the fifties, and the number of white people -so limited that, whenever a newcomer arrived, it caused considerable -general excitement; and when it infrequently happened that persons of -note came for even a single night, a deputation of prominent citizens -made their short stay both noisy with cannonading and tiresome with -spread-eagle oratory. - -A very important individual in early days was Peter Biggs, or Nigger -Pete, a pioneer barber who came here in 1852, having previously been -sold as a slave to an officer at Fort Leavenworth and freed, in -California, at the close of the Mexican War. He was a black-haired, -good-natured man, then about forty years of age, and had a shop on -Main Street, near the Bella Union. He was, indeed, the only barber in -town who catered to Americans, and while by no means of the highest -tonsorial capacity, was sufficiently appreciative of his monopoly to -charge fifty cents for shaving and seventy-five cents for -hair-cutting. When, however, a Frenchman named Felix Signoret (whose -daughter married Ed. McGinnis, the high-toned saloon keeper) appeared, -some years later--a barber by trade, of whom we shall hear more -later--it was not long before Pete was seriously embarrassed, being -compelled, first to reduce his prices and then to look for more humble -work. In the early sixties, Pete was advertising as follows: - - NEW ORLEANS SHAVING SALOON - OPPOSITE MELLUS' STORE ON MAIN STREET. - - PRICES REDUCED! - To Keep Pace with the Times - Shaving 12½c. - Hair-cutting 25c. - Shampoo_n_ing 25c. - - Peter Biggs will always be on hand and ready to attend to - all business in his line, such as cleaning and polishing - the "understanding" together with an Intelligence Office - and City Express. Also washing and ironing done with all - neatness and despatch, at reasonable rates. - -Recalling Biggs and his barber shop, I may say that, in fitting up his -place, he made little or no pretension. He had an old-fashioned, -high-backed chair, but otherwise operated much as barbers do to-day. -People sat around waiting their turn; and as Biggs called "Next!" he -sprinkled the last victim with Florida water, applying to the hair at -the same time his _Bear Oil_ (sure to leave its mark on walls and -pillows), after which, with a soiled towel he put on the finishing -touch--for one towel in those days served many customers. But few -patrons had their private cups. Biggs served only men and boys, as -ladies dressed their own hair. To some extent, Biggs was a maker or, -at least, a purveyor of wigs. - -Besides Peter Biggs, a number of colored people lived in Los Angeles -at an early date--five of whom belonged to the Mexican Veterans--Bob -Owens and his wife being among the most prominent. Owens--who came -here from Texas in December, 1853--was known to his friends as Uncle -Bob, while Mrs. Owens was called Aunt Winnie. The former at first did -all kinds of odd jobs, later profiting through dealings with the -Government; while his good wife washed clothes, in which capacity she -worked from time to time for my family. They lived in San Pedro -Street, and invested their savings in a lot extending from Spring to -Fort streets, between Third and Fourth. Owens died in 1865. Their -heirs are wealthy as a result of this investment; in fact, I should -not be surprised if they are among the most prosperous negroes in -America. - -Another colored man of the sixties was named Berry, though he was -popularly known as Uncle George. He was indeed a local character, a -kind of popinjay; and when not busy with janitor or other all-around -scrubwork, sported among the negroes as an ultra-fashionable. - -Elsewhere I have spoken of the versatility of Dr. William B. Osburn, -who showed no little commendable enterprise. In October, 1854, he -shipped to an agricultural convention in Albany, New York, the first -Los Angeles grapes ever sent to the East; and the next year he -imported roses, shrubbery and fruit trees from Rochester. - -On October 13th, 1854, a good-for-nothing gambler, Dave Brown--who had -planned to rob John Temple on one of his business trips, but was -thwarted because Temple changed his route--murdered a companion, -Pinckney Clifford, in a livery stable at what was later to become the -corner of Main and Court streets; and next day the lawless act created -such general indignation that vengeance on Brown would undoubtedly -then and there have been wreaked had not Stephen C. Foster, who was -Mayor, met the crowd of citizens and persuaded them quietly to -disperse. In order to mollify the would-be Vigilantes, Foster promised -that, if the case miscarried in the courts and Brown was not given his -due, he would resign his office and would himself lead those who -favored taking the law into their own hands; and as Foster had been a -Lieutenant in the Rangers under Dr. Hope, showing himself to be a man -of nerve, the crowd had confidence in him and went its way. - -On November 30th, Brown was tried in the District Court, and Judge -Benjamin Hayes sentenced him to hang on January 12th, 1855--the same -date on which Felipe Alvitre, a half-breed Indian, was to pay the -penalty for killing James Ellington at El Monte. Brown's counsel were -J. R. Scott, Cameron E. Thom and J. A. Watson; and these attorneys -worked so hard and so effectively for their client that on January -10th, or two days before the date set for the execution, Judge Murray -of the Supreme Court granted Brown a stay, although apparently no -relief was provided for Alvitre. The latter was hanged in the -calaboose or jail yard, in the presence of a vast number of people, at -the time appointed. Alvitre having been strung up by Sheriff Barton -and his assistants, the rope broke, letting the wretch fall to the -ground, more dead than alive. This bungling so infuriated the crowd -that cries of "_Arriba! Arriba!_" (Up with him! up with him!) rent the -air. The executioners sprang forward, lifted the body, knotted the -rope together and once more drew aloft the writhing form. Then the -gallows was dismantled and the guards dismissed. - -The news that one execution had taken place, while the Court, in the -other case, had interfered, was speedily known by the crowds in the -streets and proved too much for the patience of the populace; and only -a leader or two were required to focus the indignation of the masses. -That leader appeared in Foster who, true to his word, resigned from -the office of Mayor and put himself at the head of the mob. Appeals, -evoking loud applause, were made by one speaker after another, each in -turn being lifted to the top of a barrel; and then the crowd began to -surge toward the jail. Poles and crowbars were brought, and a -blacksmith called for; and the prison doors, which had been locked, -bolted and barred, were broken in, very soon convincing the Sheriff -and his assistants--if any such conviction were needed--that it was -useless to resist. In a few minutes, Brown was reached, dragged out -and across Spring Street, and there hanged to the crossbeam of a -corral gateway opposite the old jail, the noose being drawn tight -while he was still attempting to address the crowd. - -When Brown was about to be disposed of, he was asked if he had -anything to say; to which he replied that he had no objection to -paying the penalty of his crime, but that he did take exception to a -"lot of _Greasers_" shuffling him off! Brown referred to the fact that -Mexicans especially were conspicuous among those who had hold of the -rope; and his coarsely-expressed objection striking a humorous vein -among the auditors, the order was given to indulge his fancy and -accommodate him--whereupon, Americans strung him up! One of those who -had previously volunteered to act as hangman for Brown was Juan -Gonzales; but within four months, that is, in May, 1855, Gonzales -himself was sent to the penitentiary by Judge Myron Norton, convicted -of horse-stealing. - -A rather amusing feature of this hanging was the manner in which the -report of it was served up to the public. The lynching-bee seemed -likely to come off about three o'clock in the afternoon, while the -steamer for San Francisco was to leave at ten o'clock on the same -morning; so that the schedules did not agree. A closer connection was -undoubtedly possible--at least so thought Billy Workman, then a typo -on the _Southern Californian_, who planned to print a full account of -the execution in time to reach the steamer. So Billy sat down and -wrote out every detail, even to the confession of the murderer on the -improvised gallows; and several hours before the tragic event actually -took place, the wet news-sheet was aboard the vessel and on its way -north. A few surplus copies gave the lynchers the unique opportunity, -while watching the stringing-up, of comparing the written story with -the affair as it actually occurred. - -While upon the subject of lynching, I wish to observe that I have -witnessed many such distressing affairs in Los Angeles; and that, -though the penalty of hanging was sometimes too severe for the crime -(and I have always deplored, as much as any of us ever did, the -administration of mob-justice) yet the safety of the better classes in -those troublous times often demanded quick and determined action, and -stern necessity knew no law. And what is more, others besides myself -who have also repeatedly faced dangers no longer common, agree with me -in declaring, after half a century of observation and reflection, that -milder courses than those of the vigilance committees of our young -community could hardly have been followed with wisdom and safety. - -Wood was the only regular fuel for many years, and people were -accustomed to buy it in quantities and to pile it carefully in their -yards. When it was more or less of a drug on the market, I paid as -little as three dollars and a half a cord; in winter I had to pay -more, but the price was never high. No tree was spared, and I have -known magnificent oaks to be wantonly felled and used for fuel. -Valuable timber was often destroyed by squatters guilty of a form of -trespassing that gave much trouble, as I can testify from my own -experience. - -Henry Dwight Barrows, who had been educated as a Yankee schoolmaster, -arrived in Los Angeles in December, 1854, as private tutor to William -Wolfskill. Other parts of Barrows's career were common to many -pioneers: he was in business for a while in New York, caught the -gold-fever, gave up everything to make the journey across the Isthmus -of Panamá, on which trip he was herded as one of seventeen hundred -passengers on a rickety Coast vessel; and finally, after some -unsuccessful experiences as a miner in Northern California, he made -his way to the Southland to accept the proffered tutorship, hoping to -be cured of the malarial fever which he had contracted during his -adventures. Barrows taught here three years, returned East by steamer -for a brief trip in 1857, and in 1859-60 tried his hand at cultivating -grapes, in a vineyard owned by Prudent Beaudry. On November 14th, -1860, Barrows was married to Wolfskill's daughter, Señorita Juana; and -later he was County School Superintendent. In 1861, President Lincoln -appointed Barrows United States Marshal, the duties of which office he -performed for four years. In 1864, having lost his wife he married the -widow (formerly Miss Alice Woodworth) of Thomas Workman. The same year -he formed a partnership with J. D. Hicks, under the firm name of J. D. -Hicks & Company, and sold tin and hardware for twelve or fifteen -years. In 1868, bereaved of his second wife, Barrows married Miss -Bessie Ann Greene, a native of New York. That year, too, he was joined -by his brother, James Arnold Barrows,[12] who came by way of Panamá -and bought thirty-five acres of land afterward obtained by the -University of Southern California. About 1874, Barrows was -manufacturing pipe. For years he dwelt with his daughter, Mrs. R. G. -Weyse, contributing now and then to the activities of the Historical -Society, and taking a keen interest[13] in Los Angeles affairs. - -About 1854 or 1855, I. M., Samuel and Herman (who must not be confused -with H. W.) Hellman, arrived here, I. M. preceding his brothers by a -short period. In time, I. M. Hellman, in San Francisco, married Miss -Caroline Adler; and in 1862 her sister, Miss Adelaide, came south on a -visit and married Samuel Hellman. One of the children of this union -is Maurice S. Hellman, who, for many years associated with Joseph F. -Sartori, has occupied an important position in banking and financial -circles. - -In 1854 or 1855, Bishop & Beale, a firm consisting of Samuel A. Bishop -and E. F. Beale, became owners of an immense tract of Kern County land -consisting of between two and three-hundred thousand acres. This vast -territory was given to them in payment for the work which they had -done in surveying the Butterfield Route, later incorporated in the -stage road connecting San Francisco with St. Louis. Recently I read an -account of Beale's having been an Indian Agent at the Reservation; but -if he was, I have forgotten it. I remember Colonel James F. Vineyard, -an Indian Agent and later Senator from Los Angeles; one of whose -daughters was married, in 1862, to Congressman Charles De Long, of -Nevada City, afterward United States Minister to Japan, and another -daughter to Dr. Hayes, of Los Angeles. - -Bishop, after a while, sold out his interest in the land and moved to -San José, where he engaged in street-car operations. He was married -near San Gabriel to Miss Frances Young, and I officiated as one of the -groomsmen at the wedding. After Bishop disposed of his share, Colonel -R. S. Baker became interested, but whether or not he bought Bishop's -interest at once, is not clear in my memory. It is worth noting that -Bakersfield, which was part of this great ranch, took its name from -Colonel Baker. Some time later, Baker sold out to Beale and then came -South and purchased the San Vicente Ranch. This _rancho_ comprised the -whole Santa Monica district and consisted of thirty thousand acres, -which Baker stocked with sheep. On a part of this land, the Soldiers' -Home now stands. - -Hilliard P. Dorsey, another typical Western character, was Register of -the Land Office and a leading Mason of early days. He lived in Los -Angeles in 1853, and I met him on the _Goliah_ in October of that -year, on the way south, after a brief visit to San Francisco, and -while I was bound for my new home. We saw each other frequently after -my arrival here; and I was soon on good terms with him. When I -embarked in business on my own account, therefore, I solicited -Dorsey's patronage. - -One day, Dorsey bought a suit of clothes from me on credit. A couple -of months passed by, however, without any indication on his part that -he intended to pay; and as the sum involved meant much to me at that -time, I was on the lookout for my somewhat careless debtor. In due -season, catching sight of him on the other side of the street, I -approached, in genuine American fashion, and unceremoniously asked him -to liquidate his account. I had not then heard of the notches in -Friend Dorsey's pistol, and was so unconscious of danger that my -temerity seemed to impress him. I believe, in fact, that he must have -found the experience novel. However that may be, the next day he -called and paid his bill. - -In relating this circumstance to friends, I was enlightened as to -Dorsey's peculiar propensities and convinced that youth and ignorance -alone had saved me from disaster. In other words, he let me go, as it -were, on probation. Dorsey himself was killed sometime later by his -father-in-law, William Rubottom, who had come to El Monte with Ezekiel -Rubottom, in 1852 or 1853. After quarreling with Rubottom, Dorsey, who -was not a bad fellow, but of a fiery temper, had entered the yard with -a knife in his hand; and Rubottom had threatened to shoot him if he -came any nearer. The son-in-law continued to advance; and Rubottom -shot him dead. M. J. Newmark, Rubottom's attorney, who had been -summoned to El Monte for consultation as to Dorsey's treatment of -Rubottom's daughter, was present at the fatal moment and witnessed the -shooting affray. - -Uncle Billy Rubottom, as he was familiarly called, came to Los Angeles -County after losing heavily through the bursting of Yuba Dam and was -one of the founders of Spadra. He named the settlement, laid out on a -part of the San José _rancho_, after his home town, Spadra Bluffs in -Arkansas, and opened a hotel which he made locally famous, during a -decade and a half, for barbecues and similar events, giving personal -attention (usually while in shirt-sleeves) to his many guests. In his -declining years, Uncle Billy lived with Kewen H. Dorsey, his grandson, -who was also prominent in masonic circles. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[12] Died, June 9th, 1914. - -[13] Died, August 7th, 1914. - - - - -CHAPTER XI - -THE RUSH FOR GOLD - -1855 - - -As I have already related, I made fifteen hundred dollars in a few -months, and in January, 1855, my brother advised me to form a -partnership with men of maturer years. In this I acquiesced. He -thereupon helped to organize the firm of Rich, Newmark & Company, -consisting of Elias Laventhal (who reached here in 1854 and died on -January 20th, 1902), Jacob Rich and myself. Rich was to be the San -Francisco resident partner, while Laventhal and I undertook the -management of the business in Los Angeles. We prospered from the -beginning, deriving much benefit from our San Francisco representation -which resulted in our building up something of a wholesale business. - -In the early fifties, Los Angeles was the meeting-place of a Board of -Land Commissioners appointed by the National Government to settle -land-claims and to prepare the way for that granting of patents to -owners of Southern California ranches which later awakened from time -to time such interest here. This interest was largely due to the fact -that the Mexican authorities, in numerous instances, had made the same -grant to different persons, often confusing matters badly. Cameron E. -Thom, then Deputy Land Agent, took testimony for the Commissioners. In -1855, this Board completed its labors. The members were Hiland Hall -(later Governor of Vermont,) Harry I. Thornton and Thompson Campbell; -and during the season they were here, these Land Commissioners formed -no unimportant part of the Los Angeles legal world. - -Thomas A. Delano, whose name is perpetuated in our local geography, -was a sailor who came to Los Angeles on January 4th, 1855, after -which, for fifteen or sixteen years, he engaged in freighting. He -married Señorita Soledad, daughter of John C. Vejar, the well-known -Spanish Californian. - -Slowness and uncertainty of mail delivery in our first decades -affected often vital interests, as is shown in the case of the -half-breed Alvitre who, as I have said, was sentenced to be executed. -One reason why the Vigilantes, headed by Mayor Foster, despatched -Brown was the expectation that both he and Alvitre would get a stay -from higher authority; and sure enough, a stay was granted Alvitre, -but the document was delayed in transit until the murderer, on January -12th, 1855, had forfeited his life! Curiously enough, another -Alvitre--an aged Californian named José Claudio--also of El Monte, but -six years later atrociously murdered his aged wife; and on April 28th, -1861, he was hanged. The lynchers placed him on a horse under a tree, -and then drove the animal away, leaving him suspended from a limb. - -Washington's Birthday, in 1855, was made merrier by festivities -conducted under the auspices of the City Guards, of which W. W. -Twist--a grocer and commission merchant at Beaudry's Block, Aliso -Street, and afterward in partnership with Casildo Aguilar--was -Captain. The same organization gave its first anniversary ball in May. -Twist was a Ranger, or member of the volunteer mounted police; and it -was he who, in March, 1857, formed the first rifle company. In the -early sixties, he was identified with the sheriff's office, after -which, venturing into Mexico, he was killed. - -Henry C. G. Schaeffer came to Los Angeles on March 16th, 1855, and -opened the first gunsmith shop in a little adobe on the east side of -Los Angeles Street near Commercial, which he soon surrounded with an -attractive flower garden. A year after Schaeffer came, he was followed -by another gunsmith, August Stoermer. Schaeffer continued, however, to -sell and mend guns and to cultivate flowers; and twenty years later -found him on Wilmington Street, near New Commercial, still encircled -by one of the choicest collections of flowers in the city, and the -first to have brought here the night-blooming cereus. With more than -regret, therefore, I must record that, in the middle seventies, this -warm-hearted friend of children, so deserving of the good will of -everyone, committed suicide. - -Gold was discovered at Havilah, Kern County, in 1854; and by the early -spring of 1855 exaggerated accounts of the find had spread broadcast -over the entire State. Yarn after yarn passed from mouth to mouth, one -of the most extravagant of the reports being that a Mexican doctor and -alchemist suddenly rode into Mariposa from the hills, where he had -found a gulch paved with gold, his horse and himself being fairly -covered with bags of nuggets. The rush by gold-seekers on their way -from the North to Los Angeles (the Southern gateway to the fields) -began in January, 1855, and continued a couple of years, every steamer -being loaded far beyond the safety limit; and soon miles of the rough -highways leading to the mines were covered with every conceivable form -of vehicle and struggling animals, as well as with thousands of -footsore prospectors, unable to command transportation at any price. -For awhile, ten, twelve and even fifteen per cent. interest a month -was offered for small amounts of money by those of the prospectors who -needed assistance, a rate based on the calculation that a wide-awake -digger would be sure of eight to ten dollars a day, and that with such -returns one should certainly be satisfied. This time the excitement -was a little too much for the Los Angeles editors to ignore; and in -March the publisher of the _Southern Californian_, himself losing his -balance, issued an "extra" with these startling announcements: - - STOP THE PRESS! GLORIOUS NEWS FROM KERN RIVER! BRING OUT - THE BIG GUN! - - There are a thousand gulches rich with gold, and room for - ten thousand miners! Miners average $50.00 a day. One man - with his own hands took out $160.00 in a day. Five men in - ten days took out $4,500.00. - -The affair proved, however, a ridiculous failure; and William Marsh, -an old Los Angeles settler and a very decent chap, who conducted a -store at Havilah, was among those who suffered heavy loss. Although -some low-grade ore was found, it was generally not in paying -quantities. The dispersion of this adventurous mass of humanity -brought to Los Angeles many undesirable people, among them gamblers -and desperadoes, who flocked in the wake of the gold-diggers, making -another increase in the rough element. Before long, four men were -fatally shot and half a dozen wounded near the Plaza, one Sunday -night. - -When the excitement about the gold-finds along the Kern River was at -its height, Frank Lecouvreur arrived here, March 6th, on the steamship -_America_, lured by reports then current in San Francisco. To save the -fare of five dollars, he trudged for ten hours all the way from San -Pedro, carrying on his shoulders forty pounds of baggage; but on -putting up at the United States Hotel, then recently started, he was -dissuaded by some experienced miners from venturing farther up the -country. Soon after, he met a fellow-countryman from Königsberg, named -Arnold, who induced him, on account of his needy condition, to take -work in his saloon; but disliking his duties and the rather frequent -demands upon his nervous system through being shot at, several times, -by patrons not exactly satisfied with Lecouvreur's locomotion and his -method of serving, the young German quit the job and went to work as a -carriage-painter for John Goller. In October, Captain Henry Hancock, -then County Surveyor, engaged Lecouvreur as flagman, at a salary of -sixty dollars; which was increased twenty-five per cent. on the trip -of the surveyors to the Mojave. - -March 29th, 1855, witnessed the organization of the first Odd Fellows' -lodge--No. 35--instituted here. General Ezra Drown was the leading -spirit; and others associated with him were E. Wilson High, Alexander -Crabb, L. C. Goodwin, William C. Ardinger, Morris L. Goodman and M. M. -Davis. - -During the fifties, the Bella Union passed under several successive -managements. On July 22d, 1854, Dr. Macy sold it to W. G. Ross and a -partner named Crockett. They were succeeded, on April 7th, 1855, by -Robert S. Hereford. Ross was killed, some years afterward, by C. P. -Duane in San Francisco. - -In pursuit of business, in 1855, I made a number of trips to San -Bernardino, some of which had their amusing incidents, and most of -which afforded pleasure or an agreeable change. Meeting Sam Meyer on -one of these occasions, just as I was mounted and ready to start, I -invited him to accompany me; and as Sam assured me that he knew where -to secure a horse, we started down the street together and soon passed -a shop in which there was a Mexican customer holding on to a _reata_ -leading out through the door to his saddled nag. Sam walked in; and -having a casual acquaintance with the man, asked him if he would lend -him the animal for a while? People were generous in those days; and -the good-hearted Mexican, thinking perhaps that Sam was "just going -around the corner," carelessly answered, "_Sí, Señor_," and proceeded -with his bartering. Sam, on the other hand, came out of the shop and -led the horse away! After some days of minor adventures, when we lost -our path near the Old Mission and had to put back to El Monte for the -night, we arrived at San Bernardino; and on our return, after watering -the horses, Sam found in his unhaltered steed such a veritable Tartar -that, in sheer desperation, he was about to shoot the borrowed beast! - -On another one of these trips I was entertained by Simon Jackson, a -merchant of that town, who took me to a restaurant kept by a Captain -Weiner. This, the best eating-place in town, was about ten feet square -and had a mud floor. It was a miserably hot day--so hot, in fact, that -I distinctly remember the place being filled with flies, and that the -butter had run to oil. Nature had not intended Weiner to cater to -sensitive stomachs, at least not on the day of which I speak, and to -make matters worse, Weiner was then his own waiter. He was wallowing -around in his bare feet, and was otherwise unkempt and unclean; and -the whole scene is therefore indelibly impressed on my memory. When -the slovenly Captain bawled out: "Which will you have--chops or -steak?" Jackson straightened up, threw out his chest, and in evidence -of the vigor of his appetite, just as vociferously answered: "I want a -steak _as big as a mule's foot_!" - -Living in San Bernardino was a customer of ours, a celebrity by the -name of Lewis Jacobs. He had joined the Mormon Church and was a -merchant of worth and consequence. Jacobs was an authority on all -matters of finance connected with his town, and anyone wishing to know -the condition of business men in that neighborhood had only to apply -to him. Once when I was in San Bernardino, I asked him for information -regarding a prospective patron who was rather a gay sort of -individual; and this was Jacobs's characteristic reply: "A very fine -fellow: he plays a little poker, and drinks a little whiskey!" Jacobs -became a banker and in 1900 died on shipboard while returning from -Europe, leaving a comfortable fortune and the more valuable asset of a -good name. - -In referring to Alexander & Mellus and their retirement from business, -I have said that merchandise required by Southern Californians in the -early days, and before the absorption of the Los Angeles market by San -Francisco, was largely transported by sailing vessels from the East. -When a ship arrived, it was an event worthy of special notice, and -this was particularly the case when such sailing craft came less and -less often into port. Sometimes the arrival of the vessel was heralded -in advance; and when it was unloaded, the shrewd merchants used -decidedly modern methods for the marketing of their wares. In 1855, -for example, Johnson & Allanson advertised as follows: - - NEW GOODS! NEW GOODS! - - Direct from the Atlantic States, 112 Days' Passage. - - Samples of the Cargo at our Store in the Stearns Building; - and the entire Cargo will be disposed of cheap, for cash. - - Goods delivered at San Pedro or Los Angeles. - -From the above announcement, it must not be inferred that these Los -Angeles tradesmen brought to this port the whole shipload of -merchandise. Such ships left but a small part of their cargo here, the -major portion being generally consigned to the North. - -The dependence on San Francisco continued until the completion of our -first transcontinental railway. In the meantime, Los Angeles had to -rely on the Northern city for nearly everything, live stock being -about the only exception; and this relation was shown in 1855 by the -publication of no less than four columns of San Francisco -advertisements in the regular issue of a Los Angeles newspaper. Much -of this commerce with the Southland for years was conducted by means -of schooners which ran irregularly and only when there was cargo. They -plied between San Francisco and San Pedro, and by agreement put in at -Santa Bárbara and other Coast places such as Port San Luis, when the -shipments warranted such stops. N. Pierce & Company were the owners. -One of these vessels in 1855 was the clipper schooner _Laura Bevan_, -captained by F. Morton and later wrecked at sea when Frank Lecouvreur -just escaped taking passage on her; and another was the _Sea Serpent_, -whose Captain bore the name of Fish. - -I have said that in 1849 the old side-wheeler _Gold Hunter_ had -commenced paddling the waters around here; but so far as I can -remember, she was not operating in 1853. The _Goliah_, on the other -hand, was making two round trips a month, carrying passengers, mail -and freight from San Francisco to San Diego, and stopping at various -Coast points including San Pedro. In a vague way, I also remember the -mail steamer _Ohio_ under one of the Haleys, the _Sea Bird_, at one -time commanded by Salisbury Haley, and the _Southerner_; and if I am -uncertain about others, the difficulty may be due to the fact that, -because of unseaworthiness and miserable service, owners changed the -names of ships from time to time in order to allay the popular -prejudice and distrust, so that during some years, several names were -successively applied to the same vessel. It must have been about 1855 -or 1856 that the _Senator_ (brought to the Coast by Captain Coffin, -January 28th, 1853) was put on the Southern run, and with her advent -began a considerably improved service. As the schooners were even more -irregular than the steamers, I generally divided my shipments, giving -to the latter what I needed immediately, and consigning by the -schooners, whose freight rates were much lower, what could stand -delay. One more word about the _Goliah_: one day in the eighties I -heard that she was still doing valiant service, having been sold to a -Puget Sound company. - -Recalling these old-time side-wheelers whose paddles churned the water -into a frothing foam out of all proportion to the speed with which -they drove the boat along her course, I recall, with a feeling almost -akin to sentiment, the roar of the signal-gun fired just before -landing, making the welcome announcement, as well to the traveler as -to his friends awaiting him on shore, that the voyage had been safely -consummated. - -Shortly after my arrival in Los Angeles, the transportation service -was enlarged by the addition of a stage line from San Francisco which -ran along the Coast from the Northern city to the Old Town of San -Diego, making stops all along the road, including San José, San Luis -Obispo, Santa Bárbara and San Buenaventura, and particularly at Los -Angeles, where not only horses, but stages and supplies were kept. The -stage to San Diego followed, for the most part, the route selected -later by the Santa Fé Railroad. - -These old-time stages remind me again of the few varieties of vehicles -then in use. John Goller had met with much skepticism and ridicule, as -I have said, when he was planning an improvement on the old and clumsy -_carreta_; and when his new ideas did begin to prevail, he suffered -from competition. E. L. Scott & Company came as blacksmiths and -carriage-makers in 1855; and George Boorham was another who arrived -about the same time. Ben McLoughlin was also an early wheelwright. -Among Goller's assistants who afterward opened shops for themselves, -were the three Louis's--Roeder, Lichtenberger and Breer; Roeder and -Lichtenberger[14] having a place on the west side of Spring Street -just south of First. - -Thomas W. Seeley, Captain of the _Senator_, was very fond of Los -Angeles diversions, as will appear from the following anecdote of the -late fifties. After bringing his ship to anchor off the coast, he -would hasten to Los Angeles, leaving his vessel in command of First -Mate Butters to complete the voyage to San Diego and return, which -consumed forty-eight hours; and during this interval, the old Captain -regularly made his headquarters at the Bella Union. There he would -spend practically all of his time playing poker, then considered the -gentleman's game of chance, and which, since the mania for Chemical -Purity had not yet possessed Los Angeles, was looked upon without -criticism. When the steamer returned from San Diego, Captain Seeley, -if neither his own interest in the game nor his fellow-players' -interest in his pocketbook had ebbed, would postpone the departure of -his ship, frequently for even as much as twenty-four hours, thus -adding to the irregularity of sailings which I have already mentioned. -Many, in fact, were the inconveniences to which early travelers were -subjected from this infrequency of trips and failure to sail at the -stated hour; and to aggravate the trouble, the vessels were all too -small, especially when a sudden excitement--due, perhaps, to some new -report of the discovery of gold--increased the number of intending -travelers. It even happened, sometimes, that persons were compelled to -postpone their trip until the departure of another boat. Speaking of -anchoring vessels off the coast, I may add that high seas frequently -made it impossible to reach the steamers announced to leave at a -certain time; in which case the officers used to advertise in the -newspapers that the time of departure had been changed. - - [Illustration: Louis Sainsevain] - - [Illustration: Manuel Dominguez] - - [Illustration: El Aliso, the Sainsevain Winery] - - [Illustration: Jacob Elias] - - [Illustration: John T. Lanfranco] - - [Illustration: J. Frank Burns] - - [Illustration: Henry D. Barrows - From an old lithograph] - -When Captain Seeley was killed in the _Ada Hancock_ disaster, in 1863, -First Mate Butters was made Captain and continued for some time in -command. Just what his real fitness was, I cannot say; but it seemed -to me that he did not know the Coast any too well. This impression -also existed in the minds of others; and once, when we were -supposed to be making our way to San Francisco, the heavy fog lifted -and revealed the shore thirty miles north of our destination; -whereupon a fellow-passenger exclaimed: "Why, Captain, this isn't at -all the part of the Coast where we should be!" The remark stung the -sensitive Butters, who probably was conscious enough of his -shortcomings; and straightway he threatened to put the offending -passenger in irons! - -George F. Lamson was an auctioneer who arrived in Los Angeles in 1855. -Aside from the sale of live stock, there was not much business in his -line; although, as I have said, Dr. Osburn, the Postmaster, also had -an auction room. Sales of household effects were held on a Tuesday or -a Wednesday; while horses were offered for sale on Saturdays. Lamson -had the typical auctioneer's personality; and many good stories were -long related, illustrating his humor, wit and amusing impudence by -which he often disposed, even to his friends, of almost worthless -objects at high prices. A daughter Gertrude, widely known as Lillian -Nance O'Neill, never married; another daughter, Lillian, is the wife -of William Desmond, the actor. - -In 1854, Congress made an appropriation of fifty thousand dollars -which went far toward opening up the trade that later flourished -between Los Angeles and Salt Lake City. This money was for the survey -and location of a wagon-road between San Bernardino and the Utah -capital; and on the first of May, 1855, Gilbert & Company established -their Great Salt Lake Express over that Government route. It was at -first a pony express, making monthly trips, carrying letters and -stopping at such stations as Coal Creek, Fillmore City, Summit Creek -and American Fork, and finally reaching Great Salt Lake; and early -having good Los Angeles connections, it prospered sufficiently to -substitute a wagon-service for the pony express. Although this was at -first intended only as a means of connecting the Mormon capital with -the more recently-founded Mormon settlement at San Bernardino, the -extension of the service to Los Angeles eventually made this city the -terminus. - -Considerable excitement was caused by the landing at San Pedro, in -1855, of a shipload of Mormons from Honolulu. Though I do not recall -that any more recruits came subsequently from that quarter, the -arrival of these adherents of Brigham Young added color to his -explanation that he had established a Mormon colony in California, as -a base of operations and supplies for converts from the Sandwich -Islands. - -Thomas Foster, a Kentuckian, was the sixth Mayor of Los Angeles, -taking office in May, 1855. He lived opposite Masonic Hall on Main -Street, with his family, among whom were some charming daughters, and -was in partnership with Dr. R. T. Hayes, in Apothecaries' Hall near -the Post Office. He was one of the first Masons here and was highly -esteemed; and he early declared himself in favor of better school and -water facilities. - -About the second week of June, 1855, appeared the first Spanish -newspaper in Los Angeles under the American _régime_. It was called -_El Clamor Público_, and made its appeal, socially, to the better -class of native Californians. Politically, it was edited for -Republicans, especially for the supporters, in 1856, of Frémont for -President. Its editor was Francisco P. Ramirez; but though he was an -able journalist and a good typo--becoming, between 1860 and 1862, -State Printer in Sonora and, in 1865, Spanish Translator for the State -of California--the _Clamor_, on December 31st, 1859, went the way of -so many other local journals. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[14] Lichtenberger died some years ago; Roeder died February 20th, -1915. - - - - -CHAPTER XII - -THE GREAT HORSE RACE - -1855 - - -From all accounts, Fourth of July was celebrated in Los Angeles with -more or less enthusiasm from the time of the City's reorganization, -although afterward, as we shall see, the day was often neglected; but -certainly in 1855 the festivities were worthy of remembrance. There -was less formality, perhaps, and more cannonading than in later years; -music was furnished by a brass band from Fort Tejón; and Phineas -Banning was the stentorian "orator of the day." Two years previously, -Banning had provided a three days' celebration and barbecue for the -Fourth, attended by my brother; and I once enjoyed a barbecue at San -Juan Capistrano where the merriment, continuing for half a week, -marked both the hospitality and the leisurely habits of the people. In -those days (when men were not afraid of noise) boys, in celebrating -American Independence, made all the hullabaloo possible, untrammeled -by the nonsense of "a sane Fourth." - -On the Fourth of July and other holidays, as well as on Sundays, men -from the country came to town, arrayed in their fanciest clothes; and, -mounted upon their most spirited and gaily-caparisoned _caballos de -silla_, or saddle-horses, they paraded the streets, as many as ten -abreast, jingling the metallic parts of their paraphernalia, admired -and applauded by the populace, and keenly alive to the splendid -appearance they and their outfits made, and to the effect sure to be -produced on the fair _señoritas_. The most popular thoroughfare for -this purpose was Main Street. On such occasions, the men wore short, -very tight-fitting jackets of bright-colored material--blue, green and -yellow being the favorite colors--and trimmed with gold and silver -lace or fringe. These jackets were so tight that often the wearers put -them on only with great difficulty. The _calzoneras_, or pantaloons, -were of the same material as the jackets, open on the side and flanked -with brass buttons. The openings exposed the _calzoncillos_, or -drawers. A fashionable adjunct was the Mexican garter, often costing -ten to fifteen dollars, and another was the high-heeled boot, so small -that ten minutes or more were required to draw it on. This boot was a -great conceit; but though experiencing much discomfort, the victim -could not be induced to increase the size. - -The _serape_, worn by men, was the native substitute for the overcoat. -It was a narrow, Mexican blanket of finest wool, multicolored and -provided with a hole near the center large enough to let the wearer's -head through; and when not in actual use, it was thrown over the -saddle. The head-gear consisted in winter of a broad-rimmed, -high-crowned, woolen _sombrero_, usually brown, which was kept in -place during fast travel or a race by a ribbon or band fastened under -the chin; often, as in the familiar case of Ygnácio Lugo, the hat was -ornamented with beads. In summer, the rider substituted a shirt for -the _serape_ and a Panamá for the _sombrero_. The _caballero's_ -outfit, in the case of some wealthy dons, exceeded a thousand dollars -in value; and it was not uncommon for fancy costumes to be handed down -as heirlooms. - -The women, on the other hand, wore skirts of silk, wool or cotton, -according to their wealth or the season. Many of the female conceits -had not appeared in 1853; the grandmothers of the future suffragettes -wore, instead of bonnets and hats, a _rebozo_, or sort of scarf or -muffler, which covered their heads and shoulders and looked -delightfully picturesque. To don this gracefully was, in fact, quite -an art. Many of the native California ladies also braided their hair, -and wore circular combs around the back of their heads; at least this -was so until, with the advent of a greater number of American women, -their more modern, though less romantic, styles commenced to prevail, -when even the picturesque _mantilla_ was discarded. - -Noting these differences of dress in early days, I should not forget -to state that there were both American and Mexican tailors here; among -the former being one McCoy and his son, merry companions whose -copartnership carousals were proverbial. The Mexican tailor had the -advantage of knowing just what the native requirements were, although -in the course of time his _Gringo_ rival came to understand the tastes -and prejudices of the _paisano_, and to obtain the better share of the -patronage. The cloth from which the _caballero's_ outfit was made -could be found in most of the stores. - -As with clothes and tailors, so it was with other articles of apparel -and those who manufactured them; the natives had their own shoe- and -hat-makers, and their styles were unvarying. The genuine Panamá hat -was highly prized and often copied; and Francisco Velardes--who used a -grindstone bought of John Temple in 1852, now in the County -Museum--was one who sold and imitated Panamás of the fifties. A -product of the bootmakers' skill were leathern leggings, worn to -protect the trousers when riding on horseback. The _Gringos_ were then -given to copying the fashions of the natives; but as the pioneer -population increased, the Mexican came more and more to adopt American -styles. - -Growing out of these exhibitions of horsemanship and of the natives' -fondness for display, was the rather important industry of making -Mexican saddles, in which quite a number of skilled _paisanos_ were -employed. Among the most expert was Francisco Moreno, who had a little -shop on the south side of Aliso Street, not far from Los Angeles. One -of these hand-worked saddles often cost two hundred dollars or more, -in addition to which expensive bridles, bits and spurs were deemed -necessary accessories. António María Lugo had a silver-mounted saddle, -bridle and spurs that cost fifteen hundred dollars. - -On holidays and even Sundays, Upper Main Street--formerly called the -Calle de las Virgenes, or Street of the Maids, later San Fernando -Street--was the scene of horse races and their attendant festivities, -just as it used to be when money or gold was especially plentiful, if -one may judge from the stories of those who were here in the -prosperous year, 1850. People from all over the county visited Los -Angeles to take part in the sport, some coming from mere curiosity, -but the majority anxious to bet. Some money, and often a good deal of -stock changed hands, according to the success or failure of the -different favorites. It cannot be claimed, perhaps, that the Mexican, -like the _Gringo_, made a specialty of developing horseflesh to -perfection; yet Mexicans owned many of the fast horses, such as Don -José Sepúlveda's _Sydney Ware_ and _Black Swan_, and the Californian -_Sarco_ belonging to Don Pio Pico. - -The most celebrated of all these horse races of early days was that -between José Andrés Sepúlveda's _Black Swan_ and Pio Pico's _Sarco_, -the details of which I learned, soon after I came here, from Tom Mott. -Sepúlveda had imported the _Black Swan_ from Australia, in 1852, the -year of the race, while Pico chose a California steed to defend the -honors of the day. Sepúlveda himself went to San Francisco to receive -the consignment in person, after which he committed the thoroughbred -into the keeping of Bill Brady, the trainer, who rode him down to Los -Angeles, and gave him as much care as might have been bestowed upon a -favorite child. They were to race nine miles, the _carrera_ commencing -on San Pedro Street near the city limits, and running south a league -and a half and return; and the reports of the preparation having -spread throughout California, the event came to be looked upon as of -such great importance, that, from San Francisco to San Diego, whoever -had the money hurried to Los Angeles to witness the contest and bet on -the result. Twenty-five thousand dollars, in addition to five hundred -horses, five hundred mares, five hundred heifers, five hundred calves -and five hundred sheep were among the princely stakes put up; and the -wife of José Andrés was driven to the scene of the memorable contest -with a veritable fortune in gold slugs wrapped in a large -handkerchief. Upon arriving there, she opened her improvised purse and -distributed the shining fifty-dollar pieces to all of her attendants -and servants, of whom there were not a few, with the injunction that -they should wager the money on the race; and her example was followed -by others, so that, in addition to the cattle, land and merchandise -hazarded, a considerable sum of money was bet by the contending -parties and their friends. The _Black Swan_ won easily. The peculiar -character of some of the wagers recalls to me an instance of a later -date when a native customer of Louis Phillips tried to borrow a wagon, -in order to bet the same on a horse race. If the customer won, he was -to return the wagon at once; but if he lost, he was to pay Phillips a -certain price for the vehicle. - -Many kinds of amusements marked these festal occasions, and -bull-fights were among the diversions patronized by some Angeleños, -the Christmas and New Year holidays of 1854-55 being celebrated in -that manner. I dare say that in earlier days Los Angeles may have had -its Plaza de Toros, as did the ancient metropolis of the great country -to the South; but in the later stages of the sport here, the -_toreador_ and his colleagues conducted their contests in a -gaudily-painted corral, in close proximity to the Plaza. They were -usually proclaimed as professionals from Mexico or Spain, but were -often engaged for a livelihood, under another name, in a less -dangerous and romantic occupation near by. Admission was charged, and -some pretense to a grandstand was made; but through the apertures in -the fence of the corral those who did not pay might, by dint of hard -squinting, still get a peep at the show. In this corral, in the -fifties, I saw a fight between a bear and a bull. I can still -recollect the crowd, but I cannot say which of the infuriated animals -survived. Toward the end of 1858, a bull-fight took place in the Calle -de Toros, and there was great excitement when a horse was instantly -killed. - -Cock-fights were also a very common form of popular entertainment, and -sports were frequently seen going around the streets with fighting -cocks under each arm. The fights generally took place in Sonora Town, -though now and then they were held in San Gabriel. Mexicans carried on -quite a trade in game roosters among the patrons of this pastime, of -whom M. G. Santa Cruz was one of the best known. Sometimes, too, -roosters contributed to still another brutal diversion known as -_correr el gallo_: their necks having been well greased, they would be -partially buried in the earth alongside a public highway, when riders -on fleet horses dashed by at full speed, and tried to seize the fowls -and pull them out! This reminds me of another game in which horsemen, -speeding madly by a succession of suspended, small rings, would try, -by the skillful handling of a long spear, to collect as many of the -rings as they could--a sport illustrated in one of the features of the -modern merry-go-round. - -The easy-going temperament of the native gave rise to many an amusing -incident. I once asked a woman, as we were discussing the coming -marriage of her daughter, whom the dark-eyed _señorita_ was to marry; -whereupon she replied, "I forget;" and turning to her daughter, she -asked: "_¿Como se llama?_" (What did you say was his name?) - -George Dalton bought a tract of land on Washington, east of San Pedro -Street, in 1855, and set out a vineyard and orchard which he continued -to cultivate until 1887, when he moved to Walnut Avenue. Dalton was a -Londoner who sailed from Liverpool on the day of Queen Victoria's -coronation, to spend some years wandering through Pennsylvania and -Ohio. About 1851, he followed to the Azusa district his brother, Henry -Dalton, who had previously been a merchant in Peru; but, preferring -the embryo city to the country, he returned to Los Angeles to live. -Two sons, E. H. Dalton, City Water Overseer, in 1886-87, and Winnall -Travelly Dalton, the vineyardist, were offspring of Dalton's first -marriage. Elizabeth M., a daughter, married William H. Perry. Dalton -Avenue is named after the Dalton family. - -In another place I have spoken of the dearth of trees in the town when -I came, though the editor of the _Star_ and others had advocated -tree-planting. This was not due to mere neglect; there was prejudice -against such street improvement. The School Trustees had bought a -dozen or more black locust-trees, "at eight bits each," and planted -them on the school lot at Second and Spring streets. Drought and -squirrels in 1855 attacked the trees, and while the pedagogue went -after the "varmints" with a shot-gun, he watered the trees from the -school barrel. The carrier, however, complained that drinking-water -was being wasted; and only after several rhetorical bouts was the -schoolmaster allowed to save what was already invested. The -locust-trees flourished until 1884, when they were hewn down to make -way for the City Hall. - -Two partially-successful attempts were made, in 1855, to introduce the -chestnut-tree here. Jean Louis Sainsevain, coming to Los Angeles in -that year, brought with him some seed; and this doubtless led Solomon -Lazard to send back to Bordeaux for some of the Italian variety. -William Wolfskill, who first brought here the persimmon-tree, took a -few of the seeds imported by Lazard and planted them near his -homestead; and a dozen of the trees later adorned the beautiful garden -of O. W. Childs who, in the following year, started some black walnut -seed obtained in New York. H. P. Dorsey was also a pioneer walnut -grower. - -My brother's plans at this time included a European visit, commencing -in 1855 and lasting until 1856, during which trip, in Germany, on -November 11th, 1855, he was married. After his Continental tour, he -returned to San Francisco and was back in Los Angeles some time before -1857. On this European voyage, my brother was entrusted with the care -and delivery of American Government documents. From London he carried -certain papers to the American Minister in Denmark; and in furtherance -of his mission, he was given the following introduction and passport -from James Buchanan, then Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. -James and later President of the United States: - - No. 282 BEARER OF DESPATCHES - - LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AT LONDON. - - To all to whom these presents shall come, Greeting; - - Know Ye, that the bearer hereof, Joseph P. Newmark, Esq., - is proceeding to Hamburgh and Denmark, bearing Despatches - from this Legation, to the United States' Legation at - Copenhagen. - - These are therefore to request all whom it may concern, to - permit him to pass freely without let or molestation, and - to extend to him such friendly aid and protection, as would - be extended to Citizens and Subjects of Foreign Countries, - resorting to the United States, bearing Despatches. - - In testimony whereof, I, James Buchanan, Envoy - Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, of the United - States of America, at London, have hereunto set my hand, - and caused the Seal of this Legation to be affixed this - Tenth day of July A.D. 1855 and of the Independence of the - United States the Eightieth. - - (Signed,) - - JAMES BUCHANAN. - - (Seal of the Legation of the U. S. - of America to Great Britain.) - - -I have always accepted the fact of my brother's selection to convey -these documents as evidence that, in the few years since his arrival -in America, he had attained a position of some responsibility. Aside -from this, I am inclined to relate the experience because it shows the -then limited resources of our Federal authorities abroad, especially -as compared with their comprehensive facilities to-day, including -their own despatch agents, messengers and Treasury representatives -scattered throughout Europe. - -A trip of Prudent Beaudry abroad about this time reminds me that -specialization in medical science was as unknown in early Los Angeles -as was specialization in business, and that persons suffering from -grave physical disorders frequently visited even remoter points than -San Francisco in search of relief. In 1855, Beaudry's health having -become seriously impaired, he went to Paris to consult the famous -oculist, Sichel; but he received little or no benefit. While in -Europe, Beaudry visited the Exposition of that year, and was one of -the first Angeleños, I suppose, to see a World's Fair. - -These early tours to Europe by Temple, Beaudry and my brother, and -some of my own experiences, recall the changes in the manner of -bidding Los Angeles travelers _bon-voyage_. Friends generally -accompanied the tourist to the outlying steamer, reached by a tug or -lighter; and when the leave-taking came, there were cheers, -repetitions of _adiós_ and the waving of hats and handkerchiefs, which -continued until the steamer had disappeared from view. - -The first earthquake felt throughout California, of which I have any -recollection, occurred on July 11th, 1855, somewhat after eight -o'clock in the evening, and was a most serious local disturbance. -Almost every structure in Los Angeles was damaged, and some of the -walls were left with large cracks. Near San Gabriel, the adobe in -which Hugo Reid's Indian wife dwelt was wrecked, notwithstanding that -it had walls four feet thick, with great beams of lumber drawn from -the mountains of San Bernardino. In certain spots, the ground rose; in -others, it fell; and with the rising and falling, down came chimneys, -shelves full of salable stock or household necessities, pictures and -even parts of roofs, while water in barrels, and also in several of -the _zanjas_, bubbled and splashed and overflowed. Again, on the 14th -of April, the 2d of May and the 20th of September of the following -year, we were alarmed by recurring and more or less continuous shocks -which, however, did little or no damage. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII - -PRINCELY _RANCHO_ DOMAINS - -1855 - - -Of the wonderful domains granted to the Spanish dons some were still -in the possession of their descendants; some had passed into the hands -of the Argonauts; but nothing in the way of subdividing had been -attempted. The private ownership of Los Angeles County in the early -fifties, therefore, was distinguished by few holders and large tracts, -one of the most notable being that of Don Abel Stearns, who came here -in 1829, and who, in his early adventures, narrowly escaped exile or -being shot by an irate Spanish governor. Eventually, Stearns became -the proud possessor of tens of thousands of acres between San Pedro -and San Bernardino, now covered with cities, towns and hamlets. The -site of the Long Beach of to-day was but a small part of his Alamitos -_rancho_, a portion of the town also including some of the Cerritos -acres of John Temple. Los Coyotes, La Habra and San Juan Cajón de -Santa Ana were among the Stearns ranches advertised for sale in 1869. -Later, I shall relate how this Alamitos land came to be held by Jotham -Bixby and his associates. - -Juan Temple owned the Los Cerritos _rancho_, consisting of some -twenty-seven thousand acres, patented on December 27th, 1867, but -which, I have heard, he bought of the Nieto heirs in the late -thirties, building there the typical ranch-house, later the home of -the Bixbys and still a feature of the neighborhood. Across the -Cerritos Stockton's weary soldiers dragged their way; and there, or -near by, Carrillo, by driving wild horses back and forth in -confusion, and so creating a great noise and dust, tricked Stockton -into thinking that there were many more of the mounted enemy than he -had at first supposed. By 1853, Temple was estimated to be worth, in -addition to his ranches, some twenty thousand dollars. In 1860, Los -Cerritos supported perhaps four thousand cattle and great flocks of -sheep; on a portion of the same ranch to-day, as I have remarked, Long -Beach stands. - -Another citizen of Los Angeles who owned much property when I came, -and who lived upon his ranch, was Francis Phinney Fisk Temple, one of -the first Los Angeles supervisors, a man exceptionally modest and -known among his Spanish-speaking friends as Templito, because of his -five feet four stature. He came here, by way of the Horn, in 1841, -when he was but nineteen years of age, and for a while was in business -with his brother John. Marrying Señorita Antónia Margarita Workman, -however, on September 30th, 1845, Francis made his home at La Merced -Ranch, twelve miles east of Los Angeles, in the San Gabriel Valley, -where he had a spacious and hospitable adobe after the old Spanish -style, shaped something like a _U_, and about seventy by one hundred -and ten feet in size. Around this house, later destroyed by fire, -Temple planted twenty acres of fruit trees and fifty thousand or more -vines, arranging the whole in a garden partly enclosed by a fence--the -exception rather than the rule for even a country nabob of that time. -Templito also owned other ranches many miles in extent; but misfortune -overtook him, and by the nineties his estate possessed scarcely a -single acre of land in either the city or the county of Los Angeles; -and he breathed his last in a rude sheep herder's camp in a corner of -one of his famous properties. - -Colonel Julian Isaac Williams, who died some three years after I -arrived, owned the celebrated Cucamonga and Chino ranches. As early as -1842, after a nine or ten years' residence in Los Angeles, Williams -moved to the Rancho del Chino, which included not merely the Santa Ana -del Chino grant--some twenty-two thousand acres originally given to -Don António María Lugo, in 1841--but the addition of twelve to -thirteen thousand acres, granted in 1843 to Williams (who became -Lugo's son-in-law) making a total of almost thirty-five thousand -acres. On that ranch Williams built a house famed far and wide for its -spaciousness and hospitality; and it was at his _hacienda_ that the -celebrated capture of B. D. Wilson and others was effected when they -ran out of ammunition. Williams was liberal in assisting the needy, -even despatching messengers to Los Angeles, on the arrival at his -ranch of worn-out and ragged immigrants, to secure clothing and other -supplies for them; and it is related that, on other occasions, he was -known to have advanced to young men capital amounting in the aggregate -to thousands of dollars, with which they established themselves in -business. By 1851, Williams had amassed personal property estimated to -be worth not less than thirty-five thousand dollars. In the end, he -gave his _ranchos_ to his daughters as marriage-portions: the Chino to -Francisca, or Mrs. Robert Carlisle, who became the wife of Dr. F. A. -McDougall, Mayor in 1877-78, and, after his death, Mrs. Jesurun; and -the Cucamonga to María Merced, or Mrs. John Rains, mother-in-law of -ex-Governor Henry T. Gage, who was later Mrs. Carrillo. - -Benjamin Davis Wilson, or Benito Wilson, as he was usually called, who -owned a good part of the most beautiful land in the San Gabriel Valley -and who laid out the trail up the Sierra Madre to Wilson's Peak, was -one of our earliest settlers, having come from Tennessee _via_ New -Mexico, in 1841. In June, 1846, Wilson joined the riflemen organized -against Castro, and in 1848, having been put in charge of some twenty -men to protect the San Bernardino frontier, he responded to a call -from Isaac Williams to hasten to the Chino _rancho_ where, with his -compatriots, he was taken prisoner. Somewhat earlier--I have -understood about 1844--Wilson and Albert Packard formed a partnership, -but this was dissolved near the end of 1851. In 1850, Wilson was -elected County Clerk; and the following year, he volunteered to patrol -the hills and assist in watching for Garra, the outlaw, the report of -whose coming was terrorizing the town. In 1853, he was Indian Agent -for Southern California. It must have been about 1849 that Wilson -secured control, for a while, of the Bella Union. His first wife -was Ramona Yorba, a daughter of Bernardo Yorba, whom he married in -February, 1844, and who died in 1849. On February 1st, 1853, Wilson -married again, this time Mrs. Margaret S. Hereford, a sister-in-law of -Thomas S. Hereford; they spent many years together at Lake Vineyard, -where he became one of the leading producers of good wine, and west of -which he planted some twenty-five or thirty thousand raisin grape -cuttings, and ten or twelve hundred orange trees, thus founding Oak -Knoll. I shall have occasion to speak of this gentleman somewhat -later. By the time that I came to know him, Wilson had accumulated -much real estate, part of his property being a residence on Alameda -Street, corner of Macy; but after a while he moved to one of his -larger estates, where stands the present Shorb station named for his -son-in-law and associate J. De Barth Shorb, who also had a place known -as Mountain Vineyard. Don Benito died in March, 1878. - - [Illustration: Maurice Kremer] - - [Illustration: Solomon Lazard] - - [Illustration: Mellus's, or Bell's Row - From a lithograph of 1858] - - [Illustration: William H. Workman and John King] - - [Illustration: Prudent Beaudry] - - [Illustration: James S. Mallard] - - [Illustration: John Behn] - -Colonel Jonathan Trumbull Warner, master of Warner's Ranch, later the -property of John G. Downey, and known--from his superb stature of over -six feet--both as Juan José Warner and as Juan Largo, "Long John," -returned to Los Angeles in 1857. Warner had arrived in Southern -California, on December 5th, 1831, at the age of twenty-eight, having -come West, from Connecticut, _via_ Missouri and Salt Lake, partly for -his health, and partly to secure mules for the Louisiana market. Like -many others whom I have known, Warner did not intend to remain; but -illness decided for him, and in 1843 he settled in San Diego County, -near the California border, on what (later known as Warner's Ranch) -was to become, with its trail from old Sonora, historic ground. There, -during the fourteen years of his occupancy, some of the most stirring -episodes of the Mexican War occurred; during one of which--Ensign -Espinosa's attack--Don Juan having objected to the forcible searching -of his house, he had his arm broken. There, also, António Garra and -his lawless band made their assault, and were repulsed by Long John, -who escaped on horseback, leaving in his wake four or five dead -Indians. For this, and not for military service, Warner was dubbed -Colonel; nor was there anyone who cared to dispute his right to the -title. In 1837, Juan married Miss Anita Gale, an adopted daughter of -Don Pio Pico, and came to Los Angeles; but the following year, Mrs. -Warner died. Warner once ran against E. J. C. Kewen for the -Legislature but, after an exceedingly bitter campaign, was beaten. In -1874 Warner was a notary public and Spanish-English interpreter. For -many years his home was in an orchard occupying the site of the -Burbank Theater on Main Street. Warner was a man of character and -lived to a venerable age; and after a decidedly arduous life he had -more than his share of responsibility and affliction, even losing his -sight in his declining years. - -William Wolfskill, who died on October 3d, 1866, was another pioneer -well-established long before I had even thought of California. Born in -Kentucky at the end of the Eighteenth Century--of a family originally -of Teutonic stock (if we may credit a high German authority) traced -back to a favorite soldier of Frederick the Great--Wolfskill in 1830 -came to Los Angeles, for a short time, with Ewing Young, the noted -beaver-trapper. Then he acquired several leagues of land in Yolo and -Solano counties, sharing what he had with his brothers, John and -Mateo. Later he sold out, returned to Los Angeles, and bought and -stocked the _rancho_ Lomas de Santiago, which he afterward disposed of -to Flint, Bixby & Company. He also bought of Corbitt, Dibblee & Barker -the Santa Anita _rancho_ (comprising between nine and ten thousand -acres), and some twelve thousand besides; the Santa Anita he gave to -his son, Louis, who later sold it for eighty-five thousand dollars. -Besides this, Wolfskill acquired title to a part of the _rancho_ San -Francisquito, on which Newhall stands, disposing of that, however, -during the first oil excitement, to the Philadelphia Oil Company, at -seventy-five cents an acre--a good price at that time. Before making -these successful realty experiments, this hero of desert hardships had -assisted to build, soon after his arrival here, one of the first -vessels ever constructed and launched in California--a schooner fitted -out at San Pedro to hunt for sea otter. In January, 1841, Wolfskill -married Doña Magdalena Lugo, daughter of Don José Ygnácio Lugo, of -Santa Bárbara. A daughter, Señorita Magdalena, in 1865 married Frank -Sabichi, a native of Los Angeles, who first saw the light of day in -1842. Sabichi, by the way, always a man of importance in this -community, is the son of Mateo and Josefa Franco Sabichi (the mother, -a sister of António Franco Coronel), buried at San Gabriel Mission. J. -E. Pleasants, to whom I elsewhere refer, first made a good start when -he formed a partnership with Wolfskill in a cattle deal. - -Concerning Mateo, I recall an interesting illustration of early fiscal -operations. He deposited thirty thousand dollars with S. Lazard & -Company and left it there so long that they began to think he would -never come back for it. He did return, however, after many years, when -he presented a certificate of deposit and withdrew the money. This -transaction bore no interest, as was often the case in former days. -People deposited money with friends in whom they had confidence, not -for the purpose of profit but simply for safety. - -Elijah T. Moulton, a Canadian, was one of the few pioneers who -preceded the Forty-niners and was permitted to see Los Angeles well on -its way toward metropolitan standing. In 1844 he had joined an -expedition to California organized by Jim Bridger; and having reached -the Western country, he volunteered to serve under Frémont in the -Mexican campaign. There the hardships which Moulton endured were far -severer than those which tested the grit of the average emigrant; and -Moulton in better days often told how, when nearly driven to -starvation, he and a comrade had actually used a remnant of the Stars -and Stripes as a seine with which to fish, and so saved their lives. -About 1850, Moulton was Deputy Sheriff under George T. Burrill; then -he went to work for Don Louis Vignes. Soon afterward, he bought some -land near William Wolfskill's, and in 1855 took charge of Wolfskill's -property. This resulted in his marriage to one of Wolfskill's -daughters, who died in 1861. In the meantime, he had acquired a -hundred and fifty acres or more in what is now East Los Angeles, and -was thus one of the first to settle in that section. He had a dairy, -for a while, and peddled milk from a can or two carried in a wagon. -Afterward, Moulton became a member of the City Council. - -William Workman and John Rowland, father of William or Billy Rowland, -resided in 1853 on La Puente _rancho_, which was granted them July -22d, 1845, some four years after they had arrived in California. They -were leaders of a party from New Mexico, of which B. D. Wilson, Lemuel -Carpenter and others were members; and the year following they -operated with Pico against Micheltorena and Sutter, Workman serving as -Captain, and Rowland as Lieutenant, of a company of volunteers they -had organized. The ranch, situated about twenty miles east of Los -Angeles, consisted of nearly forty-nine thousand acres, and had one of -the first brick residences erected in this neighborhood. Full title to -this splendid estate was confirmed by the United States Government in -April, 1867, a couple of years before Workman and Rowland, with the -assistance of Cameron E. Thom, divided their property. Rowland, who in -1851 was supposed to own some twenty-nine thousand acres and about -seventy thousand dollars' worth of personal property, further -partitioned his estate, three or four years before his death in 1873, -among his nearest of kin, giving to each heir about three thousand -acres of land and a thousand head of cattle. One of these heirs, the -wife of General Charles Forman, is the half-sister of Billy Rowland by -a second marriage. - -John Reed, Rowland's son-in-law, was also a large land-proprietor. -Reed had fallen in with Rowland in New Mexico, and while there married -Rowland's daughter, Nieves; and when Rowland started for California, -Reed came with him and together they entered into ranching at La -Puente, finding artesian water there, in 1859. Thirteen years before, -Reed was in the American army and took part in the battles fought on -the march from San Diego to Los Angeles. After his death on the ranch -in 1874, his old homestead came into possession of John Rowland's son, -William, who often resided there; and Rowland, later discovering oil -on his land, organized the Puente Oil Company. - -Juan Forster, an Englishman, possessed the Santa Margarita _rancho_, -which he had taken up in 1864, some years after he married Doña -Ysidora Pico. She was a sister of Pio and Andrés Pico, and there, as a -result of that alliance, General Pico found a safe retreat while -fleeing from Frémont into Lower California. Forster for a while was a -seaman out of San Pedro. When he went to San Juan Capistrano, where he -became a sort of local _Alcalde_ and was often called Don San Juan or -even San Juan Capistrano, he experimented with raising stock and -became so successful as a _ranchero_ that he remained there twenty -years, during which time he acquired a couple of other ranches, in San -Diego and Los Angeles counties, comprising quite sixty thousand acres. -Forster, however, was comparatively land-poor, as may be inferred from -the fact that even though the owner of such a princely territory, he -was assessed in 1851 on but thirteen thousand dollars in personal -property. Later Don Juan lorded it over twice as much land in the -ranches of Santa Margarita and Las Flores. His fourth son, a namesake, -married Señorita Josefa del Valle, daughter of Don Ygnácio del Valle. - -Manuel, Pedro, Nasário and Victoria Dominguez owned in the -neighborhood of forty-eight thousand acres of the choicest land in the -South. More than a century ago, Juan José Dominguez received from the -King of Spain ten or eleven leagues of land, known as the Rancho de -San Pedro; and this was given by Governor de Sola, after Juan José's -death in 1822, to his brother, Don Cristóbal Dominguez, a Spanish -officer. Don Cristóbal married a Mexican commissioner's daughter, and -one of their ten children was Manuel, who, educated by wide reading -and fortunate in a genial temperament and high standard of honor, -became an esteemed and popular officer under the Mexican _régime_, -displaying no little chivalry in the battle of Dominguez fought on his -own property. On the death of his father, Don Manuel took charge of -the Rancho de San Pedro (buying out his sister Victoria's interest of -twelve thousand acres, at fifty cents an acre) until in 1855 it was -partitioned between himself, his brother, Don Pedro and two nephews, -José António Aguirre and Jacinto Rocha. One daughter, Victoria, -married George Carson in 1857. At his death, in 1882, Dominguez -bequeathed to his heirs twenty odd thousand acres, including -Rattlesnake Island in San Pedro Bay. James A. Watson, an early-comer, -married a second daughter; John F. Francis married a third, and Dr. -del Amo married a fourth. - -Henry Dalton, who came here sometime before 1845, having been a -merchant in Peru, owned the Azusa Ranch of over four thousand acres, -the patent to which was finally issued in 1876, and also part of the -San Francisquito Ranch of eight thousand acres, allowed him somewhat -later. Besides these, he had an interest, with Ygnácio Palomares and -Ricardo Vejar, in the San José _rancho_ of nearly twenty-seven -thousand acres. As early as the twenty-first of May, 1851, Dalton, -with keen foresight, seems to have published a plan for the -subdivision of nine or ten thousand acres into lots to suit limited -ranchers; but it was some time before Duarte and other places, now on -the above-mentioned estates, arose from his dream. On a part of his -property, Azusa, a town of the Boom period, was founded some -twenty-two miles from Los Angeles, and seven or eight hundred feet up -the Azusa slope; and now other towns also flourish near these -attractive foothills. One of Dalton's daughters was given in marriage -to Louis, a son of William Wolfskill. Dalton's brother, George, I have -already mentioned as having likewise settled here. - -Of all these worthy dons, possessing vast landed estates, Don António -María Lugo, brother of Ygnácio Lugo, was one of the most affluent and -venerable. He owned the San António _rancho_, named I presume after -him; and in 1856, when he celebrated his seventy-fifth birthday, was -reputed to be the owner of fully twenty-nine thousand acres and -personal property to the extent of seventy-two thousand dollars. Three -sons, José María, José del Carmen and Vicente Lugo, as early as 1842 -also acquired in their own names about thirty-seven thousand acres. - - [Illustration: Louis Robidoux] - - [Illustration: Julius G. Weyse] - - [Illustration: John Behn] - - [Illustration: Louis Breer] - - [Illustration: William J. Broderick] - - [Illustration: Isaac R. Dunkelberger] - - [Illustration: Frank J. Carpenter] - - [Illustration: Augustus Ulyard] - -Louis Robidoux, a French-American of superior ability who, like many -others, had gone through much that was exciting and unpleasant to -establish himself in this wild, open country, eventually had an -immense estate known as the Jurupa _rancho_, from which on September -26th, 1846, during the Mexican War, B. D. Wilson and others rode forth -to be neatly trapped and captured at the Chino; and where the outlaw -Irving later encamped. Riverside occupies a site on this land; and the -famous Robidoux hill, usually spoken of as the Robidoux mountain, once -a part of Louis's ranch and to-day a Mecca for thousands of tourists, -was named after him. - -Many of the _rancheros_ kept little ranch stores, from which they sold -to their employees. This was rather for convenience than for profit. -When their help came to Los Angeles, they generally got drunk and -stayed away from work longer than the allotted time; and it was to -prevent this, as far as possible, that these outlying stores were -conducted. - -Louis Robidoux maintained such a store for the accommodation of his -hands, and often came to town, sometimes for several days, on which -occasions he would buy very liberally anything that happened to take -his fancy. In this respect he occasionally acted without good -judgment, and if opposed would become all the more determined. Not -infrequently he called for so large a supply of some article that I -was constrained to remark that he could not possibly need so much; -whereupon he would repeat the order with angry emphasis. I sometimes -visited his ranch and recall, in particular, one stay of two or three -days there in 1857 when, after an unusually large purchase, Robidoux -asked me to assist him in checking up the invoices. The cases were -unpacked in his ranchhouse; and I have never forgotten the amusing -picture of the numerous little Robidoux, digging and delving among the -assorted goods for all the prizes they could find, and thus rendering -the process of listing the goods much more difficult. When the -delivery had been found correct, Robidoux turned to his Mexican wife -and asked her to bring the money. She went to the side of the room, -opened a Chinese trunk such as every well-to-do Mexican family had -(and sometimes as many as half a dozen), and drew therefrom the -customary buckskin, from which she extracted the required and rather -large amount. These trunks were made of cedar, were gaudily painted, -and had the quality of keeping out moths. They were, therefore, -displayed with pride by the owners. Recently on turning the pages of -some ledgers in which Newmark, Kremer & Company carried the account of -this famous _ranchero_, I was interested to find there full -confirmation of what I have elsewhere claimed--that the now renowned -Frenchman spelled the first syllable of his name _Ro-_, and not _Ru-_, -nor yet _Rou-_, as it is generally recorded in books and newspapers. - -I should refrain from mentioning a circumstance or two in Robidoux's -life with which I am familiar but for the fact that I believe -posterity is ever curious to know the little failings as well as the -pronounced virtues of men who, through exceptional personality or -association, have become historic characters; and that some knowledge -of their foibles should not tarnish their reputation. Robidoux, as I -have remarked, came to town very frequently, and when again he found -himself amid livelier scenes and congenial fellows, as in the late -fifties, he always celebrated the occasion with a few intimates, -winding up his befuddling bouts in the arms of Chris Fluhr, who winked -at his weakness and good-naturedly tucked him away in one of the -old-fashioned beds of the Lafayette Hotel, there to remain until he -was able to transact business. After all, such celebrating was then -not at all uncommon among the best of Southern California people, nor, -if gossip may be credited, is it entirely unknown to-day. Robert -Hornbeck, of Redlands, by the way, has sought to perpetuate this -pioneer's fame in an illustrated volume, _Roubidoux's Ranch in the -70's_, published as I am closing my story. - -Robidoux's name leads me to recur to early judges and to his -identification with the first Court of Sessions here, when there was -such a sparseness even of _rancherías_. Robidoux then lived on his -Jurupa domain, and not having been at the meeting of township justices -which selected himself and Judge Scott to sit on the bench, and -enjoying but infrequent communication with the more peopled districts -of Southern California, he knew nothing of the outcome of the -election until sometime after it had been called. More than this, -Judge Robidoux never actually participated in a sitting of the Court -of Sessions until four or five weeks after it had been almost daily -transacting business! - -Speaking of ranches, and of the Jurupa in particular, I may here -reprint an advertisement--a miniature tree and a house heading the -following announcement in the _Southern Californian_ of June 20th, -1855: - - The Subscriber, being anxious to get away from Swindlers, - offers for sale one of the very finest _ranchos_, or tracts - of land, that is to be found in California, known as the - Rancho de Jurupa, Santa Ana River, in the County of San - Bernardino. - -Bernardo Yorba was another great landowner; and I am sure that, in the -day of his glory, he might have traveled fifty to sixty miles in a -straight line, touching none but his own possessions. His ranches, on -one of which Pio Pico hid from Santiago Arguello, were delightfully -located where now stand such places as Anaheim, Orange, Santa Ana, -Westminster, Garden Grove and other towns in Orange County--then a -part of Los Angeles County. - -This leads me to describe a shrewd trick. Schlesinger & Sherwinsky, -traders in general merchandise in 1853, when they bought a wagon in -San Francisco, brought it here by steamer, loaded it with various -attractive wares, took it out to good-natured and easy-going Bernardo -Yorba, and wheedled the well-known _ranchero_ into purchasing not only -the contents, but the wagon, horses and harness as well. Indeed, their -ingenuity was so well rewarded, that soon after this first lucky hit, -they repeated their success, to the discomfiture of their competitors; -and if I am not mistaken, they performed the same operation on the old -don several times. - -The Verdugo family had an extensive acreage where such towns as -Glendale now enjoy the benefit of recent suburban development, -Governor Pedro Fages having granted, as early as 1784, some thirty-six -thousand acres to Don José María Verdugo, which grant was reaffirmed -in 1798, thereby affording the basis of a patent issued in 1882, to -Julio Verdugo _et al_, although Verdugo died in 1858. To this Verdugo -_rancho_, Frémont sent Jesus Pico--the Mexican guide whose life he had -spared, as he was about to be executed at San Luis Obispo--to talk -with the Californians and to persuade them to deal with Frémont -instead of Stockton; and there on February 21st, 1845, Micheltorena -and Castro met. Near there also, still later, the celebrated Casa -Verdugo entertained for many years the epicures of Southern -California, becoming one of the best-known restaurants for Spanish -dishes in the State. Little by little, the Verdugo family lost all -their property, partly through their refusal or inability to pay -taxes; so that by the second decade of the Twentieth Century the -surviving representatives, including Victoriano and Guillermo Verdugo, -were reduced to poverty.[15] - -Recalling Verdugo and his San Rafael Ranch let me add that he had -thirteen sons, all of whom frequently accompanied their father to -town, especially on election day. On those occasions, J. Lancaster -Brent, whose political influence with the old man was supreme, took -the Verdugo party in hand and distributed, through the father, -fourteen election tickets, on which were impressed the names of -Brent's candidates. - -Manuel Garfias, County Treasurer a couple of years before I came, was -another land-baron, owning in his own name some thirteen or fourteen -thousand acres of the San Pasqual Ranch. There, among the picturesque -hills and valleys where both Pico and Flores had military camps, now -flourish the cities of Pasadena and South Pasadena, which include the -land where stood the first house erected on the ranch. It is my -impression that beautiful Altadena is also on this land. - -Ricardo Vejar, another magnate, had an interest in a wide area of rich -territory known as the San José Ranch. Not less than twenty-two -thousand acres made up this _rancho_ which, as early as 1837, had been -granted by Governor Alvarado to Vejar and Ygnácio Palomares who died -on November 25th, 1864. Two or three years later, Luis Arenas joined -the two, and Alvarado renewed his grant, tacking on a league or two of -San José land lying to the West and nearer the San Gabriel mountains. -Arenas, in time, disposed of his interest to Henry Dalton; and Dalton -joined Vejar in applying to the courts for a partitioning of the -estate. This division was ordered by the Spanish _Alcalde_ six or -seven years before my arrival; but Palomares still objected to the -decision, and the matter dragged along in the tribunals many years, -the decree finally being set aside by the Court. Vejar, who had been -assessed in 1851 for thirty-four thousand dollars' worth of personal -property, sold his share of the estate for twenty-nine thousand -dollars, in the spring of 1874. It is a curious fact that not until -the San José _rancho_ had been so cut up that it was not easy to trace -it back to the original grantees, did the authorities at Washington -finally issue a patent to Dalton, Palomares and Vejar for the -twenty-two thousand acres which originally made up the ranch. - -The Machados, of whom there were several brothers--Don Agustin, who -died on May 17th, 1865, being the head of the family--had title to -nearly fourteen thousand acres. Their ranch, originally granted to Don -Ygnácio Machado in 1839 and patented in 1873, was known as La Ballona -and extended from the city limits to the ocean; and there, among other -stock, in 1860, were more than two thousand head of cattle. - -The Picos acquired much territory. There were two brothers--Pio, who -as Mexican Governor had had wide supervision over land, and Andrés, -who had fought throughout the San Pasqual campaigns until the -capitulation at Cahuenga, and still later had dashed with spirit -across country in pursuit of the murderers of Sheriff Barton. Pio Pico -alone, in 1851, was assessed for twenty-two thousand acres as well as -twenty-one thousand dollars in personal property. Besides controlling -various San Fernando ranches (once under B. H. Lancaro's management), -Andrés Pico possessed La Habra, a ranch of over six thousand acres, -for which a patent was granted in 1872, and the ranch Los Coyotes, -including over forty-eight thousand acres, patented three years later; -while Pio Pico at one time owned the Santa Margarita and Las Flores -_ranchos_, and had, in addition, some nine thousand acres known as -Paso de Bartolo. In his old age the Governor--who, as long as I knew -him, had been strangely loose in his business methods, and had -borrowed from everybody--found himself under the necessity of -obtaining some thirty or forty thousand dollars, even at the expense -of giving to B. Cohn, W. J. Brodrick and Charles Prager, a blanket -mortgage covering all of his properties. These included the Pico -House, the Pico Ranch on the other side of the San Gabriel River--the -homestead on which has for some time been preserved by the ladies of -Whittier--and property on Main Street, north of Commercial, besides -some other holdings. When his note fell due Pico was unable to meet -it; and the mortgage was foreclosed. The old man was then left -practically penniless, a suit at law concerning the interpretation of -the loan-agreement being decided against him. - -Henry C. Wiley must have arrived very early, as he had been in Los -Angeles some years before I came. He married a daughter of Andrés Pico -and for a while had charge of his San Fernando Ranch. Wiley served, at -one time, as Sheriff of the County. He died in 1898. - -The _rancho_ Los Nietos or, more properly speaking, perhaps, the Santa -Gertrudis, than whose soil (watered, as it is, by the San Gabriel -River) none more fertile can be found in the world, included indeed a -wide area extending between the Santa Ana and San Gabriel rivers, and -embracing the ford known as Pico Crossing. It was then in possession -of the Carpenter family, Lemuel Carpenter having bought it from the -heirs of Manuel Nieto, to whom it had been granted in 1784. Carpenter -came from Missouri to this vicinity as early as 1833, when he was but -twenty-two years old. For a while, he had a small soap-factory on the -right bank of the San Gabriel River, after which he settled on the -ranch; and there he remained until November 6th, 1859, when he -committed suicide. Within the borders of this ranch to-day lie such -places as Downey and Rivera. - -Francisco Sanchez was another early _ranchero_--probably the same who -figured so prominently in early San Francisco; and it is possible that -J. M. Sanchez, to whom, in 1859, was re-granted the forty-four hundred -acres of the Potrero Grande, was his heir. - -There were two large and important landowners, second cousins, known -as José Sepúlveda; the one, Don José Andrés, and the other, Don José -Loreto. The father of José Andrés was Don Francisco Sepúlveda, a -Spanish officer to whom the San Vicente Ranch had been granted; and -José Andrés, born in San Diego in 1804, was the oldest of eleven -children. His brothers were Fernando, José del Carmen, Dolores and -Juan María; and he also had six sisters. To José Andrés, or José as he -was called, the San Joaquín Ranch was given, an enormous tract of land -lying between the present Tustin, earlier known as Tustin City, and -San Juan Capistrano, and running from the hills to the sea; while, on -the death of Don Francisco, the San Vicente Ranch, later bought by -Jones and Baker, was left to José del Carmen, Dolores and Juan María. -José, in addition, bought eighteen hundred acres from José António -Yorba, and on this newly-acquired property he built his ranchhouse, -although he and his family may be said to have been more or less -permanent residents of Los Angeles. Fernando Sepúlveda married a -Verdugo, and through her became proprietor of much of the Verdugo -_rancho_. The fact that José was so well provided for, and that -Fernando had come into control of the Verdugo acres, made it mutually -satisfactory that the San Vicente Ranch should have been willed to the -other sons. The children of José Andrés included Miguel, Maurício, -Bernabé, Joaquín, Andrónico and Ygnácio, and Francisca, wife of James -Thompson, Tomása, wife of Frank Rico, Ramona, wife of Captain -Salisbury Haley of the _Sea Bird_, Ascención, wife of Tom Mott, and -Tranquilina. The latter, with Mrs. Mott and Judge Ygnácio, are still -living here. - -Don José Loreto, brother of Juan and Diego Sepúlveda, father of Mrs. -John T. Lanfranco, and a well-known resident of Los Angeles County in -early days, presided over the destinies of thirty-one thousand acres -in the Palos Verdes _rancho_, where Flores had stationed his soldiers -to watch the American ship _Savannah_. Full patent to this land was -granted in 1880. - -There being no fences to separate the great ranches, cattle roamed at -will; nor were the owners seriously concerned, for every man had his -distinct, registered brand and in proper season the various herds were -segregated by means of _rodeos_, or round-ups of strayed or mixed -cattle. On such occasions, all of the _rancheros_ within a certain -radius drove their herds little by little into a corral designated for -the purpose, and each selected his own cattle according to brand. -After segregation had thus been effected, they were driven from the -corral, followed by the calves, which were also branded, in -anticipation of the next _rodeo_. - -Such round-ups were great events, for they brought all the _rancheros_ -and _vaqueros_ together. They became the _raison d'être_ of elaborate -celebrations, sometimes including horse-races, bull-fights and other -amusements; and this was the case particularly in 1861, because of the -rains and consequent excellent season. - -The enormous herds of cattle gathered at _rodeos_ remind me, in fact, -of a danger that the _rancheros_ were obliged to contend with, -especially when driving their stock from place to place: Indians -stampeded the cattle, whenever possible, so that in the confusion -those escaping the _vaqueros_ and straggling behind might the more -easily be driven to the Indian camps; and sometimes covetous ranchmen -caused a similar commotion among the stock in order to make thieving -easier. - -While writing of ranches, one bordering on the other, unfenced and -open, and the enormous number of horses and cattle, as well as men -required to take care of such an amount of stock, I must not forget to -mention an institution that had flourished, as a branch of the -judiciary, in palmier Mexican days, though it was on the wane when I -arrived here. This was the Judgeship of the Plains, an office charged -directly with the interests of the ranchman. Judges of the Plains were -officials delegated to arrange for the _rodeos_, and to hold informal -court, in the saddle or on the open hillside, in order to settle -disputes among, and dispense justice to, those living and working -beyond the pales of the towns. Under Mexican rule, a Judge of the -Plains, who was more or less a law unto himself, served for glory and -dignity (much as does an English Justice of the Peace); and the latter -factor was an important part of the stipulation, as we may gather from -a story told by early Angeleños of the impeachment of Don António -María Lugo. Don António was then a Judge of the Plains, and as such -was charged with having, while on horseback, nearly trampled upon -Pedro Sanchez, for no other reason than that poor Pedro had refused to -"uncover" while the Judge rode by, and to keep his hat off until his -Honor was unmistakably out of sight! When, at length, Americans took -possession of Southern California, Judges of the Plains were given -less power, and provision was made, for the first time, for a modest -_honorarium_ in return for their travel and work. - -For nearly a couple of decades after the organization of Los Angeles -under the incoming white pioneers, not very much was known of the vast -districts inland and adjacent to Southern California; and one can well -understand the interest felt by our citizens on July 17th, 1855, when -Colonel Washington, of the United States Surveying Expedition to the -Rio Colorado, put up at the Bella Union on his way to San Francisco. -He was bombarded with questions about the region lying between the San -Bernardino Mountain range and the Colorado, hitherto unexplored; and -being a good talker, readily responded with much entertaining -information. - -In July, 1855, I attained my majority and, having by this time a fair -command of English, I took a more active part in social affairs. -Before he married Margarita, daughter of Juan Bandini, Dr. J. B. -Winston, then interested in the Bella Union, organized most of the -dances, and I was one of his committee of arrangements. We would -collect from the young men of our acquaintance money enough to pay for -candles and music; for each musician--playing either a harp, a guitar -or a flute--charged from a dollar to a dollar and a half for his -services. Formal social events occurred in the evening of almost any -day of the week. Whenever Dr. Winston or the young gallants of that -period thought it was time to have a dance, they just passed around -the hat for the necessary funds, and announced the affair. Ladies were -escorted to functions, although we did not take them in carriages or -other vehicles but tramped through the dust or mud. Young ladies, -however, did not go out with gentlemen unless they were accompanied by -a chaperon, generally some antiquated female member of the family. - -These hops usually took place at the residence of Widow Blair, -opposite the Bella Union and north of the present Post Office. There -we could have a sitting-room, possibly eighteen by thirty feet square; -and while this was larger than any other room in a private house in -town, it will be realized that, after all, the space for dancing was -very limited. We made the best, however, of what we had; the -refreshments, at these improvised affairs, were rarely more than -lemonade and _olla_ water. - -Many times such dances followed as a natural termination to another -social observance, transmitted to us, I have no doubt, by the romantic -Spanish settlers here, and very popular for some time after I came. -This good old custom was serenading. We would collect money, as if for -dancing; and in the evening a company of young men and chaperoned -young ladies would proceed in a body to some popular girl's home -where, with innocent gallantry, the little band would serenade her. -After that, of course, we were always glad to accept an invitation to -come into the house, when the ladies of the household sometimes -regaled us with a bit of cake and wine. - -Speaking of the social life of those early days, when warm, -stimulating friendships and the lack of all foolish caste distinctions -rendered the occasions delightfully pleasant, may it not be well to -ask whether the contrast between those simple, inexpensive pleasures, -and the elaborate and extravagant demands of modern society, is not -worth sober thought? To be sure, Los Angeles then was exceedingly -small, and pioneers here were much like a large family in plain, -unpretentious circumstances. There were no such ceremonies as now; -there were no four hundred, no three hundred, nor even one hundred. -There was, for example, no flunky at the door to receive the visitor's -card; and for the very good reason that visiting cards were unknown. -In those pastoral, pueblo days it was no indiscretion for a friend to -walk into another friend's house without knocking. Society of the -early days could be divided, I suppose, into two classes: the -respectable and the evil element; and people who were honorable came -together because they esteemed each other and liked one another's -company. The "gold fish" of the present age had not yet developed. We -enjoyed ourselves together, and without distinction were ready to -fight to the last ditch for the protection of our families and the -preservation of our homes. - -In the fall of 1855, Dr. Thomas J. White, a native of St. Louis and -Speaker of the Assembly in the first California Legislature convened -at San José, in December, 1849, arrived from San Francisco with his -wife and two daughters, and bought a vineyard next to Dr. Hoover's -ten-acre place where, in three or four years, he became one of the -leading wine-producers. Their advent created quite a stir, and the -house, which was a fine and rather commodious one for the times, soon -became the scene of extensive entertainments. The addition of this -highly-accomplished family was indeed quite an accession to our social -ranks. Their hospitality compared favorably even with California's -open-handed and open-hearted spirit, and soon became notable. Their -evening parties and other receptions were both frequent and lavish, so -that the Whites quickly took rank as leaders in Los Angeles. While yet -in Sacramento, one of the daughters, who had fallen in love with E. J. -C. Kewen when the latter was a member of the White party in crossing -the great Plains, married the Colonel; and in 1862, another daughter, -Miss Jennie, married Judge Murray Morrison. A son was T. Jeff White, -who named his place _Casalinda_. In the late fifties, Dr. White had a -drug-store in the Temple Building on Main Street. - -It was long before Los Angeles had anything like a regular theater, or -even enjoyed such shows as were provided by itinerant companies, some -of which, when they did begin to come, stayed here for weeks; although -I remember having heard of one ambitious group of players styling -themselves _The Rough and Ready Theater_, who appeared here very early -and gave sufficient satisfaction to elicit the testimony from a local -scribe, that "when Richmond was conquered and laid off for dead, the -enthusiastic auditors gave the King a smile of decided approval!" -Minstrels and circuses were occasionally presented, a minstrel -performance taking place sometime in the fifties, in an empty store on -Aliso Street, near Los Angeles. About the only feature of this event -that is now clear in my memory is that Bob Carsley played the bones; -he remained in Los Angeles and married, later taking charge of the -foundry which Stearns established when he built his Arcadia Block on -Los Angeles Street. An Albino also was once brought to Los Angeles and -publicly exhibited; and since anything out of the ordinary challenged -attention, everybody went to see a curiosity that to-day would attract -but little notice. Speaking of theatrical performances and the -applause bestowed upon favorites, I must not forget to mention the -reckless use of money and the custom, at first quite astounding to me, -of throwing coins--often large, shining slugs--upon the stage or -floor, if an actor or actress particularly pleased the spendthrift -patron. - -In October, 1855, William Abbott, who was one of the many to come to -Los Angeles in 1853, and who had brought with him a small stock of -furniture, started a store in a little wooden house he had acquired on -a lot next to that which later became the site of the Pico House. -Abbott married Doña Merced Garcia; and good fortune favoring him, he -not only gradually enlarged his stock of goods, but built a more -commodious building, in the upper story of which was the Merced -Theater, named after Abbott's wife, and opened in the late sixties. -The vanity of things mundane is well illustrated in the degeneration -of this center of early histrionic effort, which entered a period of -decay in the beginning of the eighties and, as the scene of -disreputable dances, before 1890 had been pronounced a nuisance. - -During the first decade under the American _régime_, Los Angeles -gradually learned the value of reaching toward the outside world and -welcoming all who responded. In 1855, as I have said, a brisk trade -was begun with Salt Lake, through the opening up of a route--leading -along the old Spanish trail to Santa Fé. Banning & Alexander, with -their usual enterprise, together with W. T. B. Sanford, made the first -shipment in a heavily-freighted train of fifteen wagons drawn by one -hundred and fifty mules. The train, which carried thirty tons, was -gone four months; having left Los Angeles in May, it returned in -September. In every respect the experiment was a success, and -naturally the new route had a beneficial effect on Southern California -trade. It also contributed to the development of San Bernardino, -through which town it passed. Before the year was out, one or two -express companies were placarding the stores here with announcements -of rates "To Great Salt Lake City." Banning, by the way, then -purchased in Salt Lake the best wagons he had, and brought here some -of the first vehicles with spokes to be seen in Los Angeles. - -The school authorities of the past sometimes sailed on waters as -troubled as those rocking the Educational Boards to-day. I recall an -amusing incident of the middle fifties, when a new set of Trustees, -having succeeded to the control of affairs, were scandalized, or at -least pretended to be, by an action of their predecessors, and -immediately adopted the following resolution: - - _Resolved_, that page seven of the School Commissioners' - Record be pasted down on page eight, so that the indecorous - language written therein by the School Commissioners of - 1855, can never again be read or seen, said language being - couched in such terms that the present School Commissioners - are not willing to read such record. - -Richard Laughlin died at his vineyard, on the east side of Alameda -Street, in or soon after 1855. Like William Wolfskill, Ewing -Young--who fitted out the Wolfskill party--and Moses Carson, brother -of the better-known Kit and at one time a trader at San Pedro, -Laughlin was a trapper who made his way to Los Angeles along the Gila -River. This was a waterway of the savage Apache country traversed even -in 1854--according to the lone ferryman's statistics--by nearly ten -thousand persons. In middle life, Laughlin supported himself by -carpentry and hunting. - -With the increase in the number and activity of the Chinese in -California, the prejudice of the masses was stirred up violently. This -feeling found expression particularly in 1855, when a law was passed -by the Legislature, imposing a fine of fifty dollars on each owner or -master of a vessel bringing to California anyone incapable of becoming -a citizen; but when suit was instituted, to test the act's validity, -it was declared unconstitutional. At that time, most of the opposition -to the Chinese came from San Franciscans, there being but few coolies -here. - -Certain members of the same Legislature led a movement to form a new -State, to be called Colorado and to include all the territory south of -San Luis Obispo; and the matter was repeatedly discussed in several -subsequent sessions. Nothing came of it, however; but Kern County was -formed, in 1866, partly from Los Angeles County and partly from -Tulare. About five thousand square miles, formerly under our County -banner, were thus legislated away; and because the mountainous and -desert area seemed of little prospective value, we submitted -willingly. In this manner, unenlightened by modern science and -ignorant of future possibilities, Southern California, guided by no -clear and certain vision, drifted and stumbled along to its -destiny. - - [Illustration: Los Angeles in the Late Fifties - From a contemporary sketch] - - [Illustration: Myer J. Newmark] - - [Illustration: Dr. John S. Griffin] - - [Illustration: Edward J. C. Kewen] - - [Illustration: William C. Warren] - -FOOTNOTE: - -[15] Julio Chrisostino Verdugo died early in March, 1915, supposed to -be about one hundred and twelve years old. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV - -ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS - -1856 - - -During 1856, I dissolved with my partners, Rich and Laventhal, and -went into business with my uncle, Joseph Newmark, J. P. Newmark and -Maurice Kremer, under the title of Newmark, Kremer & Company. Instead -of a quasi wholesale business, we now had a larger assortment and did -more of a retail business. We occupied a room, about forty by eighty -feet in size, in the Mascarel and Barri block on the south side of -Commercial Street (then known as Commercial Row), between Main and Los -Angeles streets, our modest establishment being almost directly -opposite the contracted quarters of my first store and having the -largest single storeroom then in the city; and there we continued with -moderate success, until 1858. - -To make this new partnership possible, Kremer had sold out his -interest in the firm of Lazard & Kremer, dry goods merchants, the -readjustment providing an amusing illustration of the manner in which -business, with its almost entire lack of specialization, was then -conducted. When the stock was taken, a large part of it consisted, not -of dry goods, as one might well suppose, but of--cigars and tobacco! - -About the beginning of 1856, Sisters of Charity made their first -appearance in Los Angeles, following a meeting called by Bishop Amat -during the preceding month, to provide for their coming, when Abel -Stearns presided and John G. Downey acted as Secretary. Benjamin -Hayes, Thomas Foster, Ezra Drown, Louis Vignes, Ygnácio del Valle and -António Coronel coöperated, while Manuel Requena collected the -necessary funds. On January 5th, Sisters María Scholastica, María -Corzina, Ana, Clara, Francisca and Angela arrived--three of them -coming almost directly from Spain; and immediately they formed an -important adjunct to the Church in matters pertaining to religion, -charity and education. It was to them that B. D. Wilson sold his Los -Angeles home, including ten acres of fine orchard, at the corner of -Alameda and Macy streets, for eight thousand dollars; and there for -many years they conducted their school, the Institute and Orphan -Asylum, until they sold the property to J. M. Griffith, who used the -site for a lumber-yard. Griffith, in turn, disposed of it to the -Southern Pacific Railroad Company. Sister Scholastica, who celebrated -in 1889 her fiftieth anniversary as a sister, was long the Mother -Superior. - -The so-called First Public School having met with popular approval, -the Board of Education in 1856 opened another school on Bath Street. -The building, two stories in height, was of brick and had two rooms. - -On January 9th, John P. Brodie assumed charge of the _Southern -Californian_. Andrés Pico was then proprietor; and before the -newspaper died, in 1857, Pico lost, it is said, ten thousand dollars -in the venture. - -The first regular course of public lectures here was given in 1856 -under the auspices of a society known as the Mechanics' Institute, and -in one of Henry Dalton's corrugated iron buildings. - -George T. Burrill, first County Sheriff, died on February 2d, his -demise bringing to mind an interesting story. He was Sheriff, in the -summer of 1850, when certain members of the infamous Irving party were -arraigned for murder, and during that time received private word that -many of the prisoners' friends would pack the little court room and -attempt a rescue. Burrill, however, who used to wear a sword and had a -rather soldierly bearing, was equal to the emergency. He quickly sent -to Major E. H. Fitzgerald and had the latter come post-haste to town -and court with a detachment of soldiers; and with this superior, -disciplined force he overawed the bandits' _compañeros_ who, sure -enough, were there and fully armed to make a demonstration. - -Thomas E. Rowan arrived here with his father, James Rowan, in 1856, -and together they opened a bakery. Tom delivered the bread for a short -time, but soon abandoned that pursuit for politics, being frequently -elected to office, serving in turn as Supervisor, City and County -Treasurer and even, from 1893 to 1894, as Mayor of Los Angeles. -Shortly before Tom married Miss Josephine Mayerhofer in San Francisco -in 1862--and a handsome couple they made--the Rowans bought from Louis -Mesmer the American Bakery, located at the southwest corner of Main -and First streets and originally established by August Ulyard. When -James Rowan died about forty years ago, Tom fell heir to the bakery; -but as he was otherwise engaged, he employed Maurice Maurício as -manager, and P. Galta, afterward a prosperous business man of -Bakersfield, as driver. Tom, who died in 1899, was also associated as -cashier with I. W. Hellman and F. P. F. Temple in their bank. Rowan -Avenue and Rowan Street were both named after this early comer. - -The time for the return of my brother and his European bride now -approached, and I felt a natural desire to meet them. Almost -coincident, therefore, with their arrival in San Francisco, I was -again in that growing city in 1856, although I had been there but the -year previous. - -On April 9th, occurred the marriage of Matilda, daughter of Joseph -Newmark, to Maurice Kremer. The ceremony was performed by the bride's -father. For the subsequent festivities, ice, from which ice cream was -made, was brought from San Bernardino; both luxuries on this occasion -being used in Los Angeles, as far as I can remember, for the first -time. - -To return to the Los Angeles _Star_. When J. S. Waite became -Postmaster, in 1855, he found it no sinecure to continue even such an -unpretentious and, in all likelihood, unprofitable news-sheet and at -the same time attend to Uncle Sam's mail-bags; and early in 1856 he -offered "the entire establishment at one thousand dollars less than -cost." Business was so slow at that time, in fact, that Waite--after, -perhaps, ruefully looking over his unpaid subscriptions--announced -that he would "take wood, butter, eggs, flour, wheat or corn" in -payment of bills due. He soon found a ready customer in William A. -Wallace, the Principal of the boys' school who, on the twelfth of -April, bought the paper; but Waite's disgust was nothing to that of -the schoolteacher who, after two short months' trial with the -editorial quill, scribbled a last doleful _adiós_. "The flush times of -the pueblo, the day of large prices and pocket-books, are past," -Wallace declared; and before him the editor saw "only picayunes, bad -liquor, rags and universal dullness, when neither pistol-shots nor -dying groans" could have any effect, and "when earthquakes would -hardly turn men in their beds!" Nothing was left for such a destitute -and discouraged quillman "but to wait for a _carreta_ and get out of -town." Wallace sold the paper, therefore, in June, 1856, to Henry -Hamilton, a native of Ireland who had come to California in 1848 an -apprenticed printer, and was for some years in newspaper work in San -Francisco; and Hamilton soon put new life into the journal. - -In 1856, the many-sided Dr. William B. Osburn organized a company to -bore an artesian well west of the city; but when it reached a depth of -over seven hundred feet, the prospectors went into bankruptcy. - -George Lehman, early known as George the Baker (whose shop at one time -was on the site of the Hayward Hotel), was a somewhat original and -very popular character who, in 1856, took over the Round House on Main -Street, between Third and Fourth, and there opened a pleasure-resort -extending to Spring Street and known as the Garden of Paradise. The -grounds really occupied on the one hand what are now the sites of the -Pridham, the Pinney and the Turnverein, and on the other the Henne, -the Breed and the Lankershim blocks. There was an entrance on Main -Street and one, with two picket gates, on Spring. From the general -shape and appearance of the building, it was always one of the first -objects in town to attract attention; and Lehman (who, when he -appeared on the street, had a crooked cane hanging on his arm and a -lemon in his hand), came to be known as "Round House George." The -house had been erected in the late forties by Raimundo, generally -called Ramón, or Raymond Alexander, a sailor, who asserted that the -design was a copy of a structure he had once seen on the coast of -Africa; and there Ramón and his native California wife had lived for -many years. Partly because he wished to cover the exterior with vines -and flowers, Lehman nailed boards over the outer adobe walls and thus -changed the cylinder form into that of an octagon. An ingenious -arrangement of the _parterre_ and a peculiar distribution of some -trees, together with a profusion of plants and flowers--affording cool -and shady bowers, somewhat similar to those of a typical beer or wine -garden of the Fatherland--gave the place great popularity; while two -heroic statues--one of _Adam_ and the other of _Eve_--with a -conglomeration of other curiosities, including the _Apple Tree_ and -the _Serpent_--all illustrating the world-old story of Eden--and a -moving panorama made the Garden unique and rather famous. The balcony -of the house provided accommodation for the playing of such music, -perhaps discordant, as Los Angeles could then produce, and nearby was -a framework containing a kind of swing then popular and known as -"flying horses." The bar was in the Garden, near a well-sweep; and at -the Main Street entrance stood a majestic and noted cactus tree which -was cut down in 1886. The Garden of Paradise was opened toward the end -of September, 1858, and so large were the grounds that when they were -used, in 1876, for the Fourth of July celebration, twenty-six hundred -people were seated there. - -This leads me to say that Arthur McKenzie Dodson, who established a -coal- and wood-yard at what was later the corner of Spring and Sixth -streets, started there a little community which he called -Georgetown--as a compliment, it was said, to the famous Round House -George whose bakery, I have remarked, was located on that corner. - -On June 7th, Dr. John S. Griffin, who had an old fashioned, classical -education, and was a graduate, in medicine, of the University of -Pennsylvania, succeeded Dr. William B. Osburn as Superintendent of the -Los Angeles City Schools. - -In these times of modern irrigation and scientific methods, it is hard -to realize how disastrous were climatic extremes in an earlier day: in -1856, a single electric disturbance, accompanied by intense heat and -sandstorms, left tens of thousands of dead cattle to tell the story of -drought and destruction. - -During the summer, I had occasion to go to Fort Tejón to see George C. -Alexander, a customer, and I again asked Sam Meyer if he would -accompany me. Such a proposition was always agreeable to Sam; and, -having procured horses, we started, the distance being about one -hundred and fifteen miles. - -We left Los Angeles early one afternoon, and made our first stop at -Lyons's Station, where we put up for the night. One of the brothers, -after whom the place was named, prepared supper. Having to draw some -thick blackstrap from a keg, he used a pitcher to catch the treacle; -and as the liquid ran very slowly, our sociable host sat down to talk -a bit, and soon forgot all about what he had started to do. The -molasses, however, although it ran pretty slowly, ran steadily, and -finally, like the mush in the fairy-tale of the enchanted bowl, -overflowed the top of the receptacle and spread itself over the dirt -floor. When Lyons had finished his chat, he saw, to his intense -chagrin, a new job upon his hands, and one likely to busy him for some -time. - -Departing next morning at five o'clock we met Cy Lyons, who had come -to Los Angeles in 1849 and was then engaged with his brother Sanford -in raising sheep in that neighborhood. Cy was on horseback and had two -pack animals, loaded with provisions. "Hello, boys! where are you -bound?" he asked; and when we told him that we were on our way to Fort -Tejón, he said that he was also going there, and volunteered to save -us forty miles by guiding us over the trail. Such a shortening of our -journey appealed to us as a good prospect, and we fell in behind the -mounted guide. - -It was one of those red-hot summer days characteristic of that region -and season, and in a couple of hours we began to get very thirsty. -Noticing this, Cy told us that no water would be found until we got to -the Rancho de la Liebre, and that we could not possibly reach there -until evening. Having no _bota de agua_ handy, I took an onion from -Lyons's pack and ate it, and that afforded me some relief; but Sam, -whose decisions were always as lasting as the fragrance of that -aromatic bulb, would not try the experiment. To make a long story -short, when we at last reached the ranch, Sam, completely fagged out, -and unable to alight from his horse, toppled off into our arms. The -chewing of the onion had refreshed me to some extent, but just the -same the day's journey proved one of the most miserable experiences -through which I have ever passed. - -The night was so hot at the ranch that we decided to sleep outdoors in -one of the wagons; and being worn out with the day's exposure and -fatigue, we soon fell asleep. The soundness of our slumbers did not -prevent us from hearing, in the middle of the night, a snarling bear, -scratching in the immediate neighborhood. A bear generally means -business; and you may depend upon it that neither Sam, myself nor even -Cy were very long in bundling out of the wagon and making a dash for -the more protecting house. Early next morning, we recommenced our -journey toward Fort Tejón, and reached there without any further -adventures worth relating. - -Coming back, we stopped for the night at Gordon's Station, and the -next day rode fully seventy miles--not so inconsiderable an -accomplishment, perhaps, for those not accustomed to regular saddle -exercise. - -A few months later, I met Cy on the street. "Harris," said he, "do you -know that once, on that hot day going to Fort Tejón, we were within -three hundred feet of a fine, cool spring?" "Then why in the devil," I -retorted, "didn't you take us to it?" To which Cy, with a chuckle, -answered: "Well, I just wanted to see what would happen to you!" - -My first experience with camp meetings was in the year 1856, when I -attended one in company with Miss Sarah Newmark, to whom I was then -engaged, and Miss Harriet, her sister--later Mrs. Eugene Meyer. I -engaged a buggy from George Carson's livery stable on Main Street; and -we rode to Ira Thompson's grove at El Monte, in which the meeting was -held. These camp meetings supplied a certain amount of social -attraction to residents, in that good-hearted period when creeds -formed a bond rather than a hindrance. - -It was in 1856 that, in connection with our regular business, we began -buying hides. One day a Mexican customer came into the store and, -looking around, said: "_¿Compra cueros?_" (Do you buy hides?) "_Sí, -señor_," I replied, to which he then said: "_Tengo muchos en mi -rancho_" (I have many at my ranch). "Where do you live?" I asked. -"Between Cahuenga and San Fernando Mission," he answered. He had come -to town in his _carreta_, and added that he would conduct me to his -place, if I wished to go there. - -I obtained a wagon and, accompanied by Samuel Cohn, went with the -Mexican. The native jogged on, _carreta_-fashion, the oxen lazily -plodding along, while the driver with his ubiquitous pole kept them in -the road by means of continual and effective prods, delivered first on -one side, then on the other. It was dark when we reached the ranch; -and the night being balmy, we wrapped ourselves up in blankets, and -slept under the adobe veranda. - -Early in the morning, I awoke and took a survey of the premises. To my -amazement, I saw but one little kipskin hanging up to dry! When at -length my Mexican friend appeared on the scene, I asked him where he -kept his hides? (_¿Donde tiene usted los cueros?_) At which he pointed -to the lone kip and, with a characteristic and perfectly indifferent -shrug of the shoulders, said: "_¡No tengo más!_" (I have no more!) - -I then deliberated with Sam as to what we should do; and having -proceeded to San Fernando Mission to collect there, if possible, a -load of hides, we were soon fortunate in obtaining enough to -compensate us for our previous trouble and disappointment. On the way -home, we came to a rather deep ditch preventing further progress. -Being obliged, however, to get to the other side, we decided to throw -the hides into the ditch, placing one on top of the other, until the -obstructing gap was filled to a level with the road; and then we drove -across, if not on dry land, at least on dry hides, which we reloaded -onto the wagon. Finally, we reached town at a late hour. - -In this connection, I may remind the reader of Dana's statement, in -his celebrated _Two Years before the Mast_, that San Pedro once -furnished more hides than any other port on the Coast; and may add -that from the same port, more than forty years afterward, consignments -of this valuable commodity were still being made, I myself being -engaged more and more extensively in the hide trade. - -Colonel Isaac Williams died on September 13th, having been a resident -of Los Angeles and vicinity nearly a quarter of a century. A -Pennsylvanian by birth, he had with him in the West a brother, Hiram, -later of San Bernardino County. Happy as was most of Colonel Williams' -life, tragedy entered his family circle, as I shall show, when both of -his sons-in-law, John Rains and Robert Carlisle, met violent deaths at -the hands of others. - -Jean Louis Vignes came to Los Angeles in 1829, and set out the Aliso -Vineyard of one hundred and four acres which derived its name, as did -the street, from a previous and incorrect application of the Castilian -_aliso_, meaning alder, to the sycamore tree, a big specimen of which -stood on the place. This tree, possibly a couple of hundred years old, -long shaded Vignes' wine-cellars, and was finally cut down a few years -ago to make room for the Philadelphia Brew House. From a spot about -fifty feet away from the Vignes adobe extended a grape arbor perhaps -ten feet in width and fully a quarter of a mile long, thus reaching to -the river; and this arbor was associated with many of the early -celebrations in Los Angeles. The northern boundary of the property was -Aliso Street; its western boundary was Alameda; and part of it was -surrounded by a high adobe wall, inside of which, during the troubles -of the Mexican War, Don Louis enjoyed a far safer seclusion than many -others. On June 7th, 1851, Vignes advertised El Aliso for sale, but -it was not subdivided until much later, when Eugene Meyer and his -associates bought it for this purpose. Vignes Street recalls the -veteran viticulturist. - -While upon the subject of this substantial old pioneer family, I may -give a rather interesting reminiscence as to the state of Aliso Street -at this time. I have said that this street was the main road from Los -Angeles to the San Bernardino country; and so it was. But in the -fifties, Aliso Street stopped very abruptly at the Sainsevain -Vineyard, where it narrowed down to one of the willow-bordered, -picturesque little lanes so frequently found here, and paralleled the -noted grape-arbor as far as the river-bank. At this point, Andrew -Boyle and other residents of the Heights and beyond were wont to cross -the stream on their way to and from town. The more important travel -was by means of another lane known as the Aliso Road, turning at a -corner occupied by the old Aliso Mill and winding along the Hoover -Vineyard to the river. Along this route the San Bernardino stage -rolled noisily, traversing in summer or during a poor season what was -an almost dry wash, but encountering in wet winter raging torrents so -impassable that all intercourse with the settlements to the east was -disturbed. For a whole week, on several occasions, the San Bernardino -stage was tied up, and once at least Andrew Boyle, before he had -become conversant with the vagaries of the Los Angeles River, found it -impossible for the better part of a fortnight to come to town for the -replenishment of a badly-depleted larder. Lovers' Lane, willowed and -deep with dust, was a narrow road now variously located in the minds -of pioneers; my impression being that it followed the line of the -present Date Street, although some insist that it was Macy. - -Pierre Sainsevain, a nephew of Vignes, came in 1839 and for a while -worked for his uncle. Jean Louis Sainsevain, another nephew, arrived -in Los Angeles in 1849 or soon after, and on April 14th, 1855, -purchased for forty-two thousand dollars the vineyard, cellars and -other property of his uncle. This was the same year in which he -returned to France for his son Michel and remarried, leaving another -son, Paul, in school there. Pierre joined his brother; and in 1857 -Sainsevain Brothers made the first California champagne, first -shipping their wine to San Francisco. Paul, now a resident of San -Diego, came to Los Angeles in 1861. The name endures in Sainsevain -Street. - -The activity of these Frenchmen reminds me that much usually -characteristic of country life was present in what was called the city -of Los Angeles, when I first saw it, as may be gathered from the fact -that, in 1853, there were a hundred or more vineyards hereabouts, -seventy-five or eighty of which were within the city precincts. These -did not include the once famous "mother vineyard" of San Gabriel -Mission, which the _padres_ used to claim had about fifty thousand -vines, but which had fallen into somewhat picturesque decay. Near San -Gabriel, however, in 1855, William M. Stockton had a large vineyard -nursery. William Wolfskill was one of the leading vineyardists, having -set out his first vine, so it was said, in 1838, when he affirmed his -belief that the plant, if well cared for, would flourish a hundred -years! Don José Serrano, from whom Dr. Leonce Hoover bought many of -the grapes he needed, did have vines, it was declared, that were -nearly a century old. When I first passed through San Francisco, _en -route_ to Los Angeles, I saw grapes from this section in the markets -of that city bringing twenty cents a pound; and to such an extent for -a while did San Francisco continue to draw on Los Angeles for grapes, -that Banning shipped thither from San Pedro, in 1857, no less than -twenty-one thousand crates, averaging forty-five pounds each. It was -not long, however, before ranches nearer San Francisco began to -interfere with this monopoly of the South, and, as, a consequence, the -shipment of grapes from Los Angeles fell off. This reminds me that -William Wolfskill sent to San Francisco some of the first Northern -grapes sold there; they were grown in a Napa Valley vineyard that he -owned in the middle of the fifties, and when unloaded on the Long -Wharf, three or four weeks in advance of Los Angeles grapes, brought -at wholesale twenty-five dollars per hundred weight! - -With the decline in the fresh fruit trade, however, the making and -exportation of wine increased, and several who had not ventured into -vineyarding before, now did so, acquiring their own land or an -interest in the establishments of others. By 1857, Jean Louis Vignes -boasted of possessing some white wine twenty years old--possibly of -the same vintage about which Dr. Griffin often talked, in his -reminiscences of the days when he had been an army surgeon; and Louis -Wilhart occasionally sold wine which was little inferior to that of -Jean Louis. Dr. Hoover was one of the first to make wine for the -general market, having, for a while, a pretty and well-situated place -called the Clayton Vineyard; and old Joseph Huber, who had come to -California from Kentucky for his health, began in 1855 to make wine -with considerable success. He owned the Foster Vineyard, where he died -in July, 1866. B. D. Wilson was also soon shipping wine to San -Francisco. L. J. Rose, who first entered the field in January, 1861, -at Sunny Slope, not far from San Gabriel Mission, was another -producer, and had a vineyard famous for brandy and wine. He made a -departure in going to the foothills, and introduced many varieties of -foreign grapes. By the same year, or somewhat previously, Matthew -Keller, Stearns & Bell, Dr. Thomas J. White, Dr. Parrott, Kiln Messer, -Henry Dalton, H. D. Barrows, Juan Bernard and Ricardo Vejar had -wineries, and John Schumacher had a vineyard opposite the site of the -City Gardens in the late seventies. L. H. Titus, in time, had a -vineyard, known as the Dewdrop, near that of Rose. Still another wine -producer was António María Lugo, who set out his vines on San Pedro -Street, near the present Second, and often dwelt in the long adobe -house where both Steve Foster, Lugo's son-in-law, and Mrs. Wallace -Woodworth lived, and where I have been many times pleasantly -entertained. - -Dr. Leonce Hoover, who died on October 8th, 1862, was a native of -Switzerland and formerly a surgeon in the army of Napoleon, when his -name--later changed at the time of naturalization--had been Huber. Dr. -Hoover in 1849 came to Los Angeles with his wife, his son, Vincent A. -Hoover, then a young man, and two daughters, the whole family -traveling by ox-team and prairie schooner. They soon discovered rich -_placer_ gold-beds, but were driven away by hostile Indians. A -daughter, Mary A., became the wife of Samuel Briggs, a New Hampshire -Yankee, who was for years Wells Fargo's agent here. For a while the -Hoovers lived on the Wolfskill Ranch, after which they had a vineyard -in the neighborhood of what is now the property of the Cudahy Packing -Company. Vincent Hoover was a man of prominence in his time; he died -in 1883. Mrs. Briggs, whose daughter married the well-known physician, -Dr. Granville MacGowan, sold her home, on Broadway between Third and -Fourth streets, to Homer Laughlin when he erected the Laughlin -Building. Hoover Street is named for this family. - -Accompanied by his son William, Joseph Huber, Sr., in 1855 came to Los -Angeles from Kentucky, hoping to improve his health; and when the -other members of his family, consisting of his wife and children, -Caroline, Emeline, Edward and Joseph, followed him here, in 1859, by -way of New York and the Isthmus, they found him settled as a -vineyardist, occupying the Foster property running from Alameda Street -to the river, in a section between Second and Sixth streets. The -advent of a group of young people, so well qualified to add to what -has truthfully been described by old-time Angeleños as our family -circle, was hailed with a great deal of interest and satisfaction. In -time, Miss Emeline Huber was married to O. W. Childs, and Miss -Caroline was wedded to Dr. Frederick Preston Howard, a druggist who, -more than forty years ago, bought out Theodore Wollweber, selling the -business back to the latter a few years later. The prominence of this -family made it comparatively easy for Joseph Huber, Jr., in 1865, to -secure the nomination and be elected County Treasurer, succeeding M. -Kremer, who had served six years. Huber, Sr., died about the middle -sixties. Mrs. Huber lived to be eighty-three years old. - -José de Rúbio had at least two vineyards when I came--one on Alameda -Street, south of Wolfskill's and not far from Coronel's, and one on -the east side of the river. Rúbio came here very early in the -century, after having married Juana, a daughter of Juan María Miron, a -well-known sea captain, and built three adobe houses. The first of -these was on the site of the present home of William H. Workman, on -Boyle Heights; the second was near what was later the corner of -Alameda and Eighth streets, and the third was on Alameda Street near -the present Vernon Avenue. One of his ranches was known as "Rúbio's," -and there many a barbecue was celebrated. In 1859, Rúbio leased the -Sepúlveda Landing, at San Pedro, and commenced to haul freight, to and -fro. Señor and Señora Rúbio[16] had twenty-five children, of whom five -are now living. Another Los Angeles vineyardist who lived near the -river when I came was a Frenchman named Clemente. - -Julius Weyse also had a vineyard, living on what is now Eighth Street -near San Pedro. A son, H. G. Weyse, has distinguished himself as an -attorney and has served in the Legislature; another, Otto G., married -the widow of Edward Naud, while a third son, Rudolf G., married a -daughter of H. D. Barrows. - -The Reyes family was prominent here; a daughter married William -Nordholt. Ysidro had a vineyard on Washington Street; and during one -of the epidemics, he died of smallpox. His brother, Pablo, was a -rancher. - -While on the subject of vineyards, I may describe the method by which -wine was made here in the early days and the part taken in the -industry by the Indians, who always interested and astounded me. -Stripped to the skin, and wearing only loin-cloths, they tramped with -ceaseless tread from morn till night, pressing from the luscious fruit -of the vineyard the juice so soon to ferment into wine. The grapes -were placed in elevated vats from which the liquid ran into other -connecting vessels; and the process exhaled a stale acidity, scenting -the surrounding air. These Indians were employed in the early fall, -the season of the year when wine is made and when the thermometer as a -rule, in Southern California, reaches its highest point; and this -temperature coupled with incessant toil caused the perspiration to -drip from their swarthy bodies into the wine product, the sight of -which in no wise increased my appetite for California wine. - -A staple article of food for the Indians in 1856, by the way, was the -acorn. The crop that year, however, was very short; and streams having -also failed, in many instances, to yield the food usually taken from -them, the tribes were in a distressed condition. Such were the -aborigines' straits, in fact, that _rancheros_ were warned of the -danger, then greater than ever, from Indian depredations on stock. - -In telling of the Sisters of Charity, I have forgotten to add that, -after settling here, they sent to New York for a portable house, which -they shipped to Los Angeles by way of Cape Horn. In due time, the -house arrived; but imagine their vexation on discovering that, -although the parts were supposed to have been marked so that they -might easily be joined together, no one here could do the work. In the -end, the Sisters were compelled to send East for a carpenter who, -after a long interval, arrived and finished the house. - -Soon after the organization of a Masonic lodge here, in 1854, many of -my friends joined, and among them my brother, J. P. Newmark, who was -admitted on February 26th, 1855, on which occasion J. H. Stuart was -the Secretary; and through their participation in the celebration of -St. John's Day (the twenty-fourth of June,) I was seized with a desire -to join the order. This I did at the end of 1856, becoming a member of -Los Angeles Lodge No. 42, whose meetings were held over Potter's store -on Main Street. Worshipful Master Thomas Foster initiated me, and on -January 22d, 1857, Worshipful Master Jacob Elias officiating, I took -the third degree. I am, therefore, in all probability, the oldest -living member of this now venerable Masonic organization. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[16] Señora de Rúbio survived her husband many years, dying on October -27th, 1914, at the age of one hundred and seven, after residing in Los -Angeles ninety-four years. - - - - -CHAPTER XV - -SHERIFF BARTON AND THE _BANDIDOS_ - -1857 - - -In the beginning of 1857, we had a more serious earthquake than any in -recent years. At half-past eight o'clock on the morning of January -9th, a tremor shook the earth from North to South; the first shocks -being light, the quake grew in power until houses were deserted, men, -women and children sought refuge in the streets, and horses and cattle -broke loose in wild alarm. For perhaps two, or two and a half minutes, -the _temblor_ continued and much damage was done. Los Angeles felt the -disturbance far less than many other places, although five to six -shocks were noted and twenty times during the week people were -frightened from their homes; at Temple's _rancho_ and at Fort Tejón -great rents were opened in the earth and then closed again, piling up -a heap or dune of finely-powdered stone and dirt. Large trees were -uprooted and hurled down the hillsides; and tumbling after them went -the cattle. Many officers, including Colonel B. L. Beall--well known -in Los Angeles social circles--barely escaped from the barracks with -their lives; and until the cracked adobes could be repaired, officers -and soldiers lived in tents. It was at this time, too, that a -so-called tidal wave almost engulfed the _Sea Bird_, plying between -San Pedro and San Francisco, as she was entering the Golden Gate. -Under the splendid seamanship of Captain Salisbury Haley, however, his -little ship weathered the wave, and he was able later to report her -awful experience to the scientific world. - -This year also proved a dry season; and, consequently, times became -very bad. With two periods of adversity, even the richest of the -cattle-kings felt the pinch, and many began to part with their lands -in order to secure the relief needed to tide them over. The effects of -drought continued until 1858, although some good influences improved -business conditions. - -Due to glowing accounts of the prospects for conquest and fortune -given out by Henry A. Crabb, a Stockton lawyer who married a Spanish -woman with relatives in Sonora, a hundred or more filibusters gathered -in Los Angeles, in January, to meet Crabb at San Pedro, when he -arrived from the North on the steamer _Sea Bird_. They strutted about -the streets here, displaying rifles and revolvers; and this would seem -to have been enough to prevent their departure for Sonita, a little -town a hundred miles beyond Yuma, to which they finally tramped. The -filibusters were permitted to leave, however, and they invaded the -foreign soil; but Crabb made a mess of the undertaking, even failing -in blowing up a little church he attacked; and those not killed in the -skirmish were soon surrounded and taken prisoners. The next morning, -Crabb and some others who had paraded so ostentatiously while here, -were tied to trees or posts, and summarily executed. Crabb's body was -riddled with a hundred bullets and his head cut off and sent back in -_mescal_; only one of the party was spared--Charley Evans, a lad of -fifteen years, who worked his way to Los Angeles and was connected -with a somewhat similar invasion a while later. - -In January, also, when threats were made against the white population -of Southern California, Mrs. Griffin, the wife of Dr. J. S. Griffin, -came running, in all excitement, to the home of Joseph Newmark, and -told the members of the family to lock all their doors and bolt their -windows, as it was reported that some of the outlaws were on their way -to Los Angeles, to murder the white people. As soon as possible, the -ladies of the Griffin, Nichols, Foy, Mallard, Workman, Newmark and -other families were brought together for greater safety in Armory -Hall, on Spring Street near Second, while the men took their places -in line with the other citizens to patrol the hills and streets. - -A still vivid impression of this startling episode recalls an -Englishman, a Dr. Carter, who arrived here some three years before. He -lived on the east side of Main Street near First, where the McDonald -Block now stands; and while not prominent in his profession, he -associated with some estimable families. When others were volunteering -for sentry-work or to fight, the Doctor very gallantly offered his -services as a Committee of One to care for the ladies--far from the -firing line! - -On hearing of these threats by native _bandidos_, James R. Barton, -formerly a volunteer under General S. W. Kearny and then Sheriff, at -once investigated the rumors; and the truth of the reports being -verified, our small and exposed community was seized with terror. - -A large band of Mexican outlaws, led by Pancho Daniel, a convict who -had escaped from San Quentin prison, and including Luciano Tapía and -Juan Flores, on January 22d had killed a German storekeeper named -George W. Pflugardt, in San Juan Capistrano, while he was preparing -his evening meal; and after having placed his body on the table, they -sat around and ate what the poor victim had provided for himself. On -the same occasion, these outlaws plundered the stores of Manuel -Garcia, Henry Charles and Miguel Kragevsky or Kraszewski; the last -named escaping by hiding under a lot of wash in a large -clothes-basket. When the news of this murder reached Los Angeles, -excitement rose to fever-heat and we prepared for something more than -defense. - -Jim Barton, accompanied by William H. Little and Charles K. Baker, -both constables, Charles F. Daley, an early blacksmith here, Alfred -Hardy and Frank Alexander--all volunteers--left that evening for San -Juan Capistrano, to capture the murderers, and soon arrived at the San -Joaquín Ranch, about eighteen miles from San Juan. There Don José -Andrés Sepúlveda told Barton of a trap set for him, and that the -robbers outnumbered his _posse_, two to one; and urged him to send -back to Los Angeles for more volunteers. Brave but reckless Barton, -however, persisted in pushing on the next day, and so encountered some -of the marauders in Santiago Canyon. Barton, Baker, Little and Daley -were killed; while Hardy and Alexander escaped. - -When Los Angeles was apprised of this second tragedy, the frenzy was -indescribable, and steps were taken toward the formation of both a -Committee of Safety and a Vigilance Committee--the latter to avenge -the foul deed and to bring in the culprits. In meeting this emergency, -the El Monte boys, as usual, took an active part. The city was placed -under martial law, and Dr. John S. Griffin was put in charge of the -local defenses. Suspicious houses, thought to be headquarters for -robbers and thieves, were searched; and forty or fifty persons were -arrested. The State Legislature was appealed to and at once voted -financial aid. - -Although the Committee of Safety had the assistance of special foot -police in guarding the city, the citizens made a requisition on Fort -Tejón, and fifty soldiers were sent from that post to help pursue the -band. Troops from San Diego, with good horses and plenty of -provisions, were also placed at the disposition of the Los Angeles -authorities. Companies of mounted Rangers were made up to scour the -country, American, German and French citizens vying with one another -for the honor of risking their lives; one such company being formed at -El Monte, and another at San Bernardino. There were also two -detachments of native Californians; but many Sonorans and Mexicans -from other States, either from sympathy or fear, aided the murdering -robbers and so made their pursuit doubly difficult. However, the -outlaws were pursued far into the mountains; and although the first -party sent out returned without effecting anything (reporting that the -desperadoes were not far from San Juan and that the horses of the -pursuers had given out) practically all of the band, as will be seen, -were eventually captured. - -Not only were vigorous measures taken to apprehend and punish the -murderers, but provision was made to rescue the bodies of the slain, -and to give them decent and honorable burial. The next morning, after -nearly one hundred mounted and armed men had set out to track the -fugitives, another party, also on horseback, left to escort several -wagons filled with coffins, in which they hoped to bring back the -bodies of Sheriff Barton and his comrades. In this effort, the posse -succeeded; and when the remains were received in Los Angeles on Sunday -about noon, the city at once went into mourning. All business was -suspended, and the impressive burial ceremonies, conducted on Monday, -were attended by the citizens _en masse_. Oddly enough, there was not -a Protestant clergyman in town at the time; but the Masonic Order took -the matter in hand and performed their rites over those who were -Masons, and even paid their respects, with a portion of the ritual, to -the non-Masonic dead. - -General Andrés Pico, with a company of native mounted Californians, -who left immediately after the funeral, was especially prominent in -running down the outlaws, thus again displaying his natural gift of -leadership; and others fitted themselves out and followed as soon as -they could. General Pico knew both land and people; and on capturing -Silvas and Ardillero, two of the worst of the _bandidos_, after a hard -resistance, he straightway hung them to trees, at the very spot where -they had tried to assassinate him and his companions. - -In the pursuit of the murderers, James Thompson (successor, in the -following January, to the murdered Sheriff Getman) led a company of -horsemen toward the Tejunga; and at the Simi Pass, high upon the -rocks, he stationed United States soldiers as a lookout. Little San -Gabriel, in which J. F. Burns, as Deputy Sheriff, was on the watch, -also made its contribution to the restoration of order and peace; for -some of its people captured and executed three or four of Daniels's -and Flores's band. Flores was caught on the top of a peak in the -Santiago range; all in all, some fifty-two culprits were brought to -Los Angeles and lodged in jail; and of that number eleven were lynched -or legally hung. - -When the Vigilance Committee had jailed a suspected murderer, the -people were called to sit in judgment. We met near the veranda of the -Montgomery, and Judge Jonathan R. Scott having been made Chairman, a -regular order of procedure, extra-legal though it was, was followed; -after announcing the capture, and naming the criminal, the Judge -called upon the crowd to determine the prisoner's fate. Thereupon some -one would shout: "_Hang him!_" Scott would then put the question -somewhat after the following formula: "Gentlemen, you have heard the -motion; all those in favor of hanging So-and-So, will signify by -saying, Aye!" - -And the citizens present unanimously answered, _Aye!_ - -Having thus expressed their will, the assemblage proceeded to the -jail, a low, adobe building behind the little Municipal and County -structure, and easily subdued the jailer, Frank J. Carpenter, whose -daughter, Josephine, became Frank Burns's second wife. The prisoner -was then secured, taken from his cell, escorted to Fort Hill--a rise -of ground behind the jail--where a temporary gallows had been -constructed, and promptly despatched; and after each of the first -batch of culprits had there successively paid the penalty for his -crime, the avengers quietly dispersed to their homes to await the -capture and dragging in of more cutthroats. - -Among those condemned by vote at a public meeting in the way I have -described, was Juan Flores, who was hanged on February 14th, 1857, -well up on Fort Hill, in sight of such a throng that it is hardly too -much to say that practically every man, woman and child in the pueblo -was present, not to mention many people drawn by curiosity from -various parts of the State who had flocked into town. Flores was but -twenty-one years of age; yet, the year previous he had been sent to -prison for horse-stealing. At the same time that Flores was executed, -Miguel Blanco, who had stabbed the militiaman, Captain W. W. Twist, in -order to rob him of a thousand dollars, was also hanged. - -Espinosa and Lopez, two members of the robber band, for a while eluded -their pursuers. At San Buenaventura, however, they were caught, and on -the following morning, Espinosa was hung. Lopez again escaped; and it -was not until February 16th that he was finally recaptured and -despatched to other realms. - -Two days after Juan Flores was sent to a warmer clime, Luciano Tapía -and Thomas King were executed. Tapía's case was rather regrettable, -for he had been a respectable laborer at San Luis Obispo until Flores, -meeting him, persuaded him to abandon honest work. Tapía came to Los -Angeles, joined the robber band and was one of those who helped to -kill Sheriff Barton. - -In 1857, the Sisters of Charity founded the Los Angeles Infirmary, the -first regular hospital in the city, with Sister Ana, for years well -known here, as Sister Superior. For a while, temporary quarters were -taken in the house long occupied by Don José María Aguilar and family, -which property the Sisters soon purchased; but the next year they -bought some land from Don Luis Arenas, adjoining Don José Andrés -Sepúlveda's, and were thus enabled to enlarge the hospital. Their -service being the best, in time they were enabled to acquire a -good-sized, two-story building of brick, in the upper part of the -city; and there their patients enjoyed the refreshing and -health-restoring environment of garden and orchard. - -It was not until this year that, on the corner of Alameda and Bath -streets, Oscar Macy, City Treasurer in 1887-88, opened the first -public bath house, having built a water-wheel with small cans attached -to the paddles, to dip water up from the Alameda _zanja_, as a medium -for supplying his tank. He provided hot water as well as cold. Oscar -charged fifty cents a bath, and furnished soap and towels. - -In 1857, the steamship _Senator_ left San Francisco on the fifth and -twentieth of each month and so continued until the people wanted a -steamer at least once every ten days. - -Despite the inconvenience and expense of obtaining water for the home, -it was not until February 24th that Judge W. G. Dryden--who, with a -man named McFadden, had established the nucleus of a system--was -granted a franchise to distribute water from his land, and to build a -water-wheel in the _zanja madre_. The Dryden, formerly known as the -Ábila Springs and later the source of the Beaudry supply, were near -the site selected for the San Fernando Street Railway Station; and -from these springs water was conveyed by a _zanja_ to the Plaza. -There, in the center, a brick tank, perhaps ten feet square and -fifteen feet high, was constructed; and this was filled by means of -pumps, while from the tank wooden pipes distributed water to the -consumer. - -So infrequently did we receive intelligence from the remoter parts of -the world throughout the fifties that sometimes a report, especially -if apparently authentic, when finally it reached here, created real -excitement. I recall, more or less vividly, the arrival of the stages -from the _Senator_, late in March, and the stir made when the news was -passed from mouth to mouth that Livingstone, the explorer, had at last -been heard from in far-off and unknown Africa. - -Los Angeles schools were then open only part of the year, the School -Board being compelled, in the spring, to close them for want of money. -William Wolfskill, however, rough pioneer though he was, came to the -Board's rescue. He was widely known as an advocate of popular -education, having, as I have said, his own private teachers; and to -his lasting honor, he gave the Board sufficient funds to make possible -the reopening of one of the schools. - -In 1857, I again revisited San Francisco. During the four years since -my first visit a complete metamorphosis had taken place. Tents and -small frame structures were being largely replaced with fine buildings -of brick and stone; many of the sand dunes had succumbed to the march -of improvement; gardens were much more numerous, and the uneven -character of streets and sidewalks had been wonderfully improved. In a -word, the spirit of Western progress was asserting itself, and the -city by the Golden Gate was taking on a decidedly metropolitan -appearance. - -Notwithstanding various attempts at citrus culture in Southern -California, some time elapsed before there was much of an orange or -lemon industry in this vicinity. In 1854, a Dr. Halsey started an -orange and lime nursery, on the Rowland place, which he soon sold to -William Wolfskill, for four thousand dollars; and in April, 1857, when -there were not many more than a hundred orange trees bearing fruit in -the whole county, Wolfskill planted several thousand and so -established what was to be, for that time, the largest orange orchard -in the United States. He had thrown away a good many of the lemon -trees received from Halsey, because they were frost-bitten; but he -still had some lemon, orange and olive trees left. Later, under the -more scientific care of his son, Joseph Wolfskill, who extended the -original Wolfskill grove, this orchard was made to yield very large -crops. - -In 1857, a group of Germans living in San Francisco bought twelve -hundred acres of waste, sandy land, at two dollars an acre, from Don -Pacífico Onteveras, and on it started the town of Anaheim--a name -composed of the Spanish _Ana_, from Santa Ana, and the German _Heim_, -for home; and this was the first settlement in the county founded -after my arrival. This land formed a block about one and a quarter -miles square, some three miles from the Santa Ana River, and five -miles from the residence of Don Bernardo Yorba, from whom the company -received special privileges. A. Langenberger, a German, who married -Yorba's daughter, was probably one of the originators of the Anaheim -plan; at any rate, his influence with his father-in-law was of value -to his friends in completing the deal. There were fifty shareholders, -who paid seven hundred and fifty dollars each, with an Executive -Council composed of Otmar Caler, President; G. Charles Kohler, -Vice-President; Cyrus Beythien, Treasurer; and John Fischer, -Secretary; while John Fröhling, R. Emerson, Felix Bachman, who was a -kind of Sub-treasurer, and Louis Jazyinsky, made up the Los Angeles -Auditing Committee. George Hansen, afterward the colony's -Superintendent, surveyed the tract and laid it out in fifty -twenty-acre lots, with streets and a public park; around it a live -fence of some forty to fifty thousand willow cuttings, placed at -intervals of a couple of feet, was planted. A main canal, six to seven -miles long, with a fall of fifteen to twenty feet, brought abundant -water from the Santa Ana River, while some three hundred and fifty -miles of lateral ditches distributed the water to the lots. On each -lot, some eight or ten thousand grape vines were set out, the first as -early as January, 1858. On December 15th, 1859, the stockholders came -south to settle on their partially-cultivated land; and although but -one among the entire number knew anything about wine-making, the dream -of the projectors--to establish there the largest vineyard in the -world--bade fair to come true. The colonists were quite a curious -mixture--two or three carpenters, four blacksmiths, three watchmakers, -a brewer, an engraver, a shoemaker, a poet, a miller, a bookbinder, -two or three merchants, a hatter and a musician; but being mostly of -sturdy, industrious German stock, they soon formed such a prosperous -and important little community that, by 1876, the settlement had grown -to nearly two thousand people. A peculiar plan was adopted for -investment, sale and compensation: each stockholder paid the same -price at the beginning, and later all drew for the lots, the -apportionment being left to chance; but since the pieces of land were -conceded to have dissimilar values, those securing the better lots -equalized in cash with their less lucky associates. Soon after 1860, -when Langenberger had erected the first hotel there, Anaheim took a -leading place in the production of grapes and wine; and this position -of honor it kept until, in 1888, a strange disease suddenly attacked -and, within a single year, killed all the vines, after which the -cultivation of oranges and walnuts was undertaken. Kohler and Fröhling -had wineries in both San Francisco and Los Angeles, the latter being -adjacent to the present corner of Central Avenue and Seventh Street; -and this firm purchased most of Anaheim's grape crop, although some -vineyard owners made their own wine. Morris L. Goodman, by the way, -was here at an early period, and was one of the first settlers of -Anaheim. - -Hermann Heinsch, a native of Prussia, arrived in Los Angeles in 1857 -and soon after engaged in the harness and saddlery business. On March -8th, 1863, he was married to Mary Haap. Having become proficient at -German schools in both music and languages, Heinsch lent his time and -efforts to the organization and drill of Germans here, and contributed -much to the success of both the Teutonia and the Turnverein. In 1869, -the Heinsch Building was erected at the corner of Commercial and Los -Angeles streets; and as late as 1876 this was a shopping district, a -Mrs. T. J. Baker having a dressmaking establishment there. After a -prosperous career, Heinsch died on January 13th, 1883; his wife -followed him on April 14th, 1906. R. C. Heinsch, a son, survives them. - -Major Walter Harris Harvey, a native of Georgia once a cadet at West -Point, but dismissed for his pranks (who about the middle of the -fifties married Eleanor, eldest full sister of John G. Downey, and -became the father of J. Downey Harvey, now living in San Francisco), -settled in California shortly after the Mexican War. During the first -week in May, 1857, or some four years before he died, Major Harvey -arrived from Washington with an appointment as Register of the Land -Office, in place of H. P. Dorsey. At the same time, Don Agustin Olvera -was appointed Receiver, in lieu of General Andrés Pico. These and -other rotations in office were due, of course, to national -administration changes, President Buchanan having recently been -inaugurated. - -One of the interesting legal inquiries of the fifties was conducted in -1857 when, in the District Court here, António María Lugo, crowned -with the white of seventy-six winters, testified, at a hearing to -establish certain claims to land, as to what he knew of old _ranchos_ -hereabouts, recalling many details of the pueblo and incidents as far -back as 1785. He had seen the San Rafael Ranch, for example, in 1790, -and he had also roamed, as a young man, over the still older Dominguez -and Nietos hills. - -Charles Henry Forbes, who was born at the Mission San José, came to -Los Angeles County in 1857 and, though but twenty-two years old, was -engaged by Don Abel Stearns to superintend his various _ranchos_, -becoming Stearns's business manager in 1866, with a small office on -the ground-floor of the Arcadia Block. In 1864, Forbes married Doña -Luisa Olvera, daughter of Judge Agustin Olvera, and a graduate of the -Sisters' school. On the death of Don Abel, in 1871, Forbes settled up -Stearns's large estate, retaining his professional association with -Doña Arcadia, after her marriage to Colonel Baker, and even until he -died in May, 1894. - -As I have intimated, the principal industry throughout Los Angeles -County, and indeed throughout Southern California, up to the sixties, -was the raising of cattle and horses--an undertaking favored by a -people particularly fond of leisure and knowing little of the latent -possibilities in the land; so that this entire area of magnificent -soil supported herds which provided the whole population in turn, -directly or indirectly, with a livelihood. The live stock subsisted -upon the grass growing wild all over the county, and the prosperity of -Southern California therefore depended entirely upon the season's -rainfall. This was true to a far greater extent than one might -suppose, for water-development had received no attention outside of -Los Angeles. If the rainfall was sufficient to produce feed, dealers -came from the North and purchased our stock, and everybody thrived; -if, on the other hand, the season was dry, cattle and horses died and -the public's pocket-book shrank to very unpretentious dimensions. As -an incident in even a much later period than that which I here have in -mind, I can distinctly remember that I would rise three or four times -during a single meal to see if the overhanging clouds had yet begun to -give that rain which they had seemed to promise, and which was so -vital to our prosperity. - -As for rain, I am reminded that every newspaper in those days devoted -much space to weather reports or, rather, to gossip about the weather -at other points along the Coast, as well as to the consequent -prospects here. The weather was the one determining factor in the -problem of a successful or a disastrous season, and became a very -important theme when ranchers and others congregated at our store. - -And here I may mention, _à propos_ of this matter of rainfall and its -general effects, that there were millions of ground-squirrels all over -this country that shared with other animals the ups and downs of the -season. When there was plenty of rain, these squirrels fattened and -multiplied; but when evil days came, they sickened, starved and -perished. On the other hand, great overflows, due to heavy rainfalls, -drowned many of these troublesome little rodents. - -The raising of sheep had not yet developed any importance at the time -of my arrival; most of the mutton then consumed in Los Angeles coming -from Santa Cruz Island, in the Santa Bárbara Channel, though some was -brought from San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands. On the latter, -there was a herd of from eight to ten thousand sheep in which Oscar -Macy later acquired an interest; and L. Harris, father-in-law of H. W. -Frank, the well- and favorably-known President and member of the Board -of Education, also had extensive herds there. They ran wild and needed -very little care, and only semi-yearly visits were made to look after -the shearing, packing and shipping of the wool. Santa Cruz Island had -much larger herds, and steamers running to and from San Francisco -often stopped there to take on sheep and sheep-products. - -Santa Catalina Island, for years the property of Don José María -Covarrúbias--and later of the eccentric San Francisco pioneer James -Lick, who crossed the plains in the same party with the Lanfranco -brothers and tried to induce them to settle in the North--was not far -from San Clemente; and there, throughout the extent of her hills and -vales, roamed herd after herd of wild goats. Early seafarers, I -believe it has been suggested, accustomed to carry goats on their -sailing vessels, for a supply of milk, probably deposited some of the -animals on Catalina; but however that may be, hunting parties to this -day explore the mountains in search of them. - -Considering, therefore, the small number of sheep here about 1853, it -is not uninteresting to note that, according to old records of San -Gabriel for the winter of 1828-29, there were then at the Mission no -less than fifteen thousand sheep; while in 1858, on the other hand, -according to fairly accurate reports, there were fully twenty thousand -sheep in Los Angeles County. Two years later, the number had doubled. - -George Carson, a New Yorker who came here in 1852, and after whom -Carson Station is named, was one of the first to engage in the sheep -industry. Soon after he arrived, he went into the livery business, to -which he gave attention even when in partnership successively with -Sanford, Dean and Hicks in the hardware business, on Commercial -Street. On July 30th, 1857, Carson married Doña Victoria, a daughter -of Manuel Dominguez; but it was not until 1864 that, having sold out -his two business interests (the livery to George Butler and the -hardware to his partner), he moved to the ranch of his father-in-law, -where he continued to live, assisting Dominguez with the management of -his great property. Some years later, Carson bought four or five -hundred acres of land adjoining the Dominguez acres and turned his -attention to sheep. Later still, he became interested in the -development of thoroughbred cattle and horses, but continued to help -his father-in-law in the directing of his ranch. When rain favored the -land, Carson, in common with his neighbors, amassed wealth; but during -dry years he suffered disappointment and loss, and on one occasion was -forced to take his flocks, then consisting of ten thousand sheep, to -the mountains, where he lost all but a thousand head. It cost him ten -thousand dollars to save the latter, which amount far exceeded their -value. In this movement of stock, he took with him, as his lieutenant, -a young Mexican named Martin Cruz whom he had brought up on the -_rancho_. Carson was one of my cronies, while I was still young and -single; and we remained warm friends until he died. - -Almost indescribable excitement followed the substantiated reports, -received in the fall of 1857, that a train of emigrants from Missouri -and Arkansas, on their way to California, had been set upon by -Indians, near Mountain Meadow, Utah, on September 7th, and that -thirty-six members of the party had been brutally killed. Particularly -were the Gentiles of the Southwest stirred up when it was learned that -the assault had been planned and carried through by one Lee, a Mormon, -whose act sprang rather from the frenzy of a madman than from the -deliberation of a well-balanced mind. The attitude of Brigham Young -toward the United States Government, at that time, and his alleged -threat to "turn the Indians loose" upon the whites, added color to the -assertion that Young's followers were guilty of the massacre; but -fuller investigation has absolved the Mormons, I believe, as a -society, from any complicity in the awful affair. Some years later the -two Oatman girls were rescued from the Indians (by whom they had been -tattooed), and for a while they stayed at Ira Thompson's, where I saw -them. - -In 1857, J. G. Nichols was reëlected Mayor of Los Angeles, and began -several improvements he had previously advocated, especially the -irrigating of the plain below the city. By August 2d, _Zanja_ No. 2 -was completed; and this brought about the building of the Aliso Mill -and the further cultivation of much excellent land. - -One of the passengers that left San Francisco with me for San Pedro on -October 18th, 1853, who later became a successful citizen of Southern -California, was Edward N. McDonald, a native of New York State. We had -sailed from New York together, and together had finished the long -journey to the Pacific Coast, after which I lost track of him. -McDonald had intended proceeding farther south, and I was surprised at -meeting him on the street, some weeks after my arrival, in Los -Angeles. Reaching San Pedro, he contracted to enter the service of -Alexander & Banning, and remained with Banning for several years, -until he formed a partnership with John O. Wheeler's brother, who -later went to Japan. McDonald, subsequently raised sheep on a large -scale and acquired much ranch property; and in 1876, he built the -block on Main Street bearing his name. Sixteen years later, he erected -another structure, opposite the first one. When McDonald died at -Wilmington, on June 10th, 1899, he left his wife an estate valued at -about one hundred and sixty thousand dollars which must have increased -in value, since then, many fold. - -N. A. Potter, a Rhode Islander, came to Los Angeles in 1855, bringing -with him a stock of Yankee goods and opening a store; and two years -later he bought a two-story brick building on Main Street, opposite -the Bella Union. Louis Jazynsky was a partner with Potter, for a -while, under the firm name of Potter & Company; but later Jazynsky -left Los Angeles for San Francisco. Potter died here in 1868. - -Possibly the first instance of an Angeleño proffering a gift to the -President of the United States--and that, too, of something -characteristic of this productive soil and climate--was when Henry D. -Barrows, in September, called on President Buchanan, in Washington -and, on behalf of William Wolfskill, Don Manuel Requena and himself, -gave the Chief Executive some California fruit and wine. - -I have before me a Ledger of the year 1857; it is a medium-sized -volume bound in leather, and on the outside cover is inscribed, in the -bold, old-fashioned handwriting of fifty-odd years ago, the simple -legend, - - NEWMARK, KREMER & COMPANY - -Each page is headed with the name of some still-remembered worthy of -that distant day who was a customer of the old firm; and in 1857, a -customer was always a friend. According to the method of that period -the accounts are closed, not with balancing entries and red lines but, -in the blackest of black ink, with the good, straightforward and -positive inscription, _Settled_. - -The perusal of this old book carries me back over the vanished years. -As the skull in the hand of the ancient monk, so does this antiquated -volume recall to me how transitory is this life and all its affairs. A -few remain to tell a younger generation the story of the early days; -but the majority, even as in 1857 they carefully balanced their scores -in this old Ledger, have now closed their accounts in the great Book -of Life. They have settled with their heaviest Creditor; they have -gone before Him to render their last account. With few or no -exceptions, they were a manly, sterling race, and I have no doubt that -He found their assets far greater than their liabilities. - - - - -CHAPTER XVI - -MARRIAGE--THE BUTTERFIELD STAGES - -1858 - - -In January, 1858, I engaged, in the sheep business. After some -investigation, I selected and purchased for an insignificant sum, just -west of the present Hollenbeck Home on Boyle Avenue, a convenient -site, which consisted of twenty acres of land, through which a ditch -conducted water to Don Felipe Lugo's San António _rancho_--a flow -quite sufficient, at the time, for my herd. These sheep I pastured on -adjacent lands belonging to the City; and as others often did the -same, no one said me Nay. Everything progressed beautifully until the -first of May, when the ditch ran dry. Upon making inquiry, I learned -that the City had permitted Lugo to dig a private ditch across this -twenty-acre tract to his ranch, and to use what water he needed during -the rainy season; but that in May, when the authorities resumed their -irrigation service, the privilege was withdrawn. I was thus deprived -of water for the sheep. - -Despite the fact that there was an adobe on the land, I could not -dispose of the property at any price. One day a half-breed known as -the Chicken Thief called on me and offered a dozen chickens for the -adobe, but--not a chicken for the land! Stealing chickens was this -man's profession; and I suppose that he offered me the medium of -exchange he was most accustomed to have about him. - -Sheriff William C. Getman had been warned, in the tragic days of 1858, -to look out for a maniac named Reed; but almost courting such an -emergency, Getman (once a dashing Lieutenant of the Rangers and -bearing grapeshot wounds from his participation in the Siege of -Mexico) went, on the seventh of January, with Francis Baker to a -pawnbroker, whose establishment, near Los Angeles and Aliso streets, -was popularly known as the Monte Pio. There the officers found Reed -locked and barricaded in a room; and while the Sheriff was endeavoring -to force an entrance, Reed suddenly threw open the door, ran out and, -to the dismay of myself and many others gathered to witness the -arrest, pulled a pistol from his pocket, discharged the weapon, and -Getman dropped on the spot. The maniac then retreated into the -pawnbroker's from which he fired at the crowd. Deputy Baker--later -assistant to Marshal Warren, who was shot by Dye--finally killed the -desperado, but not before Reed had fired twenty to thirty shots, four -or five of which passed through Baker's clothing. When the excited -crowd broke into the shop, it was found that the madman had been armed -with two derringers, two revolvers and a bowie knife--a convenient -little arsenal which he had taken from the money-lender's stock. The -news of the affray spread rapidly through the town and everywhere -created great regret. Baker, who had sailed around the Horn a couple -of years before I arrived, died on May 17th, 1899, after having been -City Marshal and Tax Collector. - -Such trouble with men inclined to use firearms too freely was not -confined to maniacs or those bent on revenge or robbery. On one -occasion, for example, about 1858, while passing along the street I -observed Gabriel Allen, known among his intimates as Gabe Allen, a -veteran of the War with Mexico--and some years later a Supervisor--on -one of his jollifications, with Sheriff Getman following close at his -heels. Having arrived in front of a building, Gabe suddenly raised his -gun and aimed at a carpenter who was at work on the roof. Getman -promptly knocked Allen down; whereupon the latter said, "You've got -me, Billy!" Allen's only purpose, it appeared, was to take a shot at -the innocent stranger and thus test his marksmanship. - -This Gabe Allen was really a notorious character, though not -altogether bad. When sober, he was a peaceable man; but when on a -spree, he was decidedly warlike and on such occasions always "shot up -the town." While on one of these jamborees, for example, he was heard -to say, "I'll shoot, if I only kill six of them!" In later life, -however, Allen married a Mexican lady who seems to have had a -mollifying influence; and thereafter he lived at peace with the world. - -During the changing half-century or more of which I write, Los Angeles -has witnessed many exciting street scenes, but it is doubtful if any -exhibition here ever called to doors, windows and the dusty streets a -greater percentage of the entire population than that of the -Government camels driven through the town on January 8th, 1858, under -the martial and spectacular command of Ned, otherwise Lieutenant, and -later General and Ambassador E. F. Beale, and the forbear of the -so-called hundred million dollar McLean baby; the same Lieutenant -Beale who opened up Beale's Route from the Rio Grande to Fort Tejón. -The camels had just come in from the fort, having traveled forty or -more miles a day across the desert, to be loaded with military stores -and provisions. As early as the beginning of the fifties, Jefferson -Davis, then in Congress, had advocated, but without success, the -appropriation of thirty thousand dollars for the purchase of such -animals, believing that they could be used on the overland routes and -would prove especially serviceable in desert regions; and when Davis, -in 1854, as Secretary of War, secured the appropriation for which he -had so long contended, he despatched American army officers to Egypt -and Arabia to make the purchase. Some seventy or seventy-five camels -were obtained and transported to Texas by the storeship _Supply_; and -in the Lone Star State the herd was divided into two parts, half being -sent to the Gadsden Purchase, afterward Arizona, and half to -Albuquerque. In a short time, the second division was put in charge of -Lieutenant Beale who was assisted by native camel-drivers brought from -abroad. Among these was Philip Tedro, or Hi Jolly--who had been picked -up by Commodore Dave Porter--and Greek George, years afterward host -to bandit Vasquez; and camels and drivers made several trips back and -forth across the Southwest country. Once headquartered at Fort Tejón, -they came to Los Angeles every few weeks for provisions; each time -creating no little excitement among the adult population and affording -much amusement, as they passed along the streets, to the small boy. - -To return to Pancho Daniel, the escaped leader of the Barton -murderers. He was heard from occasionally, as foraging north toward -San Luis Obispo, and was finally captured, after repeated efforts to -entrap and round him up, by Sheriff Murphy, on January 19th, 1858, -while hiding in a haystack near San José. When he was brought to Los -Angeles, he was jailed, and then released on bail. Finally, Daniel's -lawyers secured for him a change of venue to Santa Bárbara; and this -was the last abuse that led the public again to administer a little -law of its own. Early on the morning of November 30th, Pancho's body -was found hanging by the neck at the gateway to the County Jail yard, -a handful of men having overpowered the keeper, secured the key and -the prisoner, and sent him on a journey with a different destination -from Santa Bárbara. - -On February 25th, fire started in Childs & Hicks's store, on Los -Angeles Street, and threatened both the Bella Union and _El Palacio_, -then the residence of Don Abel Stearns. The brick in the building of -Felix Bachman & Company and the volunteer bucket-brigade prevented a -general conflagration. Property worth thousands of dollars was -destroyed, Bachman & Company alone carrying insurance. The -conflagration demonstrated the need of a fire engine, and a -subscription was started to get one. - -Weeks later workmen, rummaging among the _débris_, found five thousand -dollars in gold, which discovery produced no little excitement. Childs -claimed the money as his, saying that it had been stolen from him by a -thieving clerk; but the workmen, undisturbed by law, kept the -treasure. - -A new four-page weekly newspaper appeared on March 24th, bearing the -suggestive title, the _Southern Vineyard_, and the name of Colonel J. -J. Warner, as editor. By December, it had become a semi-weekly. -Originally Democratic, it now favored the Union party; it was edited -with ability, but died on June 8th, 1860. - -On March 24th, I married Sarah, second daughter of Joseph Newmark, to -whom I had been engaged since 1856. She was born on January 9th, 1841, -and had come to live in Los Angeles in 1854. The ceremony, performed -by the bride's father, took place at the family home, at what is now -501 North Main Street, almost a block from the Plaza, on the site of -the Brunswig Drug Company; and there we continued to live until about -1860. - -At four o'clock, a small circle of intimates was welcomed at dinner; -and in the evening there was a house-party and dance, for which -invitations printed on lace-paper, in the typography characteristic of -that day, had been sent out. Among the friends who attended, were the -military officers stationed at Fort Tejón, including Major Bell, the -commanding officer, and Lieutenant John B. Magruder, formerly Colonel -at San Diego and later a Major General in the Civil War, commanding -Confederate forces in the Peninsula and in Texas, and eventually -serving under Maximilian in Mexico. Other friends still living in Los -Angeles who were present are Mr. and Mrs. S. Lazard, Mrs. S. C. Foy, -William H. Workman, C. E. Thom and H. D. Barrows. Men rarely went out -unarmed at night, and most of our male visitors doffed their -weapons--both pistols and knives--as they came in, spreading them -around in the bedrooms. The ladies brought their babies with them for -safe-keeping, and the same rooms were placed at their disposal. -Imagine, if you can, the appearance of this nursery-arsenal! - - [Illustration: Harris Newmark, when (about) Thirty-four Years Old] - - [Illustration: Sarah Newmark, when (about) Twenty-four Years of Age] - - [Illustration: Facsimile of Harris and Sarah Newmark's Wedding - Invitation] - -It was soon after we were married that my wife said to me one day, -rather playfully, but with a touch of sadness, that our meeting might -easily have never taken place; and when I inquired what she meant, she -described an awful calamity that had befallen the Greenwich Avenue -school in New York City, which she attended as a little girl, and -where several hundred pupils were distributed in different -classrooms. The building was four stories in height; the ground floor -paved with stones, was used as a playroom; the primary department was -on the second floor; the more advanced pupils occupied the third; -while the top floor served as a lecture-room. - -On the afternoon of November 20th, 1851, Miss Harrison, the Principal -of the young ladies' department, suddenly fell in a faint, and the -resulting screams for water, being misunderstood, led to the awful cry -of _Fire!_ It was known that the pupils made a dash for the various -doors and were soon massed around the stairway, yet a difference of -opinion existed as to the cause of the tragedy. My wife always said -that the staircase, which led from the upper to the first floor, _en -caracole_, gave way, letting the pupils fall; while others contended -that the bannister snapped asunder, hurling the crowded unfortunates -over the edge to the pavement beneath. A frightful fatality resulted. -Hundreds of pupils of all ages were precipitated in heaps on to the -stone floor, with a loss of forty-seven lives and a hundred or more -seriously crippled. - -My wife, who was a child of but eleven years, was just about to jump -with the rest when a providential hand restrained and saved her. - -News of the disaster quickly spread, and in a short time the crowd of -anxious parents, kinsfolk and friends who had hastened to the scene in -every variety of vehicle and on foot, was so dense that the police had -the utmost difficulty in removing the wounded, dying and dead. - -From Geneva, Switzerland, in 1854, a highly educated French lady, -Mlle. Theresa Bry, whose oil portrait hangs in the County Museum, -reached Los Angeles, and four years later married François Henriot, a -gardener by profession, who had come from _la belle France_ in 1851. -Together, on First Street near Los Angeles, they conducted a private -school which enjoyed considerable patronage; removing the institution, -in the early eighties, to the Arroyo Seco district. This matrimonial -transaction, on account of the unequal social stations of the -respective parties, caused some little flurry: in contrast to her own -beauty and ladylike accomplishments, François's manners were -unrefined, his stature short and squatty, while his full beard -(although it inspired respect, if not a certain feeling of awe, when -he came to exercise authority in the school) was scraggy and unkempt. -Mme. Henriot died in 1888, aged eighty-seven years, and was followed -to the grave by her husband five years later. - -In 1858, the outlook for business brightened in Los Angeles; and Don -Abel Stearns, who had acquired riches as a _ranchero_, built the -Arcadia Block, on the corner of Los Angeles and Arcadia streets, -naming it after his wife, Doña Arcadia, who, since these memoirs were -commenced, has joined the silent majority. The structure cost about -eighty thousand dollars, and was talked of for some time as the most -notable business block south of San Francisco. The newspapers hailed -it as an ornament to the city and a great step toward providing what -the small and undeveloped community then regarded as a fire-proof -structure for business purposes. Because, however, of the dangerous -overflow of the Los Angeles River in rainy seasons, Stearns elevated -the building above the grade of the street and to such an extent that, -for several years, his store-rooms remained empty. But the enterprise -at once bore some good fruit; to make the iron doors and shutters of -the block, he started a foundry on New High Street and soon created -some local iron-casting trade. - -On April 24th, Señora Guadalupe Romero died at the age, it is said, of -one hundred and fifteen years. She came to Los Angeles, I was told, as -far back as 1781, the wife of one of the earliest soldiers sent here, -and had thus lived in the pueblo about seventy-seven years. - -Some chapters in the life of Henry Mellus are of more than passing -interest. Born in Boston, he came to California in 1835, with Richard -Henry Dana, in Captain Thompson's brig _Pilgrim_ made famous in the -story of _Two Years before the Mast_; clerked for Colonel Isaac -Williams when that Chino worthy had a little store where later the -Bella Union stood; returned to the East in 1837 and came back to the -Coast the second time as supercargo. Settling in San Francisco, he -formed with Howard the well-known firm of Howard & Mellus, which was -wiped out, by the great fire, in 1851. Again Mellus returned to -Massachusetts, and in 1858 for a third time came to California, at -length casting his fortune with us in growing Los Angeles. On Dana's -return to San Pedro and the Pacific Coast in 1859, Mellus--who had -married a sister of Francis Mellus's wife and had become a -representative citizen--entertained the distinguished advocate and -author, and drove him around Los Angeles to view the once familiar and -but little-altered scenes. Dana bore all his honors modestly, -apparently quite oblivious of the curiosity displayed toward him and -quite as unconscious that he was making one of the memorable visits in -the early annals of the town. Dana Street serves as a memorial to one -who contributed in no small degree to render the vicinity of Los -Angeles famous. - -Just what hotel life in Los Angeles was in the late fifties, or about -the time when Dana visited here, may be gathered from an anecdote -often told by Dr. W. F. Edgar, who came to the City of the Angels for -the first time in 1858. Dr. Edgar had been ordered to join an -expedition against the Mojave Indians which was to start from Los -Angeles for the Colorado River, and he put up at the old Bella Union, -expecting at least one good night's rest before taking to the saddle -again and making for the desert. Dr. Edgar found, however, to his -intense disgust, that the entire second story was overcrowded with -lodgers. Singing and loud talking were silenced, in turn, by the -protests of those who wanted to sleep; but finally a guest, too full -for expression but not so drunk that he was unable to breathe -hoarsely, staggered in from a Sonora Town ball, tumbled into bed with -his boots on, and commenced to snort, much like a pig. Under ordinary -circumstances, this infliction would have been grievous enough; but -the inner walls of the Bella Union were never overthick, and the -rhythmic snoring of the late-comer made itself emphatically audible -and proportionately obnoxious. Quite as emphatic, however, were the -objections soon raised by the fellow-guests, who not only raised them -but threw them, one after another--boots, bootjacks and sticks -striking, with heavy thud, the snorer's portal; but finding that even -these did not avail, the remonstrants, in various forms of deshabille, -rushed out and began to kick at the door of the objectionable bedroom. -Just at that moment the offender turned over with a grunt; and the -excited army of lodgers, baffled by the unresisting apathy of the -sleeper, retreated, each to his nest. The next day, breathing a sigh -of relief, Edgar forsook the heavenly regions of the Bella Union and -made for Cajón Pass, eventually reaching the Colorado and the place -where the expedition found the charred remains of emigrants' wagons, -the mournful evidence of Indian treachery and atrocity. - -Edgar's nocturnal experience reminds me of another in the good old -Bella Union. When Cameron E. Thom arrived here in the spring of 1854, -he engaged a room at the hotel which he continued to occupy for -several months, or until the rains of 1855 caused both roof and -ceiling to cave in during the middle of the night, not altogether -pleasantly arousing him from his slumbers. It was then that he moved -to Joseph Newmark's, where he lived for some time, through which -circumstance we became warm friends. - -Big, husky, hearty Jacob Kuhrts, by birth a German and now living here -at eighty-one years of age, left home, as a mere boy, for the sea, -visiting California on a vessel from China as early as 1848, and -rushing off to Placer County on the outbreak of the gold-fever. -Roughing it for several years and narrowly escaping death from -Indians, Jake made his first appearance in Los Angeles in 1858, soon -after which I met him, when he was eking out a livelihood doing odd -jobs about town, a fact leading me to conclude that his success at the -mines was hardly commensurate with the privations endured. It was just -about that time, when he was running a dray, that, attracted by a -dance among Germans, Jake dropped in as he was; but how sorry an -appearance he made may perhaps be fancied when I say that the -door-keeper, eyeing him suspiciously, refused him admission and -advised him to go home and put on his Sunday go-to-meetings. Jake went -and, what is more important, fortunately returned; for while spinning -around on the knotty floor, he met, fell in love with and ogled -Fräulein Susan Buhn, whom somewhat later he married. In 1864, Kuhrts -had a little store on Spring Street near the adobe City Hall; and -there he prospered so well that by 1866 he had bought the northwest -corner of Main and First streets, and put up the building he still -owns. For twelve years he conducted a grocery in a part of that -structure, living with his family in the second story, after which he -was sufficiently prosperous to retire. Active as his business life has -been, Jake has proved his patriotism time and again, devoting his -efforts as a City Father, and serving, sometimes without salary, as -Superintendent of Streets, Chief of the Fire Department and Fire -Commissioner. - -In 1858, John Temple built what is now the south wing of the Temple -Block standing directly opposite the Bullard Building; but the Main -Street stores being, like Stearns's Arcadia Block, above the level of -the sidewalk and, therefore, reached only by several steps, proved -unpopular and did not rent, although Tischler & Schlesinger, heading a -party of grain-buyers, stored some wheat in them for a while or until -the grain, through its weight, broke the flooring, and was -precipitated into the cellar; and even as late as 1859, after -telegraph connection with San Francisco had been completed, only one -little space on the Spring Street side, in size not more than eight by -ten feet, was rented, the telegraph company being the tenants. One day -William Wolfskill, pointing to the structure, exclaimed to his -friends: "What a pity that Temple put all his money there! Had he not -gone into building so extravagantly, he might now be a rich man." -Wolfskill himself, however, later commenced the construction of a -small block on Main Street, opposite the Bella Union, to be occupied -by S. Lazard & Company, but which he did not live to see completed. - -Later on, the little town grew and, as this property became more -central, Temple removed the steps and built the stores flush with the -sidewalk, after which wide-awake merchants began to move into them. -One of Temple's first important tenants on Main Street was Daniel -Desmond, the hatter. His store was about eighteen by forty feet. Henry -Slotterbeck, the well-known gunsmith, was another occupant. He always -carried a large stock of gunpowder, which circumstance did not add -very much to the security of the neighborhood. - -On the Court Street side, Jake Philippi was one of the first to -locate, and there he conducted a sort of _Kneipe_. His was a large -room, with a bar along the west side. The floor was generously -sprinkled with sawdust, and in comfortable armchairs, around the good, -old-fashioned redwood tables, frequently sat many of his German -friends and patrons, gathered together to indulge in a game of -_Pedro_, _Skat_ or whist, and to pass the time pleasantly away. Some -of those who thus met together at Jake Phillippi's, at different -periods of his occupancy, were Dr. Joseph Kurtz, H. Heinsch, Conrad -Jacoby, Abe Haas, C. F. Heinzeman, P. Lazarus, Edward Pollitz, A. -Elsaesser and B. F. Drackenfeld, who was a brother-in-law of Judge -Erskine M. Ross and claimed descent from some dwellers on the Rhine. -He succeeded Frank Lecouvreur as bookkeeper for H. Newmark & Company, -and was in turn succeeded, on removing to New York, by Pollitz; while -the latter was followed by John S. Stower, an Englishman now residing -in London, whose immediate predecessor was Richard Altschul. -Drackenfeld attained prominence in New York, and both Altschul and -Pollitz in San Francisco. Of these, Drackenfeld and Pollitz are dead. - -Most of these convivial frequenters at Phillipi's belonged to a sort -of _Deutscher Klub_ which met, at another period, in a little room in -the rear of the corner of Main and Requena streets, just over the cool -cellar then conducted by Bayer & Sattler. A stairway connected the two -floors, and by means of that communication the _Klub_ obtained its -supply of lager beer. This fact recalls an amusing incident. When -Philip Lauth and Louis Schwarz succeeded Christian Henne in the -management of the brewery at the corner of Main and Third streets, the -_Klub_ was much dissatisfied with the new brew and forthwith had Bayer -& Sattler send to Milwaukee for beer made by Philip Best. Getting -wind of the matter, Lauth met the competition by at once putting on -the market a brand more wittily than appropriately known as "Philip's -Best." Sattler left Los Angeles in the early seventies and established -a coffee-plantation in South America where, one day, he was killed by -a native wielding a _machete_. - -The place, which was then known as Joe Bayer's, came to belong to Bob -Eckert, a German of ruddy complexion and auburn hair, whose -good-nature brought him so much patronage that in course of time he -opened a large establishment at Santa Monica. - -John D. Woodworth, a cousin, so it was said, of Samuel Woodworth, the -author of _The Old Oaken Bucket_, and father of Wallace Woodworth who -died in 1883, was among the citizens active here in 1858, being -appointed Postmaster, on May 19th of that year, by President Buchanan. -Then the Post Office, for a twelvemonth in the old Lanfranco Block, -was transferred north on Main Street until, a year or two later, it -was located near Temple and Spring streets. - -In June, the Surveyor-General of California made an unexpected demand -on the authorities of Los Angeles County for all the public documents -relating to the County history under Spanish and Mexican rule. The -request was at first refused; but finally, despite the indignant -protests of the press, the invaluable records were shipped to San -Francisco. - -I believe it was late in the fifties that O. W. Childs contracted with -the City of Los Angeles to dig a water-ditch, perhaps sixteen hundred -feet long, eighteen inches wide and about eighteen inches deep. As I -recollect the transaction, the City allowed him one dollar per running -foot, and he took land in payment. While I cannot remember the exact -location of this land, it comprised in part the wonderfully important -square beginning at Sixth Street and running to Twelfth, and taking in -everything from Main Street as far as and including the present -Figueroa. When Childs put this property on the market, his wife named -several of the streets. Because of some grasshoppers in the vicinity, -she called the extension of Pearl Street (now Figueroa) Grasshopper -or Calle de los Chapules[17]; her Faith Street has been changed to -Flower; for the next street to the East, she selected the name of -Hope; while as if to complete the trio of the Graces, she christened -the adjoining roadway--since become Grand--Charity. The old Childs -home place sold to Henry E. Huntington some years ago, and which has -been subdivided, was a part of this land. - -None of the old settlers ever placed much value on real estate, and -Childs had no sooner closed this transaction than he proceeded to -distribute some of the land among his own and his wife's relatives. He -also gave to the Catholic Church the block later bounded by Sixth and -Seventh streets, between Broadway and Hill; where, until a few years -ago, stood St. Vincent's College, opened in 1855 on the Plaza, on the -site now occupied by the Pekin Curio Store. In the Boom year of 1887, -the Church authorities sold this block for one hundred thousand -dollars and moved the school to the corner of Charity and Washington -streets. - -Andrew A. Boyle, for whom the eastern suburb of Los Angeles, Boyle -Heights, was named by William H. Workman, arrived here in 1858. As -early as 1848, Boyle had set out from Mexico, where he had been in -business, to return to the United States, taking with him some twenty -thousand Mexican dollars, at that time his entire fortune, safely -packed in a fortified claret box. While attempting to board a steamer -from a frail skiff at the mouth of the Rio Grande, the churning by the -paddle-wheels capsized the skiff, and Boyle and his treasure were -thrown into the water. Boyle narrowly escaped with his life; but his -treasure went to the bottom, never to be recovered. It was then said -that Boyle had perished; and his wife, on hearing the false report, -was killed by the shock. Quite as serious, perhaps, was the fact that -an infant daughter was left on his hands--the same daughter who later -became the wife of my friend, William H. Workman. Confiding this child -to an aunt, Boyle went to the Isthmus where he opened a shoe store; -and later coming north, after a San Francisco experience in the -wholesale boot and shoe business, he settled on the bluff which was to -be thereafter associated with his family name. He also planted a small -vineyard, and in the early seventies commenced to make wine, digging a -cellar out of the hill to store his product. - -The brick house, built by Boyle on the Heights in 1858 and always a -center of hospitality, is still standing, although recently remodeled -by William H. Workman, Jr. (brother of Boyle Workman, the banker), who -added a third story and made a cosy dwelling; and it is probably, -therefore, the oldest brick structure in that part of the town. - -Mendel was a younger brother of Sam Meyer, and it is my impression -that he arrived here in the late fifties. He originally clerked for -his brother, and for a short time was in partnership with him and -Hilliard Loewenstein. In time, Meyer engaged in business for himself. -During a number of his best years, Mendel was well thought of -socially, with his fiddle often affording much amusement to his -friends. All in all, he was a good-hearted, jovial sort of a chap, who -too readily gave to others of his slender means. About 1875, he made a -visit to Europe and spent more than he could afford. At any rate, in -later life he did not prosper. He died in Los Angeles a number of -years ago. - -Thomas Copley came here in 1858, having met with many hardships while -driving an ox-team from Fort Leavenworth to Salt Lake and tramped the -entire eight hundred miles between the Mormon capital and San -Bernardino. On arriving, he became a waiter and worked for a while for -the Sisters' Hospital; subsequently he married a lady of about twice -his stature, retiring to private life with a competence. - -Another arrival of the late fifties was Manuel Ravenna, an Italian. He -started a grocery store and continued the venture for some time; then -he entered the saloon business on Main Street. Ravenna commissioned -Wells Fargo & Company to bring by express the first ice shipped to Los -Angeles for a commercial purpose, paying for it an initial price of -twelve and a half cents per pound. The ice came packed in blankets; -but the loss by melting, plus the expense of getting it here, made the -real cost about twenty-four cents a pound. Nevertheless, it was a -clever and profitable move, and brought Ravenna nearly all of the best -trade in town. - -John Butterfield was originally a New York stage-driver and later the -organizer of the American Express Company, as well as projector of the -Morse telegraph line between New York and Buffalo. As the head of John -Butterfield & Company, he was one of my customers in 1857. He -contracted with the United States, in 1858, as President of the -Overland Mail Company, to carry mail between San Francisco and the -Missouri River. To make this possible, sections of the road, afterward -popularly referred to as the Butterfield Route, were built; and the -surveyors, Bishop and Beale, were awarded the contract for part of the -work. It is my recollection that they used for this purpose some of -the camels imported by the United States Government, and that these -animals were in charge of Greek George to whom I have already -referred. - -Butterfield chose a route from San Francisco coming down the Coast to -Gilroy, San José and through the mountain passes; on to Visalia and -Fort Tejón, and then to Los Angeles, in all some four hundred and -sixty-two miles. From Los Angeles it ran eastward through El Monte, -San Bernardino, Temécula and Warner's Ranch to Fort Yuma, and then by -way of El Paso to St. Louis. In this manner, Butterfield arranged for -what was undoubtedly the longest continuous stage-line ever -established, the entire length being about two thousand, eight hundred -and eighty miles. The Butterfield stages began running in September, -1858; and when the first one from the East reached Los Angeles on -October 7th, just twenty days after it started, there was a great -demonstration, accompanied by bon-fires and the firing of cannon. On -this initial trip, just one passenger made the through journey--W. L. -Ormsby, a reporter for the New York _Herald_. This stage reached San -Francisco on October 10th, and there the accomplishment was the -occasion, as we soon heard, of almost riotous enthusiasm. - -Stages were manned by a driver and a conductor or messenger, both -heavily armed. Provender and relief stations were established along -the route, as a rule not more than twenty miles apart, and sometimes -half that distance. The schedule first called for two stages a week, -then one stage in each direction, every other day; and after a while -this plan was altered to provide for a stage every day. There was -little regularity, however, in the hours of departure, and still less -in the time of arrival, and I recollect once leaving for San Francisco -at the unearthly hour of two o'clock in the morning. - -So uncertain, indeed, were the arrival and departure of stages, that -not only were passengers often left behind, but mails were actually -undelivered because no authorized person was on hand, in the lone -hours of the night, to receive and distribute them. Such a ridiculous -incident occurred in the fall of 1858, when bags of mail destined for -Los Angeles were carried on to San Francisco, and were returned by the -stage making its way south and east, fully six days later! Local -newspapers were then more or less dependent for their exchanges from -the great Eastern centers on the courtesy of drivers or agents; and -editors were frequently acknowledging the receipt of such bundles, -from which, with scissors and paste, they obtained the so-called news -items furnished to their subscribers. - -George Lechler, here in 1853, who married Henry Hazard's sister, drove -a Butterfield stage and picked up orders for me from customers along -the route. - -B. W. Pyle, a Virginian by birth, arrived in Los Angeles in 1858, and -became, as far as I can recall, the first exclusive jeweler and -watchmaker, although Charley Ducommun, as I have said, had handled -jewelry and watches some years before in connection with other things. -Pyle's store adjoined that of Newmark, Kremer & Company on Commercial -Street, and I soon became familiar with his methods. He commissioned -many of the stage-drivers to work up business for him on the -Butterfield Route; and as his charges were enormous, he was enabled, -within three or four years, to establish himself in New York. He was -an exceedingly clever and original man and a good student of human -affairs, and I well remember his prediction that, if Lincoln should be -elected President, there would be Civil War. When the United States -Government first had under consideration the building of a -trans-isthmian canal, Pyle bought large tracts of land in Nicaragua, -believing that the Nicaraguan route would eventually be chosen. -Shortly after the selection of the Panamá survey, however, I read one -day in a local newspaper that B. W. Pyle had shot himself, at the age -of seventy years. - -In 1857, Phineas Banning purchased from one of the Dominguez brothers -an extensive tract some miles to the North of San Pedro, along the arm -of the sea, and established a new landing which, in a little while, -was to monopolize the harbor business and temporarily affect all -operations at the old place. Here, on September 25th, 1858, he started -a community called at first both San Pedro New Town and New San Pedro, -and later Wilmington--the latter name suggested by the capital of -Banning's native State of Delaware. Banning next cultivated a tract of -six hundred acres, planted with grain and fruit where, among other -evidences of his singular enterprise, there was soon to be seen a -large well, connected with a steam pump of sufficient force to supply -the commercial and irrigation wants of both Wilmington and San Pedro. -Banning's founding of the former town was due, in part, to heavy -losses sustained through a storm that seriously damaged his wharf, and -in part to his desire to outdo J. J. Tomlinson, his chief business -rival. The inauguration of the new shipping point, on October 1st, -1858, was celebrated by a procession on the water, when a line of -barges loaded with visitors from Los Angeles and vicinity, and with -freight, was towed to the decorated landing. A feature of the -dedication was the assistance rendered by the ladies, who even tugged -at the hawser, following which host and guests liberally partook of -the sparkling beverages contributing to enliven the festive occasion. - -In a short time, the shipping there gave evidence of Banning's -wonderful go-ahead spirit. He had had built, in San Francisco, a -small steamer and some lighters, for the purpose of carrying -passengers and baggage to the large steamships lying outside the -harbor. The enterprise was a shrewd move, for it shortened the -stage-trip about six miles and so gave the new route a considerable -advantage over that of all competitors. Banning, sometimes dubbed "the -Admiral," about the same time presented town lots to all of his -friends (including Eugene Meyer and myself), and with Timms Landing, -the place became a favorite beach resort; but for want of foresight, -most of these same lots were sold for taxes in the days of long ago. I -kept mine for many years and finally sold it for twelve hundred -dollars; while Meyer still owns his. As for Banning himself, he built -a house on Canal Street which he occupied many years, until he moved -to a more commodious home situated half a mile north of the original -location. - -At about this period, three packets plied between San Francisco and -San Diego every ten days, leaving the Commercial Street wharf of the -Northern city and stopping at various intermediate points including -Wilmington. These packets were the clipper-brig _Pride of the Sea_, -Captain Joseph S. Garcia; the clipper-brig _Boston_, Commander W. H. -Martin; and the clipper-schooner _Lewis Perry_, then new and in charge -of Captain Hughes. - -In the fall of 1858, finding that our business was not sufficiently -remunerative to support four families, Newmark, Kremer & Company -dissolved. In the dissolution, I took the clothing part of the -business, Newmark & Kremer retaining the dry goods. - -In November or December, Dr. John S. Griffin acquired San Pasqual -_rancho_, the fine property which had once been the pride of Don -Manuel Garfias. The latter had borrowed three thousand dollars, at -four per cent. per month, to complete his manorial residence, which -cost some six thousand dollars to build; but the ranch proving -unfavorable for cattle, and Don Manuel being a poor manager, the debt -of three thousand dollars soon grew into almost treble the original -amount. When Griffin purchased the place, he gave Garfias an -additional two thousand dollars to cover the stock, horses and -ranch-tools; but even at that the doctor drove a decided bargain. As -early as 1852, Garfias had applied to the Land Commission for a -patent; but this was not issued until April 3d, 1863, and the -document, especially interesting because it bore the signature of -Abraham Lincoln, brought little consolation to Garfias or his proud -wife, _née_ Ábila, who had then signed away all claim to the splendid -property which was in time to play such a _rôle_ in the development of -Los Angeles, Pasadena and their environs. - -On November 20th, Don Bernardo Yorba died, bequeathing to numerous -children and grandchildren an inheritance of one hundred and ten -thousand dollars' worth of personal property, in addition to -thirty-seven thousand acres of land. - -Sometime in December, 1858, Juan Domingo--or, as he was often called, -Juan Cojo or "Lame John," because of a peculiar limp--died at his -vineyard on the south side of Aliso Street, having for years enjoyed -the esteem of the community as a good, substantial citizen. Domingo, -who successfully conducted a wine and brandy business, was a Hollander -by birth, and in his youth had borne the name of Johann Groningen; but -after coming to California and settling among the Latin element, he -had changed it, for what reason will never be known, to Juan Domingo, -the Spanish for John Sunday. The coming of Domingo, in 1827, was not -without romance; he was a ship's carpenter and one of a crew of -twenty-five on the brig _Danube_ which sailed from New York and was -totally wrecked off San Pedro, only two or three souls (among them -Domingo) being saved and hospitably welcomed by the citizens. On -February 12th, 1839, he married a Spanish woman, Reymunda Feliz, by -whom he had a large family of children. A son, J. A. Domingo, was -living until at least recently. A souvenir of Domingo's lameness, in -the County Museum, is a cane with which the doughty sailor often -defended himself. Samuel Prentiss, a Rhode Islander, was another of -the _Danube's_ shipwrecked sailors who was saved. He hunted and fished -for a living and, about 1864 or 1865, died on Catalina Island; and -there, in a secluded spot, not far from the seat of his labors, he -was buried. As the result of a complicated lumber deal, Captain Joseph -S. Garcia, of the _Pride of the Sea_, obtained an interest in a small -vineyard owned by Juan Domingo and Sainsevain; and through this -relation Garcia became a minor partner of Sainsevain in the Cucamonga -winery. Mrs. Garcia is living in Pomona; the Captain died some ten -years ago at Ontario. - -_A propos_ of the three Louis, referred to--Breer, Lichtenberger and -Roeder--all of that sturdy German stock which makes for good American -citizenship, I do not suppose that there is any record of the exact -date of Breer's arrival, although I imagine that it was in the early -sixties. Lichtenberger, who served both as a City Father and City -Treasurer, arrived in 1864, while Roeder used to boast that the ship -on which he sailed to San Francisco, just prior to his coming to Los -Angeles, in 1856 brought the first news of Buchanan's election to the -Presidency. Of the three, Breer--who was known as Iron Louis, on -account of his magnificent physique, suggesting the poet's smith, -"with large and sinewy hands," and muscles as "strong as iron -bands,"--was the least successful; and truly, till the end of his -days, he earned his living by the sweat of his brow. In 1865, -Lichtenberger and Roeder formed a partnership which, in a few years, -was dissolved, each of them then conducting business independently -until, in comfortable circumstances, he retired. Roeder, an early and -enthusiastic member of the Pioneers, is never so proud as when paying -his last respects to a departed comrade: his unfeigned sorrow at the -loss apparently being compensated for, if one may so express it, by -the recognition he enjoyed as one of the society's official committee. -Two of the three Louis are dead.[18] Other early wheelwrights and -blacksmiths were Richard Maloney, on Aliso Street, near Lambourn & -Turner's grocery, and Page & Gravel, who took John Goller's shop when -he joined F. Foster at his Aliso Street forge. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[17] Mexican corruption of the Aztec _chapollin_, grasshopper. _Cf._ -Chapultepec, Grasshopper Hill.--CHARLES F. LUMMIS. - -[18] Louis Roeder died on February 20, 1915 - - - - -CHAPTER XVII - -ADMISSION TO CITIZENSHIP - -1859 - - -In 1858, my brother, to whom the greater opportunities of San -Francisco had long appealed, decided upon a step that was to affect -considerably my own modest affairs. This was to remove permanently to -the North, with my sister-in-law; and in the Los Angeles _Star_ of -January 22d, 1859, there appeared the following: - - Mr. Joseph P. Newmark has established a commission-house in - San Francisco, with a branch in this city. From his - experience in business, Mr. Newmark will be a most - desirable agent for the sale of our domestic produce in the - San Francisco market, and we have no doubt will obtain the - confidence of our merchants and shippers. - -This move of my brother's was made, as a matter of fact, at a time -when Los Angeles, in one or two respects at least, seemed promising. -On September 30th, the building commenced by John Temple in the -preceding February, on the site of the present Bullard Block, was -finished. Most of the upper floor was devoted to a theater, and I am -inclined to think that the balance of the building was leased to the -City, the court room being next to the theater, and the ground floor -being used as a market. To the latter move there was considerable -opposition, affecting, as the expenditures did, taxes and the public -treasury; and one newspaper, after a spirited attack on the "Black -Republicans," concluded its editorial with this patriotic appeal: - - Citizens! Attend to your interests; guard your pocketbooks! - -This building is one of the properties to which I refer as sold by -Hinchman, having been bought by Dr. J. S. Griffin and B. D. Wilson who -resold it in time to the County. - -A striking feature of this market building was the town clock, whose -bell was pronounced "fine-toned and sonorous." The clock and bell, -however, were destined to share the fate of the rest of the structure -which, all in all, was not very well constructed. At last, the heavy -rains of the early sixties played havoc with the tower, and toward the -end of 1861 the clock had set such a pace for itself regardless of the -rest of the universe that the newspapers were full of facetious jibes -concerning the once serviceable timepiece, and many were the queries -as to whether something could not be done to roof the mechanism? The -clock, however, remained uncovered until Bullard demolished the -building to make room for the present structure. - -Elsewhere I have referred to the attempt, shortly after I arrived -here, or during the session of the Legislature of 1854-55, to divide -California into two states--the proposition, be it added of a San -Bernardino County representative. A committee of thirteen, from -different sections of the commonwealth, later substituted a bill -providing for three states: Shasta, in the North; California, at the -middle; Colorado, in the South; but nothing evolving as a result of -the effort, our Assemblyman, Andrés Pico, in 1859 fathered a measure -for the segregation of the Southern counties under the name of -Colorado, when this bill passed both houses and was signed by the -Governor. It had to be submitted to the people, however, at the -election in September, 1859; and although nearly twenty-five hundred -ballots were cast in favor of the division, as against eight hundred -in the negative, the movement was afterward stifled in Washington. - -Damien Marchessault and Victor Beaudry having enthusiastically -organized the Santa Anita Mining Company in 1858, H. N. Alexander, -agent at Los Angeles for Wells Fargo & Company, in 1859 announced that -the latter had provided scales for weighing gold-dust and were -prepared to transact a general exchange business. This was the same -firm that had come through the crisis with unimpaired credit when -Adams & Company and many others went to the wall in the great -financial crash of 1855. - -I have mentioned the Mormon Colony at San Bernardino and its -connection, as an offshoot, with the great Mormon city, Salt Lake; now -I may add that each winter, for fifteen or twenty years, or until -railroad connection was established, a lively and growing trade was -carried on between Los Angeles and Utah. This was because the Mormons -had no open road toward the outside world, except in the direction of -Southern California; for snow covered both the Rockies and the Sierra -Nevadas, and closed every other highway and trail. A number of Mormon -wagon-trains, therefore, went back and forth every winter over the -seven hundred miles or more of fairly level, open roadways, between -Salt Lake and Los Angeles, taking back not only goods bought here but -much that was shipped from San Francisco to Salt Lake via San Pedro. I -remember that in February, 1859, these Mormon wagons arrived by the -Overland Route almost daily. - -The third week in February witnessed one of the most interesting -gatherings of _rancheros_ characteristic of Southern California life I -have ever seen. It was a typical _rodeo_, lasting two or three days, -for the separating and re-grouping of cattle and horses, and took -place at the residence of William Workman at La Puente _rancho_. -Strictly speaking, the _rodeo_ continued but two days, or less; for, -inasmuch as the cattle to be sorted and branded had to be deprived for -the time being of their customary nourishment, the work was -necessarily one of despatch. Under the direction of a Judge of the -Plains--on this occasion, the polished cavalier, Don Felipe Lugo--they -were examined, parted and branded, or re-branded, with hot irons -impressing a mark (generally a letter or odd monogram) duly registered -at the Court House and protected by the County Recorder's certificate. -Never have I seen finer horsemanship than was there displayed by those -whose task it was to pursue the animal and throw the lasso around the -head or leg; and as often as most of those present had probably seen -the feat performed, great was their enthusiasm when each _vaquero_ -brought down his victim. Among the guests were most of the _rancheros_ -of wealth and note, together with their attendants, all of whom made -up a company ready to enjoy the unlimited hospitality for which the -Workmans were so renowned. - -Aside from the business in hand of disposing of such an enormous -number of mixed-up cattle in so short a time, what made the occasion -one of keen delight was the remarkable, almost astounding ability of -the horseman in controlling his animal; for lassoing cattle was not -his only forte. The _vaquero_ of early days was a clever rider and -handler of horses, particularly the bronco--so often erroneously -spelled broncho--sometimes a mustang, sometimes an Indian pony. Out of -a drove that had never been saddled, he would lasso one, attach a -halter to his neck and blindfold him by means of a strap some two or -three inches in width fastened to the halter; after which he would -suddenly mount the bronco and remove the blind, when the horse, -unaccustomed to discipline or restraint, would buck and kick for over -a quarter of a mile, and then stop only because of exhaustion. With -seldom a mishap, however, the _vaquero_ almost invariably broke the -mustang to the saddle within three or four days. This little Mexican -horse, while perhaps not so graceful as his American brother, was -noted for endurance; and he could lope from morning till night, if -necessary, without evidence of serious fatigue. - -Speaking of this dexterity, I may add that now and then the early -Californian _vaquero_ gave a good exhibition of his prowess in the -town itself. Runaways, due in part to the absence of hitching posts -but frequently to carelessness, occurred daily; and sometimes a clever -horseman who happened to be near would pursue, overtake and lasso the -frightened steed before serious harm had been done. - -Among the professional classes, J. Lancaster Brent was always popular, -but never more welcomed than on his return from Washington on -February 26th, 1859, when he brought the United States patent to the -Dominguez _rancho_, dated December 18th, 1858, and the first document -of land conveyance from the American Government to reach California. - -In mercantile circles, Adolph Portugal became somewhat prominent, -conducting a flourishing business here for a number of years after -opening in 1854, and accumulating, before 1865, about seventy-five -thousand dollars. With this money he then left Los Angeles and went to -Europe, where he made an extremely unprofitable investment. He -returned to Los Angeles and again engaged in mercantile pursuits; but -he was never able to recover, and died a pauper. - -Corbitt, who at one time controlled, with Dibblee, great ranch areas -near Santa Bárbara, and in 1859 was in partnership with Barker, owned -the Santa Anita _rancho_, which he later sold to William Wolfskill. -From Los Angeles, Corbitt went to Oregon, where he became, I think, a -leading banker. - -Louis Mesmer arrived here in 1858, then went to Fraser River and -there, in eight months, he made twenty thousand dollars by baking for -the Hudson Bay Company's troops. A year later he was back in Los -Angeles; and on Main Street, somewhere near Requena, he started a -bakery. In time he controlled the local bread trade, supplying among -others the Government troops here. In 1864, Mesmer bought out the -United States Hotel, previously run by Webber & Haas, and finally -purchased from Don Juan N. Padilla the land on which the building -stood. This property, costing three thousand dollars, extended one -hundred and forty feet on Main Street and ran through to Los Angeles, -on which street it had a frontage of about sixty feet. Mesmer's son -Joseph is still living and is active in civic affairs. - -William Nordholt, a Forty-niner, was also a resident of Los Angeles -for some time. He was a carpenter and worked in partnership with Jim -Barton; and when Barton was elected Sheriff, Nordholt continued in -business for himself. At length, in 1859, he opened a grocery store on -the northwest corner of Los Angeles and First streets, which he -conducted for many years. Even in 1853, when I first knew him, -Nordholt had made a good start; and he soon accumulated considerable -real estate on First Street, extending from Los Angeles to Main. He -shared his possessions with his Spanish wife, who attended to his -grocery; but after his death, in perhaps the late seventies, his -children wasted their patrimony. - -Notwithstanding the opening of other hotels, the Bella Union continued -throughout the fifties to be the representative headquarters of its -kind in Los Angeles and for a wide area around. On April 19th, 1856, -Flashner & Hammell took hold of the establishment; and a couple of -years after that, Dr. J. B. Winston, who had had local hotel -experience, joined Flashner and together they made improvements, -adding the second story, which took five or six months to complete. -This step forward in the hostelry was duly celebrated, on April 14th, -1859, at a dinner, the new dining-room being advertised, far and wide, -as "one of the finest in all California." - -Shortly after this, however, Marcus Flashner (who owned some -thirty-five acres at the corner of Main and Washington streets, where -he managed either a vineyard or an orange orchard), met a violent -death. He used to travel to and from this property in a buggy; and one -day--June 29th, 1859--his horse ran away, throwing him out and killing -him. In 1860, John King, Flashner's brother-in-law, entered the -management of the Bella Union; and by 1861, Dr. Winston had sole -control. - -Strolling again, in imagination, into the old Bella Union of this -time, I am reminded of a novel method then employed to call the guests -to their meals. When I first came to Los Angeles the hotel waiter rang -a large bell to announce that all was ready; but about the spring of -1859 the fact that another meal had been concocted was signalized by -the blowing of a shrill steam-whistle placed on the hotel's roof. This -brought together both the "regulars" and transients, everyone -scurrying to be first at the dining-room door. - -About the middle of April, Wells Fargo & Company's rider made a fast -run between San Pedro and Los Angeles, bringing all the mail matter -from the vessels, and covering the more than twenty-seven miles of -the old roundabout route in less than an hour. - -The Protestant Church has been represented in Los Angeles since the -first service in Mayor Nichols' home and the missionary work of Adam -Bland; but it was not until May 4th, 1859, that any attempt was made -to erect an edifice for the Protestants in the community. Then a -committee, including Isaac S. K. Ogier, A. J. King, Columbus Sims, -Thomas Foster, William H. Shore, N. A. Potter, J. R. Gitchell and -Henry D. Barrows began to collect funds. Reverend William E. Boardman, -an Episcopalian, was invited to take charge; but subscriptions coming -in slowly, he conducted services, first in one of the school buildings -and then in the Court House, until 1862 when he left. - -Despite its growing communication with San Francisco, Los Angeles for -years was largely dependent upon sail and steamboat service, and each -year the need of a better highway to the North, for stages, became -more and more apparent. Finally, in May, 1859, General Ezra Drown was -sent as a commissioner to Santa Bárbara, to discuss the construction -of a road to that city; and on his return he declared the project -quite practicable. The Supervisors had agreed to devote a certain sum -of money, and the Santa Barbareños, on their part, were to vote on the -proposition of appropriating fifteen thousand dollars for the work. -Evidently the citizens voted favorably; for in July of the following -year James Thompson, of Los Angeles, contracted for making the new -road through Santa Bárbara County, from the Los Angeles to the San -Luis Obispo lines, passing through Ventura--or San Buenaventura, as it -was then more poetically called--Santa Bárbara and out by the Gaviota -Pass; in all, a distance of about one hundred and twenty-five miles. -Some five or six months were required to finish the rough work, and -over thirty thousand dollars was expended for that alone. - -Winfield Scott Hancock, whom I came to know well and who had been here -before, arrived in Los Angeles in May, 1859, to establish a depot for -the Quartermaster's Department which he finally located at -Wilmington, naming it Drum Barracks, after Adjutant-General Richard -Coulter Drum, for several years at the head of the Department of the -West. Hancock himself was Quartermaster and had an office in a brick -building on Main Street near Third; and he was in charge of all -Government property here and at Yuma, Arizona Territory, then a -military post. He thus both bought and sold; advertising at one time, -for example, a call for three or four hundred thousand pounds of -barley, and again offering for sale, on behalf of poor Uncle Sam, the -important item of a lone, braying mule! Hancock invested liberally in -California projects, and became interested, with others, in the Bear -Valley mines; and at length had the good luck to strike a rich and -paying vein of gold quartz. - -Beaudry & Marchessault were among the first handlers of ice in Los -Angeles, having an ice-house in 1859, where, in the springtime, they -stored the frozen product taken from the mountain lakes fifty miles -away. The ice was cut into cubes of about one hundred pounds each, -packed down the _cañons_ by a train of thirty to forty mules, and then -brought in wagons to Los Angeles. By September, 1860, wagon-loads of -San Bernardino ice--or perhaps one would better say compact snow--were -hawked about town and bought up by saloon-keepers and others, having -been transported in the way I have just described, a good seventy-five -miles. Later, ice was shipped here from San Francisco; and soon after -it reached town, the saloons displayed signs soliciting orders. - -Considering the present popularity of the silver dollar along the -entire Western Coast, it may be interesting to recall the stamping of -these coins, for the first time in California, at the San Francisco -mint. This was in the spring of 1859, soon after which they began to -appear in Los Angeles. A few years later, in 1863, and for ten or -fifteen years thereafter, silver half-dimes, coined in San Francisco, -were to be seen here occasionally; but they were never popular. The -larger silver piece, the dime, was more common, although for a while -it also had little purchasing power. As late as the early seventies -it was not welcome, and many a time I have seen dimes thrown into the -street as if they were worthless. This prejudice against the smaller -silver coins was much the same as the feeling which even to-day -obtains with many people on the Coast against the copper cent. When -the nickel, in the eighties, came into use, the old Californian -tradition as to coinage began to disappear; and this opened the way -for the introduction of the one-cent piece, which is more and more -coming into popular favor. - -In the year 1859, the Hellman brothers, Isaias W. and Herman W., -arrived here in a sailing-vessel with Captain Morton. I. W. Hellman -took a clerkship with his cousin, I. M. Hellman, who had arrived in -1854 and was established in the stationery line in Mellus's Row, while -H. W. Hellman went to work in June, 1859, for Phineas Banning, at -Wilmington. I. W. Hellman immediately showed much ability and greatly -improved his cousin's business. By 1865, he was in trade for himself, -selling dry-goods at the corner of Main and Commercial streets as the -successor to A. Portugal; while H. W. Hellman, father of Marco H. -Hellman, the banker, and father-in-law of the public-spirited citizen, -Louis M. Cole, became my competitor, as will be shown later, in the -wholesale grocery business. - -John Philbin, an Irishman, arrived here penniless late in the fifties, -but with my assistance started a small store at Fort Tejón, then a -military post necessary for the preservation of order on the Indian -Reservation; and there, during the short space of eighteen months, he -accumulated twenty thousand dollars. Illness compelled him to leave, -and I bought his business and property. After completing this -purchase, I engaged a clerk in San Francisco to manage the new branch. -As John Philbin had been very popular, the new clerk also called -himself "John" and soon enjoyed equal favor. It was only when Bob -Wilson came into town one day from the Fort and told me, "That chap -John is gambling your whole damned business away; he plays seven-up at -twenty dollars a game, and when out of cash, puts up blocks of -merchandise," that I investigated and discharged him, sending Kaspare -Cohn, who had recently arrived from Europe, to take his place. - -It was in 1859, or a year before Abraham Lincoln was elected -President, that I bought out Philbin, and at the breaking out of the -War, the troops were withdrawn from Fort Tejón, thus ending my -activity there as a merchant. We disposed of the stock as best we -could; but the building, which had cost three thousand dollars, -brought at forced sale just fifty. Fort Tejón, established about 1854, -I may add, after it attained some fame as the only military post in -Southern California where snow ever fell, and also as the scene of the -earthquake phenomena I have described, was abandoned altogether as a -military station on September 11th, 1864. Philbin removed to Los -Angeles, where he invested in some fifty acres of vineyard along San -Pedro Street, extending as far south as the present Pico; and I still -have a clear impression of the typical old adobe there, so badly -damaged by the rains of 1890. - -Kaspare remained in my employ until he set up in business at Red -Bluff, Tehama County, where he continued until January, 1866. In more -recent years, he has come to occupy an enviable position as a -successful financier. - -Somewhat less than six years after my arrival (or, to be accurate, on -the fifteenth day of August, 1859, about the time of my mother's death -at Loebau), and satisfying one of my most ardent ambitions, I entered -the family of Uncle Sam, carrying from the District Court here a -red-sealed document, to me of great importance; my newly-acquired -citizenship being attested by Ch. R. Johnson, Clerk, and John O. -Wheeler, Deputy. - -On September 3d, the Los Angeles _Star_ made the following -announcement and salutation: - - CALLED TO THE BAR--At the present term of the District - Court for the First Judicial District, Mr. M. J. Newmark - was called to the bar. We congratulate Mr. Newmark on his - success, and wish him a brilliant career in his profession. - -This kindly reference was to my brother-in-law, who had read law in -the office of E. J. C. Kewen, then on Main Street, opposite the Bella -Union, and had there, in the preceding January, when already eleven -attorneys were practicing here, hung out his shingle as Notary Public -and Conveyancer--an office to which he was reappointed by the Governor -in 1860, soon after he had been made Commissioner for the State of -Missouri to reside in Los Angeles. About that same time he began to -take a lively interest in politics; being elected, on October 13th, -1860, a delegate to the Democratic County Convention. A. J. King was -also admitted to the Bar toward the end of that year. - -We who have such praise for the rapid growth of the population in Los -Angeles must not forget the faithful midwives of early days, when -there was not the least indication that there would ever be a lying-in -hospital here. First, one naturally recalls old Mrs. Simmons, the -_Sarah Gamp_ of the fifties; while her professional sister of the -sixties was Lydia Rebbick, whose name also will be pleasantly spoken -by old-timers. A brother of Mrs. Rebbick was James H. Whitworth, a -rancher, who came to Los Angeles County in 1857. - -Residents of Los Angeles to-day have but a faint idea, I suppose, of -what exertion we cheerfully submitted to, forty or fifty years ago, in -order to participate in a little pleasure. This was shown at an outing -in 1859, on and by the sea, made possible through the courtesy of my -hospitable friend, Phineas Banning, details of which illustrate the -social conditions then prevailing here. - -Banning had invited fifty or sixty ladies and gentlemen to accompany -him to Catalina; and at about half-past five o'clock on a June morning -the guests arrived at Banning's residence where they partook of -refreshments. Then they started in decorated stages for New San Pedro, -where the host (who, by the way, was a man of most genial temperament, -fond of a joke and sure to infuse others with his good-heartedness) -regaled his friends with a hearty breakfast, not forgetting anything -likely to both warm and cheer. After ample justice had been done to -this feature, the picknickers boarded Banning's little steamer _Comet_ -and made for the outer harbor. - -There they were transferred to the United States Coast Survey ship -_Active_, which steamed away so spiritedly that in two hours the -passengers were off Catalina; nothing meanwhile having been left -undone to promote the comfort of everyone aboard the vessel. During -this time Captain Alder and his officers, resplendent in their naval -uniforms, held a reception; and unwilling that the merrymakers should -be exposed without provisions to the wilds of the less-trodden island, -they set before them a substantial ship's dinner. Once ashore, the -visitors strolled along the beach and across that part of the island -then most familiar; and at four o'clock the members of the party were -again walking the decks of the Government vessel. Steaming back -slowly, San Pedro was reached after sundown; and, having again been -bundled into the stages, the excursionists were back in Los Angeles -about ten o'clock. - -I have said that most of the early political meetings took place at -the residence of Don Ygnácio del Valle. I recall, however, a mass -meeting and barbecue, in August, 1859, in a grove at El Monte owned by -inn-keeper Thompson. Benches were provided for the ladies, prompting -the editor of the _Star_ to observe, with characteristic gallantry, -that the seats "were fully occupied by an array of beauty such as no -other portion of the State ever witnessed." - -On September 11th, Eberhard & Koll opened the Lafayette Hotel on Main -Street, on the site opposite the Bella Union where once had stood the -residence of Don Eulógio de Celis. Particular inducements to families -desiring quiet and the attraction of a table "supplied with the -choicest viands and delicacies of the season" were duly advertised; -but the proprietors met with only a moderate response. On January 1st, -1862, Eberhard withdrew and Frederick W. Koll took into partnership -Henry Dockweiler--father of two of our very prominent young men, J. H. -Dockweiler, the civil engineer and, in 1889, City Surveyor, and -Isidore B. Dockweiler, the attorney--and Chris Fluhr. In two years, -Dockweiler had withdrawn, leaving Fluhr as sole proprietor; and he -continued as such until, in the seventies, he took Charles Gerson into -partnership with him. It is my recollection, in fact, that Fluhr was -associated with this hotel in one capacity or another until its name -was changed, first to the Cosmopolitan and then to the St. Elmo. - -Various influences contributed to causing radical social changes, -particularly throughout the county. When Dr. John S. Griffin and other -pioneers came here, they were astonished at the hospitality of the -ranch-owners, who provided for them, however numerous, shelter, food -and even fresh saddle-horses; and this bounteous provision for the -wayfarer continued until the migrating population had so increased as -to become something of a burden and economic conditions put a brake on -unlimited entertainment. Then a slight reaction set in, and by the -sixties a movement to demand some compensation for such service began -to make itself felt. In 1859, Don Vicente de la Osa advertised that he -would afford accommodation for travelers by way of his ranch, _El -Encino_; but that to protect himself, he must consider it "an -essential part of the arrangement that visitors should act on the good -old rule and--pay as one goes!" - -In 1859, C. H. Classen, a native of Germany, opened a cigar factory in -the Signoret Building on Main Street, north of Arcadia; and believing -that tobacco could be successfully grown in Los Angeles County, he -sent to Cuba for some seed and was soon making cigars from the local -product. I fancy that the plants degenerated because, although others -experimented with Los Angeles tobacco, the growing of the leaf here -was abandoned after a few years. H. Newmark & Company handled much -tobacco for sheep-wash, and so came to buy the last Southern -California crop. When I speak of sheep-wash, I refer to a solution -made by steeping tobacco in water and used to cure a skin disease -known as scab. It was always applied after shearing, for then the wool -could not be affected and the process was easier. - -Talking of tobacco, I may say that the commercial cigarette now for -sale everywhere was not then to be seen. People rolled their own -cigarettes, generally using brown paper, but sometimes the white, -which came in reams of sheets about six by ten inches in size. -Kentucky leaf was most in vogue; and the first brand of granulated -tobacco that I remember was known as _Sultana_. Clay pipes, then -packed in barrels, were used a good deal more than now, and brier -pipes much less. There was no duty on imported cigars, and their -consequent cheapness brought them into general consumption. -Practically all of the native female population smoked cigarettes, for -it was a custom of the country; but the American ladies did not -indulge. While spending an enjoyable hour at the County Museum -recently, I noticed a cigarette-case of finely-woven matting that once -belonged to António María Lugo, and a bundle of cigarettes, rolled up, -like so many matches, by Andrés Pico; and both the little _cigarillos_ -and the holder will give a fair understanding of these customs of the -past. - -Besides the use of tobacco in cigar and cigarette form, and for pipes, -there was much consumption of the weed by chewers. _Peachbrand_, a -black plug saturated with molasses and packed in caddies--a term more -commonly applied to little boxes for tea--was the favorite chewing -tobacco fifty years or more ago. It would hardly be an exaggeration to -say that nine out of ten Americans in Los Angeles indulged in this -habit, some of whom certainly exposed us to the criticism of Charles -Dickens and others, who found so much fault with our manners. - -The pernicious activity of rough or troublesome characters brings to -recollection an aged Indian named Polonia, whom pioneers will easily -recollect as having been bereft of his sight, by his own people, -because of his unnatural ferocity. He was six feet four inches in -height, and had once been endowed with great physical strength; he was -clad, for the most part, in a tattered blanket, so that his mere -appearance was sufficient to impress, if not to intimidate, the -observer. Only recently, in fact, Mrs. Solomon Lazard told me that to -her and her girl playmates Polonia and his fierce countenance were the -terror of their lives. He may thus have deserved to forfeit his life -for many crimes; but the idea of cutting a man's eyes out for any -offense whatever, no matter how great, is revolting in the extreme. -The year I arrived, and for some time thereafter, Polonia slept by -night in the corridor of Don Manuel Requena's house. With the aid of -only a very long stick, this blind Indian was able to find his way all -over the town. - -Sometime in 1859, Daniel Sexton, a veteran of the battles of San -Bartolo and the Mesa, became possessed of the idea that gold was -secreted in large sacks near the ruins of San Juan Capistrano; and -getting permission, he burrowed so far beneath the house of a citizen -that the latter, fearing his whole home was likely to cave in, -frantically begged the gold-digger to desist. Sexton, in fact, came -near digging his own grave instead of another's, and was for a while -the good-natured butt of many a pun. - -Jacob A. Moerenhout, a native of Antwerp, Belgium, who had been French -Consul for a couple of years at Monterey, in the latter days of the -Mexican _régime_, removed to Los Angeles on October 29th, 1859, on -which occasion the Consular flag of France was raised at his residence -in this city. As early as January 13th, 1835, President Andrew Jackson -had appointed Moerenhout "U. S. Consul to Otaheite and the Rest of the -Society Islands," the original Consular document, with its quaint -spelling and signed by the vigorous pen of that President, existing -to-day in a collection owned by Dr. E. M. Clinton of Los Angeles; and -the Belgian had thus so profited by experience in promoting trade and -amicable relations between foreign nations that he was prepared to -make himself _persona grata_ here. Salvos of cannon were fired, while -the French citizens, accompanied by a band, formed in procession and -marched to the Plaza. In the afternoon, Don Louis Sainsevain in honor -of the event set a groaning and luxurious table for a goodly company -at his hospitable residence. There patriotic toasts were gracefully -proposed and as gracefully responded to. The festivities continued -until the small hours of the morning, after which Consul Moerenhout -was declared a duly-initiated Angeleño. - - [Illustration: San Pedro Street, near Second, in the Early Seventies] - - [Illustration: Commercial Street, Looking East from Main, about 1870] - - [Illustration: View of Plaza, Showing the Reservoir] - - [Illustration: Old Lanfranco Block] - -Surrounded by most of his family, Don Juan Bandini, a distinguished -Southern Californian and a worthy member of one of the finest Spanish -families here, after a long and painful illness, died at the home of -his daughter and son-in-law, Doña Arcadia and Don Abel Stearns, in -Los Angeles, on November 4th, 1859. Don Juan had come to California -far back in the early twenties, and to Los Angeles so soon thereafter -that he was a familiar and welcome figure here many years before I -arrived. - -It is natural that I should look back with pleasure and satisfaction -to my association with a gentleman so typically Californian, -warm-hearted, genial and social in the extreme; and one who dispensed -so large and generous a hospitality. He came with his father--who -eventually died here and was buried at the old San Gabriel -Mission--and at one time possessed the Jurupa _rancho_, where he -lived. Don Juan was a lawyer by profession, and had written the best -part of a history of early California, the manuscript of which went to -the State University. The passing glimpse of Bandini, in sunlight and -in shadow, recorded by Dana in his classic _Two Years before the -Mast_, adds to the fame already enjoyed by this native Californian. - -Himself of a good-sized family, Don Juan married twice. His first -wife, courted in 1823, was Dolores, daughter of Captain José -Estudillo, a _comandante_ at Monterey; and of that union were born -Doña Arcadia, first the wife of Abel Stearns and later of Colonel R. -S. Baker; Doña Ysidora, who married Lieutenant Cave J. Coutts, a -cousin of General Grant; Doña Josefa, later the wife of Pedro C. -Carrillo (father of J. J. Carrillo, formerly Marshal here and now -Justice of the Peace at Santa Monica), and the sons, José María -Bandini and Juanito Bandini. Don Juan's second wife was Refúgio, a -daughter of Santiago Arguello and a granddaughter of the governor who -made the first grants of land to _rancheros_ of Los Angeles. She it -was who nursed the wounded Kearny and who became a friend of -Lieutenant William T. Sherman, once a guest at her home; and she was -also the mother of Doña Dolores, later the wife of Charles R. Johnson, -and of Doña Margarita whom Dr. James B. Winston married after his -rollicking bachelor days. By Bandini's second marriage there were -three sons: Juan de la Cruz Bandini, Alfredo Bandini and Arturo -Bandini. - -The financial depression of 1859 affected the temperament of citizens -so much that little or no attention was paid to holidays, with the one -exception, perhaps, of the Bella Union's poorly-patronized Christmas -dinner; and during 1860 many small concerns closed their doors -altogether. - -I have spoken of the fact that brick was not much used when I first -came to Los Angeles, and have shown how it soon after became more -popular as a building material. This was emphasized during 1859, when -thirty-one brick buildings, such as they were, were put up. - -In December, Benjamin Hayes, then District Judge and holding court in -the dingy old adobe at the corner of Spring and Franklin streets, -ordered the Sheriff to secure and furnish another place; and despite -the fact that there was only a depleted treasury to meet the new -outlay of five or six thousand dollars, few persons attempted to deny -the necessity. The fact of the matter was that, when it rained, water -actually poured through the ceiling and ran down the court-room walls, -spattering over the Judge's desk to such an extent that umbrellas -might very conveniently have been brought into use; all of which led -to the limit of human patience if not of human endurance. - -In 1859, one of the first efforts toward the formation of a Public -Library was made when Felix Bachman, Myer J. Newmark, William H. -Workman, Sam Foy, H. S. Allanson and others organized a Library -Association, with John Temple as President; J. J. Warner, -Vice-President; Francis Mellus, Treasurer; and Israel Fleishman, -Secretary. The Association established a reading-room in Don Abel -Stearns's Arcadia Block. An immediate and important acquisition was -the collection of books that had been assembled by Henry Mellus for -his own home; other citizens contributed books, periodicals and money; -and the messengers of the Overland Mail undertook to get such Eastern -newspapers as they could for the perusal of the library members. Five -dollars was charged as an initiation fee, and a dollar for monthly -dues; but insignificant as was the expense, the undertaking was not -well patronized by the public, and the project, to the regret of many, -had to be abandoned. - -This effort to establish a library recalls an Angeleño of the fifties, -Ralph Emerson, a cousin, I believe, though somewhat distantly removed, -of the famous Concord philosopher. He lived on the west side of -Alameda Street, in an adobe known as Emerson's Row, between First and -Aliso streets, where Miss Mary E. Hoyt, assisted by her mother, had a -school; and where at one time Emerson, a strong competitor of mine in -the hide business, had his office. Fire destroyed part of their home -late in 1859, and again in the following September. Emerson served as -a director on the Library Board, both he and his wife being among the -most refined and attractive people of the neighborhood. - -It must have been late in November that Miss Hoyt announced the -opening of her school at No. 2 Emerson Row, in doing which she -followed a custom in vogue with private schools at that time and -published the endorsements of leading citizens, or patrons. - -Again in 1861, Miss Hoyt advertised to give "instruction in the higher -branches of English education, with French, drawing, and ornamental -needlework," for five dollars a month; while three dollars was asked -for the teaching of the common branches and needlework, and only two -dollars for teaching the elementary courses. Miss Hoyt's move was -probably due to the inability of the Board of Education to secure an -appropriation with which to pay the public school teachers. This lack -of means led not only to a general discussion of the problem, but to -the recommendation that Los Angeles schools be graded and a high -school started. - -Following a dry year, and especially a fearful heat wave in October -which suddenly ran the mercury up to one hundred and ten degrees, -December witnessed heavy rains in the mountains inundating both -valleys and towns. On the fourth of December the most disastrous rain -known in the history of the Southland set in, precipitating, within a -single day and night, twelve inches of water; and causing the rise of -the San Gabriel and other rivers to a height never before recorded and -such a cataclysm that sand and _débris_ were scattered far and wide. -Lean and weakened from the ravaging drought through which they had -just passed, the poor cattle, now exposed to the elements of cold rain -and wind, fell in vast numbers in their tracks. The bed of the Los -Angeles River was shifted for, perhaps, a quarter of a mile. Many -houses in town were cracked and otherwise damaged, and some caved in -altogether. The front of the old Church, attacked through a leaking -roof, disintegrated, swayed and finally gave way, filling the -neighboring street with impassable heaps. - -I have spoken of the Market House built by John Temple for the City. -On December 29th, there was a sale of the stalls by Mayor D. -Marchessault; and all except six booths were disposed of, each for the -term of three months. One hundred and seventy-three dollars was the -rental agreed upon; and Dodson & Company bid successfully for nine out -of thirteen of the stalls. By the following month, however, complaints -were made in the press that, though the City Fathers had "condescended -to let the suffering public" have another market, they still prevented -the free competition desired; and by the end of August, it was openly -charged that the manner in which the City Market was conducted showed -"a gross piece of favoritism," and that the City Treasury on this -account would suffer a monthly loss of one hundred dollars in rents -alone. - -About 1859, John Murat, following in the wake of Henry Kuhn, -proprietor of the New York Brewery, established the Gambrinus in the -block bounded by Los Angeles, San Pedro and First and what has become -Second streets. The brewery, notwithstanding its spacious yard, was -anything but an extensive institution, and the quality of the product -dispensed to the public left much to be desired; but it was beer, and -Murat has the distinction of having been one of the first Los Angeles -brewers. The New York's spigot, a suggestive souvenir of those -convivial days picked up by George W. Hazard, now enriches a local -museum. - -These reminiscences recall still another brewer--Christian Henne--at -whose popular resort on Main Street, on the last evening of 1859, -following some conferences in the old Round House, thirty-eight Los -Angeles Germans met and formed an association which they called the -Teutonia-Concordia. The object was to promote social intercourse, -especially among Germans, and to further the study of German song. C. -H. Classen was chosen first President; H. Hammel, Vice-President; H. -Heinsch, Secretary; and Lorenzo Leck, Treasurer. - -How great were the problems confronting the national government in the -development of our continent may be gathered from the strenuous -efforts--and their results--to encourage an overland mail route. Six -hundred thousand dollars a year was the subsidy granted the -Butterfield Company for running two mail coaches each way a week; yet -the postal revenue for the first year was but twenty-seven thousand -dollars, leaving a deficit of more than half a million! But this was -not all that was discouraging: politicians attacked the stage route -administration, and then the newspapers had to come to the rescue and -point out the advantages as compared with the ocean routes. Indians, -also, were an obstacle; and with the arrival of every stage, one -expected to hear the sensational story of ambushing and murder rather -than the yarn of a monotonous trip. When new reports of such outrages -were brought in, new outcries were raised and new petitions, calling -on the Government for protection, were hurriedly circulated. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII - -FIRST EXPERIENCE WITH THE TELEGRAPH - -1860 - - -In 1860, Maurice Kremer was elected County Treasurer, succeeding H. N. -Alexander who had entered the service of Wells Fargo & Company; and he -attended to this new function at his store on Commercial Street, where -he kept the County funds. I had my office in the same place; and the -salary of the Treasurer at the time being but one hundred and -twenty-five dollars a month, with no allowance for an assistant, I -agreed to act as Deputy Treasurer without pay. As a matter of fact, I -was a sort of Emergency Deputy only, and accepted the responsibility -as an accommodation to Kremer, in order that when he was out of town -there might be someone to take charge of his affairs. It is very -evident, however, that I did not appreciate the danger connected with -this little courtesy, since it often happened that there were from -forty to fifty thousand dollars in the money-chest. An expert burglar -could have opened the safe without special effort, and might have gone -scot-free, for the only protector at night was my nephew, Kaspare -Cohn, a mere youth, who clerked for me and slept on the premises. - -Inasmuch as no bank had as yet been established in Los Angeles, Kremer -carried the money to Sacramento twice a year; nor was this -transportation of the funds, first by steamer to San Francisco, thence -by boat inland, without danger. The State was full of desperate -characters who would cut a throat or scuttle a ship for a great deal -less than the amount involved. At the end of five or six years, -Kremer was succeeded as County Treasurer by J. Huber, Jr. I may add, -incidentally, that the funds in question could have been transported -north by Wells Fargo & Company, but their charges were exorbitant. At -a later period, when they were better equipped and rates had been -reduced, they carried the State money. - -On January 2d, Joseph Paulding, a Marylander, died. Twenty-seven years -before, he came by way of the Gila, and boasted having made the first -two mahogany billiard tables constructed in California. - -The same month, attention was directed to a new industry, the -polishing and mounting of _abalone_ shells, then as now found on the -coast of Southern California. A year or so later, G. Fischer was -displaying a shell brooch, colored much like an opal and mounted in -gold. By 1866, the demand for _abalone_ shells had so increased that -over fourteen thousand dollars' worth was exported from San Francisco, -while a year later consignments valued at not less than thirty-six -thousand dollars were sent out through the Golden Gate. Even though -the taste of to-day considers this shell as hardly deserving of such a -costly setting, it is nevertheless true that these early ornaments, -much handsomer than many specimens of quartz jewelry, soon became -quite a fad in Los Angeles. Natives and Indians, especially, took a -fancy to the _abalone_ shell, and even much later earrings of that -material were worn by the Crow scout Curley, a survivor of the Custer -Massacre. In 1874, R. W. Jackson, a shell-jeweler on Montgomery -Street, San Francisco, was advertising here for the rarities, offering -as much as forty and fifty dollars for a single sound red, black or -silver shell, and from fifty to one hundred dollars for a good green -or blue one. Incidentally, it is interesting to note that the Chinese -consumed the _abalone_ meat in large quantities. - -Broom-making was a promising industry in the early sixties, the -Carpenters of Los Nietos and F. W. Gibson of El Monte being among the -pioneers in this handiwork. Several thousand brooms were made in that -year; and since they brought three dollars a dozen, and cost but -eleven cents each for the handles and labor, exclusive of the corn, a -good profit was realized. - -Major Edward Harold Fitzgerald, well known for campaigns against both -Indians and bandits, died on January 9th and was buried with military -honors. - -On January 10th, Bartholomew's Rocky Mountain Circus held forth on the -Plaza, people coming in from miles around to see the show. It was then -that the circus proprietor sought to quiet the nerves of the anxious -by the large-lettered announcement, "A strict Police is engaged for -the occasion!" - -The printing of news, editorials and advertisements in both English -and Spanish recalls again not only some amusing incidents in court -activities resulting from the inability of jurists and others to -understand the two languages, but also the fact that in the early -sixties sermons were preached in the Catholic Church at Los Angeles in -English and Spanish, the former being spoken at one mass, the latter -at another. English proper names such as John and Benjamin were -Spanished into Juan and Benito, and common Spanish terms persisted in -English advertisements, as when Don Juan Ávila and Fernando Sepúlveda, -in January, announced that they would run the horse _Coyote_ one -thousand _varas_, for three thousand dollars. In 1862, also, when -Syriaco Arza was executed for the murder of Frank Riley, the peddler, -and the prisoner had made a speech to the crowd, the Sheriff read the -warrant for the execution in both English and Spanish. Still another -illustration of the use of Spanish here, side by side with English, is -found in the fact that in 1858 the Los Angeles assessment rolls were -written in Spanish, although by 1860 the entries were made in English -only. - -A letter to the editor of the _Star_, published on January 28th, 1860, -will confirm my comments on the primitive school conditions in Los -Angeles in the first decade or two after I came. The writer complained -of the filthy condition of the Boys' Department, School No. 1, in -which, to judge by the mud, "the floor did not seem to have been swept -for months!" The editor then took up the cudgel, saying that the Board -formerly paid a man for keeping the schoolroom clean, but that the -Common Council had refused any longer to pass the janitor's bills; -adding that, in his opinion, the Council had acted wisely! If the -teacher had really wished the schoolroom floor to be clean, contended -the economical editor, he should have appointed a pupil to swing a -broom each day or, at least, _each week_, and otherwise perform the -necessary duties on behalf of the health of the school. - -The year 1860 witnessed the death of Don António María Lugo--brother -of Don José Ygnácio Lugo, grandfather of the Wolfskills--uncle of -General Vallejo and the father-in-law of Colonel Isaac Williams, who -preceded Lugo to the grave by four years. For a long time, Lugo lived -in a spacious adobe built in 1819 near the present corner of East -Second and San Pedro streets, and there the sons, for whom he obtained -the San Bernardino _rancho_, were born. In earlier days, or from 1813, -Don António lived on the San António Ranch near what is now Compton; -and so well did he prosper there that eleven leagues were not enough -for the support of his cattle and flocks. It was a daughter of Lugo -who, having married a Perez and being made a widow, became the wife of -Stephen C. Foster, her daughter in turn marrying Wallace Woodworth and -becoming María Antónia Perez de Woodworth; and Lugo, who used to visit -them and the business establishments of the town, was a familiar -figure as a sturdy _caballero_ in the streets of Los Angeles, his -ornamental sword strapped in Spanish-soldier fashion to his -equally-ornamental saddle. Don António died about the first of -February, aged eighty-seven years. - -About the middle of February, John Temple fitted up the large hall -over the City Market as a theater, providing for it a stage some -forty-five by twenty feet in size--in those days considered an -abundance of platform space--and a "private box" on each side, whose -possession became at once the ambition of every Los Angeles gallant. -Temple brought an artist from San Francisco to paint the scenery, Los -Angeles then boasting of no one clever enough for the work; and the -same genius supervised the general decoration of the house. What was -considered a record-breaking effort at making the public comfortable -was undertaken in furnishing the parquet with armchairs and in filling -the gallery with two tiers of raised benches, guaranteeing some chance -of looking over any broad _sombreros_ in front; and to cap the -enterprise, Temple brought down a company of players especially to -dedicate his new house. About February 20th, the actors arrived on the -old _Senator_; and while I do not recall who they were or what they -produced, I believe that they first held forth on Washington's -Birthday when it was said: "The scenery is magnificent, surpassing -anything before exhibited in this city." - -The spring of 1860 was notable for the introduction of the Pony -Express as a potent factor in the despatch of transcontinental mail; -and although this new service never included Los Angeles as one of its -terminals, it greatly shortened the time required and, naturally if -indirectly, benefited the Southland. Speed was, indeed, an ambition of -the new management, and some rather extraordinary results were -attained. About April 20th, soon after the Pony Express was started, -messages were rushed through from St. Louis to San Francisco in eight -and a half days; and it was noised about that the Butterfields planned -a rival pony express, over a route three hundred miles shorter, that -would reach the Coast in seven days. About the end of April, mail from -London and Liverpool reached Los Angeles in twenty or twenty-one days; -and I believe that the fastest time that the Pony Express ever made -was in March, 1861, when President Lincoln's message was brought here -in seven days and seventeen hours. This was somewhat quicker than the -passage of the report about Fort Sumter, a month afterward, which -required twelve days, and considerably faster than the transmission, -by the earlier methods of 1850, of the intelligence that California -had been admitted to the Union--a bit of news of the greatest possible -importance yet not at all known here, I have been told, until six -weeks after Congress enacted the law! Which reminds me that the death -of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, the poet, although occurring in Italy -on June 29th, 1861, was first announced in Los Angeles on the -seventeenth of the following August! - -In February or March, the sewer crossing Los Angeles Street and -connecting the Bella Union with the _zanja_ (which passed through the -premises of Francis Mellus) burst, probably as the result of the -recent rains, discharging its contents into the common yard; and in -short order Mellus found himself minus two very desirable tenants. For -a while, he thought of suing the City; and then he decided to stop the -sewer effectually. As soon as it was plugged up, however, the Bella -Union found itself cut off from its accustomed outlet, and there was -soon a great uproar in that busy hostelry. The upshot of the matter -was that the Bella Union proprietors commenced suit against Mellus. -This was the first sewer--really a small, square wooden pipe--whose -construction inaugurated an early chapter in the annals of -sewer-building and control in Los Angeles. - -Competition for Government trade was keen in the sixties, and -energetic efforts were made by merchants to secure their share of the -crumbs, as well as the loaves, that might fall from Uncle Sam's table. -For that reason, Captain Winfield Scott Hancock easily added to his -popularity as Quartermaster, early in 1860, by preparing a map in -order to show the War Department the relative positions of the various -military posts in this district, and to emphasize the proximity of Los -Angeles. - -One day in the Spring a stranger called upon me with the interesting -information that he was an inventor, which led me to observe that -someone ought to devise a contrivance with which to pluck oranges--an -operation then performed by climbing into the trees and pulling the -fruit from the branches. Shortly after the interview, many of us went -to the grove of Jean Louis Sainsevain to see a simple, but ingenious -appliance for picking the golden fruit. A pair of pincers on a light -pole were operated from below by a wire; and when the wire was pulled, -the fruit, quite unharmed by scratch or pressure, fell safely into a -little basket fastened close to the pincers. In the same year, Pierre -Sainsevain established the first California wine house in New York and -bought the Cucamonga vineyard, where he introduced new and better -varieties of grapes. But bad luck overtook him. In 1870, grasshoppers -ate the leaves and destroyed the crop. - -Small as was the population of Los Angeles County at about this time, -there was nevertheless for a while an exodus to Texas, due chiefly to -the difficulty experienced by white immigrants in competing with -Indian ranch and vineyard laborers. - -Toward the middle of March, much interest was manifested in the -welfare of a native Californian named Serbo--sometimes erroneously -given as Serbulo and even Cervelo--Varela who, under the influence of -bad whiskey, had assaulted and nearly killed a companion, and who -seemed certain of a long term in the State prison. It was recalled, -however, that when in the fall of 1846, the fiendish Flores, resisting -the invasion of the United States forces, had captured a number of -Americans and condemned them to be dragged out and shot, Varela, then -a soldier under Flores, and a very brave fellow, broke from the ranks, -denounced the act as murder, declared that the order should never be -carried out except over his dead body, and said and did such a number -of things more or less melodramatic that he finally saved the lives of -the American prisoners. Great sympathy was expressed, therefore, when -it was discovered that this half-forgotten hero was in the toils; and -few persons, if any, were sorry when Varela was induced to plead -guilty to assault and battery, enabling the court to deal leniently -with him. Varela became more and more addicted to strong drink; and -some years later he was the victim of foul play, his body being found -in an unfrequented part of the town. - -A scrap-book souvenir of the sixties gives us an idyllic view of -contemporaneous pueblo life, furnishing, at the same time, an idea of -the newspaper English of that day. It reads as follows: - - With the exception of a little legitimate shooting affair - last Saturday night, by which some fellow had well-nigh the - top of his head knocked off, and one or two knock-downs and - drag-outs, we have had a very peaceful week indeed. Nothing - has occurred to disturb the even tenor of our way, and our - good people seem to be given up to the quiet enjoyment of - delicious fruits and our unequalled climate,--each one - literally under his own vine and fig tree, revelling in - fancy's flights, or luxuriating among the good things which - he finds temptingly at hand. - -The demand for better lighting facilities led the Common Council to -make a contract, toward the end of March, with Tiffany & Wethered, who -were given a franchise to lay pipes through the streets and to -establish gas-works here; but the attempt proved abortive. - -In this same year, the trip east by the Overland Stage Route, which -had formerly required nearly a month, was accomplished in eighteen or -nineteen days; and toward the end of March, the Overland Company -replaced the "mud-wagons" they had been using between Los Angeles and -San Francisco with brightly-painted and better-upholstered Concord -coaches. Then the Los Angeles office was on Spring Street, between -First and Second--on the lot later bought by Louis Roeder for a -wagon-shop, and now the site of the Roeder Block; and there, for the -price of two hundred dollars, tickets could be obtained for the entire -journey to St. Louis. - -Foreign coin circulated in Los Angeles, as I have said, for many -years, and even up to the early sixties Mexican money was accepted at -par with our own. Improved facilities for intercourse with the outside -world, however, affected the markets here, and in the spring of that -year several merchants refused to receive the specie of our southern -neighbor at more than its actual value as silver. As a result, these -dealers, though perhaps but following the trend elsewhere, were -charged openly with a combination to obtain an illegitimate profit. - -In 1860, while Dr. T. J. White was Postmaster, a regulation was made -ordering all mail not called for to be sent to the Dead Letter Office -in Washington, within a week after such mail had been advertised; but -it was not until the fall of 1871 that this order was really put into -operation in our neighborhood. For some time this worked great -hardship on many people living in the suburbs who found it impossible -to call promptly for their mail, and who learned too late that -letters intended for them had been returned to the sender or -destroyed. - -Political enthusiasm was keen in early days, as is usual in small -towns, and victorious candidates, at least, knew how to celebrate. On -Monday, May 7th, 1860, Henry Mellus was elected Mayor; and next day, -he and the other City officers paraded our streets in a four-horse -stagecoach with a brass band. The Mayor-elect and his _confrères_ were -stuffed inside the hot, decorated vehicle, while the puffing musicians -bounced up and down on the swaying top outside, like pop-corn in a -frying-pan. - -More than a ripple of excitement was produced in Los Angeles about the -middle of May, when Jack Martin, Billy Holcomb and Jim Ware, in from -Bear Valley, ordered provisions and paid for the same in shining gold -dust. It was previously known that they had gone out to hunt for bear, -and their sudden return with this precious metal, together with their -desire to pick up a few appliances such as are not ordinarily used in -trapping, made some of the hangers-on about the store suspicious. The -hunters were secretly followed, and were found to return to what is -now Holcomb Valley; and then it was learned that gold had been -discovered there about the first of the month. For a year or two, many -mining camps were formed in Holcomb and Upper Holcomb valleys, and in -that district the town of Belleville was founded; but the gold, at -first apparently so plentiful, soon gave out, and the excitement -incidental to the discovery subsided. - -While some men were thus digging for treasure, others sought fortune -in the deep. Spearing sharks, as well as whales, was an exciting -industry at this period; sharks running in large numbers along the -coast, and in the waters of San Pedro Bay. In May, Orin Smith of Los -Angeles, with the aid of his son, in one day caught one hundred and -three sharks, from which he took only the livers; these, when boiled, -yielding oil which, burned fairly well, even in its crude state. -During the next year, shark-hunting near Rattlesnake Island continued -moderately remunerative. - -Sometime in the spring, another effort was made to establish a tannery -here and hopes were entertained that an important trade might thus be -founded. But the experiment came to naught, and even to-day Los -Angeles can boast of no tannery such as exists in several other -California cities. - -With the approach of summer, Elijah and William H. Workman built a -brick dwelling on Main Street, next to Tom Rowan's bakery, and set -around it trees of several varieties. The residence, then one of the -prettiest in town, was built for the boys' mother; and there, with -her, they dwelt. - -That sectarian activity regarding public schools is nothing new in Los -Angeles may be shown from an incident, not without its humorous side, -of the year 1860. T. J. Harvey appeared with a broadside in the press, -protesting against the reading of the Bible in schoolrooms, and saying -that he, for one, would "never stand it, come what may." Some may -still remember his invective and his pyrotechnical conclusion: -"_Revolution! War!! Blood!!!_" - -During Downey's incumbency as Governor, the Legislature passed a law, -popularly known as the Bulkhead Bill, authorizing the San Francisco -Dock and Wharf Company to build a stone bulkhead around the -water-front of the Northern city, in return for which the company was -to have the exclusive privilege of collecting tolls and wharfage for -the long period of fifty years, a franchise the stupendous value of -which even the projectors of that date could scarcely have -anticipated. Downey, when the measure came before him for final -action, vetoed the bill and thus performed a judicious act--perhaps -the most meritorious of his administration. - -Whether Downey, who on January 9th had become Governor, was really -popular for any length of time, even in the vicinity of his home, may -be a question; but his high office and the fact that he was the first -Governor from the Southland assured him a hearty welcome whenever he -came down here from the capital. In June Downey returned to Los -Angeles, accompanied by his wife, and took rooms at the Bella Union -hotel, and besides the usual committee visits, receptions and speeches -from the balcony, arranged in honor of the distinguished guests, -there was a salute of thirteen guns, fired with all ceremony, which -echoed and re-echoed from the hillsides. - -In 1860, a number of delegates, including Casper Behrendt and myself, -were sent to San Francisco to attend the laying of the corner-stone, -on the twenty-fifth of June, of the Masonic Temple at the corner of -Post and Montgomery streets. We made the trip when the weather was not -only excessively hot, but the sand was a foot deep and headway very -slow; so that, although we were young men and enjoyed the excursion, -we could not laugh down all of the disagreeable features of the -journey. It was no wonder, therefore, that when we arrived at Visalia, -where we were to change horses, Behrendt wanted a shave. While he was -in the midst of this tonsorial refreshment, the stage started on its -way to San Francisco; and as Behrendt heard it passing the shop, he -ran out--with one side of his face smooth and clean, while the other -side was whiskered and grimy--and tried to stop the disappearing -vehicle. Despite all of his yelling and running, however, the stage -did not stop; and finally, Behrendt fired his pistol several times -into the air. This attracted the attention of the sleepy driver, who -took the puffing passenger on board; whereupon the rest of us chaffed -him about his singular appearance. Behrendt[19] did not have much -peace of mind until we reached the Plaza Hotel at San Juan Bautista -("a relic," as someone has said, "of the distant past, where men and -women played billiards on horseback, and trees bore human fruit"), -situated in a sweet little valley, mountain-girdled and well watered; -where he was able to complete his shave and thus restore his -countenance to its normal condition. - -In connection with this anecdote of the trip to San Francisco, I may -add another story. On board the stage was Frederick J. McCrellish, -editor of the _Alta California_--the principal Coast paper, bought by -McCrellish & Company in 1858--and also Secretary of the telegraph -company at that time building its line between San Francisco and Los -Angeles. When we reached a point between Gilroy and Visalia, which -was the temporary terminus of the telegraph from San Francisco, -McCrellish spoke with some enthusiasm of the Morse invention and -invited everybody on the stage to send telegrams, at his expense, to -his friends. I wrote out a message to my brother in San Francisco, -telling him about the trip as far as I had completed it, and passed -the copy to the operator at the clicking instrument. It may be hard -for the reader to conceive that this would be an exciting episode in a -man's life; but since my first arrival in the Southland there had been -no telegraphic communication between Los Angeles and the outside -world, and the remembrance of this experience at the little wayside -station was never to be blotted from my mind. I may also add that of -that committee sent to the Masonic festivities in San Francisco, -Behrendt and I are now the only surviving members. - -It has been stated that the population of Los Angeles in 1850 was but -sixteen hundred and ten. How true that is I cannot tell. When I came -to the city in 1853, there were some twenty-six hundred people. In the -summer of 1860 a fairly accurate census was made, and it was found -that our little town had four thousand three hundred and ninety-nine -inhabitants. - -Two distinguished military men visited Los Angeles in the midsummer of -1860. The first was General James Shields who, in search of health, -arrived by the Overland Route on the twenty-fourth of July, having -just finished his term in the Senate. The effect of wounds received at -the battle of Cerro Gordo, years before, and reports as to the climate -of California started the General westward; and quietly he alighted -from the stage at the door of the Bella Union. After a while, General -Shields undertook the superintending of a Mexican mine; but at the -outbreak of the Civil War, although not entirely recovered, he -hastened back to Washington and was at once appointed a -Brigadier-General of volunteers. The rest of his career is known. - -A week later, General, or as he was then entitled, Colonel John C. -Frémont drew up at the Plaza. His coming to this locality in -connection with the Temescal tin mine and Mariposa forestry interests -had been heralded from Godey's ranch some days before; and when he -arrived on Tuesday, July 31st, in company with Leonidas Haskell and -Joseph C. Palmer, the Republicans were out in full force and fired a -salute of twenty-five guns. In the evening, Colonel Frémont was waited -upon in the parlors of the Bella Union by a goodly company, under the -leadership of the Republican Committee, although all classes, -irrespective of politics, united to pay the celebrated California -pioneer the honors due him. - -Alexander Godey, to whose _rancho_ I have just referred, was a man of -importance, with a very extensive cattle-range in Kern County not far -from Bakersfield, where he later lived. He occasionally came to town, -and was an invariable visitor at my store, purchasing many supplies -from me. These and other provisions, which Godey and his neighbors -sent for, were transported by burro- or mule-train to the ranches in -care of Miguel Ortiz, who had his headquarters in Los Angeles. Loading -these so-called pack-trains was an art: by means of ropes and slats of -wood, merchandise was strapped to the animal's sides and back in such -a fashion that it could not slip, and thus a heavy, well-balanced load -was conveyed over the plain and the mountain trails. - -By 1860, the Germans were well-organized and active here in many ways, -a German Benevolent Society, called the Eintracht, which met Tuesday -and Friday evenings in the Arcadia Block for music drill under -Director Heinsch, affording stimulating entertainment and -accomplishing much good. The Turnverein, on the other hand, took an -interest in the success of the Round House, and on March 12th put up a -liberty pole on top of the oddly-shaped building. Lager beer and other -things deemed by the Teutonic brethren essential to a Garden of -Paradise and to such an occasion were freely dispensed; and on that -day Lehman was in all his glory. - -A particular feature of this Garden of Paradise was a cabbage, about -which have grown up some traditions of the Brobdingnagian sort that -the reader may accept _in toto_ or with a grain of salt. It was -planted when the place was opened, and is said to have attained, by -December, 1859, a height of twelve feet, "with a circumference" (so -averred an ambiguous chronicler of the period, referring doubtless to -crinolines) "equal to that of any fashionably-attired city belle -measuring eight or ten feet." By July, 1860, the cabbage attained a -growth, so the story goes, of fourteen feet four inches although, -George always claimed, it had been cropped twenty or more times and -its leaves used for _Kohlslau_, _Sauerkraut_ and goodness knows what. -I can afford the modern reader no better idea of Lehman's personality -and resort than by quoting the following contemporaneous, if not very -scholarly, account: - - THE GARDEN OF PARADISE. Our friend George of the Round - House, who there keeps a garden with the above captivating - name, was one of the few who done honor to the Fourth. He - kept the National Ensign at the fore, showed his - fifteen-foot cabbage, and dealt _Lager_ to admiring crowds - all day. - -Among the popular pleasure-resorts of 1860 was the Tivoli Garden on -the Wolfskill Road, conducted by Charles Kaiser, who called his -friends together by placarding the legend, "Hurrah for the Tivoli!" -Music and other amusements were provided every Sunday, from two -o'clock, and dancing could be enjoyed until late in the night; and as -there was no charge for admission, the place was well patronized. - -When the Fourth of July, 1859, approached and no preparation had been -made to observe the holiday, some children who were being instructed -in calisthenics by A. F. Tilden began to solicit money, their childish -enthusiasm resulting in the appointing of a committee, the collecting -of four hundred dollars, and a picnic in Don Luis Sainsevain's -enclosed garden. A year later, Tilden announced that he would open a -place for gymnastic exercises in "Temple's New Block;" charging men -three dollars for the use of the apparatus and the privilege of a -shower-bath, and training boys at half rates. This was the origin of -systematic physical culture in Los Angeles. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[19] Died November 19th, 1913. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX - -STEAM-WAGON--ODD CHARACTERS - -1860 - - -Early in 1860, Phineas Banning and J. J. Tomlinson, the energetic -rivals in lighterage and freighting at San Pedro, embarked as lumber -merchants, thereby anticipating the enormous trade that has flowed for -years past from the North through Los Angeles to Southern California -and Arizona. Having many teams, they hauled lumber, when traffic was -not sufficient to keep their wagon-trains busy, from the harbor to the -city or even, when there was need, to the _ranchos_. It must have been -in the same year that F. P. F. Temple, at a cost of about forty -thousand dollars for lumber alone, fenced in a wide acreage, at the -same time building large and substantial barns for his stock. By the -summer of that year, Banning was advertising lumber, delivered in Los -Angeles; and from October 1st, Banning & Hinchman had an office near -the northern junction of Main and Spring streets. A couple of years -before, Banning in person had directed the driving of seventeen mule -teams, from San Pedro to Fort Yuma, covering, in twelve or thirteen -days, the two hundred and thirty miles of barely passable road. The -following March, Banning and Tomlinson, who had so often opposed each -other even in the courts, came to an understanding and buried the -hatchet for good. - -At this time, Joseph Everhardt, who, with Frederick W. Koll, had -conducted the Lafayette Hotel, sold out and moved to San Francisco, -marrying Miss R. Mayer, now John Lang's widow, sister-in-law of Kiln -Messer. Later, Everhardt went to Sonoma and then to Victoria, B. C., -in each place making his mark; and in the latter city he died. - -Like both Messer and Lang, Everhardt had passed through varied and -trying experiences. The owner of the Russ Garden restaurant in 1849, -in lively San Francisco, he came to Los Angeles and took hold of the -hotel Lafayette. With him was a partner named Fucht; but a free fight -and display of shooting irons, such as often enlivened a California -hotel, having sent the guests and hangers-on scurrying to quarters, -induced Fucht to sell out his interests in very short order, whereupon -Everhardt took in with him Frederick W. Koll, who lived on a site now -the southeast corner of Seventh and Spring streets where he had an -orange-grove. - -Pursuing Indians was dangerous in the extreme, as Robert Wilburn found -when he went after some twenty head of cattle stolen from Felix -Bachman by Pi-Ute or Paiute Indians in January, 1860, during one of -their marauding expeditions into California. Wilburn chased the red -men but he never came back; and when his body was found, it was -pierced with three or four arrows, probably shot at him simultaneously -by as many of the cattle-thieves. - -Don Tomás A. Sanchez, Sheriff from 1860 to 1867, had a record for -physical courage and prowess, having previously been an officer under -Pico in the Mexican War days, and having later aided Pico in his -efforts to punish Barton's murderers. Sanchez had property; and in -1887 a patent was granted his estate for four thousand or more acres -in the ranch known as _Ciénega ó Paso de la Tijera_. - -Destructive fires in the open country, if not as common as now, still -occasionally stirred our citizens. Such a fire broke out in the San -Fernando Valley in the middle of July, and spread so rapidly that a -square mile and a half of territory was denuded and charred. Not only -were there no organized means to fight such fires, but men were -compelled to sound the alarm through couriers on horseback; and if the -wind happened to be blowing across the plains, even the fleetest -horseman had all he could do to avoid the flames and reach in time the -widely-separated _rancheros_. Here I may add that as late as the -sixties all of the uninhabited parts of Los Angeles, especially to -the of Main Street, were known as plains, and "crossing the plains" -was an expression commonly used with a peculiarly local significance. - -So wretched were the roads in the early decades after my arrival, and -so many were the plans proposed for increasing the rapidity of travel, -that great curiosity was excited in 1860 when it was announced that -Phineas Banning had bought a "steam-wagon" and would soon introduce a -kind of vehicle such as Los Angeles, at least, had never before seen. -This steam-wagon was a traction engine built by J. Whitman & Sons, at -Leeds, England, and was already on its way across the ocean. It had -been ordered by Richard A. Ogden, of San Francisco, for the Patagonia -Copper Mining Company, a trial before shipping having proved that, -with a load of thirty-eight tons, the engine could attain a speed of -five miles an hour; and Banning paid handsomely for the option of -purchasing the vehicle, on condition that it would ultimately prove a -success. - -The announcement was made in April, and by early June the engine had -reached San Francisco where it made the run to Mission Dolores in -three-quarters of an hour. All the San Francisco papers told of "the -truly wonderful machine," one reporter averring that "the engineer had -so perfect control that a visit was made to various parts of the city, -to the astonishment and gratification of the multitude;" and since -these accounts were immediately copied by the Los Angeles papers -(which added the official announcement that Captain Hughes had loaded -the engine on board his schooner, the _Lewis Perry_, and was bringing -it south as fast as he could), popular excitement rose like the -mercury in summer, and but one more report was needed to make it the -absorbing talk of the hour. That came on the twenty-eighth of July, -when the _Star_ announced: "The steam-wagon has arrived at San Pedro;" -and it was not long before many persons went down to the port to get a -sight of the wonderful object. - -And wait they did. Although the _Star_ said that "all our citizens -were anxiously, hourly, expecting to see Major Banning heave in sight -at the foot of Main Street," no Banning hove! Instead, on the fourth -of August, the same _Star_ broke forth with this lament: "The -steam-wagon is at San Pedro, and we regret to learn that it is likely -to remain there. So far, all attempts to reach this city with freight -have failed." And that was the end of the steam-wagon experiment here. - -In every community there are characters who, for one reason or -another, develop among their fellows a reputation for oddity. We have -all seen the good-natured, rather stout old gentleman, whose claim to -dignity is his old-fashioned Prince Albert and rather battered-looking -silk hat, but who, although he boasts many friends, is never -successful in the acquisition of this world's goods. We have seen, -too, the vender of ice-cream, _tamales_ or similar commodity, who in -his youth had been an opera singer or actor, but whose too intensive -thirst rendered him impossible in his profession and brought him far -down in the world. Some were dangerous criminals; some were harmless, -but obnoxious; others still were harmless and amusing. Many such -characters I have met during my sixty years in Los Angeles; and each -filled a certain niche, even those whose only mission was to furnish -their fellows with humor or amusement having thus contributed to the -charm of life. - -Viejo Cholo, or Old Half-breed, a Mexican over sixty years of age who -was never known by any other name, was such an eccentric character. He -was half blind; wore a pair of white linen pantaloons, and for a -mantle used an old sheet. This he threw over his shoulders; and thus -accoutered, he strutted about the streets like a Spanish cavalier. His -cane was a broom-handle; his lunch-counter, the swill-bucket; and when -times were particularly bad, Viejo begged. The youngsters of the -pueblo were the bane of Cholo's existence and the torment of his -infirmity and old age. - -Cholo was succeeded by Pinikahti, who was half Indian and half -Mexican. He was not over four feet in height and had a flat nose, a -stubby beard and a face badly pockmarked; and he presented, -altogether, as unkempt and obnoxious an appearance as one might -imagine. Pinikahti was generally attired in a well-worn straw hat, the -top of which was missing, and his long, hair stuck out in clumps and -snarls. A woolen undershirt and a pair of overalls completed his -costume, while his toes, as a rule, protruded from his enormous boots. -Unlike Viejo Cholo, Pinikahti was permitted to go unmolested by the -juvenile portion of the population, inasmuch as, though half-witted, -he was somewhat of an entertainer; for it was natural for him to play -the flute and--what was really interesting--he made his own -instruments out of the reed that grew along the river banks. Pinikahti -cut just the holes, I suppose, that produced what seemed to him proper -harmony, and on these home-made flutes performed such airs as his -wandering fancy suggested. He always played weird tunes and danced -strange Indian dances; and through these crude gifts he became, as I -have said, sufficiently popular to enjoy some immunity. Nevertheless, -he was a professional beggar; and whatever he did to afford amusement, -was done, after all, for money. This was easily explained, for money -alone would buy _aguardiente_, and Pinikahti had little use for -anything else. _Aguardiente_, as the word was commonly used in -Southern California, was a native brandy, full of hell fire; and so -the poor half-breed was always drunk. One day Pinikahti drank a glass -too much, and this brought about such a severance of his ties with -beautiful Los Angeles that his absorption of one spirit released, at -last, the other. - -Sometime in the eventful sixties, a tall, angular, muscular-looking -woman was here, who went by the singular _sobriquet_ of Captain Jinks, -a title which she received from a song then very popular, the first -couplet of which ran something like this: - - I'm Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines, - I feed my horse on pork and beans! - -She half strode, half jerked her way along the street, as though -scanning the lines of that ditty with her feet. She was strong for -woman's rights, she said; and she certainly looked it. - -Chinamen were not only more numerous by 1860, but they had begun to -vary their occupations, many working as servants, laundrymen or farm -hands. In March, a Chinese company was also organized to compete for -local fish trade. - -In 1860, Émile Bordenave & Company opened the Louisiana Coffee Saloon -as a French restaurant. Roast duck and oysters were their specialty, -and they charged fifty cents a meal. But they also served "a plate at -one bit."[20] Some years later, there was a two-bit restaurant known -as Brown's on Main Street, near the United States Hotel, where a good, -substantial meal was served. - -James, often called Santiago Johnson, who, for a short time prior to -his death about 1860 or 1861, was a forwarder of freight at San Pedro, -came to Los Angeles in 1833 with a cargo of Mexican and Chinese goods, -and after that owned considerable ranch property. In addition to -ranching, he also engaged extensively in cattle-raising. - -Peter, popularly known as Pete or Bully Wilson, a native of Sweden, -came to Los Angeles about 1860. He ran a one horse dray; and as soon -as he had accumulated sufficient money, he bought, for twelve hundred -dollars, the southeast corner of Spring and First streets, where he -had his stable. He continued to prosper; and his family still enjoy -the fruits of his industry. - -The same year, George Smith started to haul freight and baggage. He -had four horses hitched to a sombre-looking vehicle nicknamed the -_Black Swan_. - -J. D. Yates was a grocer and provision-dealer of 1860, with a store on -the Plaza. - -I have referred to Bishop Amat as presiding over the Diocese of -Monterey and Los Angeles; but Los Angeles was linked with Monterey, -for a while, even in judicial matters. Beginning with 1860 or 1861 -(when Fletcher M. Haight, father of Governor H. H. Haight, was the -first Judge to preside), the United States Court for the Southern -District of California was held alternately in the two towns -mentioned, Colonel J. O. Wheeler serving as Clerk and the Court for -the Southern term occupying seven rooms of the second story of John -Temple's Block. These alternate sessions continued to be held until -about 1866 when the tribunal for the Southern District ceased to exist -and Angeleños were compelled to apply to the court in San Francisco. - -For years, such was the neglect of the Protestant burial ground that -in 1860 caustic criticism was made by each newspaper discussing the -condition of the cemetery: there was no fence, headstones were -disfigured or demolished, and there was little or no protection to the -graves. As a matter of fact, when the cemetery on Fort Hill was -abandoned, but few of the bodies were removed. - -By 1860, the New England Fire Insurance Company, of Hartford, -Connecticut, was advertising here through its local agent, H. -Hamilton--our friend of the Los Angeles _Star_. Hamilton used to -survey the applicants' premises, forward the data to William Faulkner, -the San Francisco representative, who executed the policy and mailed -the document back to Los Angeles. After a while, Samuel Briggs, with -Wells Fargo & Co., represented the Phoenix Insurance Company. - -H. Newmark & Company also sold insurance somewhat later, representing -the Commercial Union Insurance Company. About 1880, however, they -disposed of their insurance interests to Maurice Kremer, whose main -competitor was W. J. Brodrick; and from this transaction developed the -firm of Kremer, Campbell & Company, still in that business. Not only -in this connection but elsewhere in these memoirs it may be noted how -little specialization there was in earlier days in Los Angeles; in -fact it was not until about 1880 that this process, distinctive of -economic progress, began to appear in Los Angeles. I myself have -handled practically every staple that makes up the very great -proportion of merchandising activity, whereas my successors of to-day, -as well as their competitors, deal only in groceries and kindred -lines. - -Two brothers, Émile and Théophile Vaché, in the fall of 1860, started -what has become the oldest firm--Vaché Frères--in the local wine -business, at first utilizing the Bernard residence at Alameda and -Third streets, in time used by the Government as a bonded warehouse. -Later, they removed to the building on Aliso Street once occupied by -the Medical College, where the cellars proved serviceable for a -winery. There they attempted the manufacture of cream of tartar from -wine-crystals, but the venture was not remunerative. In 1881, the -Vachés, joined by their brother Adolphe, began to grow grapes in the -Barton Vineyard in San Bernardino County, and some time afterward they -bought near-by land and started the famous Brookside Vineyard. Émile -is now dead; while Théophile, who retired and returned to Europe in -1892, retaining an interest in the firm of T. Vaché & Company, passes -his hours pleasantly on the picturesque island of St. George d'Oléron, -in the Charente Inférieure, in his native France. - -On September 21st, Captain W. S. Hancock, who first came to Los -Angeles in connection with the expedition against the Mojave Indians -in 1858, sought to establish a new kind of express between Los Angeles -and Fort Mojave, and sent out a camel in charge of Greek George to -make the trial trip. When they had been gone two and a half days, the -regular express messenger bound for Los Angeles met them at Lane's -Crossing, apparently in none too promising a condition; which later -gave rise to a report that the camel had died on the desert. This -occasioned numerous newspaper squibs _à propos_ of both the speed and -the staying powers of the camel as contrasted with those of the burro; -and finally, in October, the following announcement appeared placarded -throughout the town: - - BY POULTERER, DE RO &. ELDRIDGE ----OFFICE AND - SALESROOM, CORNER CALIFORNIA & FRONT STREETS, SAN - FRANCISCO. - - PEREMPTORY SALE OF BACTRIAN CAMELS IMPORTED FROM THE AMOOR - RIVER EX CAROLINE E. FOOTE. - - ON WEDNESDAY, OCT. 10, 1860, WE WILL SELL AT PUBLIC AUCTION - IN LOTS TO SUIT PURCHASERS, FOR CASH, 13 BACTRIAN CAMELS, - - From a cold and mountainous country, comprising 6 males and - 7 females, (5 being with young,) all in fine health and - condition. - - * * * For further particulars, inquire of the Auctioneers. - -In 1858, Richard Garvey came to Los Angeles and entered the Government -service as a messenger, between this city and New Mexico, for Captain -W. S. Hancock. Later, he went to the Holcomb Valley mines, where he -first met Lucky Baldwin; and by 1872 he had disposed of some San -Bernardino mine properties at a figure which seemed to permit his -retirement and ease for the rest of his life. For the next twenty -years, he was variously employed, at times operating for Baldwin. -Garvey is at present living in Los Angeles. - -What was one of the last bullfights here, toward the end of September, -when a little child was trodden upon in the ring, reminds me not only -of the succeeding sports, including horse-racing, but as well that -Francis Temple should be credited with encouraging the importation and -breeding of good horses. In 1860 he paid seven thousand dollars, then -considered an enormous sum, for _Black Warrior_; and not long -afterward he bought _Billy Blossom_ at a fancy figure. - -A political gathering or two enlivened the year 1860. In July, when -the local sentiment was, to all appearances, strongly in favor of -Breckenridge and Lane, the Democratic candidates for President and -Vice-President, one hundred guns were fired in their honor; and great -was the jubilation of the Democratic hosts. A later meeting, under the -auspices of the Breckenridge Club, was held in front of the Montgomery -saloon on Main Street. Judge Dryden presided, and Senator Milton S. -Latham was the chief speaker. A number of ladies graced the occasion, -some seated in chairs near by and others remaining in their vehicles -drawn up in a semicircle before the speaker's stand. As a result of -all this effort, the candidates in question did lead in the race here, -but only by four votes. On counting the ballots the day after -election, it was found that Breckenridge had two hundred and -sixty-seven votes, while Douglas, the Independent Democratic nominee, -had polled two hundred and sixty-three. Of permanent interest, -perhaps, as showing the local sentiment on other questions of the -time, is that Lincoln received in Los Angeles only one hundred and -seventy-nine votes. - -Generally, a candidate persuaded his friends to nominate and endorse -him, but now and then one came forward and addressed the public -directly. In the fall of 1860, the following announcement appeared in -the _Southern News_: - - TO THE VOTERS OF LOS ANGELES TOWNSHIP: - - I am a candidate for the office of Justice of the Peace, - and I desire to say to you, frankly, that I want you all to - vote for me on the 6th of November next. I aspire to the - office for two reasons,--first, because I am vain enough to - believe that I am capable of performing the duties - required, with credit to myself and to the satisfaction of - all good citizens; second, because I am poor, and am - desiring of making an honest living thereby. - - WILLIAM G. STILL. - -During my first visit to San Francisco, in the fall of 1853, and while -_en route_ to Los Angeles, my attention was called to a line of -electric telegraph, then just installed between the Golden Gate and -the town, for use in reporting the arrival of vessels. About a month -later a line was built from San Francisco to Sacramento, Stockton and -around to San José. Nothing further, however, was done toward reaching -Southern California with the electric wire until the end of May or the -beginning of June, 1860, when President R. E. Raimond and Secretary -Fred. J. McCrellish (promoters of the Pacific & Atlantic Telegraph -Company, organized in 1858 to reach San António, Texas, and Memphis, -Tennessee) came to Los Angeles to lay the matter before our citizens. -Stock was soon subscribed for a line through the city and as far as -Fort Yuma, and in a few days Banning had fifty teams ready to haul the -telegraph poles, which were deposited in time along the proposed -route. In the beginning, interest was stimulated by the promise that -the telegraph would be in operation by the Fourth of July; but -Independence Day came and went, and the best that the telegraph -company could do was to make the ambiguous report that there were so -and so many "holes in the ground." Worse than that, it was announced, -toward the end of July, that the stock of wire had given out; and -still worse, that no more could be had this side of the Atlantic -States! That news was indeed discouraging; but by the middle of -August, twenty tons of wire were known to be on a clipper bound for -San Francisco, around the Horn, and five tons were being hurried here -by steamer. The wire arrived, in due season, and the most energetic -efforts were made to establish telegraphic communication between Los -Angeles and San Francisco. It was while McCrellish was slowly -returning to the North, in June, that I met him as narrated in a -previous chapter. - -Finally, at eight o'clock on October 8th, 1860, a few magic words from -the North were ticked out in the Los Angeles office of the telegraph -company. Two hours later, as those familiar with our local history -know, Mayor Henry Mellus sent the following memorable message to H. F. -Teschemacher, President of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors: - - Allow me, on behalf of the citizens of Los Angeles, to send - you greeting of fellowship and good-feeling on the - completion of the line of telegraph which now binds the two - cities together. - -Whereupon, the next day, President Teschemacher (who, by the way, was -a well-known importer, having brought the first almond seed from the -Mediterranean in the early fifties) replied to Mayor Mellus: - - Your despatch has just been received. On behalf of the - citizens of San Francisco, I congratulate Los Angeles, - trusting that the benefit may be mutual. - -A ball in Los Angeles fittingly celebrated the event, as will be seen -from the following despatch, penned by Henry D. Barrows, who was then -Southern California correspondent of the _Bulletin_: - - LOS ANGELES, October 9, 1860, 10.45 A. M. - - Here is the maiden salutation of Los Angeles to San - Francisco by lightning! This despatch--the first to the - press from this point--the correspondent of the _Bulletin_ - takes pleasure in communicating in behalf of his - fellow-citizens. The first intelligible communication by - the electric wire was received here last night at about - eight o'clock, and a few hours later, at a grand and - brilliant ball, given in honor of the occasion, despatches - were received from San Francisco announcing the complete - working of the entire line. Speeches were made in the - crowded ball-room by E. J. C. Kewen and J. McCrellish. News - of Colonel Baker's election in Oregon to the United States - Senate electrified the Republicans, but the Breckenridges - doubted it at first. Just before leaving yesterday, Senator - Latham planted the first telegraph pole from this point - east, assisted by a concourse of citizens. - -Barrows' telegram concluded with the statement, highly suggestive of -the future commercial possibilities of the telegraph, that the steamer -_Senator_ would leave San Pedro that evening with three thousand or -more boxes of grapes. - -On October 16th, the steamer _J. T. Wright_, named after the -boat-owner and widely advertised as "new, elegant, and fast," arrived -at San Pedro, in charge of Captain Robert Haley; and many persons -professed to see in her appearance on the scene new hope for -beneficial coastwise competition. After three or four trips, however, -the steamer was withdrawn. - -Leonard John Rose, a German by birth, and brother-in-law of H. K. S. -O'Melveny, arrived with his family by the Butterfield Stage Route in -November, having fought and conquered, so to speak, every step of his -way from Illinois, from which State, two years before, he had set out. -Rose and other pioneers tried to reach California along the -Thirty-fifth parallel, a route surveyed by Lieutenant Beale but -presenting terrific hardships; on the sides of mountains, at times, -they had to let down their wagons by ropes, and again they almost died -of thirst. The Mojave Indians, too, set upon them and did not desist -until seventeen Indians had been killed and nine whites were slain or -wounded, Rose himself not escaping injury. With the help of other -emigrants, Rose and his family managed to reach Albuquerque, where -within two years in the hotel business he acquired fourteen thousand -dollars. Then, coming to Los Angeles, he bought from William Wolfskill -one hundred and sixty acres near the old Mission of San Gabriel, and -so prospered that he was soon able to enlarge his domain to over two -thousand acres. He laid out a splendid vineyard and orange grove, and -being full of ambition, enterprise and taste, it was not long before -he had the show-place of the county. - -Apparently, Temple really inaugurated his new theater with the coming -to Los Angeles in November of that year of "the Great Star Company of -Stark & Ryer," as well as with the announcement made at the time by -their management: "This is the first advent of a theatrical company -here." Stark & Ryer were in Los Angeles for a week or two; and though -I should not vouch for them as stars, the little hall was crowded each -night, and almost to suffocation. There were no fire ordinances then -as to filling even the aisles and the window-sills, nor am I sure that -the conventional fire-pail, more often empty than filled with water, -stood anywhere about; but just as many tickets were sold, regardless -of the seating capacity. Tragedy gave way, alternately, to comedy, one -of the evenings being devoted to _The Honeymoon_; and as this was not -quite long enough to satisfy the onlookers, who had neither trains nor -boats to catch, there was an after-piece. In those days, when Los -Angeles was entirely dependent on the North for theatrical and similar -talent, it sometimes happened that the steamer was delayed or that the -"star" failed to catch the ship and so could not arrive when expected; -as a result of which patrons, who had journeyed in from the ranches, -had to journey home again with their curiosity and appetite for the -histrionic unsatisfied. - -Prisoners, especially Indians, were employed on public works. As late -as November, 1860, the Water Overseer was empowered to take out any -Indians who might be in the calaboose, and to use them for repairing -the highways and bridges. - -About 1860, Nathan Jacoby came to Los Angeles, on my invitation, as I -had known him in Europe; and he was with me about a year. When I sold -out, he entered the employ of M. Kremer and later went into business -for himself. As the senior partner of Jacoby Brothers, he died -suddenly in 1911. Associated with Nathan at different periods were his -brothers, Herman, Abraham, Morris, Charles and Lesser Jacoby, all of -them early arrivals. Of this group, Charles and Lesser, both active in -business circles in their day, are also dead. - -Toward the end of 1860, Solomon Lazard returned to France, to visit -his mother; but no sooner had he arrived at his old home and -registered, according to law, with the police, than he was arrested, -charged with having left his fatherland at the age of seventeen, -without having performed military duty. In spite of his American -citizenship, he was tried by court-martial and sentenced to a short -imprisonment; but through the intervention of the United States -Minister, Charles J. Faulkner--the author of the Fugitive Slave Law of -1850--and the clemency of the Emperor Napoleon III., he was finally -released. He had to furnish a substitute, however, or pay a fine of -fifteen hundred francs; and he paid the fine. At length, -notwithstanding his unpleasant experience, Lazard arrived in Los -Angeles about the middle of March, 1861. - -Tired of the wretched sidewalks, John Temple, in December, 1860, set -to work to introduce an improvement in front of his Main Street block, -an experiment that was watched with interest. Bricks were covered with -a thick coating of asphalt brought from La Brea Ranch, which was -smoothed while still warm and then sprinkled with sand; the -combination promising great durability. In the summer season, however, -the coating became soft and gluey, and was not comfortable to walk -upon. - -I have already spoken of the effect of heat and age on foodstuffs such -as eggs and butter, when brought over the hot desert between San -Bernardino and Los Angeles. This disadvantage continued for years; nor -was the succeeding plan of bringing provisions from San Francisco and -the North by way of the ocean without its obstacles. A. Ulyard, the -baker, realized the situation, and in December advertised "fresh -crackers, baked in Los Angeles, and superior to those half spoiled by -the sea voyage." - -Previous to the days of warehouses, and much before the advent of -railroads, the public hay-scale was an institution, having been -constructed by Francis Mellus in the dim past. Exposed to the -elements, it stood alone out in the center of Los Angeles Street, -somewhat south of Aliso; and in the lawless times of the young town -was a silent witness to the numerous crimes perpetrated in the -adjacent Calle de Los Negros. Onto its rough platform the neighboring -farmers drove their heavy loads, often waiting an hour or two for the -arrival of the owner, who alone had the key to its mysterious -mechanism. Speaking of this lack of a warehouse brings to my mind the -pioneer of 1850, Edouard Naud, who first attracted attention as a -clever pastryman with a little shop on Commercial Street where he made -a specialty of lady-fingers--selling them at fifty cents a dozen. -Engaging in the wool industry, he later become interested in wool and -this led him in 1878 to erect Naud's warehouse on Alameda Street, at -present known as the Union Warehouse.[21] Naud died in 1881. His son, -Edward, born in Los Angeles, is famous as an amateur _chef_ who can -prepare a French dinner that even a professional might be proud of. - -In May, as elsewhere stated, Henry Mellus was elected Mayor of Los -Angeles; and on the twenty-sixth of December he died--the first to -yield that office to the inexorable demands of Death. The news of his -demise called forth unfeigned expressions of regret; for Mellus was -not only a man of marked ability, but he was of genial temperament and -the soul of honor. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[20] Twelve and one-half cents. - -[21] Destroyed by fire on September 22d, 1915. - - - - -CHAPTER XX - -THE RUMBLINGS OF WAR - -1861 - - -The year 1861 dawned dark and foreboding. On the twentieth of the -preceding December, South Carolina had seceded, and along the Pacific, -as elsewhere, men were anxiously wondering what would happen next. -Threats and counter-threats clearly indicated the disturbed state of -the public mind; and when, near Charleston Harbor, a hostile shot was -fired at the _Star of the West_, the certainty of further trouble, -particularly with the coming inauguration of Lincoln, was everywhere -felt. - -Aside, however, from these disturbing events so much affecting -commercial life, the year, sandwiched between two wet seasons, was in -general a prosperous one. There were evil effects of the heavy rains, -and business in the spring was rather dull; but cattlemen, upon whose -success so many other people depended, took advantage of the favoring -conditions and profited accordingly. - -During the period of the flood in 1859-60, the river, as we have seen, -was impassable, and for months there was so much water in the bed, -ordinarily dry, that foot-passage was interrupted. In January, 1861, -therefore, the Common Council, under the influence of one of its -members, E. Moulton, whose dairy was in East Los Angeles, provided a -flimsy foot-bridge in his neighborhood. If my memory serves me, -construction was delayed, and so the bridge escaped the next winter's -flood, though it went down years later. - -On January 9th, the schooner _Lewis Perry_ arrived at anchorage, to be -towed across the bar and to the wharf by the little steamer[22] -_Comet_. This was the first sea-going vessel that had ever visited New -San Pedro with a full cargo, and demonstrated, it was thought by many, -that the port was easily navigable by vessels drawing eleven feet of -water or less! Comments of all kinds were made upon this event, one -scribe writing: - - We expect to see coasting steamers make their regular trips - to New Town, discharging freight and loading passengers on - the wharf, safe from the dangers of rough weather, instead - of lying off at sea, subjecting life and property to the - perils of southeast gales and the breakers. The _Senator_ - even, in the opinion of experienced persons, might easily - enter the channel on the easterly side of Dead Man's - Island, and thence find a safe passage in the Creek. _It - will yet happen!_ - -John M. Griffith came to Los Angeles in 1861, having four years -previously married a sister of John J. Tomlinson. With the latter he -formed a partnership in the passenger and freight-carrying business, -their firm competing with Banning & Company until 1868, when Tomlinson -died. - -This same year, at the age of about eighteen, Eugene Meyer arrived. He -first clerked for Solomon Lazard, in the retail dry-goods business; -and in 1867 he was admitted into partnership. On November 20th of that -year Meyer married Miss Harriet, the youngest daughter of Joseph -Newmark--who officiated. - -Felix Bachman, who came in 1853, was at various times in partnership -with Philip Sichel (after whom Sichel Street is named, and Councilman -in 1862), Samuel Laubheim and Ben Schloss, the firm being known as -Bachman & Company; and on Los Angeles Street near Commercial they -carried on the largest business in town. Bachman secured much Salt -Lake trade and in 1861 opposed high freight rates; but although well -off when he left here, he died a poor man in San Francisco, at the age -of nearly one hundred years. - - [Illustration: Winfield Scott Hancock] - - [Illustration: Albert Sidney Johnston] - - [Illustration: Los Angeles County in 1854 From a contemporary map] - - [Illustration: The Morris Adobe, once Frémont's Headquarters] - -In 1861, Adolph Junge arrived and established a drug-store in the -Temple Block, his only competitor being Theodore Wollweber; and there -he continued for nearly twenty years, one of his prescription books, -now in the County Museum, evidencing his activity. For a while, F. J. -Gieze, the well-known druggist for so many years on North Main Street, -and an arrival of '74, clerked for Junge. At the beginning of the -sixties, Dr. A. B. Hayward practiced medicine here, his office being -next to Workman Brothers' saddlery, on Main Street. Wollweber's name -recalls a practical joke of the late sixties, when some waggish friend -raised the cry that there was a bear across the river, and induced my -Teutonic neighbor to go in hot pursuit. After bracing himself for the -supreme effort, Wollweber shot the beast dead; only to learn that the -bear, a blind and feeble animal, was a favorite pet, and that it would -take just twenty-five dollars to placate the irate owner! - -The absence in general of shade trees was so noticeable that when John -Temple, on January 31st, planted a row facing Temple Building there -was the usual town gossip. Charley Ducommon followed Temple's example. -Previously, there had been several wide-spreading trees in front of -the Bella Union hotel, and it came to pass within the next five years -that many pepper-trees adorned the streets. - -In 1861, the Post Office was removed from North Spring Street to a -frame building on Main Street, opposite Commercial. About the same -time when, owing to floods, no mail arrived for three or four weeks -and someone facetiously hung out a sign announcing the office "To -Let!" the Washington postal authorities began issuing stamped -envelopes, of the values of twelve and twenty-four cents, for those -business men of Los Angeles and the Pacific Coast who were likely to -use the recently-developed Pony Express. - -Matthew Keller, or Don Mateo, as he was called, who died in 1881, was -a quaint personality of real ability, who had a shop on the northwest -corner of Los Angeles and Commercial streets, and owned the adjoining -store in which P. Beaudry had been in business. His operations were -original and his advertising unique, as will be seen from his -announcement in the _Star_ in February: - - M. KELLER, TO HIS CUSTOMERS - - You are hereby notified that the time has at last arrived - when you must pay up, without further delay, or I shall be - obliged to invoke the aid of the law and the lawyers. - - Your most ob't servant, - M. KELLER. - -Which warning was followed, in the next issue, by this: - - M. KELLER, TO HIS CUSTOMERS - - The Right of Secession Admitted! - - You are hereby notified that the time has arrived when you - must pay up, without further delay, or I shall be obliged - to invoke the aid of the law and the lawyers. - - After such settlement, slow-payers are requested to secede. - - M. KELLER. - - (to be augmented next week) - -This later advertisement, with the line in parenthesis, continued to -be printed, week after week, without change, _for at least twelve -months_. - -The following year, Keller, in flaring headlines, offered for sale the -front of his Los Angeles vineyard, facing on Aliso Street, in building -lots of twenty by one hundred feet, saying, in his prospectus: - - Great improvements are on the _tapis_ in this quarter. - Governor Downey and the intrepid Beaudry propose to open a - street to let the light of day shine in upon their dark - domains. On the Equerry side of Aliso Street, "what fine - legs your master has," must run to give way for more - permanent fixtures. Further on, the Prior estates are about - to be improved by the astute and far-seeing Templito; and - Keller sells lots on the sunny side of Aliso Street. The - map is on view at my office; come in and make your - selections,--first come, first served! Terms will be made - handy! - - M. KELLER. - -Nathaniel Pryor--sometimes known as Don Miguel N. Pryor or Prior--is -the pioneer referred to by Keller. At the age of thirty, it is said, -in 1828, he came here, and fifteen or twenty years later, about the -time that he was a _Regidor_ or Councilman, was one of eight or ten -Easterners who had farms within the pueblo district. His property, in -part a vineyard, included what is now Commercial to First streets and -possibly from Los Angeles Street to the river; on it was an adobe -which is still standing on Jackson Street, and is the only mud-brick -structure in that section. For a while, and probably because he had -loaned Pryor some money, F. P. F. Temple had an interest in the -estate. Pryor was twice married, having a son, Charles, by his first -wife, and a son, Nathaniel, Jr., by his second. Pablo Pryor of San -Juan was another son. The first Mrs. Pryor died about 1840, and is one -of the few--with the mother of Pio Pico--buried inside of the old -church at the Plaza. The second Mrs. Pryor, who inherited the -property, died about 1857. A granddaughter, Mrs. Lottie Pryor, is a -surviving member of this family. - -During the administration of Padre Blas Raho, a genial, broad-minded -Italian, several attempts were made, beginning with 1857 or 1858, to -improve the old church at the Plaza; and in 1861, the historic -edifice, so long unchanged, was practically rebuilt. The front adobe -wall, which had become damaged by rains, was taken down and -reconstructed of brick; some alterations were made in the tower; and -the interesting old tiled roof was replaced--to the intense regret of -later and more appreciative generations--with modern, less durable -shingles. A fence was provided, and trees, bushes and plants were set -out. The church was also frescoed, inside and out, by Henri Penelon, -the French pioneer artist and photographer, who painted upon the wall -the following inscription: - - _Los Fieles de Esta Parroquia á la Reina de los Angeles, 1861._[23] - -Early in March, Sanchez Street was opened by the Common Council. It -was opposite the northern section of Arcadia Block, passed through -the properties of Sanchez, Pico, Coronel and others, and terminated at -the Plaza. - -The Los Angeles Mounted Rifles, part of the five thousand militia -wanted by California, was organized on March 6th at a meeting in the -Court House presided over by George W. Gift, with M. J. Newmark, who -became an officer in the company, as Secretary. - -Late in March, John Fröhling rented from the City Fathers a space -under the Temple Market building for a wine cellar; and in December, -1860, at the close of his vintage, when he had conducted a hearty -harvest-home celebration, he filled the vault with pipes and other -casks containing twenty thousand or more gallons of native wines. In a -corner, a bar was speedily built; and by many Angeleños that day not -associated with at least one pilgrimage to Fröhling's cool and rather -obscure recesses was considered incomplete. - -Few who witnessed the momentous events of 1861 will forget the -fever-heat of the nation. The startling news of the attack on Fort -Sumter took twelve days by Pony Express to reach the Coast, the -overland telegraph not being completed until six months later; but -when, on the twenty-fourth of April, the last messenger in the relay -of riders dashed into San Francisco with the story, an excited -population was soon seething about the streets. San Francisco -instantly flashed the details south, awakening here much the same -mingled feelings of elation and sorrow. - -When the war thus broke out, Albert Sidney Johnston, a fellow-townsman -who had married a sister of Dr. J. S. Griffin, and who, in 1857, had -successfully placed Utah under Federal control, resigned from his -command as head of the Department of the Pacific--General Edwin V. -Sumner succeeding him--and, being a Southerner, left for the South, by -way of Warner's Ranch and the Overland Route, with about a hundred -companions, most of whom were intercepted at Fort Yuma through the -orders of Captain W. S. Hancock. According to Senator Cornelius Cole, -Sumner arrived at Johnston's headquarters in San Francisco after dark; -and in spite of Johnston's protest, insisted on assuming command at -once. Johnston took up arms for the Confederacy, and was made a -Brigadier-General; but at Shiloh he was killed, the news of his death -causing here the sincerest regret. I shall speak of the loss of one of -General Johnston's sons in the disaster to the _Ada Hancock_; another -son, William Preston, became President of Tulane University. - -Others of our more enthusiastic Southerners, such as Cameron E. Thom -and J. Lancaster Brent, also joined the Rebellion and proceeded to the -seat of war. Thom, who has since attained much distinction, returned -to Los Angeles, where he is still living[24]. Brent never came back -here, having settled near New Orleans; and there I again met him, -while I was attending the Exposition. He had fought through the War, -becoming a General before its close; and he told me that he had been -arrested by Federal officers while on his way to the South from Los -Angeles, but had made his escape. - -Among the very few who went to the front on the Union side and -returned here was Charles Meyrs Jenkins, already referred to as a city -_Zanjero_. Owing to the possible need of troops here, as well as to -the cost of transportation, volunteers from the Pacific slope were not -called for and Jenkins joined an Eastern cavalry battalion organized -in October, 1862. Even then, he and his comrades were compelled to pay -their own way to the Atlantic seaboard, where they were incorporated -into the Second Massachusetts Cavalry. Jenkins engaged in twenty -battles, and for fifteen months was a prisoner of war confined at both -Andersonville and Libby; suffering such terrible hardships that he was -but one of three, out of a hundred and fifty of his battalion, who -came out alive. - -Not everyone possibly even among those familiar with the building of -the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad, knows that an effort was made, -as far back as 1861, to finance a railroad here. About the middle of -February in that year, Murray Morrison and Abel Stearns, Assemblymen, -learned of the willingness of Eastern capitalists to build such a road -within eighteen months, providing the County would subscribe one -hundred thousand dollars toward the undertaking, and the City fifty -thousand. The Legislature therefore on May 17th, 1861, granted the -franchise; but important as was the matter to our entire district, -nothing further was done until 1863 to give life to the movement. - -For almost a decade after I came here, St. Valentine's Day was seldom -observed in Los Angeles; but about 1861 or 1862, the annual exchange -of decorated cards, with their sentimental verses, came to be somewhat -general. - -Phineas Banning was a staunch Republican and an ardent Abolitionist; -and it was not extraordinary that on May 25th, at a grand Union -demonstration in Los Angeles, he should have been selected to present -to the Union Club, in his characteristically vigorous manner, an -American flag made for the occasion. Columbus Sims, as President, -accepted the emblem, after which there was a procession, led by the -First Dragoons' band, many participants being on horseback. In those -days such a procession had done its duty when it tramped along Main -Street and around the Plaza and back, by way of Spring Street, as far -as First; and everyone was in the right frame of mind to hear and -enjoy the patriotic speeches made by Captain Winfield Scott Hancock, -General Ezra Drown and Major James Henry Carleton, while in the -distance was fired a salute of thirty-four guns--one for each State in -the Union. - -Senator William McKendree Gwin was another man of prominence. -Following his search for gold with the Forty-niners--due, he used to -say, to advice from John C. Calhoun, who, probably taking his cue from -Dana's prophecy in _Two Years Before the Mast_, one day put his finger -on the map and predicted that, should the bay now called San Francisco -ever be possessed by Americans, a city rivaling New York would spring -up on its shores--Gwin came to Los Angeles occasionally, and never -forgot to visit me at my home. In 1861, he was arrested by the Federal -Government for his known sympathy with the South, and was kept a -prisoner for a couple of years; after which he went to France and -there planned to carry through, under force of arms, the colonization -of Sonora, Mexico, depending in vain on Napoleon III. and Maximilian -for support. Notwithstanding this futile effort, Gwin became a leader -in national Democratic councils, and was an intimate adviser of Samuel -J. Tilden in his historic campaign. - -Oscar Macy, son of Dr. Obed Macy, having as a newspaper man -enthusiastically advocated the election of Frémont in 1856, was -appointed, on Lincoln's inauguration, to the Collectorship of Customs -at San Pedro; a post which he continued to fill even after the office -had been reduced to an inspectorship, later resigning in favor of -George C. Alexander. This recalls another appointment by Lincoln--that -of Major António María Pico, a nephew of Pio Pico, to the Receivership -of Public Moneys at Los Angeles. Pico lived at San José; and finding -that his new duties exiled him from his family, he soon resigned the -office. - -Old-time barbers, as the reader may be aware, were often surgeons, and -the arrival in Commercial Street, in the early sixties, of J. A. -Meyer, "late of San Francisco," was announced in part as follows: - - Gentlemen will be waited on and have Shaving, - Hair-Dressing, and Shampooing prepared in the most - luxurious manner, and in the finest style of the art; while - Cupping, Bleeding, and Teeth-Extracting will also be - attended to! - -Fort Tejón had been pretty well broken up by June, when a good deal of -the army property was moved to Los Angeles. Along with Uncle Sam's bag -and baggage, came thirty or more of the camels previously mentioned, -including half a dozen "young uns." For some months they were -corralled uncomfortably near the genial Quartermaster's Main Street -office; but in October they were removed to a yard fixed up for them -on D. Anderson's premises, opposite the Second Street schoolhouse. - -Starting with the cook brought to Los Angeles by Joseph Newmark, the -Chinese population in 1861 had increased to twenty-one men and eight -women--a few of them cooks and servants, but most of them working in -five or six laundries. About the middle of June of that year, Chun -Chick arrived from San Francisco and created a flurry, not merely in -Chinatown, but throughout our little city, by his announcement that he -would start a store here; and by the thirteenth of July, this pioneer -Chinese shop, a veritable curiosity shop, was opened. The -establishment was on Spring Street, opposite the Court House; and -besides a general assortment of Chinese goods, there was a fine -display of preserves and other articles hitherto not obtainable in -town. Chun Chick was clever in his appeals of "A Chinese Merchant to -the Public;" but he nevertheless joined the celebrities advertised for -delinquent taxes. Chun Chick--or, as he appeared on the tax -collector's list, Chick Chun--was down for five hundred dollars in -merchandise, with one dollar and twenty-five cents for City, and the -same amount for school taxes. Sing Hop, Ching Hop and Ah Hong were -other Chinamen whose memory failed at the critical tax time of that -year. - -For years, until wharves made possible for thousands the pleasures of -rod and reel, clams, since used for bait, were almost a drug on the -market, being hawked about the streets in 1861 at a dollar a bucket--a -price not very remunerative considering that they came from as far -north as San Buenaventura. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[22] A term locally applied to tugs. - -[23] "The Faithful of this Parish, to the Queen of the Angels." - -[24] Captain Thom died on February 2d, 1915. - - - - -CHAPTER XXI - -HANCOCK--LADY FRANKLIN--THE DELUGE - -1861 - - -When the Civil War began, California and the neighboring territory -showed such pronounced Southern sympathies that the National -Government kept both under close surveillance, for a time stationing -Major, afterward General James Henry Carleton--in 1862 sent across the -Colorado River when the Government drove out the Texans--with a force -at Camp Latham, near Ballona, and dispatching another force to Drum -Barracks, near Wilmington. The Government also established a thorough -system of espionage over the entire Southwest. In Los Angeles and -vicinity, many people, some of whom I mention elsewhere, were -arrested; among them being Henry Schaeffer who was taken to Wilmington -Barracks but through influential friends was released after a few -days. On account of the known political views of their proprietors, -some of the hotels also were placed under watch for a while; but -beyond the wrath of the innkeepers at the sentinels pacing up and down -their verandas, nothing more serious transpired. Men on both sides -grew hot-headed and abused one another roundly, but few bones were -broken and little blood was shed. A policy of leniency was adopted by -the authorities, and sooner or later persons arrested for political -offenses were discharged. - -The ominous tidings from beyond the Colorado, and their effect, -presaging somewhat the great internecine conflict, recalls an -unpublished anecdote of Winfield Scott Hancock, who was a graduate of -West Point, an intense patriot and a "natural born" fighter. One day -in 1861, coincident with the Texan invasion, and while I was visiting -him in his office on Main Street near Third (after he had removed from -the upstairs rooms adjoining the Odd Fellows' Hall in the Temple -Building), John Goller dropped in with the rumor that conspirators, in -what was soon to become Arizona, were about to seize the Government -stores. Hancock was much wrought up when he heard the report, and -declared, with angry vehemence, that he would "treat the whole damned -lot of them as common thieves!" In the light of this demonstration and -his subsequent part as a national character of great renown, Hancock's -speech at the Fourth of July celebration, in 1861, when the patriotic -Angeleños assembled at the Plaza and marched to the shady grove of Don -Luis Sainsevain, is worthy of special note. Hancock made a sound -argument for the preservation of the Union, and was heartily -applauded; and a few days afterward one of the local newspapers, in -paying him a deserved tribute, almost breathed an augury in saying: - - Captain Hancock's loyalty to the Stars and Stripes has - never for a moment been doubted, and we hope he may be - advanced in rank and honors, and live to a green old age, - to see the glorious banner of our country yet waving in - peaceful glory over a united, prosperous, and happy people. - -Few of us, however, who heard Hancock speak on that occasion, dreamed -to what high position he would eventually attain. - -Soon after this episode, that is, in the early part of August, 1861, -Hancock left for the front, in company with his wife; and taking with -him his military band, he departed from San Pedro on the steamer -_Senator_. Some of my readers may know that Mrs. Hancock--after whom -the ill-fated _Ada Hancock_ was named--was a Southern woman, and -though very devoted to her husband, had certain natural sympathies for -the South; but none, I dare say, will have heard how she perpetrated -an amusing joke upon him on their way north. When once out upon the -briny deep, she induced the musicians to play _Dixie_, to the great -amusement of the passengers. Like many Southerners, Mrs. Hancock was -an Episcopalian and frequently contributed her unusual musical talent -to the service of the choir of St. Athanasius Church, the little -edifice for a while at the foot of Pound Cake Hill--first the location -of the Los Angeles High School and now of the County Courthouse--and -the forerunner of the Episcopal Pro-Cathedral, on Olive Street -opposite Central Park. - -Having in mind the sojourn in Los Angeles for years of these -representative Americans, the following editorial from the Los Angeles -_Star_ on the departure of the future General and Presidential -nominee, seems to me now of more than passing significance: - - While resident here, Captain Hancock took great interest in - our citizens, the development of our resources, and the - welfare of this section of the country; and as a - public-spirited, enterprising gentleman, he will be missed - from among us, and his most estimable lady will long live - in the hearts of her many friends. We desire their - prosperity, happiness, and long life, wherever their lot - may be cast. - -The establishing of Drum Barracks and Camp Drum at Wilmington was a -great contribution to the making of that town, for the Government not -only spent over a million dollars in buildings and works there, and -constantly drew on the town for at least part of its supplies, but -provisions of all kinds were sent through Wilmington to troops in -Southern California, Utah, Yuma, Tucson and vicinity, and New Mexico. - -P. H., popularly known as Major Downing, was employed by Banning for -some time during the War to take charge of the great wagon-trains of -Government supplies sent inland; and later he opened a general -merchandise store in Wilmington, after which he transacted a large -volume of business with H. Newmark & Company. - -At the breaking out of the War, the Southern Overland Mail Route was -discontinued and a contract was made with Butterfield for service -along a more central course, by way of Great Salt Lake. There was then -a stage six times a week; and a branch line ran to Denver, the -terminus having been changed from St. Joseph to Omaha. Twenty days was -the time allowed the company to get its stages through during eight -months of the year, and twenty-three days for the more uncertain -winter months. This contract was made for three years, and one million -dollars a year was the compensation allowed the Butterfields. After -the War, the old route was resumed. - -J. De Barth Shorb came to Los Angeles at the commencement of the War, -as Assistant Superintendent of the Philadelphia & California Oil -Company; and in 1867 he bought the Temescal grant and began to mine -upon the property. The same year he married a daughter of B. D. -Wilson, establishing a relationship which brought him a partnership in -the San Gabriel Wine Company, of which he eventually became manager. -His position in this community, until he died in 1895, was important, -the little town of Shorb testifying to one of his activities. - -Not only were the followers of the indefatigable _padres_ rather tardy -in taking up the cultivation of olives, but the olive-oil industry -hereabouts was a still later venture. As an illustration, even in 1861 -somewhat less than five hundred gallons of olive oil was made in all -Los Angeles County, and most of that was produced at the San Fernando -Mission. - -How important was the office of the _Zanjero_, may be gathered from -the fact that in 1861 he was paid twelve hundred dollars a year, while -the Mayor received only eight hundred dollars and the Treasurer two -hundred dollars less than the Mayor. At the same time, the Marshal, -owing to the hazardous duties of his office, received as much as the -Mayor; the City Attorney one hundred dollars less than the Treasurer; -and the Clerk but three hundred and fifty. - -By 1861, there were serious doubts as to the future of cattle-raising -in Southern California, but Banning & Company came forward proposing -to slaughter at New San Pedro and contracted with John Temple, John -Rains and others, to do their killing. For a while, the enterprise -was encouraged; Temple alone having six hundred head so disposed of -and sold. - -In September, Columbus Sims, the popular attorney of unique -personality who from 1856 to 1860 had been Clerk of the United States -District Court, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel in the United States -Army and placed in charge of Camp Alert, at the Pioneer Race Course, -San Francisco, where twelve companies were soon assembled; and a month -or two later he was made Colonel in the Second Cavalry. Late in -December of that year, however, he had an altercation with D. D. -Colton, in San Francisco, when blows were exchanged and Sims drew "a -deadly weapon." For this, the doughty Colonel was arrested and held to -await the action of the Grand Jury; but I am under the impression that -nothing very serious befell the belligerent Sims as a result. - -On September 11th, H. Stassforth, after having bought out A. W. -Schulze, announced a change in the control of the United States Hotel, -inviting the public, at the same time, to a "free lunch," at half-past -four o'clock the following Sunday. Stassforth was an odd, but -interesting character, and stated in his advertisement that guests -were at liberty, when they had partaken of the collation, to judge if -he could "keep a hotel." Whether successful or otherwise, Stassforth -did not long continue in control, for in November, 1862, he disposed -of the business to Webber & Haas, who in turn sold it to Louis Mesmer. - -In the fall, an atrocious murder took place here, proving but the -first in a series of vile deeds for which, eventually, the culprit -paid with his own life at the hands of an infuriated populace. On -Sunday evening, September 30th, some Frenchmen were assembled to sit -up with the body of one of their recently-deceased countrymen; and at -about eleven o'clock a quarrel arose between two of the watchers, A. -M. G., or Michel Lachenais--a man once of good repute, who had cast -some slurs at the French Benevolent Society--and Henry Delaval, a -respected employee of the Aliso Mills who spiritedly defended the -organization. Lachenais drew a weapon, approached Delaval and tried to -shoot him; but the pistol missed fire. Thereupon Lachenais, enraged, -walked toward a lamp, adjusted two other caps, and deliberately shot -Delaval through the body. The next day his victim died. Lachenais made -his escape and so eluded the authorities that it was not until the -middle of February, 1866, that he surrendered himself to Deputy -Sheriff Henderson. Then he was tried, but was acquitted. - -About October, Remi Nadeau, a Canadian, after whom Nadeau Street is -named and father of George A. Nadeau, came across the Plains to Los -Angeles, having spent the previous winter, _en route_, in Salt Lake -City; and for a while he teamed between here and Montana. Within the -year, believing that San Francisco offered a larger field, he moved to -that city and continued his operations there. - -In the front part of a little building on Main Street, between Second -and Third, Lorenzo Leck, whom I have already mentioned, conducted a -grocery, living with his family in the rear. He was a plain, -unassuming, honest Dane of the old school, who attended scrupulously -to his business and devoted his Sundays and holidays to modest -amusements. On such days, he would put his wife, Caroline, and their -children on a little wagon that he owned and take them to his vineyard -on the outskirts of the town; and there he would enjoy with them those -rural pastimes to which he had been accustomed in the Fatherland, and -which to many early-comers here were a source of rest and delight. - -On the afternoon of Saturday, October 17th, Francisco Cota, a Mexican -boy fifteen years of age, entered Leck's store while he was out, and, -taking advantage of the fact that Frau Leck was alone, whipped out a -knife, stabbed her to death, stole what cash was in sight and then -escaped to a vineyard, where he hid himself. John W. Henderson, the -son of A. J. Henderson, a Deputy Sheriff here still living in Los -Angeles, came in soon after and finding Mrs. Leck horribly disfigured, -he gave the alarm. Neighbors and friends at once started in pursuit -and caught Cota; and having tied a rope around the murderer's neck -during the excitement they dragged him down to Alameda Street, where I -witnessed the uproar. As they proceeded by way of Aliso Street, the -mob became more and more infuriated, so that before it reached the -spot which had been selected for his execution, the boy had been -repeatedly stabbed and was nearly dead. At length, he was strung up as -a warning to other malefactors. - -A short time after this melancholy event, I was driving with my wife -to the Cerritos _rancho_ and, missing our road, we stopped at a -Mexican home to inquire the way. The woman who answered our summons -proved to be one who knew, and was known by all Los Angeles merchants -on account of her frequent excursions to town; she was, in fact, the -mother of the Mexican boy who had been mobbed and hung for the murder -of poor Leck's wife! The sight of _Gringos_ kindled anew her maternal -wrath; and she set up such a hue and cry as to preclude any further -intelligible conversation. - -California being so far removed from the seat of war did not awake to -its full significance until the credit of the Government began to -decline. Four weeks were required, it is well to remember, to complete -the trip from New York to San Francisco _via_ Panamá, and our -knowledge of events in the East was far from perfect. Until the -completion of the continental telegraph in October, 1861, the only -immediate news that reached the Coast came privately and we were, -therefore, pretty much in the dark until the arrival of Eastern -papers, and even after that telegraphing was so expensive that our -poorly-patronized little news-sheets could not afford the outlay. A -few of us therefore made up a purse of one hundred dollars a month, -which small sum enabled us to allay our anxiety at least in the case -of very important happenings. - -It must not be forgotten, though, that we then had a little relief -from San Francisco, whose newspapers, containing some telegraphic -despatches, arrived in town perhaps three to four days after their -publication. I may add, in fact, that it was not until about the -beginning of the eighties that Los Angeles dailies could afford the -luxury of regular direct telegrams. - -In other respects as well, editing a local newspaper during the War -was apt to entail financial loss. The Los Angeles _News_, for -instance, was outspoken for the Union and so escaped the temporary -eclipse suffered by the _Star_ through Government censorship; but the -Unionists being in a decided minority in the community, pickings for -the _News_ were mighty poor. Perhaps this want of patronage suggested -the advisability, in 1863 (when that paper was published by C. R. -Conway and Alonzo Waite, on Main Street, opposite the express office), -of reducing the subscription rate to five dollars a year. - -Probably one of the most interesting visits to Los Angeles ever made -by a well-known personage was the sudden call with which Lady -Franklin, the wife of the eminent, lost Arctic explorer, honored our -little town far back in 1861. The distinguished lady, accompanied by -Mrs. Cracroft, her niece, Commodore and Madame Watkins and Collector -and Mrs. Rankin, arrived at San Pedro on the _Golden State_ during the -first week in November and was driven, with her companions, to the -Bella Union hotel, from which she made such short excursions about the -city as were then possible; and as sympathy for her in her sorrow, and -admiration for her long years of plucky though vain search for her -husband were still general, every courtesy possible was afforded her. -During Lady Franklin's stay Benjamin D. Wilson arranged a delightful -garden party at his hospitable mansion at Lake Vineyard in her -ladyship's honor, and Phineas Banning also entertained her with a -reception and collation at his San Pedro home; and these receptions -and collations were as enjoyable as they were notable. After a day or -two, Lady Franklin and her party left on the _Senator_ for San -Francisco, being accorded, as the vessel weighed anchor, a marked -ovation. - -For many years funerals were attended by men on horseback and by women -on foot, as hacks were unknown in early days; and while the good -citizens were doubtless then conducted to their last resting-place in -a manner just as satisfactory to themselves as are their descendants -who are buried according to present-day customs, those who followed in -the train were very seriously inconvenienced by the melancholy, dusty -processions to the old and now-forgotten burial-grounds; for in those -days the trip, in summer exceedingly hot and in winter through rain -and mud, was a long, fatiguing one. - -Speaking of funerals, a strange sight was witnessed in our streets -about the end of November, 1861, attending the burial of a child. The -father and mother, both native Californians, were seated in a wagon, -in which was also placed the strikingly plain little coffin or box -containing the dead. Beside the wagon walked an old man, playing a -fiddle. Two or three persons followed in the deep mud; the whole -forming a weird picture, said to be the relic of an almost obsolete -back-woods custom. - -Banning & Hinchman's _Comet_ proving insufficient, the _Gondolier_ was -put on in the fall of 1861 and became a familiar craft in the -conveying of passengers and freight between New San Pedro and the -ships lying off the harbor. - -Two years previous to the completion of the telegraph from San -Francisco to Los Angeles--that is, in 1858--the first continental -telegraph was undertaken; and by October, 1861, Governor Downey of -California sent a congratulatory message to President Lincoln. On -November 7th, the line was open to the public. Several months before, -all the companies in the State had consolidated into the California -State Telegraph Company. Banning & Hinchman having succeeded, for a -short season, Phineas Banning, the sub-contractor for the building of -the first telegraph, they made an effort, following the establishment -of communication between the Atlantic and the Pacific, to secure a -line to New San Pedro; and at the end of October, 1861, the first -telegraph pole in the long row from Los Angeles to the harbor was -formally set. About the middle of November, this line was completed; -and though it was widely proclaimed as "working like a charm," the -apparatus soon got out of order and by the following January there -were many complaints that both poles and wire had fallen to the -ground, blocking the thoroughfares and entangling animals in such a -way as to become a nuisance. Indeed, there was soon a public demand -either to repair the telegraph or to remove it altogether and throw -the equipment away. Soon after the first of February, 1862, the line -was working again; but by that time the telegraph to San Francisco had -gotten out of order! And so great were the difficulties in repairing -that line, that Los Angeles was not again talking uninterruptedly over -the wire with its neighbor until July. - -On November 15th, the first number of _El Amigo del Pueblo_, printed -in Spanish, appeared from the shop of José E. Gonzales & Company; but -native support being withheld, "The Friend of the People" starved to -death in the following May. - -Whaling, like shark-hunting, continued brisk in 1861 and 1862, and -many vessels were fitted out at San Pedro; Los Angeles merchants -selling them most of their supplies. The sea-monsters usually moved up -the coast about the first of the year, the males keeping in toward the -shore going up, and the females hugging the coast, coming down; and -small boats such as Captain W. Clark's _Ocean_, used to take from four -hundred and fifty to five hundred barrels of oil in five or six weeks. -For six days, in March, 1862, San Pedro whalers harpooned a whale a -day, bringing to the landing over two hundred barrels of oil as a -result of the week's labor. - -The bitter fight between Abolitionists and Southern sympathizers was -immediately reflected in the public schools. Defenders of the Union -worked for a formal oath of allegiance to the National Government, as -a preliminary to granting teachers' certificates; while the -Confederates, incensed at what they deemed a violation of personal -rights, assailed the institutions. The result was that attendance at -the public schools gradually fell off until, in the winter of 1865-66, -only about three hundred and fifty children of school age were being -instructed by public teachers; another third of a thousand was in -private schools, while some three hundred and sixty-nine were not on -any roster. - -The gloom naturally caused by the outbreak of war was sometimes -penetrated by the brightness of social life, and among the happier -occasions of the winter of 1861 was the marriage, on December 23d, in -the presence of a large circle of friends, of Tom D. Mott to -Ascención, daughter of Don José Andrés and Doña Francisca Ábila -Sepúlveda. - -The winter of 1861-62 recorded the greatest of all floods, especially -in the North where, in December and January, something like -thirty-five inches of rain was precipitated. In Los Angeles County the -rivers soon rose and overflowed the lowlands; but the rise was -gradual, causing the loss of but few or no lives and permitting the -stock to reach the neighboring hills in safety. In Anaheim the water -was four feet deep in the streets and people had to seek flight to the -uplands or retreat to the roofs of their little houses. Vineyards were -sometimes half-ruined with the layers of deep sand; banks of streams -were lined for miles with driftwood; and ranchers saw many a clod of -their farms carried off and deposited to enrich their neighbors, miles -away. For a month it rained so steadily that the sun peeped out for -scarcely an hour. - -I witnessed this inundation in Los Angeles, where much damage was done -to business buildings, especially to Mellus's Row, and saw merchants -in water up to their waists, trying to save their goods. The wall of -the room occupied by Sam Meyer fell first, whereupon Hellman & Brother -became intensely interested in the removal of their stock, while poor -Sam, knee-deep in water, sadly contemplated his losses. Before the -Hellmans had made much headway, they observed a tendency on the part -of their walls to crumble, and their exit was neither graceful nor -delayed. After that the store occupied by Meyer & Breslauer caved in, -smashing show cases and shelves, and ruining a large amount of -merchandise. The ludicrous picture of this rush for "safety first" is -not a fit reflection of the feelings of those pioneers who saw the -results of years of labor obliterated in a moment. Friends and -neighbors lent assistance to the unfortunate, and helped to save what -they could. After this flood, Hellman & Brother and Sam Meyer removed -to the Arcadia Block, while Meyer & Breslauer secured accommodations -north of the Plaza Church. - - - - -CHAPTER XXII - -DROUGHTS--THE _ADA HANCOCK_ DISASTER - -1862-1863 - - -On the first of January, 1862, after an experience of about five -years, I retired from the selling of clothing, which was never -congenial to me; and as I had been buying hides and wool on a small -scale since the middle of the fifties, I forthwith devoted myself to -the commission business. Frenchmen from the Basque country, among whom -were Miguel Leonis, Gaston Oxarart, Domingo Amestoy and Domingo -Bastanchury, had commenced to appear here in 1858 and to raise sheep; -so that in 1859 large flocks were brought into Southern California, -the sheep commanding a price of three dollars and a half per head. My -own operations, exceedingly small in the beginning, increased in -importance, and by 1862 I was fairly equipped for this venture. Corn, -barley and wheat were also then being raised, and I busied myself with -these commodities as well. - - [Illustration: Eugene Meyer] - - [Illustration: Jacob A. Moerenhout] - - [Illustration: Frank Lecouvreur] - - [Illustration: Thomas D. Mott] - - [Illustration: Leonard J. Rose] - - [Illustration: H. K. S. O'Melveny] - - [Illustration: Remi Nadeau] - - [Illustration: John M. Griffith] - -Most of the early sheepmen prospered and in time bought large tracts -of land for their flocks, and with all of them I had dealings of more -or less importance. Amestoy's career is worthy of particular mention -as exemplifying the three cardinal virtues of business: honesty, -application and frugality. He and his wife took in washing; and while -the husband went from house to house, leading a horse with a large -basket strapped to either side, to collect and deliver the clothes, -the wife toiled at the tub. In the end, what they together had -saved became the foundation of their important investments in sheep -and land. Pedro Larronde, another early sheepman, married the widow of -his Basque fellow-countryman, Etchemendy, the tippling baker. - -Having regularly established a commission business, I brought -consignments of varied merchandise from San Francisco on the -semi-monthly steamer _Goliah_, whose Captain at one time was Robert -Haley, and at another his brother Salisbury Haley, a brother-in-law of -Tom Mott; and I disposed of them to small dealers with whom I thus -became pretty well acquainted. These consignments were sold almost as -soon as they arrived. I was careful to bring in only staple articles -in the grocery line, and it was long before I appreciated the -advantage of carrying sufficient stock to supply a regular demand. On -the return trips of the steamer to San Francisco I forwarded such -produce as I had accumulated. - -I do not recall any important changes in 1862, the declining months of -which saw the beginning of the two years' devastating drought. The -Civil War was in progress, but we were so far from the scene of strife -that we were not materially affected. Sympathy was very general here -for the Confederate cause, and the Government therefore retained in -Wilmington both troops and clerks who were paid in a badly-depreciated -currency, which they were obliged to discount at exorbitant rates, to -get money at all; while other employees had to accept vouchers which -were subject to a still greater discount. Notwithstanding these -difficulties, however, pay-day increased the resources of the pueblo -considerably. - -Hellman & Brother, a partnership consisting of I. M. and Samuel -Hellman, dissolved, on January 2d, I. M. continuing in the dry goods -business while Sam took the books and stationery. Another brother and -associate, H. M. Hellman, a couple of years before had returned to -Europe, where he died. If my memory is accurate, I. W. remained with -I. M. Hellman until the former, in 1865, bought out A. Portugal. -Samuel A. Widney, who later had a curio store, was for a while with -Sam Hellman in a partnership known as Hellman & Widney. - -On January 17th, Don Louis Vignes passed away in Los Angeles, at the -age of ninety-one years. - -January also witnessed one of those typical scenes, in the fitting out -of a mule- and wagon-train, never likely to be seen in Los Angeles -again. Two hundred wagons and twelve hundred mules, mostly brought -from San Francisco on steamers, were assembled for a trip across the -desert to convey Government stores. - -M. J. Newmark became a partner, on February 1st, in the firm of -Howard, Butterworth & Newmark, Federal and State Attorneys with -offices in the Temple Building, Los Angeles, and Armory Hall, San -Francisco; and it was considered at the time a rapid advance for a man -of but twenty-three years of age. The Los Angeles _Star_ of that date, -in fact, added a word of good fellowship: "We congratulate friend -Newmark on the association." - -The intimate relations characteristic of a small community such as -ours, and the much more general effect then than nowadays of any -tragical occurrence have already been described. Deep sympathy was -therefore awakened, early in February, on the arrival of the steamer -_Senator_ and the rapid dissemination of the report that Dr. Thomas -Foster, the ex-Mayor, had been lost overboard, on January 29th, on the -boat's trip northward. Just what happened to Foster will never be -known; in San Francisco it was reported that he had thrown himself -into the sea, though others who knew him well looked upon the cause of -his death as accidental. - -But slight attention was paid to the report, brought in by horsemen -from San Bernardino on February 4th, that an earthquake had occurred -there in the morning, until Captain Tom Seeley returned with the -_Senator_ to San Pedro and told about a seismic disturbance at sea, -during which he struck the wildest storm off Point Concepción, in all -his sea-faring experience. Sailors were then better all-round seamen -than now; yet there was greater superstition in Jack Tar's mind, and -such a storm made a deep impression upon his imagination. - -I have alluded to the dependence of Los Angeles on the outside world, -no better evidence of which, perhaps, can be cited than that on the -twenty-second of February, George W. Chapin & Company of San Francisco -advertised here to furnish servants and other help to anyone in the -Southland. About the same time, San Bernardino parties, wishing to -bore a little artesian well, had to send to the Northern metropolis -for the necessary machinery. - -In October, 1860, as I have intimated, Phineas Banning took A. F. -Hinchman into partnership, the firm being known as Banning & Hinchman, -and they seemed to prosper; but on February 12th, 1862, the public was -surprised at the announcement of the firm's dissolution. Banning -continued as proprietor, and Hinchman became Banning's Los Angeles -agent. - -Although cattle-raising was the mainstay of Southern California for -many years, and gold-mining never played a very important part here, -Wells Fargo & Co., during the spring, frequently shipped thousands of -dollars' worth of gold at a time, gathered from Santa Anita, San -Gabriel and San Fernando _placers_, while probably an equally large -amount was forwarded out through other channels. - -I have already pointed to the clever foresight shown by Abel Stearns -when he built the Arcadia Block and profited by the unhappy experience -of others, with rain that flooded their property; but I have not -stated that in elevating his new building considerably above the grade -of the street, somewhat regardless of the rights of others, he caused -the surplus water to run off into neighboring streets and buildings. -Following the great storm of 1861-62, the City sued Stearns for -damages, but he won his case. More than that, the overflow was a -Godsend to him, for it induced a number of people to move from -Mellus's Row to Arcadia Block at a time when the owner of vast ranches -and some of the best town property was already feeling the pinch of -the alternate dry and over-wet seasons. The fact is, as I shall soon -make clear, that before Stearns had seen the end of two or three -successive dry seasons yet to come, he was temporarily bankrupt and -embarrassed to the utmost. - -By April, the walls and roof for the little Protestant Church at -Temple and New High streets had been built, and there the matter -rested for two years, when the structure, on which the taxes were -unpaid, was advertised for sale. - -We have seen that the first Jewish services here were held soon after -the arrival of Joseph Newmark in 1854; under the same disadvantageous -conditions as had hampered the Protestant denominations, Mr. Newmark -volunteered to officiate on the principal holidays until 1862, when -the Reverend Abraham Wolf Edelman arrived. Born at Warsaw in 1832, -Rabbi Edelman came to America in 1851, immediately after he was -married to Miss Hannah Pessah Cohn, and settled successively in New -York, Paterson and Buffalo. Coming to California in 1859, he resided -in San Francisco until 1862, when he was chosen Rabbi of the orthodox -Congregation B'nai B'rith of Los Angeles, and soon attained -distinction as a Talmudic scholar and a preacher. The first services -under Rabbi Edelman were held in Stearns's, or Arcadia Hall; next, the -Congregation worshipped in Leck's Hall on Main Street between Second -and Third; and finally, through the courtesy of Judge Ygnácio -Sepúlveda, the court room was used. In 1873 the Jews of Los Angeles -erected their first synagogue, a brick building entered by a steep -stairway leading to a platform, and located on the east side of Fort -Street between Second and Third, on what is now the site of the Copp -Building next to the City Hall. In 1886, when local Jewry instituted a -much more liberal ritual, Rabbi Edelman's convictions induced him to -resign. The purchase of a lot for a home on the corner of Sixth and -Main streets proved a fortunate investment, later enabling him to -enjoy a well-deserved comfort and to gratify his charitable -inclinations. It is a strange coincidence that Reverend Edelman's -first marriage ceremony was that which blessed Samuel Prager; while -the last occasion on which he performed the solemn rites for the -dead--shortly before his own death in 1907--was for the same friend. -A. M. Edelman, the architect, and Dr. D. W. Edelman, both well-known -here, are sons of the Rabbi. - -As late in the season as April, hail and snow fell in and near Los -Angeles. To the North of the city, the white mantle quite hid the -mountains and formed a new and lower snow-line; while within the city, -the temperature so lowered that at several intervals during the day, -huge hail-stones beat against the window-panes--a very unusual -experience for Angeleños. - -Because of political charges preferred against A. J. King, then Under -Sheriff of the County, the latter, on April 10th, was arrested by -Henry D. Barrows, United States Marshal, who had been appointed by -President Lincoln, the year previous. Colonel Carleton, Commander of -the Southern Military Division, however, soon liberated King. On the -last day of the year, the Under Sheriff married the estimable Miss -Laura C. Evertsen. - -Travelers to Europe have often suffered much annoyance through -safe-conduct regulations, but seldom have Americans had their liberty -thus restricted by their own authorities. Toward the middle of June, -word was received in Los Angeles that, owing to the suspicion lest -disloyalists were embarking for Aspinwall, all passengers for -California _via_ the Isthmus would be required to take out passports. - -Anticipating, by forty years or more, Luther Burbank's work, attention -was directed, as early as 1862, to the possibility of eating the -cactus and thus finding, in this half-despised plant of the desert, -relief from both hunger and thirst. Half a century later, in 1913, Los -Angeles established the cactus candy industry through which the boiled -pulp of the _bisnaga_, often spoken of as the fishhook, barrel and -nigger-head variety, is made deliciously palatable when siruped from -ten to thirty days. - -Ygnácio Sepúlveda, declared by the Los Angeles _Star_ "a young -gentleman of liberal education, and good, natural endowments, already -versed in legal studies," on September 6th was admitted to the -District Court Bar. - -On January 18th, 1860, the first number of the _Semi-Weekly Southern -News_ appeared, containing advertisements in both English and Spanish. -It was issued by C. R. Conway and Alonzo Waite, who charged -twenty-five cents a copy, or seven dollars a year. On October 8th, -1862, the title was changed to the _Los Angeles Semi-Weekly News_. - -In 1860, the Bella Union, as I have said, was under the management of -John King, who came here in 1856; while in 1861 J. B. Winston & -Company, who were represented by Henry Reed, controlled the hotel. In -1862 or 1863, John King and Henry Hammel were the managers. - -I have told of the purchase of the San Pasqual _rancho_ by Dr. J. S. -Griffin. On December 11th, Dr. and Mrs. Griffin for five hundred -dollars sold to B. D. Wilson and wife some six hundred and forty acres -of that property; and a few hours afterward the Wilsons disposed of -two hundred and sixty-two acres for one thousand dollars. The -purchaser was Mrs. Eliza G. Johnston, wife of General Albert Sidney -Johnston. Mrs. Johnston at once built a neat residence on the tract -and called it _Fair Oaks_, after the plantation in Virginia on which -she had been born; and from this circumstance the name of the now -well-known Fair Oaks Avenue in Pasadena is derived. At the time of her -purchase Mrs. Johnston had hoped to reside there permanently; but the -tragic fate of her son in the _Ada Hancock_ disaster, following the -untimely death of her husband at Shiloh, and the apparent uselessness -of the land, led her to sell to Judge B. S. Eaton what to-day would be -worth far more than thousands of acres in many parts of the Southern -States. A curious coincidence in the relations of General Sumner, who -superseded General Johnston, to the hero of Shiloh is that, later in -the War, Sumner led a corps of Union troops at Fair Oaks, Virginia! - -Don Ygnácio Coronel, father of António Franco Coronel, and the early -school patron to whom I have referred, died in Los Angeles on December -19th, aged seventy years. He had come to California in 1834, and had -long been eminent in political councils and social circles. I recall -him as a man of strong intellect and sterling character, kind-hearted -and popular. - -Another effort, without success, to use camels for transportation over -the California and adjacent sands, was made in January, 1863, when a -camel express was sent out from New San Pedro to Tucson. - -Elsewhere I have indicated the condition of the public cemetery. While -an adobe wall enclosed the Roman Catholic burial-place, and a brick -wall surrounded the Jewish resting-place for the dead, nothing was -done until 1863 to improve the Protestant cemetery, although -desecration went so far that the little railing around the grave of -poor Mrs. Leck, the grocer's wife who had been murdered, was torn down -and burned. Finally, the matter cried to Heaven so audibly that in -January, Los Angeles Masons appropriated one hundred and fifty dollars, -to be added to some five hundred dollars raised by popular -subscription; and the Common Council having appointed a committee to -supervise the work, William H. Perry put up the fence, making no -charge for his services. - -About the middle of January word was received in Los Angeles of the -death, at Baltimore, of Colonel B. L. Beall, commander for years of -the Fort Tejón garrison, and active in the Mojave and Kern River -campaigns. - -Death entered our home for the first time, when an infant daughter, -less than a month old, died this year on February 14th. - -In February, the editor of the _News_ advised the experiment of -growing cotton as an additional activity for the Colorado Indians, who -were already cultivating corn, beans and melons. Whether this -suggestion led William Workman into cotton culture, I do not know; at -any rate, late in November of the same year F. P. F. Temple was -exhibiting about town some well-matured bolls of cotton raised on -Workman's ranch, and the next spring saw in El Monte a number of -fields planted with cotton seed. A year later, J. Moerenhout sent Los -Angeles cotton to an exhibition in France, and received from across -the water official assurance that the French judges regarded our -product as quite equal to that grown in the Southern States. This gave -a slight impetus to cotton-culture here and by January, 1865, a number -of immigrants had arrived, looking for suitable land for the -production of this staple. They soon went to work, and in August of -that year many fields gave promise of good crops, far exceeding the -expectations of the experimenters. - -In the month of March a lively agitation on behalf of a railroad began -in the public press, and some bitter things were said against those -who, for the sake of a little trade in horses or draying, were opposed -to such a forward step; and under the leadership of E. J. C. Kewen and -J. A. Watson, our Assemblymen at that session, the Legislature of 1863 -passed an act authorizing the construction of the Los Angeles & San -Pedro Railroad. A public meeting was called to discuss the details and -to further the project; but once more no railroad was built or even -begun. Strange as it seems, the idea of a railroad for Los Angeles -County in 1863 was much too advanced for the times. - -Billed as one who had "had the honor of appearing before King William -IV. and all the principal crowned heads of Europe," Professor Courtier -held forth with an exhibition of magic in the Temple Theatre; drawing -the usual crowd of--royalty-haters! - -In 1863, Santa Catalina was the scene of a gold-mining boom which soon -came to naught, and through an odd enough occurrence. About April, -Martin M. Kimberly and Daniel E. Way staked out a claim or two, and -some miners agreed on a code of laws for operations in what was to be -known as the San Pedro Mining District, the boundaries of which were -to include all the islands of the County. Extensive claims, chiefly in -Cherry and Joly valleys and on Mineral Hill, were recorded, and -streets were laid out for a town to be known as Queen City; but just -as the boom seemed likely to mature, the National Government stepped -in and gave a quietus to the whole affair. With or without foundation, -reports had reached the Federal authorities that the movement was but -a cloak to establish there well-fortified Confederate headquarters for -the fitting out and repair of privateers intended to prey upon the -coast-wise traders; and on February 5th, 1864, Captain B. R. West, -commanding the Fourth California Infantry, ordered practically all of -the miners and prospectors to leave the island at once. The following -September the National troops were withdrawn, and after the War the -Federal authorities retained control of a point on the island deemed -serviceable for lighthouse purposes. - -In the spring of 1863, feeling ill, I went to San Francisco to consult -Dr. Toland, who assured me that there was nothing serious the matter -with me; but wishing to satisfy myself more thoroughly, I resorted to -the same means that I dare say many others have adopted--a medical -examination for life insurance! Bernhard Gattel, general agent of the -Germania Life Insurance Company, at 315 Montgomery Street, wrote out -my application; and on March 20th, a policy, numbered 1472, was -issued, making me, since the fall of 1913, the oldest living -policy-holder in the Southwest, and the twentieth oldest of the -Germania's patrons in the world. - -Californians, during that period of the War when the North was -suffering a series of defeats, had little use for greenbacks. At one -time, a dollar in currency was worth but thirty-five cents, though -early in April it was accepted at sixty-five, late in August at -ninety, and about the first of October at seventy-five cents; even -interest-bearing gold notes being worth no more. This condition of the -money market saw little change until some time in the seventies; and -throughout the War greenbacks were handled like any other commodity. -Frank Lecouvreur, in one of these periods, after getting judgment in a -suit against Deputy Surveyor William Moore, for civil engineering -services, and being paid some three hundred and eighty-three dollars -in greenbacks, was disconcerted enough when he found that his currency -would command but one hundred and eighty dollars in gold. San -Francisco merchants realized fortunes when a decline occurred, as they -bought their merchandise in the East for greenbacks and sold it on the -Coast for gold. Los Angeles people, on the other hand, enjoyed no such -benefit, as they brought their wares from San Francisco and were -therefore obliged to liquidate in specie. - -Among the worst tragedies in the early annals of Los Angeles, and by -far the most dramatic, was the disaster on April 27th to the little -steamer _Ada Hancock_. While on a second trip, in the harbor of San -Pedro, to transfer to the _Senator_ the remainder of the passengers -bound for the North, the vessel careened, admitting cold water to the -engine-room and exploding the boiler with such force that the boat was -demolished to the water's edge; fragments being found on an island -even half to three-quarters of a mile away. Such was the intensity of -the blast and the area of the devastation that, of the fifty-three or -more passengers known to have been on board, twenty-six at least -perished. Fortunate indeed were those, including Phineas Banning, the -owner, who survived with minor injuries, after being hurled many feet -into the air. Among the dead were Thomas W. Seeley, Captain of the -_Senator_; Joseph Bryant, Captain of the _Ada Hancock_; Dr. H. R. -Myles, the druggist, who had been in partnership, opposite the Bella -Union, with Dr. J. C. Welch, an arrival of the early fifties who died -in 1869; Thomas H. Workman, Banning's chief clerk; Albert Sidney -Johnston, Jr.; William T. B. Sanford, once Postmaster; Louis -Schlesinger and William Ritchie, Wells Fargo's messenger, to whom was -entrusted ten thousand dollars, which, as far as my memory goes, was -lost. Two Mormon missionaries, _en route_ to the Sandwich Islands, -were also killed. Still another, who lost not only his treasure but -his life, was Fred E. Kerlin of Fort Tejón: thirty thousand dollars -which he carried with him, in greenbacks, disappeared as mysteriously -as did the jewelry on the persons of others, and from these -circumstances it was concluded that, even in the presence of Death, -these bodies had been speedily robbed. Mrs. Banning and her mother, -Mrs. Sanford, and a daughter of B. D. Wilson were among the wounded; -while Miss M. Hereford, Mrs. Wilson's sister and the _fiancée_ of Dr. -Myles, was so severely injured that, after long suffering, she also -died. Although the accident had happened about five o'clock in the -afternoon, the awful news, casting a general and indescribable gloom, -was not received in town until nearly eight o'clock; when Drs. Griffin -and R. T. Hayes, together with an Army surgeon named Todd, hastened -in carriages to the harbor where soldiers from Camp Drum had already -asserted their authority. Many of the victims were buried near the -beach at New San Pedro. While I was calling upon Mrs. Johnston to -express my sympathy, the body of her son was brought in; and words -cannot describe the pathos of the scene when she addressed the -departed as if he were but asleep. - -In June the Government demanded a formal profession of loyalty from -teachers, when Miss Mary Hoyt and Miss Eliza Madigan took the oath, -but Mrs. Thomas Foster and William McKee refused to do so. The -incident provoked bitter criticism, and nothing being done to punish -the recalcitrants, the Los Angeles Board of Education was charged with -indifference as to the allegiance of its public servants. - -During 1863 sectional feeling had grown so bitter on account of the -War that no attempt was made to celebrate the Fourth of July in town. -At Fort Latham, however, on the Ballona Ranch, the soldiers observed -the day with an appropriate demonstration. By the end of July, troops -had been sent from Drum Barracks to camp in the city--for the -protection, so it was asserted, of Union men whose lives were said to -be in danger, although some people claimed that this movement was -rather for the purpose of intimidating certain leaders with known -sympathy for the South. This military display gave Northerners more -backbone; and on the twenty-sixth of September a Union mass-meeting -was held on Main Street in front of the Lafayette Hotel. - -Eldridge Edwards Hewitt, a Mexican War veteran who came to California -in 1849 to search for gold, arrived in Los Angeles on July 31st and -soon went on a wild-goose chase to the Weaver Diggings in Arizona, -actually tramping with luggage over five hundred miles of the way! -After his return, he did odd jobs for his board, working in a -stationery and toy store on Main Street, kept by the Goldwater -Brothers, Joe and Mike, who had arrived in the early sixties; and -later he entered the employ of Phineas Banning at Wilmington, with -whom he remained until the completion of the Los Angeles & San Pedro -Railroad in 1870, when he became its Superintendent. When the Southern -Pacific obtained control of that road in 1873, Hewitt was made Agent, -and after the extension of the line from San Francisco he was -appointed Division Superintendent. In that capacity he brought Senator -Leland Stanford to me, as I shall elsewhere relate, to solicit H. -Newmark and Company's patronage. - -It was in 1863 that Dr. J. S. Griffin, father of East Los Angeles, -purchased two thousand acres in that section, at fifty cents an acre; -but even at that price he was only induced to buy it by necessity. -Griffin wanted sheep-pasture, and had sought to secure some eight -hundred acres of City land along the river; but as this would prevent -other cattle or sheep from approaching the water to drink, the Common -Council refused Griffin's bid on the smaller area of land and he was -compelled to buy the _mesa_ farther back. It seems to me that B. D. -Wilson, J. G. Downey and Hancock M. Johnston, General Johnston's son, -also had something to do with this transaction. Both Downey and -Griffin avenues derived their names from the association of these two -gentlemen with that section. - -A smallpox epidemic which had started in the previous fall spread -through Los Angeles in 1863, and owing possibly to the bad sanitary -and climatic conditions much vigilance and time were required to -eradicate it; compulsory vaccination not having been introduced (as it -finally was at the suggestion of Dr. Walter Lindley) until the summer -of 1876. The dread disease worked its ravages especially among the -Mexicans and Indians, as many as a dozen of them dying in a single -day; and these sufferers and their associates being under no -quarantine, and even bathing _ad libitum_ in the _zanjas_, the pest -spread alarmingly. For a time fatalities were so frequent and the -nature of the contagion so feared that it was difficult to persuade -undertakers to bury the dead, even without funeral or other ceremony. - -Following the opening of the Owens River Mines this year, Los Angeles -merchants soon established a considerable trade with that territory. -Banning inaugurated a system of wagon-trains, each guarded by a -detachment of soldiers. The San Fernando mountains, impassable for -heavy teaming, were an obstacle to regular trade with the new country -and compelled the use of a circuitous route over poor roads. It became -necessary, therefore, to consider a means of overcoming the -difficulty, much money having already been spent by the County in an -abortive attempt to build a tunnel. This second plan likewise came to -naught, and it was in fact more than a decade before the Southern -Pacific finally completed the famous bore. - -Largely because of political mistakes, including a manifestation of -sympathy for the Southern Confederacy that drew against him Northern -resentment and opposition, John G. Downey, the Democratic nominee for -Governor, was defeated at the election in September; Frederick F. Low, -a Republican, receiving a majority of over twenty thousand votes. - -In October, a peddler named Brun was murdered near Chino. Brun's -brother, living at San Bernardino and subsequently a merchant of -prominence there, offered two hundred dollars of his slender savings -as a reward for the capture of the slayer; but nothing ever came of -the search. - -In November the stern necessities of war were at last driven home to -Angeleños when, on the ninth of that somber month, Don Juan Warner, -Deputy Provost Marshal, appeared with his big blank books and began to -superintend the registering of all able-bodied citizens suitable for -military service. To many, the inquisition was not very welcome and, -had it not been for the Union soldiers encamped at Drum Barracks, this -first step toward compulsory enrollment would undoubtedly have -resulted in riotous disturbances. - -I have frequently named Tom Mott, but I may not have said that he was -one of the representative local Democratic politicians of his day. He -possessed, indeed, such influence with all classes that he was not -only elected Clerk of Los Angeles County in 1863, but succeeded -himself in 1865, 1867 and 1869, afterward sitting in the State -Assembly; and in 1876, he was appointed a delegate to the National -Convention that nominated Samuel J. Tilden for the Presidency. His -relations in time with Stanford, Crocker, Huntington and Hopkins were -very close, and for at least twenty-five years he acted as their -political adviser in all matters appertaining to Southern California. -Tall, erect and dignified, scrupulously attired and distinguished by -his flowing beard, Tom was for more than half a century a striking -figure in Los Angeles. - -A most brutal murder took place on November 15th on the desert not far -from Los Angeles, but few days passing before it was avenged. A poor -miner, named R. A. Hester, was fatally attacked by a border ruffian -known as Boston Daimwood, while some confederates, including the -criminals Chase, Ybarra and Olivas, stood by to prevent interference. -In a few hours officers and citizens were in the saddle in pursuit of -the murderous band; for Daimwood had boasted that Hester was but the -first of several of our citizens to whom he intended to pay his -respects. Daimwood and his three companions were captured and lodged -in jail, and on the twenty-first of November two hundred or more armed -Vigilantes forced the jail doors, seized the scoundrels and hung them -to the _pórtico_ of the old City Hall on Spring Street. Tomás Sanchez, -the Sheriff, talked of organizing a _posse comitatus_ to arrest the -committee leaders; but so positive was public sentiment, as reflected -in the newspapers, in support of the summary executions, that nothing -further was heard of the threat. - -An incident of value in the study of mob-psychology accentuated the -day's events. During the lynching, the clattering of horses' hoofs was -heard, when the cry was raised that cavalry from Drum Barracks was -rushing to rescue the prisoners; and in a twinkling those but a moment -before most demonstrative were seen scurrying to cover in all -directions. Instead, however, of Federal soldiers, the horsemen were -the usual contingent of El Monte boys, coming to assist in the -neck-tie party. - -Besides the murderers lynched, there was an American boy named Wood of -about eighteen years; and although he had committed no offense more -vicious than the theft of some chickens, he paid the penalty with his -life, it having been the verdict of the committee that while they -were at it, the jail might as well be cleared of every malefactor. A -large empty case was secured as a platform on which the victim was to -stand; and I shall never forget the spectacle of the youth, apparently -oblivious of his impending doom, as he placed his hands upon the box -and vaulted lightly to the top (just as he might have done at an -innocent gymnastic contest), and his parting salutation, "I'm going to -die a game _hen-chicken!_" The removal of the case a moment later, -after the noose had been thrown over and drawn about the lad's head, -left the poor victim suspended beyond human aid. - -On that same day, a sixth prisoner barely escaped. When the crowd was -debating the lynchings, John P. Lee, a resident of El Monte who had -been convicted of murder, was already under sentence of death; and the -Vigilantes, having duly considered his case, decided that it would be -just as well to permit the law to take its course. Some time later, J. -Lancaster Brent, Lee's attorney, appealed the case and obtained for -his client a new trial, finally clearing Lee of the charges against -him, so that, in the end, he died a natural death. - -I frequently saw Lee after this episode, and vividly recall an -unpleasant interview years later. The regularity of his visits had -been interrupted, and when he reappeared to get some merchandise for a -customer at El Monte, I asked him where he had been. He explained that -a dog had bitten a little girl, and that while she was suffering from -hydrophobia she had in turn attacked him and so severely scratched his -hands and face that, for a while, he could not show himself in public. -After that, whenever I saw Lee, I was aware of a lurking, if -ridiculous, suspicion that the moment might have arrived for a new -manifestation of the rabies. - -Speaking of the Civil War and the fact that in Southern California -there was less pronounced sentiment for the Union than in the Northern -part of the State, I am reminded of a relief movement that emphasized -the distinction. By the middle of November San Francisco had sent over -one hundred and thirty thousand dollars to the United States Sanitary -Commission, and an indignant protest was voiced in some quarters that -Los Angeles, up to that date, had not participated. In time, however, -the friends of the Union here did make up a small purse. - -In 1863 interest in the old San Juan Capistrano Mission was revived -with the reopening of the historic structure so badly damaged by the -earthquake of 1812, and a considerable number of townspeople went out -to the first services under the new roof. When I first saw the -Mission, near Don Juan Forster's home, there was in its open doors, -windows and cut-stone and stucco ruins, its vines and wild flowers, -much of the picturesque. - -On November 18th, 1862, our little community was greatly stirred by -the news that John Rains, one of Colonel Isaac Williams' sons-in-law -and well known in Los Angeles, had been waylaid and killed on the -highway near the Azusa _rancho_ the night before. It was claimed that -one Ramón Carrillo had hired the assassins to do the foul deed; and -about the middle of February, 1863, a Mexican by the name of Manuel -Cerradel was arrested by Thomas Trafford, the City Marshal, as a -participant. In time, he was tried and sentenced to ten years in San -Quentin Prison. On December 9th, Sheriff Tomás Sanchez started to take -the prisoner north, and at Wilmington boarded the little steamer -_Cricket_ to go out to the _Senator_, which was ready to sail. A -goodly number of other passengers also boarded the tugboat, though -nothing in particular was thought of the circumstance; but once out in -the harbor, a group of Vigilantes, indignant at the light sentence -imposed, seized the culprit at a prearranged signal, threw a noose -about his neck and, in a jiffy, hung him to the flagstaff. When he was -dead, the body was lowered and stones--brought aboard in packages by -the committee, who had evidently considered every detail--were tied to -the feet, and the corpse was thrown overboard before the steamer was -reached. This was one of the acts of the Vigilantes that no one seemed -to deprecate. - -Toward the end of 1861, J. E. Pleasants, while overseeing one of -Wolfskill's ranches, hit the trail of some horse thieves and, -assisted by City Marshal William C. Warren, pursued and captured -several, who were sent to the penitentiary. One, however, escaped. -This was Charles Wilkins, a veritable scoundrel who, having stolen a -pistol and a knife from the Bella Union and put the same into the -hands of young Wood (whose lynching I have described), sent the lad on -his way to the gallows. A couple of years later Wilkins waylaid and -murdered John Sanford, a rancher living near Fort Tejón and a brother -of Captain W. T. B. Sanford, the second Postmaster of Los Angeles; and -when the murderer had been apprehended and was being tried, an -exciting incident occurred, to which I was an eye-witness. On November -16th, 1854, Phineas Banning had married Miss Rebecca Sanford, a sister -of the unfortunate man; and as Banning caught sight of Wilkins, he -rushed forward and endeavoured to avenge the crime by shooting the -culprit. Banning was then restrained; but soon after, on December -17th, 1863, he led the Vigilance Committee which strung up Wilkins on -Tomlinson & Griffith's corral gateway where nearly a dozen culprits -had already forfeited their lives. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIII - -ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN - -1864-1865 - - -Of all years of adversity before, during or since the Civil War, the -seemingly interminable year of 1864 was for Southern California the -worst. The varying moves in the great struggle, conducted mostly by -Grant and Lee, Sherman and Farragut, buoyed now one, now the other -side; but whichever way the tide of battle turned, business and -financial conditions here altered but little and improved not a whit. -The Southwest, as I have already pointed out, was more dependent for -its prosperity on natural conditions, such as rain, than upon the -victory of any army or fleet; and as this was the last of three -successive seasons of annihilating drought, ranchman and merchant -everywhere became downhearted. During the entire winter of 1862-63 no -more than four inches of rain had fallen, and in 1864 not until March -was there a shower, and even then the earth was scarcely moistened. -With a total assessment of something like two million dollars in the -County, not a cent of taxes (at least in the city) was collected. Men -were so miserably poor that confidence mutually weakened, and -merchants refused to trust those who, as land and cattle-barons, but a -short time before had been so influential and most of whom, in another -and more favorable season or two, were again operators of affluence. -How great was the depreciation in values may be seen from the fact -that notes given by Francis Temple, and bearing heavy interest, were -peddled about at fifty cents on the dollar and even then found few -purchasers. - -As a result of these very infrequent rains, grass started up only to -wither away, a small district around Anaheim independent of the -rainfall on account of its fine irrigation system, alone being green; -and thither the lean and thirsty cattle came by thousands, rushing in -their feverish state against the great willow-fence I have elsewhere -described. This stampede became such a menace, in fact, that the -Anaheimers were summoned to defend their homes and property, and -finally they had to place a mounted guard outside of the willow -enclosures. Everywhere large numbers of horses and cattle died, as -well as many sheep, the plains at length being strewn with carcasses -and bleached bones. The suffering of the poor animals beggars -description; and so distressed with hunger were they that I saw -famished cattle (during the summer of 1864 while on a visit to the -springs at Paso de Robles) crowd around the hotel veranda for the -purpose of devouring the discarded matting-containers which had held -Chinese rice. I may also add that with the approach of summer the -drought became worse and worse, contributing in no small degree to the -spread of smallpox, then epidemic here. Stearns lost forty or fifty -thousand head of live stock, and was much the greatest sufferer in -this respect; and as a result, he was compelled, about June, 1865, to -mortgage Los Alamitos _rancho_, with its twenty-six thousand acres, to -Michael Reese of San Francisco, for the almost paltry sum of twenty -thousand dollars. Even this sacrifice, however, did not save him from -still greater financial distress. - -In 1864, two Los Angeles merchants, Louis Schlesinger and Hyman -Tischler, owing to the recent drought foreclosed a mortgage on several -thousand acres of land known as the Ricardo Vejar property, lying -between Los Angeles and San Bernardino. Shortly after this -transaction, Schlesinger was killed while on his way to San Francisco, -in the _Ada Hancock_ explosion; after which Tischler purchased -Schlesinger's interest in the ranch and managed it alone. - -In January, Tischler invited me to accompany him on one of the -numerous excursions which he made to his newly-acquired possession, -but, though I was inclined to go, a business engagement interfered -and kept me in town. Poor Edward Newman, another friend of Tischler's, -took my place. On the way to San Bernardino from the _rancho_, the -travelers were ambushed by some Mexicans, who shot Newman dead. It was -generally assumed that the bullets were intended for Tischler, in -revenge for his part in the foreclosure; at any rate, he would never -go to the ranch again, and finally sold it to Don Louis Phillips, on -credit, for thirty thousand dollars. The inventory included large -herds of horses and cattle, which Phillips (during the subsequent wet -season) drove to Utah, where he realized sufficient from their sale -alone to pay for the whole property. Pomona and other important places -now mark the neighborhood where once roamed his herds. Phillips died -some years ago at the family residence which he had built on the ranch -near Spadra. - -James R. Toberman, after a trying experience with Texan Redskins, came -to Los Angeles in 1864, President Lincoln having appointed him United -States Revenue Assessor here, an office which he held for six years. -At the same time, as an exceptional privilege for a Government -officer, Toberman was permitted to become agent for Wells Fargo & -Company. - -Again the Fourth of July was not celebrated here, the two factions in -the community still opposing each other with bitterness. Hatred of the -National Government had increased through an incident of the previous -spring which stirred the town mightily. On the eighth or ninth of May, -a group stood discussing the Fort Pillow Massacre, when J. F. -Bilderback indiscreetly expressed the wish that the Confederates would -annihilate every negro taken with arms, and every white man, as well, -who might be found in command of colored troops; or some such equally -dangerous and foolish sentiment. The indiscretion was reported to the -Government authorities, and Bilderback was straightway arrested by a -lieutenant of cavalry, though he was soon released. - -Among the most rabid Democrats, particularly during the Civil War -period, was Nigger Pete the barber. One hot day in August, patriotic -Biggs vociferously proclaimed his ardent attachment to the cause of -Secession; whereupon he was promptly arrested, placed in charge of -half a dozen cavalrymen, and made to foot it, with an iron chain and -ball attached to his ankle, all the way from Los Angeles to Drum -Barracks at Wilmington. Not in the least discouraged by his uncertain -position, however, Pete threw his hat up into the air as he passed -some acquaintances on the road, and gave three hearty cheers for Jeff -Davis, thus bringing about the completion of his difficulty. - -For my part, I have good reason to remember the drought and crisis of -1864, not alone because times were miserably hard and prosperity -seemed to have disappeared forever, or that the important revenue from -Uncle Sam, although it relieved the situation, was never sufficient to -go around, but also because of an unfortunate investment. I bought and -shipped many thousands of hides which owners had taken from the -carcasses of their starved cattle, forwarding them to San Francisco by -schooner or steamer, and thence to New York by sailing vessel. A large -number had commenced to putrefy before they were removed, which fact -escaped my attention; and on their arrival in the East, the -decomposing skins had to be taken out to sea again and thrown -overboard, so that the net results of this venture were disastrous. -However, we all met the difficulties of the situation as -philosophically as we could. - -There were no railroads in California until the late sixties and, -consequently, there was no regular method of concentration, nor any -systematic marketing of products; and this had a very bad economic -effect on the whole State. Prices were extremely high during her early -history, and especially so in 1864. Barley sold at three and a half -cents per pound; potatoes went up to twelve and a half cents; and -flour reached fifteen dollars per barrel, at wholesale. Much flour in -wooden barrels was then brought from New York by sailing vessels; and -my brother imported a lot during a period of inflation, some of which -he sold at thirteen dollars. Isaac Friedlander, a San Francisco -pioneer, who was not alone the tallest man in that city but was as -well a giant operator in grain and its products, practically -monopolized the wheat and flour business of the town; and when he -heard of this interference, he purchased all the remainder of my -brother's flour at thirteen dollars a barrel, and so secured control -of the situation. - -Just before this transaction, I happened to be in San Francisco and -noticing the advertisement of an approaching flour auction, I attended -the sale. This particular lot was packed in sacks which had been eaten -into by rats and mice and had, in consequence, to be resacked, -sweepings and all. I bought one hundred barrels and shipped the flour -to Los Angeles, and B. Dubordieu, the corpulent little French baker, -considered himself fortunate in obtaining it at fifteen dollars per -barrel. - -Speaking of foodstuffs, I may note that red beans then commanded a -price of twelve and a half cents per pound, until a sailing vessel -from Chile unexpectedly landed a cargo in San Francisco and sent the -price dropping to a cent and a quarter; when commission men, among -them myself, suffered heavy losses. - -In 1864, F. Bachman & Company sold out. Their retirement was ascribed -in a measure to the series of bad years, but the influence of their -wives was a powerful factor in inducing them to withdraw. The firm had -been compelled to accept large parcels of real estate in payment of -accounts; and now, while preparing to leave, Bachman & Co. sacrificed -their fine holdings at prices considered ridiculous even then. The -only one of these sales that I remember was that of a lot with a -frontage of one hundred and twenty feet on Fort Street, and a -one-story adobe house, which they disposed of for four hundred -dollars. - -I have told of Don Juan Forster's possessions--the Santa Margarita -_rancho_, where he lived until his death, and also the Las Flores. -These he obtained in 1864, when land was worth but the merest song, -buying the same from Pio Pico, his brother-in-law. The two ranches -included over a hundred and forty thousand acres, and pastured some -twenty-five thousand cattle, three thousand horses and six or seven -thousand sheep; yet the transaction, on account of the season, was a -fiscal operation of but minor importance. - -The hard times strikingly conduced to criminality and, since there -were then probably not more than three or four policemen in Los -Angeles, some of the desperadoes, here in large numbers and not -confined to any particular nationality or color, took advantage of the -conditions, even making several peculiar nocturnal assaults upon the -guardians of the peace. The methods occasionally adopted satisfied the -community that Mexican _bandidos_ were at work. Two of these worthies -on horseback, while approaching a policeman, would suddenly dash in -opposite directions, bringing a _reata_ (in the use of which they were -always most proficient) taut to the level of their saddles; and -striking the policeman with the hide or hair rope, they would throw -him to the ground with such force as to disable him. Then the -ingenious robbers would carry out their well-planned depredations in -the neighborhood and disappear with their booty. - -J. Ross Browne, one of the active Forty-niners in San Francisco and -author of _Crusoe's Island_ and various other volumes dealing with -early life in California and along the Coast, was on and off a visitor -to Los Angeles, first passing through here in 1859, _en route_ to the -Washoe Gold fields, and stopping again in 1864. - -Politics enlivened the situation somewhat in the fall of this year of -depression. In September, the troops were withdrawn from Catalina -Island, and the following month most of the guard was brought in from -Fort Tejón; and this, creating possibly a feeling of security, paved -the way for still larger Union meetings in October and November. -Toward the end of October, Francisco P. Ramirez, formerly editor of -_El Clamor Público_, was made Postmaster, succeeding William G. Still, -upon whose life an attempt had been made while he was in office. - -As an illustration of how a fortunate plunger acquired property now -worth millions, through the disinclination on the part of most people -here to add to their taxes in this time of drought, I may mention two -pieces of land included in the early Ord survey, one hundred and -twenty by one hundred and sixty-five feet in size--one at the -southwest corner of Spring and Fourth streets, the other at the -southeast corner of Fort and Fourth--which were sold on December 12th, -1864, for _two dollars and fifty-two cents_, delinquent taxes. The tax -on each lot was but one dollar and twenty-six cents, yet only one -purchaser appeared! - -About that very time, there was another and noteworthy movement in -favor of the establishment of a railroad between Los Angeles and San -Pedro. In December, committees from outside towns met here with our -citizens to debate the subject; but by the end of the several days' -conference, no real progress had been made. - -The year 1865 gave scant promise, at least in its opening, of better -times to come. To be sure, Northern arms were more and more -victorious, and with the approach of Lincoln's second inauguration the -conviction grew that under the leadership of such a man national -prosperity might return. Little did we dream that the most dramatic of -all tragedies in our history was soon to be enacted. In Southern -California the effects of the long drought continued, and the -certainty that the cattle-industry, once so vast and flourishing, was -now but a memory, discouraged a people to whom the vision of a far -more profitable use of the land had not yet been revealed. - -For several years my family, including three children, had been -shifting from pillar to post owing to the lack of residences such as -are now built to sell or lease, and I could not postpone any longer -the necessity of obtaining larger quarters. We had occupied, at -various times, a little shanty on Franklin Street, owned by a -carpenter named Wilson; a small, one-story brick on Main Street near -First, owned by Henne, the brewer; and once we lived with the Kremers -in a one-story house, none too large, on Fort Street. Again we dwelt -on Fort Street in a little brick house that stood on the site of the -present Chamber of Commerce building, next door to Governor Downey's, -before he moved to Main Street. The nearest approach to convenience -was afforded by our occupancy of Henry Dalton's two-story brick on -Main Street near Second. One day a friend told me that Jim Easton had -an adobe on Main Street near Third, which he wished to sell; and on -inquiry, I bought the place, paying him a thousand dollars for -fifty-four feet, the entire frontage being occupied by the house. Main -Street, beyond First, was practically in the same condition as at the -time of my arrival, no streets running east having been opened south -of First. - -After moving in, we were inconvenienced because there was no driveway, -and everything needed for housekeeping had to be carried, in -consequence, through the front door of the dwelling. I therefore -interviewed my friend and neighbor, Ygnácio Garcia, who owned a -hundred feet adjoining me, and asked him if he would sell or rent me -twenty feet of his property; whereupon he permitted me the free use of -twenty feet, thus supplying me with access to the rear of my house. A -few months later, Alfred B. Chapman, Garcia's legal adviser (who, by -the way, is still alive)[25] brought me a deed to the twenty feet of -land, the only expense being a fee of twenty-five dollars to Chapman -for making out the document; and later Garcia sold his remaining -eighty feet to Tom Mott for five dollars a foot. This lot is still in -my possession. In due time, I put up a large, old-fashioned wooden -barn with a roomy hay-loft, stalls for a couple of horses or mules, -and space for a large flat-truck, the first of the kind for years in -Los Angeles. John Simmons had his room in the barn and was one of my -first porters. I had no regular driver for the truck, but John usually -served in that capacity. - -Incidentally to this story of my selecting a street on which to live, -I may say that during the sixties Main and San Pedro streets were -among the chief residential sections, and Spring Street was only -beginning to be popular for homes. The fact that some people living on -the west side of Main Street built their stables in back-yards -connecting with Spring Street, retarded the latter's growth. - -Here I may well repeat the story of the naming of Spring Street, -particularly as it exemplifies the influence that romance sometimes -has upon affairs usually prosaic. Ord, the surveyor, was then more -than prepossessed in favor of the delightful Señorita Trinidad de la -Guerra, for whose hand he was, in fact, a suitor and to whom he always -referred as _Mi Primavera_--"My Springtime;" and when asked to name -the new thoroughfare, he gallantly replied, "Primavera, of course! -Primavera!" - -On February 3d, a wind-storm, the like of which the proverbial "oldest -inhabitant" could scarcely recall, struck Los Angeles amidships, -unroofing many houses and blowing down orchards. Wolfskill lost -heavily, and Banning & Company's large barn at the northeast corner of -Fort and Second streets, near the old schoolhouse, was demolished, -scarcely a post remaining upright. A curious sight, soon after the -storm began to blow, was that of many citizens weighing down and -lashing fast their roofs, just as they do in Sweden, Norway and -Switzerland, to keep them from being carried to unexpected, not to say -inconvenient, locations. - -In early days, steamers plying up and down the Pacific Coast, as I -have pointed out, were so poor in every respect that it was necessary -to make frequent changes in their names, to induce passengers to -travel on them at all. As far back as 1860, one frequently heard the -expression, "the old tubs;" and in 1865, even the best-known boat on -the Southern run was publicly discussed as "the rotten old _Senator_," -"the old hulk" and "the floating coffin." At this time, there was a -strong feeling against the Steam Navigation Company for its arbitrary -treatment of the public, its steamers sometimes leaving a whole day -before the date on which they were advertised to depart; and this -criticism and dissatisfaction finally resulted in the putting on of -the opposition steamer _Pacific_ which for the time became popular. - -In 1865, Judge Benjamin S. Eaton tried another agricultural experiment -which many persons of more experience at first predicted would be a -failure. He had moved into the cottage at _Fair Oaks_, built by the -estimable lady of General Albert Sidney Johnston, and had planted five -thousand or more grapevines in the good though dry soil; but the lack -of surface water caused vineyardists to shake their heads -incredulously. The vines prospered so well that, in the following -year, Eaton planted five or six times as many more. He came to the -conclusion, however, that he must have water; and so arranged to bring -some from what is now known as Eaton's Cañon. I remember that, after -his vines began to bear, the greatest worry of the Judge was not the -matter of irrigation, but the wild beasts that preyed upon the -clustering fruit. The visitor to Pasadena and Altadena to-day can -hardly realize that in those very localities both coyotes and bears -were rampant, and that many a night the irate Judge was roused by the -barking dogs as they drove the intruders out of the vineyard. - -Tomlinson & Company, always energetic competitors in the business of -transportation in Southern California, began running, about the first -of April, a new stage line between Los Angeles and San Bernardino, -making three trips a week. - -On the fifteenth of April, my family physician, Dr. John S. Griffin, -paid a professional visit to my house on Main Street, which might have -ended disastrously for him. While we were seated together by an open -window in the dining-room, a man named Kane ran by on the street, -shouting out the momentous news that Abraham Lincoln had been shot! -Griffin, who was a staunch Southerner, was on his feet instantly, -cheering for Jeff Davis. He gave evidence, indeed, of great mental -excitement, and soon seized his hat and rushed for the door, hurrahing -for the Confederacy. In a flash, I realized that Griffin would be in -awful jeopardy if he reached the street in that unbalanced condition, -and by main force I held him back, convincing him at last of his -folly. In later years the genial Doctor frankly admitted that I had -undoubtedly saved him from certain death. - -This incident brings to mind another, associated with Henry Baer, -whose father, Abraham, a native of Bavaria and one of the earliest -tailors here, had arrived from New Orleans in 1854. When Lincoln's -assassination was first known, Henry ran out of the house, singing -_Dixie_ and shouting for the South; but his father, overtaking him, -brought him back and gave him a sound whipping--an act nearly breaking -up the Baer family, inasmuch as Mrs. Baer was a pronounced -Secessionist. - -The news of Lincoln's assassination made a profound impression in Los -Angeles, though it cannot be denied that some Southern sympathizers, -on first impulse, thought that it would be advantageous to the -Confederate cause. There was, therefore, for the moment, some -ill-advised exultation; but this was promptly suppressed, either by -the military or by the firm stand of the more level-headed members of -the community. Soon even radically-inclined citizens, in an effort to -uphold the fair name of the town, fell into line, and steps were taken -fittingly to mourn the nation's loss. On the seventeenth of April, the -Common Council passed appropriate resolutions; and Governor Low having -telegraphed that Lincoln's funeral would be held in Washington on the -nineteenth, at twelve o'clock noon, the Union League of Los Angeles -took the initiative and invited the various societies of the city to -join in a funeral procession. - -On April 19th all the stores were closed, business was suspended and -soldiers as well as civilians assembled in front of Arcadia Block. -There were present United States officers, mounted cavalry under -command of Captain Ledyard; the Mayor and Common Council; various -lodges; the Hebrew Congregation B'nai-B'rith; the Teutonia, the French -Benevolent and the Junta Patriotica societies, and numerous citizens. -Under the marshalship of S. F. Lamson the procession moved slowly over -what to-day would be regarded as an insignificantly short route: west -on Arcadia Street to Main; down Main Street to Spring as far as First; -east on First Street to Main and up Main Street, proceeding back to -the City Hall by way of Spring, at which point the parade disbanded. - -Later, on the same day, there were memorial services in the upper -story of the old Temple Court House, where Rev. Elias Birdsall, the -Episcopal clergyman, delivered a splendid oration and panegyric; and -at the same time, the members of the Hebrew Congregation met at the -house of Rabbi A. W. Edelman. Prayers for the martyred President were -uttered, and supplication was made for the recovery of Secretary of -State Seward. The resolutions presented on this occasion concluded as -follows: - - RESOLVED, that with feelings of the deepest sorrow we - deplore the loss our country has sustained in the untimely - end of our late President; but as it has pleased the - Almighty to deprive this Country of its Chief and great - friend, we bow with submission to the All-wise Will. - -I may add that, soon after the assassination of the President, the -Federal authorities sent an order to Los Angeles to arrest anyone -found rejoicing in the foul deed; and that several persons, soon in -the toils, were severely dealt with. In San Francisco, too, when the -startling news was flashed over the wires, Unionist mobs demolished -the plants of the _Democratic Press_, the _News Letter_ and a couple -of other journals very abusive toward the martyred Emancipator; the -editors and publishers themselves escaping with their lives only by -flight and concealment. - -Notwithstanding the strong Secessionist sentiment in Los Angeles -during much of the Civil War period, the City election resulted in a -Unionist victory. José Mascarel was elected Mayor; William C. Warren, -Marshal; J. F. Burns, Treasurer; J. H. Lander, Attorney; and J. W. -Beebe, Assessor. The triumph of the Federal Government doubtless at -once began to steady and improve affairs throughout the country; but -it was some time before any noticeable progress was felt here. -Particularly unfortunate were those who had gone east or south for -actual service, and who were obliged to make their way, finally, back -to the Coast. Among such volunteers was Captain Cameron E. Thom who, -on landing at San Pedro, was glad to have J. M. Griffith advance him -money enough to reach Los Angeles and begin life again. - -Outdoor restaurant gardens were popular in the sixties. On April 23d, -the Tivoli Garden was reopened by Henry Sohms, and thither, on -holidays and Sundays, many pleasure-lovers gravitated. - -Sometime in the spring and during the incumbency of Rev. Elias -Birdsall as rector, the Right Reverend William Ingraham Kip, who had -come to the Pacific Coast in 1853, made his first visit to the -Episcopal Church in Los Angeles, as Bishop of California, although -really elevated to that high office seven years before. Bishop Kip was -one of the young clergy who pleaded with the unresponsive culprits -strung up by the San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856; and later -he was known as an author. The Reverend Birdsall, by the way, was -Rector of St. Paul's School on Olive Street, between Fifth and Sixth, -as late as 1887. - -John G. Downey subdivided the extensive Santa Gertrudis _rancho_ on -the San Gabriel River in the spring, and the first deed was made out -to J. H. Burke, a son-in-law of Captain Jesse Hunter. Burke, a man of -splendid physique, was a blacksmith whose Main Street shop was next to -the site of the present Van Nuys Hotel. Downey and he exchanged -properties, the ex-Governor building a handsome brick residence on -Burke's lot, and Burke removing his blacksmith business to Downey's -new town where, by remaining until the property had appreciated, he -became well-to-do. - -I have alluded to the Dominguez _rancho_, known as the San Pedro, but -I have not said that, in 1865, some four thousand acres of this -property were sold to Temple & Gibson at thirty-five cents an acre, -and that on a portion of this land G. D. Compton founded the town -named after him and first called Comptonville. It was really a -Methodist Church enterprise, planned from the beginning as a pledge to -teetotalism, and is of particular interest because it is one of the -oldest towns in Los Angeles County, and certainly the first "dry" -community. Compton paid Temple & Gibson five dollars an acre. - -Toward the end of the War, that is, in May, Major-General Irwin -McDowell, the unfortunate commander of the Army of the Potomac who had -been nearly a year in charge of the Department of the Pacific, made -Los Angeles a long-announced visit, coming on the Government steamer -_Saginaw_. The distinguished officer, his family and suite were -speedily whirled to the Bella Union, the competing drivers shouting -and cursing themselves hoarse in their efforts to get the General or -the General's wife, in different stages, there first. As was customary -in those simpler days, most of the townsfolk whose politics would -permit called upon the guest; and Editor Conway and other Unionists -were long closeted with him. After thirty-six hours or more, during -which the General inspected the local Government headquarters and the -ladies were driven to, and entertained at, various homes, the party, -accompanied by Collector James and Attorney-General McCullough, -boarded the cutter and made off for the North. - -Anticipating this visit of General McDowell, due preparations were -made to receive him. It happened, however, as I have indicated, that -José Mascarel was then Mayor; and since he had never been able to -express himself freely in English, though speaking Spanish as well as -French, it was feared that embarrassment must follow the meeting of -the civil and military personages. Luckily, however, like many scions -of early well-to-do American families, McDowell had been educated in -France, and the two chiefs were soon having a free and easy talk in -Mascarel's native tongue. - -An effort, on May 2d, better to establish St. Vincent's College as the -one institution of higher learning here was but natural at that time. -In the middle of the sixties, quite as many children attended private -academies in Los Angeles County as were in the public schools, while -three-fifths of all children attended no school at all. At the -beginning of the Twentieth Century, two-thirds of all the children in -the county attended public schools. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[25] Died, January 22d, 1915. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIV - -H. NEWMARK & CO.--CARLISLE-KING DUEL - -1865-1866 - - -From 1862 I continued for three years, as I have told, in the -commission business; and notwithstanding the bad seasons, I was thus -pursuing a sufficiently easy and pleasant existence when a remark -which, after the lapse of time, I see may have been carelessly -dropped, inspired me with the determination to enter again upon a more -strenuous and confining life. - -On Friday, June 18th, 1865, I was seated in my little office, when a -Los Angeles merchant named David Solomon, whose store was in the -Arcadia Block, called upon me and, with much feeling, related that -while returning by steamer from the North, Prudent Beaudry had made -the senseless boast that he would drive every Jew in Los Angeles out -of business. Beaudry, then a man of large means, conducted in his -one-story adobe building on the northeast corner of Aliso and Los -Angeles streets the largest general merchandise establishment this -side of San Francisco. I listened to Solomon's recital without giving -expression to my immediately-formed resolve; but no sooner had he left -than I closed my office and started for Wilmington. - - [Illustration: Kaspare Cohn] - - [Illustration: M. A. Newmark] - - [Illustration: H. Newmark & Co.'s Store, Arcadia Block, about 1875, - Including (left) John Jones's Former Premises] - - [Illustration: H. Newmark & Co.'s Building, Amestoy Block, about - 1884] - -During the twelve years that I had been in California the forwarding -business between Los Angeles and the Coast had seen many changes. -Tomlinson & Company, who had bought out A. W. Timms, controlled the -largest tonnage in town, including that of Beaudry, Jones, Childs and -others; while Banning & Company, although actively engaged in the -transportation to Yuma of freight and supplies for the United States -Government, were handicapped for lack of business into Los Angeles. I -thought, therefore, that Phineas Banning would eagerly seize an -opportunity to pay his score to the numerous local merchants who had -treated him with so little consideration. Besides, a very close -intimacy existed between him and myself, which may best be illustrated -by the fact that, for years past when short of cash, Banning used to -come to my old sheet-iron safe and help himself according to his -requirements. - -Arriving in Wilmington, I found Banning loading a lot of teams with -lumber. I related the substance of Solomon's remarks and proposed a -secret partnership, with the understanding that, providing he would -release me from the then existing charge of seven dollars and a half -per ton for hauling freight from Wilmington to Los Angeles, I should -supply the necessary capital, purchase a stock of goods, conduct the -business without cost to him and then divide the profits if any should -accrue. Banning said, "I must first consult Don David," meaning -Alexander, his partner, promising at the same time to report the -result within a few days. While I was at dinner, therefore, on the -following Sunday, Patrick Downey, Banning's Los Angeles agent, called -on me and stated that "the Chief" was in his office in the Downey -Block, on the site of Temple's old adobe, and would be glad to see me. - -Without further parleying, Banning accepted my proposition; and on the -following morning, or June 21st, I rented the last vacant store in -Stearns's Arcadia Block on Los Angeles Street, which stands to-day, by -the way, much as it was erected in 1858. It adjoined John Jones's, and -was nearly opposite the establishment of P. Beaudry. There I put up -the sign of H. Newmark, soon to be changed to H. Newmark & Company; -and it is a source of no little gratification to me that from this -small beginning has developed the wholesale grocery firm of M. A. -Newmark & Company.[26] - -At that time, Stearns's property was all in the hands of the Sheriff, -Tomás Sanchez, who had also been appointed Receiver; and like all the -other tenants, I rented my storeroom from Deputy A. J. King. Rents and -other incomes were paid to the Receiver, and out of them a regular -monthly allowance of fifty dollars was made to Stearns for his private -expenses. The stock on Stearns's ranches, by the way, was then in -charge of Pierre Domec, a well-known and prosperous man, who was here -perhaps a decade before I came. - -My only assistant was my wide-awake nephew, M. A. Newmark, then -fifteen years of age, who had arrived in Los Angeles early in 1865. At -my request Banning & Company released their bookkeeper, Frank -Lecouvreur, and I engaged him. He was a thoroughly reliable man and -had, besides, a technical knowledge of wagon materials, in which, as a -sideline, I expected to specialize. While all of these arrangements -were being completed, the local business world queried and buzzed as -to my intentions. - -Having rented quarters, I immediately telegraphed my brother, J. P. -Newmark, to buy and ship a quantity of flour, sugar, potatoes, salt -and other heavy staples; and these I sold, upon arrival, at cost and -steamer freight plus seven dollars and a half per ton. Since the -departure of my brother from Los Angeles for permanent residence in -San Francisco (where he entered into partnership with Isaac Lightner, -forming J. P. Newmark & Company), he had been engaged in the -commission business; and this afforded me facilities I might -otherwise not have had. Inasmuch also, as all of my neighbors were -obliged to pay this toll for hauling, while I was not, they were -forced to do business at cost. About the first of July, I went to San -Francisco and laid in a complete stock paralleling, with the exception -of clothing and dry goods, the lines handled by Beaudry. Banning, who -was then building prairie schooners for which he had ordered some -three hundred and fifty tons of iron and other wagon materials, joined -me in chartering the brig _Tanner_ on which I loaded an equal tonnage -of general merchandise, wagon parts and blacksmith coal. The very -important trade with Salt Lake City, elsewhere described, helped us -greatly, for we at once negotiated with the Mormon leaders; and giving -them credit when they were short of funds, it was not long before we -were brought into constant communication with Brigham Young and -through his influence monopolized the Salt Lake business. - -Thinking over these days of our dealings with the Latterday Saints, I -recall a very amusing experience with an apostle named Crosby, who -once brought down a number of teams and wagons to load with supplies. -During his visit to town, I invited him and several of his friends to -dinner; and in answer to the commonplace inquiry as to his preference -for some particular part of a dish, Crosby made the logical Mormonite -reply that _quantity_ was what appealed to him most--a flash of wit -much appreciated by all of the guests. During this same visit, Crosby -tried hard to convert me to Mormonism; but, after several ineffectual -interviews, he abandoned me as a hopeless case. - -At another time, while reflecting on my first years as a wholesale -grocer, I was led to examine a day-book of 1867 and to draw a -comparison between the prices then current and now, when the high cost -of living is so much discussed. Raw sugar sold at fourteen cents; -starch at sixteen; crushed sugar at seventeen; ordinary tea at sixty; -coal oil at sixty-five cents a gallon; axle-grease at seventy-five -cents per tin; bluing at one dollar a pound; and wrapping paper at one -dollar and a half per ream. Spices, not yet sold in cans, cost three -dollars for a dozen bottles; yeast powders, now superseded by baking -powder, commanded the same price per dozen; twenty-five pounds of shot -in a bag cost three dollars and a half; while in October of that year, -blacksmith coal, shipped in casks holding fifteen hundred and -ninety-two pounds each, sold at the rate of fifty dollars a ton. - -The steamers _Oriflamme_, _California_, _Pacific_ and _Sierra Nevada_ -commenced to run in 1866 and continued until about the middle of the -seventies. The _Pacific_ was later sunk in the Straits of San Juan de -Fuca; and the _Sierra Nevada_ was lost on the rocks off Port Harford. -The _Los Angeles_, the _Ventura_ and the _Constantine_ were steamers -of a somewhat later date, seldom going farther south than San Pedro -and continuing to run until they were lost. - -To resume the suggestive story of I. W. Hellman, who remained in -business with his cousin until he was able in 1865 to buy out Adolph -Portugal and embark for himself, at the corner of Main and Commercial -streets: during his association with large landowners and men of -affairs, who esteemed him for his practicality, he was fortunate in -securing their confidence and patronage; and being asked so often to -operate for them in financial matters, he laid the foundation for his -subsequent career as a banker, in which he has attained such success. - -The Pioneer Oil Company had been organized about the first of -February, with Phineas Banning, President; P. Downey, Secretary; -Charles Ducommon, Treasurer; and Winfield S. Hancock, Dr. John S. -Griffin, Dr. J. B. Winston, M. Keller, B. D. Wilson, J. G. Downey and -Volney E. Howard among the trustees; and the company soon acquired -title to all _brea_, petroleum or rock oil in San Pasqual _rancho_. In -the early summer, Sackett & Morgan, on Main Street near the Post -Office, exhibited some local kerosene or "coal-oil;" and experimenters -were gathering the oil that floated on Pico Spring and refining it, -without distillation, at a cost of ten cents a gallon. Coming just -when Major Stroble announced progress in boring at la Cañada de Brea, -these ventures increased here the excitement about oil and soon after -wells were sunk in the Camulos _rancho_. - -On Wednesday afternoon, July 5th, at four o'clock, occurred one of the -pleasant social occasions of the mid-sixties--the wedding of Solomon -Lazard and Miss Caroline, third daughter of Joseph Newmark. The -bride's father performed the ceremony at M. Kremer's residence on Main -Street, near my own adobe and the site on which, later, C. E. Thom -built his charming residence, with its rural attractions, diagonally -across from the pleasant grounds of Colonel J. G. Howard. The same -evening at half-past eight a ball and dinner at the Bella Union -celebrated the event. - -While these festivities were taking place, a quarrel, ending in a -tragedy, began in the hotel office below. Robert Carlisle, who had -married Francisca, daughter of Colonel Isaac Williams, and was the -owner of some forty-six thousand acres comprising the Chino Ranch, -fell into an altercation with A. J. King, then Under Sheriff, over the -outcome of a murder trial; but before any further damage was done, -friends separated them. - -About noon on the following day, however, when people were getting -ready to leave for the steamer and everything was life and bustle -about the hotel, Frank and Houston King, the Under Sheriff's brothers, -passing by the bar-room of the Bella Union and seeing Carlisle inside, -entered, drew their six-shooters and began firing at him. Carlisle -also drew a revolver and shot Frank King, who died almost instantly. -Houston King kept up the fight, and Carlisle, riddled with bullets, -dropped to the sidewalk. There King, not yet seriously injured, struck -his opponent on the head, the force of the blow breaking his weapon; -but Carlisle, a man of iron, put forth his little remaining strength, -staggered to the wall, raised his pistol with both hands, took -deliberate aim and fired. It was his last, but effective shot, for it -penetrated King's body. - -Carlisle was carried into the hotel and placed on a billiard-table; -and there, about three o'clock, he expired. At the first exchange of -shots, the people nearby, panic-stricken, fled, and only a merciful -Providence prevented the sacrifice of other lives. J. H. Lander was -accidentally wounded in the thigh; some eight or ten bystanders had -their clothes pierced by stray bullets; and one of the stage-horses -dropped where he stood before the hotel door. When the first shot was -fired, I was on the corner of Commercial Street, only a short distance -away, and reached the scene in time to see Frank King expire and -witness Carlisle writhing in agony--a death more striking, considering -the murder of Carlisle's brother-in-law, John Rains. Carlisle was -buried from the Bella Union at four o'clock the next day. King's -funeral took place from A. J. King's residence, two days later, at -eight o'clock in the morning. - -Houston King having recovered, he was tried for Carlisle's murder, but -was acquitted; the trial contributing to make the affair one of the -most mournful of all tragic events in the early history of Los -Angeles, and rendering it impossible to express the horror of the -public. One feature only of the terrible contest afforded a certain -satisfaction, and that was the splendid exhibition of those qualities, -in some respects heroic, so common among the old Californians of that -time. - -July was clouded with a particularly gruesome murder. George Williams -and Cyrus Kimball of San Diego, while removing with their families to -Los Angeles, had spent the night near the Santa Ana River, and while -some distance from camp, at sunrise next morning, were overtaken by -seven armed desperadoes, under the leadership of one Jack O'Brien, and -without a word of explanation, were shot dead. The women, hearing the -commotion, ran toward the spot, only to be commanded by the robbers to -deliver all money and valuables in their possession. Over three -thousand dollars--the entire savings of their husbands--was secured, -after which the murderers made their escape. _Posses_ scoured the -surrounding country, but the cutthroats were never apprehended. - -Stimulated, perhaps, by the King-Carlisle tragedy, the Common Council -in July prohibited everybody except officers and travelers from -carrying a pistol, dirk, sling-shot or sword; but the measure lacked -public support, and little or no attention was paid to the law. - -Some idea of the modest proportion of business affairs in the early -sixties may be gathered from the fact that, when the Los Angeles Post -Office, on August 10th, was made a money-deposit office, it was -obligatory that all cash in excess of five hundred dollars should be -despatched by steamer to San Francisco. - -In 1865, W. H. Perry, having been given a franchise to light the city -with gas, organized the Los Angeles City Gas Company, five years later -selling out his holdings at a large profit. A promise was made to -furnish free gas for lamps at the principal crossings on Main Street -and for lights in the Mayor's office, and the consumers' price at -first agreed upon was ten dollars a thousand cubic feet. - -The history of Westlake Park is full of interest. About 1865, the City -began to sell part of its public land, in lots of thirty-five acres, -employing E. W. Noyes as auctioneer. Much of it went at five and ten -dollars an acre; but when the district now occupied by the park and -lake was reached, the auctioneer called in vain for bids at even a -dollar an acre; nobody wanted the alkali hillocks. Then the auctioneer -offered the area at twenty-five cents an acre, but still received no -bids, and the sale was discontinued. In the late eighties, a number of -citizens who had bought land in the vicinity came to Mayor Workman and -promised to pay one-half of the cost of making a lake and laying out -pleasure grounds on the unsightly place; and as the Mayor favored the -plan, it was executed, and this was the first step in the formation of -Westlake Park. - -On September 2d, Dr. J. J. Dyer, a dentist from San Francisco, having -opened an office in the Bella Union hotel, announced that he would -visit the homes of patrons and there extract or repair the sufferers' -teeth. The complicated equipment of a modern dentist would hardly -permit of such peripatetic service to-day, although representatives of -this profession and also certain opticians still travel to many of the -small inland towns in California, once or twice a year, stopping in -each for a week or two at a time. - -I have spoken of the use, in 1853, of river water for drinking, and -the part played by the private water-carrier. This system was still -largely used until the fall when David W. Alexander leased all the -public water-works for four years, together with the privilege of -renewing the lease another four or six years. Alexander was to pay one -thousand dollars rental a year, agreeing also to surrender the plant -to the City at the termination of his contract. On August 7th, -Alexander assigned his lease to Don Louis Sainsevain, and about the -middle of October Sainsevain made a new contract. Damien Marchessault -associated himself with Don Louis and together they laid pipes from -the street now known as Macy throughout the business part of the city, -and as far (!) south as First Street. These water pipes were -constructed of pine logs from the mountains of San Bernardino, bored -and made to join closely at the ends; but they were continually -bursting, causing springs of water that made their way to the surface -of the streets. - -Conway & Waite sold the _News_, then a "tri-weekly" supposed to appear -three times a week, yet frequently issued but twice, to A. J. King & -Company, on November 11th; and King, becoming the editor, made of the -newspaper a semi-weekly. - -To complete what I was saying about the Schlesingers: In 1865, Moritz -returned to Germany. Jacob had arrived in Los Angeles in 1860, but -disappearing four years later, his whereabouts was a mystery until, -one fine day, his brother received a letter from him dated, "Gun Boat -_Pocahontas_." Jake had entered the service of Uncle Sam! The -_Pocahontas_ was engaged in blockade work under command of Admiral -Farragut; and Jake and the Admiral were paying special attention to -Sabine Pass, then fortified by the Confederacy. - -On November 27th, Andrew J. Glassell and Colonel James G. Howard -arrived together in Los Angeles. The former had been admitted to the -California Bar some ten or twelve years before; but in the early -sixties he temporarily abandoned his profession and engaged in -ranching near Santa Cruz. After the War, Glassell drifted back to the -practice of law; and having soon cast his lot with Los Angeles, -formed a partnership with Alfred B. Chapman. Two or three years later, -Colonel George H. Smith, a Confederate Army officer who in the early -seventies lived on Fort Street, was taken into the firm; and for years -Glassell, Chapman and Smith were among the leading attorneys at the -Los Angeles Bar. Glassell died on January 28th, 1901. - -To add to the excitement of the middle sixties, a picturesque street -encounter took place, terminating almost fatally. Colonel, the -redoubtable E. J. C. Kewen, and a good-natured German named Fred -Lemberg, son-in-law to the old miller Bors, having come to blows on -Los Angeles Street near Mellus's Row, Lemberg knocked Kewen down; -whereupon friends interfered and peace was apparently restored. Kewen, -a Southerner, dwelt upon the fancied indignity to which he had been -subjected and went from store to store until he finally borrowed a -pistol; after which, in front of John Jones's, he lay in wait. When -Lemberg, who, because of his nervous energy, was known as the Flying -Dutchman, again appeared, rushing across the street in the direction -of Mellus's Row, the equally excited Colonel opened fire, drawing from -his adversary a retaliatory round of shots. I was standing nearly -opposite the scene and saw the Flying Dutchman and Kewen, each dodging -around a pillar in front of The Row, until finally Lemberg, with a -bullet in his abdomen, ran out into Los Angeles Street and fell to the -ground, his legs convulsively assuming a perpendicular position and -then dropping back. After recovering from what was thought to be a -fatal wound, Lemberg left Los Angeles for Arizona or Mexico; but -before he reached his destination, he was murdered by Indians. - -I have told of the trade between Los Angeles and Salt Lake City, which -started up briskly in 1855, and grew in importance until the -completion of the transcontinental railroad put an end to it. Indeed, -in 1865 and 1866 Los Angeles enterprise pushed forward until -merchandise was teamed as far as Bannock, Idaho, four hundred and -fifty miles beyond Salt Lake, and Helena, Montana, fourteen hundred -miles away. This indicates to what an extent the building of -railroads ultimately affected the early Los Angeles merchants. - -The Spanish drama was the event of December 17th, when Señor Don -Guirado L. del Castillo and Señora Amelia Estrella del Castillo played -_La Trenza de sus Cabellos_ to an enthusiastic audience. - -In 1865 or 1866, William T. Glassell, a younger brother of Andrew -Glassell, came to Los Angeles on a visit; and being attracted by the -Southwest country, he remained to assist Glassell & Chapman in -founding Orange, formerly known as Richland. No doubt pastoral -California looked good to young Glassell, for he had but just passed -eighteen weary months in a Northern military prison. Having thought -out a plan for blowing up the United States ironclads off Charleston -Harbor, Lieutenant Glassell supervised the construction of a -cigar-shaped craft, known as a _David_, which carried a torpedo -attached to the end of a fifteen-foot pole; and on October 5th, 1863, -young Glassell and three other volunteers steamed out in the darkness -against the formidable new _Ironsides_. The torpedo was exploded, -doing no greater damage than to send up a column of water, which fell -onto the ship, and also to hurl the young officers into the bay. -Glassell died here at an early age. - -John T. Best, the Assessor, was another pioneer who had an adventurous -life prior to, and for a long time after, coming to California. Having -run away to sea from his Maine home about the middle fifties, Best -soon found himself among pirates; but escaping their clutches, he came -under the domination of a captain whose cruelty, off desolate Cape -Horn, was hardly preferable to death. Reaching California about 1858, -Best fled from another captain's brutality and, making his way into -the Northern forests, was taken in and protected by kind-hearted -woodmen secluded within palisades. Successive Indian outbreaks -constantly threatened him and his comrades, and for years he was -compelled to defend himself against the savages. At last, safe and -sound, he settled within the pale of civilization, at the outbreak of -the Civil War enlisting as a Union officer in the first battalion of -California soldiers. Since then Best has resided mostly in Los -Angeles. - -The year 1866 is memorable as the concluding period of the great War. -Although Lee had surrendered in the preceding April, more than fifteen -months elapsed before the Washington authorities officially proclaimed -the end of the Titanic struggle which left one-half of the nation -prostrate and the other half burdened with new and untold -responsibilities. By the opening of the year, however, one of the -miracles of modern history--the quiet and speedy return of the soldier -to the vocations of peace--began, and soon some of those who had left -for the front when the War broke out were to be seen again in our -Southland, starting life anew. With them, too, came a few pioneers -from the East, harbingers of an army soon to settle our valleys and -seasides. All in all, the year was the beginning of a brighter era. - -Here it may not be amiss to take up the tale of the mimic war in which -Phineas Banning and I engaged, in the little commercial world of Los -Angeles, and to tell to what an extent the fortunes of my competitors -were influenced, and how the absorption of the transportation charge -from the seaboard caused their downfall. O. W. Childs, in less than -three months, found the competition too severe and surrendered "lock, -stock and barrel;" P. Beaudry, whose vain-glorious boast had stirred -up this rumpus, sold out to me on January 1st, 1866, just a few months -after his big talk. John Jones was the last to yield. - -In January, 1866, I bought out Banning, who was soon to take his seat -in the Legislature for the advancing of his San Pedro Railroad -project, and agreed to pay him, in the future, seven dollars and a -half per ton for hauling my goods from Wilmington to Los Angeles, -which was mutually satisfactory; and when we came to balance up, it -was found that Banning had received, for his part in the enterprise, -an amount equal to all that would otherwise have been charged for -transportation and a tidy sum besides. - -Sam, brother of Kaspare Cohn, who had been in Carson City, Nevada, -came to Los Angeles and joined me. We grew rapidly, and in a short -time became of some local importance. When Kaspare sold out at Red -Bluff, in January, 1866, we tendered him a partnership. We were now -three very busy associates, besides M. A. Newmark, who clerked for us. - -Several references have been made to the trade between Los Angeles and -Arizona, due in part to the needs of the Army there. I remember that -early in February not less than twenty-seven Government wagons were -drawn up in front of H. Newmark & Company's store, to be loaded with -seventy to seventy-five tons of groceries and provisions for troops in -the Territory. - -Notwithstanding the handicaps in this wagon-train traffic, there was -still much objection to railroads, especially to the plan for a line -between Los Angeles and San Pedro, some of the strongest opposition -coming from El Monte where, in February, ranchers circulated a -petition, disapproving railroad bills introduced by Banning into the -Legislature. A common argument was that the railroad would do away -with horses and the demand for barley; and one wealthy citizen who -succeeded in inducing many to follow his lead, vehemently insisted -that two trains a month, for many years, would be all that could be -expected! By 1874, however, not less than fifty to sixty freight cars -were arriving daily in Los Angeles from Wilmington. - -Once more, in 1866, the Post Office was moved, this time to a building -opposite the Bella Union hotel. There it remained until perhaps 1868, -when it was transferred to the northwest corner of Main and Market -streets. - -In the spring of 1866, the Los Angeles Board of Education was -petitioned to establish a school where Spanish as well as English -should be taught--probably the first step toward the introduction into -public courses here of the now much-studied _castellano_. - -In noting the third schoolhouse, at the corner of San Pedro and -Washington streets, I should not forget to say that Judge Dryden -bought the lot for the City, at a cost of one hundred dollars. When -the fourth school was erected, at the corner of Charity and Eighth -streets, it was built on property secured for three hundred and fifty -dollars by M. Kremer, who served on the School Board for nine years, -from 1866, with Henry D. Barrows and William Workman. There, a few -years ago, a brick building replaced the original wooden structure. -Besides Miss Eliza Madigan, teachers of this period or later were the -Misses Hattie and Frankie Scott, daughters of Judge Scott, the Misses -Maggie Hamilton, Eula P. Bixby, Emma L. Hawkes, Clara M. Jones, H. K. -Saxe and C. H. Kimball; a sister of Governor Downey, soon to become -Mrs. Peter Martin, was also a public school teacher. - -Piped gas as well as water had been quite generally brought into -private use shortly after their introduction, all pipes running along -the surface of walls and ceilings, in neither a very judicious nor -ornamental arrangement. The first gas-fixtures consisted of the -old-fashioned, unornamented drops from the ceiling, connected at right -angles to the cross-pipe, with its two plain burners, one at either -end, forming an inverted T ([Symbol: upside-down T]); and years passed -before artistic bronzes and globes, such as were displayed in -profusion at the Centennial Exposition, were seen to any extent here. - -In September, Leon Loeb arrived in Los Angeles and entered the employ -of S. Lazard & Company, later becoming a partner. When Eugene Meyer -left for San Francisco on the first of January, 1884, resigning his -position as French Consular Agent, Loeb succeeded him, both in that -capacity and as head of the firm. After fifteen years' service, the -French Government conferred upon Mr. Loeb the decoration of an Officer -of the Academy. As Past Master of the Odd Fellows, he became in time -one of the oldest members of Lodge No. 35. On March 23d, 1879, Loeb -married my eldest daughter, Estelle; and on July 22d, 1911, he died. -Joseph P. and Edwin J. Loeb, the attorneys and partners of Irving M. -Walker, (son-in-law of Tomás Lorenzo Duque),[27] are sons of Leon -Loeb. - -In the summer there came to Los Angeles from the Northern part of -California an educator who had already established there and in -Wisconsin an excellent reputation as a teacher. This was George W. -Burton, who was accompanied by his wife, a lady educated in France and -Italy. With them they brought two assistants, a young man and a young -woman, adding another young woman teacher after they arrived. The -company of pedagogues made quite a formidable array; and their number -permitted the division of the school--then on Main near what is now -Second Street--into three departments: one a kind of kindergarten, -another for young girls and a third for boys. The school grew and it -soon became necessary to move the boys' department to the vestry-room -of the little Episcopal Church on the corner of Temple and New High -streets. - -Not only was Burton an accomplished scholar and experienced teacher, -but Mrs. Burton was a linguist of talent and also proficient in both -instrumental and vocal music. Our eldest children attended the Burton -School, as did also those of many friends such as the Kremers, Whites, -Morrises, Griffiths, the Volney Howards, Kewens, Scotts, Nichols, the -Schumachers, Joneses and the Bannings. - -Daniel Bohen, another watchmaker and jeweler, came after Pyle, -establishing himself, on September 11th, on the south side of -Commercial Street. He sold watches, clocks, jewelry and spectacles; -and he used to advertise with the figure of a huge watch. S. -Nordlinger, who arrived here in 1868, bought Bohen out and continued -the jewelry business during forty-two years, until his death in 1911, -when, as a pioneer jeweler, he was succeeded by Louis S. and Melville -Nordlinger, who still use the title of S. Nordlinger & Sons. - -Charles C. Lips, a German, came to Los Angeles from Philadelphia in -1866 and joined the wholesale liquor firm of E. Martin & Company, -later Lips, Craigue & Company, in the Baker Block. As a volunteer -fireman, he was a member of the old Thirty-Eights; a fact adding -interest to the appointment, on February 28th, 1905, of his son, -Walter Lips, as Chief of the Los Angeles Fire Department. - -On October 3d, William Wolfskill died, mourned by many. Though but -sixty-eight years of age, he had witnessed much in the founding of our -great Southwestern commonwealth; and notwithstanding the handicaps to -his early education, and the disappointments of his more eventful -years, he was a man of marked intelligence and remained unembittered -and kindly disposed toward his fellow-men. - -A good example of what an industrious man, following an ordinary -trade, could accomplish in early days was afforded by Andrew Joughin, -a blacksmith, who came here in 1866, a powerful son of the Isle of -Man, measuring over six feet and tipping the beam at more than two -hundred pounds. He had soon saved enough money to buy for five hundred -dollars a large frontage at Second and Hill streets, selling it -shortly after for fifteen hundred. From Los Angeles, Joughin went to -Arizona and then to San Juan Capistrano, but was back here again in -1870, opening another shop. Toward the middle seventies, Joughin was -making rather ingenious plows of iron and steel which attracted -considerable attention. As fast as he accumulated a little money, he -invested it in land, buying in 1874, for six thousand dollars, some -three hundred and sixty acres comprising a part of one of the Ciénega -_ranchos_, to which he moved in 1876. Seven years later, he purchased -three hundred and five acres once called the Tom Gray Ranch, now known -by the more pretentious name of Arlington Heights. In 1888, three -years after he had secured six hundred acres of the Palos Verdes -_rancho_ near Wilmington, the blacksmith retired and made a grand tour -of Europe, revisiting his beloved Isle of Man. - -Pat Goodwin was another blacksmith, who reached Los Angeles in 1866 or -1867, shoeing his way, as it were, south from San Francisco, through -San José, Whisky Flat and other picturesque places, in the service of -A. O. Thorn, one of the stage-line proprietors. He had a shop first on -Spring Street, where later the Empire Stables were opened, and -afterward at the corner of Second and Spring streets, on the site in -time bought by J. E. Hollenbeck. - -Still another smith of this period was Henry King (brother of John -King, formerly of the Bella Union), who in 1879-80 served two terms as -Chief of Police. Later, A. L. Bath was a well-known wheelwright who -located his shop on Spring Street near Third. - -In 1866, quite a calamity befell this pueblo: the abandonment by the -Government of Drum Barracks. As this had been one of the chief sources -of revenue for our small community, the loss was severely felt, and -the immediate effect disastrous. About the same time, too, Samuel B. -Caswell (father of W. M. Caswell, first of the Los Angeles Savings -Bank and now of the Security), who had come to Los Angeles the year -before, took into partnership John F. Ellis, and under the title of -Caswell & Ellis, they started a good-sized grocery and merchandise -business; and between the competition that they brought and the -reduction of the circulating medium, times with H. Newmark & Company -became somewhat less prosperous. Later, John H. Wright was added to -the firm, and it became Caswell, Ellis & Wright. On September 1st, -1871, the firm dissolved. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[26] Fifty years after this unpretentious venture in Arcadia Block, -that is, in the summer of 1915, the half-centenary of M. A. Newmark & -Company and their predecessors was celebrated with a picnic in the -woodlands belonging to Universal City, the holiday and its pleasures -having been provided by the firm as a compliment to its employees. On -that occasion, a loving-cup was presented by the employees to M. A. -Newmark, who responded feelingly to the speech by M. H. Newmark. -Another, but somewhat differently inscribed cup was tendered Harris -Newmark in an address by Herman Flatau, bringing from the venerable -recipient a hearty reply, full of genial reminiscence and natural -emotion, in which he happily likened his commercial enterprise, once -the small store in Los Angeles Street, to a snowball rolling down the -mountain-side, gathering in momentum and size and, fortunately, -preserving its original whiteness. Undoubtedly, this Fifty-Year -Jubilee will take its place among the pleasantest experiences of a -long and varied career.--THE EDITORS. - -[27] Died on April 6th, 1915. - - - - -CHAPTER XXV - -REMOVAL TO NEW YORK, AND RETURN - -1867-1868 - - -The reader may already have noted that more than one important move in -my life has been decided upon with but little previous deliberation. -During August, 1866, while on the way to a family picnic at La -Ballona, my brother suggested the advisability of opening an office -for H. Newmark & Company in New York; and so quickly had I expressed -my willingness to remove there that, when we reached the _rancho_, I -announced to my wife that we would leave for the East as soon as we -could get ready. Circumstances, however, delayed our going a few -months. - -My family at this time consisted of my wife and four children; and -together on January 29th, 1867, we left San Pedro for New York, by way -of San Francisco and Panamá, experiencing frightfully hot weather. -Stopping at Acapulco, during Maximilian's revolution, we were -summarily warned to keep away from the fort on the hill; while at -Panamá yellow fever, spread by travelers recently arrived from South -America, caused the Captain to beat a hasty retreat. Sailing on the -steamer _Henry Chancey_ from Aspinwall, we arrived at New York on the -sixth of March; and having domiciled my family comfortably, my next -care was to establish an office on the third floor at 31 and 33 -Broadway, placing it in charge of M. J. Newmark, who had preceded me -to the metropolis a year before. In a short time, I bought a home on -Forty-ninth Street, between Sixth and Seventh avenues, then an -agreeable residence district. An intense longing to see my old home -next induced me to return to Europe, and I sailed on May 16th for -Havre on the steam-propeller _Union_; the band playing _The Highland -Fling_ as the vessel left the pier. In mid-ocean, the ship's propeller -broke, and she completed the voyage under sail. Three months later, I -returned on the _Russia_. The recollection of this journey gives me -real satisfaction; for had I not taken it then, I should never again -have seen my father. On the twenty-first of the following November, or -a few months after I last bade him good-bye, he died at Loebau, in the -seventy-fifth year of his age. My mother had died in the summer of -1859. - -It was during this visit that, tarrying for a week in the brilliant -French capital, I saw the Paris Exposition, housed to a large extent -in one immense building in the Champ de Mars. I was wonderfully -impressed with both the city and the fair, as well as with the -enterprising and artistic French people who had created it, although I -was somewhat disappointed that, of the fifty thousand or more -exhibitors represented, but seven hundred were Americans. - -One little incident may be worth relating. While I was standing in the -midst of the machinery one day, the _gendarmes_ suddenly began to -force the crowd back, and on retreating with the rest, I saw a group -of ladies and gentlemen approaching. It was soon whispered that they -were the Empress Eugénie and her suite, and that we had been commanded -to retire in order to permit her Majesty to get a better view of a new -railroad coach that she desired to inspect. - -Not long ago I was reading of a trying ordeal in the life of Elihu B. -Washburne, American Minister to France, who, having unluckily removed -his shoe at a Court dinner, was compelled to rise with the company on -the sudden appearance of royalty, and to step back with a stockinged -foot! The incident recalled an experience of my own in London. I had -ordered from a certain shoemaker in Berlin a pair of patent-leather -gaiters which I wore for the first time when I went to Covent Garden -with an old friend and his wife. It was a very warm evening and the -performance had not progressed far before it became evident that the -shoes were too small. I was, in fact, nearly overcome with pain, and -in my desperation removed the gaiters (when the lights were low), -quietly shoved them under the seat and sat out the rest of the -performance with a fair degree of comfort and composure. Imagine my -consternation, however, when I sought to put the shoes on again and -found the operation almost impossible! The curtain fell while I was -explaining and apologizing to my friends; and nearly every light was -extinguished before I was ready to emerge from the famous opera house -and limp to a waiting carriage. - -A trifling event also lingers among the memories of this revisit to my -native place. While journeying towards Loebau in a stage, I happened -to mention that I had married since settling in America; whereupon one -of my fellow-passengers inquired whether my wife was white, brown or -black? - -Major Ben C. Truman was President Johnson's private secretary until he -was appointed, in 1866, special agent for the Post Office department -on the Pacific Coast. He came to Los Angeles in February, 1867, to -look after postal matters in Southern California and Arizona, but more -particularly to reëstablish, between Los Angeles and points in New -Mexico, the old Butterfield Route which had been discontinued on -account of the War. Truman opened post offices at a number of places -in Los Angeles County. On December 8th, 1869, the Major married Miss -Augusta Mallard, daughter of Judge J. S. Mallard. From July, 1873, -until the late summer of 1877, he controlled the Los Angeles _Star_, -contributing to its columns many excellent sketches of early life in -Southern California, some of which were incorporated in one or more -substantial volumes; and of all the pioneer journalists here, it is -probable that none have surpassed this affable gentleman in brilliancy -and genial, kindly touch. Among Truman's books is an illustrated work -entitled _Semi-Tropical California_, dedicated, with a _Dominus -vobiscum_, to Phineas Banning and published in San Francisco, 1874; -while another volume, issued seven years later, is devoted to -_Occidental Sketches_. - -A fire, starting in Bell's Block on Los Angeles Street, on July 13th, -during my absence from the city, destroyed property to the value of -sixty-four thousand dollars; and the same season, S. Lazard & Company -moved their dry goods store from Bell's Row to Wolfskill's building on -Main Street, opposite the Bella Union hotel. - -Germain Pellissier, a Frenchman from the Hautes-Alpes, came to Los -Angeles in August, and for twenty-eight years lived at what is now the -corner of Seventh and Olive streets. Then the land was in the country; -but by 1888, Pellissier had built the block that bears his name. On -settling here, Pellissier went into sheep-raising, scattering stock in -Kern and Ventura counties, and importing sheep from France and -Australia in order to improve his breed; and from one ram alone in a -year, as he demonstrated to some doubting challengers, he clipped -sixty-two and a half pounds of wool. - -P. Beaudry began to invest in hill property in 1867, at once improving -the steep hillside of New High Street, near Sonora Town, which he -bought in, at sheriff's sale, for fifty-five dollars. Afterward, -Beaudry purchased some twenty acres between Second, Fourth, Charity -and Hill streets, for which he paid five hundred and seventeen -dollars; and when he had subdivided this into eighty lots, he cleared -about thirty thousand dollars. Thirty-nine acres, between Fourth and -Sixth, and Pearl and Charity streets, he finally disposed of at a -profit, it is said, of over fifty thousand dollars. - -John G. Downey having subdivided Nieto's _rancho_, Santa Gertrudis, -the little town of Downey, which he named, soon enjoyed such a boom -that sleepy Los Angeles began to sit up and take notice. Among the -early residents was E. M. Sanford, a son-in-law of General John W. -Gordon, of Georgia. A short time before the founding of Downey, a -small place named Galatin had been started near by, but the flood of -1868 caused our otherwise dry rivers to change their courses, and -Galatin was washed away. This subdividing at once stimulated the -coming of land and home-seekers, increased the spirit of enterprise -and brought money into circulation. - -Soon afterward, Phineas Banning renewed the agitation to connect Los -Angeles with Wilmington by rail. He petitioned the County to assist -the enterprise, but the larger taxpayers, backed by the -over-conservative farmers, still opposed the scheme, tooth and nail, -until it finally took all of Banning's influence to carry the project -through to a successful termination. - -George S. Patton, whose father, Colonel Patton of the Confederate -Army, was killed at Winchester, September 19th, 1864, is a nephew of -Andrew Glassell and the oldest of four children who came to Los -Angeles with their mother and her father, Andrew Glassell, Sr., in -1867. Educated in the public schools of Los Angeles, Patton afterward -attended the Virginia Military Institute, where Stonewall Jackson had -been a professor, returning to Los Angeles in September, 1877, when he -entered the law firm of Glassell, Smith & Patton. In 1884, he married -Miss Ruth, youngest daughter of B. D. Wilson, after which he retired -to private life. One of Patton's sisters married Tom Brown; another -sister became the wife of the popular physician, Dr. W. Le Moyne -Wills. In 1871, his mother, relict of Colonel George S. Patton, -married her kinsman, Colonel George H. Smith. - -John Moran, Sr., conducted a vineyard on San Pedro Street near the -present Ninth, in addition to which he initiated the soda-water -business here, selling his product at twenty-five cents a bottle. Soda -water, however, was too "soft" a drink to find much favor and little -was done to establish the trade on a firm basis until 1867, when H. W. -Stoll, a German, drove from Colorado to California and organized the -Los Angeles Soda Water Works. As soon as he began to manufacture the -aerated beverages, Stevens & Wood set up the first soda-water fountain -in Los Angeles, on North Spring Street near the Post Office. After -that, bubbling water and strangely-colored syrups gained in popularity -until, in 1876, quite an expensive fountain was purchased by Preuss & -Pironi's drug store, on Spring Street opposite Court. And what is -more, they brought in hogsheads from Saratoga what would be difficult -to find in all Los Angeles to-day: Congress, Vichy and Kissingen -waters. Stoll, by the way, in 1873, married Fräulein Louisa Behn, -daughter of John Behn. - -An important industry of the late sixties and early seventies was the -harvesting of castor beans, then growing wild along the _zanjas_. They -were shipped to San Francisco for manufacturing purposes, the oil -factories there both supplying the ranchmen with seed and pledging -themselves to take the harvest when gathered. In 1867, a small -castor-oil mill was set up here. - -The _chilicothe_--derived, according to Charles F. Lummis, from the -Aztec, _chilacayote_, the wild cucumber, or _echinocystes fabacea_--is -the name of a plaything supplied by diversified nature, which grew on -large vines, especially along the slope leading down to the river on -what is now Elysian Park, and in the neighborhood of the hills -adjacent to the Mallard and Nichols places. Four or five of these -_chilicothes_, each shaped much like an irregular marble, came in a -small burr or gourd; and to secure them for games, the youngsters -risked limb, if not life, among the trees and rocks. Small circular -holes were sometimes cut into the nuts; and after the meat, which was -not edible, had been extracted, the empty shells were strung together -like beads and presented, as necklaces and bracelets, to sisters and -sweethearts. - -Just about the time when I first gazed upon the scattered houses of -our little pueblo, the Pacific Railway Expedition, sent out from -Washington, prepared and published a tinted lithograph sketch of Los -Angeles, now rather rare. In 1867, Stephen A. Rendall, an Englishman -of Angora goat fame, who had been here, off and on, as a photographer, -devised one of the first large panoramas of Los Angeles, which he sold -by advance subscription. It was made in sections; and as the only view -of that year extant, it also has become notable as an historical -souvenir. - -Surrounded by his somewhat pretentious gallery and his mysterious -darkroom on the top floor of Temple's new block, V. Wolfenstein also -took good, bad and indifferent photographs, having arrived here, -perhaps, in the late sixties, and remaining a decade or more, until -his return to his native Stockholm where I again met him. He operated -with slow wet-plates, and pioneers will remember the inconvenience, -almost tantamount to torture, to which the patron was subjected in -sitting out an exposure. The children of pioneers, too, will recall -his magic, revolving stereoscope, filled with fascinating views at -which one peeped through magnifying glasses. - -Louis Lewin must have arrived here in the late sixties. Subsequently, -he bought out the stationery business of W. J. Brodrick, and P. -Lazarus, upon his arrival from Tucson in 1874, entered into -partnership with him; Samuel Hellman, as was not generally known at -the time, also having an interest in the firm which was styled Louis -Lewin & Company. When the Centennial of the United States was -celebrated here in 1876, a committee wrote a short historical sketch -of Los Angeles; and this was published by Lewin & Company. Now the -firm is known as the Lazarus Stationery Company, P. Lazarus[28] being -President. Lewin and Lazarus married into families of pioneers: Mrs. -Lewin is a daughter of S. Lazard, while Mrs. Lazarus is a daughter of -M. Kremer. Lewin died at Manilla on April 5th, 1905. - -On November 18th, the Common Council contracted with Jean Louis -Sainsevain to lay some five thousand feet of two- and three-inch iron -pipe at a cost of about six thousand dollars in scrip; but the great -flood of that winter caused Sainsevain so many failures and losses -that he transferred his lease, in the spring or summer of 1868, to Dr. -J. S. Griffin, Prudent Beaudry, and Solomon Lazard, who completed -Sainsevain's contract with the City. - -Dr. Griffin and his associates then proposed to lease the water-works -from the City for a term of fifty years, but soon changed this to an -offer to buy. When the matter came up before the Council for adoption, -there was a tie vote, whereupon Murray Morrison, just before resigning -as President of the Council, voted in the affirmative, his last -official act being to sign the franchise. Mayor Aguilar, however, -vetoed the ordinance, and then Dr. Griffin and his colleagues came -forward with a new proposition. This was to lease the works for a -period of thirty years, and to pay fifteen hundred dollars a year in -addition to performing certain things promised in the preceding -proposition. - -At this stage of the negotiations, John Jones made a rival offer, and -P. McFadden, who had been an unsuccessful bidder for the Sainsevain -lease, tried with Juan Bernard to enter into a twenty-year contract. -Notwithstanding these other offers, however, the City authorities -thought it best, on July 22d, 1868, to vote the franchise to Dr. -Griffin, S. Lazard and P. Beaudry, who soon transferred their -thirty-year privileges to a corporation known as the Los Angeles City -Water Company, in which they became trustees. Others associated in -this enterprise were Eugene Meyer, I. W. Hellman, J. G. Downey, A. J. -King, Stephen Hathaway Mott--Tom's brother--W. H. Perry and Charles -Lafoon. A spirited fight followed the granting of the thirty-year -lease, but the water company came out victorious. - -In the late sixties, when the only communities of much consequence in -Los Angeles County were Los Angeles, Anaheim and Wilmington, the -latter place and Anaheim Landing were the shipping ports of Los -Angeles, San Bernardino and Arizona. At that time, or during some of -the especially prosperous days of Anaheim, the slough at Anaheim -Landing (since filled up by flood) was so formed, and of such depth, -that heavily-loaded vessels ran past the warehouse to a considerable -distance inland, and there unloaded their cargoes. At the same time -the leading Coast steamers began to stop there. Not many miles away -was the corn-producing settlement, Gospel Swamp. - -I have pointed out the recurring weakness in the wooden pipes laid by -Sainsevain and Marchessault. This distressing difficulty, causing, as -it did, repeated losses and sharp criticism by the public, has always -been regarded as the motive for ex-Mayor Marchessault's death on -January 20th, when he committed suicide in the old City Council room. - -Jacob Loew arrived in America in 1865 and spent three years in New -York before he came to California in 1868. Clerking for a while in San -Francisco, he went to the Old Town of San Diego, then to Galatin, and -in 1872 settled in Downey; and there, in conjunction with Jacob -Baruch, afterward of Haas, Baruch & Company, he conducted for years -the principal general merchandise business of that section. On coming -to Los Angeles in 1883, he bought, as I have said, the Deming Mill now -known as the Capitol Mills. Two years later, on the second of August, -he was married to my daughter Emily. - -Dr. Joseph Kurtz, once a student at Giessen, arrived in Los Angeles on -February 3d, with a record for hospital service at Baltimore during -the Civil War, having been induced to come here by the druggist, Adolf -Junge, with whom for a while he had some association. Still later he -joined Dr. Rudolph Eichler in conducting a pharmacy. For some time -prior to his graduation in medicine, in 1872, Dr. Kurtz had an office -in the Lanfranco Building. For many years, he was surgeon to the -Southern Pacific Railroad Company and consulting physician to the -Santa Fé Railroad Company, and he also served as President of the Los -Angeles College Clinical Association. I shall have further occasion to -refer to this good friend. Dr. Carl Kurtz is distinguishing himself in -the profession of his father. - -Hale fellow well met and always in favor with a large circle, was my -Teutonic friend, Lewis Ebinger, who, after coming to Los Angeles in -1868, turned clay into bricks. Perhaps this also recalled the days of -his childhood when he made pies of the same material; but be that as -it may, Lewis in the early seventies made his first venture in the -bakery business, opening shop on North Spring Street. In the bustling -Boom days when real estate men saw naught but the sugar-coating, -Ebinger, who had moved to elaborate quarters in a building at the -southwest corner of Spring and Third streets, was dispensing cream -puffs and other baked delicacies to an enthusiastic and unusually -large clientele. But since everybody then had money, or thought that -he had, one such place was not enough to satisfy the ravenous -speculators; with the result that John Koster was soon conducting a -similar establishment on Spring Street near Second, while farther -north, on Spring Street near First, the Vienna Bakery ran both Lewis -and John a merry race. - -Dr. L. W. French, one of the organizers of the Odontological Society -of Southern California, also came to Los Angeles in 1868--so early -that he found but a couple of itinerant dentists, who made their -headquarters here for a part of the year and then hung out their -shingles in other towns or at remote ranches. - -One day in the spring of 1868, while I was residing in New York City, -I received a letter from Phineas Banning, accompanied by a sealed -communication, and reading about as follows: - - DEAR HARRIS: - - Herewith I enclose to you a letter of the greatest - importance, addressed to Miss Mary Hollister (daughter, as - you know, of Colonel John H. Hollister), who will soon be - on her way to New York, and who may be expected to arrive - there by the next steamer. - - This letter I beg you to deliver to Miss Hollister - personally, immediately upon her arrival in New York, - thereby obliging - - Yours obediently, - - (Signed) PHINEAS BANNING. - -The steamer referred to had not yet arrived, and I lost no time in -arranging that I should be informed, by the company's agents, of the -vessel's approach, as soon as it was sighted. This notification came, -by the by, through a telegram received before daylight one bitterly -cold morning, when I was told that the ship would soon be at the dock; -and as quickly as I could, I procured a carriage, hastened to the -wharf and, before any passengers had landed, boarded the vessel. There -I sought out Miss Hollister, a charming lady, and gave her the -mysterious missive. - -I thought no more of this matter until I returned to Los Angeles when, -welcoming me back, Banning told me that the letter I had had the honor -to deliver aboard ship in New York contained nothing less than a -proposal of marriage, his solicitation of Miss Hollister's heart and -hand! - -One reason why the Bella Union played such an important _rôle_ in the -early days of Los Angeles, was because there was no such thing as a -high-class restaurant; indeed, the first recollection I have of -anything like a satisfactory place is that of Louis Vielle, known by -some as French Louis and nicknamed by others Louis _Gordo_, or Louis -the Fat. Vielle came to Los Angeles from Mexico, a fat, jolly little -French caterer, not much over five feet in height and weighing, I -should judge, two hundred and fifty pounds; and this great bulk, -supported as it was by two peg-like legs, rendered his appearance -truly comical. His blue eyes, light hair and very rosy cheeks -accentuated his ludicrous figure. Louis, who must have been about -fifty-four years of age when I first met him, then conducted his -establishment in John Lanfranco's building on Main Street, between -Commercial and Requena; from which fact the place was known as the -Lanfranco, although it subsequently received the more suggestive -title, the What Cheer House. Louis was an acknowledged expert in his -art, but he did not always choose to exert himself. Nevertheless his -lunches, for which he charged fifty or seventy-five cents, according -to the number of dishes served, were well thought of, and it is -certain that Los Angeles had never had so good a restaurant before. At -one time, our caterer's partner was a man named Frederico Guiol, whom -he later bought out. Louis could never master the English language, -and to his last day spoke with a strong French accent. His florid -cheeks were due to the enormous quantity of claret consumed both at -and between meals. He would mix it with soup, dip his bread into it -and otherwise absorb it in large quantities. Indeed, at the time of -his fatal illness, while he was living with the family of Don Louis -Sainsevain, it was assumed that over-indulgence in wine was the cause. -Be that as it may, he sickened and died, passing away at the Lanfranco -home in 1872. Vielle had prospered, but during his sickness he spent -largely of his means. After his death, it was discovered that he had -been in the habit of hiding his coin in little niches in the wall of -his room and in other secret places; and only a small amount of the -money was found. A few of the real pioneers recollect Louis _Gordo_ -as one who added somewhat to the comfort of those who then patronized -restaurants; while others will associate him with the introduction -here of the first French dolls, to take the place of rag-babies. - -Both Judge Robert Maclay Widney and Dr. Joseph P. Widney, the surgeon, -took up their residence in Los Angeles in 1868. R. M. Widney set out -from Ohio about 1855 and, having spent two years in exploring the -Rockies, worked for a while in the Sacramento Valley, where he chopped -wood for a living, and finally reached Los Angeles with a small trunk -and about a hundred dollars in cash. Here he opened a law and -real-estate office and started printing the _Real Estate Advertiser_. -Dr. Widney crossed the Continent in 1862, spent two years as surgeon -in the United States Army in Arizona, after which he proceeded to Los -Angeles and soon became one of the charter members of the Los Angeles -Medical Society, exerting himself in particular to extend Southern -California's climatic fame. - -I have spoken of the ice procured from the San Bernardino mountains in -rather early days, but I have not said that in summer, when we most -needed the cooling commodity, there was none to be had. The -enterprising firm of Queen & Gard, the first to arrange for regular -shipments of Truckee River ice in large quantities by steamer from the -North, announced their purpose late in March, 1868, of building an ice -house on Main Street; and about the first of April they began -delivering daily, in a large and substantial wagon especially -constructed for that purpose and which, for the time being, was an -object of much curiosity. Liberal support was given the enterprise; -and perhaps it is no wonder that the perspiring editor of the _News_, -going into ecstasies because of a cooling sample or two deposited in -his office, said, in the next issue of his paper: - - The founding of an ice depot is another step forward in the - progress that is to make us a great City. We have Water and - Gas, and now we are to have the additional luxury of Ice! - - [Illustration: Dr. Truman H. Rose] - - [Illustration: Dr. Vincent Gelcich] - - [Illustration: Andrew Glassell] - - [Illustration: Charles E. Miles, in Uniform of 38's] - - [Illustration: Facsimile of Stock Certificate, Pioneer Oil Co.] - - [Illustration: American Bakery, Jake Kuhrts's Building, about 1880] - -Banning's fight for the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad has been -touched upon more than once. Tomlinson, his rival, opposed the -project; but his sudden death, about two weeks before the election in -1868, removed one of the serious obstacles. When the vote was taken, -on March 24th, as to whether the City and County should bond -themselves to encourage the building of the railroad, seven hundred -votes were cast in favor of, and six hundred and seventy-two votes -against, the undertaking, leaving Banning and his associates ready to -go ahead. By the way, as a reminder of the quondam vogue of Spanish -here, it may be noted that the proclamation regarding the railroad, -published in 1868, was printed in both English and Spanish. - -On May 16th, Henry Hamilton, whose newspaper, the _Star_, during part -of the War period had been suspended through the censorship of the -National Government, again made his bow to the Los Angeles public, -this time in a half-facetious leader in which he referred to the "late -unpleasantness" in the family circle. Hamilton's old-time vigor was -immediately recognized, but not his former disposition to attack and -criticize. - -Dr. H. S. Orme, once President of the State Board of Health of -California, arrived in Los Angeles on July 4th and soon became as -prominent in Masonic as in medical circles. Dr. Harmon, an early -successor to Drs. Griffin and Den, first settled here in 1868, -although he had previously visited California in 1853. - -Carl Felix Heinzeman, at one time a well-known chemist and druggist, -emigrated from Germany in 1868 and came direct to Los Angeles, where -after succeeding J. B. Saunders & Company, he continued, in the -Lanfranco Building, what grew to be the largest drug store south of -San Francisco. Heinzeman died on April 29th, 1903. About the same -period, a popular apothecary shop on Main Street, near the Plaza, was -known as Chevalier's. In the seventies, when hygiene and sanitation -were given more attention, a Welshman named Hughes conducted a -steam-bath establishment on Main Street, almost opposite the Baker -Block, and the first place of its kind in the city. - -Charles F. Harper[29] of Mississippi, and the father of ex-Mayor -Harper, in 1868 opened with R. H. Dalton a hardware store in the Allen -Block, corner of Spring and Temple streets, thus forerunning Coulter & -Harper, Harper & Moore, Harper, Reynolds & Company and the -Harper-Reynolds Company. - -Michel Lèvy, an Alsatian, arrived in San Francisco when but seventeen -years of age, and after various experiences in California and Nevada -towns, he came to Los Angeles in 1868, soon establishing, with Joe -Coblentz, the wholesale liquor house of Lèvy & Coblentz. The latter -left here in 1879, and Lèvy continued under the firm name of M. Lèvy & -Company until his death in 1905. - -Anastácio Cárdenas, a dwarf who weighed but one and a half pounds when -born, came to Los Angeles in 1867 and soon appeared before the public -as a singer and dancer. He carried a sword and was popularly dubbed -"General." A brother, Ruperto, long lived here. - -When the Canal & Reservoir Company was organized with George Hansen as -President and J. J. Warner as Secretary, P. Beaudry contributed -heavily to construct a twenty-foot dam across the _cañon_, below the -present site of Echo Park, and a ditch leading down to Pearl Street. -This first turned attention to the possibilities in the hill-lands to -the West; and in return, the City gave to the company a large amount -of land, popularly designated as canal and reservoir property. - -In 1868, when there was still not a three-story house in Los Angeles, -James Alvinza Hayward, a San Franciscan, joined John G. Downey in -providing one hundred thousand dollars with which to open, in the old -Downey Block on the site of the Temple adobe, the first bank in Los -Angeles, under the firm name of Hayward & Company. The lack of -business afforded this enterprise short shrift and they soon retired. -In July of the same year, I. W. Hellman, William Workman, F. P. F. -Temple and James R. Toberman started a bank, with a capital of one -hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, under the title of Hellman, -Temple & Company, Hellman becoming manager. - -I do not remember when postal lock-boxes were first brought into use, -but I do recollect that in the late sixties Postmaster Clarke had a -great deal of trouble collecting quarterly rents, and that he finally -gave notice that boxes held by delinquents would thereafter be nailed -up. - -A year or two after the Burtons had established themselves here, came -another pedagogue in the person of W. B. Lawlor, a thick-set, bearded -man with a flushed complexion, who opened a day-school called the -Lawlor Institute; and after the Burtons left here to settle at -Portland, Oregon, where Burton became headmaster of an academy for -advanced students, many of his former pupils attended Lawlor's school. -The two institutions proved quite different in type: the Burton -training had tended strongly to languages and literature, while -Lawlor, who was an adept at short-cut methods of calculation, placed -more stress on arithmetic and commercial education. Burton, who -returned to Los Angeles, has been for years a leading member of the -_Times_ editorial staff, and _Burton's Book on California and its -Sunlit Skies_ is one of this author's contributions to Pacific Coast -literature; his wife, however, died many years ago. Lawlor, who was -President of the Common Council in 1880, is also dead. - -The most popular piano-teacher of about that time was Professor Van -Gilpin. - -William Pridham came to Los Angeles in August, having been transferred -from the San Francisco office of Wells Fargo & Company, in whose -service as pony rider, clerk at Austin, Nevada, and at Sacramento, and -cashier in the Northern metropolis he had been for some ten years. -Here he succeeded Major J. R. Toberman, when the latter, after long -service, resigned; and with a single office-boy, at one time little -Joe Binford, he handled all the business committed to the company's -charge. John Osborn was the outside expressman. Then most of the heavy -express matter from San Francisco was carried by steamers, but letters -and limited packages of moment were sent by stage. With the advent of -railroads, Pridham was appointed by Wells Fargo & Company -Superintendent of the Los Angeles district. On June 12th, 1880, he -married Miss Mary Esther, daughter of Colonel John O. Wheeler, and -later moved to Alameda. Now, after fifty-one years of association -with the express business, Pridham still continues to be officially -connected with the Wells Fargo company. - -Speaking of that great organization, reminds me that it conducted for -years a mail-carrying business. Three-cent stamped envelopes, -imprinted with Wells Fargo & Company's name, were sold to their -patrons for ten cents each; and to compensate for this bonus, the -Company delivered the letters entrusted to them perhaps one to two -hours sooner than did the Government. - -This recalls to me a familiar experience on the arrival of the mail -from the North. Before the inauguration of a stage-line, the best time -in the transmission of mail matter between San Francisco and Los -Angeles was made by water, and Wells Fargo messengers sailed with the -steamers. Immediately upon the arrival of the boat at San Pedro, the -messenger boarded the stage, and as soon as he reached Los Angeles, -pressed on to the office of the Company, near the Bella Union, where -he delivered his bagful of letters. The steamer generally got in by -five o'clock in the morning; and many a time, about seven, have I -climbed Signal or Pound Cake Hill--higher in those days than now, and -affording in clear weather a view of both ocean and the smoke of the -steamer--upon whose summit stood a house, used as a signal station, -and there watched for the rival stages, the approach of which was -indicated by clouds of dust. I would then hurry with many others to -the Express Company's office where, as soon as the bag was emptied, we -would all help ourselves unceremoniously to the mail. - -In August, General Edward Bouton, a Northern Army officer, came to Los -Angeles and soon had a sheep ranch on Boyle Heights--a section then -containing but two houses; and two years later he camped where -Whittier now lies. In 1874, he bought land for pasture in the San -Jacinto Valley, and for years owned the ocean front at Alamitos Bay -from Devil's Gate to the Inlet, boring artesian wells there north of -Long Beach. - -Louis Robidoux, who had continued to prosper as a _ranchero_, died in -1868 at the age of seventy-seven years. - -With the usual flourish of spades, if not of trumpets, ground was -broken for the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad at Wilmington on -September 19th, and toward the end of November, the rails had been -laid about a mile out from Wilmington. - -The last contract for carrying the Overland Mail was given to Wells -Fargo & Company on October 1st and pledged a round remuneration of one -million, seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars per annum, while it -also permitted passengers and freight to be transported; but the -Company came to have a great deal of competition. Phineas Banning, for -example, had a stage-line between Los Angeles and Yuma, in addition to -which mail and passengers were carried in buckboards, large wagons and -jerkies. Moreover there was another stage-line between Tucson and El -Paso, and rival stage-lines between El Paso and St. Louis; and in -consequence, the Butterfield service was finally abandoned. - -This American vehicle, by the by, the jerky, was so named for the very -good reason that, as the wagon was built without springs, it _jerked_ -the rider around unmercifully. Boards were laid across the wagon-box -or bed for seats, accommodating four passengers; and some space was -provided in the back for baggage. To maintain one's position in the -bumping, squeaking vehicle at all, was difficult; while to keep one's -place on the seat approached the impossible. - -Of the various Los Angeles roadways in 1868, West Sixth Street was -most important in its relation to travel. Along this highway the daily -Overland stages entered and departed from the city; and by this route -came all the Havilah, Lone Pine, Soledad and Owens River trade, as -well as that of the Ballona and Ciénega districts. Sixth Street also -led to the Fair Grounds, and over its none too even surface dashed -most of the sports and gallants on their way to the race course. - -I have said that I returned to New York, in 1867, presumably for -permanent residence. Soon after I left Los Angeles, however, Samuel -Cohn became desperately ill, and the sole management of H. Newmark & -Company suddenly devolved on Sam's brother Kaspare. This condition of -affairs grew so bad that my return to Los Angeles became imperative. -Accordingly, leaving my family, I took passage on October 31st, 1868, -for San Francisco, and returned to Los Angeles without delay. Then I -wired my wife to start with the children for the Coast, and to have -the furniture, including a Chickering grand piano, just purchased, -shipped after them; and when they arrived, we once more took -possession of the good old adobe on Main Street, where we lived -contentedly until 1874. This piano, by the way, which came by freight -around Cape Horn, was one of the first instruments of the kind seen -here, John Schumacher having previously bought one. While we were -living in New York, Edward J. Newmark, my wife's brother, died here on -February 17th, 1868. - -Before I left for New York, hardly anything had been done, in -subdividing property, save perhaps by the Lugos and Downey, and at -Anaheim and Wilmington. During the time that I was away, however, -newspapers and letters from home indicated the changes going on here; -and I recall what an impression all this made upon me. On my way down -from San Francisco on Captain Johnson's _Orizaba_ in December--about -the same time that the now familiar locomotive _San Gabriel_ reached -Wilmington--land-agents were active and people were talking a great -deal about these subdivisions; and by the time I reached Los Angeles -I, too, was considerably stirred up over the innovations and as soon -as possible after my return hastened out to see the change. The -improvements were quite noticeable, and among other alterations -surprising me were the houses people had begun to build on the -approaches to the western hills. I was also to learn that there was a -general demand for property all over the city, Colonel Charles H. -Larrabee, City Attorney in 1868, especially having bought several -hundred feet on Spring and Fort streets. Later, I heard of the -experiences of other Angeleños aboard ship who were deluged with -circulars advertising prospective towns. - -To show the provincial character of Los Angeles fifty years ago, I -will add an anecdote or two. While I was in New York, members of my -family reported by letter, as a matter of extraordinary interest, the -novelty of a silver name-plate on a neighboring front door; and when I -was taken to inspect it, a year later, I saw the legend, still novel: - - Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Meyer - -In the metropolis I had found finger-bowls in common use, and having -brought back with me such a supply as my family would be likely to -need, I discovered that it had actually fallen to my lot to introduce -these desirable conveniences into Los Angeles. - -William Ferguson was an arrival of 1868, having come to settle up the -business of a brother and remaining to open a livery stable on North -Main Street near the Plaza, which he conducted for ten years. -Investing in water company stock, Ferguson abandoned his stable to -make water-pipes, a couple of years later, perhaps, than J. F. -Holbrook had entered the same field. Success enabled Ferguson to build -a home at 303 South Hill Street, where he found himself the only -resident south of Third. - -This manufacture here of water pipe recalls a cordial acquaintance -with William Lacy, Sr., an Englishman, who was interested with William -Rowland in developing the Puente oil fields. His sons, William, Jr., -and Richard H., originators of the Lacy Manufacturing Company, began -making pipe and tanks a quarter of a century ago. - -C. R. Rinaldi started a furniture business here in 1868, opening his -store almost opposite the Stearns's home on North Main Street. Before -long he disposed of an interest to Charles Dotter, and then, I think, -sold out to I. W. Lord and moved to the neighborhood of the San -Fernando Mission. About the same time, Sidney Lacey, who arrived in -1870 and was a popular clerk with the pioneer carpet and wall-paper -house of Smith & Walter, commenced what was to be a long association -with this establishment. In 1876, C. H. Bradley bought out Lord, and -the firm of Dotter & Bradley, so well known to householders of forty -years ago, came into existence. In 1884, H. H. Markham (soon to be -Congressman and then Governor of the State), with General E. P. -Johnson bought this concern and organized the Los Angeles Furniture -Company, whose affairs since 1910, (when her husband died), have been -conducted by the President, Mrs. Katherine Fredericks. - -Conrad Hafen, a German-Swiss, reached Los Angeles in December, 1868, -driving a six-horse team and battered wagon with which he had braved -the privations of Death Valley; and soon he rented a little vineyard, -two years later buying for the same purpose considerable acreage on -what is now Central Avenue. Rewarded for his husbandry with some -affluence, Hafen built both the old Hafen House and the new on South -Hill Street, once a favorite resort for German arrivals. He retired in -1905. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[28] Died on September 30th, 1914. - -[29] Died on September 13th, 1915. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVI - -THE CERRO GORDO MINES - -1869 - - -It was early in 1869 that I was walking down Spring Street one day and -saw a crowd at the City Hall. On a large box stood Mayor Joel H. -Turner, and just as I arrived a man leaning against the adobe wall -called out, "Seven dollars!" The Mayor then announced the bid--for an -auction was in progress--"Seven dollars once, seven dollars twice, -seven dollars three times!" and as he raised his hand to conclude the -sale, I called out, "A half!" This I did in a spirit of fun; in fact, -I did not even know what was being offered! "Seven dollars fifty once, -seven dollars fifty twice, seven dollars fifty three times, and -sold--to Harris Newmark!" called the Mayor. I then inquired what I had -bought, and was shown the location of about twenty acres, a part of -nine hundred being sold by the City at prices ranging from five to ten -dollars an acre. - -The piece purchased was west of the city limits, and I kept it until -1886 when I had almost forgotten that I was the owner. Then George -Williamson, one of the first salesmen of H. Newmark & Company, who -became a boomer of the period, bought it from me for ten thousand -dollars and resold it within two weeks for fourteen thousand, the -Sunset Oil Company starting there, as the land was within what was -known as the oil district. Since the opening of streets in all -directions, I have lost trace of this land, but incline to the belief -that it lies in the immediate vicinity of the Wilshire district. - -My experience reminds me of Colonel John O. Wheeler's investment in -fifty or sixty acres at what is now Figueroa and Adams streets. Later, -going to San Francisco as a Customs officer, he forgot about his -purchase until one day he received a somewhat surprising offer. - -On January 1st, A. J. King and R. H. Offutt began to publish a daily -edition of the _News_, hitherto a semi-weekly, making it strongly -Democratic. There was no Sunday issue and twelve dollars was the -subscription. On October 16th, Offutt sold his interest to Alonzo -Waite, and the firm became King & Waite. In another year King had -retired. - -How modest was the status of the Post Office in 1869 may be gathered -from the fact that the Postmaster had only one assistant, a boy, both -together receiving fourteen hundred dollars in greenbacks, worth but a -thousand dollars in gold. - -Henry Hammel, for years connected with the Bella Union, and a partner -named Bremerman leased the United States Hotel on February 1st from -Louis Mesmer; and in March, John King succeeded Winston & King as -manager of the Bella Union. King died in December, 1871. - -In the winter of 1868-69, when heavy rains seriously interfered with -bringing in the small supply of lumber at San Pedro, a coöperative -society was proposed, to insure the importation each summer of enough -supplies to tide the community over during the wintry weather. Over -one hundred persons, it was then estimated, had abandoned building, -and many others were waiting for material to complete fences and -repairs. - -Thanks to Contractor H. B. Tichenor's vigor in constructing the Los -Angeles & San Pedro Railroad, public interest in the venture, by the -beginning of 1869, had materially increased. In January, a vessel -arrived with a locomotive and a steam pile-driver; and a few days -later a schooner sailed into San Pedro with ties, sleepers and rails -enough for three miles of the track. Soon, also, the locomotive was -running part of the way. The wet winter made muddy roads, and this led -to the proposal to lay the tracks some eight or ten miles in the -direction of Los Angeles, and there to transfer the freight to -wagons. - -Stearns Hall and the Plaza were amusement places in 1869. At the -latter, in January, the so-called _Paris Exposition Circus_ held -forth; while Joe Murphy and Maggie Moore, who had just favored the -passengers on the _Orizaba_, on coming south from San Francisco, with -a show, trod the hall's more classic boards. - -Ice a quarter of an inch thick was formed here for several days during -the third week in January, and butchers found it so difficult to -secure fat cattle that good beef advanced to sixteen and a quarter -cents a pound. - -On January 20th, I purchased from Eugene Meyer the southern half of -lots three and four in block five, fronting on Fort Street between -Second and Third, formerly owned by William Buffum and J. F. Burns. -Meyer had paid one thousand dollars for one hundred and twenty feet -front and three hundred and thirty feet depth; and when I bought half -of this piece for one thousand dollars, it was generally admitted that -I had paid all that it was worth. - -Isaac Lankershim--father of J. B. Lankershim and Mrs. I. N. Van -Nuys--who first visited California in 1854, came from San Francisco in -1869 and bought, for one hundred and fifteen thousand dollars, part of -Andrés Pico's San Fernando _rancho_, which he stocked with sheep. Levi -Strauss & Company, Scholle Brothers, L. and M. Sachs & Company of San -Francisco and others, were interested in this partnership, then known -as the San Fernando Farm Association; but Lankershim was in control -until about one year later, when Isaac Newton Van Nuys arrived from -Monticello, where he had been merchandising, and was put permanently -in charge of the ranch. At this period Lankershim lived there, for he -had not yet undertaken milling in Los Angeles. A little later, -Lankershim and Van Nuys successfully engaged in the raising of wheat, -cultivating nearly sixty thousand acres, and consigning some of their -harvests to Liverpool. This fact recalls a heavy loss in the spring of -1881, when the _Parisian_, which left Wilmington under Captain Reaume, -foundered at sea with nearly two hundred and fifty tons of wheat and -about seventy-five tons of flour belonging to them. - -J. B. Lankershim, owner of the well-known hotel bearing his name, -after the death of his father made some very important investments in -Los Angeles real estate, including the northwest corner of Broadway -and Seventh Street, now occupied by the building devoted to Bullock's -department store. - -M. N. Newmark, a nephew of mine and President of the Newmark Grain -Company, arrived in 1869, and clerked for H. Newmark & Company until -1871, in which year he established a partnership with S. Grand in -Compton, selling general merchandise. This partnership lasted until -1878, when Newmark bought out Grand. He finally disposed of the -business in 1889 and, with D. K. Edwards, organized the firm of -Newmark & Edwards. In 1895 Edwards sold out his interest. - -Victor Ponet, a native of Belgium, and once Belgian Consul here, while -traveling around the world, landed in California in 1867 and two years -later came to Los Angeles. Attracted by the climate and Southern -California's possible future, Ponet settled here, engaging first in -the pioneer manufacture and importation of mirrors and picture frames; -and before his retirement to live in Sherman, he had had experience -both as undertaker and banker.[30] - -In 1869, General W. S. Rosecrans came south in the interest of the -proposed San Diego & Gila Railroad, never constructed. The General, as -a result, took up land around Sausal Redondo, and there by the summer -of 1869 so many people (who insisted that Rosecrans had appropriated -public land) had squatted, that he was put to no end of trouble in -ejecting them. - -Though I have witnessed most of the progress in Southern California, -it is still difficult to realize that so much could have been -accomplished within the life-time of one man. During 1868-69 only -twenty-two hundred boxes of oranges were shipped from Los Angeles, -while the Southern counties' crop of oranges and lemons for 1913-14 is -estimated, I am told, at about twelve million boxes! - -Due to the eight-day shindy marking the celebration of the Chinese New -Year, demand for a more concentrated rumpus was voiced in February, -1869, threatening an agitation against John Chinaman. - -The same month, residents, wishing a school in which German should be -taught, and a gymnasium, petitioned the Common Council to acquire a -lot in New High Street for the purpose. - -About 1869, the Los Angeles Social Club which, to the best of my -recollection, was the first of its kind in the city, was organized, -with headquarters in the earliest building erected by I. W. Hellman, -at the northwest corner of Los Angeles and Commercial streets. Among -other pioneer members were Captain Cameron E. Thom, Tom Mott, Eugene -Meyer, Sam and Charles Prager, Tom Rowan, I. W. and H. W. Hellman, S. -Lazard, W. J. Brodrick, John Jones, Kaspare Cohn, A. C. Chauvin, M. -and J. L. Morris, Leon Loeb, Sam Meyer, Dr. F. A. McDougal, B. Cohn -and myself. Somewhat later, the Club moved to the east side of Los -Angeles Street, between Commercial and Aliso. Still later, it -dissolved; and although it did not become the direct ancestor of any -of the several well-known social organizations in the Los Angeles of -to-day, I feel that it should be mentioned as having had the honor of -being their precursor and model. - -Speaking of social organizations, I may say that several Los Angeles -clubs were organized in the early era of sympathy, tolerance and good -feeling, when the individual was appreciated at his true worth and -before the advent of men whose bigotry has sown intolerance and -discord, and has made a mockery of both religion and professed ideals. - -It must have been early in the sixties that Alexander Bell sold the -southern end of his property to H. Heinsch, the saddler. On February -23d, 1869, the directors of the San Pedro Railroad selected the Mike -Madigan lot on Alameda Street, on a part of which the owner was -conducting a livery-stable, as the site for the depot in Los Angeles; -and Heinsch having allowed the authorities to cut through his -property, the extension of Commercial and Requena streets eastward -from Los Angeles to Alameda was hastened. - -Late on February 14th, the news was circulated of a shocking tragedy -in the billiard saloon of the Lafayette Hotel, and at once aroused -intense regret, affecting, as the affair did, the standing and -happiness of two well-known Los Angeles families. About eight o'clock, -Charles Howard, a young lawyer of prominence and a son of Volney E. -Howard, met Daniel B. Nichols, son of the ex-Mayor; and some dispute -between them having reached its climax, both parties drew weapons and -fired. Howard was killed and Nichols wounded, though not fatally, as -was at first thought. The tragedy--the cause of which was never -generally known--made a profound impression. - -The work of extending water mains along Fort, Spring and other streets -progressed steadily until the Los Angeles Water Company struck a snag -which again demonstrated the city's dependence. Difficulty in coupling -pipes called a halt, and the management had to send all the way to San -Francisco for _a complete set of plumbers' tools_! - -In the spring, Tileston, Emery & Company, a Los Angeles and San -Gabriel firm, brought south the first steam separator seen here and -took contracts to thrash the farmers' grain. On June 3d they started -the machine, and many persons went out to see it work. Among features -pointed out were precautions against fire from the engine, which the -contractors declared made "everything perfectly safe." - -From its inception, Wilmington sought, in one way or another, to rival -Los Angeles, and in April threw down the gauntlet. A. A. Polhamus, a -workshop engineer of the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad, (in 1887, a -manufacturer of straw wrapping paper somewhere between here and -Wilmington,) had built a velocipede; and no sooner was it noised about -than John Goller set to work to eclipse the achievement. About one -o'clock, therefore, on April 25th one of Goller's apprentices suddenly -appeared ready to make the first experiment. The streets were soon -crowded and interest was at fever heat. The young fellow straddled the -wheels, moved about half a block, and then, at the junction of Main -and Spring streets, executed a first-class somersault! Immediately, -however, other intrepid ones tried their skill, and the velocipede -was voted a successful institution of our young and progressive city. - - [Illustration: Loebau Market Place, near the House in which Harris - Newmark was Born] - - [Illustration: Street in Loebau, Showing (right) Remnant of ancient - City Wall] - - [Illustration: Robert M. Widney] - - [Illustration: Dr. Joseph Kurtz] - - [Illustration: Isaac N. Van Nuys] - - [Illustration: Abraham Haas] - -By the first week in May, the velocipede craze had spread, crowds -congregating daily on Main Street to see the antics of the boys; and -soon H. F. Laurence announced the opening in Stearns's Hall, on May -14th, of a Velocipede School, where free instruction would be given: -afternoons to _ladies_ and evenings to men; and to further stimulate -interest, Laurence announced a raffle on May 15th of "a splendid -velocipede." By May 22d, J. Eastman had obtained permission of the -Common Council to build a velocipede track on the historic old Plaza; -but evidently he did not make use of the privilege, for a newspaper -writer was soon giving vent to the following sarcasm: - - Our City Fathers tried to make a little coin by leasing the - Plaza as a velocipede circle or square; but, so far, the - velocipedist has failed to connect. I dare say the cost of - cleaning up the place of weeds backed the poor soul out! - -It happened in 1869 that Judson, the financier, and Belshaw, a -practical miner, began working their lead mines in Cerro Gordo, in the -Owens River country; and as the handling of the ore necessitated a -great many wagons, Remi Nadeau obtained the contract for the -transportation of the ore brought down to Wilmington and then shipped -by boat to San Francisco. Remi had returned here about 1866, after -having been in San Francisco for four or five years; and eventually he -built the Nadeau Hotel at the corner of Spring and First streets, -where A. Bouelle, father of Frank A. Bouelle, had formerly kept a -little grocery store in an adobe. This ore was loaded on to very large -wagons, each drawn on level stretches by twelve or fourteen mules, but -requiring as many as twenty or more mules while crossing the San -Fernando Mountains--always regarded as one of the worst places on the -route. In order not to return with empty wagons, Nadeau purchased -supplies of every description, which he sold to people along the -route; and in this way he obtained the best financial results. This -was about the same time that Victor Beaudry (Prudent's brother, who -came in 1855, to mine at San Gabriel) opened a store at Camp -Independence, Inyo County, and became a stockholder in the Cerro Gordo -mines. In the early eighties, Beaudry was interested with his brother -in local real estate movements. He died in Montreal in 1888. - -After a time, the mines yielded so much ore that Nadeau found himself -short of transportation facilities; but with the assistance of Judson -& Belshaw, as well as H. Newmark & Company, he was enabled to increase -his capacity until he operated thirty-two teams. Los Angeles was then -the southern terminus of his operations, although, during the building -of the numerous Southern Pacific tunnels, his headquarters were -removed to San Fernando, and still later, on the completion of the -railroad, to Mojave. Nadeau's assistant, Willard G. Halstead, -son-in-law of H. K. W. Bent, handled most of the business when Nadeau -was absent; A. E. Lott was foreman of teams and continually rode up -and down the line of operations; while Thomas O'Brien was -station-agent at Cerro Gordo. The contract had been very profitable to -Judson & Belshaw; yet when the agreement expired on January 1st, 1872, -they wished to renew it at a lower figure. Nadeau, believing that no -one else could do the work satisfactorily, refused the new terms -offered; whereupon Judson & Belshaw entered into an arrangement with -William Osborn, a liveryman, who owned a few teams. - -The season of 1871-72 was by no means a good one and barley was high, -involving a great expense to Nadeau in feeding four or five hundred -animals; and right there arose his chief difficulty. He was in debt to -H. Newmark & Company and therefore proposed that he should turn his -outfit over to us; but as we had unlimited confidence both in his -integrity and in his ability, we prevailed on him to keep and use his -equipment to the best advantage. The suggestion was a fortunate one, -for just at this time large deposits of borax were discovered in the -mountains at Wordsworth, Nevada, and Nadeau commenced operations -there with every promise of success. In his work of hauling between -Cerro Gordo and Los Angeles, Nadeau had always been very regular, his -teams with rare exceptions arriving and leaving on schedule time; and -even when, occasionally, a wagon did break down, the pig-lead would be -unloaded without delay, tossed to the side of the trail and left there -for the next train; a method that was perfectly safe, since thieves -never disturbed the property. Osborn, on the other hand, soon proved -uncertain and unreliable, his wagons frequently breaking down and -causing other accidents and delays. To protect themselves, Judson & -Belshaw were compelled to terminate their contract with him and reopen -negotiations with Nadeau; but the latter then rejected their advances -unless they would buy a half-interest in his undertaking and put up -one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the construction and -maintenance of the numerous stations that had become necessary for the -proper development of his business. Nadeau also made it a condition -that H. Newmark & Company be paid. The stations already constructed or -proposed were Mud Springs, Lang's Station, Mojave, Red Rock, Panamint, -Indian Wells, Little Lake, Haiwee Meadows and Cartago. Before these -were built, the teamsters camped in the open, carrying with them the -provisions necessary for man and beast. Cartago was on the south side -of Owens Lake, Cerro Gordo being on the north side, eighteen miles -opposite; and between these points the miniature side-wheeler -_Bessie_, of but twenty tons capacity, operated. - -An interesting fact or two in connection with Owens Lake may be -recorded here. Its water was so impregnated with borax and soda that -no animal life could be sustained. In the winter, the myriads of wild -duck were worth talking about; but after they had remained near the -lake for but a few days, they were absolutely unpalatable. The -teamsters and miners operating in the vicinity were in the habit of -sousing their clothes in the lake for a few minutes, and when dried, -the garments were found to be as clean as if they had passed through -the most perfect laundry. Even a handful of the water applied to the -hair would produce a magnificent lather and shampoo. - -Judson & Belshaw were compelled to accept Nadeau's terms; and Nadeau -returned from Nevada, organized in 1873 the Cerro Gordo Freighting -Company, and operated more extensively than ever before until he -withdrew, perhaps five years after the completion of the Southern -Pacific Railroad and just before the petering out of the Cerro Gordo -Mines. In their palmy days, these deposits were the most extensive -lead-producers of California; and while the output might not have been -so remarkable in comparison with those of other lead mines in the -world, something like eighty-five to ninety bars, each weighing about -one hundred pounds, were produced there daily. Most of this was -shipped, as I have said, to San Francisco; and for a while, at least, -from there to Swansea, Wales. - -Nadeau at one time was engaged in the industry of raising sugar-beets -at the Nadeau _rancho_, near Florence, now Nadeau Station; and then he -attempted to refine sugar. But it was bad at best, and the more sugar -one put in coffee, the blacker the coffee became. - -On April 24th, 1869, under Mayor Joel Turner's administration, the Los -Angeles Board of Education came into existence. - -In the early sixties, the City authorities promised to set out trees -at the Plaza, providing neighboring property-owners would fence in the -place; but even though Governor Downey supplied the fence, no trees -were planted, and it was not until the spring of 1869 that any grew on -the public square. This loud demand for trees was less for the sake of -the usual benefits than to hide the ugliness of the old water tank. - -On May 9th, F. G. Walther issued the first number of the _Los Angeles -Chronik_, a German weekly journal that survived scarcely three months. - -The tenth of May was another red-letter day for the Pacific Coast, -rejoicing, as it did, in the completion of the Central Pacific at -Promontory Point in Utah. There, with a silver hammer, Governor -Stanford drove the historic gold spike into a tie of polished -California laurel, thus consummating the vast work on the first -trans-continental railroad. This event recalls the fact that, in the -railway's construction, Chinese labor was extensively employed, and -that in 1869 large numbers of the dead bodies of Celestials were -gathered up and shipped to Sacramento for burial. - -William J. Brodrick, after wandering in Peru and Chile, came to Los -Angeles in 1869 and started as a stationer; then he opened an -insurance office, and still later became interested in the Main Street -Railway and the water company. On May 8th, 1877, Brodrick married Miss -Laura E., daughter of Robert S. Carlisle. On October 18th, 1898, -Brodrick died, having been identified with many important activities. - -Hacks and omnibuses first came into use in 1869. Toward the end of May -of that year, J. J. Reynolds, who had long been popular as a driver -between Los Angeles and Wilmington, purchased a hack and started in -business for himself, appealing to his "reputation for good driving -and reliability" as a reasonable assurance that he would bring his -patrons right side up to their scattered homes; and so much was he in -demand, both in the city and its suburbs, that a competitor, J. -Hewitt, in the latter part of June ordered a similar hack to come by -steamer. It arrived in due time and was chronicled as a "luxurious -vehicle." Hewitt regularly took up his stand in the morning in front -of the Lafayette Hotel; and he also had an order slate at George -Butler's livery-stable on Main Street. - -During the sixties, Dr. T. H. Rose, who had relinquished the practice -of medicine for the career of a pedagogue, commenced work as Principal -of the Boys' Grammar School on Bath Street, and in 1869 was elected -Superintendent of City Schools. He held this office but about a year, -although he did not resign from educational work here until 1873. -During his incumbency, he was Vice-Principal of the first Teachers' -Institute ever held here, contributing largely toward the founding of -the first high school and the general development of the schools prior -to the time when Dr. Lucky, the first really professional teacher, -assumed charge. On leaving Los Angeles, Dr. Rose became Principal of -the school at Healdsburg, Sonoma County, where he married a Mrs. -Jewell, the widow of an old-time, wealthy miner; but he was too -sensitive and proud to live on her income and, much against her -wishes, insisted on teaching to support himself. In 1874, he took -charge of the high school at Petaluma, where the family of Mrs. Rose's -first husband had lived; and the relationship of the two families -probably led to Rose and his wife separating. Later, Dr. Rose went to -the Sandwich Islands to teach, but by 1883, shortly before he died, he -was back in Los Angeles, broken in health and spirit. Dr. Rose was an -excellent teacher, a strict disciplinarian and a gentleman. - -The retirement of Dr. Rose calls to mind a couple of years during -which Los Angeles had no City School Superintendent. While Rose was -Principal, a woman was in charge of the girls' department; and the -relations between the schoolmaster and the schoolmistress were none -too friendly. When Dr. Rose became Superintendent, the schoolma'am -instantly disapproved of the choice and rebelled; and there being no -law which authorized the governing of Los Angeles schools in any other -manner than by trustees, the new Superintendent had no authority over -his female colleague. The office of Superintendent of City Schools, -consequently, remained vacant until 1873. - -Dr. James S. Crawford had the honor, as far as I am aware, of being -one of the first regular dentists to locate in Los Angeles. As an -itinerant he had passed the winters of 1863, 1864 and 1865 in this -city, afterward going east; and on his return to California in 1869 he -settled in the Downey Block at Spring and Main streets, where he -practiced until, on April 14th, 1912, he died in a Ventura County -camp. - -In 1864, the California Legislature, wishing to encourage the silk -industry, offered a bounty of two hundred and fifty dollars for every -plantation of five thousand mulberry trees of two years' growth, and a -bounty of three hundred dollars for each one hundred thousand salable -cocoons; and in three years an enormous number of mulberry trees, in -various stages of growth, was registered. Prominent among silk-growers -was Louis Prévost, who rather early had established here an extensive -mulberry-tree nursery and near it a large cocoonery for the rearing -of silk worms; and had planned, in 1869, the creation of a colony of -silk-worms whose products would rival even those of his native _belle -France_. The California Silk Center Association of Los Angeles was -soon formed, and four thousand acres of the _rancho_ once belonging to -Juan Bandini, fourteen hundred and sixty acres of the Hartshorn Tract -and three thousand one hundred and sixty-nine acres of the Jurupa, on -the east side of the Santa Ana River, were purchased. That was in June -or July; but on August 16th, in the midst of a dry season, Louis -Prévost died, and the movement received a serious setback. To add to -the reverses, the demand for silk-worm eggs fell off amazingly; while -finally, to give the enterprise its death-blow, the Legislators, -fearful that the State Treasury would be depleted through the payment -of bounties, withdrew all State aid. - -The Silk Center Association, therefore, failed; but the Southern -California Colony Association bought all the land, paying for it -something like three dollars and a half an acre. To many persons, the -price was quite enough: old Louis Robidoux had long refused to list -his portion for taxes, and some one had described much of the acreage -as so dry that even coyotes, in crossing, took along their canteens -for safety! A town called at first Jurupa, and later Riverside, was -laid out; a fifty thousand-dollar ditch diverted the Santa Ana River -to a place where Nature had failed to arrange for its flowing; and in -a few months a number of families had settled beside the artificial -waterway. Riversiders long had to travel back and forth to Los Angeles -for most of their supplies (a stage, still in existence, being used by -ordinary passengers), and this made a friendly as well as profitable -business relation with the older and larger town; but experiments soon -showing that oranges could grow in the arid soil, Riverside in course -of time had something to sell as well as to buy. - -Who was more familiar both to the youth of the town and to grown-ups -than Nicolás Martinez, in summer the purveyor of cooling ice cream, in -winter the vender of hot _tamales_! From morning till night, month in -and month out during the sixties and seventies, Martinez paced the -streets, his dark skin made still swarthier in contrast to his white -costume--a shirt, scarcely tidy, together with pantaloons none too -symmetrical and hanging down in generous folds at the waist. On his -head, in true native fashion, he balanced in a small hooped tub what -he had for sale; he spoke with a pronounced Latin accent, and his -favorite method of announcing his presence was to bawl out his wares. -The same receptacle, resting upon a round board with an opening to -ease the load and covered with a bunch of cloths, served both to keep -the _tamales_ hot and the ice cream cool; while to dispense the -latter, he carried in one hand a circular iron tray, in which were -holes to accommodate three or four glasses. Further, for the -convenience of the exacting youth of the town, he added a spoon to -each cream-filled glass; and what stray speck of the ice was left on -the spoon after the youngster had given it a parting lick, Nicolás, -bawling anew to attract the next customer, fastidiously removed with -his tobacco-stained fingers! - -FOOTNOTE: - -[30] Died, February 9th, 1914. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVII - -COMING OF THE IRON HORSE - -1869 - - -The Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad continued in 1869 to be the local -theme of most importance, although its construction did not go on as -rapidly as had been promised. The site for a depot, it is true, had -been selected; but by June 14th, only six miles were finished. Farmers -were loud in complaints that they had been heavily taxed, and in -demanding that the road be rushed to completion, in order to handle -the prospectively-large grain crop. Additional gangs were therefore -employed, and by the twentieth of July, seven more miles of track had -been laid. In the meantime, the Sunday School at Compton enjoyed the -first excursion, the members making themselves comfortable on benches -and straw in some freight cars. - -As the work on the railroad progressed, stages, in addition to those -regularly running through from Los Angeles to Wilmington, began -connecting with the trains at the temporary terminus of the railroad. -People went down to Wilmington to see the operations, not merely on -the track, but in the machine shops where the cars for freight, -express, baggage, smoking and passenger service (designed by A. A. -Polhamus, the machinist) were being built under the superintendence of -Samuel Atkinson, who had been brought West by the San Francisco & San -José Valley Railroad, because of a reputation for railroad experience -enjoyed by few, if by any other persons on the Coast. The Company also -had a planing mill and wheelwright shop under the charge of George W. -Oden. - -By the first of August, both the railroad and connecting stages were -advertising Sunday excursions to the beach, emphasizing the chance to -travel part of the way by the new means of transit. Curiously, -however, visitors were allowed to enjoy the sea-breezes but a short -time: arriving at Wilmington about ten or half-past, they were -compelled to start back for Los Angeles by four in the afternoon. Many -resorters still patronized the old service; and frequently the regular -stages, racing all the way up from the steamer, would actually reach -the city half an hour earlier than those transferring the passengers -from the railway terminus which was extended by August 1st to a point -within four miles of town. - -When eighteen miles had been finished, it was reported that General -Stoneman and his post band would make an excursion on the first train, -accompanied by General Banning and leading citizens of the town; but -strong opposition to the Company laying its tracks through the center -of "The Lane," now Alameda Street, having developed, the work was -stopped by injunction. The road had been constructed to a point -opposite the old Wolfskill home, then "far from town," and until the -matter was settled, passengers and freight were unloaded there. - -Great excitement prevailed here shortly after sundown on Wednesday -evening, August 21st, when the mail-stage which had left for Gilroy -but a short time before came tearing back to town, the seven or eight -passengers excitedly shouting that they had been robbed. The stage had -proceeded but two miles from Los Angeles when four masked highwaymen -stepped into the road and ordered, "Hands up!" Among the passengers -was the well-known and popular Ben Truman who, having learned by -previous experience just what to do in such a ticklish emergency and -"being persuaded that the two barrels of cold steel had somewhat the -proportions of a railway tunnel," sadly but promptly unrolled one -hundred and eighty dollars in bills, and quite as sadly deposited, in -addition, his favorite chronometer. The highwayman picked up the -watch, looked it over, shook his head and, thanking Ben, returned it, -expressing the hope that, whatever adversity might overwhelm him, he -should never be discovered with such a timepiece! All in all, the -robbers secured nearly two thousand dollars; but, strange to relate, -they overlooked the treasure in the Wells Fargo chest, as well as -several hundred dollars in greenbacks belonging to the Government. -Sheriff J. F. Burns and Deputy H. C. Wiley pursued and captured the -robbers; and within about a week they were sent to the Penitentiary. - -On the same evening, at high tide, the little steamer christened _Los -Angeles_ and constructed by P. Banning & Company to run from the wharf -to the outside anchorage, was committed to the waters, bon-fires -illuminating quite distinctly both guests and the neighboring -landscape, and lending to the scene a weird and charming effect. - -In a previous chapter I have given an account of Lady Franklin's visit -to San Pedro and Los Angeles, and of the attention shown her. Her -presence awakened new interest in the search for her lamented husband, -and paved the way for the sympathetic reception of any intelligence -likely to clear up the mystery. No little excitement, therefore, was -occasioned eight years later by the finding of a document at San -Buenaventura that seemed "like a voice from the dead." According to -the story told, as James Daly (of the lumber firm of Daly & Rodgers) -was walking on the beach on August 30th, he found a sheet of paper a -foot square, much mutilated but bearing, in five or six different -languages, a still legible request to forward the memoranda to the -nearest British Consul or the Admiralty at London. Every square inch -of the paper was covered with data relating to Sir John Franklin and -his party, concluding with the definite statement that Franklin had -died on June 11th, 1847. Having been found within a week of the time -that the remnant of Dr. Hall's party, which went in search of the -explorer, had arrived home in Connecticut with the announcement that -they had discovered seven skeletons of Franklin's men, this document, -washed up on the Pacific Coast, excited much comment; but I am unable -to say whether it was ever accepted by competent judges as having been -written by Franklin's associates. - -In 1869, the long-familiar adobe of José António Carrillo was razed to -make way for what, for many years, was the leading hotel of Los -Angeles. This was the Pico House, in its decline known as the National -Hotel, which, when erected on Main Street opposite the Plaza at a cost -of nearly fifty thousand dollars, but emphasized in its contrasting -showiness the ugliness of the neglected square. Some thirty-five -thousand dollars were spent in furnishing the eighty-odd rooms, and no -little splurge was made that guests could there enjoy the luxuries of -both gas and baths! In its palmy days, the Pico House welcomed from -time to time travelers of wide distinction; while many a pioneer, -among them not a few newly-wedded couples now permanently identified -with Los Angeles or the Southland, look back to the hostelry as the -one surviving building fondly associated with the olden days. Charles -Knowlton was an early manager; and he was succeeded by Dunham & -Schieffelin. - -Competition in the blacking of boots enlivened the fall, the Hotel -Lafayette putting boldly in printer's ink the question, "Do You Want -to Have Your Boots Blacked in a Cool, Private Place?" This challenge -was answered with the following proclamation: - - Champion Boot-Black! Boots Blacked Neater and Cheaper than - Anywhere Else in the City, at the _Blue Wing_ Shaving - Saloon by D. Jefferson. - -Brickmaking had become, by September, quite an important industry. Joe -Mullally, whose brickyard was near the Jewish Cemetery, then had two -kilns with a capacity of two hundred and twenty-five thousand; and in -the following month he made over five hundred thousand brick. - -In course of time, the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad was completed -to the Madigan lot, which remained for several years the Los Angeles -terminus; and justly confident that the difficulty with the -authorities would be removed, the Company pushed work on their depot -and put in a turn-table at the foot of New Commercial Street. There -was but one diminutive locomotive, though a larger one was on its way -around the Horn from the East and still another was coming by the -Continental Railway; and every few days the little engine would go out -of commission, so that traffic was constantly interrupted. At such -times, confidence in the enterprise was somewhat shaken; but new -rolling stock served to reassure the public. A brightly-painted -smoking-car, with seats mounted on springs, was soon the "talk of the -town." - -I have spoken of J. J. Reynolds's early enterprise and the competition -that he evoked. Toward the end of July, he went up to San Francisco -and outdid Hewitt by purchasing a handsome omnibus, suitable for hotel -service and also adapted to the needs of families or individuals -clubbing together for picnics and excursions. This gave the first -impetus to the use of hotel 'buses, and by the first Sunday in -September, when the cars from Wilmington rolled in bringing passengers -from the steamer _Orizaba_, the travelers were met by omnibuses and -coaches from all three hotels, the Bella Union, the United States and -the Lafayette; the number of vehicles, public and private, giving the -streets around the railroad depot a very lively appearance. - -Judge W. G. Dryden, so long a unique figure here, died on September -10th and A. J. King succeeded him as County Judge. - -A notable visit to Los Angeles was that of Secretary William H. Seward -who, in 1869, made a trip across the Continent, going as far north as -Alaska and as far south as Mexico, and being everywhere -enthusiastically received. When Seward left San Francisco for San -Diego, about the middle of September, he was accompanied by Frederick -Seward and wife (his son and daughter-in-law), General W. S. -Rosecrans, General Morton C. Hunter, Colonel Thomas Sedgwick and -Senator S. B. Axtell; and the news of their departure having been -telegraphed ahead, many people went down to greet them on the arrival -of the steamer _Orizaba_. After the little steamer _Los Angeles_ had -been made fast to the wharf, it was announced, to everyone's -disappointment, that the Secretary was not coming ashore, as he wished -to continue on his way to San Diego. - -Meanwhile, the Common Council had resolved to extend the hospitality -of the City to the distinguished party; and by September 19th, posters -proclaimed that Seward and his party were coming and that citizens -generally would be afforded an opportunity to participate in a public -reception at the Bella Union on September 21st. A day in advance, -therefore, the Mayor and a Committee from the Council set out for -Anaheim, where they met the distinguished statesman on his way, whence -the party jogged along leisurely in a carriage and four until they -arrived at the bank of the Los Angeles River; and there Seward and his -friends were met by other officials and a cavalcade of eighty citizens -led by the military band of Drum Barracks. The guests alighted at the -Bella Union and in a few minutes a rapidly-increasing crowd was -calling loudly for Mr. Seward. - -The Secretary, being welcomed on the balcony by Mayor Joel H. Turner, -said that he had been laboring under mistakes all his life: he had -visited Rome to witness celebrated ruins, but he found more -interesting ruins in the Spanish Missions (great cheers); he had -journeyed to Switzerland to view its glaciers, but upon the Pacific -Coast he had seen rivers of ice two hundred and fifty feet in breadth, -five miles long and God knows how high (more cheers); he had explored -Labrador to examine the fisheries, but in Alaska he found that the -fisheries came to him (Hear! hear! and renewed applause); he had gone -to Burgundy to view the most celebrated vineyards of the world, but -the vineyards of California far surpassed them all! (Vociferous and -deafening hurrahs, and tossing of bouquets.) - -The next day the Washington guests and their friends were shown about -the neighborhood, and that evening Mr. Seward made another and equally -happy speech to the audience drawn to the Bella Union by the playing -of the band. There were also addresses by the Mayor, Senator Axtell, -ex-Governor Downey and others, after which, in good old American -fashion, citizens generally were introduced to the associate of the -martyred Lincoln. At nine o'clock, a number of invited guests were -ushered into the Bella Union's dining-room where, at a bounteous -repast, the company drank to the health of the Secretary. This brought -from the visitor an eloquent response with interesting local -allusions. - -Secretary Seward remarked that he found people here agitated upon the -question of internal improvements--for everywhere people wanted -railroads. Californians, if they were patient, would yet witness a -railroad through the North, another by the Southern route, still -another by the Thirty-fifth parallel, a fourth by the central route, -and lastly, as the old plantation song goes, one "down the middle!" -California needed more population, and railroads were the means by -which to get people. - -Finally, Mr. Seward spoke of the future prospects of the United -States, saying much of peculiar interest in the light of later -developments. We were already great, he affirmed; but a nation -satisfied with its greatness is a nation without a future. We should -expand, and as mightily as we could; until at length we had both the -right and the power to move our armies anywhere in North America. As -to the island lying almost within a stone's throw of our mainland, -ought we not to possess Cuba, too? - -Other toasts, such as "The Mayor and Common Council," "The Pioneers," -"The Ancient Hospitality of California," "The Press," "The Wine Press" -and "Our Wives and Sweethearts," were proposed and responded to, much -good feeling prevailing notwithstanding the variance in political -sentiments represented by guests and hosts; and everyone went home, in -the small hours of the morning, pleased with the manner in which Los -Angeles had received her illustrious visitors. The next day, Secretary -Seward and party left for the North by carriages, rolling away toward -Santa Barbara and the mountains so soon to be invaded by the puffing, -screeching iron horse. - -Recollecting this banquet to Secretary Seward, I may add an amusing -fact of a personal nature. Eugene Meyer and I arranged to go to the -dinner together, agreeing that we were to meet at the store of S. -Lazard & Company, almost directly opposite the Bella Union. When I -left Los Angeles in 1867, evening dress was uncommon; but in New York -I had become accustomed to its more frequent use. Rather naturally, -therefore, I donned my swallowtail; Meyer, however, I found in a -business suit and surprised at my query as to whether he intended -going home to dress? Just as we were, we walked across the street and, -entering the hotel, whom should we meet but ex-Mayor John G. Nichols, -wearing a grayish linen duster, popular in those days, that extended -to his very ankles; while Pio and Andrés Pico came attired in blue -coats with big brass buttons. Meyer, observing the Mayor's outfit, -facetiously asked me if I still wished him to go home and dress -according to Los Angeles fashion; whereupon I drew off my gloves, -buttoned up my overcoat and determined to sit out the banquet with my -claw-hammer thus concealed. Mr. Seward, it is needless to say, was -faultlessly attired. - -The Spanish archives were long neglected, until M. Kremer was -authorized to overhaul and arrange the documents; and even then it was -not until September 16th that the Council built a vault for the -preservation of the official papers. Two years later, Kremer -discovered an original proclamation of peace between the United States -and Mexico. - -Elsewhere I allude to the slow development of Fort Street. For the -first time, on the twenty-fourth of September street lamps burned -there, and that was from six to nine months after darkness had been -partially banished from Nigger Alley, Los Angeles, Aliso and Alameda -streets. - - [Illustration: Phineas Banning, about 1869] - - [Illustration: Henri Penelon, in his Studio] - - [Illustration: Carreta, Earliest Mode of Transportation] - - [Illustration: Alameda Street Depot and Train, Los Angeles & San - Pedro Railroad] - -Supplementing what I have said of the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad -depot: it was built on a lot fronting three hundred feet on Alameda -Street and having a depth of one hundred and twenty feet, its -situation being such that, after the extension of Commercial Street, -the structure occupied the southwest corner of the two highways. -Really, it was more of a freight-shed than anything else, without -adequate passenger facilities; a small space at the North end -contained a second story in which some of the clerks slept; and in a -cramped little cage beneath, tickets were sold. By the way, the -engineer of the first train to run through to this depot was James -Holmes, although B. W. Colling ran the first train stopping inside the -city limits. - -About this time the real estate excitement had become still more -intense. In anticipation of the erection of this depot, Commercial -Street property boomed and the first realty agents of whom I have any -recollection appeared on the scene, Judge R. M. Widney being among -them. I remember that two lots--one eighty by one hundred and twenty -feet in size at the northwest corner of First and Spring streets, and -the other having a frontage of only twenty feet on New Commercial -Street, adjacent to the station--were offered simultaneously at twelve -hundred dollars each. Contrary, no doubt, to what he would do to-day, -the purchaser chose the Commercial Street lot, believing that location -to have the better future. - -Telegraph rates were not very favorable, in 1869, to frequent or -verbose communication. Ten words sent from Los Angeles to San -Francisco cost one dollar and a half; and fifty cents additional was -asked for the next five words. After a while, there was a reduction of -twenty-five per cent, in the cost of the first ten words, and fifty -per cent, on the second five. - -Twenty-four hundred voters registered in Los Angeles this year. - -In the fall, William H. Spurgeon founded Santa Ana some five miles -beyond Anaheim on a tract of about fifty acres, where a number of the -first settlers experimented in growing flax. - -It is not clear to me just when the rocky Arroyo Seco began to be -popular as a resort, but I remember going there on picnics as early as -1857. By the late sixties, when Santa Monica Cañon also appealed to -the lovers of sylvan life, the Arroyo had become known as Sycamore -Grove--a name doubtless suggested by the numerous sycamores there--and -Clois F. Henrickson had opened an establishment including a little -"hotel," a dancing-pavilion, a saloon and a shooting-alley. Free lunch -and free beer were provided for the first day, and each Sunday -thereafter in the summer season an omnibus ran every two hours from -Los Angeles to the Sycamores. After some years, John Rumph and wife -succeeded to the management, Frau Rumph being a popular _Wirtin_; and -then the Los Angeles Turnverein used the grove for its public -performances, including gymnastics, singing and the old-time -sack-racing and target-shooting. - -James Miller Guinn, who had come to California in November, 1863 and -had spent several years in various counties of the State digging for -gold and teaching school, drifted down to Los Angeles in October and -was soon engaged as Principal of the public school at the new town of -Anaheim, remaining there in that capacity for twelve years, during -part of which time he also did good work on the County School Board. - -Under the auspices of the French Benevolent Society and toward the end -of October, the corner-stone of the French Hospital built on City -donation lots, and for many years and even now one of the most -efficient institutions of our city, was laid with the usual -ceremonies. - -On October 9th, the first of the new locomotives arrived at Wilmington -and a week later made the first trial trip, with a baggage and -passenger car. Just before departure a painter was employed to label -the engine and decorate it with a few scrolls; when it was discovered, -too late, that the artist had spelled the name: LOS ANGEL_O_S. On -October 23d, two lodges of Odd Fellows used the railway to visit Bohen -Lodge at Wilmington, returning on the first train, up to that time, -run into Los Angeles at midnight. - -October 26th was a memorable day, for on that date the Los Angeles & -San Pedro Railroad Company opened the line to the public and invited -everybody to enjoy a free excursion to the harbor. Two trains were -dispatched each way, the second consisting of ten cars; and not less -than fifteen hundred persons made the round trip. Unfortunately, it -was very warm and dusty, but such discomforts were soon forgotten in -the novelty of the experience. On the last trip back came the -musicians; and the new Los Angeles depot having been cleared, cleaned -up and decorated for a dedicatory ball, there was a stampede to the -little structure, filling it in a jiffy. - -Judge H. K. S. O'Melveny, who first crossed the Plains from Illinois -on horseback in 1849, came to Los Angeles with his family in November, -having already served four years as a Circuit Judge, following his -practice of law in Sacramento. He was a brother-in-law of L. J. Rose, -having married, in 1850, Miss Annie Wilhelmina Rose. Upon his arrival, -he purchased the southwest corner of Second and Fort streets, a lot -one hundred and twenty by one hundred and sixty-five feet in size, and -there he subsequently constructed one of the fine houses of the -period; which was bought, some years later, by Jotham Bixby for about -forty-five hundred dollars, after it had passed through various hands. -Bixby lived in it for a number of years and then resold it. In 1872, -O'Melveny was elected Judge of Los Angeles County; and in 1887, he was -appointed Superior Judge. H. W. O'Melveny, his second son, came from -the East with his parents, graduating in time from the Los Angeles -High School and the State University. Now he is a distinguished -attorney and occupies a leading position as a public-spirited citizen, -and a patron of the arts and sciences. - -In his very readable work, _From East Prussia to the Golden Gate_, -Frank Lecouvreur credits me with having served the commonwealth as -Supervisor. This is a slight mistake: I was an unwilling candidate, -but never assumed the responsibilities of office. In 1869, various -friends waited upon me and requested me to stand as their candidate -for the supervisorship; to which I answered that I would be glad to -serve my district, but that I would not lift a finger toward securing -my election. H. Ábila was chosen with six hundred and thirty-one -votes, E. M. Sanford being a close second with six hundred and -sixteen; while five hundred and thirty-seven votes were cast in my -favor. - -Trains on the new railway began to run regularly on November 1st; and -there still exists one of the first time-tables, bearing at the head, -"Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad" and a little picture of a -locomotive and train. At first, the train scheduled for two stated -round trips a day (except on steamer days, when the time was -conditioned by the arrival and departure of vessels) left Wilmington -at eight o'clock in the morning and at one o'clock in the afternoon, -returning at ten in the morning and four in the afternoon. The fare -between Los Angeles and Wilmington was one dollar and fifty cents, -with an additional charge of one dollar to the Anchorage; while on -freight from the Anchorage to Los Angeles, the tariff was: dry goods, -sixteen dollars per ton; groceries and other merchandise, five -dollars; and lumber, seven dollars per thousand feet. - -After the formal opening of the railroad, a permanent staff of -officers, crew and mechanicians was organized. The first -Superintendent was H. W. Hawthorne, who was succeeded by E. E. Hewitt, -editor of the _Wilmington Journal_. N. A. McDonald, was the first -conductor; Sam Butler was the first and, for a while, the only -brakeman, and the engineers were James McBride and Bill Thomas. The -first local agent was John Milner; the first agent at Wilmington, John -McCrea. The former was succeeded by John E. Jackson, who from 1880 to -1882 served the community as City Surveyor. Worthy of remark, perhaps, -as a coincidence, is the fact that both Milner and McCrea ultimately -became connected in important capacities with the Farmers & Merchants -Bank. - -The first advertised public excursion on the Los Angeles & San Pedro -Railroad after its opening was a trip to Wilmington and around San -Pedro Harbor, arranged for November 5th, 1869. The cars, drawn by the -locomotive _Los Angeles_ and connecting with the little steamer of the -same name, left at ten and returned at three o'clock in the afternoon. -Two dollars was the round-trip fare, while another dollar was exacted -from those who went out upon the harbor. - -In the late seventies, a Portuguese named Fayal settled near what is -now the corner of Sixth and Front streets, San Pedro; and one Lindskow -took up his abode in another shack a block away. Around these rude -huts sprang up the neighborhoods of Fayal and Lindville, since -absorbed by San Pedro. - -Probably the first attempt to organize a fire company for Los Angeles -was made in 1869, when a meeting was called on Saturday evening, -November 6th, at Buffum's Saloon, to consider the matter. A temporary -organization was formed, with Henry Wartenberg as President; W. A. -Mix, Vice-President; George M. Fall, Secretary; and John H. Gregory, -Treasurer. An initiation fee of two dollars and a half, and monthly -dues of twenty-five cents, were decided upon; and J. F. Burns, B. -Katz, Emil Harris, George Pridham, E. B. Frink, C. D. Hathaway, P. -Thompson, O. W. Potter, C. M. Small and E. C. Phelps were charter -members. A committee appointed to canvass for subscriptions made -little progress, and the partial destruction of Rowan's American -Bakery, in December, demonstrating the need of an engine and hose -cart, brought out sharp criticism of Los Angeles's penuriousness. - -About the middle of November, Daniel Desmond, who had come on October -14th of the preceding year, opened a hat store on Los Angeles Street -near New Commercial, widely advertising the enterprise as a pioneer -one and declaring, perhaps unconscious of any pun, that he proposed to -fill a want that had "long been felt." The steamer _Orizaba_, which -was to bring down Desmond's goods, as ill luck would have it left half -of his stock lying on the San Francisco pier; and the opening, so much -heralded, had to be deferred several weeks. As late as 1876, he was -still the only exclusive hatter here. Desmond died on January 23d, -1903, aged seventy years, and was succeeded by his son, C. C. Desmond. -Another son, D. J. Desmond, is the well-known contractor. - -Toward the close of November, Joseph Joly, a Frenchman, opened the -Chartres Coffee Factory on Main Street opposite the Plaza, and was the -pioneer in that line. He delivered to both stores and families, and -for a while seemed phenomenally successful; but one fine morning in -December it was discovered that the "Jolly Joseph" had absconded, -leaving behind numerous unpaid bills. - -The first marble-cutter to open a workshop in Los Angeles was named -Miller. He came toward the end of 1869 and established himself in the -Downey Block. Prior to Miller's coming, all marble work was brought -from San Francisco or some source still farther away, and the delay -and expense debarred many from using that stone even for the pious -purpose of identifying graves. - -With the growth of Anaheim as the business center of the country -between the new San Gabriel and the Santa Ana rivers, sentiment had -been spreading in favor of the division of Los Angeles County; and at -the opening of the Legislature of 1869-70, Anaheim had its official -representative in Sacramento, ready to present the claims of the -little German settlement and its thriving neighbors. The person -selected for this important embassy was Major Max von Stroble; and he -inaugurated his campaign with such sagacity and energy that the bill -passed the Assembly and everything pointed to an early realization of -the scheme. It was not, however, until Los Angeles awoke to the fact -that the proposed segregation meant a decided loss, that opposition -developed in the Senate and the whole matter was held up. - -Stroble thereupon sent posthaste to his supporters for more cash, and -efforts were made to get the stubborn Senate to reconsider. Doubtless -somebody else had a longer purse than Stroble; for in the end he was -defeated, and the German's dream did not come true until long after he -had migrated to the realms that know no subdivisions. One of the -arguments used in favor of the separation was that it took two days's -time, and cost six dollars, for the round trip to the Los Angeles -Courthouse; while another contention then regarded as of great -importance was that the one coil of hose pipe owned by the County was -kept at Los Angeles! Stroble, by-the-way, desired to call the new -county Anaheim. - -Major von Stroble was a very interesting character. He was a German -who had stood shoulder to shoulder with Carl Schurz and Franz Sigel in -the German Revolution of 1848, and who, after having taken part in the -adventures of Walker's filibustering expedition to Nicaragua, finally -landed in Anaheim, where he turned his attention to the making of -wine. He soon tired of that, and in 1867 was found boring for oil on -the Brea Ranch, again meeting with reverses where others later were so -successful. He then started the movement to divide Los Angeles County -and once more failed in what was afterward accomplished. Journalism in -Anaheim next absorbed him and, having had the best of educational -advantages, Stroble brought to his newspaper both culture and the -experience of travel. - -The last grand effort of this adventurous spirit was the attempt to -sell Santa Catalina Island. Backed by the owners, Stroble sailed for -Europe and opened headquarters near Threadneedle Street in London. In -a few weeks he had almost effected the sale, the contract having been -drawn and the time actually set for the following day when the -money--a cool two hundred thousand pounds--was to be paid; but no -Stroble kept tryst to carry out his part of the transaction. Only the -evening before, alone and unattended, the old man had died in his room -at the very moment when Fortune, for the first time, was to smile upon -him! Eighteen or twenty years later, Catalina was sold for much less -than the price once agreed upon. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVIII - -THE LAST OF THE VIGILANTES - -1870 - - -As I have somewhere related, I began buying hides as far back as 1855, -but it was not until 1870 that this branch of our business assumed -such importance as to require more convenient quarters. Then we bought -a place on the southeast corner of Alameda and Commercial streets, -facing sixty feet on Alameda and having a depth of one hundred and -sixty-five feet, where we constructed a hide-house and erected a press -for baling. We paid P. Beaudry eleven hundred dollars for the lot. The -relatively high price shows what the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad -depot had done for that section. In the days when hides were sent by -sailing-vessels to the East, a different method of preparing them for -shipment was in vogue. The wet hides having been stretched, small -stakes were driven into the ground along the edge of, and through the -skins, thus holding them in place until they had dried and expanding -them by about one-third; in this condition they were forwarded loose. -Now that transportation is more rapid and there are tanneries in -California, all hides are handled wet. - -In 1870, business life was centered on Los Angeles Street between -Commercial and Arcadia; and all the hotels were north of First Street. -Fort Street ended in a little bluff at a spot now between Franklin and -First streets. Spring Street was beginning to take on new life, and -yet there was but one gas lamp along the entire roadway, though many -were the appeals to add another lamp, "say, as far as First Street!" - -Sometime in January, a number of ladies of this city met and, through -the exertions of Mrs. Rosa Newmark, wife of Joseph Newmark, formed the -Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society. Mrs. Newmark, as was once pointed -out in a notable open-air meeting of women's clubs (to which I -elsewhere refer), never accepted any office in the Society; but for -years she was untiring in her efforts in the cause of charity. The -first officers were: President, Mrs. W. Kalisher; Vice-President, Mrs. -Harris Newmark; Treasurer, Mrs. John Jones; Secretary, Mrs. B. Katz; -and Collector, Mrs. A. Baer. Three Counselors--Henry Wartenberg, I. M. -Hellman and myself--occasionally met with the ladies to advise them. - -Aside from the fact of its importance as the pioneer ladies' -benevolent organization instituted in Los Angeles, the Society found a -much-needed work to do. It was then almost impossible to obtain -nurses, and the duty devolved on members to act in that capacity, -where such assistance was required, whether the afflicted were rich or -poor. It was also their function to prepare the dead for interment, -and to keep proper vigil over the remains until the time of burial. - -During the year 1869 or 1870, as the result of occasional gatherings -in the office of Dr. Joseph Kurtz, the Los Angeles Turnverein was -organized with eleven members--Emil Harris leading in the movement, -assisted by Dr. Kurtz, Ed. Preuss, Lorenzo Leck, Philip and Henry -Stoll, Jake Kuhrts, Fred Morsch, C. C. Lips and Isaac Cohn. Dr. Kurtz -was elected President. They fraternized for a while at Frau Wiebecke's -Garden, on the west side of Alameda near First Street, about where the -Union Hardware and Metal Company now stands; and there, while beer and -wine were served in the open air, the Teutons gratified their love of -music and song. Needing for their gymnastics more enclosed quarters, -the Turnverein rented of Kalisher & Wartenberg the barn on Alameda -Street between Ducommon and First, used as a hide-house; and in that -rough-boarded shack, whose none too aromatic odors are still a -souvenir to many a pioneer resident, the _Turners_ swung and vaulted -to their heart's content. Classes were soon arranged for boys; and the -envy of all was the lad who, after numerous risks to limb and neck, -proudly topped the human pyramid. Another garden of this period often -patronized by the Turnverein was Kiln Messer's, on First Street -between Alameda and the river. - -The Post Office was moved this year from the corner of North Main and -Market streets to the middle of Temple Block, but even there the -facilities were so inadequate that Wells Fargo & Company, in June, put -up a letter-box at the corner of Main and Commercial streets which was -emptied but once a day, at four o'clock in the afternoon, save on -steamer days when letters were taken out at half-past nine. One other -box was at the sole railroad depot, then at the corner of Alameda and -Commercial streets. The Post Office at that time was also so miserably -illuminated that citizens fumbled about to find their letter-boxes, -and ladies were timid about entering the building at night. -Postmasters were allowed small reserves; and for some time in 1870 the -Los Angeles Post Office was entirely out of one- and two-cent stamps. - -In February, the way was prepared for the first city directory when -the houses of Los Angeles were ordered to be numbered, a public -discussion of the need for a directory having taken place the previous -December. When the collaborators began to collect names and other -data, there were many refusals to answer questions; but the little -volume of seventy pages was finally published in 1871. - -Until 1870 Los Angeles had no bookbinder, all binding having had to be -sent to San Francisco; and a call was then sent out to induce a -journeyman to settle here. - -On the fourteenth of February, Phineas Banning was married to Miss -Mary, daughter of Colonel J. H. Hollister--the affair being the -consummation of a series of courtly addresses in which, as I have -related, it was my pleasurable privilege to play an intermediary part. -As might be expected of one who was himself an experienced and -generous entertainer, the wedding was a social event to be long and -pleasantly remembered by the friends of the bride and groom. Mrs. -Banning, who for years maintained an attractive home on Fort Hill, is -now living on Commonwealth Avenue. - -About this time, Colonel Isaac R. Dunkelberger came to Los Angeles to -live, having just finished his fifth year in the army in Arizona, -following a long service under Northern banners during the Civil War. -While here, the Colonel met and courted Miss Mary Mallard, daughter of -Judge Mallard; and on February 26th, 1867, they were married. For -eight years, from March, 1877, Dunkelberger was Postmaster. He died on -December 5th, 1904, survived by his widow and six children. While -writing about this estimable family, it occurs to me that Mary, then a -little girl, was one of the guests at my wedding. - -Frank Lecouvreur, who was Surveyor of Los Angeles County from 1870 -until 1873, was a native of East Prussia and like his predecessor, -George Hansen, came to California by way of the Horn. For a while, as -I have related, he was my bookkeeper. In 1877, he married Miss -Josephine Rosanna Smith who had renounced her vows as a nun. Ten years -later he suffered a paralytic stroke and was an invalid until his -death, on January 17th, 1901. - -Once introduced, the telegraph gradually grew in popularity; but even -in 1870, when the Western Union company had come into the field and -was operating as far as the Coast, service was anything but -satisfactory. The poles between Los Angeles and San Francisco had -become rotten and often fell, dragging the wires with them, and -interrupting communication with the North. There were no wires, up to -that time, to Santa Bárbara or San Bernardino; and only in the spring -of that year was it decided to put a telegraph line through to San -Diego. When the Santa Bárbara line was proposed, the citizens there -speedily subscribed twenty-two hundred and forty-five dollars; it -having been the company's plan always to get some local stockholders. - -As the result of real estate purchases and exchanges in the late -sixties and early seventies between Dr. J. S. Griffin, Phineas -Banning, B. D. Wilson, P. Beaudry and others, a fruit-growing colony -was planned in April, when it was proposed to take in some seventeen -hundred and fifty acres of the best part of the San Pasqual _rancho_, -including a ten-thousand-dollar ditch. A company, with a capital stock -of two hundred thousand dollars divided into four thousand shares of -fifty dollars each, was formed to grow oranges, lemons, grapes, -olives, nuts and raisins, John Archibald being President; R. M. -Widney, Vice-President; W. J. Taylor, Secretary; and the London & San -Francisco Bank, Treasurer. But although subscription books were opened -and the scheme was advertised, nothing was done with the land until D. -M. Berry and others came from Indiana and started the Indiana Colony. - -A rather uncommon personality for about thirty years was Fred Dohs, -who came from Germany when he was twenty-three and engaged in trading -horses. By 1870 he was managing a barber shop near the Downey Block, -and soon after was conducting a string band. For many years, the -barber-musician furnished the music for most of the local dances and -entertainments, at the same time (or until prices began to be cut) -maintaining his shop, where he charged two bits for a shave and four -bits for a hair-cut. During his prosperity, Dohs acquired property, -principally on East First Street. - -The first foot-bridge having finally succumbed to the turbulent waters -of the erratic Los Angeles River, the great flood of 1867-68 again -called the attention of our citizens to the necessity of establishing -permanent and safe communication between the two sides of the stream; -and this agitation resulted in the construction by Perry & Woodworth -of the first fairly substantial bridge at the foot of the old Aliso -Road, now Macy Street, at an outlay of some twenty thousand dollars. -Yet, notwithstanding the great necessity that had always existed for -this improvement, it is my recollection that it was not consummated -until about 1870. Like its poor little predecessor carried away by the -uncontrolled waters, the more dignified structure was broken up by a -still later flood, and the pieces of timber once so carefully put -together by a confident and satisfied people were strewn for a mile or -two along the river banks. - -'Way back in the formative years of Los Angeles, there were suddenly -added to the constellation of noteworthy local characters two jovial, -witty, good-for-nothing Irishmen who from the first were pals. The two -were known as Dan Kelly and Micky Free. Micky's right name was Dan -Harrington; but I never knew Kelly to go under any other appellation. -When sober, which was not very frequent, Dan and Micky were -good-natured, jocular and free from care, and it mattered not to -either of them whether the morrow might find them well-fed and at -liberty or in the jail then known as the Hotel de Burns: "sufficient -unto the day is the evil thereof" was the only philosophy they knew. -They were boon companions when free from drink; but when saturated, -they immediately fought like demons. They were both in the toils quite -ten months of the year, while during the other two months they carried -a hod! Of the two, Micky was the most irredeemable, and in time he -became such a nuisance that the authorities finally decided to ship -him out of the country and bought him a ticket to Oregon. Micky got as -far as San Pedro, where he traded his ticket for a case of delirium -tremens; but he did something more--he broke his leg and was bundled -back to Los Angeles, renewing here the acquaintance of both the -bartender and the jailer. Some years later, he astonished the town by -giving up drink and entering the Veterans's Home. When he died, they -gave him a soldier's honors and a soldier's grave. - -In 1870, F. Bonshard imported into Los Angeles County some five or six -hundred blooded Cashmere goats; and about the same time or perhaps -even earlier, J. E. Pleasants conducted at Los Nietos a similar -enterprise, at one time having four or five hundred of a superior -breed, the wool of which brought from twenty-five to thirty-five cents -a pound. The goat-fancying Pleasants also had some twelve hundred -Angoras. - -On June 1st, Henry Hamilton, who two years before had resumed the -editorship of the Los Angeles _Star_, then a weekly, issued the first -number of the _Daily Star_. He had taken into partnership George W. -Barter, who three months later started the _Anaheim Gazette_. In 1872, -Barter was cowhided by a woman, and a committee formally requested the -editor to vamose the town! Barter next bought the _Daily Star_ from -Hamilton, on credit, but he was unable to carry out his contract and -within a year Hamilton was again in charge. - -At the beginning of this decade, times in Arizona were really very -bad. H. Newmark & Company, who had large amounts due them from -merchants in that Territory, were not entirely easy about their -outstanding accounts, and this prompted Kaspare Cohn to visit our -customers there. I urged him to consider the dangers of the road and -to abandon his project; but he was determined to go. The story of the -trip, in the light of present methods and the comparative safety of -travel, is an interesting one, and I shall relate his experiences as -he described them to me. - -He started on a Saturday, going by stage (in preference to buckboard) -from Los Angeles to San Bernardino, and from there rode, as the only -passenger, with a stage-driver named Brown, passing through Frink's -Ranch, Gilman's, White River, Agua Caliente, Indian Wells, Toros, Dos -Palmas, Chuckawalla, Mule Springs and Willow Springs. H. Newmark & -Company had forwarded, on a prairie schooner driven by Jesse Allen of -Los Angeles, a considerable amount of merchandise which it was their -intention should be sold in Arizona, and the freighting charge upon -which was to be twelve and a half cents per pound. In Chuckawalla, -familiarly called Chucky Valley, the travelers overtook Allen and the -stock of goods; and this meeting in that lonesome region was the cause -of such mutual rejoicing that Kaspare provided as abundant an -entertainment as his limited stores would permit. Resuming their -journey from Chuckawalla, the driver and his companion soon left Allen -and his cumbersome load in the rear. - -It was near Granite Wash, as they were jogging along in the evening, -that they noticed some Indian fire signals. These were produced by -digging a hole in the ground, filling it with combustible material, -such as dry leaves, and setting fire to it. From the smoldering that -resulted, smoke was emitted and sparks burst forth. Observing these -ticklish warnings, the wayfarers sped away and escaped--perhaps, a -tragic fate. Arriving at Ehrenberg on a Tuesday morning, Kaspare -remained there all night. Still the only passenger, he left the next -day; and it may be imagined how cheering, after the previous -experience, was the driver's remark that, on account of the lonesome -character of the trip, and especially the danger from scalping -Apaches, he would never have departed without some company! - -Somewhere between Granite Wash and Wickenberg, a peculiar rattling -revealed a near-by snake, whereupon Kaspare jumped out and shot the -reptile, securing the tail and rattles. Changing horses or resting at -Tyson's Wells, McMullen's and Cullen's Station, they arrived the next -night at Wickenberg, the location of the Vulture Mines, where Kaspare -called upon the Superintendent--a man named Peoples--to collect a -large amount they owed us. Half of the sum was paid in gold bars, at -the rate of sixteen dollars per ounce, while the other half we lost. - -A niece of M. Kremer lived in Wickenberg, where her husband was in -business. She suffered a great deal from headaches, and a friend had -recommended, as a talisman, the possession of snake rattles. Kaspare, -with his accustomed gallantry, produced the specimen which he had -obtained and gave it to the lady; and it is to be hoped that she was -as permanently relieved of her pain as so many nowadays are cured of -imaginary troubles by no more substantial superstitions. - -Making short stops at Wilson's Station, Antelope Station, Kirkland -Valley, Skull Valley and Mint Valley, Kaspare reached Prescott, some -four hundred and thirty miles from San Bernardino, and enquired after -Dan Hazard, the ex-Mayor's brother and one of our customers--who died -about the middle of the eighties--and learned that he was then on his -way to St. Louis with teams to haul back freight for Levi Bashford -who, in addition to being an important trader, was Government Receiver -of Public Moneys. Kaspare decided to remain in Prescott until Hazard -returned; and as Jesse Allen soon arrived with the merchandise, -Kaspare had ample time to sell it. Bashford, as a Government official, -was not permitted to handle such goods as matches and cigars, which -bore revenue stamps, but Kaspare sold him quantities of lard, beans, -coffee, sugar and other supplies. He sold the revenue-stamped articles -to Buffum & Campbell, the former of whom had once been a well-known -resident of Los Angeles. He also disposed of some goods to Henderson -Brothers, afterward prominent bankers of Tucson and Globe, Arizona. In -the meantime, Dan Hazard returned and settled his account in full. - -Kaspare remained in Prescott nearly four weeks. Between the -collections that he made and the money which he received for the -consigned merchandise, he had about thirteen thousand dollars in -currency to bring back with him. With this amount of money on his -person, the return trip was more than ever fraught with danger. -Mindful of this added peril, Kaspare kept the time of his departure -from Prescott secret, no one, with the exception of Bashford, being in -his confidence. He prepared very quietly; and at the last moment, one -Saturday afternoon, he slipped into the stage and started for -California. Brown was again his companion as far as Ehrenberg. There -he met Frank Ganahl and Charles Strong, both soon to become Southern -Californians; and knowing them very well, their companionship -contributed during the rest of the trip not only pleasure but an -agreeable feeling of security. His arrival in Los Angeles afforded me -much relief, and the story of his adventures and success added more -than a touch of interest. - -The first street-sprinklers in Los Angeles were owned and operated -about the middle of July by T. W. McCracken, who was allowed by the -Council to call upon residents along the route for weekly -contributions to keep the water wagon going. - -I have told of the establishing of Hellman, Temple & Company as -bankers. In September, the first-named bought out his partners and -continued, until 1871, as Hellman & Company. - -With the commencement of autumn, when the belief prevailed that little -or nothing could be done toward persuading the Common Council to -beautify the Plaza, a movement to lay out and embellish the five-acre -tract bounded by Hill and Olive, and Fifth and Sixth streets, met with -such favor that, by the first week in October, some eight hundred -dollars had been subscribed for the purpose. On November 19th a public -meeting was held, presided over by Prudent Beaudry, Major H. M. -Mitchell serving as Secretary; and it was suggested to call the -proposed square the Los Angeles Park, and to enclose it, at a cost of -about five hundred dollars, with a fence. Another two hundred dollars -was soon made up; and the services of L. Carpenter, who offered to -plow the land prior to sowing grass-seed, were accepted in lieu of a -subscription. Both George Lehman and Elijah Workman showed their -public spirit by planting what have since become the largest trees -there. Sometime later, the name was changed to Central Park, by which -it is still known. - -The first hackney coach ever built in Los Angeles was turned out in -September by John Goller for J. J. Reynolds--about the same time that -the Oriental Stage Company brought a dozen new Concord coaches from -the East--and cost one thousand dollars. Goller was then famous for -elaborate vehicles and patented spring buggies which he shipped even -to pretentious and bustling San Francisco. Before the end of November, -however, friends of the clever and enterprising carriage-maker were -startled to hear that he had failed for the then not insignificant sum -of about forty thousand dollars. - -Up to the fall of the year, no connection existed between Temple and -First Streets west of Spring; but on the first day of September, a cut -through the hill, effected by means of chain-gang labor and continuing -Fort Street north, was completed, to the satisfaction of the entire -community. - -About the middle of October, a petition was presented to the Common -Council calling attention to the fact that the Los Angeles Water -Company two years before had agreed to erect a fountain on the Plaza; -and declaring that the open place was little short of a "scarecrow for -visitors." The Company immediately replied that it was ready to put up -the fountain; and in November the Council ordered the brick tank taken -away. At the beginning of August, 1871, the fountain began playing. - -During the second marshalship of William C. Warren, when Joe Dye was -one of his deputy officers, there was great traffic in Chinese women, -one of whom was kidnaped and carried off to San Diego. A reward of a -hundred dollars was offered for her return, and she was brought back -on a charge of theft and tried in the Court of Justice Trafford, on -Temple Street near Spring. During the trial, on October 31st, 1870, -Warren and Dye fell into a dispute as to the reward; and the quarrel -was renewed outside the courtroom. At a spot near the corner of Spring -and Temple streets Dye shot and killed Warren; and in the scrimmage -several other persons standing near were wounded. Dye was tried, but -acquitted. Later, however, he himself was killed by a nephew, Mason -Bradfield, whose life he had frequently threatened and who fired the -deadly bullet from a window of the New Arlington Hotel, formerly the -White House, at the southeast corner of Commercial and Los Angeles -streets. Mrs. C. P. Bradfield, Bradfield's mother and a teacher, who -came in 1875, was the author of certain text-books for drawing, -published by A. S. Barnes & Company of New York. - -Failures in raising and using camels in the Southwest were due, at -least partially, to ignorance of the animal's wants, a company of -Mexicans, in the early sixties, overloading some and treating them so -badly that nearly all died. Later, Frenchmen, who had had more -experience, secured the two camels left, and by 1870 there was a herd -of no less than twenty-five on a ranch near the Carson River in -Nevada, where they were used in packing salt for sixty miles or more -to the mills. - -On October 31st, the first Teacher's Institute held in Los Angeles -County was opened, with an attendance of thirty-five, in the old Bath -Street schoolhouse, that center being selected because the school -building at Spring and Second streets, though much better adapted to -the purpose, was considered to be too far out of town! County -Superintendent W. M. McFadden was President; J. M. Guinn was -Vice-President; and P. C. Tonner was Secretary; while a leader in -discussions was Dr. Truman H. Rose, who there gave a strong impetus to -the founding of the first high school. - -Soon after this Institute was held, the State Legislature authorized -bonds to the amount of twenty thousand dollars for the purpose of -erecting another schoolhouse; and the building was soon to be known as -the Los Angeles High School. W. H. Workman, M. Kremer and H. D. -Barrows were the building committee. - -Mentioning educators, I may introduce the once well-known name of -Professor Adams, an instructor in French who lived here in the early -seventies. He was so very urbane that on one occasion, while overdoing -his polite attention to a lady, he fell off the sidewalk and badly -broke his leg! - -In a previous chapter I have spoken of a Frenchman named Lachenais who -killed a fellow-countryman at a wake, the murder being one of a -succession of crimes for which he finally paid the penalty at the -hands of a Vigilance Committee in the last lynching witnessed here. - -Lachenais lived near where the Westminster Hotel now stands, on the -northeast corner of Main and Fourth streets, but he also had a farm -south of the city, adjoining that of Jacob Bell who was once a partner -in sheep-raising with John Schumacher. The old man was respectable and -quiet, but Lachenais quarreled with him over water taken from the -_zanja_. Without warning, he rode up to Bell as he was working in his -field and shot him dead; but there being no witnesses to the act, this -murder remained, temporarily, a mystery. One evening, as Lachenais (to -whom suspicion had been gradually directed), was lounging about in a -drunken condition, he let slip a remark as to the folly of anyone -looking for Bell's murderer; and this indiscretion led to his arrest -and incarceration. - -No sooner had the news of Lachenais's apprehension been passed along -than the whole town was in a turmoil. A meeting at Stearns's Hall was -largely attended; a Vigilance Committee was formed; Lachenais's record -was reviewed and his death at the hands of an outraged community was -decided upon. Everything being arranged, three hundred or more armed -men, under the leadership of Felix Signoret, the barber--Councilman in -1863 and proprietor of the Signoret Building opposite the Pico -House--assembled on the morning of December 17th, marched to the jail, -overcame Sheriff Burns and his assistants, took Lachenais out, dragged -him along to the corral of Tomlinson & Griffith (at the corner of -Temple and New High streets) and there summarily hanged him. Then the -mob, without further demonstration, broke up; the participants going -their several ways. The reader may have already observed that this was -not the first time that the old Tomlinson & Griffith gate had served -this same gruesome purpose. - -The following January, County Judge Y. Sepúlveda charged the Grand -Jury to do its duty toward ferreting out the leaders of the mob, and -so wipe out this reproach to the city; but the Grand Jury expressed -the conviction that if the law had hitherto been faithfully executed -in Los Angeles, such scenes in broad daylight would never have taken -place. The editor of the _News_, however, ventured to assert that this -report was but another disgrace. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIX - -THE CHINESE MASSACRE - -1871 - - -H. Newmark & Company enjoyed associations with nearly all of the most -important wool men and _rancheros_ in Southern California, our office -for many years being headquarters for these stalwarts, as many as a -dozen or more of whom would ofttimes congregate, giving the store the -appearance of a social center. They came in from their ranches and -discussed with freedom the different phases of their affairs and other -subjects of interest. Wheat, corn, barley, hay, cattle, sheep, -irrigation and kindred topics were passed upon; although in 1871 the -price of wool being out of all proportion to anything like its -legitimate value, the uppermost topic of conversation was wool. These -meetings were a welcome interruption to the monotony of our work. Some -of the most important of these visitors were Jotham, John W. and -Llewellyn Bixby, Isaac Lankershim, L. J. Rose, I. N. Van Nuys, R. S. -Baker, George Carson, Manuel Dominguez, Domingo Amestoy, Juan Matías -Sanchez, Dan Freeman, John Rowland, John Reed, Joe Bridger, Louis -Phillips, the brothers Garnier, Remi Nadeau, E. J. Baldwin, P. Banning -and Alessandro Repetto. There was also not a weather prophet, near or -far, who did not manage to appear at these weighty discussions and -offer his oracular opinions about the pranks of the elements; on which -occasions, one after another of these wise men would step to the door, -look at the sky and broad landscape, solemnly shake his head and then -render his verdict to the speculating circle within. According as the -moon emerged "so that one could hang something upon it," or in such a -manner that "water would run off" (as they pictured it), we were to -have dry or rainy weather; nor would volumes of talk shake their -confidence. Occasionally, I added a word, merely to draw out these -weather-beaten and interesting old chaps; but usually I listened -quietly and was entertained by all that was said. Hours would be spent -by these friends in chatting and smoking the time away; and if they -enjoyed the situation half as much as I did, pleasant remembrances of -these occasions must have endured with them. Many of those to whom I -have referred have ended their earthly careers, while others, living -in different parts of the county, are still hale and hearty. - -A curious character was then here, in the person of the reputed son of -a former, and brother of the then, Lord Clanmorris, an English -nobleman. Once a student at Dr. Arnold's famous Rugby, he had knocked -about the world until, shabbily treated by Dame Fortune, he had become -a sheepherder in the employ of the Bixbys. - -M. J. Newmark, who now came to visit us from New York, was admitted to -partnership with H. Newmark & Company, and this determined his future -residence. - -As was natural in a town of pueblo origin, plays were often advertised -in Spanish; one of the placards, still preserved, thus announcing the -attraction for January 30th, at the Merced Theater: - - TEATRO MERCED - - LOS ANGELES - - Lunes, Enero 30, de 1871 - - Primero Función de la Gran Compañia Dramática, De Don Tomás - Maguire, El Empresario Veterano de San Francisco, VEINTE Y - CUATRO Artistas de ambos sexos, todos conocidos como - ESTRELLAS de primera clase. - -In certain quarters of the city, the bill was printed in English. - -Credit for the first move toward the formation of a County Medical -Society here should probably be given to Dr. H. S. Orme, at whose -office early in 1871 a preliminary meeting was held; but it was in the -office of Drs. Griffin and Widney, on January 31st, that the -organization was effected, my friend Griffin being elected President; -Dr. R. T. Hayes, Vice-President; Dr. Orme, Treasurer; and Dr. E. L. -Dow, Secretary. Thus began a society which, in the intervening years, -has accomplished much good work. - -Late in January, Luther H. Titus, one of several breeders of fast -horses, brought from San Francisco by steamer a fine thoroughbred -stallion named _Echo_, a half-brother of the celebrated trotter -_Dexter_ which had been shipped from the East in a Central Pacific car -especially constructed for the purpose--in itself something of a -wonder then. Sporting men came from a distance to see the horse; but -interest was divided between the stallion and a mammoth turkey of a -peculiar breed, also brought west by Titus, who prophesied that the -bird, when full grown, would tip the beam at from forty-five to fifty -pounds. - -Early in February, the first steps were taken to reorganize and -consolidate the two banking houses in which Downey and Hellman were -interested, when it was proposed to start the Bank of Los Angeles, -with a capital of five hundred thousand dollars. Some three hundred -and eighty thousand dollars of this sum were soon subscribed; and by -the first week in April, twenty-five per cent. of the capital had been -called in. John G. Downey was President and I. W. Hellman was Cashier; -their office was in the former rooms of Hellman, Temple & Company. On -the tenth of April the institution was opened as the Farmers & -Merchants Bank; and on July 10th, J. G. Downey, Charles Ducommun, O. -W. Childs, I. M. Hellman, George Hansen, A. Glassell, J. S. Griffin, -José Mascarel and I. W. Hellman were chosen Trustees. From the first -the Bank prospered, so that when the crisis of 1875 tested the -substantiability of the financial institutions here, the Farmers & -Merchants rode the storm. In April, 1871, Hellman inaugurated a -popular policy when he offered to pay interest on time deposits, for -it brought many clients who had previously been accustomed to do their -banking in San Francisco; and before long the Bank advertised one -hundred thousand dollars to lend on good security. - -On February 14th, Stephen Samsbury, known as Buckskin Bill, and a man -named Carter murdered the twin brothers Bilderback who had taken up -some land very close to Verdugo--now incorporated in Glendale--and -were engaged in chopping wood; the murderers coveting the land and -planning to sell the fuel. Deputy Sheriff Dunlap went in pursuit of -the desperadoes, and noticing some loose earth in the roadbed near by, -he thrust a stick into the ground and so uncovered the blood-stained -end of a blanket which led to the finding of the bodies. - -J. F. Burns, who, at eighty-three years of age, still manifests his -old time spirit, being then Sheriff, pursued Buckskin Bill until the -twenty-fourth of June. A young soldier on the way to Fort Yuma met -Burns at San Pedro, and having agreed to sell him certain information -about the fugitive, revealed the fact that Bill had been seen near -Tecate, mounted on a horse, with his squaw and infant riding a mule. -The chase had previously taken the Sheriff from Verdugo Cañon to White -Pine, Nevada, and back to Los Angeles; and acting on this new clue, -Burns obtained a requisition on the Mexican Governor from Judge -Ygnácio Sepúlveda, and went to Lower California where, with Felipe -Zarate, a Mexican officer, he located the man after two or three days' -search. About twenty miles north of Real Castillo, the Sheriff found -the fugitive, and in the ensuing fight Samsbury accidentally shot -himself; and so terribly did the wounded man suffer that he begged -Burns to finish him at once. The Sheriff, refusing, improved the -opportunity to secure a full confession of Bill's numerous crimes, -among which figured the killing of five other men--besides the -Bilderback brothers--in different parts of California. - -After Samsbury died, Burns cut off his foot--known to have six -toes--and placed it in _mescal_, a popular and strongly-intoxicating -beverage of the Mexicans; and when later the Sheriff presented this -trophy to the good citizens of California, it was accepted as abundant -proof that the man he had gone after had been captured and disposed -of. The Legislature promptly paid Burns nearly five thousand dollars; -but Los Angeles County, which had pledged two hundred dollars' reward, -refused to recompense the doughty Sheriff and has never since made -good its promise. In 1889, Burns was Chief of Police, with Emil Harris -as his Captain. - -The earliest move toward the formation of a Los Angeles Board of Trade -was made, not in 1883, nor even in 1873--when the first Chamber of -Commerce began--but in 1871, a fact that seems to be generally -forgotten. Late in February of that year, a number of leading shippers -came together to discuss Coast trade and other interests; and B. L. -Peel moved that a Board of Trade be organized. The motion was carried -and the organization was effected; but with the waning of enthusiasm -for the improvements proposed or, perhaps, through the failure of its -members to agree, the embryonic Board of Trade soon died. - -In February, B. L. Peel & Company installed the telegraph in their -commission office--probably the first instance of a private wire in -local business history. - -At the outset of the somewhat momentous decade of the seventies, -Hellman, Haas & Company was established, with H. W. Hellman, Jacob -Haas and B. Cohn partners; their first store being on the east side of -Los Angeles Street opposite H. Newmark & Company's. Abraham Haas, who -came in December, 1873, had a share in his brother's venture from the -start; but it was not until 1875, when he bought out Cohn's interest, -that he became a partner. Ten years after the firm commenced business, -that is, in 1881, Jacob Baruch, who had come to California with J. -Loew, and with him had made his start at Galatin, was admitted to -partnership; and in 1889, a year after Jacob Haas's death, Haas & -Baruch bought out H. W. Hellman. Then it was that Haas, Baruch & -Company, a name so agreeably known throughout Southern California, -first entered the field, their activity--immediately felt--permitting -very little of the proverbial grass to grow under one's feet. On -January 7th, 1909, Jacob Baruch died. Haas since December 12th, 1900 -has been a resident of San Francisco. - -This year the United States Government began the great work of -improving Wilmington or San Pedro Harbor. The gap between Rattlesnake -and Dead Man's islands was closed by means of a breakwater, creating a -regular current in the channel; and dredging to a depth of seventeen -or eighteen feet first made it possible for vessels of size to cross -the bar at low tide. Among those active in preparing documents for -Congress and securing the survey was Judge R. M. Widney, of whose -public services mention has been made; while Phineas Banning, at his -own expense, made trips to Washington in behalf of the project. - -A genuine novelty was introduced in 1871, when Downs & Bent late in -February opened a roller-skating rink at Teutonia Hall. Twenty-five -cents was charged for admission, and an additional quarter demanded -for the use of skates. Ladies and gentlemen flocked to enjoy the new -sensation; a second rink was soon opened in Los Angeles and another in -El Monte; and among those who became proficient skaters was Pancho -Coronel, one of the social lions of his day. In time, however, the -craze waned, and what had been hailed as fashionable because of its -popularity in the great cities of the East, lost in favor, -particularly among those of social pretensions. - -In March, a call for a meeting to organize an Agricultural Society for -the Counties of Los Angeles, Santa Bárbara, San Bernardino, Kern and -San Diego brought together a large number of our citizens. L. J. Rose -and his neighbor L. H. Titus, Dr. J. S. Griffin, Colonel J. J. Warner, -Judge H. K. S. O'Melveny, Judge A. J. King, John G. Downey, F. N. -Slaughter and many others including myself became actively interested, -and then and there started the Southern District Agricultural Society -which, for years, contributed so much to advance the agricultural -interests of Southern California. Annual trotting races, lasting a -week, lent impetus to the breeding of fine stock, for which this part -of the State became famous. L. J. Rose was the moving spirit in this -enterprise; and he it was who induced me and other friends to -participate. - -Even the first ice machine, in March, did not freeze the price below -four cents per pound. - -Edited by Henry C. Austin, the _Evening Express_ made its first -appearance on March 27th. It was started by the printers, George and -Jesse Yarnell, George A. Tiffany, J. W. Paynter and Miguel Verelo; but -James J. Ayers--in 1882 State Printer--who was one of the founders of -the San Francisco _Morning Call_, succeeded Austin in 1875, and then -the Yarnells and Verelo retired. - -L. V. Prudhomme, better known as Victor Prudhomme--a name sometimes, -but probably incorrectly, spelled Prudhon--who is said to have come -from France about the middle of the thirties, died here on May 8th. -His wife was a Spanish woman and for a while they resided on the east -side of Main Street between Requena and First, not far from my -brother's store. As a rather active member of the French Colony, he -was a man in good standing, and was engaged, it seems to me, in the -wine industry. He also owned some land near San Bernardino and was -continually visiting that place. - -On May 27th, S. J. Millington, announced as "the pioneer dancing -master of California," opened a dancing academy at Stearns's Hall, and -it at once sprang into social favor. He had morning classes for -children and evening classes for adults. I happen to recall the -circumstances more clearly for I was one of his committee of patrons. -Dances, by the way, were given frequently, and were often attended in -costume and even in disguise. I remember such an occasion in the early -seventies when elaborate toilettes and variety of dress marked an -advance in these harmless diversions. Conspicuous among the guests was -John Jones, elderly and seldom given to frivolity, who appeared in the -character of the Father of his Country. - -In early June, a Chinese junk, cruising in search of _abalones_, -attracted no little attention at San Pedro as a primitive and clumsy -specimen of marine architecture. - -The sudden and abnormal demand for the _abalone_ shell offered such -large returns as to tempt men to take desperate chances in hunting for -them among the rocks. Sometime in the seventies, a Chinaman, searching -near San Diego, thrust his hand into an open shell and the _abalone_ -closed upon his wrist with such an irresistible grip that the -unfortunate shell-hunter was held fast until overtaken by the rising -tide and drowned. - -For many years Los Angeles booklovers were supplied by merchants who -sold other things, or who conducted a limited loan library in -conjunction with their business. Such a circulating collection Samuel -Hellman displayed in February, 1871. The first exclusively book and -periodical store was opened in the same year, by Brodrick & Reilly, -adjoining the Post Office on Spring street. - -Albert Fenner Kercheval, who took up his residence in 1871 on the west -side of Pearl Street near the end of Sixth, on what was formerly known -as the Gelcich Place, first came to California--Hangtown--in 1849 and -experienced much the same kind of mining adventure as inspired Bret -Harte. On his second visit to the Coast, Kercheval raised strawberries -and early tomatoes, for which he found a ready sale in San Francisco; -and in his spare moments he wrote poems--collected and published in -1883 under the title of _Dolores_--some of which rather cleverly -reflect California life. - -On June 19th, the Teutonia-Concordia society merged with the Los -Angeles Turnverein, forming the Turnverein-Germania; and about the -same time, the original home of the _Verein_, a frame building on -South Spring Street, was erected. In that year, also, the first German -school was founded--the sessions being conducted at the old Round -House. - - [Illustration: - - (_Standing_) Lorenzo Leck - Louis Mesmer - William Nordholt - - (_Sitting_) Henry C. G. Schaeffer - Henry Hammel - John Schumacher] - - [Illustration: Turnverein-Germania Building, Spring Street] - -Having had no fitting celebration of the Fourth of July for years, a -number of citizens in 1871 called a meeting to consider the matter, -and A. J. Johnston, L. Lichtenberger, W. H. Perry, J. M. Griffith, -John Wilson, O. W. Childs and myself were appointed to make -arrangements. A list of forty or fifty leading merchants willing to -close their places of business on Independence Day was drawn up; a -program was easily prepared; and the music, display of flags and -bunting, and the patriotic addresses awakened, after such a neglect of -the occasion, new and edifying emotions. - -Slight regard was formerly paid by officers to the safety or life of -the Indian, who had a persistent weakness for alcohol; and when -citizens did attend to the removal of these inebriates, they -frequently looked to the Municipality for compensation. For instance: -at a meeting of the Common Council, in July, Pete Wilson presented a -bill of two dollars and a half "for the removal of a nuisance," which -nuisance, upon investigation, was shown to have been a drunken squaw -whom he had retired from the street! The Council, after debating the -momentous question of reimbursement, finally reached a compromise by -which the City saved just--twenty-five cents. - -Alexander Bell died on July 24th, after a residence of twenty-nine -years in Los Angeles. - -Beginning with the seventies, attention was directed to Santa Monica -as a possible summer resort, but it was some years before many people -saw in the Bay and its immediate environment the opportunities upon -which thousands have since seized. In the summer of 1871 less than -twenty families, the majority in tents, sojourned there among the -sycamore groves in the Cañon where J. M. Harned had a bar and -"refreshment parlor." The attractions of beach and surf, however, were -beginning to be appreciated, and so were the opportunities for -shooting--at Tell's and elsewhere; and on Sundays two or three hundred -excursionists frequently visited that neighborhood, Reynolds, the -liveryman, doing a thriving business carrying people to the beach. - -Speaking of this gradual awakening to the attractions of Santa Monica, -I recall that school children of the late sixties held their picnics -at the Cañon, going down on crowded stages where the choicest seats -were on the box; and that one of the most popular drivers of that -period was Tommy O'Campo. He handled the reins with the dexterity of a -Hank Monk, and before sunrise Young America would go over to the -corral, there to wait long and patiently in order to get an -especially desirable seat on Tommy's stage. - -With the completion of the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad, -excursions to Catalina began to be in vogue; but as the local -population was small, considerable effort was needed sometimes to -secure enough patrons to make the trips pay. Thus an excursion for -Sunday, August 13th, was advertised by the skipper of the steamer -_Vaquero_, a couple of dollars for the round trip being charged, with -half price for children; but by Saturday morning the requisite number -of subscribers had not been obtained, and the excursion was called -off. - -Otto J. and Oswald F. Zahn, sons of Dr. Johann Carl Zahn who came here -about 1871, were carrier-pigeon fanciers and established a service -between Avalon and Los Angeles, fastening their messages, written on -tissue paper, by delicate wire to the birds' legs. For some time the -Catalina Pigeon Messengers, as they were called, left Avalon late in -the afternoon, after the last steamer, bringing news that appeared in -the Los Angeles newspapers of the following morning. Usually the birds -took a good hour in crossing the channel; but on one occasion, _Blue -Jim_, the champion, covered the distance of forty-eight miles in fifty -minutes. - -On the evening of August 23d, the announcement came over the wires of -Don Abel Stearns's death in San Francisco, at five o'clock that -afternoon, at the Grand Hotel. Late in October, his body was brought -to Los Angeles for final interment, the tombstone having arrived from -San Francisco a week or two previously. Awesome indeed was the scene -that I witnessed when the ropes sustaining the eight hundred pound -metallic casket snapped, pitching the coffin and its grim contents -into the grave. I shall never forget the unearthly shriek of Doña -Arcadia, as well as the accident itself. - -With the wane of summer, we received the startling news of the death, -through Indians, of Frederick Loring, the young journalist and author -well known in Los Angeles, who was with the United States Exploring -Expedition to Arizona as a correspondent of _Appleton's Journal_. -"Bootless, coatless and everything but lifeless," as he put it, he -had just escaped perishing in Death Valley, when the stage party was -attacked by Apaches, and Loring and four other passengers were killed. - -In September, during Captain George J. Clarke's administration as -Postmaster, foreign money-orders began to be issued here for the first -time, payable only in Great Britain and Ireland, twenty-five cents -being charged for sending ten dollars or less; and shortly afterward, -international money-orders were issued for Germany and some other -Continental countries. Then five or six hundred letters for Los -Angeles County were looked upon as rather a large dispatch by one -steamer from San Francisco and the North; and the canceling of from -twelve to fifteen dollars' worth of stamps a day was regarded as "big -business." - -Vincent Collyer--the Peace Commissioner sent out with General O. O. -Howard by the Government in 1868--who eventually made himself most -unpopular in Arizona by pleading the cause of the scalping Apaches in -the fall of 1871, put up at the Pico House; when public feeling led -one newspaper to suggest that if the citizens wished "to see a -_monster_," they had "only to stand before the hotel and watch Collyer -pass to and fro!" - -In the fall, tidings of Chicago's awful calamity by fire reached Los -Angeles, but strange to say, no public action was taken until the -editor of the Los Angeles _News_, on October 12th, gave vent to his -feelings in the following editorial: - - Three days ago the press of this City called upon the - public generally to meet at a stated hour last evening, at - the County Courtroom, to do something towards alleviating - the sufferings of the destitute thousands in Chicago. The - calamity which has overtaken that unfortunate City has - aroused the sympathy of the world, and the heart and pulse - of civilized humanity voluntarily respond, extending - assistance in deeds as well as in words. From all parts of - the globe, where the name of Chicago is known, liberal - donations flow into a common treasury. We had hoped to be - able to add the name of Los Angeles among the list, as - having done its duty. But in whatever else she may excel, - her charity is a dishonorable exception. Her bowels are - absolute strangers to sympathy, when called upon to - practically demonstrate it. At the place of meeting, - instead of seeing the multitude, we were astonished to find - but three persons, viz: Governor Downey, John Jones, and a - gentleman from Riverside, who is on a visit here. Anything - more disgraceful than this apathy on the part of her - inhabitants she could not have been guilty of. For her - selfishness, she justly deserves the fearful fate that has - befallen the helpless one that now lies stricken in the - dust. Let her bow down her head in shame. Chicago, our - response to your appeal is, _Starve_! _What do we care?_ - -This candid rebuke was not without effect; a committee was immediately -formed to solicit contributions from the general public, and within an -hour a tidy sum had been raised. By October 18th the fund had reached -over two thousand dollars, exclusive of two hundred and fifty dollars -given by the Hebrew Benevolent Society and still another hundred -dollars raised by the Jewish ladies. - -About the twenty-first of October a "war" broke out near Nigger Alley -between two rival factions of the Chinese on account of the forcible -carrying off of one of the companies' female members, and the steamer -_California_ soon brought a batch of Chinamen from San Francisco, sent -down, it was claimed, to help wreak vengeance on the abductors. On -Monday, October 23d some of the contestants were arrested, brought -before Justice Gray and released on bail. It was expected that this -would end the trouble; but at five o'clock the next day the factional -strife broke loose again, and officers, accompanied by citizens, -rushed to the place to attempt an arrest. The Chinese resisted and -Officer Jesus Bilderrain was shot in the right shoulder and wrist, -while his fifteen-year-old brother received a ball in the right leg. -Robert Thompson, a citizen who sprang to Bilderrain's assistance, was -met by a Chinaman with two revolvers and shot to death. Other shots -from Chinese barricaded behind some iron shutters wounded a number of -bystanders. - -News of the attacks and counter-attacks spread like wildfire, and a -mob of a thousand or more frenzied beyond control, armed with pistols, -guns, knives and ropes, and determined to avenge Thompson's murder, -assembled in the neighborhood of the disturbance. While this solid -phalanx was being formed around Nigger Alley, a Chinaman, waving a -hatchet, was seen trying to escape across Los Angeles Street; and Romo -Sortorel, at the expense of some ugly cuts on the hand, captured him. -Emil Harris then rescued the Mongolian; but a detachment of the crowd, -yelling "Hang him! shoot him!" overpowered Harris at Temple and Spring -streets, and dragged the trembling wretch up Temple to New High -street, where the familiar framework of the corral gates suggested its -use as a gallows. With the first suspension, the rope broke; but the -second attempt to hang the prisoner was successful. Other Chinamen, -whose roofs had been smashed in, were rushed down Los Angeles Street -to the south side of Commercial, and there, near Goller's wagon shop, -between wagons stood on end, were hung. Alarmed for the safety of -their cook, Sing Ty, the Juan Lanfrancos hid the Mongolian for a week, -until the excitement had subsided. - -Henry T. Hazard was lolling comfortably in a shaving saloon, under the -luxurious lather of the barber, when he heard of the riot; and -arriving on the scene, he mounted a barrel and attempted to -remonstrate with the crowd. Some friends soon pulled him down, warning -him that he might be shot. A. J. King was at supper when word was -brought to him that Chinese were slaughtering white people, and he -responded by seizing his rifle and two revolvers. In trying one of the -latter, however, it was prematurely discharged, taking the tip off a -finger and putting him _hors de combat_. Sheriff Burns could not reach -the scene until an hour after the row started and many Chinamen had -already taken their celestial flight. When he arrived, he called for a -_posse comitatus_ to assist him in handling the situation; but no one -responded. He also demanded from the leader of the mob and others that -they disperse; but with the same negative result. About that time, a -party of rioters started with a Chinaman up Commercial Street to -Main, evidently bent on hanging him to the Tomlinson & Griffith gate; -and when Burns promised to attempt a rescue if he had but two -volunteers, Judge R. M. Widney and James Goldsworthy responded and the -Chinaman was taken from his tormentors and lodged in jail. Besides -Judge Widney, Cameron E. Thom and H. C. Austin displayed great courage -in facing the mob, which was made up of the scum and dregs of the -city; and Sheriff Burns is also entitled to much credit for his part -in preventing the burning of the Chinese quarters. All the efforts of -the better element, however, did not prevent one of the most -disgraceful of all disturbances which had occurred since my arrival in -Los Angeles. On October 25th, when Coroner Joseph Kurtz impanelled his -jury, nineteen bodies of Chinamen alone were in evidence and the -verdict was: "Death through strangulation by persons unknown to the -jury." Emil Harris's testimony at the inquest, that but one of the -twenty-two or more victims deserved his fate, about hits the mark and -confirms the opinion that the slight punishment to half a dozen of the -conspirators was very inadequate. - -At the time of the massacre, I heard a shot just as I was about to -leave my office, and learned that it had been fired from that part of -Chinatown facing Los Angeles Street; and I soon ascertained that it -had ended Thompson's life. Anticipating no further trouble, however, I -went home to dinner. When I returned to town, news of the riot had -spread, and with my neighbors, Cameron E. Thom and John G. Downey, I -hurried to the scene. It was then that I became an eye-witness to the -heroic, if somewhat comical parts played by Thom and Burns. The -former, having climbed to the top of a box, harangued the crowd, while -the Sheriff, who had succeeded in mounting a barrel, was also -addressing the tumultuous rabble in an effort to restore order. -Unfortunately, this receptacle had been coopered to serve as a -container, not as a rostrum; and the head of the cask under the -pressure of two hundred pounds or more of official avoirdupois -suddenly collapsed and our Worthy Guardian of the Peace dropped, with -accelerated speed, clear through to the ground, and quite -unintentionally, for the moment at least, turned grim tragedy into -grotesque comedy. - -Following this massacre, the Chinese Government made such a vigorous -protest to the United States that the Washington authorities finally -paid a large indemnity. During these negotiations, Chinese throughout -the country held lamentation services for the Los Angeles victims; and -on August 2d, 1872, four Chinese priests came from San Francisco to -conduct the ceremonies. - -In 1870, F. P. F. Temple, who had seen constructed two sections of the -building now known as Temple Block, made the fatal blunder of -accepting the friendly advice that led him to erect the third section -at the junction of Spring and Main streets, and to establish therein a -bank under the name of Temple & Workman. The building, costing in the -neighborhood of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, was all that -could have been desired, proving by long odds the most ornamental -edifice in the city; and when, on November 23d, 1871, the bank was -opened in its comfortable quarters on the Spring Street side of the -block, nothing seemed wanting to success. The furnishings were -elaborate, one feature of the office outfit being a very handsome -counter of native cedar, a decided advance in decoration over the -primitive bare or painted wood then common here. Neither Temple, who -had sold his fine ranch near Fort Tejón to embark in the enterprise, -nor Workman had had any practical experience in either finance or -commerce; and to make matters worse, Workman, being at that time a -very old man, left the entire management to his son-in-law, Temple, in -whom he had full confidence. It soon became evident that anybody could -borrow money with or without proper security, and unscrupulous people -hastened to take advantage of the situation. In due season I shall -tell what happened to this bank. - -In the preceding spring when the Coast-line stage companies were still -the only rivals to the steamers, a movement favoring an opposition -boat was started, and by June leading shippers were discussing the -advisability of even purchasing a competitive steamer; all the -vessels up to that time having been owned by companies or individuals -with headquarters in the Northern metropolis. Matthew Keller was then -in San Francisco; and having been led to believe that a company could -be financed, books were opened for subscriptions in Los Angeles, Santa -Bárbara, San Luis Obispo and elsewhere. For lack of the necessary -support, this plan was abandoned; but late in July a meeting was held -in the Bella Union to further consider the matter. Among those present -was George Wright, long engaged in coast shipping; and he proposed to -sell the control of the _Olympia_. - -H. Newmark & Company being considerably interested in the movement, -declared themselves ready to coöperate in improving the situation; for -which reason great surprise was expressed when, in December, 1871, B. -L. Peel, the commission merchant, made an attack on us, openly -charging that, although "the largest shippers in the city," we had -revoked our pledge to sustain the opposition to high freight rates, -and so had contributed toward defeating the enterprise! It is true -that we finally discouraged the movement, but for a good and -sufficient reason: Wright was in the steamship business for anything -but his health. His method was to put on a tramp steamer and then cut -passenger and freight rates ridiculously low, until the regular line -would buy him out; a project which, on former occasions, had caused -serious disturbances to business. When therefore Wright made this -offer, in 1871, H. Newmark & Company forthwith refused to participate. -I shall show that, when greater necessity required it, we took the -lead in a movement against the Southern Pacific which, for lack of -loyalty on the part of many of the other shippers, met not only with -disastrous failure but considerable pecuniary loss to ourselves. - -On December 18th, 1871, Judge Murray Morrison died. Three days later, -his wife, Jennie, whom we knew as the attractive daughter of Dr. -Thomas J. White, also breathed her last. - - - - -CHAPTER XXX - -THE WOOL CRAZE - -1872-1873 - - -As already stated, the price of wool in 1871 was exceedingly high and -continued advancing until in 1872 when, as a result, great prosperity -in Southern California was predicted. Enough wool had been bought by -us to make what at that time was considered a very handsome fortune. -We commenced purchasing on the sheep's back in November, and continued -buying everything that was offered until April, 1872, when we made the -first shipment, the product being sold at forty-five cents per pound. -As far as I am aware, the price of wool had never reached fifty cents -anywhere in the world, it being ordinarily worth from ten to twelve -cents; and without going into technicalities, which would be of no -interest to the average reader, I will merely say that forty-five -cents was a tremendously high figure for dirty, burry, California wool -in the grease. When the information arrived that this sale had been -effected, I became wool-crazy, the more so since I knew that the -particular shipment referred to was of very poor quality. - -Colonel R. S. Baker, who was living on his ranch in Kern County, came -to Los Angeles about that time, and we offered him fifty cents a pound -for Beale & Baker's clip amounting to one hundred and seventy-five -thousand pounds. His reply was that it would be impossible to sell -without consulting Beale; but Beale proved as wool-crazy as I, and -would not sell. It developed that Beale & Baker did not succeed in -effecting a sale in San Francisco, where they soon offered their -product, and that they concluded to ship it to Boston; the New England -metropolis then, as now, being the most important wool-center in the -United States. Upon its arrival, the wool was stored; and there it -remained until, as Fate would have it, the entire shipment was later -destroyed in the great Boston fire of 1872. As a result of this -tremendous conflagration, the insurance company which carried their -policy failed and Beale & Baker met with a great loss. - -The brothers Philip, Eugène and Camille Garnier of the Encino -Ranch--who, while generally operating separately, clubbed together at -that time in disposing of their product--had a clip of wool somewhat -exceeding one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. The spokesman for the -three was Eugène, and on the same day that I made Colonel Baker the -offer of fifty cents, I told Eugène that I would allow him forty-eight -and a half cents for the Garnier product. This offer he disdainfully -refused, returning immediately to his ranch; and now, as I look back -upon the matter, I do not believe that in my entire commercial -experience I ever witnessed anything demonstrating so thoroughly, as -did these wool transactions, the monstrous greed of man. The sequel, -however, points the moral. My offer to the Garnier Brothers was made -on a Friday. During that day and the next, we received several -telegrams indicating that the crest of the craze had been reached, and -that buyers refused to take hold. On Monday following the first visit -of Eugène Garnier, he again came to town and wanted me to buy their -wool at the price which I had quoted him on Friday; but by that time -we had withdrawn from the market. My brother wired that San Francisco -buyers would not touch it; hence the Garnier Brothers also shipped -their product East and, after holding it practically a full year, -finally sold it for sixteen and a half cents a pound in currency, -which was then worth eighty-five cents on the dollar. The year 1872 is -on record as the most disastrous wool season in our history, when -millions were lost; and H. Newmark & Company suffered their share in -the disaster. - -It was in March that we purchased from Louis Wolfskill, through the -instrumentality of L. J. Rose, the Santa Anita _rancho_, consisting of -something over eight thousand acres, paying him eighty-five thousand -dollars for this beautiful domain. The terms agreed upon were twenty -thousand dollars down and four equal quarterly payments for the -balance. In the light of the aftermath, the statement that our -expectations of prospective wool profits inspired this purchase seems -ludicrous, but it was far from laughable at the time; for it took less -than sixty days for H. Newmark & Company to discover that buying -ranches on any such basis was not a very safe policy to follow and -would, if continued, result in disaster. Indeed, the outcome was so -different from our calculations, that it pinched us somewhat to meet -our obligations to Wolfskill. This purchase, as I shall soon show, -proved a lucky one, and compensated for the earlier nervous and -financial strain. John Simmons, who drove H. Newmark & Company's truck -and slept in a barn in my back yard on Main Street, was so reliable a -man that we made him overseer of the ranch. When we sold the property, -Simmons was engaged by Lazard Frères, the San Francisco bankers, to do -special service that involved the carrying of large sums of money. - -When we bought the Santa Anita, there were five eucalyptus or blue gum -trees growing near the house. I understood at the time that these had -been planted by William Wolfskill from seed sent to him by a friend in -Australia; and that they were the first eucalyptus trees cultivated in -Southern California. Sometime early in 1875, the Forest Grove -Association started the first extensive tract of eucalyptus trees seen -in Los Angeles, and in a decade or two the eucalyptus had become a -familiar object; one tree, belonging to Howard & Smith, florists at -the corner of Olive and Ninth streets, attaining,[31] after a growth -of nineteen years, a height of one hundred and thirty-four feet. - -On the morning of March 26th, Los Angeles was visited by an earthquake -of sufficient force to throw people out of bed, many men, women and -children seeking safety by running out in their night-clothes. A day -or two afterward excited riders came in from the Owens River Valley -bringing reports which showed the quake to have been the worst, so far -as loss of life was concerned, that had afflicted California since the -memorable catastrophe of 1812. - -Intending thereby to encourage the building of railroads, the -Legislature, on April 4th, 1870, authorized the various Boards of -Supervisors to grant aid whenever the qualified voters so elected. -This seemed a great step forward, but anti-railroad sentiment, as in -the case of Banning's line, again manifested itself here. The Southern -Pacific, just incorporated as a subsidiary of the Central Pacific, was -laying its tracks down the San Joaquín Valley; yet there was grave -doubt whether it would include Los Angeles or not. It contemplated a -line through Teháchepi Pass; but from that point two separate surveys -had been made, one by way of Soledad Pass via Los Angeles, through -costly tunnels and over heavy grades; the other, straight to the -Needles, over an almost level plain along the Thirty-fifth parallel, -as anticipated by William H. Seward in his Los Angeles speech. At the -very time when every obstacle should have been removed, the opposition -so crystallized in the Legislature that a successful effort was made -to repeal the subsidy law; but thanks to our representatives, the -measure was made ineffective in Los Angeles County, should the voters -specifically endorse the project of a railroad. - -In April, 1872, Tom Mott and B. D. Wilson wrote Leland Stanford that a -meeting of the taxpayers, soon to be called, would name a committee to -confer with the railroad officials; and Stanford replied that he would -send down E. W. Hyde to speak for the company. About the first of May, -however, a few citizens gathered for consultation at the Board of -Trade room; and at that meeting it was decided unanimously to send to -San Francisco a committee of two, consisting of Governor Downey and -myself, there to convey to the Southern Pacific Company the overtures -of the City. We accordingly visited Collis P. Huntington, whose -headquarters were at the Grand Hotel; and during our interview we -canvassed the entire situation. In the course of this interesting -discussion, Huntington displayed some engineer's maps and showed us -how, in his judgment, the railroad, if constructed to Los Angeles at -all, would have to enter the city. When the time for action arrived, -the Southern Pacific built into Los Angeles along the lines indicated -in our interview with Huntington. - -On Saturday afternoon, May 18th, 1872, a public meeting was held in -the Los Angeles Court-house. Governor Downey called the assembly to -order; whereupon H. K. S. O'Melveny was elected President and Major -Ben C. Truman, Secretary. Speeches were made by Downey, Phineas -Banning, B. D. Wilson, E. J. C. Kewen and C. H. Larrabee; and -resolutions were adopted pledging financial assistance from the -County, provided the road was constructed within a given time. A -Committee was then appointed to seek general information concerning -railroads likely to extend their lines to Los Angeles; and on that -Committee I had the honor of serving with F. P. F. Temple, A. F. -Coronel, H. K. S. O'Melveny, J. G. Downey, S. B. Caswell, J. M. -Griffith, Henry Dalton, Andrés Pico, L. J. Rose, General George -Stoneman and D. W. Alexander. A few days later, Wilson, Rose and W. R. -Olden of Anaheim were sent to San Francisco to discuss terms with the -Southern Pacific; and when they returned, they brought with them -Stanford's representative, Hyde. Temple, O'Melveny and I were made a -special committee to confer with Hyde in drawing up ordinances for the -County; and these statutes were immediately passed by the Supervisors. -The Southern Pacific agreed to build fifty miles of its main trunk -line through the County, with a branch line to Anaheim; and the -County, among other conditions, was to dispose of its stock in the Los -Angeles & San Pedro Railroad to the Southern Pacific Company. - -When all this matter was presented to the people, the opposition was -even greater than in the campaign of 1868. One newspaper--the _Evening -Express_--while declaring that "railway companies are soulless -corporations, invariably selfish, with a love for money," even -maintained that "because they are rich, they have no more right to -build to us than has Governor Downey to build our schoolhouses." -Public addresses were made to excited, demonstrative audiences by -Henry T. Hazard, R. M. Widney and others who favored the Southern -Pacific. On the evening of November 4th, or the night before the -election, the Southern Pacific adherents held a torchlight procession -and a mass-meeting, at the same time illuminating the pueblo with the -customary bonfires. When the vote was finally counted, it was found -that the Southern Pacific had won by a big majority; and thus was made -the first concession to the railroad which has been of such paramount -importance in the development of this section of the State. - -In 1872, Nathaniel C. Carter, who boasted that he made for the -Government the first American flag woven by machinery, purchased and -settled upon a part of the Flores _rancho_ near San Gabriel. Through -wide advertising, Carter attracted his Massachusetts friends to this -section; and in 1874 he started the Carter excursions and brought -train-loads of people to Los Angeles. - -Terminating a series of wanderings by sea and by land, during which he -had visited California in 1849, John Lang, father of Gustav J. (once a -Police Commissioner), came to Los Angeles for permanent residence in -1872, bringing a neat little pile of gold. With part of his savings he -purchased the five acres since known as the Laurel Tract on Sixteenth -Street, where he planted an orchard, and some of the balance he put -into a loan for which, against his will, he had to take over the lot -on Spring Street between Second and Third where the Lang Building now -stands. Soon after his advent here, Lang found himself one of four -persons of the same name, which brought about such confusion between -him, the pioneer at Lang's Station and two others, that the bank -always labelled him "Lang No. 1," while it called the station master -"Lang No. 2." In 1866, Lang had married, in Victoria, Mrs. Rosine -Everhardt, a sister of Mrs. Kiln Messer; and his wife refusing to live -at the lonesome ranch, Lang bought, for four hundred dollars, the lot -on Fort Street on which Tally's Theater now stands, and built there a -modest home from which he went out daily to visit his orchard. Being -of an exceedingly studious turn of mind, Lang devoted his spare time -to profitable reading; and to such an extent had he secluded himself -that, when he died, on December 9th, 1900, he had passed full thirty -years here without having seen Santa Monica or Pasadena. Nor had he -entered the courtroom more than once, and then only when compelled to -go there to release some property seized upon for taxes remaining -unpaid by one of the other John Langs. Regarded by his family as -idealistic and kind-hearted, John Lang was really such a hermit that -only with difficulty were friends enough found who could properly -serve as pall-bearers. - -On June 2d, B. F. Ramirez and others launched the Spanish newspaper, -_La Cronica_, from the control of which Ramirez soon retired to make -way for E. F. de Celis. Under the latter's leadership, the paper -became notable as a Coast organ for the Latin race. Almost -simultaneously, A. J. King and A. Waite published their City -Directory. - -On the seventeenth of July our family circle was gladdened by the -wedding festivities of Kaspare Cohn and Miss Hulda, sister of M. A. -Newmark. The bride had been living with us for some time as a member -of our family. - -I have spoken of the attempt made, in 1859, to found a Public Library. -In 1872, there was another agitation that led to a mass-meeting on -December 7th, in the old Merced Theatre on Main Street; and among -others present were Judge Ygnácio Sepúlveda, General George H. -Stoneman, Governor John G. Downey, Henry Kirk White Bent, S. B. -Caswell, W. J. Brodrick, Colonel G. H. Smith, W. B. Lawlor and myself. -The Los Angeles Library Association was formed; and Downey, Bent, -Brodrick, Caswell and I were appointed to canvas for funds and -donations of books. Fifty dollars was charged for a life membership, -and five dollars for yearly privileges; and besides these -subscriptions, donations and loans of books maintained the Library. -The institution was established in four small, dark rooms of the old -Downey Block on Temple and Spring streets, where the Federal Building -now stands, and where the _Times_, then the youngest newspaper in Los -Angeles, was later housed; and there J. C. Littlefield acted as the -first Librarian. In 1874, the State Legislature passed an enabling act -for a Public Library in Los Angeles, and from that time on public -funds contributed to the support of the worthy undertaking. - -On January 1st, 1873, M. A. Newmark, who had come to Los Angeles eight -years before, was admitted into partnership with H. Newmark & Company; -and three years later, on February 27th, he married Miss Harriet, -daughter of J. P. Newmark. Samuel Cohn having died, the associates -then were: Kaspare Cohn, M. J. Newmark, M. A. Newmark and myself. - -On February 1st, 1873, two job printers, Yarnell & Caystile, who had -opened a little shop at 14 Commercial Street, began to issue a -diminutive paper called the _Weekly Mirror_, with four pages but ten -by thirteen inches in size and three columns to the page; and this -miniature news-sheet, falling wet from the press every Saturday, was -distributed free. Success greeted the advertising venture and the -journal was known as the smallest newspaper on the Coast. A month -later, William M. Brown joined the firm, thenceforth called Yarnell, -Caystile & Brown. On March 19th, the publishers added a column to each -page, announcing, rather prophetically perhaps, their intention of -attaining a greatness that should know no obstacle or limit. In -November, the _Mirror_ was transferred to a building on Temple Street, -near the Downey Block, erected for its special needs; and there it -continued to be published until, in 1887, it was housed with the -_Times_. - -Nels Williamson, to whom I have referred, married a native -Californian, and their eldest daughter, Mariana, in 1873 became the -wife of António Franco Coronel, the gay couple settling in one of the -old pueblo adobes on the present site of Bishop & Company's factory; -and there they were visited by Helen Hunt Jackson when she came here -in the early eighties. In 1886, they moved opposite to the home that -Coronel built on the southwest corner of Seventh Street and Central -Avenue. Educated here at the public and the Sisters' schools, Mrs. -Coronel was a recognized leader in local society, proving very -serviceable in the preparation of _Ramona_ and receiving, in return, -due acknowledgment from the distinguished authoress who presented her -with the first copy of the book published. - -Daniel Freeman, a Canadian who came in 1873, was one of many to be -attracted to California through Nordhoff's famous book. After looking -at many ranches, Freeman inspected the Centinela with Sir Robert -Burnett, the Scotch owner then living there. Burnett insisted that the -ranch was too dry for farming and cited his own necessity of buying -hay at thirty dollars a ton; but Freeman purchased the twenty-five -thousand acres, stocked them with sheep and continued long in that -business, facing many a difficulty attendant upon the dry seasons, -notably in 1875-76, when he lost fully twenty-two thousand head. - -L. H. Titus, who bought from J. D. Woodworth the land in his San -Gabriel orchard and vineyard, early used iron water-pipes for -irrigation. A bold venture of the same year was the laying of iron -water-pipes throughout East Los Angeles, at great expense, by Dr. John -S. Griffin and Governor John G. Downey. About the same time, the -directors of the Orange Grove Association which as we shall later see -founded Pasadena, used iron pipe for conducting water, first to a good -reservoir and then to their lands, for irrigating. In 1873 also, the -Alhambra Tract, then beginning to be settled as a fashionable suburb -of Los Angeles, obtained its water supply through the efforts of B. D. -Wilson and his son-in-law, J. De Barth Shorb, who constructed large -reservoirs near the San Gabriel Mission, piped water to Alhambra and -sold it to local consumers. - -James R. Toberman, destined to be twice rechosen Mayor of Los Angeles, -was first elected in 1873, defeating Cristóbal Aguilar, an honored -citizen of early days, who had thrice been Mayor and was again a -candidate. Toberman made a record for fiscal reform by reducing the -City's indebtedness over thirty thousand dollars and leaving a balance -of about twenty-five thousand in the Treasury; while, at the same -time, he caused the tax-rate during his administration to dwindle, -from one dollar and sixty cents per hundred to one dollar. Toberman -Street bears this Mayor's name. - -In 1873, President Grant appointed Henry Kirk White Bent, who had -arrived in 1868, Postmaster of Los Angeles. - -The several agitations for protection against fire had, for a long -time no tangible results--due most probably to the lack of water -facilities; but after the incorporation of the Los Angeles Water -Company and the introduction of two or three hydrants, thirty-eight -loyal citizens of the town in April organized themselves into the -first volunteer fire company, popularly termed the 38's, imposing a -fee of a dollar a month. Some of the yeomen who thus set the ball -a-rolling were Major Ben C. Truman, Tom Rowan, W. J. Brodrick, Jake -Kuhrts, Charley Miles, George Tiffany, Aaron Smith, Henry T. Hazard, -Cameron E. Thom, Fred Eaton, Matthew Keller, Dr. J. S. Crawford, -Sidney Lacey, John Cashin and George P. McLain; and such was their -devotion to the duty of both allaying and producing excitement, that -it was a treat to stand by the side of the dusty street and watch the -boys, bowling along, answer the fire-bell--the fat as well as the lean -hitched to their one hose-cart. This cart, pulled by men, was known as -the _jumper_--a name widely used among early volunteer firemen and so -applied because, when the puffing and blowing enthusiasts drew the -cart after them, by means of ropes, the two-wheeled vehicle jumped -from point to point along the uneven surface of the road. The first -engine of the 38's, known as Fire Engine No. 1, was housed, I think, -back of the Pico House, but was soon moved to a building on Spring -Street near Franklin and close to the City Hall. - -About 1873, or possibly 1874, shrimps first appeared in the local -market. - -In 1873, the Los Angeles _Daily News_ suspended publication. A. J. -King had retired on the first of January, 1870, to be succeeded by -Charles E. Beane; on October 10th, 1872, Alonzo Waite had sold his -interest and Beane alone was at the helm when the ship foundered. - -To resume the narrative of the _Daily Star_. In July, Henry Hamilton -sold both the paper and the job-printing office for six thousand -dollars to Major Ben C. Truman, and the latter conducted the _Star_ -for three or four years, filling it brimful of good things just as his -more fiery predecessor had done. - -John Lang--"number two"--the cultivator of fruit on what was afterward -Washington Gardens, who established Lang's Station and managed the -sulphur springs and the hotel there, in July killed a bear said to -have been one of the grizzliest grizzlies ever seen on the Coast. Lang -started after Mr. Bruin and, during an encounter in the San Fernando -range that nearly cost his life, finally shot him. The bear tipped the -beam--forbid it that anyone should question the reading of the -scales!--at two thousand, three hundred and fifty pounds; and later, -as gossip had it, the pelt was sold to a museum in Liverpool, England. -This adventure, which will doubtless bear investigation, recalls -another hunt, by Colonel William Butts, later editor of the _Southern -Californian_, in which the doughty Colonel, while rolling over and -over with the infuriated beast, plunged a sharp blade into the -animal's vitals; but only after Butts's face, arms and legs had been -horribly lacerated. Butts's bear, a hundred hunters in San Luis Obispo -County might have told you, weighed twenty-one hundred pounds--or -more. - -Dismissing these bear stories, some persons may yet be interested to -learn of the presence here, in earlier days, of the ferocious wild -boar. These were met with, for a long time, in the wooded districts of -certain mountainous land-tracts owned by the Ábilas, and there wild -swine were hunted as late as 1873. - -In the summer, D. M. Berry, General Nathan Kimball, Calvin Fletcher -and J. H. Baker came to Los Angeles from Indianapolis, representing -the California Colony of Indiana, a coöperative association which -proposed to secure land for Hoosiers who wished to found a settlement -in Southern California. This scheme originated with Dr. Thomas Balch -Elliott of Indianapolis, Berry's brother-in-law and an army surgeon -who had established the first grain elevator in Indiana and whose -wife, now ill, could no longer brave the severe winters of the middle -West. - -Soon after their arrival, Wall Street's crash brought ruin to many -subscribers and the members of the committee found themselves stranded -in Los Angeles. Berry opened a real estate office on Main Street near -Arcadia, for himself and the absent Elliott; and one day, at the -suggestion of Judge B. S. Eaton, Baker visited the San Pasqual -_rancho_, then in almost primeval glory, and was so pleased with what -he saw that he persuaded Fletcher to join Dr. Elliott, Thomas H. Croft -of Indianapolis and himself in incorporating the San Gabriel Orange -Grove Association, with one hundred shares at two hundred and fifty -dollars each. The Association then bought out Dr. J. S. Griffin's -interest, or some four thousand acres in the ranch, paying about -twelve dollars and a half per acre, after which some fifteen hundred -of the choicest acres were subdivided into tracts of from fifteen to -sixty acres each. - -The San Pasqual settlement was thus called for a while the Indiana -Colony, though but a handful of Hoosiers had actually joined the -movement; and Dr. and Mrs. Elliott, reaching Los Angeles on December -1st, 1874, immediately took possession of their grant on the banks of -the Arroyo Seco near the Frémont Trail. On April 22d, 1875, The -Indiana Colony was discontinued as the name of the settlement; it -being seen that a more attractive title should be selected. Dr. -Elliott wrote to a college-mate in the East for an appropriate Indian -name; and _Pasadena_ was adopted as Chippewa for "Crown of the -Valley." Linguists, I am informed, do not endorse the word as Indian -of any kind, but it is a musical name, and now famous and -satisfactory. Dr. Elliott threw all his energy into the cultivation of -oranges, but it was not long before he saw, with a certain prophetic -vision, that not the fruit itself, but the health-giving and charming -qualities of the San Pasqual climate were likely to prove the real -asset of the colonists and the foundation of their prosperity. -Pasadena and South Pasadena, therefore, owe their existence largely to -the longing of a frail Indiana woman for a less rigorous climate and -her dream that in the sunny Southland along the Pacific she should -find health and happiness. - -M. J. Newmark was really instrumental, more than anyone else, in first -persuading D. M. Berry to come to California. He had met Berry in New -York and talked to him of the possibility of buying the Santa Anita -_rancho_, which we were then holding for sale; and on his return he -traveled homeward by way of Indiana, stopping off at Indianapolis in -order to bring Berry out here to see the property. Owing to the high -price asked, however, Berry and his associates could not negotiate the -purchase, and so the matter was dropped. - -Lawson D. Hollingsworth and his wife, Lucinda, Quakers from Indiana, -opened the first grocery at the crossroads in the new settlement, and -for many years were popularly spoken of as Grandpa and Grandma -Hollingsworth. Dr. H. T. Hollingsworth, their son, now of Los Angeles, -kept the Post Office in the grocery, receiving from the Government for -his services the munificent sum of--twenty-five cents a week. - -The summer of 1873 was marked by the organization of a corporation -designed to advance the general business interests of Los Angeles and -vicinity. This was the Chamber of Commerce or, as it was at first -called, the Board of Trade; and had its origin in a meeting held on -August 1st in the old Court-House on the site of the present Bullard -Block. Ex-Governor John G. Downey was called to the chair; and J. M. -Griffith was made Secretary _pro tem_. Before the next meeting, over -one hundred representative merchants registered for membership, and on -August 9th, a constitution and by-laws were adopted, a board of eleven -Directors elected and an admission fee of five dollars agreed upon. -Two days later, the organization was incorporated, with J. G. Downey, -S. Lazard, M. J. Newmark, H. W. Hellman, P. Beaudry, S. B. Caswell, -Dr. J. S. Griffin, R. M. Widney, C. C. Lips, J. M. Griffith and I. W. -Lord, as Directors; and these officers chose Solomon Lazard as the -first President and I. W. Lord as the first Secretary. Judge Widney's -office in the Temple Block was the meeting-place. The Chamber unitedly -and enthusiastically set to work to push forward the commercial -interests of Southern California; and the first appropriation by -Congress for the survey and improvement of San Pedro Harbor was -effected mainly through the new society's efforts. Descriptive -pamphlets setting forth the advantages of our locality were -distributed throughout the East; and steps were taken to build up the -trade with Arizona and the surrounding territory. In this way the -Chamber of Commerce labored through the two or three succeeding years, -until bank failures, droughts and other disasters, of which I shall -speak, threw the cold blanket of discouragement over even so -commendable an enterprise and for the time being its activities -ceased. - -On October 3d, C. A. Storke founded the _Daily and Weekly Herald_, -editing the paper until August, 1874 when J. M. Bassett became its -editor. In a few months he retired and John M. Baldwin took up the -quill. - -In the autumn of 1873, Barnard Brothers set in operation the first -woolen mill here, built in 1868 or 1869 by George Hansen and his -associates in the Canal and Reservoir Company. It was located on the -ditch along the _cañon_ of the Arroyo de Los Reyes--now Figueroa -Street; and for fifteen years or more was operated by the Barnards and -the Coulters, after which it was turned into an ice factory. - -In March of the preceding year, I sent my son Maurice to New York, -expecting him there to finish his education. It was thought best, -however, to allow him, in 1873, to proceed across the ocean and on to -Paris where he might also learn the French language, at that time an -especially valuable acquisition in Los Angeles. To this latter -decision I was led when Zadoc Kahn, Grand Rabbi of Paris and afterward -Grand Rabbi of France, and a brother-in-law of Eugene Meyer, signified -his willingness to take charge of the lad; and for three years the -Grand Rabbi and his excellent wife well fulfilled their every -obligation as temporary guardians. How great an advantage, indeed, -this was will be readily recognized by all familiar with the published -life of Zadoc Kahn and his reputation as a scholar and pulpit orator. -He was a man of the highest ideals, as was proved in his unflinching -activity, with Émile Zola, in the defense and liberation of the -long-persecuted Dreyfus. - -Sometime in December, L. C. Tibbetts, one of the early colonists at -Riverside, received a small package from a friend at Washington, D. -C., after having driven sixty-five miles to Los Angeles to get it; and -he took it out of the little express office without attracting any -more attention than to call forth the observation of the clerk that -some one must care a lot about farming to make so much fuss about two -young trees. "'Tis nothing, says the fool!" The package in question -contained two small orange trees from Bahia, Brazil, brought to the -United States by the Agricultural Department and destined to bestow -upon Tibbetts the honor of having originated the navel orange industry -of California. - -In 1873, Drum Barracks at Wilmington were offered by the Government at -public auction; and what had cost a million dollars or so to install, -was knocked down for less than ten thousand dollars to B. D. Wilson, -who donated it for educational purposes. - -During the winter of 1873-74, the Southern Pacific commenced the -construction of its Anaheim branch; and the first train from Los -Angeles to the thriving, expectant German settlement made the run in -January, 1875. - -Max Cohn, a nephew, arrived in Los Angeles in 1873 and clerked for H. -Newmark & Company for a number of years. In December, 1885, when I -retired from the wholesale grocery business, Max became a full -partner. In 1888, failing health compelled him, although a young man, -to seek European medical advice; and he entered a sanatorium at -Falkenstein, in the Taunus Mountains where, in 1889, he died. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[31] Blown down, in a wind-storm, on the night of April 13th, 1915. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXI - -THE END OF VASQUEZ - -1874 - - -Although a high school had been proposed for Los Angeles as early as -1860, it was not until 1873, during Dr. W. T. Lucky's superintendency -and under his teaching, that high-school courses were inaugurated -here. Then the more advanced students were accommodated in the -schoolhouse on Pound Cake Hill, where the Court-house now stands; and -from this humble beginning the present high-school system of Los -Angeles has been evolved. Later, under Dr. T. H. Rose's leadership, -the grammar departments were removed to the other school buildings and -the High School was conducted as an independent institution. - -In 1874, S. Lazard & Company dissolved, Eugene and Constant Meyer -succeeding, on June 15th, under the firm name of Eugene Meyer & -Company or, as the store was better known, the City of Paris. - -Charles H., or Charley White, long prominent in the passenger -department of the Southern Pacific, entered the service of the Los -Angeles & San Pedro Railroad in 1874, as John Milner's assistant, and -soon became the regular ticket-agent here. After forty years of -invaluable service, he is still with the Southern Pacific occupying -the important position of Chief Clerk of the General Passenger Office. - - [Illustration: Vasquez and his Captors - - (_Top_) D. K. Smith, - William R. Rowland, - Walter E. Rodgers. - - (_Middle_) Albert Johnson, - Greek George's Home, - G. A. Beers. - - (_Bottom_) Emil Harris, - Tibúrcio Vasquez, - J. S. Bryant.] - - [Illustration: Greek George] - - [Illustration: Nicolás Martinez] - -George H. Peck, County Superintendent of Schools between 1874 and -1876, was a Vermonter who came in 1869 and bought five hundred acres -of land near El Monte. On his first visit to the Coast, Peck -handled hay in San Francisco when it was worth two hundred dollars a -ton; then he mined a little; and subsequently he opened the first -public school in Sacramento and the first industrial school in San -Francisco. - -Andrew A. Weinschank, a veteran of the Battle of Vera Cruz who came to -Los Angeles in 1856, died on February 16th, 1874. For a while, he sold -home-made sauerkraut, pickles and condiments, and was one of a -well-known family in the German pioneer group here. Carrie, one of -Weinschank's daughters, married a circus man named Lee who made -periodical visits to Los Angeles, erecting a small tent, at first -somewhere in the neighborhood of the present _Times_ Building, in -which to conduct his show. Later, Polly Lee became a rider in the -circus and with her father electrified the youth of the town when Lee, -in the character of _Dick Turpin_, and mounted on his charger, _Black -Bess_, carried off the weeping Polly to his den of freebooters. A son, -Frank A. Weinschank, was a pioneer plumber. - -In the early seventies, while the Southern Pacific Railway was -building from San Francisco to San José, some twelve or fifteen -bandits, carousing at a country dance in the Mexican settlement, -Panamá (about six miles south of Bakersfield) planned to cross the -mountains and hold up the pay-car. They were unsuccessful; whereupon, -they turned their attention to the village of Tres Pinos, robbed -several store-keepers and killed three or four men. They were next -heard of at little Kingston, in Tulare County, where they plundered -practically the whole town. Then they once more disappeared. - -Presently various clues pointed to the identity of the chief _bandido_ -as one Tibúrcio Vasquez, born in Monterey in the thirties, who had -taken to the life of an outlaw because, as he fantastically said, some -_Gringos_ had insolently danced off with the prettiest girls at -_fandangos_, among them being his sweetheart whom an American had -wronged. With the exception of his Lieutenant, Chavez, he trusted no -one, and when he moved from place to place, Chavez alone accompanied -him. In each new field he recruited a new gang, and he never slept in -camp with his followers. - -Although trailed by several sheriffs, Vasquez escaped to Southern -California leading off the wife of one of his associates--a bit of -gallantry that contributed to his undoing, as the irate husband at -once gave the officers much information concerning Vasquez's life and -methods. One day in the spring of 1874, Vasquez and three of his -companions appeared at the ranch of Alessandro Repetto, nine miles -from town, disguised as sheep-shearers. The following morning, while -the inmates of the ranch-house were at breakfast, the highwaymen -entered the room and held up the defenceless household. Vasquez -informed Repetto that he was organizing a revolution in Lower -California and merely desired to borrow the trifling sum of eight -hundred dollars. Repetto replied that he had no money in the house; -but Vasquez compelled the old man to sign a check for the sum -demanded, and immediately dispatched to town a boy working for -Repetto, with the strict injunction that if he did not return with the -money alone, and soon, his master would be shot. - -When the check was presented at the Temple & Workman Bank, Temple, who -happened to be there, became suspicious but could elicit from the -messenger no satisfactory response to his questions. The bank was but -a block from the Courthouse; and when Sheriff Rowland hurriedly came, -in answer to a summons, he was inclined to detain the lad. The boy, -however, pleaded so hard for Repetto's life that the Sheriff agreed to -the messenger's returning alone with the money. Soon after, Rowland -and several deputies started out along the same trail; but a lookout -sighted the approaching horsemen and gave the alarm. Vasquez and his -associates took to flight and were pursued as far as Tejunga Pass; but -as the cutthroats were mounted on fresh horses, they escaped. Even -while being pursued, Vasquez had the audacity to fleece a party of men -in the employ of the Los Angeles Water Company who were doing some -work near the Alhambra Tract. The well-known Angeleño and engineer in -charge, Charles E. Miles, was relieved of an expensive gold watch. - -In April, 1874, Sheriff Rowland heard that Vasquez had visited the -home of "Greek George"--the Smyrniot camel-driver to whom I have -referred--and who was living about ten miles from Los Angeles, near -the present location of Hollywood. Rowland took into his confidence D. -K. Smith and persuaded him to stroll that way, ostensibly as a -farmer's hand seeking employment; and within two weeks Smith reported -to Rowland that the information as to Vasquez's whereabouts was -correct. Rowland then concluded to make up a _posse_, but inasmuch as -a certain element kept Vasquez posted regarding the Sheriff's -movements, Rowland had to use great precaution. Anticipating this -emergency, City Detective Emil Harris--four years later Chief of -Police--had been quietly transferred to the Sheriff's office; in -addition to whom, Rowland selected Albert Johnson, Under Sheriff; B. -F. Hartley, a local policeman; J. S. Bryant, City Constable; Major -Henry M. Mitchell, an attorney; D. K. Smith; Walter Rodgers, -proprietor of the Palace Saloon; and G. A. Beers, a correspondent of -the _San Francisco Chronicle_. All these were ordered to report, one -by one with their horses, shortly after midnight, at Jones's Corral on -Spring Street near Seventh. Arms and ammunition, carefully packed, -were likewise smuggled in. Whether true or not that Vasquez would -speedily be informed of the Sheriff's whereabouts, it is certain that, -in resolving not to leave his office, Rowland sacrificed, for the -public weal, such natural ambition that he cannot be too much -applauded; not even the later reward of eight thousand dollars really -compensating him for his disappointment. - -By half-past one o'clock in the morning, the eight members of the -_posse_ were all in the saddle and silently following a circuitous -route. At about daybreak, in dense fog, they camped at the mouth of -Nichols's Canyon--two miles away from the house of Greek George--where -Charles Knowles, an American, was living. When the fog lifted, -Johnston, Mitchell, Smith and Bryant worked their way to a point -whence they could observe Greek George's farm; and Bryant, returning -to camp, reported that a couple of gray horses had been seen tied near -the ranch-house. Shortly thereafter, a four-horse empty wagon, driven -by two Mexicans, went by the _cañon_ and was immediately stopped and -brought in. The Mexicans were put in charge of an officer, and about -the same time Johnston came tearing down the ravine with the startling -statement that Vasquez was undoubtedly at Greek George's! - -A quick consultation ensued and it was decided by the _posse_ to -approach their goal in the captured vehicle, leaving their own horses -in charge of Knowles; and having warned the Mexicans that they would -be shot if they proved treacherous, the deputies climbed into the -wagon and lay down out of sight. When a hundred yards from the house, -the officers stealthily scattered in various directions. Harris, -Rodgers and Johnston ran to the north side, and Hartley and Beers to -the west. Through an open door, Vasquez was seen at the breakfast -table, and Harris, followed by the others, made a quick dash for the -house. A woman waiting on Vasquez attempted to shut the officers out; -but Harris injected his rifle through the half-open door and prevented -her. During the excitement, Vasquez climbed through a little window, -and Harris, yelling, "There he goes!" raised his Henry rifle and shot -at him. By the time Harris had reached the other side of the house, -Vasquez was a hundred feet away and running like a deer toward his -horse. In the meantime, first Hartley and then the other officers used -their shotguns and slightly wounded him again. Vasquez then threw up -his hands, saying: "Boys, you've done well! but I've been a damned -fool, and it's my own fault!" The identity of the bandit thus far had -not been established; and when Harris asked his name, he answered, -"Alessandro Martinez."[32] In the meantime, captors and prisoner -entered the house; and Vasquez, who was weakened from his wounds, sat -down, while the young woman implored the officers not to kill him. At -closer range, a good view was obtained of the man who had so long -terrorized the State. He was about five feet six or seven inches in -height, sparely built, with small feet and hands--in that respect by -no means suggesting the desperado--with a low forehead, black, coarse -hair and mustache, and furtive, cunning eyes. - -By this time, the entire _posse_, excepting Mitchell and Smith (who -had followed a man seen to leave Greek George's), proceeded to search -the house. The first door opened revealed a young fellow holding a -baby in his arms. He, the most youthful member of the organization, -had been placed on guard. There were no other men in the house, -although four rifles and six pistols, all loaded and ready for use, -were found. Fearing no such raid, the other outlaws were afield in the -neighborhood; and being warned by the firing, they escaped. One of -Vasquez's guns, by the way, has been long preserved by the family of -Francisco Ybarra and now rests secure in the County Museum. - -Underneath one of the beds was found Vasquez's vest containing Charley -Miles's gold watch, which Harris at once recognized. The prisoner was -asked whether he was seriously hurt and he said that he expected to -die, at the same time admitting that he was Vasquez and asking Harris -to write down some of his bequests. He said that he was a single man, -although he had two children living at Elizabeth Lake; and he -exhibited portraits of them. He protested that he had never killed a -human being, and said that the murders at Tres Pinos were due to -Chavez's disobedience of orders. - -The officers borrowed a wagon from Judge Thompson--who lived in the -neighborhood--into which they loaded Vasquez, the boy and the weapons, -and so proceeded on their way. When they arrived near town, Smith and -Mitchell caught up with them. Mitchell was then sent to give advance -notice of Vasquez's capture and to have medical help on hand; and by -the time the party arrived, the excitement was intense. The City -Fathers, then in session, rushed out pellmell and crowds surrounded -the Jail. Dr. K. D. Wise, Health Officer, and Dr. J. P. Widney, County -Physician, administered treatment to the captive. Vasquez, in irons, -pleaded that he was dying; but Dr. Widney, as soon as he had examined -the captive, warned the Sheriff that the prisoner, if he escaped, -would still be game for a long day's ride. Everybody who could, -visited him and I was no exception. I was disgusted, however, when I -found Vasquez's cell filled with flowers, sent by some white women of -Los Angeles who had been carried away by the picturesque career of the -_bandido_; but Sheriff Rowland soon stopped all such foolish -exuberance. - -Vasquez admitted that he had frequently visited Mexicans in Los -Angeles, doing this against the advice of his lieutenant, Chavez, who -had warned him that Sheriff Rowland also had good friends among the -Mexicans. - -Among those said to have been in confidential touch with Vasquez was -Mariano G. Santa Cruz, a prominent figure, in his way, in Sonora Town. -He kept a grocery about three hundred feet from the old Plaza Church, -on the east side of Upper Main Street, and had a curiously-assorted -household. There on many occasions, it is declared, Vasquez found a -safe refuge. - -Five days after the capture, Signor Repetto called upon the prisoner, -who was in chains, and remarked: "I have come to say that, so far as -_I_ am concerned, you can settle that little account with God -Almighty!" Vasquez, with characteristic flourishes, thanked the -Italian and began to speak of repayment, when Repetto replied: "I do -not expect that. But I beg of you, if ever you resume operations, -never to visit _me_ again." Whereupon Vasquez, placing his hand -dramatically upon his breast, exclaimed: "Ah, Señor, I am a cavalier, -with a cavalier's heart!"--_¡Señor Repetto, yo soy un caballero, con -el corazón de un caballero!_ - -As soon as Vasquez's wounds were healed, he was taken by Sheriff -Rowland to Tres Pinos and there indicted for murder. Miller & Lux, the -great cattle owners, furnished the money, it was understood, for his -defense--supposedly as a matter of policy. His attorneys asked for, -and obtained, a change of venue, and Vasquez was removed to San José. -There he was promptly tried, found guilty and, in March, 1875, hanged. - -Many good anecdotes were long told of Vasquez; one of which was that -he could size up a man quickly, as to whether he was a native son or -not, by the direction in which he would roll a cigarette--toward or -away from himself! As soon as the long-feared bandit was in captivity, -local wits began to joke at his expense. A burlesque on Vasquez was -staged late in May at the Merced Theater; and the day the outlaw was -captured, a merchant began his advertisement: "VASQUEZ says that -MENDEL MEYER has the Finest and Most Complete Stock of Dry Goods and -Clothing, etc." - -In the spring of 1874, Charles Maclay, with whom were associated -George K. and F. B. Porter, purchased the San Fernando _rancho_ which -consisted of fifty-six thousand acres and embraced the old Spanish -Mission; and on April 20th, Maclay invited fifty of his friends to a -picnic on his newly-acquired possession. During the day some one -suggested founding a town there. The name of the new settlement was to -be decided by a vote of the participants, and almost unanimously they -selected the title of San Fernando. Within a couple of weeks, hundreds -of lots were sold and the well-known colony was soon on the way to -prosperity. Boring for petroleum commenced in the San Fernando -Mountains about that time, and the new town became the terminus of the -Southern Pacific until the long tunnel was completed. Maclay, who was -a native of Massachusetts, came to California at about the same time -as I did; he was at first a tanner in Santa Cruz, but later came south -and, entering into politics in addition to his other activities, -became State Senator, in which position he attained considerable local -prominence. - -A charming home of the seventies was that of Dr. and Mrs. Shaw, -pioneers situated, as I recollect, on San Pedro Street perhaps as far -south as what is now Adams. They conducted a diversified nursery, -including some orange trees, to obtain which Shaw had journeyed all -the way to Nicaragua. - -Toward the end of April, 1874, General E. F. Beale and Colonel R. S. -Baker, representing themselves and New York capitalists, sought -support for a new railroad project--a single-track line to run from -this city to Shoo-Fly Landing, located, I think, near the present -Playa del Rey and considerably north of San Pedro; where a town, -Truxton--doubtless named after the General's son--was to be founded. -The proposed railway was to be known as the Los Angeles & Truxton -Railroad, with a route from the western part of the city in the -direction of Ciénega and the Rincon de los Bueyes, and along a corner -of the Ballona. The estimated length of the line was fourteen miles, -and the projectors claimed that it would enable the Angeleño to reach -San Francisco within thirty hours, with but one night at sea, and so -add to the comfort, convenience and cheapness of passenger travel. A -new harbor and an additional pier stretching far into the ocean were -to be features of the enterprise; but for some reason or other, -nothing grew out of the movement. As late as the following September, -the promoters were still interviewing councilmen and ranch-owners; but -the Los Angeles & Truxton Railroad remained a mere fancy of the -financier and engineer. - -For a resort that never came to be settled by a community, Truxton -acquired some fame in the early seventies, a rumor also being current -in the summer of 1874 that a fine sea-shore hotel was to be built -there. A clipping before me of the same date even says that "the roads -to Santa Monica, Truxton and Will Tell's are in splendid order--the -former being the finest natural highway on the Pacific Coast." - -F. X. Eberle and wife, Marsetes, came here in 1874, bought six or -seven acres on the corner of San Pedro and the present Eighth streets, -and fitted up the City Gardens, with bowling alleys, swings, lawns and -bowers, erecting there also a picturesque windmill. - -I have expressed the surprise that I felt, when, upon my return from -New York in 1868, I observed that the approaches to the hills were -dotted here and there with little homes. This extension of the -residence area, together with the general lack of street and sidewalk -improvements making travel to and from the town somewhat inconvenient, -suggested, I have no doubt, the need of the first street railroad -here. In 1869, Judge R. M. Widney, together with his associates, -obtained a fifty-year franchise; and by 1874, the little Spring and -Sixth Street line--in time bought by S. C. Hubbell and J. E. -Hollenbeck--had been built and was in operation. It is my recollection -that this line (partly paid for by subscriptions from property owners -along the selected route, each of whom contributed fifty cents per -running foot) began at the Plaza and extended as far out as Pearl and -Sixth streets by way of Main, Spring, First, Fort, Fourth, Hill, Fifth -and Olive; and that it was at the Sixth and Pearl Street terminus that -the almost miniature wooden barn was put up. For the convenience of -the traveling public, two bob-tailed, one-horse cars with a small -platform at each end were used over a single track approximately but -two and a half miles in length; and to permit these cars to pass each -other when they met halfway along the line, a turnout or side-track -was constructed. Many a time at such a siding have I wasted precious -minutes awaiting the arrival of the other, belated car; and the -annoyance of these delays was accentuated when, in winter, the cars -stuck in the mud and often required an hour or more to make the run -from one end of the line to the other. Indeed, the ties having been -laid almost on the surface of the streets, service in bad weather was -sometimes suspended altogether. Each car was in charge of a driver who -also acted as conductor and was permitted to stop as often as he -pleased to take on or let off passengers; and while the single horse -or mule jogged along slowly, the driver, having wound his reins around -the handle of the brake, would pass through the never-crowded vehicle -and take up the fares. Single rides cost ten cents; four tickets were -sold for two bits; and twenty tickets were given for a dollar. So -provincial was the whole enterprise that passengers were expected to -purchase their tickets either at W. J. Brodrick's book store or of Dr. -Fred. P. Howard, the druggist. At a later period, a metal box with a -glass front was installed, into which the passenger was required to -drop his coin or ticket. - -In those modest days, small compensation in public utility -enterprises--if such they could be called--was quite acceptable; and -since the Spring and Sixth Street line had proven rather profitable, -it was not long before W. J. Brodrick, Governor Downey, O. W. Childs, -Dave Waldron, I. W. Hellman and others inaugurated a second -horse-railway. This was popularly known as the Main Street line and -extended straight down Main Street from Temple Block to Washington -Gardens. Much the same kind of equipment was used, one horse or mule -poking along with a bob-tailed car in tow, seating at most eight or -ten passengers; but the fare for adults was ten cents, and for -children five. At night, the motor power and the couple of cars were -housed in a barn at either Main or Washington Street. - -Soon after this line was in running order, it was extended from -Washington south to Jefferson, out Jefferson to Wesley (now -University) Avenue, and thence to the race-track at Agricultural Park; -and there the shed for this section was erected. Still later, a branch -was built out Washington Street to Figueroa, and down Figueroa to -Jefferson, where it connected with the first extension. No formal -transfers were made, transfer-tickets first coming into vogue in Los -Angeles about 1889. Two routes for the cars were arranged, both -running between Temple Block and the race-track. The entire system was -controlled by the Main Street & Agricultural Park Railroad Company, -with which W. J. Brodrick was associated as its first President, -continuing in that office until his death in 1898. In 1877, Colonel -John O. Wheeler, the quondam journalist, was Manager. Later, E. M. -Loricke was Superintendent--the same Loricke who built the line -between Oakland and Berkeley, and was finally killed by one of his own -cars. James Gallagher, who went to work for the Main Street & -Agricultural Park Railroad Company in October, 1888, and who had -charge also of one of the first electric cars run here, is still a -street-car conductor pleasantly known, with the longest record for -service of any conductor in the city. As I have said, travel in winter -was anything but expeditious and agreeable; and it was not uncommon -for passengers, when a car left the track, to get out and assist in -the operation of putting it back. Notwithstanding these drawbacks, -however, the mule-car novelty became popular with some; and one -Spanish girl in particular, whose father amply supplied her with -pocket-money, was a frequent passenger, riding back and forth, from -hour to hour, for months. As late as 1887, there were no cars before -six o'clock in the morning or after ten o'clock at night; and in that -same year, serious complaint was made that, despite a city ordinance -forbidding any street railway company to carry more than forty persons -in a car drawn by a single horse, the ordinance was shamefully -disregarded. Another regulation then frequently disobeyed was supposed -to limit smoking to the rear end of street cars. - -The same year, D. V. Waldron bought about thirty-five acres on the -southwest corner of Main and Washington streets, soon known as the -Washington Gardens, later Chute's Park. These Gardens, among the most -popular pleasure resorts here, were served by the Main Street cars -which ran direct to the gate. In addition to a Sunday afternoon -variety show that held forth in a small pavilion and secured most of -its talent from Wood's Opera House, there was also dancing for those -who wished to indulge. I may add that this so-called opera house was -nothing more than a typical Western song and dance resort, the gallery -being cut up into boxes where the actresses, between the acts, mingled -with the crowd. Patrons indulged in drinking and smoking; and the bar -in front did a thriving business. An insignificant collection of -animals--one of which, an escaping monkey, once badly bit -Waldron--attracted not only the children, but their elders as well; -and charmingly-arranged walks, amid trees and bowers, afforded -innocent and healthful means of recreation. Waldron later went to -Alaska, where a tragic death closed his career: alone and in want, he -was found, in May, 1911, dead in his hut. - -Waldron and Eberle's prosperity may have influenced George Lehman's -fortunes; but however that was, he always maintained his popularity. -Many a joke was cracked at his expense; yet everybody had a good word -for him. Here is a newspaper note of '74: - - Round House George is making great improvements in his - property at Fort and Sixth streets. He has already, at - great expense, _set out a post and whitewashed a cactus - plant_! - -The popularity of the 38's Fire Company soon inspired a second group -of the good men of Los Angeles; and in 1874 or 1875, George Furman, -George E. Gard, Joe Manning, John R. Brierly, Bryce McClellan and -others started Confidence Engine Company No. 2, obtaining a steamer -known as an Amoskeag, which they installed in a building on Main -Street near First, on what was later the site of Childs' Opera House. -It soon developed, as in the days of the San Pedro stages when the -most important feature of the trip was the race to town, that a -conflagration was a matter of secondary importance, the mad dash, in -rivalry, by the two companies being the paramount object. This was -carried to such an extent that the day following a fire was largely -given to discussing the race, and the first thing that everybody -wished to know was, who got there first? Indeed, I believe that many -an alarm was sounded to afford the boys around town a good chance to -stake their bets! All this made the fire-laddies the most popular -groups in the pueblo; and in every public parade for years the -volunteer fire companies were the chief attraction. In 1876, Walter S. -Moore, an arrival of 1875, became the Confidence Engine Company's -Secretary, that being the commencement of his career as a builder of -the department. In 1877, Moore was elected President, occupying that -office till 1883 when he was made Chief Engineer of the Los Angeles -Fire Department. - -On May 13th, 1874, the Los Angeles _Daily Star_ contained the -following reference to Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Newmark and an event of -particular interest to me and my family: - - Mr. Newmark, _père_ and wife, were among the passengers for - San Francisco by the _Senator_ yesterday. This well-known - and highly-esteemed couple go to attend the marriage of - their son, Judge M. J. Newmark, which event occurs on the - seventh proximo, as announced in the Star some time ago. - - [Illustration: Benjamin S. Eaton] - - [Illustration: Henry T. Hazard] - - [Illustration: Fort Street Home, Harris Newmark, Site of Blanchard - Hall; Joseph Newmark at the Door] - - [Illustration: Calle de los Negros (Nigger Alley), about 1870] - - [Illustration: Second Street, Looking East from Hill Street, Early - Seventies] - -Eugene Meyer and myself attended the wedding, leaving Los Angeles by -stage and completely surprising the merry company a few moments before -the groom's father performed the ceremony. The fair bride was Miss -Sophie Cahen, and the occasion proved one of the very agreeable -milestones in an interesting and successful career. The first-born of -this union, Henry M. Newmark, now of Morgan & Newmark, has attained -civic distinction, being President of the Library Board. - -The reason we journeyed north by stage was to escape observation, for -since the steamer-service had been so considerably improved, most of -our friends were accustomed to travel by water. The Pacific Mail -Steamship Company at that time was running the _Senator_, the -_Pacific_, the _Orizaba_ and the _Mohongo_, the latter being the -gunboat sold by the Government at the end of the War and which -remained on the route until 1877; while the line controlled by -Goodall, Nelson & Perkins or Goodall, Nelson & Company had on their -list the _Constantine_, the _Kalorama_, the _Monterey_ and the _San -Luis_, sometimes also running the _California_, which made a specialty -of carrying combustibles. A year later, the _Ancon_ commenced to run -between San Francisco and San Diego, and excepting half a year when -she plied between the Golden Gate and Portland, was a familiar object -until 1884. - -The Farmers & Merchants Bank, on June 15th, 1874, moved to their new -building on the west side of Main Street, opposite the Bella Union. - -On July 25th, 1874, Conrad Jacoby commenced in the old Lanfranco -Building the weekly _Sued-Californische Post_; and for fifteen years -or more it remained the only German paper issued in Southern -California. Jacoby's brother, Philo, was the well-known sharpshooter. - -Henry T. Payne, the early photographer, was probably the first to go -out of town to take views in suburbs then just beginning to attract -attention. Santa Monica was his favorite field, and a newspaper -clipping or two preserve the announcements by which the wet-plate -artist stimulated interest in his venture. One of these reads: - - Mr. Payne will be at Santa Monica next Sunday, and take - photographic views of the camp, the ocean, the surrounding - scenery, and such groups of campers and visitors as may see - fit to arrange themselves for that purpose; - -while another and rather contradictory notice is as follows: - - To make photographs of _moving_ life, such as Mr. Payne's - bathing scenes at Santa Monica next Sunday, _it is - absolutely necessary that everybody should keep perfectly - still_ during the few seconds the plate is being exposed, - for the least move might completely spoil an otherwise - beautiful effect. Santa Monica, with its bathers in nice - costume, sporting in the surf, with here and there an - artistically-posed group basking in the sunshine, ought to - make a beautiful picture. - -As late as 1874, Fort Street--not yet called Broadway--was almost a -plain, except for the presence of a few one-story adobe houses. J. M. -Griffith, the lumberman, put up the first two-story frame -dwelling-house between Second and Third streets, and Judge H. K. S. -O'Melveny the second; shortly after which Eugene Meyer and myself -built our homes in the same block. These were put upon the lots -formerly owned by Burns & Buffum. Within the next two or three years, -the west side of Fort Street between Second and Third was the choicest -residence neighborhood in the growing city, and there was certainly -not the remotest idea at that time that this street would ever be used -for business purposes. Sometime later however, as I was going home one -day, I met Griffith and we walked together from Spring Street down -First, talking about the new County Bank and its Cashier, J. M. -Elliott--whom Griffith had induced four years previously to come to -Los Angeles and take charge of Griffith, Lynch & Company's lumber yard -at Compton. We then spoke of the city's growth, and in the course of -the conversation he said: "Newmark, Fort Street is destined to be the -most important business thoroughfare in Los Angeles." I laughed at -him, but Time has shown the wisdom of Griffith's prophecy. - -The construction of this Fort Street home I commenced in the spring, -contracting with E. F. Keysor as the architect, and with Skinner & -Small as the builders. In September, we moved in; and I shall never -forget a happy compliment paid us the first evening. We had already -retired when the sound of music and merriment made it unmistakable -that we were being serenaded. Upon opening the door, we saw a large -group of friends; and having invited them into the house, the -merrymakers remained with us until the early morning hours. - -In July, 1874, the Los Angeles County Bank was started with a capital -of three hundred thousand dollars, its first directors being R. S. -Baker, Jotham Bixby, George S. Dodge, J. M. Griffith, Vincent A. -Hoover, Jonathan S. Slauson and H. B. Tichenor, with J. M. Elliott as -Cashier. Its first location was the room just rented by the Farmers & -Merchants Bank adjoining the Bella Union, the County Bank's step in -that direction being due, no doubt, to a benevolent desire to obtain -some of its predecessor's business; and in July, 1878, it moved into -the Temple & Workman banking-room, after the latter's failure. For a -while the County Bank did both a commercial and a savings business; -but later it forfeited the savings clause of its charter, and its -capital was reduced to one hundred thousand dollars. In time, John E. -Plater, a well-known Angeleño, became a controlling factor. - -About the end of 1874, Edward F. Spence, who had come to California by -way of the Nicaragua route a year earlier than myself, reached Los -Angeles. In 1884, Spence was elected Mayor on the Republican ticket. -In the course of time, he withdrew somewhat from activity in Los -Angeles and became a heavy investor in property at Monrovia. - -In 1874 or 1875, there appeared on the local scene a man who, like his -second cousin, United States Senator Mallory of Florida, was destined -to become a character of national renown; a man who as such could and, -as a matter of fact, did serve his constituents faithfully and well. -That man was Stephen M. White. He was born in San Francisco a few -weeks before I saw that harbor city, and was, therefore, a Native Son, -his parents having come to the Coast in 1849. While a youth, he was -sent to Santa Clara where, in June, 1871, he graduated from the -well-known college; he read law at Watsonville and later at Santa -Cruz; and having been admitted to the Bar in 1874, he shortly -afterward came to the Southland. - -Arriving in Los Angeles, White studied law with John D. Bicknell, who -afterward took him into partnership; and he soon proved to be a -brilliant lawyer. He was also an orator of the first magnitude; and -this combination of talent made him not only prominent here, but -attracted great attention to him from beyond the confines of city and -county. Standing as a Democrat in 1882, he was elected District -Attorney by a large majority and in that capacity served with -distinction, in the end declining renomination. In 1886 he was elected -State Senator and soon became President of the Senate, and then acting -Lieutenant Governor. After a phenomenal career both in his profession -and in the public service--during which he was one of three counsel -elected by the California Legislature to maintain the Scott Exclusion -Act before the United States Supreme Court and thus conclude the -controversy in the Chae Chan Ping case--he was elected to the United -States Senate, and there, too, his integrity and ability shone -resplendent. - -The zeal with which White so successfully entered the conflict against -C. P. Huntington in the selection of a harbor for Los Angeles was -indefatigable; and the tremendous expenditures of the Southern Pacific -in that competition, commanding the best of legal and scientific -service and the most powerful influence, are all well known. -Huntington built a wharf--four thousand six hundred feet long--at Port -Los Angeles, northwest of Santa Monica, after having obtained control -of the entire frontage; and it was to prevent a monopoly that White -made so hard a fight in Congress in behalf of San Pedro. The virility -of his repeated attacks, his freedom from all contaminating influence -and his honesty of purpose--these are some of the elements that -contributed so effectively to the final selection of San Pedro Harbor. -On February 21st, 1901, Senator White died. While at his funeral, I -remarked to General H. G. Otis, his friend and admirer, that a -suitable monument to White's memory ought to be erected; and on -December 11th, 1908, the statue in front of the County Courthouse was -unveiled.[33] - -Hotel competition was lively in 1874. Charles Knowlton concluded his -advertisement of the Pico House with a large index-finger and the -following assurance: - - The unpleasant odor of gas has entirely disappeared since - the building of the new sewer! - -Hammel & Denker announced for the United States (commonly known as the -U. S.): - - We have all _Spring Beds_ at this Hotel! - -Fluhr & Gerson--the latter long a popular chap about town--claimed for -the Lafayette: - - The Eating Department will be conducted with especial care; - -and this was some of the bait displayed by the Clarendon, formerly the -Bella Union: - - Carriages are kept standing at the door for the use of the - guests, and every effort is being made by COL. B. L. BEAL, - the Present Manager, to render the guests comfortable and - happy. - -A couple of years later, the name of the Clarendon was changed to the -St. Charles; next to which, during the Centennial year, the Grand -Central, pretentious of name though small of dimension, opened with a -splurge. Hammel & Denker continued to manage the United States Hotel. -The Lafayette in time became, first the Cosmopolitan and then the St. -Elmo. - -Octavius Morgan, a native of the old cathedral town of Canterbury, -England, came to Los Angeles in 1874 and associated himself with the -architect, E. F. Keysor, the two forming the firm of Keysor & Morgan. -They were charter members of the Southern California Architects -Association, and for many years Morgan and his associates have largely -influenced the architectural styles of Los Angeles. - -A really picturesque old-timer even now at the age of nearly seventy, -and one who, having withstood the lure of the modern automobile, is -still daily driving a "one-hoss" buggy to the office of the Los -Angeles Soap Company, is J. A. Forthman. In 1874, he brought a small -stock of groceries from San Francisco and started a store at what is -now Sixth and Olive streets; but at the end of three months, having -sold out at a loss, he bought a quarter interest in a little soap -plant conducted by C. W. Gibson. Soon thereafter, vats and fat were -moved to their present site on First Street. In 1875, W. B. Bergin and -in 1879, Gideon Le Sage joined Forthman and Gibson; and in 1887, the -latter sold out to his associates. J. J., a brother of W. B. Bergin, -was added to the force in 1895. For many years the concern dealt in -hides, and this brought us into close business relations. I have -referred to the death of four children. Edith, a child of six, was -taken from us on October 15th, 1874. - -While William F. Turner, son of the miller, was busy in his little -store near the Puente Mills about three miles from El Monte, on the -third of June, 1874, a Californian named Romo, who lived at Pio Pico's -_Ranchito_, entered and bought some goods, also asking to be shown a -pair of boots. Turner stooped to reach the articles, when the stranger -drew a pruning-knife across his throat. In defense, the storekeeper -caught hold of the sharp blade with both hands and thereby crippled -himself for the rest of his days. - -Turner had been in the habit of closing before dark on account of the -rough element near by; and when he did not return home at the -accustomed hour, Mrs. Turner, taking with her a little five-shooter, -set out to find him and arrived in the midst of the murderous assault. -Her pistol missed fire, but she succeeded in seizing the assassin and -dragging him away from her husband; after which, the Mexican shot her -just as Turner, bleeding, fell in the road. The explosion aroused a -neighbor who reached the scene after Romo had fled with some -boots--mostly for one foot!--and seventy dollars in cash. - -When the news passed from mouth to mouth in El Monte, a _posse_ -started out to hunt for the Mexican; but after two days' unsuccessful -search, they gave up the job. Then Fred Lambourn, who had a share in -Turner's business, rushed in on Jake Schlesinger, shouting excitedly, -"By God, Jake, I know where the fellow is!" and Jake and others -responded by saddling their horses and hurrying to a rendezvous at -Durfee's farm. The party of nineteen, including John Broaded and Bill -Cooper, broke up into divisions of one or two and in time found -themselves wading in and out of the San Gabriel River and the Puente -Creek. Soon old Dodson spied their quarry floundering across stream; -and when Schlesinger took a pop at him, the culprit cried out, "Don't -shoot!" and agreed to come ashore. Of the money stolen, all but a few -dollars was found on the prisoner; nevertheless, the captors told him -that, as soon as Turner should identify him, he would be hung and that -there was not much time for foolishness. Romo said that he had -assaulted the storekeeper in order to get money with which, on the -following Sunday, to marry; that his immediate need was a cigar; and -that, if he must die, he would like to have his friends notified, that -they might bury him. Jake handed the doomed man his only weed; and -soon after, five or six masked men rode up and announced that they -would care for the criminal. Then they drove under a tree on the bank -of the river and there, in short order, the cutthroat was hanged. - -Pio Pico soon heard of the lynching and sent Jake and the El Monte -boys word that he would come over and "kill the whole damned lot" of -them; in reply to which, El Monte forwarded to the last of the Mexican -governors a cordial invitation to come, at the same time pledging to -receive him in true California style--with due hospitality and warmth. -This was contemporaneous with the Vasquez excitement, and Romo was -probably bent on imitating the outlaw. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[32] Not the Spanish Alejandro; a variation doubtless suggested by the -Italian Repetto's forename. - -[33] Executive Committee of the Memorial Fund: M. P. Snyder, Chairman; -Joseph Scott, Secretary; James C. Kays, Treasurer; F. W. Braun, A. B. -Cass, R. F. Del Valle, I. B. Dockweiler, W. J. Hunsaker, M. H. Newmark -and H. G. Otis. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXII - -THE SANTA ANITA _RANCHO_ - -1875 - - -Until near the end of the seventies, there was very little done toward -the laying of sewers, although the reader will remember that a private -conveyor connected the Bella Union with the _zanja_ running through -Mellus's Row. Los Angeles Street from First to Second, in 1873, had -one of brick and wood; and in 1875, a brick sewer was built from the -corner of Main and Arcadia streets down to Winston and thence to Los -Angeles Street. It must have been in the early seventies that a wooden -sewer was constructed on Commercial Street from Los Angeles to -Alameda, and another on New High Street for about one block. In 1879, -one of brick was laid from Los Angeles and Commercial as far north as -Arcadia, and connecting with the Main Street sewer. At about the same -time, vitrified clay was used on a portion of Temple Street. My -impression is that there was no _cloaca_ laid on Spring Street until -after 1880, while it was still later that Fort, Hill and Olive streets -were served. As late as 1887, Hope Street had no sewer and very little -conduit-building, if any, had been undertaken south of Seventh or west -of Flower. - -In January, 1875, the Commercial Bank, that was to change five years -later into the First National, began business. Most of the -incorporators were San Diego men--among them being Captain Henry -Wilcox--although four--L. J. Rose, S. H. Mott, R. M. Town and Edward -Bouton--were from Los Angeles. M. S. Patrick, of Chicago, was -President; and Edward F. Spence was Cashier. Their room was on Main -Street between Commercial and Requena. J. E. Hollenbeck, who was -succeeded by Spence, was the first President of the National Bank. J. -M. Elliott, made Cashier in 1885, has for years well filled the office -of President. A pillar of strength in this institution is -Vice-president Stoddard Jess. - -Captain Wilcox, owner of the Colorado Steam Navigation Company, who -finally sold out to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, brought to -California, on his own vessel in 1848, the first light-houses. He -married Señorita María Antónia Arguello, the granddaughter of an early -Governor of California. One of his daughters became the wife of -Lieutenant Randolph Huntington Miner, and another married Lieutenant -J. C. Drake. Captain Wilcox had induced E. F. Spence to come from San -Diego to Los Angeles, and thereby gave a decided impetus to the -starting of the Commercial Bank. - -Milton Lindley, formerly an Indiana saddle-maker and Treasurer of Los -Angeles County in 1879, arrived here in 1875, accompanied by Walter, -the physician; Henry, the banker, who settled at Whittier; Albert, an -attorney; and Miss Ida B., a teacher. In the eighties, he was twice -Supervisor. Dr. Walter Lindley, once a Minnesota schoolmaster, so soon -established himself that in 1878 he was elected health officer and, in -1880, a member of the Board of Education. The following year, he was -President of the County Medical Society. With Dr. Widney, he -contributed to the literature setting forth California's natural -attractions; and with his brother-in-law, Dr. John R. Haynes, he took -a leading part in organizing the California Hospital. Both Lindley and -Haynes have identified themselves with many other important local -institutions and movements. - -Madame Caroline Severance, already distinguished as the founder, in -1868, of the first woman's club in America--the New England, of -Boston--took up her residence in Los Angeles in 1875 and soon made her -home, _El Nido_, the center of many notable sociological and -philanthropic activities. Especially active was she in promoting the -free kindergarten, working in coöperation with Mrs. Grover Cleveland -and Kate Douglas Wiggin, the California author who was her _protégée_ -and resided for some time at _El Nido_ when she was first becoming -famous as a story-writer. - -On March 27th, the _Weekly Mirror_ was again enlarged and a -subscription rate of one dollar a year was charged. By the beginning -of 1876, a bindery was established in connection with the printery; -and a Potter cylinder press--one of the first operated west of the -Rockies--was installed. - -E. J. Baldwin bought the Santa Anita _rancho_, in April, from H. -Newmark & Company--a transaction recalled thirty-eight years later -when, in 1913, the box which had been sealed and placed in the -corner-stone of the Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, at about the -time of the sale, was brought forth from its long burial. Baldwin had -just sold his controlling interest in the Ophir mine of the Comstock -district for five million, five hundred thousand dollars. In the same -year, we purchased of the Vejar estate the splendid vineyard of fifty -acres commencing at Washington Street, on the south and a little east -of Main Street, and taking in many important sections of to-day; -selling it, in the early eighties, to Kaspare Cohn who, in turn, -disposed of it during the boom of that decade. George Compère, -somewhat noted as a local entomologist, cared for this vineyard while -we owned it. Baldwin died on March 1st, 1909. - -The sale of the Santa Anita is not without an incident or two, -perhaps, of exceptional interest. On "Lucky" Baldwin's first visit, he -offered us one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the property; -but learning that we wanted two hundred thousand dollars, he started -off in a huff. Then Reuben Lloyd, the famous San Francisco attorney -who accompanied him, said on reaching the sidewalk, "Lucky, go back -and buy that ranch, or they'll raise the price on you!" and Baldwin -returned, carrying under his arm a tin-box (containing several million -dollars) from which he drew forth twelve thousand, five hundred, -tendering the same as a first payment. - -One can hardly refer to Baldwin without recalling H. A. Unruh, in the -late sixties in the employ of the Central Pacific. It is my impression -that I first met him at the Baldwin Hotel in San Francisco. This -meeting may have occurred nearly thirty-five years ago; and after his -removal to the Santa Anita Ranch, where he took charge of Baldwin's -interests in the Southland, he transacted a large amount of business -with H. Newmark & Co. In 1887, Unruh was also in partnership at La -Puente with a man named Carroll, the firm advertising as "Agents for -Baldwin's Grain Warehouse, Wells Fargo & Co.'s Express and -Postmaster." When Baldwin died, his will named Unruh executor; Bradner -W. Lee being the attorney. - -Ravenna, on the Southern Pacific, was a town of the middle seventies, -at whose start James O'Reilly, an Irishman of medium build, with -reddish hair and a pug nose decidedly indented at the bridge, turned -up with a happy-go-lucky air. Always slovenly, he wore a big, black -slouch hat on the back of his head, as well as a good-natured -expression, in days of prosperity, on his comical face. He had a -grocery, famed for a conglomeration of merchandise not at all improved -by age and hard usage; and this he sold to a none too fastidious -clientele. He also cooked for himself, bragging that he was -sufficiently adroit to throw a slapjack up the chimney and catch it in -the pan, _outside the shanty_ on its flop or turn! When Jim took to -working a couple of claims known as the New York and Parnell Mines, -his tribulations began: he spent more in the development of his -property than he ever recovered, and claim-jumpers bothered him to -death. In truth, once ascribing debatable motives to a man prowling -there, he took aim at the intruder and--shot off an ear! Later, he -married; but his wife soon divorced him. In time, his troubles -affected his mind; and having lost everything and come to fancy -himself an alchemist, he would sit for hours in the burning sun (his -temples plastered with English mustard) industriously stirring a -pestle and convinced that he could bring about a transmutation of the -mortarful of mud. In the end, this good-natured Son of Erin was one -day found dead in his little shanty. - -J. A. Graves arrived in Los Angeles on June 5th and soon entered the -office of Brunson & Eastman, lawyers. The following January he was -admitted to practice before the Supreme Court and then became a member -of the firm of Brunson, Eastman & Graves, dissolved in 1878. -Practicing alone for a couple of years, Graves, in 1880, formed a -partnership with J. S. Chapman. On the dissolution of this firm, in -1885, Graves joined, first H. W. O'Melveny and then J. H. Shankland; -Graves, O'Melveny & Shankland continuing until January, 1904. On June -1st, 1903, Graves became Vice-president of the Farmers & Merchants -National Bank. In the fall of 1879, the young attorney married Miss -Alice H., daughter of J. M. Griffith, and for nine years they lived at -the corner of Fort and Third streets. In 1888 they removed to -Alhambra, where they still live. In 1912, Graves published some -entertaining reminiscences entitled, _Out of Doors California and -Oregon_. - -Colonel W. E. Morford, a native of New Jersey and, late in the -eighties, Superintendent of Streets, returned to Los Angeles in 1875, -having previously been here. Morford had been assistant to Captain -Sutter; and when he left San Francisco on March 14th, 1849, to return -East, he carried the first gold taken from the diggings in the -exciting era of 1848. This gold was sent by Frank Lemon, a member of -Stevenson's Regiment, to his brother William, a partner of John -Anderson, the New York tobacco merchant; and Morford liked to tell -how, when the strange find was displayed on August 22d, in a little -window of the well-known jewelry store of Benedict at 7 Wall Street -near a high-hatted guard, the narrow thoroughfare was soon beyond hope -of police control, thousands of curious, excited people struggling to -get a glimpse of the California treasure. - - [Illustration: Round House, with Main Street Entrance] - - [Illustration: Spring Street Entrance to Garden of Paradise] - - [Illustration: Temple Street, Looking West from Broadway, about 1870] - - [Illustration: Pico House, soon after Completion] - -Moses Langley Wicks was a Mississippian who for some years had a law -office at Anaheim until, in 1877 or 1878, he removed to Los Angeles -and soon became an active operator in real estate. He secured from -Jonathan S. Slauson--who organized the Azusa Land and Water Company -and helped lay out the town--the Dalton section of the San José -Ranch. Wicks was also active in locating the depot of the Santa Fé -Railroad, carrying through at private expense the opening of Second -Street from Main almost to the river. A brother, Moye Wicks, long an -attorney here, later removed to the State of Washington. - -Southern California was now prospering; in fact, the whole State was -enjoying wonderful advantages. The great Comstock mines were at the -height of their prosperity; the natural resources of this part of the -country were being developed; land once hard to sell, at even five -dollars an acre, was being cut up into small tracts; new hamlets and -towns were starting up; money was plentiful and everybody was happy. - -About this time my brother, J. P. Newmark, and I made a little tour, -visiting Lake Tahoe--an unusual trip in that day--as well as the mines -of Nevada. Virginia City, Gold Hill and other mining-camps were the -liveliest that I had ever seen. My friend, General Charles Forman, was -then Superintendent of the Overman and Caledonia Mines, and was -engaged in constructing a beautiful home in Virginia City. After the -collapse of the Nevada boom in the early eighties, he transported this -house to Los Angeles, at a freight expense of eleven hundred and -thirty-five dollars and a total cost of over six thousand, and located -it on ten acres of land near the present site of Pico and Figueroa -streets, where Mr. and Mrs. Forman, still residents of Los Angeles, -for years have enjoyed their home. - -Miners were getting high wages and spending their money lavishly, -owners of buildings in Virginia City receiving from four to eight per -cent. a month on their investments. W. C. Ralston, President of the -Bank of California at San Francisco, was largely responsible for this -remarkable excitement, for he not only lent money freely but he lent -it regardless of conservative banking principles. He engaged in -indiscriminate speculation, for a time legitimatizing illegitimacy, -and people were so incited by his example that they plunged without -heed. All of Nevada's treasure was shipped to San Francisco, whose -prosperity was phenomenal. From San Francisco the excitement spread -throughout the State; but these conditions, from the nature of things, -could not endure. From Bull to Bear is but a short step when the -public is concerned, and it happened accordingly, as it so frequently -does, that the cry of "Save yourself, if you can!" involved California -in a general demoralization. One day in October, 1875, when Ralston's -speculation had indeed proven disastrous, the Bank of California -closed its doors; and a few days after this, Ralston, going a-swimming -in the neighborhood of the North Beach at San Francisco, was -drowned--whether a suicide or not, no one knows. In the meantime, the -recessional frenzy extended all over the State, and every bank was -obliged to close its doors. Those of Los Angeles were no exception to -the rule; and it was then that Temple & Workman suspended. I. W. -Hellman, who was on a European trip at the time, forthwith returned to -Los Angeles, re-opened the doors of the Farmers & Merchants Bank and -resumed business just as if nothing had happened. Following this -panic, times became dreadfully bad; from greatest prosperity, we -dropped to the depths of despair. Specie disappeared from circulation; -values suffered, and this was especially true of real estate in -California. - -Temple & Workman's Bank, for reasons I have already specified, could -not recover. Personally, these gentlemen stood well and had ample -resources; but to realize on these was impossible under conditions -then existing. They applied to E. J. Baldwin, a Monte Cristo of that -period, for a loan. He was willing to advance them two hundred and ten -thousand dollars, but upon two conditions: first, that they would give -him a blanket-mortgage on their combined real estate; secondly, that -their intimate friend, Juan Matías Sanchez, would include in the -mortgage his splendid tract consisting of twenty-two hundred acres of -the finest land around the Old Mission. Sanchez, who transacted a good -deal of business with H. Newmark & Company, came to me for advice. I -felt convinced that Temple & Workman's relief could be at best but -temporary, although I am sure that they themselves believed it would -be permanent, and so I strenuously urged Sanchez to refuse; which he -finally promised me to do. So impressive was our interview that I -still vividly recall the scene when he dramatically said: "_¡No quiero -morir de hambre!_"--"I do not wish to die of hunger!" A few days later -I learned, to my deep disappointment, that Sanchez had agreed, after -all, to include his lands. In the course of time, Baldwin foreclosed -and Sanchez died very poor. Temple also, his pride shattered ---notwithstanding his election in 1875 to the County Treasurership ---died a ruined man; and Workman soon committed suicide. Thus ended in -sorrow and despair the lives of three men who, in their day, had -prospered to a degree not given to every man, and who had also been -more or less distinguished. Baldwin bought in most of the land at -Sheriff's sale; and when he died, in 1909, after an adventurous career -in which he consummated many transactions, he left an estate of about -twenty millions. A pathetic reminder of Sanchez and his one-time -prosperity is an _asador_ or meat toaster, from the old Sanchez -homestead, now exhibited at the County Museum. - -In 1874, Senator John P. Jones came south and engaged with William M. -Stewart, his senatorial colleague (once an obscure lawyer in -Downieville, and later a Nevada Croesus), in mining at Panamint, -purchasing all their supplies in Los Angeles. About the same time, -Colonel R. S. Baker, who had shortly before bought the San Vicente -_rancho_, sold a two-thirds interest in the property to Jones; and one -of their first operations was the laying out of the town of Santa -Monica. After the hotel and bath-houses had been built, an auction -sale of lots took place on July 16th, 1875, and was attended by a -large number of people, including myself; prospective buyers coming -from as far as San Francisco to compete with bidders from the -Southland. Tom Fitch, already known as the "Silver-tongued Orator," -was the auctioneer and started the ball rolling with one of his most -pyrotechnical efforts. He described the place about to be founded as -"The Zenith City by the Sunset Sea," and painted a gorgeous vista of -the day when the white sails of commerce would dot the placid waters -of the harbor, and the products of the Orient would crowd those of -the Occident at the great wharves that were to stretch far out into -the Pacific! - -Then Tom turned his attention and eloquence to the sale of the lots, -which lay along Ocean Avenue, each sixty by one hundred and fifty feet -in size. Calling for a bid, he announced the minimum price of three -hundred dollars for sites along the ocean front. Several friends--I. -M. Hellman, I. W. Hellman, Kaspare Cohn, Eugene Meyer and M. J. -Newmark--had authorized me to act for them; and I put in the first bid -of three hundred dollars. Fitch accepted, and stated that as many more -of these lots as I wanted could be had at the same price; whereupon I -took five, located between Utah and Oregon avenues. These we divided -among us, each taking fifty feet front, with the expectation of -building summer homes; but strange to say, none of us did so, and in -the end we sold our unimproved ground. Some years later, I bought a -site in the next block and built a house which I still occupy each -year in the summer season. - -Three early characters of Santa Monica had much to do with the actual -starting of the place. The one, L. G. Giroux, a Canadian, walked out -to Santa Monica one day in 1875, to get a glimpse of the surf, and -came back to town the owner of a lot on which he soon built the second -permanent house there--a small grocery and liquor shop. In the -eighties, Giroux did good public service as a Supervisor. The second, -Billy Rapp, also came in 1875 and built a small brick house on the -west side of Second Street somewhere between Utah and Arizona avenues. -There, after marrying a German _Frau_, he opened a saloon; and -pleasure-seekers visiting Santa Monica on Sundays long remembered -Billy's welcome and how, on the arrival of the morning train from Los -Angeles, he always tapped a fresh keg of lager. After a while, he -closed his saloon and sold the little building for a town hall. Hard -times in later years rapped at Billy's door, forcing him to work on -the public streets until 1899, when he died. The third settler was -George Boehme, who landed with the first steamer and, within an hour -or two, invested in lots. His family is there to-day. - -Another pioneer Santa Monica family was that of William D. Vawter who, -with his sons, W. S. and E. J., originally members of the Indiana -Colony at Pasadena, removed to the beach in 1875. My relations with -these gentlemen were quite intimate when they conducted a general -merchandise business, that being but one of their numerous -enterprises. Of late years, W. S. Vawter has twice been Postmaster at -Santa Monica. - -In 1875, Paul Kern, who had come to Los Angeles in 1854 and was for -years a baker, set to work to improve a piece of property he owned at -the junction of South Main and Spring streets, between Eighth and -Ninth. At the end of this property he erected a two-story brick -building--still to be seen--in the lower part of which he had a -grocery and a saloon, and in the upper part of which he lived. - -Toward the middle of the seventies, A. Ulyard, the baker, embarked in -the carrying of passengers and freight between Los Angeles and Santa -Monica, sending a four-horse stage from here at half-past seven every -morning, and from Santa Monica at half-past three in the afternoon, -and calling at all four Los Angeles hotels as well as at the private -residences of prospective patrons. One dollar was the fare charged. - -Ralph Leon had the only regular cigar store here in the late sixties, -occupying a part of the United States Hotel; and he was very -prosperous until, unable to tolerate a nearby competitor--George, a -brother of William Pridham--he took up a new stand and lost much of -his patronage. Pridham opened the second cigar store, about 1872 or -1873, next to the hotel; and Leon moved to a shop near the Farmers & -Merchants Bank. - -The names of these early dealers remind me of an interesting custom -especially popular with Captain Thom, Billy Workman and other lovers -of the aromatic weed. Instead of buying cigars by the piece, each of -these inveterate smokers purchased a box at a time, wrote his name on -the lid and left it on a shelf of the dealer; and from time to time -they would slip in by a rear door and help themselves--generally from -their own or, occasionally, from their neighbor's supply. When Leon -discovered that the patron's box was empty, he would have it -refilled. - -In the autumn, Temple & Workman were obliged to suspend. After closing -temporarily, they made an effort to resume, but a run on the Bank -deprived them of all reserves and they finally had to close their -doors. It was the worst of all bank failures here, the creditors -losing everything. Some idea of the disaster may be gathered from the -fact that the Receiver finally sold worthless securities to the extent -of about three hundred thousand dollars for the paltry sum of thirty -dollars. - -On the sixth of November, 1875, Mrs. Joseph Newmark, my wife's mother, -died here surrounded by her nearest of kin. - -During the construction of the Southern Pacific Railway, Sisson, -Wallace & Company, who furnished both labor and supplies, brought M. -Dodsworth to Los Angeles and like many of their employees, he remained -here after the railroad was completed. He engaged in the pork-packing -business, for a long period prospered and built a residence on the -southwest corner of Sixth and Main streets, opening it with a large -reception. He was an honorable man and had a host of friends; but -about 1887, when the Santa Fé had been built to Los Angeles, the large -Eastern packers of hog products sent agents into Southern California -and wiped Dodsworth out of business. - -S. J. Mathes came in 1875, helped enlarge the _Mirror_ and was -identified with the _Times_; but failing health, forcing him to -abandon office work, led him in the eighties to conduct Pullman -excursions, in which undertaking he became a pioneer, bringing -thousands of tourists to the Southland. He also toured the country -with a railway car exhibit known as "California on Wheels," pointing -the way of exploitation to later Chambers of Commerce. - -Toward the end of the year, when attention was being centered on the -coming exposition at Philadelphia, I was asked by the Chamber of -Commerce to assist in editing a report on the resources, conditions, -population, climatic advantages and mercantile interests of the city -and county of Los Angeles. The aim of the Board was to make the report -truthful and helpful, and to distribute it gratis, particularly at -the Centennial. Ben C. Truman wrote about cities, towns and climate; -Judge R. M. Widney reported on railroads; H. McClellan, the steamship -agent (who preceded Willis Parris, the present representative and once -a competent bill-clerk in the employ of H. Newmark & Company) and -brother of Bryce and George F. McClellan, told of ocean navigation; -Dr. J. E. Fulton, of Fulton Wells, discussed farming; Dr. J. P. Widney -described our harbor; D. M. Berry argued for real estate; Governor -Downey presented banks and banking; M. Keller and L. J. Rose treated -of vine culture; J. de B. Shorb looked after semi-tropical fruits and -nuts, and T. A. Garey--himself the owner of a charming place on San -Pedro Street, where his spiritualistic tendencies kept him up at night -awaiting the arrival of spooks--considered other fruits and nurseries; -W. J. Brodrick stated our advance in trades, professions, churches and -societies; E. C. French summed up about stock; Captain Gordon -recounted our prospects for beet culture; while H. D. Barrows and I -prepared data as to the commerce of Southern California. Thus -compactly put together, this booklet certainly led many Easterners to -migrate West and to settle in Los Angeles and vicinity. - -In the early seventies, Grange Stores, brought into existence by a -craze for coöperation, were scattered throughout the State, and Milton -H. La Fetra in February, 1875 helped to organize one here. In time, -this establishment became known, first as Seymour & Company and then -as Seymour, Johnson & Company, their location being on Main Street -near First. - -W. H. Northcraft's activity as an auctioneer began about the middle of -the seventies. For a while, he had an office in Temple Block, but -about 1880 moved to the east side of Los Angeles Street near Requena; -later to the Signoret Building, and still later to the Baker Block. In -1879, Thomas B. Clark, still well known "in the profession," came to -Los Angeles and, marrying Northcraft's daughter, joined his -father-in-law in partnership. C. L. Northcraft, a son, was added to -the firm. Alonzo B. Cass came to Los Angeles in 1888, accompanied by -his brothers, and soon after, as Cass Brothers' Stove Company, they -started a hardware store on Third Street, purchasing some of -Northcraft & Clark's stock of merchandise. A. B. Cass, who served as -President of the Chamber of Commerce in 1901, has freely given of his -time to public movements. As President of the Home Telephone & -Telegraph Company, he has had much to do with their local success. E. -W. Noyes was also a popular, old-time auctioneer, remaining in harness -until he was seventy-five years old or more. - -The mention of these names recalls the auction of past decades, such a -familiar feature of Los Angeles life. In few respects were the methods -of early days at all like those of our own: there were no catalogues, -no neatly-arranged store-rooms and but little expert service; noise -and bluff constituted a good, even important portion of the necessary -auctioneering talent; household effects were usually offered at homes; -horses--and these constituted the objects of most early auctioneering -activities--were trotted up and down Los Angeles Street for display -and sale. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIII - -LOS ANGELES & INDEPENDENCE RAILROAD - -1876 - - -Once Santa Monica's boom had been launched, the town developed as had -few other suburbs of Los Angeles. Within nine or ten months a thousand -inhabitants pointed with satisfaction to one hundred and sixty houses -and perhaps half as many tents. Senator Jones built a wharf and pushed -to completion the Los Angeles & Independence Railroad; and the road -was opened to the public on Wednesday, December 1st, 1875, with a -depot on San Pedro Street near Wolfskill Lane. Two trains a day were -run--one leaving Los Angeles for Santa Monica at half-past nine in the -morning and another at a quarter after four in the afternoon; the -trains from Santa Monica for Los Angeles departing at half-past seven -in the morning and half-past two in the afternoon. On January 5th, -1876, the Railroad Company offered sixty single commutation tickets -for ten dollars; and a few days later, the conductor and other train -employees appeared in uniform, each wearing on his cap what was then -considered an innovation, the badge of his office. Captain Joseph U. -Crawford was Superintendent and Chief Engineer. - -From the start the Road did a thriving freight business, although -passenger traffic was often interfered with. Early in January, 1876, -for instance, the train from Santa Monica failed to make its -appearance, the engineer having spied a bit of ground suspiciously -soft in the _ciénaga_--locally spelled _ciénega_--refused, despite -the protests of passengers, to proceed! - -There were also inconveniences of travel by steamer such as arose from -the uncertainty whether a vessel running between San Francisco and San -Diego would put in at San Pedro or Santa Monica. According to -conditions, or perhaps through the desire to throw a little trade one -way or the other, the captain might insist on stopping at one port, -while friends had assembled to greet the traveler at the other. A -single car, with such objects of wonder as air brakes and Miller -couplers drew Sunday crowds; and when, about the middle of January, -the Company carried down ten car-loads of people on a single day and -brought them back safely, substantial progress, it was generally felt, -had been made. - -In February, the Santa Monica Land Company was pushing its sales of -real estate, and one of its announcements began with the headlines: - - SANTA MONICA! - The Wonderful Young City and Seaport of - Southern California! - The Future Terminus of the Union & Texas Pacific Railroad! - -the advertisement winding up with the declaration that several hundred -vessels, including the largest boats of the Pacific Mail Steamship -Company, had already loaded and discharged at the wharf in all -weathers! - -My memory is obscure as to just when Senator Jones built his splendid -mansion at the corner of Ocean and Nevada avenues, but I think it was -about 1890. I certainly recollect that it was then considered the most -extensive and elaborate home in the vicinity of Los Angeles. - -Rather late in January, H. Newmark & Company had their first -experience with burglars who scaled the wall behind the store one -Saturday night, cut away enough brick to enable them to throw back the -bolt of the door, then barricaded the front doors by means of crowbars -and proceeded to open the safe, which was of the old Tilton & -McFarland pattern. The face was forced off, but the eight hundred -dollars in the safe remained intact and undisturbed, the burglars -making a total haul of only five dollars. Other merchants also -suffered at this time from the depredations of cracksmen. - -Following this futile attack, we sent for a new safe of the Hall type. -Scarcely had a month elapsed, however, when a second attempt was made -in much the same way. Then the burglars went to work in real earnest -and soon effected an entrance into the money-drawers. But, alas! the -entire contents secured would not have provided half a dozen -_tamales_! This fact, probably, aroused the ire of the rascals, for -they mutilated the front of the prettily-decorated safe before -leaving, and tried to destroy the combination. The best excuse--and -perhaps not such a bad one--that the police had to offer for not -furnishing Los Angeles Street better protection, was that the night -was dark, the street and sidewalks flooded and that a policeman, who -had tried the beat, had been nearly drowned! - -In February, trains on the Los Angeles & Independence Railroad began -to leave Los Angeles at ten o'clock in the morning and five o'clock in -the afternoon, and Santa Monica at eight and four o'clock, the Company -deeming it a sufficient inducement to allow excursionists five or six -hours to bathe, fish or picnic. Round-trip tickets, good for the day -and date only, were sold at a dollar each; and the management reserved -the right, on steamer days, to change the schedule to fit the -sailings. When a fourth passenger coach was added to the equipment, -the Company declared that the accommodations between this city and -Santa Monica were "equal to those on any road along the entire Coast;" -but the high-water mark of effort was reached when it was announced -that the "splendid palace car dubbed _Santa Monica_, which had carried -Senator Jones to Washington," was then being sent south from San -Francisco for the convenience of the Company's patrons. In March, -while the San Pedro Street Railway was being built, another official -announcement said that "in the course of a few days the people of this -city will have the _honor_ and delight of seeing a _palace_ car -standing on a railroad track near the Pico House;" and about the end -of March printer's ink displayed this appeal to the expectant public: - - Go, by all means, to the grand seaside excursion to Santa - Monica on Friday, for among the objects of interest will be - Senator Jones's magnificent new palace-car now being - completed by the tailors (_sic_) which will have three - _salons_, supplied with tables and all the usual comforts, - and two private compartments, the whole sumptuously - furnished and partly upholstered with crimson velvet! - -On February 14th, General Andrés Pico died at his residence, 203 Main -Street, and was buried from his home on the following day. - -On March 1st, work was commenced on the San Pedro Street Railway, -which in time was extended from the Santa Monica station to the Plaza, -_via_ San Pedro, Los Angeles, Arcadia and Sanchez streets. The gauge -was that of the Los Angeles & Independence Railway, thus permitting -freight cars to be hauled to the center of the city; on which account -business men looked upon the new road as a boon. Passenger cars soon -ran from the depot to the Pico House; and as the fare was but five -cents, or thirty tickets for a dollar, this line was rewarded with a -fair patronage. At the end of 1876, four street railways were in -operation here. - -In March, also, two hundred pleasure-seekers, then considered a -generous outpouring, went down to Santa Monica on a single Sunday; and -within the first three months of the year, the Land Company there -gathered in about seventy-three thousand dollars--selling a lot almost -every day. South Santa Monica was then looked upon as the finer part -of the growing town, and many of my friends, including Andrew -Glassell, Cameron E. Thom, General George Stoneman, E. M. Ross, H. M. -Mitchell, J. D. and Dr. Frederick T. Bicknell and Frank Ganahl, bought -sites there for summer villas. - -Micajah D. Johnson, twice City Treasurer, was a Quaker who came here -in 1876. He built at Santa Monica a hotel which was soon burned; and -later he became interested in the colony at Whittier, suggesting the -name of that community. - -In 1876, the City purchased a village hook-and-ladder truck in San -Francisco which, drawn by hand in the vigorous old-fashioned way, -supplied all our needs until 1881. - -In 1876, the Archer Freight and Fare Bill, which sought to regulate -railroad transportation, engrossed the attention of commercial -leaders, and on March 9th, President S. Lazard called together the -Directors of the Chamber of Commerce at the office of Judge Ygnácio -Sepúlveda. Besides President Lazard, there were present R. M. Widney, -W. J. Brodrick, M. J. Newmark, E. E. Hewitt and I. W. Lord. Little -time was lost in the framing of a despatch which indicated to our -representatives how they would be expected to vote on the matter. -Several speeches were made, that of M. J. Newmark focusing the -sentiment of the opposition and contributing much to defeat the -measure. Newmark expressed surprise that a bill of such interest to -the entire State should have passed the Lower House apparently without -discussion, and declared that Southern Californians could never afford -to interfere with the further building of railroads here. Our -prosperity had commenced with their construction, and it would be -suicidal to force them to suspend. - -In a previous chapter I have spoken of the rate--ten dollars per -thousand--first charged for gas, and the public satisfaction at the -further reduction to seven dollars and a half. This price was again -reduced to six dollars and seventy-five cents; but lower rates -prevailing elsewhere, Los Angeles consumers about the middle of March -held a public meeting to combat the gas monopoly. After speeches more -lurid, it is to be feared, than any gas flame of that period, a -resolution was passed binding those who signed to refrain from using -gas for a whole year, if necessary, beginning with the first of April. -Charles H. Simpkins, President of the Los Angeles Gas Company, -retorted by insisting that, at the price of coal, the Company could -not possibly sell gas any cheaper; but a single week's reflection, -together with the specter of an oil-lamp city, led the Gas Company, -on March 21st, to grant a reduction to six dollars a thousand. - -Will Tell was a painter in 1869 and had his shop in Temple Block, -opposite the Court House. Early in 1876 he opened a lunch and -refreshment house at the corner of Fourth Street and Utah Avenue in -Santa Monica, where he catered to excursionists, selling hunting -paraphernalia and fishing tackle, and providing "everything, including -fluids." Down at what is now Playa del Rey, Tell had conducted, about -1870, a resort on a lagoon covered with flocks of ducks; and there he -kept eight or ten boats for the many hunters attracted to the spot, -becoming more and more popular and prosperous. In 1884, however, -raging tides destroyed Tell's happy hunting grounds; and for fifteen -or twenty years, the "King's Beach" was more desert than resort. Tell -continued for a while at Santa Monica and was an authority on much -that had to do with local sport. - -On Sunday, April 9th, the Cathedral of Sancta Vibiana, whose -corner-stone had been laid in 1871 on the east side of Main Street -south of Second, was opened for public service, its architecture -(similar to that of the Puerto de San Miguel in Barcelona, Spain) at -once attracting wide attention. As a matter of fact, the first -corner-stone had been placed, on October 3d, 1869, on the west side of -Main Street between Fifth and Sixth, when it was expected that the -Cathedral was to extend to Spring Street. The site, however (and oddly -enough,) was soon pronounced, "too far out of town," and a move was -undertaken to a point farther north. In more recent years, efforts -have been made to relocate the bishop's church in the West End. A -feature of the original edifice was a front railing, along the line of -the street, composed of blocks of artificial stone made by Busbard & -Hamilton who in 1875 started a stone factory, the first of its kind -here, in East Los Angeles. - -Victor Dol, who arrived here in the Centennial year and became the -Delmonico of his day, kept a high-grade restaurant, known as the -Commercial in the old Downey Block, about one hundred and fifty feet -north of the corner of Spring and Temple streets. The restaurant was -reached through a narrow passageway that first led into an open court -paved with brick, in the center of which a fountain played. Crossing -this court, the interested patron entered the main dining-room, where -an excellent French dinner was served daily at a cost of but fifty -cents, and where the popular _chef_ furnished many of the notable -banquets of his time. Dol also had a number of private dining-rooms, -where the epicures of the period were wont to meet, and for the -privilege of dining in which there was an additional charge. Dol's -Commercial was a popular institution for more than a quarter of a -century. - -Dol then had in his employ an uncle, who was a rather mysterious -individual, and who proved to be a French anarchist. It was said that -his pet scheme for regulating the government of Louis Philippe met -with such scant approval that, one fine day, he found himself in jail. -Escaping in course of time from the anxious and watchful authorities, -he made his way to the outside world and finally located here. After -the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, he was supposed to have returned -to his native land, where he once more satisfied his peculiar -propensity for patriotic activity by tearing down and burning, in -company with other so-called Communists, some of the most beautiful -buildings in all Paris. - -In the spring of 1876, Los Angeles boasted of another French -restaurant, a dining place called the Oriental and conducted by a -Frenchman, C. Casson and a German, H. Schmitt. It was on Main Street -opposite the Pico House, and much ado was made of the claim that -everything was "in European style" and that it was "the largest and -most commodious restaurant south of San Francisco." - -Human nature--at least of the feminine type--was much the same, -thirty-five or forty years ago, as it is to-day. Such a conclusion, at -least, the reader may reach after scanning an Easter advertisement of -Miss Hammond, an 1876 milliner who had a little shop at 7 North Spring -Street and who then made the following announcement to those of her -fashion-loving sex: - - Miss Hammond, who has just received a splendid lot of new - styles of hats, bonnets, silks, ribbons, etc., invites the - ladies of Los Angeles to call at her place of business - before purchasing elsewhere. One glance into her - show-window will be enough to project any modern heart into - a state of palpitation. - -Elsewhere I have mentioned the salt works near Redondo's site. Dr. H. -Nadeau (who came here in 1876, had an office in the Grand Central -Hotel and was soon elected Coroner) was once called there and started -with a constable and an undertaker--the latter carrying with him a -rough board coffin for the prospective "subject." Losing their way, -the party had to camp for the night on the plains; whereupon the -Coroner, opening the coffin, crawled in and "slept like a brick!" - -John Edward Hollenbeck, who in 1888 built the Hollenbeck Hotel, -returned to Los Angeles in the spring of 1876--having been here in -1874, when he made certain realty investments--secured land on the -east side of the Los Angeles River, spent a large sum of money for -improvements and soon built a residence exceptionally fine for that -time. And in this beautiful home, in close proximity to Boyle Avenue, -he lived until his death, on September 2d, 1885, at the age of -fifty-six years. Succeeding A. C. Bilicke in 1903, John S. Mitchell, -long a prominent Angeleño, is still controlling this busy hostelry. - -I have spoken of an adobe on ten acres of land I once purchased to -secure water for my flock of sheep. After Hollenbeck had built his -home on Boyle heights, he was so disturbed by a company of Mexicans -who congregated in this adobe that, in sheer desperation, he asked me -in 1882 to sell him the land. I did so, and we agreed upon six hundred -and twenty-five dollars as a price for the entire piece. - -Hollenbeck then made another noteworthy investment. H. C. Wiley owned -a lot, one hundred and twenty feet by one hundred and sixty-five, on -the southeast corner of Fort and Second streets, where he lived in a -small cottage. He had mortgaged this property for six thousand -dollars; but since, under his contract, Wiley was not required to pay -interest, the mortgagee tired of the loan. Hollenbeck bought the -mortgage and made a further advance of four thousand dollars on the -property. He finally foreclosed, but at the same time did the handsome -thing when he gave Mrs. Wiley, a daughter of Andrés Pico, a deed for -the forty feet on Fort Street upon which the cottage stood. These -forty feet are almost directly opposite Coulter's dry goods store. - -So many ranchers had again and again unsuccessfully experimented with -wheat in this vicinity that when I. N. Van Nuys, in 1876, joined Isaac -Lankershim in renting lands from the company in which they were -interested, and in planting nearly every acre to that staple grain, -failure and even ruin were predicted by the old settlers. Van Nuys, -however, selected and prepared his seed with care and the first season -rewarded them with a great harvest, which they shipped to Liverpool. -Thus was inaugurated the successful cultivation of wheat in Southern -California on a large scale. In 1878, the depot of the Southern -Pacific at the corner of Alameda and Commercial streets had become too -small for the Company's growing business, compelling them to buy on -San Fernando Street; and Lankershim and his associates purchased the -old structure from the Company for the sum of seventeen thousand, five -hundred dollars, and there erected a flour mill which they conducted -until the ranch was sold, a few years ago. - -One of the very interesting cases in the Los Angeles courts was that -which came before Judge H. K. S. O'Melveny on May 15th when Mrs. -Eulalia Perez Guillen, one hundred and thirty years old according to -the records of the church at San Gabriel, claimed the right to exhibit -herself at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia as a California -curiosity. She was accompanied to court by a daughter, Mariana and -their counsel, F. P. Ramirez; but there was also present another -daughter, Mrs. de White, who brought Attorney Stephen M. White to -assist in opposing the visionary scheme. Mariana admitted that she had -not the means to humor the old lady in her hobby, while Mrs. de White -objected that her mother was in her dotage and could not travel as far -as Philadelphia. The Judge granted the old lady liberty to live with -either daughter, but required of Mariana a bond of five hundred -dollars as a guarantee that she would not take her mother out of the -county. - -On May 17th, William Workman was gathered to his fathers, later being -buried near the little chapel at La Puente, side by side with John -Rowland, his early comrade and life-long friend. - -An early and popular educator here was Miss E. Bengough who, about -1870, had started her "Select School for Young Ladies and Children," -and who on June 5th had one of her "commencements" in the Spring -Street school house. At the beginning of the eighties, the Bengough -school was at No. 3 Third Street. Miss Bengough died, a number of -years ago, after having been for some years at the Hollenbeck Home. - -Glowing descriptions of the Centennial Exposition first attracted the -attention of Madame Helena Modjeska, the Polish lady eventually so -famous, and the presence here of a small Polish colony finally induced -her and her husband, Charles Bozenta Chlapowski, to make the dubious -experiment of abandoning the stimulation of Old World culture and -committing themselves to rustic life near the bee ranch of J. E. -Pleasants in Santiago Cañon. Heaps of cigarettes, books and musical -instruments were laid in to help pass the hours pleasantly; but -disaster of one kind or another soon overtook the idealists who found -that "roughing it" in primeval California suggested a nightmare rather -than a pleasant dream. Forced to take up some more lucrative -profession, Madame Modjeska, in July, 1877, made her _début_ in San -Francisco as _Adrienne Lecouvreur_ and was soon starring with Booth. -This radical departure, however, did not take the gifted lady away for -good; her love for California led her to build, near the site of their -first encampment and in what they called the Forest of Arden, a -charming country home to which she repaired when not before the -footlights. Still later, she lived near Newport. More than one public -ovation was tendered Madame Modjeska in Los Angeles, the community -looking upon her as their own; and I remember a reception to her at -O. W. Childs's home when I had a better opportunity for noting her -unostentatious and agreeable personality. Modjeska Avenue is a -reminder of this artist's sojourn here. - -In June, W. W. Creighton started the _Evening Republican_; but during -the winter of 1878-79 the paper, for lack of support, ceased to be -published. - -Andrew W. Ryan, a Kilkenny Irishman commonly called Andy, after -footing it from Virginia City to Visalia, reached Los Angeles on -horseback and found employment with Banning as one of his drivers. -From 1876 to 1879, he was County Assessor, later associating himself -with the Los Angeles Water Company until, in 1902, the City came into -control of the system. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIV - -THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC - -1876 - - -Before the completion of the San Fernando tunnel, a journey East from -Los Angeles by way of Sacramento was beset with inconveniences. The -traveler was lucky if he obtained passage to San Fernando on other -than a construction train, and twenty to twenty-four hours, often at -night, was required for the trip of the Telegraph Stage Line's -creaking, swaying coach over the rough road leading to Caliente--the -northern terminal--where the longer stretch of the railroad north was -reached. The stage-lines and the Southern Pacific Railroad were -operated quite independently, and it was therefore not possible to buy -a through-ticket. For a time previously, passengers took the stage at -San Fernando and bounced over the mountains to Bakersfield, the point -farthest south on the railroad line. When the Southern Pacific was -subsequently built to Lang's Station, the stages stopped there; and -for quite a while a stage started from each side of the mountain, the -two conveyances meeting at the top and exchanging passengers. Once I -made the journey north by stage to Tipton in Tulare County, and from -Tipton by rail to San Francisco. The Coast Line and the Telegraph Line -stage companies carried passengers part of the way. The Coast Line -Stage Company coaches left Los Angeles every morning at five o'clock -and proceeded _via_ Pleasant Valley, San Buenaventura, Santa Bárbara, -Guadalupe, San Luis Obispo and Paso de Robles Hot Springs, and -connected at Soledad with the Southern Pacific Railroad bound for San -Francisco by way of Salinas City, Gilroy and San José; and this line -made a speciality of daylight travel, thus offering unusual -inducements to tourists. There was no limit as to time; and passengers -were enabled to stop over at any point and to reserve seats in the -stage-coaches by giving some little notice in advance. - -In 1876, I visited New York City for medical attention and for the -purpose of meeting my son, Maurice, upon his return from Paris. I left -Los Angeles on the twenty-ninth of April by the Telegraph Stage Line, -traveling to San Francisco and thence east by the Central Pacific -Railroad; and I arrived in New York on the eighth of May. My son -returned, June 29th, on the steamer _Abyssinia_; and a few days later -we started for home. While in Brooklyn, on June 4th, I attended -Plymouth Church and heard Henry Ward Beecher preach on "Serve Thy -Master with a Will." His rapid transition from the pathetic to the -humorous, and back to the pathetic, was most effective. - -Our itinerary brought us to the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, -on the Fourth of July; and aside from the peculiar satisfaction at -being present on historic ground upon that anniversary, I recall, with -pleasure, many experiences and impressions new and interesting, -notwithstanding the inconvenience caused by the great crowds. At the -Exhibition, which had a circumference of only three and a half miles, -I saw California's small but very creditable display; and I remember -my astonishment at seeing a man seated before an apparatus, apparently -in the act of printing letters. He was demonstrating an early -typewriter, and I dictated to my wife half a dozen lines which he -rapidly typed upon paper. Of the various nations, the Japanese and the -Chinese attracted me most. Machinery Hall, with its twelve hundred -machines all run by one huge Corliss engine, was as noisy as it was -interesting. The New York _Herald_ and the _Times_ were printed there -daily. In the Art Gallery there was one marble figure so beautifully -draped that a young lady, passing by, said: "Father, why don't they -remove that lace shawl from the statue?" During the evening, on the -balconies of the Union League Club, we enjoyed a torchlight parade -never to be forgotten. - -On our way West we stopped at Salt Lake City; and as we had been -informed that Brigham Young would be at the Opera House that evening, -we attended the performance. I have forgotten the name of the play, -but Rose Eytinge was the star. Brigham sat in his private box with two -of his wives; and as it was a very hot night in July and the building -was packed with people, his wives were both fanning him assiduously -and otherwise contributing to his comfort. The following day we called -at his residence to see him, expecting to renew an acquaintanceship -established years before; but to our regret he was ill and could not -receive us. A few months later, he died. - -Leaving Salt Lake City early in August, we traveled by the Central -Pacific to San Francisco where several days were very pleasantly spent -with my brother and his family, and from there we left for Los -Angeles, taking the Southern Pacific to its terminus at Lang's -Station. Proceeding over the mountain by stage, we arrived at what is -now the south end of the long tunnel and there boarded the train for -this city. - -Among others who went from Los Angeles to the Philadelphia Centennial -was Ben C. Truman. He took with him specimens of choice California -plants, and wrote letters, from various stations on the way, to his -paper, the _Star_. Governor and Mrs. Downey, whom I met in New York in -June, were also at the Exhibition. - -Ben Truman's visit recalls the enterprise of preparing a booklet for -circulation at the exposition setting forth the advantages of Los -Angeles, and the fact that the _Star_ was the first to propose sending -copies of the local newspapers to Philadelphia, at the same time -agreeing to contribute its share. In that connection, it also referred -to a previous, similar experiment, endorsed by Truman, in these words: - - This City has never been so prosperous as when the Chamber - of Commerce sent fifty papers each week for one year of the - _Herald_, _Express_ and _Star_, to the leading hotels and - libraries throughout the country, a movement inaugurated - and carried out by Mr. M. J. Newmark. Those few papers, - distributed where they would do the most good, filled our - hotels and boarding houses, and sent joy to the hearts of - the real estate dealers. It's a most trifling thing to do, - and "there's millions in it." - -Another interesting experiment in early advertising, by means of the -stereopticon, was made in 1876 when the Los Angeles photographer, -Henry T. Payne, exhibited at Philadelphia a fine selection of views -designed to inform the spectator about Southern California and to -attract him hither. Toward the end of May, Payne left for the East, -taking with him a first-class stereopticon and nearly a thousand -lantern slides of the old wet-plate process, the views being the -product of Payne's own skill and labor. - -For some time prior to 1876, the suitable observance here of the -anniversary of the Nation's independence had been frequently -discussed, and when James J. Ayers called a meeting of citizens in the -County Court House, on the evening of April 29th, and another on May -6th, it was decided to celebrate the Fourth of July in a manner worthy -of the occasion. Committees were appointed to arrange the details; and -when the eventful day arrived, the largest throngs in the City's -history assembled to give vent to their patriotism. - -The procession--led by Grand Marshal H. M. Mitchell, assisted by -Marshals Eugene Meyer, Francisco Guirado, John F. Godfrey and Otto von -Ploennies, mounted on the best-groomed steeds of the Fashion -Stables--formed towards ten o'clock and was half an hour in passing -the corner of Temple, Spring and Main streets. The Woods Opera House -Band, the Los Angeles Guard and the Los Angeles Rifleros assisted. The -parade wended its tortuous way from the Aliso Mills in the northeast -to the Round House in the south. - -An interesting feature of the march was the division of Mexican War -Veterans. Forty-two of these battle-scarred soldiers, a number of whom -had become prominent in civic life, lined up, among them General -George Stoneman, Captain William Turner, Dr. J. S. Griffin, Major -Henry Hancock, S. C. Foster, John Schumacher, L. C. Goodwin, D. W. -Alexander and A. W. Timms. Another feature worthy of note was the -triumphal chariot of the French Benevolent Society, in which three -young ladies represented respectively the Goddess of Liberty, France -and America. Fire Engine Company No. 38, Confidence Engine Company No. -2 and the Hook and Ladder Company formed another division, followed by -several societies and secret orders. In one float thirteen young -ladies represented the thirteen original colonies and in another -twenty-five damsels portrayed the rest of the States. There were also -the Forty-niners, the butchers and the other tradesmen; while George -and Martha Washington accompanied the Philadelphia Brewery! - -For this local celebration of the Centennial, streets, public -buildings, stores and private residences were beautifully decorated, -portraits of Washington being everywhere. Hellman, Haas & Company, S. -C. Foy, the Los Angeles Social Club and H. Newmark & Company were -among those who especially observed the day. There was a triple arch -on Main Street, with a center span thirty feet wide and thirty feet -high, and statues of Washington, Grant and others. The railroad depots -and trains were also fittingly adorned; and at the residence and -grounds of Consular Agent Moerenhaut, the Stars and Stripes, with the -French tricolor, were displayed under the legend, "Friends Since One -Hundred Years." The Pico House was perhaps the most elegantly adorned, -having a column, a flagstaff and a Liberty cap, with the enthusiastic -legends: - - 1776. 1876. Now for 1976! - To the patrons of the Pico House: May you live 100 years! - No North, no South, no East, no West! - - [Illustration: William Pridham] - - [Illustration: Benjamin Hayes] - - [Illustration: Isaac Lankershim] - - [Illustration: Rabbi A. W. Edelman] - - [Illustration: Fort Street, from the Chaparral on Fort Hill] - -The Round House gardens having been reached, the literary and musical -program began. The band played _Hail Columbia!_ and General Phineas -Banning, the presiding officer, introduced the Rev. T. T. Packard who -delivered the opening prayer. Banning then made a short patriotic -address; _America_ was sung by several church choirs of the city; -Professor Thomas A. Saxon read the _Declaration of Independence_; the -choirs sang the _Red, White and Blue_; and J. J. Ayers, as poet of the -occasion, read an original poem. _Yankee Doodle_ came after that; and -then James G. Eastman, as orator of the day, delivered the address, -reviewing the civilization and wonders of every age, and tickling the -hearers' vanity with perorations such as this: - - When the mournful zephyrs, passing the plain where Marathon - once stood, shall find no mound to kiss; when the arch of - Titus shall have been obliterated; the Colosseum crumbled - into antique dust; the greatness of Athens degenerated into - dim tradition; Alexander, Cæsar and Napoleon forgotten; the - memories of Independence Hall shall still bloom in - imperishable freshness! - -At the conclusion of the oration, Jacob A. Moerenhout, the venerable -French representative, spoke very appropriately of the relation of -France to America in our great Revolutionary struggle; after which the -Rev. A. W. Edelman concluded the exercises by pronouncing the -benediction. The celebration had a soul in it and no doubt compensated -in patriotic sincerity for what it may have lacked in classical -elegance. - -Incidental to this commemoration, the Literary Committee having in -charge the exercises had named Don J. J. Warner, Judge Benjamin Hayes -and Dr. J. P. Widney a sub-committee to compile the most interesting -data about the old town from the Spanish occupancy by the founding of -the Mission at San Gabriel; and on the Fourth of July, or within less -than two months after their appointment, the historians produced their -report--to which I have already referred--a document, known as _An -Historical Sketch of Los Angeles County, California_, which, in spite -of the errors due to the short period allotted the editors, is still -interesting and valuable; portraying, as it does, various -characteristics of early life in the Southland and preserving to -posterity many names and minor facts. - -In the summer of 1875, fifteen hundred men began to dig their way into -the San Fernando Mountains; and about the end of the first week in -September, 1876, the long tunnel was completed--a bore six thousand -nine hundred and forty feet in length, beginning twenty-seven miles -from Los Angeles. During the course of construction, vast quantities -of candles, generally the best, were employed to furnish light for the -workmen, H. Newmark & Company supplying most of the illuminants. - -Some of the facts concerning the planning, building and attendant -celebration of this now famous tunnel should be peculiarly interesting -to the Angeleño of to-day, as also to his descendants, for not only do -they possess intrinsic historical importance, but they exemplify as -well both the comparative insignificance of Los Angeles at the time -when this great engineering feat was so successfully undertaken and -the occasional futility of human prophecies, even when such prophecies -are voiced by those most fitted at the time to deliver them. - -I have already mentioned the interview which Governor Downey and I had -with Collis P. Huntington, in San Francisco, when we presented the -arguments of Los Angeles for the extension of the Southern Pacific -Railroad to this point. The greatest difficulty, from an engineering -standpoint, was the boring and finishing of the San Fernando tunnel, -and the then small town of Los Angeles was compelled to pass through -much discouragement before she became the Southern terminus of the -road, a selection of the most vital importance to her future -prosperity and growth. In the first place, a Mr. Rice, whose office -was in Temple Block, represented the Railroad Company in telling the -citizens of Los Angeles that if they did not appropriate toward the -undertaking two hundred and fifty thousand dollars--then an enormous -sum of money--Los Angeles would be left out of the line of travel and -the railroad would be built so as to pass several miles inland, -compelling our city to make a choice between putting in a branch to -connect with the main line or resigning any claim she might have to -become a railroad center. In fact, this is precisely what occurred in -the case of Visalia and a number of other towns; that is to say: they -are to-day the termini of railroad feeders, instead of a part of the -main line as they perhaps might have been. - -When this threat or warning was delivered, an agitation immediately -set in, both to collect the money that the Company demanded and to -influence its management to include Los Angeles on the main line. -Judge R. M. Widney was one of the prominent figures in the local -campaign. The Chamber of Commerce, through its President, Solomon -Lazard, also buckled on its armor in behalf of Los Angeles and entered -the lists. Notably it sent a telegram to the United States Senate--the -railroad, as is well known, having received land-grants of inestimable -value from Congress and being considered, therefore, susceptible to -influence; and this telegram was penned with such classical eloquence -that it poured seventy-five dollars into the coffers of the telegraph -company. The net result of the campaign was the decision of the -Railroad Company to include Los Angeles among the favored stations. - -The politics of the situation having thus been satisfactorily settled, -the engineering problems began to cast their shadows. General Stoneman -stated that the tunnel bore could not be effected, an opinion which -was by no means uncommon at that time. Others again said that people -would never be induced to travel through so long a tunnel; still -another set of pessimists stated that the winter rains would cause it -to cave in, to which Senator Stanford laconically replied that it was -"too damned dry in Southern California for any such catastrophe." This -railroad and the tunnel, however, were fortunately to become one of -those happy instances in which the proposals of man and the disposals -of the Lord are identical, for in course of time both found their -completion under the able direction of railroad genius, assisted in no -small way by the gangs of thousands of Orientals who did the hard -road-work. - -As in the case with practically every Southern Californian enterprise, -the finishing of this great undertaking was accompanied by a rather -elaborate celebration. A delegation of San Francisco citizens, one of -whom was my brother, met at Newhall a delegation from Los Angeles -including S. Lazard[34] and myself, and I thus have the pleasant -recollection of having been among the very first who went through the -tunnel on that initial trip. Having arrived at Newhall, the citizens -of the Northern and Southern cities symbolized, by fraternal -handshaking, the completion of this new and strongest bond between -them. Amidst general rejoicing, and with thousands of Chinamen lined -up on either side of the track, each at full attention and all -presenting their--_shovels!_--General D. D. Colton drove the golden -spike which bound the rails from the North with the rails from the -South. After considerable speech-making and celebrating, most of the -company boarded the train for Los Angeles, where the jollification was -concluded with a banquet, a ball, illuminations and other festivities. -Possibly due to the great increase in Chinese brought to Southern -California through railroad work, repeated demonstrations against the -Mongolians were made here at meetings during the summer. - -Shortly after the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad the -people of Los Angeles became very much dissatisfied with the Company's -method of handling their business, and especially with the arbitrary -rulings of J. C. Stubbs in making freight rates. On one occasion, for -example, a shipper approached Stubbs and asked for a rate on a carload -of potatoes from San Francisco to Tucson. Stubbs asked him how much he -expected to pay for the potatoes and what he would get for them; and -having obtained this information, he allowed the shipper a small -profit and took the balance for freight. This dissatisfaction on the -part of an enterprising community accustomed to some liberality found -in time such an open expression that Charles F. Crocker, one of the -original promoters of the Central, and one of the owners of the -Southern Pacific, who had occasionally visited Los Angeles, came down -to confer with the City Council at a public meeting. - -Crocker, as President of the Central Pacific Railroad Company, was a -very important man, and I felt at the time that he was most -discourteously received by those with whom he had come to discuss the -situation. The meeting, which I attended, was held in the small -Council Room, and I well remember the oppressive closeness. The place -was, indeed, packed; people were smoking and chewing tobacco; and the -reader may perhaps imagine the extreme condition of both the -atmosphere and the floor. This, however, was not all: when one of the -Councilmen--out of regard, I suppose, for the railroad President's -other engagements--asked that Mr. Crocker be permitted to address the -City Fathers, J. S. Thompson, a revolutionary Councilman, stood up and -declared that the San Francisco magnate would be heard when his time -came and--not before! How this lack of consideration impressed the -visitor may be seen from the conclusion of my story. - -After a while, Crocker was allowed to speak; and in the course of his -remarks he stated that the Southern Pacific Railroad Company had -invested a great amount of money, and that it was necessary to realize -proper interest on their expenditure. Thereupon, Isaac W. Lord, one of -the spectators, after whom Lordsburg was named, arose and begged to -tell a little story. An ambitious individual, he said, who had once -built a hotel on the desert at a cost of one hundred and fifty -thousand dollars, was without a guest until, one day, a lone traveler -rode across the burning sands and put up for the night at the -hostelry. Next morning, the stranger was handed a bill for -seventy-five dollars; and upon inquiring why so much had been charged, -the proprietor explained that he had spent one hundred and fifty -thousand dollars in building the hotel; that the stranger was, thus -far, the first and only guest; and that, therefore, he must pay his -part of the interest on the investment. - -The story, to Mr. Crocker's discomfiture, brought a loud laugh; and it -was then, before the laughter had died out, that the famous railroad -man, resuming the debate, made his memorable threat: - -"If this be the spirit in which Los Angeles proposes to deal with the -railroad upon which the town's very vitality must depend, _I will -make grass to grow in the streets of your city_!" - -And, considering the fate that has befallen more than one community -which coldly regarded the proposals of these same California -railroads, Crocker's warning was not without significance. - -The Crocker incident having left matters in a worse state than before, -Colonel Eldridge E. Hewitt, agent for the Southern Pacific, brought -Governor Stanford to my office and introduced him. Stanford stated -that his road would soon be in operation and expressed the hope that -H. Newmark & Company would patronize it. I told Stanford that our -relations with the steamship company had always been very pleasant, -but that we would be very glad to give his line a share of our -business, if rates were made satisfactory. At the same time, the -Southern Pacific Railroad Company, having secured control of the Los -Angeles & San Pedro Railroad, issued circulars announcing that steamer -freight would henceforth be classified. As this was a violent -departure from established precedents, it foreshadowed trouble; and, -sure enough, rates moved upward from eight to as high as thirty -dollars a ton, according to classification. - -H. Newmark & Company and Hellman, Haas & Company, who were the -heaviest shippers in Los Angeles, together with a number of other -merchants, decided to charter a steamer or sailing vessel. James -McFadden, of Santa Ana, owned the tramp steamboat _Newport_ which -plied between San Francisco and Newport Landing, in an irregular -lumber-trade; and this, after some negotiations, we engaged for three -years, on the basis of three dollars per ton. Having made this -contract, we entered valiantly into the contest; and, in order -suitably to impress the Southern Pacific Railroad Company with our -importance, we loaded the vessel, on her initial trip, to the -gunwales. Now cargo, on arriving at Wilmington at that time, used to -be loaded into cars, brought to Los Angeles and left in the freight -shed until we removed it at our convenience; but when the _Newport_ -arrived, the vessel was unloaded and the merchandise put into the -warehouse at Wilmington, where it was held several days before it was -reshipped. On its arrival in Los Angeles, the Railroad Company gave -notice that removal must be effected within twenty-four hours, or -demurrage would be charged; and since, with the small facilities in -those days at our command, so prompt a withdrawal of an entire cargo -was a physical impossibility, our expenses were straightway heavily -increased. - -Subsequent to this first shipment, we adopted a more conservative -policy, in spite of which our troubles were to multiply. The Southern -Pacific Railroad Company named a rate of three dollars a ton in less -than carload lots between San Francisco and way-stations, and this -induced many of our country customers to trade in that city. At the -same time, the Company carried many lines between San Francisco and -Los Angeles free of charge, potatoes and other heavy items being -favored. The mask was now discarded, and it became evident that we -were engaged in a life-and-death struggle. - -Had there been a united front, the moral effect might have sustained -us in the unequal contest; but unfortunately, H. Newmark & Company -were abandoned by every shipper in Los Angeles except Hellman, Haas & -Company, and we soon found that fighting railroad companies recalled -the adage, "The game's not worth the candle." At the end of ten months -of sacrifices, we invoked the assistance of my former partner and -friend, Phineas Banning, who was then associated with the Southern -Pacific; and he visited the officials in San Francisco in our behalf. -Stanford told him that the Railroad Company, rather than make a single -concession, would lose a million dollars in the conflict; but Banning -finally induced the Company to buy the _Newport_, which brought to a -close the first fight in Los Angeles against a railroad. - -In the winter of 1876-77, a drought almost destroyed the sheep -industry in Southern California. As a last resort, the ranchers, -seeing the exhausted condition of their ranges, started to drive their -sheep to Arizona, New Mexico or Utah; but most of them fell by the -way. - -Again, we had the coincidence of drought and a fatal epidemic of -smallpox, not only leaving death in its wake, but incidentally -damaging business a good deal. Mrs. Juan Lanfranco was one of those -who died; Mr. and Mrs. Solomon Lazard lost a son, and a grocer by the -name of Henry Niedecken, who had a little frame store where the -Angelus Hotel now stands, as well as many others, succumbed. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[34] Died, January 13, 1915, in the ninetieth year of his age. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXV - -THE REVIVAL OF THE SOUTHLAND - -1877-1880 - - -The late seventies were marked by an encouraging awakening of national -energy and a growing desire on the part of the Angeleño, -notwithstanding the excessive local dullness, to bring the outside -world a pace or two nearer; as a result of which, things began to -simmer, while there was an unmistakable manifestation on the part of -those at places more or less remote to explore the almost unknown -Southwest, especially that portion bordering on the Pacific. - -I have already noted, with varying dates, the time when patents to -land were issued. These dates remind me of the long years during which -some of the ranch owners had to wait before they received a clear -title to their vast estates. Although, as I have said, the Land -Commission was in session during the first decade of my residence -here, it was a quarter of a century and more, in some cases, after the -Commissioners had completed their reports before the Washington -authorities issued the desired patents confirming the Mexican grants; -and by that time, not a few of those who had owned the ranches at the -beginning of the American occupancy were dead and buried. - -William Mulholland, who was really trained for navigation and had -followed the sea for four or five years, steered for Los Angeles in -1877 and associated himself with the Los Angeles Water Company, giving -his attention especially to hydraulic engineering and passing as it -were in 1902, with the rest of the water-plant, to the City when it -bought the Company out. - -On March 22d, the Common Council changed the name of Nigger Alley, in -the adobe days known as Calle de los Negros, to that of Los Angeles -Street; and thus faded away a designation of Los Angeles' early -gambling district long familiar to old settlers. The same year, the -City marshalship, which J. J. Carrillo had held during 1875-76, was -discontinued, and J. F. Gerkins was appointed the first Chief of -Police. - -Part of the property included in the blanket mortgage given by Temple -& Workman to E. J. Baldwin was Temple Block; and when this was sold at -sheriff's sale in 1877, H. Newmark & Company decided to acquire it if -they could. Dan Freeman, acting for Baldwin, was our only competitor; -and after a somewhat spirited contest, the property was knocked down -to us. In 1909, we sold Temple Block to the City of Los Angeles. Quite -a large contribution of money was then made by adjoining landowners, -with the understanding that the site would form the nucleus for a -civic center; but thus far this solemn promise remains unfulfilled ---more's the shame, especially since the obligation is precisely -coincidental with the City's needs. - -In 1877, Colonel R. S. Baker erected the block bearing his name on the -site of the historic adobe home of Don Abel Stearns, the walls of -which structure, when demolished, killed two of the workmen. This -building, the most modern of that period, immediately became the scene -of much retail activity; and three wide-awake merchants--Eugène -Germain, George D. Rowan and Rev. B. F. Coulter--moved into it. -Germain was the first of these to arrive in Los Angeles, coming in -1870 and, soon after, establishing several trading posts along the -line of the Southern Pacific during its construction through Arizona. -One day, while inspecting branches in this wild and woolly region, -Germain ran into a party of cowboys who were out gunning; and just for -a little diversion, they took to peppering the vicinity of his feet, -which attention persuaded him into a high-step less graceful than -alert. Germain came to occupy many positions of trust, being -appointed, in 1889, Commissioner from California to the Paris -Exposition, and later American Consul at Zurich, Switzerland. Next -among the tenants was George D. Rowan, who opened a grocery store in -the Strelitz Block, opposite the old Jail, remaining there until the -completion of Baker's building; thus supplying another illustration of -the tendency then predominating to gravitate toward the extreme -northern end of the town. In several enterprises, Rowan was a pioneer: -he brought from Chicago the first phaeton seen on our streets; and in -conjunction with Germain, he inaugurated the shipping of California -products, in carload lots, to the Eastern market. He was also one of -the first to use pennies here. Withdrawing from the grocery trade, in -1882, he busied himself with real estate until 1892, when he retired. -A public-spirited man, he had the greatest confidence in the future of -Los Angeles, and was instrumental in subdividing much important -acreage, including the block between Sixth, Seventh, Hill and Olive -streets, which he sold in sixty-foot lots at prices as low as six -hundred dollars each. He was a prime mover in having the name of Fort -Street altered to that of Broadway, certainly a change of questionable -propriety considering the origin of the old name. Rowan died on -September 7th, 1901. His sons, R. A. and P. D. Rowan, constitute the -firm of R. A. Rowan & Company. Reverend Coulter, father of Frank M. -Coulter,[35] brought his family to Los Angeles on September 17th, -1877, and after a short association in the hardware firm of Harper & -Coulter, he entered the dry goods field as B. F. Coulter, now the -Coulter Dry Goods Company. In 1878, Coulter bought the woolen mills on -Pearl Street near Fifth. Coulter was a man of genial temperament and -great integrity; and I shall have occasion to speak of him again. - -R. F. Del Valle was born in December, 1854, at the Plaza ancestral -home, where, before the family's removal to Camulos _rancho_, I -frequently saw him playing when I attended the political councils at -his father's home. By the by, I believe that J. L. Brent had his law -office there, which may account for those gatherings. Del Valle's -boyhood days were spent in and around Los Angeles. He studied law in -San Francisco and returned to Los Angeles in 1877, a promising young -orator and attorney. Since that period he has been in public life -practically all of the time. For some time past he has been a member -of the Water Board. He has been frequently honored by the Democratic -party, especially in 1880, when as elector he was instructed to vote -for our former fellow-townsman, General W. S. Hancock. In 1890, Del -Valle married Mrs. Helen Caystile, widow of Thomas Caystile and -daughter of Caleb E. White, a Pomona horticulturist and sheepman. - -A murder case of the late seventies was notable on account of the -tragic fate of two indirect participants. On October 10th, G. M. -Waller, custodian of the land company's bath-house at Santa Monica, -detected Victor Fonck, who had been warned to keep off the premises, -in the act of erecting a private bath-house on the beach, and shot him -in the leg, from which wound, after two days, Fonck died. In his -defense, Waller claimed that, as watchman, he was acting under orders -from E. S. Parker, the land company's agent. Waller was found guilty -of involuntary homicide and sentenced on January 25th, 1878, to one -year in the Penitentiary. Parker, on the other hand, was convicted of -murder in the second degree, and on March 8th was sentenced to ten -years' imprisonment. This severe and unexpected punishment caused a -mental excitement from which Parker soon died; and, but a few days -later, his broken-hearted wife fell dead. - -Annual public fairs were centers of social life as late as the middle -of the seventies, one being held, about 1876 or 1877, in the old -Alameda Street depot, which, decorated with evergreens and flowers, -had been transformed into a veritable garden. With succeeding years, -these displays, for some time in Horticultural Hall on Temple Street, -came to be more and more enchanting. Still later, one or more flower -festivals were held in Hazard's Pavilion on Fifth Street, near Olive, -that of 1889 in particular attracting, in the phraseology of a local -newspaper, "one of the largest and most brilliant gatherings in the -history of the city." It is indeed a pity that these charming -exhibitions, requiring but the mere bringing together of some of the -flowers so bountifully supplied us, have been abandoned. - -On February 1st, 1878, twenty-three years after the Odd Fellows first -organized here, their newly-constructed hall in the Oxarart Block at -108 North Spring Street was dedicated with elaborate ceremonies. - -About 1878, Captain George J. Clarke, who had been Postmaster from -1866 to 1873, and who lived well out of town, offered me sixty feet -adjoining my home on Fort Street, a site now occupied by the J. W. -Robinson Company. He asked one hundred dollars a foot for the Fort -Street frontage alone, but as only sixteen dollars a foot had been -paid for the full depth to Hill Street of the piece I already owned, I -refused to purchase; nor was I persuaded even when he threatened to -erect a livery stable next to my house. - -Another item respecting land values, and how they impressed me: in -1878, Nadeau purchased, for twenty thousand dollars, the site of the -Nadeau Hotel, whereupon I told him that he was crazy; but later events -proved him to have been a better judge than I. - -Sometime in the late seventies, Jerry Illich started a chop-house on -North Main Street and prospered so well that in time he was able to -open a larger and much finer establishment which he called the Maison -Dorée. This restaurant was one of the best of the time, and became the -_rendezvous_ of men about town. In 1896, Jerry moved again, this time -to Third Street opposite the Bradbury Block; and thither went with him -his customers of former days. When Illich died in December, 1902, he -had the finest restaurant in the city. - -In April the Public Library was transferred to the care of the City. -In the beginning, as I have stated, a fee of five dollars was charged -to patrons; somewhat later, it is my recollection, a legislative -enactment permitted a small addition to the tax-rate for the partial -support of this worthy enterprise, and this municipal assistance -enabled the directors to carry the work along even though the annual -membership fee was reduced to four dollars, payable quarterly. - -On September 25th, General John C. Frémont arrived in Los Angeles on -his way to Arizona, of which Territory he had been appointed Governor; -and accompanied by his wife and daughter, he was driven at once to the -St. Charles Hotel. There, in response to a demonstration by the -citizens, he referred to the great changes which had taken place here -during his absence of thirty years. Two days later, General Frémont -and family left for Yuma, the explorer traveling that route by means -of the iron horse for the first time. - -Benjamin Franklin Taylor, the lecturer and author, visited Los -Angeles, in 1878, and wrote the sympathetic book, _Between the Gates_, -full of just discrimination and hopeful views respecting the -Southland. - -Some new ordinances regulating vegetable venders having been passed in -the winter of 1878-79, the Chinese peddlers went on a strike, and for -some time refused, to the inconvenience of their dependent customers, -to supply any truck-farm products. - -During the Postmastership of Colonel Isaac R. Dunkelberger, the Post -Office was moved, in 1879, to the Oxarart Block on North Spring Street -near First. There it continued for eight years, contributing much -toward making the neighborhood an important commercial center. - -M. J. Newmark, having sold to his partners his interest in the firm of -H. Newmark & Company, left Los Angeles, in 1879, for San Francisco, -after building a residence on Spring Street next to the southwest -corner of Spring and Seventh and adjoining the dwellings owned by -Kaspare Cohn and M. A. Newmark. Each of these houses stood on a -sixty-foot lot; and to protect themselves from possibly unpleasant -neighbors, the holders had bought the corner of Seventh and Spring -streets for four hundred and twenty-five dollars. On his departure, M. -J. Newmark committed his affairs to my care, desiring to dispose of -his place; and I offered it to I. N. Van Nuys for seven thousand five -hundred dollars, which represented the cost of the house alone. Times -were quite hard in Los Angeles at this period; and when Van Nuys said -that he would give six thousand five hundred dollars for it, I -accepted his offer and induced the owners to sell to him the corner -lot for four hundred and seventy-five dollars. This is the earlier -history of the corner now occupied by the I. N. Van Nuys Building, in -which the First National Bank conducts its affairs. - -Long before there was any necessity for cutting Sixth Street through, -east of Main, George Kerckhoff (who, in 1879, had brought his family -from Indiana) bought the six acres formerly belonging to the intrepid -pioneer, J. J. Warner, and, in the midst of this pretty orchard, built -the home in which he continued to reside until 1896, when he died. -William G. Kerckhoff, a son, came with his father and almost -immediately engaged in the lumber business with James Cuzner. An -ordinary man might have found this enterprise sufficient, especially -as it expanded with the building up of our Southland communities; but -this was not so with the younger Kerckhoff, who in 1892 entered the -ice business, after which effort, within ten years, he evolved the San -Gabriel Electric Company. Henry E. Huntington then associated himself -with this enterprise, somewhat later buying that part of the Kerckhoff -property on which the Huntington Building, opposite the Kerckhoff, now -stands; and as a result of the working together of two such minds, -huge electrical enterprises culminated in the Pacific Light and Power -Company. - -The year 1879 was tragic in my family. On the 20th of January, our son -Philip, only nine years of age, died of diphtheria; and a trifle more -than three weeks later, on February 11th, Leo, a baby of three years, -succumbed to the same treacherous disease. Barely had the grave closed -on the second, when a daughter became seriously ill, and after her -recovery, in a fit of awful consternation we fled the plague-infected -house and the city, taking with us to San Francisco, Edward, a son of -five years. But alas! hardly had we returned to town, when he also -died, on March 17th, 1879. - -In May, Judge R. M. Widney broached to the Rev. A. M. Hough, Rev. M. -M. Bovard, E. F. Spence, Dr. J. P. Widney and G. D. Compton his -project for the first Protestant institution of higher learning in -Southern California; and meeting with their encouragement, certain -land in West Los Angeles, consisting of three hundred and eight acres, -was accepted in trust as a gift from I. W. Hellman, J. G. Downey and -O. W. Childs, forty acres being later added. In 1880, the first -building was put up on Wesley Avenue; and on the sixth of October the -college was opened. Most of the projectors were Methodists; and the -institution, since known as the University of Southern California, -became a Methodist college. The beginning of the institution has been -odd: its first department of arts was built, in 1883, at Ontario; -while two years later its theological school was opened at San -Fernando. Recently, under the energetic administration of President F. -D. Bovard, the University has made much progress. - -A. B. Chapman, about 1879, joined C. T. Paul in opening a hardware -store at 12 Commercial Street, with a little tin-shop opposite; and -they soon introduced here the first gasoline stoves, to which the -insurance companies at once seriously objected. - -Probably the earliest Los Angeles newspaper published in French was a -weekly, _L'Union Nouvelle_, which commenced in 1879 with P. Ganée as -editor. - -Exceeding the limits of animated editorial debate into which the rival -journalists had been drawn in the heated campaign of 1879, William A. -Spalding, a reporter on the _Evening Express_, waited for Joseph D. -Lynch, the editor of the _Herald_, at about eleven o'clock in the -morning of August 16th, and peppered away with a bull-dog pistol at -his rival, as the latter, who had just left the Pico House, was -crossing Spring Street from Temple Block to go to the _Herald_ office. -Lynch dropped his cane, and fumbled for his shooting-iron; but by the -time he could return the fire, A. de Celis and other citizens had -thrust themselves forward, making it doubly perilous to shoot at all. -Spalding sent the bullet which wounded, not his adversary, but a -bystander, L. A. Major of Compton. - -Colonel G. Wiley Wells arrived in 1879, after a Civil War career in -which his left arm was permanently crippled. He also served as United -States District Attorney in Mississippi, where he prosecuted many of -the Ku-Klux Klan, and as United States Consul-General to China, where -he had a varied experience with men and affairs. With A. Brunson, he -formed the law partnership of Brunson & Wells, having offices in the -Baker Block. The next year, Bradner W. Lee, a nephew of Wells, who had -arrived here in 1879, was added to the firm. After fifteen years' -practice in the local courts, during which time Wells became a noted -figure, he retired to private life at Santa Monica, disposing of his -extensive law library, consisting of some six thousand volumes, to his -successors, Works & Lee. - -Henry Milner Mitchell, to whom I have referred as assisting to run -down Vasquez, reached Los Angeles by way of Nicaragua in 1868, and was -successively a surveyor, a reporter, a law student and, finally, from -1878 to 1879, Sheriff. In 1879, he was admitted to practice before the -Supreme Court of California, and in the same year, he married the -eldest daughter of Andrew Glassell. Eventually he met a very tragic -death: while hunting near the scene of Vasquez's capture, he was shot -by a friend who mistook him for a deer. - -Colonel Henry Harrison Markham, a New Yorker, pitched his tent in Los -Angeles and Pasadena in 1879, and was elected to Congress from the -Sixth District, defeating R. F. Del Valle. He succeeded in getting one -hundred and fifty thousand dollars for a public building and -appropriations for Wilmington and other harbors; and he also aided in -establishing army headquarters at Los Angeles for Arizona, New Mexico -and Southern California. - -Carl Seligman left Germany for America in 1879 and spent a year in San -Francisco, after which he removed to Tucson, Arizona. And there he -remained, engaged in the wholesale and retail grocery business until, -on December 6th, 1885, he married my daughter Ella, following which -event he bought an interest in the firm of M. A. Newmark & Company. - -The early eighties witnessed a commercial development so marked as to -remind one of the proverbial grass that could be heard to grow. During -an entire century, business (centered, like social life, more or less -about the Plaza) had crawled southward to First Street, a distance of -but three or four blocks; and now, in five or six years, trade passed -First, extended along both Main and Spring streets and reached almost -to, or just beyond Second. At this time, the Baker Block, at the -corner of North Main and Arcadia streets, which contained the first -town ticket-office of the Southern Pacific Railroad, was still the -center of the retail trade of Los Angeles. - -And yet some idea of the backwardness of the city, even then, may be -obtained from the fact that, in 1880, on the southwest corner of -Spring and Second streets where the Hollenbeck Hotel was later built, -stood a horse corral; while the old adobe on the lot at the corner of -First and Spring streets, which was torn down later to make room for -the Hotel Nadeau, was also still there. - -Obadiah Truax Barker settled in Los Angeles in 1880 and, with Otto -Mueller, started a furniture and carpet business, known as Barker & -Mueller's, at 113 North Spring Street. Strange as it seems, however, -the newcomers found themselves too far from the business district; -and, on Mueller's retiring, O. T. Barker & Sons moved to a store near -the Pico House. Now the firm is Barker Brothers. - -In fond recollection, the homely cheerfulness of the old-time adobe -recurs again and again. The eighties, however, were characterized by -another form of dwelling, fashionable and popular; some examples of -which, half-ruined, are still to be seen. This was the frame house, -large and spacious with wide, high, curving verandas, semicircular -bay-windows, towers and cupolas. Flower-bordered lawns generally -encircled these residences; there were long, narrow hallways and more -spare bedrooms than the less intimate hospitality of to-day suggests -or demands. - -On January 1st, 1880, the District Court of Los Angeles was abolished -to give way to the County Court; on which occasion Don Ygnácio -Sepúlveda, the last of the District Court judges, became the first -County Judge. - -The first cement pavement in the city was laid on Main Street north of -First by a man named Floyd. Having bought Temple Block, we were -thinking of surrounding it with a wooden sidewalk. Floyd recommended -cement, asking me, at the same time, to inspect a bit of pavement -which he had just put down. I did so, and took his advice; and from -this small beginning has developed the excellent system of paving now -enjoyed by Los Angeles. - -In 1880, there visited Southern California a man who not only had a -varied and most interesting past, but who was destined to have an -important future. This was Abbot Kinney, a blood relation of Emerson, -Holmes and old General Harrison, and a student of law and medicine, -commission merchant, a botanical expert, cigarette manufacturer and -member of the United States Geological Survey; a man, too, who had -traveled through, and lived long in Europe, Asia and Africa; and who, -after seeing most of our own Northwest, was on his way to settle in -Florida in search of health. While in San Francisco he heard of the -recently-formed Sierra Madre Colony, whither he made haste to go; and -after a month or two there, he liked it so well that he decided to -remain on the gentle slope, found there a home and lay out a farm. At -that time we had a customer by the name of Seabury, who owned one -hundred and sixty acres along the foothills; and this land he had -mortgaged to us to secure a note. When Kinney came, he bought a place -adjoining Seabury's, and this led him to take over the mortgage. In -due season, he foreclosed and added the land to his beautiful -property, which he named _Kinneloa_. - -All Kinney's combined experience was brought to bear to make his -estate pleasurable, not only to himself but for the casual visitor and -passer-by; and in a short time he became well known. He also was made -a Special Commissioner of the United States to examine into the -condition of the Mission Indians of Southern California; and on this -commission he served with Helen Hunt Jackson, so famous as _H. H._ -or, especially in California, as the author of _Ramona_, visiting with -her all the well-known Indian _rancherías_ between San Diego and -Monterey, in addition to the twenty-one Franciscan Missions. - -Toward the end of April, F. P. F. Temple passed away at the Merced -Ranch and was buried in the family burying-ground at La Puente. This -recalls to mind that, in early days, many families owned a hallowed -acre where, as summoned one by one, they were laid side by side in -rest eternal. - -On May 16th, John W. Bixby died, at his Long Beach estate. About 1871 -he had entered his brother Jotham's service, supervising the sheep -ranch; and to John Bixby's foresight was attributed, first the renting -and later the purchase of the great ranch controlled, through -foreclosure of mortgage, by Michael Reese. A year or two before -Bixby's death, five thousand acres were set aside for the town of Los -Alamitos, but John never saw the realization of his dream to establish -there a settlement. - -It was on the eighteenth of the same month that my brother found it -necessary to visit Carlsbad for the benefit of his health, and the -decision occasioned my removal to San Francisco to look after his -affairs. What was expected to be a brief absence really lasted until -September, 1882, when he and his family returned to America and San -Francisco, and I came back to Los Angeles, with which, of course, I -had continued in close communication. During our absence, my wife's -father, Joseph Newmark, died rather suddenly on October 19th, 1881. - - [Illustration: Antonio Franco and Mariana Coronel - From an oil painting in the Coronel Collection] - - [Illustration: Fourth Street, Looking West from Main] - - [Illustration: Timms Landing - From a print of the late fifties] - - [Illustration: Santa Catalina, in the Middle Eighties] - -Reference has been made to the movement, in 1859, for the division of -California into two states. In the spring of 1880, John G. Downey -republished the original act and argued that it was still valid; and -Dr. J. P. Widney contended that the geographical, topographical, -climatic and commercial laws were all working for the separation of -California into two distinct civil organizations. Not long after, at a -mass-meeting in Los Angeles called to forward the improvement of -Wilmington harbor, an Executive Committee consisting of J. G. -Downey, W. H. Perry, E. F. Spence, Dr. J. P. Widney, A. B. Moffitt and -J. G. Estudillo was named to see what could be done; and this -Committee appointed a Legal Committee, consisting of Henry T. Hazard, -R. M. Widney, George H. Smith, C. E. Thom, A. Brunson, S. C. Hubbell -and H. A. Barclay. The latter Committee endorsed Downey's view that -Congress could admit the new State; and it arranged for a convention -which met on September 8th, 1881. There the gist of the sentiment was -that State division was a necessity, but that the time was not yet -ripe! - -In 1880, Jotham Bixby & Company sold four thousand acres of their -celebrated Cerritos Ranch to an organization known as the American -Colony, and in a short time Willmore City, named after W. E. Willmore -and the origin of Long Beach, was laid out and widely advertised. -Willmore, a teacher, had been fairly successful as a colonizer in -Fresno County; but after all his dreaming, hard work and investments, -he lost all that he had, like so many others, and died broken-hearted. -The earliest recollection I have of a storekeeper at Long Beach was my -customer, W. W. Lowe. - -At an early period in the development of Santa Monica, as we have -seen, Senator Jones built a wharf there; but the Los Angeles & -Independence Railroad, expected to become the outlet on the Pacific -Coast of a supposedly great mining district in Inyo County, never -reached farther east than Los Angeles. The Southern Pacific Railroad -Company, desiring to remove this competition, obtained possession of -the new road, razed the warehouse and condemned and half dismantled -the wharf; and by setting up its terminus at Wilmington, it -transferred there the greater part of its shipping and trade. By 1880, -Santa Monica, to-day so prosperous, had shrunk to but three hundred -and fifty inhabitants. - -Competition compelled us, in 1880, to put traveling salesmen into the -field--an innovation we introduced with reluctance, involving as it -did no little additional expense. - -Near the end of August, a Citizens' Committee was appointed to -receive and entertain President Rutherford B. Hayes, whose visit to -Los Angeles, as the first President to come here, caused quite a stir. -His stay was very brief. During the few hours that he was here, he and -his party were driven around the neighborhood in open hacks. - -In the midst of his successive Greenback campaigns, General Ben. F. -Butler sojourned for a few days, in 1880, in Los Angeles and was the -recipient of many attentions. - -At the beginning of this decade, the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railway -was extended to Timms' Landing, the well-known old shipping point; and -San Pedro then began to grow in earnest, both on the bluff and in the -lowlands bordering on the bay. Wharves were projected; and large -vessels, such as would have startled the earlier shippers, yet none -too large at that, made fast to their moorings. But the improvement of -yesterday must make way for that of to-day, and even now the Harbor -Commissioners are razing historic Timms' Point. Penning again this -familiar cognomen, I am reminded of what, I dare say, has been -generally forgotten, that the Bay of Avalon was also once called -Timms' Landing or Cove--after A. W. Timms, under-officer in the United -States Navy--and that the name was changed prior to the Bannings' -purchase of Catalina. - -Frequent reference has been made to those who, in one way or another, -sought to infuse new commercial life here and more rapidly to expand -the city; but, after all, George Lehman, of whom I have already -spoken, was perhaps _the_ pioneer local boomer before that picturesque -word had become incorporated in the Angeleño's vocabulary. Nor were -his peculiarities in this direction entirely confined to booming, for -he did considerable buying as well. Lehman's operations, however, most -unfortunately for himself, were conducted at too early a period, and -his optimism, together with his extensive, unimproved holdings, -wrought his downfall. Besides the Round House and gardens, he owned -real estate which would now represent enormous value, in proof of -which I have only to mention a few of his possessions at that time: -the southwest corner of Sixth and Spring streets; the northeast -corner of Sixth and Hill streets; large frontages and many other -corners on Main, Spring, Fort and Hill streets. Practically none of -this property brought any income, so that when the City began to grade -and improve the streets, Lehman's assessments compelled him to give a -fifteen thousand dollar blanket mortgage to Lazard Frères of San -Francisco. - -Lehman soon found himself beyond his depth and defaulted in the -payment of both principal and interest. Not only that, but with a -complacency and a confidence in the future that were sublime, he -refused to sell a single foot of land, and Lazard Frères with a worthy -desire, natural to bankers, to turn a piece of paper into something -more negotiable, foreclosed the mortgage, in 1879, and shut the gates -of the Garden of Paradise forever; and a sheriff's sale was advertised -for the purpose of concluding this piece of financial legerdemain. I -attended the sale, and still distinctly remember with much amusement -some of the incidents. - -The vociferous auctioneer mounted the box or barrel provided for him -and opened the program by requesting an offer for the corner of Hill -and Second streets, a lot one hundred and twenty by one hundred and -sixty feet in size. Nor did he request in vain. - -One of the heroes of the occasion was Louis Mesmer, a friend of -Lehman, whose desire it was to take a talking part in the proceedings, -force up the prices and so help the latter. Amidst the familiar, -"Going, going, going!" accordingly, the bidding began and, under the -incentive of Mesmer's bullish activities, the figures soon reached -four hundred dollars, the last bidder being Eugene Meyer, local agent -for the mortgagee. At this juncture Mesmer, in his enthusiasm, doubled -the bid to eight hundred dollars, expecting, of course, to induce -someone to raise the price, already high for that day, still higher. - -But "the best-laid schemes o' mice an' men gang aft a-gley." How -eagerly Mesmer awaited the fruition of his shrewd manipulation! how he -listened in hopeful anticipation to the repeated, "Going, going, -going!" of the auctioneer! In vain, however, he waited, in vain he -listened. To his mortification and embarrassment, his astounded ear -was greeted with the decisive, "Gone!--for eight hundred dollars! Sold -to Louis Mesmer!" - -Mesmer had bought, for more than it was worth, a piece of property -which he did not want, a catastrophe realized as well by all the -others present as it was patent to the victim himself. The crowd -relished keenly the ludicrous situation in which Mesmer found himself, -encumbered as he was with an investment which he had had no intention -of making; and throughout the remainder of the contest he was -distinguished only by his silence. - -Poor old George! His vision was accurate: Los Angeles was to become -great, but her splendid expansion was delayed too long for him to -realize his dreams. When Lehman died, he was buried in a pauper's -grave; and toward the end of the eighties, the adobe Round House, once -such a feature of George Lehman's Garden of Paradise, was razed to -make way for needed improvements. - -I have spoken of the intolerable condition of the atmosphere in the -Council Chamber when Charles Crocker made his memorable visit to Los -Angeles to consult with the City Fathers. In the eighties, when the -Common Council met in the southeast corner of the second floor of -Temple Block, the same objectionable use of tobacco prevailed, with -the result that the worthy Aldermen could scarcely be distinguished -twenty-five feet away from the rough benches on which sat the equally -beclouded spectators. - -Doubtless the atmosphere of the court room was just as foul when the -Mayor, as late at least as 1880, passed judgment each morning, sitting -as a Justice, on the crop of disorderlies of the preceding night. Then -not infrequently some neighbor or associate of the Mayor himself, -caught in the police dragnet, appeared among the drowsy defendants! - -FOOTNOTE: - -[35] Died on October 27th, 1915. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVI - -CENTENARY OF THE CITY--ELECTRIC LIGHT - -1881-1884 - - -The year 1881 opened with what, for Los Angeles, was a curious natural -phenomenon--snow falling in February and covering the streets and -plains with a white mantle. So rare was the novelty that many -residents then saw the oddly-shaped flakes for the first time. It was -about that time, according to my recollection, that another attempt -was made to advertise Los Angeles through her far-famed climate, an -effort which had a very amusing termination. Prominent men of our city -invited the California Editorial Association, of which Frank Pixley of -the _Argonaut_ was President, to meet in Los Angeles that year, with -the far-sighted intention of having them give wider publicity to the -charms and fame of our winters. During this convention, a banquet was -held in the dining-room of the St. Elmo Hotel, then perhaps called the -Cosmopolitan. After a fine repast and a flow of brilliant eloquence, -principally devoted to extolling our climatic wonders, the -participants dispersed. But what was the surprised embarrassment of -the Los Angeles boomers, on making their exit, to find pieces of ice -hanging from all points of vantage and an intense cold permeating and -stiffening their bones. Thus ended, amid the few icicles Los Angeles -has ever known, the first official attempt to extend the celebrity of -our glorious and seductive climate. - -In February, Nathaniel C. Carter, to whom I have referred as a pioneer -in arranging railroad excursions for tourists coming to California, -bought from E. J. Baldwin some eleven hundred acres of the Santa Anita -Ranch, comprising the northern and wilder portion which sloped down -from the base of the Sierra Madre Mountains. This he subdivided, -piping water from the hills; and by wide advertising he established -Sierra Madre, appropriating the name already selected by a neighboring -colony. - -In 1881, J. M. Guinn, who for a decade or more had been Principal of -the schools at Anaheim, was made Superintendent of Los Angeles City -Schools. - -A tragedy attracted unusual attention in the early eighties, owing, in -part, to the social connections of the persons involved. Francisco, or -Chico Forster, as he was popularly called, the sporting son of Don -Juan Forster, had been keeping company with a Señorita Abarta, a young -woman of superb stature, whose father was French and mother was -Mexican; and having promised to marry her, he betrayed her confidence. -Her insistence that Forster should keep his word had its _dénouement_ -when, one day, at her behest, they visited the Plaza church; but -Forster so far endeavored to postpone the ceremony that he returned to -the carriage, in which he had left her, declaring that no priest could -be found. Then they drove around until they reached the corner of -Commercial and Los Angeles streets, half a block from H. Newmark & -Company's. There the young woman left the carriage, followed by -Forster; and on reaching the sidewalk, she said to him in Spanish, -"_¿Chico, que vas hacer?_" ("What are you going to do?") Forster gave -some evasive answer, and Señorita Abarta shot him dead. She was -arrested and tried; but owing to the expert evidence in her behalf -given by Dr. Joseph Kurtz she was exonerated, to the satisfaction of -nearly the entire community. Among those who followed the proceedings -closely with a view to publishing the dramatic story was George Butler -Griffin, traveler and journalist, who, having recently arrived, had -joined the staff of the _Express_, later becoming somewhat noted as a -student of local history. - -At a meeting in Turnverein Hall, on March 24th, the German Ladies' -Benevolent Society of Los Angeles, so long known for its commendable -work, was organized. Mrs. John Milner was elected President; Mrs. D. -Mahlstedt, Vice-President; Mrs. John Benner, Secretary; and Mrs. Jacob -Kuhrts, Treasurer. - -Savarie J., _alias_ Professor Brewster, was a simple-minded freak of -the freakish eighties, who dropped into Los Angeles--as such -characters generally do--without anyone knowing much about his origin. -It was during the time that walking matches were much in vogue, and -whenever one of these took place, Savarie J. was sure to participate. -He was the only man in town that took Savarie J. seriously, and I -assume that he was generally entered rather to attract spectators than -for any other purpose. One day the Professor disappeared and no clue -to his whereabouts could be discovered until his dead body was found -far out on the desert. He had walked once too often and too far! - -Fabian was a Frenchman and a jack-at-all-trades doing odd jobs around -town, whose temperament and out-spoken way of expressing himself used -to produce both amusement and surprise. On one occasion, when he took -offense at the daughter of a prominent family for whom he was working, -he sought out the lady of the house and said to her: "Madam, your sons -are all right, but _your daughters are no good_!" - -Two other names not forgotten by householders of an earlier day in Los -Angeles are John Hall and Henry Buddin. The former, whose complexion -was as black as his soul was white, came to Los Angeles a great many -years ago. He was a whitewasher by trade and followed this calling for -a livelihood, later giving it up to run an express wagon; and I can -still see John plying about town and driving in summer between Los -Angeles and Santa Monica, his wagon piled high with household effects, -as our good citizens moved from one dwelling to another or went on -their way to the shore of the sea. I remember, also, that one day some -unnatural parent left a newborn, white infant on John Hall's steps. He -was never able to locate the mother of the little fellow, and -therefore took the foundling into his home and raised him as his son. -Moses was the name John very appropriately bestowed upon the baby; and -the white lad grew into manhood in the midst of this negro family. -Like Fabian, Buddin proved himself handy in doing odd jobs of -carpentering and upholstering, and was in frequent demand. - -On September 5th, at the conclusion of the City's first century, or, -more strictly speaking, one hundred years and a day after the founding -of Los Angeles, a noteworthy celebration was undertaken. A population -of about twelve thousand was all that Los Angeles then boasted; but -visitors added greatly to the crowd, and the town took on a true -holiday appearance. Main Street was decorated with an arch, bearing -the inclusive figures, _1781-1881_; and the variegated procession, -under the grand marshalship of General George Stoneman, was made up of -such vehicles, costumed passengers and riders as suggested at once the -motley but interesting character of our city's past. There were old, -creaking _carretas_ that had seen service in pioneer days; there were -richly-decorated saddles, on which rode gay and expert horsemen; and -there were also the more up-to-date and fashionable carriages which, -with the advent of transcontinental railroading, had at last reached -the Coast. Two Mexican Indian women--one named Benjamina--alternately -scowling and smiling, and declared to be, respectively, one hundred -and three and one hundred and fourteen years old, formed a feature of -the procession. Clouds of dust, from the crowding auditors, greeted -the orators of the day, who spoke not only in English and Spanish, but -also in French; there were festal games and sports characteristic of -the olden time; and the celebration concluded with a Spanish _baile_, -at which dancing was continued until the following morning. - -One of the musical celebrities of her time, and a native of Los -Angeles of whom the city was justly proud, was Miss Mamie Perry, -daughter of Mr. and Mrs. William H. Perry. In 1880, she went to Italy -and studied under Sangiovanni and in September, 1881, made her -_début_, singing in Milan, Florence, Mantua and Bologna the title -_rôle_ of Petrella's opera, _Contessa d'Amalfi_. In other cities, she -attained further distinction. A musical career was interrupted by her -marriage, in 1883, to Charles W. Davis; but, after his untimely death -in 1889, Mrs. Perry-Davis returned to Italy, a notable _musicale_ in -Turnverein Hall being given, as a farewell honor, on April 22d. Still -later, she returned to Los Angeles and married C. Modini Wood. - -When the funeral of President Garfield took place at Washington, on -September 27th, his memory was also honored in Los Angeles. A -procession started at two o'clock from Spring Street and marched to -the Plaza, Colonel John O. Wheeler acting as Grand Marshal and George -E. Gard, Chief of Police, leading the way. A catafalque, draped with -black, star-bedecked silk and green smilax, and surmounted by a -shrouded eagle and a little child--Laura Chauvin, daughter of A. C. -Chauvin, the grocer--kneeling and representing Columbia lamenting the -loss of the martyred chief, was drawn by six horses, followed by the -honorary pallbearers and by civic and official bodies. Judge Volney E. -Howard, as President, introduced Dr. J. P. Widney, who read the -resolutions of condolence, after which A. Brunson delivered the -eulogy. Mrs. Garfield, the President's widow, who first came to winter -in California in 1899, finally built her own winter home in Pasadena, -in October, 1904. - -S. A. and M. A. Hamburger, who were engaged in business in Sacramento, -concluded they would do better if they secured the right opening in -the Southland; and having persuaded their father, Asher Hamburger, to -join them in the new enterprise, they came to Los Angeles in November, -1881, and established their present business, under the firm name of -A. Hamburger & Sons. D. A. Hamburger, who had been reading law, joined -them in January, 1883. For years, until his death on December 2d, -1897, the elder Hamburger participated actively in all the affairs of -the concern. They first opened on Main Street near Requena--close to -the popular dry-goods store of Dillon & Kenealy, conducted by Richard -Dillon & John Kenealy--what was known as the People's Store, -occupying a one-story building with a room containing not more than -twenty-five hundred square feet; but having outgrown this location, -they moved to the Bumiller Block. Again obliged to seek more room, the -Phillips Block, at the corner of Spring and Franklin streets, was -built for their use on the site of the old City and County Building -and the Jail. In 1908, the Hamburgers moved to their extensive -building on Broadway and Eighth Street. - -Owen Brown, son of the famous John Brown of Ossawatomie, and long the -only survivor of the little party that seized the arsenal at Harpers -Ferry, came West late in 1881 and settled with his brother Jason, -already at Pasadena. A horseback trail up one of the neighboring -mountains still leads the traveler to speak in friendly spirit of this -late pioneer, who died in 1889 and is buried near the foothills. Five -years later, Jason Brown returned to Ohio. - -The _Daily Times_, a Republican sheet started by Nathan Cole and James -Gardiner, began on December 4th to be issued six days in the week. -Both publishers within a month were succeeded by Yarnell, Caystile & -Mathes, owners of the _Mirror_. So successful was the paper that it -soon grew to be a nine-column folio. - - [Illustration: Main Street, Looking North from Sixth, Probably in the - Late Seventies] - - [Illustration: High School, on Pound Cake Hill, about 1873] - - [Illustration: First Street, Looking East from Hill] - - [Illustration: Temple Court House, after Abandonment by the County] - -In the height of the Winter season of 1881-82, when the semi-tropical -glory of Southern California was most appealing, Helen Hunt Jackson, -exploring the Southwest for materials of value in the study of the -Indian, came to Los Angeles and met, as I have already related, Abbot -Kinney, himself a student of the aborigines. She also met Don António -F. and Doña Mariana Coronel; and finding in the latter a highly -intelligent and affable lady, she passed some hours each day at the -hospitable Coronel mansion, driving out there from her hotel and -reclining under the broad palm trees. When Mrs. Jackson first came, -with her pencils and note-books, the retiring Señora (as she used to -tell me), having little comprehension of the Eastern lady's ambitious -plans, looked with some suspicion on the motives of her enthusiastic -visitor; but fortunately this half-distrust was dispelled by the -warmth of the author's geniality, and Doña Mariana, opening both her -house and heart, contributed inestimably to the success of the now -famous _Ramona_, most of the rough notes for which were written at a -little table on the Coronel veranda. On Doña Mariana's advice, Mrs. -Jackson selected the Del Valle ranchhouse at the Camulos, as the -best-preserved and most typical place for a background; although, -disappointed in not finding the Del Valles at home, and consequently -seeing the imagined headquarters of Ramona for but an hour or two, she -was compelled to rely upon her Los Angeles hostess for many of the -interesting and singularly accurate details. On departing from -Southern California, Mrs. Jackson wrote for the _Century Magazine_ a -charming description of life at the old Coronel adobe, whence she -never departed without a carriageful of luscious fruit. She also added -her tribute to the attractions of the San Gabriel and San Fernando -valleys. Now the world at large has been made more conversant with the -poetical past of Los Angeles for the most part through the novel -_Ramona_. - -In 1882, the telephone was first introduced here, H. Newmark & Company -so early subscribing for the service that they were given 'phone No. -5, the old River Station having No. 1. But it may amuse the reader to -know that this patronage was not pledged without some misgivings lest -the customary noises around the store might interfere with hearing, -and so render the curious instrument useless! - -On January 20th, Don Juan Forster died at his Santa Margarita rancho, -in San Diego County; followed to the grave but a few months later by -Mrs. Forster, a sister of Pio Pico. - -As rugged as the climate of his native State of Maine, A. T. Currier, -after the usual hazardous life of the pioneer on the plains and in -mines, proved his good judgment when, in the late sixties, after -riding through California in search of the best place to found a home, -he selected a ranch close to that of Louis Phillips. For years, I had -pleasant relations with Currier; and I must confess that it was not -easy to decide, in 1882, when two such friends as he and Billy -Rowland were the opposing candidates, how I should vote for Sheriff. -Currier was elected. - -The Arroyo Vista--later and more correctly named the Vista del -Arroyo--kept by Mrs. Emma C. Bangs, was the only hotel in the Pasadena -settlement in 1882, and not infrequently passengers who journeyed -there by the narrow, stuffy stage, running every day except Sunday, -found on arriving that they could not be accommodated. So small, in -fact, was the hostelry that it became necessary to advertise when all -the rooms had been taken. The stage left for Los Angeles at nine -o'clock in the morning and returned at three; and the driver, who was -a student of the classics from the East, doled out to the passengers -both crossroad data and bits of ancient lore. - -Fire having destroyed the State Normal School at San José, in 1880, -then the only institution of its kind in California, the Legislature, -on March 14th, 1881, provided for the establishing here of a branch; -and the following March George Gephard, a German who had come in 1875, -raised eight thousand dollars to purchase the orange grove at Bellevue -Terrace, near Fifth Street and Charity, for a site. On August 29th, -1882, the school was opened with Charles H. Allen of San Francisco as -first Principal, two other teachers and sixty-one students. In 1883, -Allen was succeeded by President Ira More and the school became an -independent institution. Edward T. Pierce, who followed Professor -More, retired in 1904. An instructor there for twenty-two years was -Professor Melville Dozier, who made for California, by way of Panamá, -in 1868. Largely through the devotion of these pioneer teachers, as -well as through those qualities which have marked the administration -of Dr. Jesse F. Millspaugh, scholar and pedagogue, for nearly the last -decade, this Normal School has grown, each year, from a very humble -beginning until now it sends out hundreds of men and women into one of -the noblest of all professions. - -A commencement of the Los Angeles High School of particular interest -to me was celebrated in June in the old Turnverein Hall, on Spring -Street--Superintendent James M. Guinn presenting the diplomas--when my -daughter Ella graduated. Among her instructors had been Mrs. Chloe P. -Jones, for three years Principal of the school and for one year -Superintendent (having been the last incumbent, at the same time, of -both offices), and the late Mrs. Anna Averill, a noted club woman. -Mrs. Jones came to California from Ohio in 1873, taught for a while in -Santa Rosa and, after a year of grade work here, began to instruct in -the new high school; and there, after a service of nearly four -decades, she is still a highly esteemed member of the staff. Mrs. -Averill was the first woman to enter the Board of Education; and in -her honor a bell was placed on the Mission Road, El Camino Real, to -celebrate her seventieth birthday. - -Colonel Harrison Gray Otis, who had been a farmer's boy, printer, -Union soldier, foreman of the Government printing office, newspaper -correspondent and editor, and had first visited Los Angeles late in -1874 or 1875 to familiarize himself with local conditions, on August -1st, 1882 joined the firm of Yarnell, Caystile & Mathes, thereupon -assuming the management of both the _Times_ and the weekly _Mirror_. -In October, 1883, Yarnell and Mathes retired. A year later, the -Times-Mirror Company was incorporated with a capital stock of forty -thousand dollars. - -Notwithstanding the failure of the _Evening Republican_, in 1878-79, -Nathan Cole, Jr. started another afternoon daily, the _Evening -Telegram_, on August 19th. It was very neatly printed; was delivered -by carrier at sixty-five cents a month; and was a pioneer here in -inserting free advertisements for those desiring situations. - -In the spring of 1882, my attention had been called to the public need -of proper facilities for obtaining a drink of good water; and no one -else having moved in the matter, the following communication was sent, -during the heated summer, to the City authorities: - - LOS ANGELES, August 25, 1882. - - To the Honorable, The Council of Los Angeles City: - - GENTLEMEN:-- - - The undersigned hereby tender to the city a drinking - fountain, as per the accompanying cut, to be placed on that - portion of Temple Block fronting the junction of Main and - Spring streets, for the free use of the public, and subject - to the approval of your honorable body. - - Respectfully, - H. NEWMARK & CO. - -About the same time Stephen H. Mott, Secretary of the Los Angeles City -Water Company, promised enough drinking water, free of charge, to -supply the fountain. - -The unpretentious gift having been accepted, the fountain was -installed. The design included an iron pedestal and column, surmounted -by a female figure of attractive proportions; while below, the water -issued from the mouth of a lion's head. Though but seven feet in -height and not to be compared with more ambitious designs seen here -later, the fountain may have given some incentive to city service and -adornment. - -It has been shown that Remi Nadeau bought the southwest corner of -Spring and First streets at what I then considered a ridiculously high -price. On that site, in 1882, he commenced building the Hotel -Nadeau--the first four-story structure in town. This fact is not -likely to escape my memory, since he acquired the necessary funds out -of the profit he made in a barley speculation involving the sale, by -H. Newmark & Company, of some eighty thousand bags of this cereal; his -gain representing our loss. It thus happened that I participated in -the opening festivities (which began with a banquet and ended with a -ball) to a greater extent than, I dare say, the average guest ever -suspected. For many years thereafter, the Nadeau, now comparatively -so deserted, was the center of social and business life in Los -Angeles. - -On October 11th occurred the death of Don Manuel Dominguez, his wife -surviving him but a few months. - -In 1882, F. H. Howland, representing the Brush Electric Lighting -Company, made an energetic canvass in Los Angeles for the introduction -of the electric light; and by the end of the third week in August, -forty or more arc lamps had been ordered by business houses and -private individuals. He soon proposed to light the city by seven -towers or spliced masts--each about one hundred and fifty feet -high--to be erected within an area bounded by the Plaza, Seventh, -Charity and Main streets, and supplied from a power-house at the -corner of Banning and Alameda streets. The seven masts were to cost -seven thousand dollars a year, or somewhat more than was then being -paid for gas. This proposition was accepted by the Council, popular -opinion being that it was "the best advertisement that Los Angeles -could have;" and when Howland, a week later, offered to add three or -four masts, there was considerable satisfaction that Los Angeles was -to be brought into the line of progress. On the evening of December -31st, the city was first lighted by electricity when Mayor Toberman -touched the button that turned on the mysterious current. Howland was -opposed by the gas company and by many who advanced the most -ridiculous objections: electric light, it was claimed, attracted bugs, -contributed to blindness and had a bad effect on--ladies' complexions! - -In 1883, Herman Flatau came to Los Angeles from Berlin and soon -entered the employ of H. Newmark & Company. His first duty was to bale -hides; in a year, he was a porter in the grocery department; and by -another year he had advanced to a place in the billing-office. Since -then, he has risen step by step until he is now a stockholder in M. A. -Newmark & Company and is taken into the most confidential and -important councils of that firm. On the nineteenth of February, 1888, -Flatau married Miss Fanny Bernstein, a lady distinguished as the -first girl graduate of a Los Angeles high school to enter the State -University, receiving therefrom the Ph.B. degree. - -Dr. Elizabeth A. Follansbee registered in Los Angeles in February, -1883, and as one of the earliest women physicians here soon secured an -enviable position in the professional world, being called to the chair -for diseases of children in the College of Medicine of the University -of Southern California. - -J. W. Robinson in 1833 established a small dry goods shop at the -corner of Temple and Spring streets, which he named the Boston Dry -Goods Store.[36] A couple of years later he moved into the Jones Block -opposite the Court House, the growth of his business having warranted -such a change. In 1895 the block next to Blanchard Hall was built by -this firm, and this he has occupied ever since. In March, 1896, the -present manager, J. M. Schneider, became associated with the Boston -Dry Goods Co., which was incorporated in 1891. N. B. Blackstone, a -kinsman of Robinson, once in business with him, in time withdrew and -set up for himself, under his own name, on Broadway. - -One of the most shocking railroad accidents in the history of -California blotted the calendar for January 20th, when over twenty -persons were killed and sudden grief was brought to several happy Los -Angeles circles. About three o'clock on a cold wintry night, an -express train, bound south, stopped at the Teháchepi Station, near the -summit; and while the engineer and fireman on the detached locomotive -and tender were busy loading water and fuel, and the conductor was in -the office making his report, the brakeman, with what proved to be -uncalculating gallantry, was hastening to escort a young lady from the -car to the railway station. In his hurry, he had forgotten to apply -the brakes; and before he could return, the entire train, started by a -heavy gale, had begun to move away--at the outset slowly, then -dashing, with ever-increasing momentum, down the heavy mountain grade! - -The conductor, upon leaving the depot, was the first to discover that -the cars had started away; the disappearing lights having become so -faint as to be scarcely visible. The passengers, too, had noticed -nothing unusual until too late; when the train, plunging along at -fearful velocity, leaped the track and fell in a heap to the ravine -below. The old-fashioned lamps and stoves set fire to the _débris_; -with the result that those who were not crushed were burned. The dead -and wounded were brought to Los Angeles as quickly as possible; but -the remains of some were never identified. Governor Downey, who was on -the train, was rescued, though for years he suffered from the nervous -shock; but among those lost was his charming wife. - -Marshall & Henderson established themselves, in 1883, in the wholesale -iron and wagon-supply trade; whereupon we sold that branch of our -business to them. Shortly after, we vacated the storerooms in the -Arcadia Block, which we had continuously occupied since the -establishing of H. Newmark & Company in 1865, and moved to the -two-story Amestoy Building on Los Angeles Street, north of Requena, -but a few paces from the corner on which I had first clerked for my -brother. - -At a meeting in the office of the Los Angeles Produce Exchange, in the -Arcadia Block on Los Angeles Street on March 9th, presided over by C. -W. Gibson when J. Mills Davies acted as Secretary, the Board of Trade -of Los Angeles was organized, M. Dodsworth, C. W. Gibson, A. Haas, J. -M. Davies, Eugène Germain, J. J. Mellus, John R. Mathews, Walter S. -Maxwell, I. N. Van Nuys and myself being the incorporators. Six -directors--Gibson, Van Nuys, Haas, Dodsworth, Mathews and -Newmark--were chosen. On March 14th, 1883, the Board was formally -incorporated for fifty years. After a while the Board met in the Baker -Block, and still later it assembled in a two-story brick structure at -the northwest corner of Fort and First streets. In October, 1906, the -Board of Trade and the Wholesalers' Board of Trade were consolidated, -the new organization becoming known as the Wholesalers' Board of -Trade. This move was initiated by Herman Flatau. - -The republication, in the Los Angeles _Express_ of March 23d, 1908, -under the caption, "Twenty-five Years Ago To-day," of several -paragraphs, savoring of village gossip such as the following-- - - Some very fine nugas [_nougats?_] are to be seen at Dol's - Commercial Restaurant. They are meant for the - silver-wedding feast at Mr. Newmark's-- - -calls to mind an event of March 21st, when my wife and I celebrated -our silver wedding at our home on Fort Street. At half-past six in the -evening, all of my employees sat down at dinner with us, having come -in a body to tender their congratulations. A reunion of three -generations of the Newmarks, some of whom then saw one another for the -first time, came to a close a week or two later. - -As the anniversary approached, I prepared a surprise for my wife, -arranging that her brother, Abraham Newmark of St. Louis, should be -present in Los Angeles for the occasion. His visit, however, had a -grievous termination: while in San Francisco on his way home from Los -Angeles, death came to him suddenly in the home of a friend. - -In May, the Los Angeles Board of Education sold the northwest corner -of Spring and Second streets--a lot one hundred and twenty by one -hundred and sixty-five feet, where the City, in 1854, had built the -first schoolhouse--to the city authorities for thirty-one thousand -dollars; and the next year the Council erected on the inside sixty -feet the first municipal building of consequence. When the Boom was at -its height in 1887, the City sold the balance of the lot with its -frontage on Spring Street and a depth of one hundred and five feet for -one hundred and twenty thousand dollars, to John Bryson, Sr., an -arrival of 1879 and ten years later Mayor of Los Angeles; and George -H. Bonebrake (who came a year earlier than Bryson, and was in his day -a prominent financier) opened, if my memory serves me correctly, the -first agency for Eastern vehicles. Together, they built the Bryson -Block. - -This sale and purchase reminds me that when the lot was cleared to -make way for the new City Hall, ten or twelve fine black locust trees -were felled, much to the regret of many old-timers. These were the -same shade trees for the preservation of which Billy McKee, the early -schoolmaster, had risked bodily encounter with the irate waterman. - -When the Board of Education sold this lot, it bought another, which -extended from Fort Street to Spring between Fifth and Sixth streets -and had a frontage of one hundred and twenty feet on each street. The -price paid was twelve thousand five hundred dollars. This is the lot -now known as Mercantile Place, whose retention or sale has been so -much debated and which, with its many small stores, reminds the -traveler not a little of those narrow but cosy, and often very -prosperous, European streets and alleys on both sides lined with -famous shops. - -August 22d was the date of the City ordinance creating Elysian Park, -the act leading the early settler back to pueblo days when the land in -question passed from Mexican to American control and remained a part -of the City lots, already described, and never subdivided and sold. - -The last companies of volunteer firemen were organized in 1883, one -being in the Morris Vineyard, a district between what is now Main, -Hill, Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets, and the other in East Los -Angeles, where a hose company was formed. - -During September or October, a party of distinguished German bankers -and statesmen, who had come to the United States to investigate -certain branches of business, visited Los Angeles. The most important -of this commission was Dr. Edward Lasker of the German Reichstag, -other eminent members being Henry Villard, President of the Northern -Pacific Railroad, and Judge Siemens, President of the German Bank of -Berlin. A committee, consisting of I. W. Hellman, C. C. Lips, M. -Morris, A. W. Edelman, Conrad Jacoby, Dr. Joseph Kurtz and myself took -charge of these gentlemen, as well as a number of others, whose names -I forget. Dr. Lasker, during his brief stay, accepted the hospitality -of my home, and there received considerable honor at the hands of his -German admirers, a large body of enthusiasts serenading him. Even -while with us, it was evident that Dr. Lasker was an ailing man; and -on the fifth of the following January, while riding in a carriage in -Galveston, he suddenly died. - -General George H. Stoneman, when he retired from the army in 1871, -settled near San Gabriel; and continuing more or less in public life, -he was elected in 1883 Governor of California. - -In December, 1883, Eugene Meyer sold out to Nathan Cahn and Leon Loeb, -his partners in the City of Paris store, and engaged in banking with -Lazard Frères, in San Francisco, in which enterprise he continued -until 1892, when he moved to New York and became one of the managing -partners of the same institution in that city, retiring from active -business nearly a decade later. - -When Meyer left, he sold his home on Fort Street, which had originally -cost him six thousand, to Moses L. Wicks for sixteen thousand dollars; -and his friends told him that so successful a sale proved the Meyer -luck. Wicks in time resold it to John D. Bicknell, whose heirs still -own it. - -With the coming at Christmas in 1883 of Robert N. Bulla, began a -career that has made itself felt in local legal, political, -commercial, social and scientific circles. In 1884, he joined the law -firm of Bicknell & White; nine years later, he was representing his -district in the State Assembly; in 1897, he was a State Senator; and -his efficient activity as a director of the Chamber of Commerce, -together with his forensic talent, lead one to anticipate his rise to -further distinction in that body. As a director of the Southwest -Museum, Bulla performs another of his services to the community. - -After an unsuccessful canvass made by Judge Noah Levering, which -resulted in the attendance of just four persons, the Historical -Society of Southern California was finally organized at meetings in -Temple Block, in November and December, 1883. J. J. Warner was the -first President; H. D. Barrows, A. F. Coronel, J. G. Downey and John -Mansfield, the Vice-Presidents; J. M. Guinn, Treasurer; and C. N. -Wilson, Secretary. For a time, the Society's meetings were held in the -City Council room, after that in the County Court room; and later at -the houses of the members. On February 12th, 1891, the Society was -incorporated. - -_Le Progrès_, a seven-column paper, was started here, in 1883, as the -organ of the French population, some rather prominent citizens of -Gallic origin becoming the stockholders. Dr. Pigné du Puytren was the -first editor, and he was succeeded, in a year or two, by Georges Le -Mésnager, the wine-grower. - -On February 18th, another flood of unusual proportions, continuing -until May, devastated the Southland. Following several days of heavy -rain, the river rose and fifty houses and large sections of vineyards -and orchards in the low-lying portions of the city were carried away -by the mad waters; several lives being lost. In that year, the Santa -Ana cut its new channel to the sea, deviating from the old course from -one to three miles, but still holding to the southwest, a direction -apparently characteristic of rivers in this vicinity. - -Speaking of rains, reminds me that, in 1884, one of the difficulties -in the way of solving the water problem was removed in the purchase, -by the City of Los Angeles, for fifty thousand dollars, of Colonel -Griffith J. Griffith's right to the water of the Los Angeles River. - -Charles F. Lummis, long a distinguished and always a -picturesquely-recognizable resident, walked across the continent "for -fun and study," from Cincinnati to Los Angeles, by a roundabout route -of 3507 miles in one hundred and forty-three days, in 1884, having -made an arrangement with the Los Angeles _Times_ to which he -contributed breezy letters on the way. The day after his arrival he -became city editor of that newspaper, and in the last Apache campaign, -in 1886, he was its war correspondent. In 1887 a stroke of paralysis -sent him to New Mexico; and recovering, he spent several years -exploring and studying Spanish-America from Colorado to Chile, -becoming acknowledged here and abroad as an authority on the history -and the peoples of the lands he visited. In 1893, returning from Peru, -he edited for a dozen years the _Land of Sunshine_ magazine (later -_Out West_); after that founding the Landmarks Club to which we owe -the preservation, from utter ruin, of several of the old Missions. -This club has lately been reorganized to care for all of the -twenty-one Missions of the State. Later Lummis incorporated the -Sequoya League which has so much bettered the condition of thousands -of California Indians--securing, in particular, for the evicted -Warner's Ranch Indians a better reservation than that from which they -were driven. From 1905 to 1911 he was Librarian of the Los Angeles -Public Library. In 1903 he founded the Southwest Society of the -Archæological Institute of America which conducted many scientific -expeditions in Arizona, New Mexico and Guatemala, acquired valuable -collections and maintained the first free public exhibits of science -in Southern California. In 1907 he and others incorporated the -Southwest Museum, whereupon the Society conveyed to it all its -collections, a twenty-acre site and the fifty thousand dollars -bequeathed by Mrs. Carrie M. Jones for the first buildings. Besides -other and many literary activities, Lummis has published over a dozen -notable books on the Southwest and Spanish America.[37] Clad in -corduroys from Barcelona--coat and trousers, with very wide wales, of -olive or green--wearing no vest, but having a shirt of heavy -drawn-work of the Pueblo Indians (with whom he dwelt six years), a -red-and-white _faja_ or waist-band made by the same people, and a grey -_sombrero_ banded with Mexican braided horse-hair, Lummis roams the -desert or is welcome at the most exclusive functions; having already -been a guest many times at the White House and the palaces of Diaz and -other presidents in Spanish America. "I don't change my face for -company," he says, "then why my garb--so long as both are clean?" An -interesting figure at scientific meetings and on the lecture platform, -Lummis is equally so at home where, after twenty years' work with his -own hands, he is still building his stone "castle," _El Alisal_; and -as his house is a rendezvous for artists, musicians, authors and -scientists, his guests often find him toiling as either carpenter or -mason. The _Alisal_, by the way, is built around the huge sycamore -under which Greek George camped with his camels on his first arrival -in Los Angeles nearly sixty years ago. - -In 1884, Colonel H. Z. Osborne--always a foremost citizen of the town -and in 1912 a most energetic President of the Chamber of Commerce--and -E. R. Cleveland bought the _Express_; and two years later they -organized the Evening Express Company, J. Mills Davies, once Secretary -of the Board of Trade, becoming business manager. In 1897, Colonel -Osborne was appointed United States Marshal for the Southern -California District, whereupon Charles Dwight Willard became general -manager of the paper, to be succeeded by J. B. Abell. For a short time -in 1900, the _Express_ fell into the hands of a group of men, of whom -John M. Miller acted as President and Richard Beebe served as -Secretary. - -O. W. Childs opened his new theater known as Childs' Opera House, on -Main Street south of First, in what was then the center of the city, -on May 24th, when the _School for Scandal_ was given, Mlle. Rhea -taking the leading part. This, the first theater of real consequence -built in Los Angeles, had a seating capacity of eighteen hundred; and -for some time, at least, an entertainment was booked there for every -night of the week. Frequently, too, whenever anything of moment was -going to happen there, Childs sent me an invitation to occupy his -private box. - -An interesting personality for many years was C. P. Switzer, a -Virginian, who came in 1853 with Colonel Hollister, W. H. Perry and -others. Switzer became a contractor and builder; but in 1884, in -search of health, he moved to an eminence in the Sierras, where he -soon established Switzer's Camp, which gradually became famous as a -resort generally reached on burros. A few years ago, "Commodore" -Switzer--or Sweitzer as he was also called--retired, but the camp, -more than ever popular, has been continued as "Switzer's." - -Toward the middle of the eighties, excitement among citrus growers -throughout Southern California gave way to deep depression due to the -continued ravages of the fluted scale, a persistent insect whose home, -according to research, is Australia, and which had found its way, on -Australian plants (and especially on _Acacia latifolia_) into South -Africa, New Zealand and California, arriving on the Pacific Coast -about 1868. This particular species, known to the scientist as the -_Icerya purchasi_, resisted and survived all insecticide sprayings, -washes and fumigation, and for a while it seemed that one of the most -important and growing industries of the Southland was absolutely -doomed. Indeed, not until 1889, when the result of Albert Koebele's -mission to Australia, as a representative of the Department of -Agriculture, was made known, did hope among the citrus orchardists -revive. In that year, the tiny ladybird--styled by the learned the -_Novius cardinalis_, but more popularly spoken of as the ladybug--the -most effective enemy of the fluted scale, was introduced here, the -Government establishing, among other stations, an experimental -laboratory on the Wolfskill ranch under the charge of Professor D. W. -Coquillett; and so rapidly was this tiny favorite of children -propagated and disseminated, that the dreaded scale was exterminated -and the crops were saved. Wolfskill, by the way, though he fought hard -with the assistance of his foreman, Alexander Craw, to save his noted -trees, lacked the coöperation of his neighbors; and the injury then -inflicted largely influenced him to subdivide his famous citrus -property. - -With the arrival on March 1st, 1887, of J. O. Koepfli, a man came on -the scene who during the next twenty-five years was to be not only one -of the real forces in the development of the city, but, as a -whole-souled gentleman, was to surround himself, through his -attractive personality, with a large circle of representative and -influential friends. As President of the Merchants' Association, his -record was such that in 1896 he was elected a director of the Chamber -of Commerce where, during twelve years, he performed valiant service -on all the important committees. His work in behalf of the harbor and -the Owens River aqueduct is especially memorable. He was President of -the Chamber in 1905 and 1906. With such men as C. D. Willard and R. W. -Burnham, he founded the Municipal League, whose President he was for -seven years. His efforts were always free from the taint of personal -aggrandizement, and he thus had the public confidence. He is a member -of the well-known firm of Bishop & Company. - -Among the present social organizations of the city, the Los Angeles -Athletic Club takes second place in point of age. It was organized in -1879 by forty young men, among whom were Fred Wood, Bradner W. Lee, -Mark G. Jones, Frank M. Coulter, Frank A. Gibson, John S. Thayer, M. -H. Newmark, W. G. Kerckhoff, Alfredo Solano, J. B. Lankershim, W. M. -Caswell, James C. Kays, Joseph Binford, and Samuel Dewey. The initial -meeting took place in Wood's office in the McDonald Block, and a hall -in the Arcadia Building was the Club's earliest headquarters. J. B. -Lankershim was the first President. A few years later, the Club moved -to the Downey Block; and there the boys had many a merry bout. In the -course of time, the gymnasium was located on Spring Street, between -Fourth and Fifth; now it occupies its own spacious and elaborate -building on Seventh Street, at the corner of Olive, the Club's -quarters being among the finest of their kind in America. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[36] May 1st, 1914, the J. W. Robinson Dry Goods Co. contracted to -move to Seventh Street between Grand Avenue and Hope Street. This is -one of the notable examples of leapfrog that real estate operators -have played in Los Angeles, to the detriment perhaps, at times, of the -town itself. - -[37] In 1915, in recognition of historical work, the King of Spain -conferred upon Lummis the dignity of a Knight Commander of the Royal -Order of Isabel la Católica. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVII - -REPETTO AND THE LAWYERS - -1885-1887 - - -Ten or twelve months after the starting of the first cable railway -here, Los Angeles, in 1885, resumed the march of progress, this time -with an electric street car line. Poles--with huge arms stretching out -into the middle of the street and often spoken of derisively as -gallows-poles--and wires were strung along Los Angeles and San Pedro -streets, down Maple Avenue to Pico Street and thence westward to what -was known as the Electric Homestead Tract, just outside of the city -limits. A company owned much land not likely to be sold in a hurry, -and to exploit the same rapidly, the owners built the road. F. H. -Howland, who introduced the electric light here, was a prime mover in -this project, but ill fortune attended his efforts and he died a poor -man. - -On January 11th, my wife and I left for a trip to the City of Mexico, -where we spent four or five days and were pleasantly entertained, -before going to the New Orleans Exposition, by our old friend, Judge -Ygnácio Sepúlveda and his wife. Previous to crossing the border, we -stored our trunks in El Paso and received them upon our return, -strapped as before. Some valuables, however, which I had hidden away -in the linen were missing when I reopened the trunk, and have never -been recovered. Among other companions on this outing were Fred, son -of J. M. Griffith, and James S., son of Jonathan S. Slauson. By the -bye, James himself has had an honorable public career, having served -in one of his activities as President of the Chamber of Commerce. - -Early in March, I believe, sewing was first introduced into the public -schools of Los Angeles, the Board of Education consenting to it only -as an experiment. - -Two celebrities divided the honors in the spring and summer in local -circles: United States Senator John Sherman, who visited Los Angeles -on May 8th, 1885, and Sir Arthur Sullivan, the distinguished English -composer, of _Pinafore_ and _Mikado_ fame, who tarried near the ocean -in the hot days of August. - -About 1885, a Dr. Sketchley, who enjoyed some reputation for his work -in the natural history field and had been a traveler through many -remote countries, brought to Los Angeles quite a collection of -ostriches and opened, about where Tropico lies, an amusement resort -known as "The Ostrich Farm." Having provided a coach to connect with -the end of the Temple Street cable cars and advertised the strange -peculiarities of his finely-feathered animals, the Doctor soon did a -thriving business, notwithstanding the task of caring for the birds in -their new environment. Later, Sketchley removed from Los Angeles to -Red Bluff; but there he failed and lost all that he had. - -Soon after Dr. Sketchley arrived here with his ostriches and three or -four men and one woman from Madras, Edwin Cawston, an Englishman now -retired and living in Surrey, happening (while on a tour through -America) to glance at an article in _Harper's Magazine_ pointing out -the possibilities of successfully raising ostriches, returned to -London, secured the necessary capital and in 1887 began shipping these -camel-birds from South Africa to Los Angeles. Many of the -easily-affected creatures died at sea; yet forty, as good luck would -have it, survived, and with them Cawston and a partner named Fox -opened a second "ostrich farm" at Washington Gardens. In time, Cawston -transferred his establishment to La Habra, associating with himself E. -H. Rydall as publicity agent; and in 1908 the Cawston Ostrich Farm, -between Los Angeles and Pasadena, was incorporated. - -Quite naturally with the advent of the settler from the East and the -Middle West, the _zanjas_, in early years so serviceable both for -domestic and irrigation purposes and, therefore, more or less -venerable, came to be looked upon as mere surface-conveyers and public -nuisances; a sign, in 1883, at the corner of Sixth and Olive streets -warning teamsters against crossing the ditch. By 1885, such opposition -had developed that most of the _zanjas_ were condemned, the one -extending from Requena Street to Adams _via_ Figueroa being, if I am -right, one of the last that was buried from view. - -For some time, East Los Angeles maintained its character as a village -or small town, and in 1885 the _East Side Champion_, started and -edited by Edward A. Weed, voiced the community's interests. - -This year was marked by the demise of a number of well-known -Angeleños. On the second of March, John Schumacher, a man esteemed and -beloved by many, died here of apoplexy, in the seventieth year of his -age. Six days later, General Phineas Banning, who had been sick for -several months, expired at San Francisco, his wife and daughters being -with him; and on March 12th, he was buried in Rosedale Cemetery. In -his declining years, illness often compelled General Banning to remain -at home in Wilmington; and when needing the services of his physician, -Dr. Joseph Kurtz, he would send a locomotive to fetch him. On June -5th, Dr. Vincent Gelcich, the pioneer surgeon, died here at the age of -fifty-six years. - -In 1885, the first medical school in Los Angeles was founded in the -house once occupied by Vaché Frères, the wine-makers, on Aliso Street -between Lyons and Center. For years the school was conducted as a part -of the University of Southern California, and Dr. J. P. Widney was -Dean. - -In the fall of 1885 Dr. M. Dorothea Lummis, a graduate in medicine of -the Boston University, settled in Los Angeles and in time became -President of the Los Angeles County Homeopathic Medical Society. -Distinguished in her profession, Dr. Lummis became a leader in humane -endeavor, reorganizing here the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty -to Animals and founding the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to -Children. - -The first train of the Santa Fé Railroad to enter the city of Los -Angeles ran from Colton over the rails of the Southern Pacific, on -November 29th, the two corporations having come to an agreement to use -the one set of tracks until the spring of 1887, when the Santa Fé -finished building from San Bernardino to its junction with the Los -Angeles & San Gabriel Valley Railroad. The locomotive bore the name, -_L. Severy_--a prominent director in the Company, and the father of -the well-known resident of Pasadena--and the number 354. - -After twenty years' association with the wholesale grocery business, I -withdrew, on December 5th, 1885, from H. Newmark & Company, and on -that day the business was absorbed by M. A. Newmark, M. H. Newmark, -Max Cohn and Carl Seligman, and continued as M. A. Newmark & Company. -This gave me the opportunity of renewing my association with one of my -earliest partners, Kaspare Cohn, the new firm becoming K. Cohn & -Company; and the change in my activities found me once again shipping -hides and wool. - -Looking through the haze of years, many are the recollections--often -vague, it is true--of those with whom I had business relations. In the -picturesque adobe days, the majority of my customers were -simple-mannered natives such as Manuel Carizosa, on South Alameda -Street; José María Dávila, in Sonora Town next door to José María -Fuentes, his competitor; and M. G. Santa Cruz, in the same district. -Jordan Brothers, Americans, kept store on Aliso Street opposite the -Aliso Mill, and G. Ginnochio, father-in-law of James Castruccio, on -Macy Street, near the river; while Bernardino Guirado, Mrs. John G. -Downey's brother, and Max Schwed supplied the wants of Los Nietos. J. -B. Savarots, who went to South America when he sold out to J. -Salaberri & Company--a firm composed of two Basques, Juan Salaberri -and Domingo Oyharzabel--was in general merchandise in San Juan -Capistrano. Hippolyte Cahen (whose widow is a member of the Lazarus -Stationery Company,) had an up-to-date general store at Anaheim; and -Simon Cahen, son-in-law of Bernard Cohn, was similarly occupied in the -Azusa district. Others of about the same period, were Dominico Rivara, -who established himself on Main Street near Commercial, shortly to be -succeeded by Vignolo & Sanguinetti, in whose store--known as La -Esperanza and near Castruccio Brothers' La Mariposa--Jim Moiso bought -an interest. Two more Main Street merchants were A. C. Chauvin, who -conducted his El Dorado Store in the Lanfranco Building, and his -neighbor, Joe Lazarowich. And near them Francisco Vassallo had his -little fruit stand. The erratic Lucas Sciscisch, who terminated his -life as a suicide, attended diligently to business on First Street, -near Los Angeles; and not so very far away Thomas Strohm was laying -the foundation, in his grocery trade, for that popularity which caused -him, in the eighties, to be chosen Chief of the Fire Department. -António Valle, who built on the northeast corner of First and Los -Angeles streets (calling the block in honor of his five sons, the Five -Brothers), for a number of years had a grocery store on Main Street -near Requena and not far from the butcher shop of Vickery & Hinds. - -In view of the ravages of time among the ranks of these old-timers, it -is a satisfaction to observe that at least some of those who were -active before I retired are still in the trade. The first-comer was -George A. Ralphs, who, reaching Los Angeles as a boy, learned -brick-masonry and was known as the Champion Bricklayer of California -until, while on a hunting expedition, he lost an arm.[38] With a man -named Francis, he started, in 1877, the Ralphs & Francis Grocery, on -the old Georgetown corner. This was the beginning of the Ralphs -Grocery Company. In February, 1882, Hans Jevne, a Norwegian by birth, -who had been associated with his brother in Chicago, came to Los -Angeles, and a few months later he opened a small grocery store in the -Strelitz Block at 38 and 40 North Spring Street. In less than no time, -so to speak, the good housewives of the town were able to secure the -rarest tidbits from all the markets of the world; and not only that, -but Jevne, since his advent here, has been identified with most -important steps in the evolution of the city. W. F. Ball for thirty -years or more has been a tobacconist, and for thirty years, or -somewhat less, has occupied the same premises on Spring Street, north -of First. The Williams family came from England in 1882, and George -soon established his grocery business out in what was then known as -the University district, where he bought a block of land. George has -given of his time for the public weal, having been for several terms a -City Councilman. Another Los Angeles merchant who has attained success -is Albert Cohn; and while his start in life, in an independent career, -began a couple of years after my retirement, he had been in my employ -as a clerk almost from the time of his arrival, in 1882. Marius Bellue -has been located on South Alameda Street so long that it seems as -though he must have arrived here in the Year One. - -So much for the merchants of the city; among such tradesmen in the -districts outside of Los Angeles, I can recall but three active in my -day and still active in this. Alphonse Weil, a native of the sunny -slopes of France, has grown up with the town of Bakersfield. John R. -Newberry opened his doors in 1882, and, after moving to Los Angeles in -1893, commenced that meteoric career, during which he established -stores throughout Los Angeles and its suburbs. George A. Edgar, about -thirty-one years ago, brought a stock of groceries and crockery to -Santa Ana and deposited the contents of his cases in the same -location, and on the same shelves, from which he still caters to his -neighbors. - -The great flood of 1886 reached its first serious state on January -19th. All of Los Angeles between Wilmington Street and the hills on -the east side was inundated; levees were carried off as if they were -so much loose sand and stubble; and for two or three weeks railway -communication with the outside world was impossible. - -During this inundation on January 19th, Martin G. Aguirre, who was a -deputy under Sheriff George E. Gard, gave an exhibition of great -courage. So rapidly had the waters risen that many persons were -marooned; and it was only by throwing himself on the back of his -favorite horse that Aguirre, at very great risk, rescued twenty or -more people from drowning, the number including many children. In the -last attempt, Aguirre nearly lost his own life. Somewhat of a hero, in -November, 1888, he was elected Sheriff, defeating Tom Rowan for that -office. - -Rebecca Lee Dorsey, another of the early women practitioners of -medicine, came to Los Angeles in January, 1886, a graduate both of -Eastern colleges and of a leading Vienna hospital. Peddling vegetables -as a child, later working as a servant and hiring out as a nurse while -finishing her course in Europe, Dr. Dorsey was of a type frequently -found among the early builders of the Southwest. - -Largely to a board of Commissioners, consisting of Mayor E. F. Spence, -H. Sinsabaugh and the ever-ready Jake Kuhrts, appointed in 1886 when -provision was made for a paid fire department, is due the honor of -having successfully arranged the present excellent system in Los -Angeles. - -It was in 1886 that we bought the Repetto _rancho_, under -circumstances of such interest that it may be well to tell something -about the owner and his connections. Alessandro Repetto was an Italian -of such immense size that he was compelled, when standing, to shift -the weight of his body from one leg to the other. He was miserly in -the extreme, but this was compensated for by his honesty and -uprightness of character. He was also far from being neat, and I -remember the way in which he dispensed hospitality when I visited his -ranch to buy wool. He would bring out some very ordinary wine and, -before serving it, would rinse out the glasses with his fat fingers; -and it was courtesy alone that prompted me to partake of what he -offered. He lived on his ranch, but when attacked by his last illness, -he took a room at the New Arlington Hotel, formerly the White House, -on the southeast corner of Commercial and Los Angeles streets. - -There, finding him alone and neglected, I advised him to go to the -Sisters' Hospital on Ann Street; but the change did not save him and -after a few days he died. A fellow Italian named Scotti, a knave of a -chap who was with him in his last moments, knowing that I was -Repetto's executor, soon brought to my house a lot of papers which he -had taken from the dead man's pockets. - -Repetto being a recluse somewhat on the misanthropic order, I had -difficulty in getting pallbearers for his funeral, one of my -applications being to James Castruccio, President of the Italian -Benevolent Society and then Italian Consul, who said that Repetto had -never helped anyone, but that if I would give, in his name, five -hundred dollars to charity, the attendants would be supplied. To this -I demurred, because Repetto had made no such provision in his will; -and Castruccio giving me no satisfaction, I went to Father Peter, -explained to him that Repetto had bequeathed six thousand dollars to -the Church, and stated my needs; whereupon Father Peter arranged for -the bearers. All the provisions for the funeral having been settled, I -cabled to his brother and heir, then living in the mountains near -Genoa, whose address I had obtained from Castruccio. Repetto had -really hated this brother and, in consequence, he had very unwillingly -bequeathed him his large estate. - -In due season, the brother, a hunchback, appeared on deck as an -intimate with Scotti, and I found him to be an uncouth, ignorant -fellow and a man who had probably never handled a ten-dollar gold -piece or its equivalent in his life. He had on shoes that an elephant -might have worn, a common, corduroy suit, a battered hat and plenty of -dirt. Wishing to take him to Stephen M. White, my lawyer, I advised -the purchase of new clothes; but in this, as in other matters, I -appealed in vain. So miserly was he indeed, that one day, having -purchased a five-cent loaf of bread in Sonora Town, he was seen to -hide himself behind a building while he ate it, doubtless fearful lest -someone might ask him for a bite. - -Alessandro Repetto had lived with an Indian woman by whom he had a -son; and a Los Angeles attorney soon had himself appointed guardian, -declaring that the property belonged, not to the brother, but to the -boy. This, because the woman had never left her husband, was -blackmail, pure and simple; besides Repetto had willed the lad some -property in San Gabriel. Stephen M. White was the attorney for the -estate; but when this lawsuit started, Scotti advised the -unsophisticated brother to take other lawyers. Two men, accordingly, -one named Robarts and the other Jim Howard, suddenly appeared at the -trial; and when I asked why they were there, they replied that they -had been engaged by Repetto's brother. Four hundred and seventy-five -dollars settled this extortion, the lawyers taking all but twenty-five -dollars, which was paid to the mother of the boy. - -Early in the morning, a few days later--either on Christmas or New -Year's--there was a knock at my door; and when the girl answered the -call, the Sheriff was found there with the interesting news that -Repetto had been arrested and that he wished me to bail him out! I -learned that Robarts and Howard had presented him with a bill for -three thousand five hundred dollars, for services; and that, since the -money was not immediately forthcoming, they had trumped up some sort -of a charge and had had the foreigner incarcerated. White advised a -settlement, and after much difficulty we succeeded in having their -bill reduced to three thousand dollars, which we paid. - -Repetto's troubles now seemed at an end; but just as he was ready to -leave for Italy, Scotti put in an appearance with a claim for benefits -bestowed, which the much-fleeced Italian refused to pay. Scotti, -knowing along which road the unfortunate man would travel, was early -at San Gabriel with the Sheriff, to intercept Repetto and return him -to limbo; and the Genoese being brought back, he again appealed to me. -It was now my turn, as executor, to have an interesting inning with -Scotti. While I was settling the estate, I was made aware that Repetto -had loaned another Italian named G. Bernero, on his note, some three -thousand dollars; but this document I missed, and it was only by -accident that I traced it to Scotti. He had abstracted it from the -papers found in Repetto's pocket, carried it to the borrower, and sold -it back to him, for four hundred dollars! I recovered this note and -collected the balance due; nevertheless, when Scotti had Repetto -arrested, I threatened the former with prosecution on the charge of -stealing and selling the note, with the result that Scotti did not -press his suit and Repetto was released. - -In connection with this move by Scotti, Robarts and Howard reappeared -to defend Repetto, notwithstanding his previous announcement that he -would have nothing more to do with them; and to bolster up their -claim, they drew forth a paper certifying that Repetto had engaged -them to attend to any law business he might have while he was in this -country! Repetto, now really alarmed, once more quickly settled; but -the crafty Robarts and Howard had another bill up their sleeves, this -time for three or four thousand dollars, and poor Repetto was obliged -to pay that, too! - -Kaspare Cohn, J. D. Bicknell, I. W. Hellman and S. M. White, in -conjunction with myself, bought the Repetto Ranch from the brother, -before he left for Italy, for sixty thousand dollars. All in all, the -heir, who survived the date of his windfall but a few years, carried -away with him the snug sum of one hundred thousand dollars. - -This fine domain, lying between Whittier and Los Angeles, was -apportioned long before 1899, among the five purchasers. In that year, -Kaspare Cohn and I, on the advice of William Mulholland, developed -water on our undivided share, meeting with as great a success as has -attended all of the operations of that eminent engineer. After an -abundance of water was secured, we sold the property in five-acre and -smaller lots, locating the town site of Newmark near the tracks of the -San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad, and naming the entire -settlement Montebello. - -It was in the spring of 1886 that Colonel H. H. Boyce, who had been -business manager of the Times-Mirror Company, was bought out by -Colonel H. G. Otis and became editor-in-chief and general manager of -the Los Angeles _Tribune_, conducting the paper, during his short -association, with some vigor. - -One more reference to the _Times-Mirror_ publishing house. On April -8th, the company was reorganized, with Colonel H. G. Otis as President -and General Manager, Albert McFarland as Vice-President and Treasurer -and William A. Spalding as Secretary. About the middle of July, the -company bought the corner of Fort and First streets, and in the -following May moved to its new home erected there. On February 1st, -1887, the _Times_ began to appear seven days in the week. - -After grinding away for ten years as the sole owner of the Los Angeles -_Herald_, J. D. Lynch, in 1886, took into partnership his former -associate, James J. Ayers, and once more the alliance of these -puissant forces made of the paper a formidable bulwark for the -Democracy. - -Colonel John Franklin, or plain J. F. Godfrey as he was known in those -days, was rather a prominent attorney in his time; and I knew him very -well. About 1886, as chairman of a Democratic committee, he headed the -delegation that invited me to become a candidate for Mayor of Los -Angeles; but a contemplated European trip compelled me to decline the -honor. - -In the spring of 1886, a falling out between the Southern Pacific and -the Santa Fé railroads brought on a rate-war, disastrous enough to -those companies but productive of great benefit to Los Angeles. -Round-trip tickets from points as far east as the Missouri River were -hammered down to fifteen dollars, and for a few days, Charley White -(who then conducted the Southern Pacific office in the Baker Block, -and had full authority to make new fares) defied the rival road by -establishing a tourist rate of just one dollar! When normality again -prevailed, the fare was advanced to fifty dollars for first-class -passage and forty dollars for second-class. The low rate during the -fight encouraged thousands of Easterners to visit the Coast, and in -the end many sacrificed their return coupons and settled here; while -others returned to their Eastern homes only to prepare for permanent -removal West. In a sense, therefore, this railroad war contributed to -the Boom of a year or two later. - -Freight as well as passenger rates were slashed during this spasmodic -contest, and it was then that the ridiculous charge of one dollar per -ton permitted me to bring in by rail, from Chicago, several carloads -of coal, which I distributed among my children. Such an opportunity -will probably never again present itself to Los Angeles. - -Another interesting shipment was that of a carload of willow-ware from -New York, the freight-bill for which amounted to eight dollars and -thirty-five cents. These goods ordinarily bear a very high tariff; but -competition had hammered everything down to a single classification -and rate. I remember, also, that M. A. Newmark & Company brought from -New York a train-load of Liverpool salt, then a staple commodity here, -paying a rate of sixty cents per ton. - -Stimulated, perhaps, through the setting aside of Elysian Park by the -City Council, another pleasure-ground, then known as East Los Angeles -Park, was assured to the public toward the middle of the eighties; the -municipal authorities at the same time spending about five thousand -dollars to improve the Plaza, one of the striking features of which -was a circular row of evergreens uniformly trimmed to a conical shape. - -On October 14th, H. T. Payne and Edward Records published the initial -number of the Los Angeles _Tribune_, this being the first newspaper -here to appear seven days in the week. The following January, a -company was incorporated and for years the _Tribune_ was well -maintained. - -Charles Frederick Holder, the distinguished naturalist, came to -California in search of health,[39] in 1886, and settled in Pasadena, -where he was appointed Professor of Zoölogy in the Throop Institute. -An enthusiastic admirer of the Southland and an early explorer of its -islands and mountain ranges, Professor Holder has devoted much -attention to Pasadena and the neighboring coast. As early as 1891, he -published _Antiquities of Catalina_; later he wrote his spirited -Southern California book on _Life and Sport in the Open_; and with -his gift for popularizing, probably no other scientific writer has -contributed more to make known, both in America and abroad, this -attractive portion of our great State. - -Prudent and Victor Beaudry bought considerable land on the west side -of New High Street, probably in 1887, including the site of one of the -old _calabozos_; and as some of the purchase was a hill, he spent -about one hundred thousand dollars grading the property, excavating -fifty thousand or more cubic feet of earth and building the great -retaining wall, finished in 1888, four hundred and sixty-five feet -long and fifty feet high, and containing two hundred thousand cubic -feet of stone. When he was ready, Beaudry began to advertise the -superior merits of his land; and I still have in my possession one of -the flaring circulars, printed in red ink, including such headlines as -these: - - NOW IS THE TIME! - - DON'T SHUT YOUR EYES AND TURN YOUR BACK! - -and the following: - - Have a Home on the Hills! Stop paying rent in the Valleys! - View from your own home the broad Pacific, the green hills - and the model city! Best water supply. Drainage perfect. - Best sunny exposures. Pure air, and away from fogs! - - Have a Home on the line of the great Cable Railway system! - - Mark your Catalogue before the day of sale! - - February 15, 16 and 17, at 10 o'clock each Day. - - Bear in mind that this property is on the HILLS, and on the - line of the Cable Railway System! No such opportunity has - ever been offered to the people of Southern California. - Public School and Young Ladies' Seminary in the immediate - vicinity. - -Four years after he had built the Nadeau Block, Remi Nadeau died -here, at the age of sixty-eight, on January 15th. The same month, -another man of marked enterprise, Llewellyn J., brother of Reese and -William Llewellyn, founded the Llewellyn Iron Works, attaining a -success and fame very natural considering that the Llewellyns' father, -David, and uncle, Reese before them had acquired a reputation as -ironworkers both in Wales and San Francisco. - -In January, Fred W. Beau de Zart and John G. Hunsicker established -_The Weekly Directory_, whose title was soon changed to that of _The -Commercial Bulletin_. Under the able editorship of Preston McKinney, -the _Bulletin_ is still fulfilling its mission. - -Phineas, son of J. P. Newmark, my brother, came to Los Angeles in 1887 -and associated himself with M. A. Newmark & Company. In July, 1894, he -bought out the Southern California Coffee and Spice Mills, and in the -following September, his younger brother, Samuel M. Newmark, also came -to Los Angeles and joined him under the title of Newmark Brothers. On -December 26th, 1910, the city suffered a sad loss in the untimely -death of the elder brother. Sam's virility has been amply shown in his -career as a business man and in his activity as a member of the -Municipal League directorate. - -Among the hotels of the late eighties were the Belmont and the -Bellevue Terrace, both frame buildings. The former, at the terminus of -the Second Street Cable Railway, was known for its elevation, view, -fresh air and agreeable environment of lawn and flower-bed, and the -first floor was surrounded with broad verandas. For a while it was -conducted by Clark & Patrick, who claimed for it "no noise, dirt or -mosquitoes." The latter hotel, on Pearl Street near Sixth, was four -stories in height and had piazzas extending around three of them; both -of these inns were quite characteristic of Southern California -architecture. The Bellevue Terrace, so full of life during the buoyant -Boom days, still stands, but alas! the familiar old pile has -surrendered to more modern competitors. - -The Tivoli Opera House, on Main Street between Second and Third, was -opened by McLain & Lehman in 1887, and for a time it was one of the -attractions of the city. It presented a curious mixture of Egyptian, -East Indian and Romanesque styles, and was designed by C. E. Apponyi, -an architect who had come to the Coast in 1870. The stage was the -largest, except one--that of the San Francisco Grand Opera House--on -the Coast, and there were eight proscenium boxes. The theater proper -stood in the rear of the lot, and entrance thereto was had through the -building fronting on the street; and between the two structures there -was a pretty garden, with grottos and fountains, and a promenade -gallery above. - -In February, the Postmaster packed the furniture and other -outfit--only two or three good loads--and moved the Post Office to the -Hellman Building, at the corner of North Main and Republic streets; -but it was soon transferred to an office on Fort Street, south of -Sixth, a location so far from the center of the city as to give point -to cards distributed by some wag and advertising rates for sleeping -accommodations to the new office. In that year, the sum-total of the -receipts of the Los Angeles Post Office was not much over seventy-four -thousand dollars. During the twelve months of the Boom, mail for over -two hundred thousand transients was handled; and a familiar sight of -the times was the long column of inquirers, reminding one of the -famous lines in early San Francisco when prospectors for gold paid -neat sums for someone else's place nearer the general delivery window. - -I have told of some incidents in the routine of court proceedings -here, in which both judge and counselor played their parts. Now and -then the juror also contributed to the diversion, as was evidenced in -the late eighties when a couple of jurymen in a San Gabriel Cañon -water case created both excitement and merriment through a practical -joke. Tiring of a midnight session, and bethinking himself of the new -invention to facilitate speaking at a distance, one of the jurors -telephoned police headquarters that rioters were slashing each other -at a near-by corner; whereupon the guardians of the peace came tearing -that way, to the merriment of the "twelve good men and true" peeking -out from an upper window. The police having traced the telephone -message, the jury was duly haled before the judge; and the latter, -noting the reticence of the accused, imposed a fine of twenty-five -dollars upon each member of the box for his prank. - -William H. Workman, who had repeatedly served the City as Councilman, -was elected Mayor of Los Angeles in 1887. During Workman's -administration, Main, Spring and Fort streets were paved. - -About 1887, Benjamin S. Eaton, as President, took the lead in -organizing a society designed to bring into closer relationship those -who had come to California before her admission to the Union. There -were few members; and inasmuch as the conditions imposed for -eligibility precluded the possibility of securing many more, this -first union of pioneers soon ceased to exist. - -Professor T. S. C. Lowe, with a splendid reputation for scientific -research, especially in the field of aëronautics--having acquired his -first experience with balloons, as did also Graf Ferdinand Zeppelin, -by participating in the Union army maneuvers during our Civil -War--took up, in the late eighties, the business of manufacturing gas -from water, which he said could be accomplished beyond any doubt for -eight cents a thousand feet. C. F. Smurr, the capable Los Angeles -agent of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, as well as Hugh -Livingston Macniel, son-in-law of Jonathan S. Slauson and then Cashier -of the Main Street Savings Bank, became interested with Lowe and -induced Kaspare Cohn and me to participate in the experiment. - -Accordingly, we purchased six acres of land on the southeast corner of -Alameda and Seventh streets for fifteen thousand dollars, and there -started the enterprise. We laid pipes through many of the streets and, -in the course of a few months, began to manufacture gas which it was -our intention to sell to consumers at one dollar per thousand feet. -The price at which gas was then being sold by the Los Angeles Gas -Company was one dollar and fifty cents per thousand, and we therefore -considered our schedule reasonable. Everything at the outset looked so -plausible that Smurr stated to his associates that he would resign his -position with the railroad and assume the management of the new gas -works; but to our chagrin, we found that gas was costing us more than -one dollar per thousand, and as one discouragement followed another, -Smurr concluded not to take so radical a step. Yet we remained in -business in the hope that the Los Angeles Gas Company would rather buy -us out than reduce their price fifty cents a thousand feet, and sure -enough, it was not so very long before they did. The large gas tank -now standing at the corner of Seventh and Alameda streets is the -result of this transaction. - -Late in the spring, Senator Stanford and a party of Southern Pacific -officials visited Los Angeles with the view of locating a site for the -new and "magnificent railroad station" long promised the city, and at -the same time to win some of the popular favor then being accorded the -Santa Fé. For many years, objection had been made to the tracks on -Alameda Street, originally laid down by Banning; and hoping to secure -their removal, Mayor Workman offered a right of way along the -river-front. This suggestion was not accepted. At length the owners of -the Wolfskill tract donated to the railroad company a strip of land, -three hundred by nineteen hundred feet in size, fronting on Alameda -between Fourth and Sixth streets, with the provision that the company -should use the same only for railroad station purposes; and Stanford -agreed to put up a "splendid arcade," somewhat similar in design to, -but more extensive and elaborate than, the Arcade Depot at Sacramento. -Soon after this, the rest of that celebrated orchard tract, for over -fifty years in the possession of the Wolfskill family, was subdivided, -offered at private sale and quickly disposed of. - -The old-fashioned, one-horse street car had been running on and off -the tracks many a year before the City Railroad, organized, in the -middle eighties, by I. W. Hellman and his associates, W. J. Brodrick, -John O. Wheeler and others, made its more pretentious appearance on -the streets of Los Angeles. This, the first line to use double tracks -and more modern cars with drivers and conductors, followed a route -then considered very long. Starting as it did at Washington Street and -leading north on Figueroa, it turned at Twelfth Street into Olive and -thence, zigzagging by way of Fifth, Spring, First, Main, Marchessault, -New High, Bellevue Avenue, Buena Vista, College, Upper Main and San -Fernando streets, it passed River Station (the Southern Pacific depot -on San Fernando Street), and ran out Downey Avenue as far as the -Pasadena Railroad depot. - -The year 1885 saw the addition of another Spanish name to the local -map in the founding of Alhambra, now one of the attractive and -prosperous suburbs of Los Angeles. - -Sometime in the spring of 1885, or perhaps a little earlier, the -Second Street Cable Railway was commenced when Isaac W. Lord turned a -spadeful of earth at the corner of Second and Spring streets; and -within a few months cars were running from Bryson Block west on Second -Street over Bunker Hill along Lakeshore Avenue and then by way of -First Street to Belmont Avenue, soon bringing about many improvements -on the route. And if I am not mistaken, considerable patronage came -from the young ladies attending a boarding school known as Belmont -Hall. Henry Clay Witmer was a moving spirit in this enterprise. In -course of time the cable railway connected with the steam dummy line, -landing passengers in a watermelon patch--the future Hollywood. - -Unlike Sierra Madre, so long retarded for want of railway facilities, -Monrovia--founded in May, 1886, by William N. Monroe, at an altitude -of twelve hundred feet, and favored by both the Santa Fé and the -Southern Pacific systems--rapidly developed, although it did not -attain its present importance as a foothill town until it had passed -through the usual depression of the late eighties, due to the collapse -of the Boom, of which I am about to speak. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[38] On June 21st, 1914, Mr. Ralphs lost his life in a deplorable -accident in the San Bernardino Mountains, being crushed by a huge -bowlder; although his wife escaped by springing from the rolling rock. - -[39] Died on October 10th, 1915. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVIII - -THE GREAT BOOM - -1887 - - -Not as impulsively perhaps as on previous occasions, I left Los -Angeles for Europe on April 30th, 1887, accompanied by my wife and our -two children, Marco and Rose. Mrs. Eugene Meyer, my wife's youngest -sister, and her daughter joined us at San Francisco and traveled with -us as far as Paris. We took passage on the French ship _Normandie_, -departing from the Morton Street Pier in New York on May 14th, and -nine days later we landed at Havre, from which port we proceeded to -the French capital. - -On this trip we visited France, England, Scotland, Ireland, Belgium, -Holland, Denmark, Germany, Austria--including Bohemia--and Italy. We -also touched at points in Sweden, although we did not "do" that -country thoroughly until a later voyage. While in Germany, where I met -my nephew Leo--son of J. P. Newmark--then a student in Strassburg, I -was impressed with the splendid hotels and State highways, and the -advantage taken of natural resources; and from Ems on July 22d, I -wrote a letter on the subject to Kaspare Cohn, which I later found had -been published by one of the Los Angeles dailies. During this journey -we traveled with M. J. Newmark and his family. It was also on this -tour, on June 10th, that I returned to my native town of Loebau, both -to visit the graves of my parents and once more to see some relatives -and a few old friends. - -In Paris we had an exciting experience as observers of a -conflagration that might have terminated seriously for us. We had -been thinking of going to the Opéra Comique in the evening, but -instead had accepted an invitation to dinner at the residence of -Alexander Weil, the well-known international banker, formerly of San -Francisco; and only on our return to the Hôtel du Helder, a -comfortable family hostelry in the Rue du Helder (within a couple of -blocks of the theater), did we learn of a disastrous fire in the opera -house which caused the loss of many lives. For blocks around, streets -and sidewalks were roped in and great was the confusion everywhere. -The following day a number of solicitous inquiries arrived from -friends in America. - -In connection with our departure for this tour of Europe, I am -reminded of a unique gift to my wife of a diary in eight volumes, -tastefully bound in Russian leather--the whole neatly encased for -traveling. With almost painful regularity my wife entered there her -impressions and recollections of all she saw, refusing to retire at -night, as a rule, until she had posted up her book for the day. -Glancing over these pages written in her distinct, characteristically -feminine hand, I note once more the intellectual vigor and perspicuity -displayed by my companion in this, her first contact with European -life and customs. - -It was during my absence, on May 2d, that Erskine Mayo Ross was -appointed, by President Cleveland, Judge of the new United States -District Court just established. He was then in partnership with -Stephen M. White. A native of Belpré, Virginia, he had come to Los -Angeles in 1868 to study law with his uncle, Cameron E. Thom. Soon -admitted to the Bar, he was elected in 1879, at the age of -thirty-four, to the Supreme Bench of the State. The Judge, with whom I -have been on friendly terms since his arrival, is still living in Los -Angeles, a familiar and welcome figure in club circles. - -Speaking of this esteemed Judge, I am reminded of a visit here, in -1887, of Justice Stephen J. Field, when he sat with Judge Ross in the -United States Circuit Court, the sessions of which were then held over -the Farmers & Merchants National Bank at the corner of Main and -Commercial streets. On that occasion the members of the Bar, -irrespective of party, united to do him honor; and Justice Field, in -turn, paid a warm tribute to Los Angeles and her hospitality. - -D. W. Hanna, a Michigan pedagogue who had come to Los Angeles in 1884 -to open Ellis College on Fort Street near Temple--burned in -1888--established on September 2d, 1885, the Los Angeles College, a -boarding school for girls, in a couple of buildings at the corner of -Fifth and Olive streets. In 1887 Hanna, having formed a stock company, -erected a new school structure at the southwest corner of Eighth and -Hope streets, where eighteen teachers soon instructed some two hundred -and fifty students. But the institution failed, and the building, -still standing, was finally bought by Abbot Kinney and named the -Abbotsford Inn. - -In a note regarding the life and accomplishments of Mme. Severance, I -have referred to the distinguished _rôle_ played by this Angeleña in -the early advocacy of the kindergarten for America. It took three -years, however, for the educational authorities here to awake to the -significance of the departure, for it was not until 1887 that -Froebel's plan was admitted for experiment into the Los Angeles -schools. - -A group of Presbyterian clergymen from Los Angeles and vicinity in -1887 joined in establishing Occidental College--now, as developed -under John Willis Baer, one of the promising institutions of the -Southwest--locating its site east of the city between First and Second -streets, both lots and acreage having been donated with the usual -Southern California liberality. There, the following year, the main -college building was erected; but in 1896 that structure and most of -its contents were destroyed by fire. - - [Illustration: Spring Street, Looking North from First, about 1885] - - [Illustration: Cable Car, Running North on Broadway (Previously Fort - Street), near Second] - - [Illustration: Early Electric Car, with Conductor James Gallagher - (still in Service)] - -Early in June, as ex-Mayor E. F. Spence was about to leave for Europe, -some enthusiasm was created in educational circles by the announcement -that he would deed certain property, including the lot at the corner -of Pearl and Sixth streets (on which the Gates Hotel now stands), to -the University of Southern California for the establishing of a -telescope on Mount Wilson. The matter had been communicated to -President M. M. Bovard, who ordered a glass from the celebrated -Cambridge grinders, Alvan Clark & Sons. When President Bovard died, -Spence was too ill to arrange the details necessary to the further -carrying out of his plans; the property that he had promised to give -remained part of his estate; and the great glass, when ground, had to -be resold, the University of Chicago becoming the lucky purchaser. As -all the scientific world knows, the Carnegie Foundation at Washington -some years later established, to the extension of California's fame, -the celebrated Wilson telescopes on the mountain Spence once had in -view. - -Early in June, also, Smith & McPhee issued a directory of Los Angeles. -But two weeks afterward, George W. Maxwell published another book of -addresses with more than _five thousand_ additional names! The second -directory listed over eighteen thousand adults, from which fact it was -estimated that Los Angeles then had a population of quite sixty -thousand. - -In 1887, Mrs. Charlotte LeMoyne Wills, wife of the attorney, John A. -Wills, and daughter of Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne (who in 1876 erected -at Washington, Pennsylvania, the first modern crematory in the world, -notwithstanding that he was denied permission by the cemetery -authorities there and was compelled to construct the furnace on his -property outside of the town), inspired the establishing here of what -is said to have been the second crematory in the United States and -certainly the first built west of the Rocky Mountains. It was opened -at Rosedale Cemetery by the Los Angeles Crematory Society, which -brought to the Coast an incinerating expert. Dr. W. LeMoyne Wills, a -son, was one of the leading spirits in the enterprise and among the -first directors of the local organization. The first cremation -occurred in June; and the first body so disposed of was that of the -wife of Dr. O. B. Bird, a homeopathic physician. The experiment -stirred up a storm of adverse, as well as of favorable criticism. - -The brothers Beaudry were interested, doubtless through their -undeveloped hill-property, in organizing the Temple Street Cable -Railway, running from the foot of Temple Street at Spring out Temple -as far west as Union Avenue, with cars operated every ten minutes. The -Company had an office at No. 10 Court Street, and the Directors were: -Prudent Beaudry, Victor Beaudry, Walter S. Maxwell, E. T. Wright, the -surveyor, Octavius Morgan, Ralph Rogers, Thomas Stovell, John Milner -and E. A. Hall. - -About July, the trustees of James Lick sold Santa Catalina Island to -George R. Shatto (who founded Avalon[40]--at first giving it his -name--and after whom Shatto Street is called), the price fixed upon -being one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, Shatto making a partial -payment; whereupon the latter agreed to resell the island to an -English syndicate. Failure to find there the store of minerals they -expected, however, led the English bankers to refuse the property; and -in 1892, after a friendly suit had reëstablished the title of the Lick -trustees, they disposed of that part of the estate (for about the same -price offered Shatto), to William, J. B. and Hancock Banning--sons of -my old friend, Phineas Banning--the three forming the Santa Catalina -Island Company. Several years later, George S. Patton was admitted as -a partner. Little by little Catalina became a favorite resort, -although it was years before there was patronage enough to warrant a -daily steamer service. In the summer of 1887, for example, at the -height of the Boom, William Banning, manager of the Wilmington -Transportation Company, ran the steamer _Falcon_ (whose Captain was J. -W. Simmie) only once every seven or eight days. Then the vessel used -to leave San Pedro wharf at one o'clock in the afternoon and return -the next day in time to connect with the three o'clock train for Los -Angeles. The fare for the round trip was four dollars. - -The year 1887 witnessed the completion of the Arcadia Hotel at Santa -Monica, named after Doña Arcadia, wife of Colonel R. S. Baker. It was -built on a bluff, was four stories high and had a great veranda with -side wings; and with its center tower and cupola was more imposing -than any hotel there to-day. Under the proprietorship of J. W. Scott, -the Arcadia became one of the first fine suburban hotels in Southern -California. - -As late as 1887 there was no passenger service between the city and -Santa Monica from six to seven o'clock in the evening, though I cannot -say just how many trains ran during the day. I am sure, however, that -there were not many. Merchants spending their summers at the beach -were more inconvenienced through this lack of evening service than at -any other time; and after repeated complaints, a coach was hooked onto -a freight train. Later, the Board of Trade objected to this slow -method, and arrangements were made for another passenger train. - -Speaking of Santa Monica in the late eighties, I am reminded of a -gravity railroad, somewhat on the principle of the present-day -roller-coaster, which was opened near the Arcadia Hotel and as a -novelty was a great success. The track was not more than fifteen feet -above the ground at its highest point of elevation--just sufficient to -give the momentum necessary for an undulating movement. - -As the final sequence to the events of three or four preceding years, -Los Angeles, at the time when I left for Europe, had already advanced -beyond the threshold of her first really violent "boom;" and now -symptoms of feverish excitement were everywhere noticeable in Southern -California. The basis of real estate operations, heretofore sane -enough, was quickly becoming unbalanced, a movement that was growing -more and more intensified, as well as general; and as in the case of a -mighty stream which accumulates overwhelming power from many feeders, -there was a marshalling, as it were, in Los Angeles of these forces. -The charms of climate and scenery (widely advertised, as I have said, -at the Philadelphia Centennial and, later, through the continuous -efforts of the first and second Chambers of Commerce and the Board of -Trade), together with the extension of the Southern Pacific to the -East and the building of the Santa Fé Railroad, had brought here a -class of tourists who not only enjoyed the winter, but ventured to stay -through the summer season; and who, having remained, were not long in -seeking land and homesteads. The rapidly-increasing demand for lots -and houses caused hundreds of men and women to enter the local -real-estate field, most of whom were inexperienced and without much -responsibility. When, therefore, the news of their phenomenal activity -got abroad, as was sure to be the case, hordes of would-be speculators ---some with, but more without knowledge of land-manipulation, and many -none too scrupulous--rushed to the Southland to invest, wager or -swindle. Thousands upon thousands of Easterners swelled the number -already here; dealers in realty sprang up like mushrooms. It was then -that the demand for offices north of First Street, exceeding the -supply, compelled many an agent unwillingly to take accommodations -farther south and brought about much building, even to--Second Street! -It also happened that a dozen or more competitors occupied a single -store-room. Selling and bartering were carried on at all hours of the -day or night, and in every conceivable place; agents, eager to keep -every appointment possible, enlisted the services of hackmen, hotel -employees and waiters to put them in touch with prospective buyers; -and the same properties would often change hands several times in a -day, sales being made on the curbstone, at bars or restaurant tables, -each succeeding transfer representing an enhanced value. Although I -was abroad during the height of this period, psychologically so -interesting, newspapers, letters and photographs from home--supplemented, -on my return, by the personal narratives of friends--supplied me with -considerable information of the craze. - -As I have already remarked, the coming of the Santa Fé--as well as the -ensuing railroad war--was a very potent factor in this temporary -growth and advance in values; and soon after the railroad's advent, a -dozen towns had been laid out on the line between Los Angeles and San -Bernardino, the number doubling within a few months. Indeed, had the -plan of the boomers succeeded, the whole stretch between the two -cities would have been solidly built up with what in the end proved, -alas! to be but castles in the air. Wherever there was acreage, there -was room for new towns; and with their inauguration, thousands of -buyers were on hand to absorb lots that were generally sold on the -installment plan. More frequently than otherwise, payments became -delinquent and companies "went broke;" and then the property reverted -to acreage again. This sometimes led to serious complications, -especially when the contract between the landowner and the so-called -syndicate allowed the latter to issue clear title to those who paid -for their lots. In such cases, the acreage when recovered by the -original owner would be dotted here and there with small possessions; -and to reinstate his property was, as a rule, no easy task. This, of -course, refers to the failures of which there were more than enough; -on the other hand, many of the towns inaugurated during the Boom -period not only have survived and prospered, but have become some of -our most attractive and successful neighbors. - -If every conceivable trick in advertising was not resorted to, it was -probably due to oversight. Bands, announcing new locations, were seen -here and there in street cars, hay and other wagons and carriages -(sometimes followed by fantastic parades a block long); and for every -new location there was promised the early construction of magnificent -hotels, theaters or other attractive buildings that seldom -materialized. When processions filled the streets, bad music filled -the air. Elephants and other animals of jungle and forest, as well as -human freaks--the remnants of a stranded circus or two--were gathered -into shows and used as magnets; while other ingenious methods were -often invoked to draw crowds and gather in the shekels. The statements -as to climate were always verified, but in most other respects poor -Martin Chuzzlewit's experience in the Mississippi town of Eden affords -a rather graphic story of what was frequently in progress here during -the never-to-be-forgotten days of the Boom. As competition waxed -keener, dishonest methods were more and more resorted to; thus -schemers worked on the public's credulity and so attracted many a -wagon-load of people to mass-meetings, called ostensibly for the -purpose of advancing some worthy cause but really arranged to make -possible an ordinary sale of real estate. An endless chain of free -lunches, sources of delight to the hobo element in particular, drew -not only these chronic idlers but made a victim of many a worthier -man. Despite all of this excitement, the village aspect in some -particulars had not yet disappeared: in vacant lots not far from the -center of town it was still not unusual to see cows contentedly -chewing their cud and chickens scratching for a living. In 1889, -however, the Council governed this feature of domestic life by -ordinance, and thenceforth there was less of the "cock's shrill -clarion." - -Extraordinary situations arose out of the speculative mania, as when -over-ambitious folks, fearful perhaps lest they might be unable to -obtain corner- and other desirably-situated lots, stationed themselves -in line two or three days before the date of anticipated land-sales; -and even though quite twenty selections were frequently the limit to -one purchase, the more optimistic of our boomers would often have two -or three substitutes waiting in a line extending irregularly far down -the sidewalk and assuming at night the appearance of a bivouac. I have -heard it said that as much as a hundred dollars would be paid to each -of these messengers, and that the purchaser of such service, -apprehensive lest he might be sold out, would visit his representative -many times before the eventful day. Later, this system was improved -and official place-numbers were given, thus permitting people to -conduct their negotiations without much loss of time. - -So little scientific consideration was given to actual values that -they were regulated according to calendar and clock; lots in new -subdivisions remaining unsold were advertised to advance to certain -new prices at such and such an hour, on such and such a day. After -these artificial changes, investors would gleefully rub their hands -and explain to the downcast outsider that they had "just gotten in in -time;" and the downcast outsider, of whom there were many, yielding -after repeated assaults of this kind, would himself become inoculated -with the fever and finally prove the least restrained boomer of them -all. From what I read at the time and heard after my return, I may -safely declare that during the height of the infection, two-thirds of -our population were, in a sense, more insane than sane. - -Syndicates, subdivisions and tracts: these were the most popular terms -of the day and nearly everybody had a finger in one or the other pie. -There were enough subdivisions to accommodate ten million people; and -enough syndicates to handle the affairs of a nation. And talking -about syndicates: the disagreement of members themselves as to values -frequently prevented the consummation of important sales and resulted -in the loss of large profits to the objectors as well as to their -associates. In many a well-authenticated case, the property remained -on the owners' hands until it became almost worthless. - -Wide-awake syndicates evolved new methods, one of which--the lottery -plan--became popular. A piece of land would be prepared for the -market; and after the opening of streets, as many chances would be -sold as there were lots in the tract. On the eventful day, the -distribution took place in the presence of the interested and eager -participants, each of whom made a selection as his number was drawn. -To increase the attractiveness of some of these offers, cottages and -even more elaborate houses were occasionally promised for subsequent -erection on a few lots. The excitement at many of these events, I was -informed, beggared description. Among others sold in this manner at -the beginning, or possibly even just before the Boom, were the -Williamson Tract, beginning at the corner of Pico and Figueroa streets -and once the home-place of the Formans, and the O. W. Childs orchard -on the east side of Main Street and running south from what is now -about Eleventh. Both of these drawings took place in Turnverein Hall, -and the chances sold at about three hundred and fifty dollars each. - -Tricksters, of whom at such times there are always enough, could -exercise their mischievous proclivities; and the unwary one, who came -to be known as the tenderfoot, was as usual easily hoodwinked. Land -advertised as having "water privileges" proved to be land _under -water_ or in dry creeks; land described as possessing scenic -attractions consisted of--mountains and chasms! So situated were many -of these lots that no use whatever could be made of them; and I -presume that they are without value even now. One of the effects of -subdividing a good part of the ten thousand or more acres of -agricultural land in the city then irrigated from the _zanjas_ was -both to reduce the calls for the service of the city _Zanjero_, and to -lessen considerably the importance and emoluments of his office. - -Advertisers tried to outdo themselves and each other in original and -captivating announcements; with the result that, while many displayed -wit and good humor, others were ridiculously extravagant. The Artesian -Water Company came onto the market with three hundred acres of land -near Compton and the assurance that "while the water in this section -will be stocked, the stock will not be watered." Alvan D. Brock, -another purveyor of ranches, declared: - - I mean business, and do not allow any alfalfa to grow under - my feet. - -A. F. Kercheval, the poet, to whom I have already referred, relieved -himself of this exuberance regarding the Kercheval Tract (on Santa Fe -Avenue, between Lemon and Alamo streets): - - HE OR SHE - That Hesitates is Lost! - An axiom that holds good in real estate, as well as in - affairs of the heart. - Selah! - -Another advertisement read as follows: - - HALT! HALT! HALT! - Speculators and Homeseekers, Attention! - $80,000--Eighty Thousand Dollars--$80,000 - Sold in a Day at the Beautiful - McGarry Tract - Bounded by Ninth and Tenth and Alameda Streets. - Come Early, before they are All Gone! - -Still another was displayed: - - Boom! Boom! - - ARCADIA! - - Boom! Boom! - -And now and then, from a quarter to a full page would be taken to -advertise a new town or subdivision, with a single word--the name of -the place--such as - - [Illustration: RAMIREZ!] - -Vernon and Vernondale were names given to subdivisions on Central -Avenue near Jefferson Street. Advertising the former, the real-estate -poet was called into requisition with these lines: - - Go, wing thy flight from star to star, - From world to luminous world as far - As the universe spreads its flaming wall, - Take all the pleasure of all the spheres, - And multiply each through endless years, - One Winter at Vernon is worth them all! - -while, in setting forth the attractions of the Lily Langtry Tract, the -promoter drew as follows from the store of English verse: - - Sweet Vernon, loveliest village of the plain, - Where health and plenty cheers the laboring swain, - Where smiling Spring its earliest visit paid, - And parting Summer's lingering blooms delayed; - -concluding the announcement with the following lines characteristic of -the times: - - Catch on before the whole country rushes to Vernondale! - Every man who wishes a home in Paradise should locate in this, - the loveliest district of the whole of Southern California. - This is where the orange groves are loveliest! - This is where the grapes are most luxuriant! - This is where the vegetation is grandest! - This is where the flowers are prettiest! - -With the Boom affecting not only Los Angeles but also each acre of her -immediate vicinity, Pasadena and the district lying between the two -towns took on new life. Five thousand inhabitants boasted a million -dollars in deposits and a couple of millions invested in new -buildings; while "gilt-edged Raymond," a colony surrounding the -Raymond Hotel, became a bustling center. In March, George Whitcomb -laid out Glendora, naming it (with the use of a couple of additional -letters) after his wife, Ledora; and at the first day's sale, he -auctioned off three hundred lots. In December, the old-established -town of Pomona was incorporated. Whittier, started by Quakers from -Indiana, Iowa and Illinois, and christened in honor of the New England -poet, began at this time with a boom, two hundred thousand dollars' -worth of property having been sold there in four months. This -prosperity led one newspaper to say with extreme modesty: - - Whittier is the coming place! It will dwarf Monrovia and - eclipse Pasadena. Nothing can stop it! The Quakers are - coming in from all over the United States; - -and another journal contained an advertisement commencing as follows: - - WHITTIER! WHITTIER!! WHITTIER!!! - Queen of the Foothills and Crown of the San Gabriel Valley. - -I. W. Lord established Lordsburg--or at least an elaborate hotel -there, for in those days a good hotel was half of a town; and when -Lordsburg slumped, he sold the building to a colony of Dunkers for a -college. Nadeau Park was projected as a town at the junction of the -Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé's Ballona road and the Southern Pacific. -Santa Ana, too, after its sale in June of over eighty thousand -dollars' worth of land, came forward in the summer with this confident -salutation: - - THIS IS PURE GOLD!!! - Santa Ana, - The Metropolis of Southern California's Fairest Valley! - Chief Among Ten Thousand, or the One - Altogether Lovely! - Beautiful! Busy! Bustling! Booming! It - Can't be Beat! - The town now has the biggest kind - of a big, big boom. - A Great Big Boom! And you - Can Accumulate Ducats by Investing! - -Fullerton was started in July, when ninety-two thousand dollars -changed hands within half a day; and conditions favoring the young -community, it survived. Rivera, in the Upper Los Nietos Valley, also -then came into being. The glories of Tustin (founded in 1867 by -Columbus Tustin, but evidencing little prosperity until twenty years -later) were proclaimed through such unassuming advertisements as this: - - TUSTIN - THE BEAUTIFUL - Unexcelled in charm and loveliness. - An Earthly Eden Unsurpassed in - Wealth of Flower and Foliage. - However, Imagination Cannot Conceive It: - It must be seen to be realized, - -supplemented by the following versification: - - When the Angel of Peace to Earth first descended, - To bless with his presence the children of men, - 'Mid the fairest of scenes his pathway e'er tended, - And unto his smile the glad earth smiled again. - He joyed in the fragrance of orange and roses, - And loved 'mid their glances to linger or roam, - And he said: "Here in Tustin, where Beauty reposes, - I also will linger or build me a home!" - -In April, Jonathan S. Slauson and a company of Los Angeles capitalists -laid out and started the town of Azusa, on a slope eight hundred feet -high in a rich and promising country. Not so far away was Palomares, -announced through the following reassuring poster: - - Grand Railroad Excursion and Genuine - AUCTION SALE! - _No Chenanekin!!_ - Thursday, June 7, 1887. - Beautiful Palomares, Pomona Valley! - Lunch, Coffee, Lemonade, and Ice Water Free! - Full Band of Music. - -And here it may not be without interest to note the stations then -passed in making such an excursion from Los Angeles to the new town: -Commercial Street, Garvanza, Raymond, Pasadena, Lamanda Park (named, -Henry W. O'Melveny tells me, after Amanda, wife of L. J. Rose), Santa -Anita, Arcadia, Monrovia, Duarte, Glendora, San Dimas and Lordsburg. -Providencia _rancho_, consisting of seventeen thousand acres of -mountain and valley, was opened up in 1887 and the new town of Burbank -was laid out; J. Downey Harvey, J. G. Downey's heir, and David -Burbank, the good-natured dentist and old-timer, then living on the -site of the Burbank Theater (once the orchard of J. J. Warner), being -among the directors. About the same time, twelve thousand acres of the -Lankershim _rancho_, adjoining the Providencia, were disposed of. -Sixty-five dollars was asked for a certificate of stock, which was -exchangeable later for an acre of land. Glendale was another child of -the Boom, for the development of which much dependence was placed on -a new motor railroad. Rosecrans and its Addition were two other tracts -relying on improved facilities for communicating with Los Angeles. -Under the caption, _Veni, Vidi, Vici!_ a motor road was promised for -service within ninety days; and lots, from one hundred dollars up, -were then to be advanced five hundred per cent! Excursions, -accompanied by Colonel Bartlett's Seventh Infantry Band, to -"magnificent Monte Vista, the Gem of the Mountains! the Queen of the -Valley!" near San Fernando, fifteen miles from Los Angeles, were among -the trips arranged. - -Speaking of the Boom, I recall an amusing situation such as now and -then relieved the dark gloom of the aftermath. When a well-known -suburb of Los Angeles was laid out, someone proposed that a road be -named Euclid Avenue; whereupon a prominent citizen protested -vigorously and asked _what Mr. Euclid had ever done for Southern -California_? - -During 1887, and at the suggestion of George E. Gard, many neighboring -towns--a number of which have long since become mere memories--donated -each a lot, through whose sale a Los Angeles County exhibit at the -reunion of the Grand Army of the Republic was made possible; and among -these places were Alosta, Gladstone, Glendora, Azusa, Beaumont, -Arcadia, Raymond, San Gabriel, Glendale, Burbank, Lamar's Addition to -Alosta, Rosecrans, St. James, Bethune, Mondonville, Olivewood, -Oleander, Lordsburg, McCoy's[41] Addition to Broad Acres, Ivanhoe, New -Vernon, Alta Vista, Nadeau Park, Bonita Tract, San Dimas, Port -Ballona, Southside, Ontario, Walleria and Ocean Spray. When the lots -were sold at Armory Hall, some ten thousand dollars was -realized--twelve hundred and seventy-five dollars, paid by Colonel -Banbury for a piece of land at Pasadena, being the highest price -brought. Not even the celebrity given the place through the gift of a -lot to the Grand Old Man of England saved Gladstone; and St. James -soon passed into the realms of the forgotten, notwithstanding that one -hundred and fifty vehicles and five hundred people were engaged, in -June, in caring for the visitors who made their way to the proposed -town-site, five miles from Anaheim, and bought, when there, forty -thousand dollars' worth of property in a few hours. - -Ben E. Ward--a good citizen whose office was in the renovated -municipal adobe--operated with Santa Monica realty during the Boom, -somewhat as did Colonel Tom Fitch in the cradle days of the bay city. -He ran private trains and sold acre and villa lots, and five-and -ten-acre farms, for ten per cent. of the price "at the fall of the -hammer;" the balance of the first quarter payable on receipt of the -agreement, and the other payments in six, twelve and eighteen months. -On one occasion in June, Ward was advertising as follows: - - HO, FOR THE BEACH! - To-morrow, To-morrow! - Grand Auction Sale at - Santa Monica. - 350--Acres--350 - - One of the Grandest Panoramic Views the Human Eye ever - rested upon, including Ballona, Lake and Harbor, with its - outgoing and in-coming vessels, the Grand Old Pacific, the - handsome new Hotel Arcadia, while in the distance may be - seen Los Angeles, the Pride of All, and the coming city of - two hundred thousand people. - -Long Beach came in for its share of the Boom. In July, H. G. Wilshire -(after whom, I believe, Wilshire Boulevard was named), as general -manager of the new hotel at that place, offered lots at one hundred -and fifty dollars and upward, advertising under the caption, "Peerless -Long Beach!" and declaring that the place was "no new settlement, but -a prosperous town of two thousand people," to be "reached without -change of cars." The hotel was to be doubled in size, streets were to -be sprinkled and bathhouses--with hot and cold water--were to be -built. One of the special attractions promised was even a -billiard-room for ladies! But the hotel was afterward destroyed by -fire, and Long Beach dwindled away until, in 1890, it had scarcely a -population of five hundred. - -Besides the improving of Santa Monica and the expanding of San Pedro, -several harbor projects were proposed in the days of the Boom. About -the first of June, 1887, Port Ballona--formerly Will Tell's--began to -be advertised as "The Future Harbor of Southern California" and the -ocean terminus of the California Central Railroad, which was a part of -the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé system. In August, thousands of people -assembled at the beach to celebrate the opening of La Ballona Harbor. -The enterprise had been backed by Louis Mesmer, Bernard Mills, Frank -Sabichi and others; and Mesmer, General Nelson A. Miles, ex-Governor -Stoneman, Eugène Germain and J. D. Lynch were among the speakers. A -syndicate, headed by J. R. Tuffree, which purchased the Palos Verdes -_rancho_, announced its intention of creating the harbor of Catalina -at Portuguese Bend. The syndicate was to build there a large hotel -named Borromea, while a Mr. Kerckhoff, encouraged by the prospect of a -railroad around Point Firmin, was to erect another huge hotel and lay -out a watering place. - -As the Boom progressed and railroads continued to advertise Los -Angeles, the authorities began to look with consternation on the -problem of housing the crowds still booked to come from the East; and -it was soon recognized that many prospective settlers would need to -roost, for a while, as best they could in the surrounding territory. -The Hotel Splendid, an enterprise fostered by Hammel & Denker, -proprietors of the United States Hotel, was then commenced on Main -Street, between Ninth and Tenth, though it was never completed. -Numerous capitalists and business houses encouraged the proposition; -yet the site was sold, but a single generation ago, to O. T. Johnson, -a local philanthropist, for about twenty-five thousand dollars--a -conservative estimate placing its present value at not much less than -two and a half millions. - -But there are other indications of the strength, or perhaps the -weakness, of the Boom. In 1887, the total assessment of the young City -and County was three million dollars, or about one-third that -recorded for the longer-developed City and County of San Francisco. In -one day in July, real estate valued at $664,000 was transferred; on -another day in the same month, $730,000 worth; and soon after, in one -day, property to the value of $930,000 changed hands. From forty -million dollars in March, 1886, the wealth of the county jumped, in -just two years, to one hundred and three millions. So many, indeed, -were the purchasers of real estate in Los Angeles at that time who -soon left the town and were seldom or never heard of again, and so -many were the sales effected by proxy, that even in August of 1887 one -of the newspapers contained over three pages of taxes listed on -property whose possessors were unknown. - -During this wild excitement, few men of position or reputation who -came to town escaped interrogation as to what they thought of the -Boom. "Phil" D. Armour, head of the Armour Packing Company, was one -who arrived late in July, and whose opinion was immediately sought; -and his answer indicated the unbounded confidence inspired in the -minds of even outsiders by the unheard-of development of land values. -"Boom--will it break soon?" repeated Armour and proceeded to answer -his own query. "There is no boom to break! This is merely the -preliminary to a boom which will so outclass the present activities -that its sound will be as thunder to the cracking of a hickory nut!" -Nor was Armour the only one who was so carried away by the phenomena -of the times: San Francisco watched Los Angeles with wonder and -interest, marveling at all she heard of the magic changes south of the -Teháchepi, and asking herself if Los Angeles might not be able to -point the way to better methods of city-building? - -I have thus endeavored to give a slight idea of the lack of mental -poise displayed by our good people in the year 1887, when the crop of -millionaires was so great that to be one was no distinction at all. -But alas! the inevitable collapse came and values tumbled fully as -rapidly as they had advanced, finding many (who but a short period -before had based their worth on investments figured at several times -their value) loaded with overwhelming debts and mortgages quite -impossible of liquidation. Indeed, readjustments took years and years -to accomplish; and so it happened that many an imaginary Croesus -then became the bidder, often unsuccessful, for humble employment. -Just as is always the case, too, in periods such as I have described, -the depression, when it came was correspondingly severe and sudden. -Many of our greatest boomers and speculators lost all hope; and more -than one poor suicide so paid the price of his inordinate craving for -wealth. - -To be sure, some level-headed people, acting more conservatively than -the majority, in time derived large profits from the steady increase -in values. Those who bought judiciously during that period are now the -men of wealth in Los Angeles; and this is more particularly true as to -ownership in business sections of the city. Even at the height of the -Boom but little property on any of the streets south of Fifth was -worth more than two hundred dollars a foot. Following the Boom, there -was an increase of building, much of it doubtless due to contracts -already entered into. - -Incidental to the opening of the Southern Pacific Railroad's route -between the North and South by way of the coast, on August 20th, a -great railway _fête_ was held at Santa Bárbara, the first through -trains from San Francisco and Los Angeles meeting at that point. A -procession, illustrating the progress in transportation methods from -the burro pack and stage coach to the modern train of cars, filed -about the streets of the old Spanish town. On the return of the Los -Angeles excursion train, however, a defective culvert near the Camulos -Ranch caused the cars, with one hundred and fifty passengers, to -plunge down an embankment--luckily with but few casualties. - -L. E. Mosher, who had much literary ability and is still remembered as -the author of the poem, _The Stranded Bugle_, joined the _Times_ staff -in August and became prominently identified with the conduct of that -newspaper. Later, he left journalism and entered on a business career -in New York; but experiencing reverses, he returned to Los Angeles. -Failing here, he at length committed suicide, to the deep regret of a -large circle of friends. - -Late in August, the paving of Main Street, the first thoroughfare of -Los Angeles to be so improved, was begun, much to the relief of our -townspeople who had too long borne the inconvenience of dusty and -muddy roadways, and who, after heavy rains the winter before, had in -no uncertain fashion given utterance to their disgust at the backward -conditions. This expression was the result of a carefully and -generally organized movement; for one morning it was discovered that -all of the principal streets were covered with mounds of earth -resembling little graves, into each of which had been thrust imitation -tombstones bearing such inscriptions as the following: - - BEWARE OF QUICKSAND! - FARE FOR FERRYING ACROSS, 25 CENTS. - NO DUCK-HUNTING ALLOWED IN THIS POND! - BOATS LEAVE THIS LANDING EVERY HALF-HOUR. - REQUIESCAT IN PACE! - -This year, the _Sued-Californische Post_, which had been established -in 1874, began to appear as a daily, with a weekly edition, the -Germans in Los Angeles in the eighties representing no mean portion of -the burgher strength. - -In 1887, the Turnverein-Germania sold to L. J. Rose and J. B. -Lankershim, for removal and renovation, the frame structure on Spring -Street which for so many years had served it as a home, and erected in -its place a substantial brick building costing about forty thousand -dollars. Six or seven years afterward, the society resold that -property--to be used later as the Elks' Hall--for one hundred thousand -dollars; then it bought the lot at 319 and 321 South Main Street, and -erected there its new stone-fronted Turner Hall. On the occasion of -the corner-stone laying, on August 14th, 1887, when the -Turnverein-Germania, the Austrian Verein and the Schwabenverein joined -hands and voices, the Germans celebrated their advancement by -festivities long to be remembered, ex-Mayor Henry T. Hazard making the -chief address; but I dare say that the assembly particularly enjoyed -the reminiscences of the pioneer President, Jake Kuhrts, who took his -hearers back to the olden days of the Round House (that favorite -rendezvous which stood on the very spot where the new building was to -rise) and pointed out how Time had tenderly and appropriately joined -the associations of the Past with those of the Present. Turner Hall, -with its restaurant, brought our German citizens into daily and -friendly intercourse, and long served their rapidly-developing -community. - -How true it is that a man should confine himself to that which he best -understands is shown in the case of L. J. Rose, who later went into -politics, and in 1887 was elected State Senator. Neglecting his -business for that of the public, he borrowed money and was finally -compelled to dispose of his interest in the New York house. Indeed, -financially speaking, he went from bad to worse; and the same year he -sold his magnificent estate to an English syndicate for $1,250,000, -receiving $750,000 in cash and the balance in stock. The purchasers -made a failure of the enterprise and Rose lost $500,000. He was almost -penniless when on May 17th, 1899, he died--a suicide. - -Rose was an indefatigable worker for the good of the community, and -was thoroughly interested in every public movement. For years he was -one of my intimate friends; and as I write these lines, I am moved -with sentiments of sadness and deep regret. Let us hope that, in the -life beyond, he is enjoying that peace denied him here. - -The Los Angeles & San Gabriel Valley Railroad, begun the previous year -by J. F. Crank and destined to be absorbed by the Santa Fé, was opened -for traffic to Pasadena on September 17th by a popular excursion in -which thousands participated. - -With the increase in the number and activity of the Chinese here, came -a more frequent display of their native customs and ceremonies, the -joss house and the theater being early instituted. On October 21st, a -street parade, feast and theatrical performance with more or less -barbarous music marked a celebration that brought Mongolians from near -and far. - -On October 24th, Cardinal Gibbons made his first visit to Los -Angeles--the most notable call, I believe, of so eminent a prelate -since my settling here. - -One of the numerous fires of the eighties that gave great alarm was -the blaze of October 28th, which destroyed the Santa Fé Railroad depot -and with it a trainload of oil. The conflagration proved obstinate to -fight, although the good work of the department prevented its spread. -A host of people for hours watched the spectacular scene. - -The Raymond Hotel, commonly spoken of as belonging to Pasadena -although standing just inside the city to the south, was completed in -November; and catering exclusively to tourists, its situation on an -eminent knoll overlooking the towns and orange-groves contributed to -make it widely famous. In April, 1895, it was swept by fire, to be -rebuilt on larger and finer lines. The hotel La Pintoresca, on Fair -Oaks Avenue, burned four or five years ago, was another Pasadena -hostelry, where I often stopped when wishing to escape the hurly-burly -of city life. Now its site and gardens have been converted into a -public park. - -In November, following the efforts made by the Board of Trade to -secure one of the veterans' homes projected by Congress, the managers -of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers visited Los -Angeles. A committee, representing business men and the Grand Army, -showed the visitors around; and as a result of the coöperation of -General Nelson A. Miles, Judge Brunson (representing Senator Jones) -and others, three hundred acres of the old San Vicente _rancho_ were -donated by the Jones and Baker estates and the Santa Monica Land and -Water Company, as were also three hundred acres of the Wolfskill -Tract. Orchards were laid out, and barracks, chapel, hospital and -extra buildings for a thousand men erected. Near this worthy -institution, housing as it now does more than two thousand veterans, -has developed and prospered--thanks to the patronage of these soldiers -and their families--the little town of Sawtelle. - -In November, local Democratic and Republican leaders, wishing to -draft a new charter for Los Angeles, agreed on a non-partisan Board -consisting of William H. Workman, Cameron E. Thom, I. R. Dunkelberger, -Dr. Joseph Kurtz, Walter S. Moore, Jeremiah Baldwin, General John -Mansfield, P. M. Scott, J. H. Book, José G. Estudillo, Charles E. Day, -Thomas B. Brown, W. W. Robinson, A. F. Mackey and George H. Bonebrake; -and the following 31st of May the Board was duly elected. Workman was -chosen Chairman and Moore, Secretary; and on October 20th the result -of their deliberations was adopted by the City. In January, 1889, the -Legislature confirmed the action of the Common Council. The new -charter increased the number of wards from five to nine, and provided -for the election of a councilman from each ward. - -As the result of an agitation in favor of Los Angeles, the Southwest -headquarters of the United States Army were transferred from Whipple -Barracks, Arizona, about the beginning of 1887, the event being -celebrated by a dinner to Brigadier-General Nelson A. Miles, at the -Nadeau Hotel. Within less than a year, however, General Miles was -transferred to San Francisco, General B. H. Grierson succeeding him at -this post. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[40] Largely destroyed by fire, November 29th, 1915. - -[41] Bearing the name of Frank McCoy, who died on March 4th, 1915. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIX - -PROPOSED STATE DIVISION - -1888-1891 - - -By agreement among property owners, the widening of Fort Street from -Second to Ninth began in February, 1888. This was not accomplished -without serious opposition, many persons objecting to the change on -the ground that it would ruin the appearance of their bordering lots. -I was one of those, I am frank to say, who looked with disfavor on the -innovation; but time has shown that it was an improvement, the widened -street (now known as Broadway), being perhaps the only fine business -avenue of which Los Angeles can boast. - -Booth and Barrett, the famous tragedians, visited Los Angeles together -this winter, giving a notable performance in Child's Opera House, -their combined genius showing to greatest advantage in the -presentation of _Julius Cæsar_ and _Othello_. - -Toward the end of the seventies, I dipped into an amusing volume, _The -Rise and Fall of the Mustache_, by Robert J. Burdette--then associated -with the _Burlington Hawkeye_--little thinking that a decade later -would find the author famous and a permanent resident of Southern -California.[42] His wife, Clara Bradley Burdette, whom he married in -1899 and who is well known as a clubwoman, has been associated with -him in many local activities. - -George Wharton James, an Englishman, also took up his residence in -Southern California in 1888, finally settling in Pasadena, although -seven years previously he had been an interested visitor in Los Angeles. -James has traveled much in the Southwest; and besides lecturing, he has -written ten or twelve volumes dealing in a popular manner with the -Spanish Missions and kindred subjects. - -Through the publication by D. Appleton & Company of one of the early -books of value dealing with our section of the State, progress was -made, in the late eighties, in durably advertising the Coast. This -volume was entitled, _California of the South_; and as a -scientifically-prepared guide was written by two fellow-townsmen, Drs. -Walter Lindley and J. P. Widney. - -Very shortly after their coming to Los Angeles, in April, 1888, I had -the pleasure of meeting Mr. and Mrs. Tomás Lorenzo Duque with whom I -have since been on terms of intimacy. Mr. Duque, a Cuban by birth, is -a broad-minded, educated gentleman of the old school. - -Frederick William Braun established on May 1st, at 127 New High -Street, the first exclusively wholesale drug house in Southern -California, later removing to 287 North Main Street, once the site of -the adobe in which I was married. - -The same season my brother, whose health had become precarious, was -again compelled to take a European trip; and it was upon his return in -September, 1890, that he settled in Los Angeles, building his home at -1043 South Grand Avenue, but a few doors from mine. - -The coast-line branch of the Santa Fé Railroad was opened in August -between Los Angeles and San Diego. - -W. E. Hughes has been credited with suggesting the second and present -Chamber of Commerce, and J. F. Humphreys is said to have christened it -when it was organized on October 15th. E. W. Jones was the first -President and Thomas A. Lewis the first Secretary. In addition to -these, S. B. Lewis, Colonel H. G. Otis, J. V. Wachtel (a son-in-law of -L. J. Rose), Colonel I. R. Dunkelberger and William H. Workman are -entitled to a great deal of credit for the movement. So well known is -this institution, even internationally, and so much has been written -about it, that I need hardly speak of its remarkable and honorable -part in developing Southern California and all of the Southland's most -valuable resources. - -Late in the fall the Los Angeles Theater, a neat brick edifice, was -opened on Spring Street, between Second and Third. At that time, other -places of amusement were the Childs or Grand Opera House, Mott Hall, -over Mott Market--an unassuming room without stage facilities, where -Adelina Patti once sang, and where Charles Dickens, Jr., gave a -reading from his father's books--and Hazard's Pavilion at Fifth and -Olive, built on the present site of the Temple Auditorium by Mayor H. -T. Hazard and his associate, George H. Pike. During the Boom -especially and for a few years thereafter (as when in 1889, Evangelist -Moody held forth), this latter place was very popular; and among -celebrities who lectured there was Thomas Nast, _Harpers'_ great -cartoonist, who had so much to do with bringing Boss Tweed to justice. -As Nast lectured, he gave interesting exhibitions of his genius to -illustrate what he had to say; and many of his sketches were very -effective. Doubtless alluding to the large audience gathered to do him -honor, the artist said: "Ladies and Gentlemen, I will now show you how -to draw a big house," whereupon he rapidly sketched one. - -On the morning of October 21st, the _Los Angeles Times_ created one of -the most noted surprises in the history of American politics, making -public the so-called Murchison letters, through which the British -diplomat Lord Sackville West, caught strangely napping, was recalled -in disgrace from his eminent post as British Minister to Washington. -In 1882, George Osgoodby located at Pomona. Though of English -grandparents, Osgoodby possessed a strong Republican bias; and wishing -to test the attitude of the Administration toward Great Britain, he -formed the scheme of fathoming Cleveland's purpose even at the British -Minister's expense. Accordingly, on September 4th, 1888--in the midst -of the Presidential campaign--he addressed Lord West, signing himself -Charles F. Murchison and pretending that he was still a loyal though -naturalized Englishman needing advice as to how to vote. "Murchison" -reminded his lordship that, just as a small State had defeated -Tilden, so "a mere handful of naturalized countrymen might easily -carry California." The British Minister was betrayed by the plausible -words; and on September 13th he answered the Pomona farmer, at the -same time indicating his high regard for Cleveland as a friend of -England. Osgoodby gave the correspondence publicity through the -_Times_; and instantly the letters were telegraphed throughout America -and to England, where they made as painful an impression as they had -caused jubilation or anger in this country. How, as a consequence, -diplomatic relations between America and England were for a while -broken off, is familiar history. - -During the winter of 1888-89, Alfred H. and Albert K. Smiley, twin -brothers who had amassed a fortune through successful hotel management -at summer-resorts in the mountains of New York, came to California and -purchased about two hundred acres near Redlands, situated on a ridge -commanding a fine view of San Timoteo Cañon; and there they laid out -the celebrated Cañon Crest Park, more popularly known as Smiley -Heights. They also gave the community a public library. On account of -their connections, they were able to attract well-to-do settlers and -tourists to their neighborhood and so contribute, in an important way, -to the development and fame of Redlands. - -The City Hall was erected, during the years 1888-89, on the east side -of Broadway between Second and Third streets on property once -belonging to L. H. Titus. As a detail indicating the industrial -conditions of that period, I may note that John Hanlon, the -contractor, looked with pride upon the fact that he employed as many -as thirty to forty workmen and all at one time! - -Another effort in the direction of separating this part of California -from the northern section was made in December, 1888 and here received -enthusiastic support. General William Vandever, then a representative -in Congress from the Sixth District, introduced into that body a -resolution providing for a State to be called South California. Soon -after, a mass meeting was held in Hazard's Pavilion, and a campaign -was opened with an Executive Committee to further the movement; -but--California is still, and I hope will long continue to be, a -splendid undivided territory. - -On January 1st, 1889, Pasadena held her first Rose Tournament. There -were chariot races and other sports, but the principal event was a -parade of vehicles of every description which, moving along under the -graceful burden of their beautiful floral decorations, presented a -magnificent and typically Southern California winter sight. The -tournament was so successful that it has become an annual event -participated in by many and attracting visitors from near and far. It -is managed by a permanent organization, the Tournament of Roses -Association, whose members in 1904 presented Tournament Park, one of -the City's pleasure-grounds, to Pasadena. - -Once outdistanced by both Main and Spring streets, and yet more and -more rising to importance as the city grew, Fort Street--a name with -an historical significance--in 1889 was officially called Broadway. - -Fred L. Baker, who reached Los Angeles with his father, Milo Baker in -1874, designed in 1889, and when he was but twenty-four years of age, -the first locomotive built in Los Angeles. It was constructed at the -Baker Iron Works for the Los Angeles County Railroad, and was dubbed -the _Providencia_; and when completed it weighed fifteen tons. - -On February 16th, Jean Louis Sainsevain, everywhere pleasantly known -as Don Louis, died here, aged seventy-three years. - -I have spoken of L. J. Rose's love for thoroughbred horses. His most -notable possession was _Stamboul_, the celebrated stallion, which he -sold for fifty thousand dollars. At Rose Meade, toward the end of the -eighties, there were about a hundred and twenty pedigreed horses; and -at a sale in 1889 fifty of these brought one hundred and ninety -thousand dollars. This reminds me that early in April, the same year, -Nicolás Covarrúbias (in whose stable on Los Angeles Street, but a -short time before, nearly a hundred horses had perished by fire) sold -_Gladstone_ to L. H. Titus for twenty-five hundred dollars. - -General Volney E. Howard died in May, aged eighty years, just ten -years after he had concluded his last notable public service as a -member of the State Constitutional Convention. - -One of those who well illustrate the constant search for the ideal is -Dr. Joseph Kurtz. In the spring of 1889 he toured Europe to inspect -clinics and hospitals; and inspired by what he had seen, he helped, on -his return, to more firmly establish the Medical College of Los -Angeles, later and now a branch of the University of California. - -In 1889, I built another residence at 1051 South Grand Avenue, and -there we lived for several years. As in the case of our Fort Street -home, in which four of our children died, so here again joy changed to -sorrow when, on November 18th, 1890, our youngest daughter, Josephine -Rose, was taken from us at the age of eight years. - -The Los Angeles Public Library was once more moved in July from the -Downey Block to the City Hall where, with some six thousand books and -about one hundred and thirty members, it remained until April, 1906, -when it was transferred by Librarian Charles F. Lummis to the Annex of -the Laughlin Building. It then had over one hundred thousand volumes. -In the fall of 1908, it was removed to the new Hamburger Building. - -Colonel James G. Eastman, who arrived in Los Angeles during the late -sixties, associated himself with Anson Brunson in the practice of law -and, as a cultured and aristocratic member of the Bar, became well -known. For the centennial celebration here he was chosen to deliver -the oration; yet thirteen years later he died in the County Poorhouse, -having in the meantime sunk to the lowest depths of degradation. -Drinking himself literally into the gutter, he lost his self-respect -and finally married a common squaw. - -The early attempts to create another county, of which Anaheim was to -have been the seat, are known. In 1889, the struggle for division was -renewed, but under changed conditions. Santa Ana, now become an -important town and nearer the heart of the proposed new county, was -the more logical center; but although Anaheim had formerly strongly -advocated the separation, she now opposed it. The Legislature, -however, authorized the divorce, and the citizens chose Santa Ana as -their county seat; and thus on August 1st, Orange County began its -independence. - -Although the cable lines on Second and Temple streets were not -unqualified successes, J. F. Crank and Herman Silver in 1887 obtained -a franchise for the construction of a double-track cable railway in -Los Angeles, and in 1889 both the Boyle Heights and the Downey Avenue -lines were in operation. On August 3d, 1889, the Boyle Heights section -of the Los Angeles Cable Railway was inaugurated with a luncheon at -the Power House--invitations to which had been sent out by the Boyle -Heights Board of Trade, William H. Workman, President--preceded by a -parade of cars; and on November 2d, the official opening with its -procession of trains on the Downey Avenue line culminated, at noon, -with speech-making at the Downey Avenue Bridge, and in the evening -with a sham battle and fireworks. Some old-timers took part in the -literary exercises, and among others I may mention Mayor Henry T. -Hazard, Dr. J. S. Griffin, General R. H. Chapman and the -Vice-President and Superintendent of the system, J. C. Robinson. The -East Los Angeles line started at Jefferson Street, ran north on Grand -Avenue to Seventh, east on Seventh to Broadway, north on Broadway to -First, east on First to Spring, north on Spring to the Plaza, down San -Fernando Street, then on the viaduct built over the Southern Pacific -tracks and thence out Downey Avenue. The Boyle Heights line started on -Seventh Street at Alvarado, ran along Seventh to Broadway, up Broadway -to First and east on that street to the junction of First and Chicago -streets. Quite a million dollars, it is said, was invested in the -machinery and tracks--so soon to give way to the more practicable -electric trolley trams--to say nothing of the expenditures for rolling -stock; and for the time being the local transportation problem seemed -solved, although the cars first used were open, without glass -windows, and the passengers in bad weather were protected only by -curtains sliding up and down. To further celebrate the accomplishment, -a banquet was given Colonel J. C. Robinson on December 18th, 1889. -Herman Silver, to whom I have just referred, had not only an -interesting association as a friend of Lincoln, but was a splendid -type of citizen. He achieved distinction in many activities, but -especially as President of the City Council. - - [Illustration: George W. Burton] - - [Illustration: Ben C. Truman] - - [Illustration: Charles F. Lummis] - - [Illustration: Charles Dwight Willard] - - [Illustration: Grand Avenue Residence (left), Harris Newmark, 1889] - -On November 4th, Bernard Cohn, one of the originators of Hellman, Haas -& Company (now Haas, Baruch & Company, the well-known grocers), and a -pioneer of 1856, died. During the late seventies and early eighties, -he was a man of much importance, both as a merchant and a City Father, -sitting in the Council of 1888 and becoming remarkably well-read in -the ordinances and decrees of the Los Angeles of his day. - -Like Abbot Kinney, Dr. Norman Bridge, an authority on tuberculosis, -came to Sierra Madre in search of health, in 1890; lived for a while -after that at Pasadena, and finally settled in Los Angeles. Five or -six years after he arrived here, Dr. Bridge began to invest in -Californian and Mexican oil and gas properties. Despite his busy life, -he has found time to further higher culture, having served as Trustee -of the Throop Institute and as President of the Southwest Museum, to -both of which institutions he has made valuable contributions; while -he has published two scholarly volumes of essays and addresses. - -Thomas Edward Gibbon who, since his arrival in 1888, has influenced -some of the most important movements for the benefit of Los Angeles, -and whose activities have been so diversified, in 1890 bought the -_Daily Herald_, becoming for several years the President of its -organization and its managing editor. During his incumbency, Gibbon -filled the columns with mighty interesting reading. - -After living in Los Angeles thirty years and having already achieved -much, I. W. Hellman moved to San Francisco on March 2d, 1890, and -there reorganized the Nevada Bank. Still a resident of the northern -city, he has become a vital part of its life and preëminent in its -financial affairs. - -Judge Walter Van Dyke was here in the early fifties, although it was -some years before I knew him; and I am told that at that time he -almost concluded a partnership with Judge Hayes for the practice of -law. He was Judge of the Superior Court when the City of Los Angeles -claimed title--while I was President of the Temple Block Company--to -about nine feet of the north end of Temple Block. The instigator of -this suit was Louis Mesmer, who saw the advantage that would accrue to -his property, at the corner of Main and Requena streets, if the square -should be enlarged; but we won the case. A principal witness for us -was José Mascarel, and our attorneys were Stephen M. White and -Houghton, Silent & Campbell. My second experience with Judge Van Dyke -was in 1899, when I bought a lot from him at Santa Monica. This -attempt to enlarge the area at the junction reminds me of the days -when the young folks of that neighborhood used to play tag and other -games there. Baseball, here called town-ball, was another game -indulged in at that place. - -Temple Block came to be known as Lawyer's Block because the upper -floors were largely given over to members of that profession; and many -of the attorneys I have had occasion to speak of as being here after -our acquisition of the building had their headquarters there. Thus I -became acquainted with Judge Charles Silent who, like his partner, -Sherman Otis Houghton, hailed from San José in 1886, or possibly 1885, -the two doubtless coming together. Judge Houghton brought with him a -reputation for great physical and moral courage; and the two friends -formed with Alexander Campbell the law firm of Houghton, Silent & -Campbell. Judge Charles Silent, a native of Baden, Germany (born -Stumm, a name Englished on naturalization), father of Edward D. Silent -and father-in-law of Frank J. Thomas, once served as Supreme Court -Judge in Arizona, to which office he was appointed by President Hayes; -and since his arrival here, he has occupied a position of prime -importance, not only on account of his qualifications as an attorney -but also through the invaluable service he has always rendered this -community. The judge now possesses a splendid orange orchard near the -foothills, where he is passing his declining years. In the same way I -had pleasant relations with the barrister, C. White Mortimer, for a -long time the popular English Vice-consul, who came from Toronto. -Among other attorneys whom it was a pleasure to know were Aurelius W. -Hutton; John D. Bicknell (once a partner of Stephen M. White); J. H. -Blanchard; Albert M. Stephens; General John Mansfield (who, by the -way, was the first Lieutenant-Governor under the Constitution of -1879); Thomas B. Brown, District Attorney from 1880 until 1882; Will -D. Gould; Julius Brousseau; J. R. Dupuy, twice District Attorney; and -General J. R. McConnell. Most of these gentlemen were here before -1880. On the twentieth of January, 1889, M. L. Graff, a practicing -attorney, reached Los Angeles, and until my family broke up -housekeeping, he was a regular and welcome visitor in my home. - -Ferdinand K. Rule came to Southern California in 1890 and soon after -associated himself with the old Los Angeles Terminal Railroad. He was -a whole-souled, generous man, and was henceforth identified with -nearly every movement for the welfare of his adopted city. - -Charles Dudley Warner, the distinguished American author, revisited -Los Angeles in May, 1890, having first come here in March, three years -before, while roughing it on a tour through California described in -his book, _On Horseback_, published in 1888. On his second trip, -Warner, who was editor of _Harper's Magazine_, came ostensibly in the -service of the Harpers, that firm later issuing his appreciative and -well-illustrated volume, _Our Italy_, in which he suggested certain -comparisons between Southern California and Southern Europe; but the -Santa Fé Railroad Company, then particularly desirous of attracting -Easterners to the Coast, really sent out the author, footing most if -not all of the bills. Mrs. Custer, widow of the General, was another -guest of the Santa Fé; and she also wrote about Southern California -for periodicals in the East. - -News of the death, in New York City, of General John C. Frémont was -received here the day after, on July 14th, and caused profound -regret. - -In the fall, Henry H. Markham stood for the governorship of California -and was elected, defeating ex-Mayor Pond of San Francisco by a -majority of about eight thousand votes--thereby enabling the Southland -to boast of having again supplied the foremost dignitary of the State. - -After several years of post-graduate study in higher institutions of -learning in Germany, Leo Newmark, son of J. P. Newmark, in 1887 -received his degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of -Strassburg. He then served in leading European hospitals, returning in -1890 to his native city, San Francisco, where he has attained much -more than local eminence in his specialty, the diseases of the nerves. - -The public pleasure-grounds later known as Hollenbeck Park were given -to the City, in 1890-91, by William H. Workman and Mrs. J. E. -Hollenbeck, Workman donating two-thirds and Mrs. Hollenbeck one-third -of the land. Workman also laid out the walks and built the dam before -the transfer to the City authorities. Mrs. Hollenbeck suggested the -title, Workman-Hollenbeck Park; but Billy's proverbial modesty led him -to omit his own name. At about the same time, Mrs. Hollenbeck, -recognizing the need of a refuge for worthy old people, and wishing to -create a fitting memorial to her husband (who had died in 1885), -endowed the Hollenbeck Home with thirteen and a half acres in the -Boyle Heights district; to maintain which, she deeded, in trust to -John D. Bicknell, John M. Elliott, Frank A. Gibson, Charles L. -Batcheller and J. S. Chapman, several valuable properties, the most -notable being the Hollenbeck Hotel and a block on Broadway near -Seventh. - -More than once I have referred to the Chino Ranch, long the home of -pioneer Isaac Williams. In his most extravagant dreams, he could not -have foreseen that, in the years 1890-91 there would grow on many of -his broad acres the much-needed sugar-beet; nor could he have known -that the first factory in the Southland to extract sugar from that -source would be erected in a town bearing the name of Chino. The -inauguration of this important activity in Southern California was due -to Henry T. and Robert Oxnard, the last-named then being engaged in -cane-sugar refining in San Francisco. Henry T., who had previously -ventured in the beet-sugar field in Nebraska, while on the Coast was -impressed with the possibilities in our soil and climate; and after a -survey of the State, he reached the conclusion that of all California -the South offered the conditions most favorable to his plans. -Accordingly, he entered into negotiations with Richard Gird, then the -owner of the Chino Ranch, who made some preliminary experiments; and -the outcome was the factory started there in the season of 1890-91, -under the superintendency of Dr. Portius, a German agricultural -chemist. In this initial enterprise the Oxnards met with such success -that they extended their operations, in 1898 establishing a second and -larger factory in Ventura County, in what soon came to be called -Oxnard, Dr. Portius again taking charge. - -Five or six years after the Oxnards opened their Chino factory, J. -Ross Clark and his brother, Senator William A. Clark, commenced the -erection of a plant at Alamitos; and in the summer of 1897, the first -beets there were sliced, under the superintendency of G. S. Dyer, now -in Honolulu. Since then, under a protective policy, several more -refineries have started up in the neighborhood of Los Angeles. - -In January, 1891, the Home of Peace Society was organized by the -Hebrew ladies of Los Angeles, largely through the exertions of Mrs. M. -Kremer, who was the first to conceive the idea of uniting Jewish women -for the purpose of properly caring for and beautifying the last -resting-place of their dead. - -Amos G. Throop, of Chicago, more familiarly known among his friends -and fellow-citizens as Father Throop, founded at Pasadena in 1891 the -institution at first called Throop University and now known as the -Throop College of Technology, giving it two hundred thousand dollars -and becoming its first President. The next year, when it was decided -to specialize in manual training and polytechnic subjects, the name -was again changed--remaining, until 1913, Throop Polytechnic -Institute. - -The Southern California Science Association, later called the Southern -California Academy of Science, was organized in 1891 with Dr. A. -Davidson as its first President, and Mrs. Mary E. Hart as Secretary. -For five years, it struggled for existence; but having been -reorganized and incorporated in 1896, it has steadily become a factor -for intellectual progress. - -The Friday Morning Club began its existence in April, 1891, as one of -the social forces in the city, many of the leading lecturers of the -country finding a place on its platform; and in 1899 the Club built -its present attractive home on Figueroa Street. - -As far as I was familiar with the facts, I have endeavored in these -recollections to emphasize the careers of those who from little have -builded much, and quite naturally think of William Dennison Stephens -whom I came to know through his association as a salesman from 1891 -until 1902 with M. A. Newmark & Company, after which he engaged with -J. E. Carr on Broadway, between Sixth and Seventh streets, in the -retail grocery business. Much of his success I attribute to honest, -steady purpose and a winning geniality. By leaps and bounds, Stephens -has advanced--in 1907 to the presidency of the Chamber of Commerce; in -1908 to the grand commandership of Knights Templars in California; in -1909 to the mayoralty of Los Angeles; and in 1910 to one of the -advisory committee for the building of the aqueduct. At present, he is -the Congressman from the Tenth Congressional District. - -Three years before Congressman Stephens entered the employ of the -Newmarks, Robert L. Craig had just severed his relations with them to -form, with R. H. Howell of Louisiana, the third wholesale grocery -house to come to Los Angeles. In the course of a few years, Howell & -Craig sold out; but Craig, being young and ambitious, was not long in -organizing another wholesale grocery known as Craig & Stuart, which -was succeeded by R. L. Craig & Company. At Craig's untimely death, -Mrs. Craig, a woman of unusual mental talent, took the reins and, as -one of the few women wholesale grocers in the country, has since -guided the destinies of the concern; still finding time, in her -arduous life, to serve the public as a very wide-awake member of the -Board of Education. - -Four other names of those once associated with my successors and who -have been instrumental in establishing important commercial houses -here are, P. A., a brother of M. A. Newmark; E. J. Levy; Frank -Humphreys, now deceased; and D. Wiebers. The first-named, for some -years connected with Brownstein, Newmark & Louis--now Brownstein & -Louis--inaugurated and is at the head of P. A. Newmark & Company; -while Levy, Humphreys and Wiebers incorporated the Standard Wooden -Ware Company. - -In 1891, the Terminal Railroad was completed from Los Angeles to East -San Pedro, and rapid connection was thus established between Pasadena -and the ocean, the accomplishment being celebrated, on November 14th, -by an excursion. The road ran _via_ Long Beach and Rattlesnake, later -known as Terminal Island--a place that might become, it was hoped, the -terminus of one of the great transcontinental railroads; and since the -island is now the end of the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake -Railroad, that hope has been realized. It was in connection with this -railway enterprise that Long Beach made the great mistake of giving -away the right of thoroughfare along her ocean front. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[42] Dr. Burdette died on November 19th, 1914. - - - - -CHAPTER XL - -THE FIRST _FIESTAS_ - -1892-1897 - - -Accompanied by my family, I traveled to Alaska, in 1892, going as far -as Muir Glacier and visiting, among other places, Metlakahtla (where -we met Father William Duncan, the famous missionary and _Arctander_), -Sitka, Juneau and the Treadwell Mines, near which the town of -Treadwell has since developed. To-day, the tourist starts from -Seattle; but we left Tacoma, sailing north about the seventh of July. -I found much to inspire me in that rather extreme portion of the -globe, where I was profoundly impressed with the vast forests and -colossal rivers of ice, so emblematic of Nature's law of eternal -change. Our party was especially fortunate in witnessing the rare -sight of huge masses of ice as, with sound of thunder, they broke from -the glacier and floated away, brilliantly-tinted bergs, to an -independent, if passing, existence. - -Having arrived in the Bay of Sitka, our ship, the _Queen of the -Pacific_, struck a submerged rock. Instantly excitement and even -frenzy prevailed. Levi Z. Leiter, a member of the firm of Field, -Leiter & Company of Chicago, was so beside himself with fear that he -all but caused a panic, whereupon the Captain ordered the First Mate -to put the Chicagoan and his family ashore. Leiter, however, was -shamed by his daughter, Miss Mary Victoria--afterward Lady Curzon and -wife of the Viceroy of India--who admonished him not to make a scene; -and having no desire to be left for a protracted stay in Sitka, he -came to his senses and the commotion somewhat abated. - -Meantime, not knowing how much damage had been done to the vessel, I -hastily proceeded to gather our party together, when I missed Marco -and only after considerable trouble found the boy in the cabin--such -is the optimism of youth--with a huge sandwich in his hand, not in the -least excited over the possible danger nor in any mood to allow a -little incident of that kind to dissipate his appetite. When it became -evident that the ship had sustained no vital damage, the Captain -announced that as soon as a higher tide would permit we should proceed -on our way. - -In 1892, Abbot Kinney and F. G. Ryan, disregarding the craze for -property along the bluffs of old Santa Monica, gave practical evidence -of their faith in the future of the sand dunes hereabouts by buying an -extensive strip of land on the ocean-front, some of it being within -the town of Santa Monica but most of it stretching farther south. They -induced the Santa Fé to lay out a route to Ocean Park as the new town -was to be called; and having erected piers, a bath house and an -auditorium, they built numerous cottages. Hardly was this enterprise -well under way, however, when Ryan died and T. H. Dudley acquired his -share in the undertaking. In 1901, A. R. Fraser, G. M. Jones and H. R. -Gage purchased Dudley's half interest; and the owners began to put the -lots on the market. One improvement after another was made, involving -heavy expenditures; and in 1904, Ocean Park was incorporated as a -city. - -E. L. Doheny and a partner had the good luck to strike some of the -first oil found in quantities within the city limits. They began -operations in February on West State Street, in the very residence -section of the town; and at about one hundred and sixty feet below the -surface, they found oil enough to cause general excitement. Mrs. Emma -A. Summers, who had been dealing in real estate since she came in -1881, quickly sank a well on Court Street near Temple which in a short -time produced so lavishly that Mrs. Summers became one of the largest -individual operators in crude oil. She is now known as the Oil Queen. - -At the suggestion of Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, an interesting -open-air meeting of the Los Angeles Historical Society was held on the -evening of March 28th at the residence of Don António and Doña Mariana -Coronel, near the corner of Central Avenue and Seventh Street. Three -hundred guests assembled to enjoy the proverbial Spanish hospitality -of this distinguished couple, and to hear reports of the activities of -various Los Angeles societies. Don António possessed, as is well -known, valuable historical and ethnological collections; and some of -his choicest curios were that evening placed at the service of his -guests. Professor Ira More participated, presiding at a table once -used by the first Constitutional Governor, Echeandia, and I still -recall the manner in which António chuckled when he told us how he had -swapped "four gentle cows" for the piece of furniture; while, instead -of a gavel, Señora Coronel had provided a bell long used to summon the -Indians to Mission service. - -As early as the height of the great Boom, Professor T. S. C. Lowe (to -whom I have referred in the story of an experiment in making gas) -advocated the construction of a railroad up the mountain later -officially designated Mt. Lowe; and almost immediately financiers -acted on the proposal and ordered the route surveyed. The collapse of -the Boom, however, then made the financing of the project impossible; -and the actual work of building the road was begun only in 1892. On -the Fourth of July of the following year, the first car carrying a -small party of invited guests successfully ascended the incline; and -on August 23d the railway was formally opened to the public, the -occasion being made a holiday. In 1894, the Mt. Lowe Astronomical -Observatory was built. At one time, the railway was owned by Valentine -Peyton, my agreeable neighbor and friend then and now residing on -Westlake Avenue. - -In June, 1893, the Los Angeles Post Office was moved from its location -at Broadway near Sixth Street to the National Government Building at -the southeast corner of Main and Winston streets, which had just been -completed at a cost of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. - -Seized with the same desire that animated many thousands who -journeyed to Chicago, I visited the World's Fair in the fall of 1893. -Everywhere I was impressed with the extraordinary progress made, -especially by Americans, since the display in Philadelphia; and I was -naturally proud of the exhibits from California in charge of my -fellow-townsman, Ben Truman. - -Russell Judson Waters, a well-known banker and member of Congress from -the Sixth District between 1899 and 1903, came from Redlands in 1894 -and another Southern Californian who has turned his attention to -literary endeavor: his novel, _El Estranjero_, dealing with past local -life. - -Joseph Scott, who has risen to distinction in the California legal -world, alighted in Los Angeles in June, having tried without success -to obtain newspaper work in Boston, in 1887, although equipped with a -letter of introduction from John Boyle O'Reilly. In New York, with -only two dollars in his pocket, he was compelled to shoulder a hod; -but relief came: as Scott himself jovially tells the story, he was -carrying mortar and brick on a Tuesday in February, 1890, and but two -days later he faced a body of students at St. Bonaventura's College in -Allegany, New York, as instructor in rhetoric! Within ten months after -Scott came to Southern California, he was admitted to practice at the -Los Angeles Bar; and since then he has been President of the Chamber -of Commerce. He is now a member of the Board of Education, and all in -all his services to the commonwealth have been many and important. - -The existence of the Merchants' Association, which was organized in -1893 with W. C. Furrey as President and William Bien (succeeded the -following year by Jacob E. Waldeck, son-in-law of Samuel Hellman) as -Secretary, was somewhat precarious until 1894. In that year, Los -Angeles was suffering a period of depression, and a meeting was called -to devise ways and means for alleviating the economic ills of the city -and also for attracting to Los Angeles some of the visitors to the -Midwinter Fair then being held in San Francisco. At that meeting, Max -Meyberg, a member of the Association's executive committee, suggested -a carnival; and the plan being enthusiastically endorsed, the coming -occasion was dubbed _La Fiesta de Los Angeles_. Meyberg was appointed -Director-General; and the following persons, among others, were -associated with him in the undertaking: Mayor T. E. Rowan, F. W. Wood, -R. W. Pridham, H. Jevne, J. O. Koepfli, Leon Loeb, H. T. Hazard, -Charles S. Walton and M. H. Newmark. - -The _Fiesta_ lasted from the 10th to the 13th of April and proved a -delightful affair. The participants marched in costume to the City -Hall during a meeting of the Council, usurped the Government, elected -a Queen--Mrs. O. W. Childs, Jr.--to preside over the destinies of the -City during the _Fiesta_ and communicated to everybody a spirit of -uncontrollable enthusiasm based on a feeling of the most genuine -patriotic sentiment. The result was thoroughly successful, the -carnival bringing out the real Californian fellowship--whole-souled -and ringing true. Indeed, it is conceded by all who have seen Los -Angeles grow, that this first _Fiesta_ and the resulting strengthening -of the Association have been among the earliest and, in some respects, -the most important elements contributory to the wonderful growth and -development of our city. A few evenings after the conclusion of the -celebration, and while the streets were brilliantly illuminated with -Bengal fire, the leaders again marched in a body, this time to the -hall over Mott Market, where they not only laid plans for the second -_Fiesta_, but installed J. O. Koepfli as President of the Merchants' -Association. - -So enthusiastic had the citizens of Los Angeles really become that in -the years 1895 and 1896 the _Fiesta_ was repeated and many prominent -people supported the original committee, assisting to make the second -festival almost equal to the first. Among these patrons were John -Alton, Hancock Banning, W. A. Barker, A. C. Bilicke, L. W. Blinn, W. -C. Bluett, R. W. Burnham, John M. Crawley, James Cuzner, J. H. -Dockweiler, T. A. Eisen, J. A. Foshay, John F. Francis, A. W. -Francisco, H. W. Frank, Dan Freeman, Mrs. Jessie Benton Frémont, W. M. -Garland, T. E. Gibbon, J. T. Griffith, Harley Hamilton, R. H. Howell, -Sumner P. Hunt, A. Jacoby, General E. P. Johnson, John Kahn, F. W. -King, Abbot Kinney, E. F. C. Klokke, J. Kuhrts, Dr. Carl Kurtz, J. B. -Lankershim, General C. F. A. Last, S. B. Lewis, H. Lichtenberger, -Charles F. Lummis, Simon Maier, D. C. McGarvin, John R. Mathews, James -J. Mellus, L. E. Mosher, Walter S. Newhall, J. W. A. Off, Colonel H. -Z. Osborne, Colonel H. G. Otis, Madison T. Owens, W. C. Patterson, -Niles Pease, A. Petsch, John E. Plater, R. W. Pridham, Judge E. M. -Ross, F. K. Rule, Frank Sabichi, J. T. Sheward, Colonel W. G. -Schreiber, John Schumacher, Professor P. W. Search, Edward D. Silent, -Alfredo Solano, George H. Stewart, Frank J. Thomas, D. K. Trask, Ben -C. Truman, I. N. Van Nuys, K. H. Wade, Stephen M. White, Frank -Wiggins, C. D. Willard, Dr. W. Le Moyne Wills, W. B. Wilshire, H. J. -Woollacott and W. D. Woolwine. - -This second _Fiesta_ brought into the local field two men then -unknown, but each destined to play an important part in the affairs of -Los Angeles. J. O. Koepfli, President of the Merchants' Association, -and M. H. Newmark, Chairman of the Finance Committee, selected Felix -J. Zeehandelaar (a reporter for the Los Angeles _Herald_ during the -short ownership of John Bradbury) as financial and publicity agent; -with the result that more than thirty thousand dollars was collected -and valuable advertising was secured. At that time, the Finance -Committee also discovered the undeveloped talent of Lynden Ellsworth -Behymer, since so well known as the impresario, who, in managing with -wonderful success the sale of tickets for the various events, laid the -foundation for his subsequent career. Commencing with Adelina Patti, -there have been few celebrities in the musical world that Behymer's -enterprise has not succeeded in bringing to Los Angeles; his greatest -accomplishment in recent seasons being the booking of the Chicago -Grand Opera Company, in February, 1913, under a guarantee of -eighty-eight thousand dollars. - -Second in chronological order among the larger societies of women, and -doubtless equal to any in the importance of its varied activities, the -Ebell Club was organized in 1894, due time providing itself with a -serviceable and ornate home, within which for years broad courses of -departmental study have been prosecuted with vigor. - -After worshiping for more than fifteen years in the old Synagogue on -Fort Street, and five years more after that name was changed to -Broadway (during which period, from 1881 until I started, in 1887, on -my second European trip, it was my privilege to serve as President of -the Congregation), the reformed Jews of Los Angeles built, in 1894, -the Temple B'nai B'rith on the corner of Hope and Ninth streets. In -the meantime, following the resignation of Dr. A. W. Edelman, in 1886, -Dr. Emanuel Schreiber for two years occupied the pulpit; and then -Reverend A. Blum came from Galveston to succeed him. From the early -part of 1895, Rabbi M. G. Solomon held the office until 1899. It was -during his administration, it may be interesting to observe, and while -Herman W. Hellman was President, that the present Temple was -consecrated. - -In 1894, Homer Laughlin, of Ohio, during a visit purchased from Mrs. -Mary A. Briggs the property on Broadway between Third and Fourth -streets, where she had lived. Three years later, he moved to Los -Angeles and began the erection of the Homer Laughlin fire-proof -building, adding to the same, in 1905, a reinforced concrete annex. - -At midnight, on April 17th, Don António Franco Coronel died at his -home in Los Angeles, aged seventy-seven years. In less than four -months, his life-long friend, Don Pio Pico died here--on September -11th, aged ninety-three years. - -The Belgian hare aberration was a spasmodic craze of the nineties and -when I remember what the little rabbit did to our judgment then, it -brings to mind the black-tulip bubble of Holland though, in point of -genuine foolishness, I should award the prize to the former. A -widely-copied newspaper article, claiming for the flesh of the timid -Belgian rodent extraordinary qualities and merit, led first hundreds, -then thousands, to rig up hare-coops for the breeding of the animal, -expecting to supply the world with its much-lauded meat. Before long, -people abandoned profitable work in order to venture into the new -field, and many were those who invested thousands of dollars in -Belgian hare companies. During the wild excitement attention was also -given to the raising of hares for exhibition, and fancy prices were -paid for the choicest specimens. At last, the bubble burst: the supply -far exceeded the now-diminishing demand and the whole enterprise -collapsed. - -A lively election in 1895 was that which decided the immediate future -of a suburb of Los Angeles where, on April 27th of the same year, Don -Juan Warner, who had lived there with his daughter, Mrs. Rúbio, went -to his rest. This was University Place, in 1880 a mere hamlet, though -three years later it had a post office of its own. In 1895, an effort -was made to annex the community, with Vernon, Rosedale and Pico -Heights; but the measure was defeated, and only on June 12th, 1899 was -the college district annexed to Los Angeles. For some years, the -boundary line of the town at that point followed such a course through -house-lots that residents there, still at home, often ate in the -county and slept within the city! - -The early nineties were full of the spirit of accomplishment, and -notwithstanding the failure of the Electric Homestead Tract -Association and its street car line, already described, a successful -electric railway system for Los Angeles was at length installed. In -1892, a route was laid out to Westlake Park, the company having been -encouraged by a subsidy of fifty thousand dollars pledged by owners of -property most likely to be affected by the service; and by 1895 the -electric traction system was so general that even the bob-tailed cars -on Main Street gave way to the new order of things. At this early -stage in the application of electricity to street cars, some of the -equipment was rather primitive. Wooden poles, for example, were a part -of the trolley; and as they were easily broken, conductors were fined -a dollar for any accident to the rod with which they might have to do! -Electricity--when it was forthcoming at all--was only harnessed to -impel the vehicle; but there were no devices for using the current to -warm the car, and instead of an electric light, an _oil_ lamp, hung -onto the dashboard, faintly illuminated the soft roadbed of the -irregular tracks. The most active promoters of the improvements of -1895 were the two brothers, William Spencer and Thomas J. Hook, who -operated mainly in the southwestern part of the city, developing that -rather sparsely-settled district and introducing what was the best and -most handsome rolling stock seen here up to that time. - -B. F. Coulter, who from 1881 to 1884 had preached here as a clergyman -of the Christian Church, in 1895 built a place of worship at his own -expense, on Broadway near Temple Street, costing twenty thousand -dollars--no inconsiderable sum for that time. - -Sometime in March appeared the first issue of the _Los Angeles -Record_, a one-cent evening paper started by E. W. Scripps as "the -poor man's advocate." It was really another one of the many -enterprising Scripps newspapers scattered throughout the country and -championing, more or less, Socialistic principles; in accordance with -which Scripps, from the outset, distributed some of the stock among -his working associates. At the present time, W. H. Porterfield is the -editor-in-chief, and W. T. Murdoch the editor. - -Thomas J. Scully, a pioneer school teacher who came to Los Angeles the -same year that I did, died here in 1895. For some time Scully was the -only teacher in the county outside of the city, but owing to the -condition of the public treasury he actually divided his time between -three or four schools, giving lessons in each a part of the year. -After a while, the schoolmaster gazed longingly upon a lovely vineyard -and its no less lovely owner; and at last, by marrying the -proprietress, he appropriated both. This sudden capture of wife and -independence, however, was too much for our unsophisticated pedagogue: -Scully entered upon a campaign of intemperance and dissipation; his -spouse soon expelled him from his comfortable surroundings, and he was -again forced to earn his own living with birch and book. - -Inoffensive in the extreme, yet with an aberration of mind more and -more evident during twenty years, Frederick Merrill Shaw, a -well-informed Vermonter born in 1827, shipped for California as cook -on the brig _Sea Eagle_ and arrived in San Francisco in September, -1849, where he helped to build, as he always claimed, the first -three-story structure put up there. Well-proportioned and standing -over six feet in height, Shaw presented a dignified appearance; that -is, if one closed an eye to his dress. Long ago, he established his -own pension bureau, conferring upon me the honor of a weekly -contributor; and when he calls, he keeps me well-posted on what he's -been doing. His weary brain is ever filled with the phantoms of great -inventions and billion-dollar corporations, as his pocketful of maps -and diagrams shows; one day launching an aerial navigation company to -explore the moon and the next day covering California with railroad -lines as thick as are automobiles in the streets of Los Angeles. - -On September 21st, my brother, J. P. Newmark, to whom I am so -indebted, and who was the cause of my coming to California, died at -his home, in the sixty-ninth year of his age; his demise being rather -sudden. During the extended period of his illness, he was tenderly -nursed by his wife, Augusta; and I cannot pay my sister-in-law too -high a tribute for her devoted companionship and aid, and her real -self-sacrifice. Mrs. Newmark long survived her husband, dying on -January 3d, 1908 at the age of seventy-four. - -The reader will permit me, I am certain, the privilege of a fraternal -eulogy: in his acceptance and fulfillment of the responsibilities of -this life, in the depth and sincerity of his feeling toward family and -friend, my brother was the peer of any; in his patient, silent -endurance of long years of intense physical suffering and in his -cheerfulness, which a manly courage and philosophical spirit inspired -him to diffuse, he was the superior of most; and it was the possession -of these qualities which has preserved his personality, to those who -knew him well, far beyond the span of natural existence. - -In May, 1896, the Merchants' Association consolidated with the -Manufacturers' Association (of which R. W. Pridham was then -President), and after the change of name to the Merchants & -Manufacturers' Association, inaugurated the first local exhibit of -home products, using the Main Street store of Meyberg Brothers for the -display. On August 1st, 1897, Felix J. Zeehandelaar, later also Consul -of the Netherlands, became the stalwart, enthusiastic and now -indispensable Secretary, succeeding, I believe, William H. Knight. - -This same year Major Ben. C. Truman, formerly editor of the _Star_, -together with George D. Rice & Sons established the _Graphic_, which -is still being published under the popular editorship of Samuel T. -Clover. In 1900, Truman was one of the California Commissioners to the -Paris Exposition. After his foreign sojourn, he returned to Los -Angeles and, with Harry Patton, started a weekly society paper called -the _Capitol_. Rather recently, by the advantageous sale of certain -property early acquired, Ben and his good wife have come to enjoy a -comfortable and well-merited degree of prosperity. Clover came to Los -Angeles in 1901; was editor and publisher of the _Express_ for four -years; and in 1905 started the _Evening News_, continuing the same -three years despite the panic of 1907. A year previously, he purchased -the _Graphic_, more than one feature of which, and especially his -"Browsings in an Old Book Shop," have found such favor. - -W. A. Spalding, whose editorial work on Los Angeles newspapers--dating -from his association with the _Herald_ in 1874, and including service -with both the _Express_ and the _Times_--in 1896 assumed the business -management of his first love, the _Herald_. After again toiling with -the quill for four years, he was succeeded by Lieutenant Randolph H. -Miner. - -The magnificent interurban electric system of Los Angeles is indebted -not a little to the brothers-in-law, General M. H. Sherman and E. P. -Clark--the former a Yankee from Vermont, and the latter a Middle -Westerner from Iowa--both of whom had settled in Arizona in the early -seventies. While in the Territory, Sherman taught school and, under -appointment by Governor Frémont as Superintendent of Instruction, laid -the foundation of the public school system there. Both came to Los -Angeles in 1889, soon after which Sherman organized the Consolidated -Electric Railway Company. In 1896, the old steam railroad--which about -the late eighties had run for a year or so between Los Angeles and the -North Beach, by way of Colegrove and South Hollywood--was equipped -with electrical motor power and again operated through the enterprise -of Eli P. Clark, President of the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad -Company. Together, Sherman and Clark built an electrical road to -Pasadena, thus connecting the mountains with the sea. - -In 1896, I dissolved partnership with Kaspare Cohn, taking over the -hide business and, having fitted up a modest office under the St. Elmo -Hotel, revived with a degree of satisfaction the name of H. Newmark & -Company. - -A notable career in Los Angeles is that of Arthur Letts who in 1896 -arrived here with barely five hundred dollars in his pocket and, as it -would appear, in answer to a benign Providence. J. A. Williams & -Company, after a brief experience, had found the corner of Broadway -and Fourth Street too far south, and their means too limited, to -weather the storm; so that their badly-situated little department -store was soon in the hands of creditors. This was Letts' opportunity: -obtaining some financial assistance, he purchased the bankrupt stock. -His instantaneous success was reflected in the improvement of the -neighborhood, and thereafter both locality and business made rapid -progress together. - -Meredith P. Snyder, who became a resident in 1880 and started business -by clerking in a furniture store, in 1896 was elected to the office of -mayor, on a municipal water-works platform. - -During the presidential campaign of 1896, when the West went wild over -"16 to 1," and it looked as if W. J. Bryan would sweep aside all -opposition here, an organization known as the Sound Money League -undertook to turn the tide. George H. Stewart was elected President, -the other members of the Executive Committee being John F. Francis, -Frank A. Gibson, R. W. Burnham and M. H. Newmark. So strenuous was the -campaign, and so effective was the support by the public, that when -the sun set on that memorable Tuesday in November, Los Angeles was -found to be still strong for sound principles. Perhaps the most -remarkable outpouring in the political history of the city took place -during this period when business men, regardless of previous party -affiliations, turned out to hear Tom Reed, the "Czar" of the House of -Representatives. - -It was in the Christmas season of 1896 that Colonel Griffith J. -Griffith so generously filled the stocking of Los Angeles with his -immensely important gift of Griffith Park, said to be, with its three -thousand and more diversified acres, magnificent heights and -picturesque roadways--some of which, with their dense willow growth, -remind me of the shaded lanes described in earlier chapters--the -second largest pleasure ground in the world. - -On July 1st, 1897, the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad was absorbed by the -Santa Fé; Charles W. Smith, the receiver, having brought order out of -chaos after the former road in 1895 had met with disaster. - -Dr. Henry S. Orme, H. W. O'Melveny, J. M. Griffith, J. W. Gillette, A. -L. Bath, J. M. Guinn, M. Teed, J. M. Elliott and W. A. Spalding on -August 2d met in the office of the _Daily Herald_, in the Bradbury -Block on Third Street, to consider the organization of an Old -Settlers' Society. At that meeting a committee, consisting of Dr. J. -S. Griffin, Henry W. O'Melveny, Benjamin S. Eaton, H. D. Barrows, J. -M. Guinn, Dr. H. S. Orme, J. W. Gillette and myself was appointed to -direct the movement. On August 10th, we selected the Los Angeles -County Pioneers of Southern California as the name of the society and -decided that eligibility should be limited to those who had resided in -the county twenty-five years. A public meeting was held at the Chamber -of Commerce on September 4th, 1897 and the twenty-five persons present -signed the roll. The first President chosen was Benjamin S. Eaton and -the first Secretary, J. M. Guinn. - -Dr. William F. Edgar, who had resided here continuously for over -thirty years, died on August 23d, at the age of seventy-three; a sword -given to him by General Phil Kearney resting among the floral -tributes. The tenth of the following November witnessed the death of -George Hansen, the surveyor, whose body (in accordance with his -expressed wish) was cremated. On the same day, J. J. Ayers died. - -This year, when the town was full of unemployed, hundreds of men were -set at work to improve Elysian Park, a move suggested by Judge Charles -Silent. - -Frank Walker, who had been here for a while in the middle of the -eighties and had gone away again, returned to Los Angeles about 1897 -and set himself up as a master builder. While contracting for certain -unique bungalows, his attention was directed to the possibility of -utilizing the power of the sun, with the result that he soon patented -a solar heater, similar to those now extensively built into Southern -California residences, and organized a company for exploiting the -invention. - - - - -CHAPTER XLI - -THE SOUTHWEST ARCHÆOLOGICAL SOCIETY - -1898-1905 - - -A cloud, considerably larger than a man's hand, flecked the skies at -the dawn of 1898 and troubled many who had been following the course -of events in Cuba. So, too, like the thrill sent through the nation at -the firing on Fort Sumter, the startling intelligence of the -destruction of the United States battleship _Maine_ electrified and -united the people. Along the Coast, intense excitement scarcely -permitted Westerners to keep themselves within bounds; and instant was -the display of patriotic fervor, Southern Californians willingly -shouldering their share of the unavoidable war burdens. - -On January 22d, John G. Nichols, several times Mayor of Los Angeles -and always a welcome figure on the streets, died here at the age of -eighty-five years. - - [Illustration: Isaias W. Hellman] - - [Illustration: Herman W. Hellman] - - [Illustration: Cameron E. Thom] - - [Illustration: Ygnácio Sepúlveda] - - [Illustration: Main Street, Looking North, Showing First Federal - Building, Middle Nineties] - - [Illustration: First Santa Fé Locomotive to Enter Los Angeles] - -Colonel Harrison Gray Otis, soldier, Union officer, Government -official in Alaska and President of the Los Angeles _Times_ publishing -company, was appointed by President McKinley, on May 27th, a -Brigadier-General of the United States Volunteers, following which he -was assigned to a command in the Philippines, where he saw active -service until honorably discharged in 1899, after the fall of Malolos, -the insurgent capital. During General Otis's absence, his influential -son-in-law, the large-hearted, big man of affairs, Harry Chandler, -Vice-President of the corporation, was general manager of the _Times_; -while L. E. Mosher was managing editor. In 1897, Harry E. Andrews -joined the _Times_ staff, in 1906 becoming managing editor and -infusing into the paper much of its characteristic vigor. In 1899, -Hugh McDowell, who had entered the employ of the _Times_ four years -before, began his long editorship of the _Times'_ magazine, a -wide-awake feature which has become more and more popular. During many -years, Mrs. Eliza A. Otis, the General's gifted wife, now deceased, -also contributed to both the _Times_ and the _Mirror_. From the -beginning, the paper has been Republican and in every respect has -consistently maintained its original policies. Especially in the fight -for San Pedro harbor, it was an important element and did much to -bring the energetic campaign to a successful termination. - -Paul De Longpré, the French artist who made his mark, when but eleven -years old, in the Salon of 1876, was a distinguished member of a -little group of Frenchmen arriving in the late nineties. In 1901, he -bought a home at Hollywood and there surrounded himself with three -acres of choicest gardens--one of the sights of suburban Los -Angeles--which became an inspiration to him in his work as a painter -of flowers. De Longpré died in Hollywood, on June 29th, 1911. - -On August 23d, my excellent friend, Dr. John Strother Griffin, for -nearly fifty years one of the most efficient and honored residents of -Los Angeles, died here. - -A career such as should inspire American youth is that of Henry T. -Gage (long in partnership with the well-known bibliophile, W. I. -Foley,) a native of New York who in 1877, at the age of twenty-four, -began the practice of law in Los Angeles, to be elected, twenty-one -years later, Governor of California. A handsome man, of splendid -physique--acquired, perhaps, when he started as a sheep-dealer--he is -also genial in temperament, and powerful and persuasive in oratory; -qualifications which led to his selection, I dare say, to second the -nomination at Chicago, in 1888, of Levi P. Morton for the -Vice-Presidency. Ex-Governor Gage's wife was Miss Fannie V., daughter -of John Rains and granddaughter of Colonel Isaac Williams. - -April 27, 1899 was printed large and red upon the calendar for both -Los Angeles and San Pedro, when the engineers, desiring to commence -work on the harbor in true spectacular fashion, brought a load of -quarried rock from Catalina to dump on the breakwater site. President -McKinley sent an electric spark from the White House, intended to -throw the first load of ballast splashing into the bay; but the barge -only half tilted, interfering with the dramatic effect desired. -Nevertheless, the festivities concluded with the usual procession and -fireworks. - -Movements of great importance making for a municipal water-system -occurred in 1899, the thirty years' contract with the assigns of John -S. Griffin, P. Beaudry, S. Lazard and others having expired on July -22d, 1898. An arbitration committee, consisting of Charles T. Healey -for the Company and James C. Kays--long a citizen of importance and -Sheriff from 1887 to 1888--for the City, failed to agree as to the -valuation of the Los Angeles City Water Company's plant, whereupon -Colonel George H. Mendell was added to the board; and on May 12th, -1899, Kays and Mendell fixed their estimate at $1,183,591, while -Healey held out for a larger sum. In August, the citizens, by a vote -of seven to one, endorsed the issuing of two million dollars of City -bonds, to pay the Water Company and to build additional equipment; and -the water-works having been transferred to the municipality, five -commissioners were appointed to manage the system. - -During August, 1899, the Reverend Dr. Sigmund Hecht of Milwaukee took -into his keeping the spiritual welfare of Los Angeles Reformed Jewry; -and it is certainly a source of very great satisfaction to me that -during his tenure of office his good fellowship has led him, on more -than one occasion, to tender the altar of the Jewish temple for -Christian worship. Scholarly in pursuits and eloquent of address, Dr. -Hecht for sixteen years has well presided over the destinies of his -flock, his congregation keeping pace with the growth of the city. - -Incursions of other jobbing centers into Los Angeles territory induced -our leading manufacturers and wholesalers to combine for offensive as -well as defensive purposes; and on October 11th, 1899, in answer to a -call, an enthusiastic meeting was held in Room 86, Temple Block, -attended by J. Baruch, J. O. Koepfli, J. Saeger, R. L. Craig, L. -Kimble, L. C. Scheller, George H. Wigmore, F. W. Braun, C. C. -Reynolds, I. A. Lothian, W. S. Hunt, A. H. Busch, M. H. Newmark and -others, who elected Baruch, President; Koepfli, First Vice-President; -Reynolds, Second Vice-President; Scheller, Treasurer; and Braun, -Secretary. A couple of weeks later, A. M. Rawson was named Secretary, -Braun having resigned to accept the Third Vice-Presidency; and on -November 3d, the Associated Jobbers of Southern California, as the -organization was called, was re-christened the Associated Jobbers of -Los Angeles. Meanwhile at a quiet luncheon, Koepfli and Newmark had -entered into negotiations with Charles D. Willard, with the result -that, when Rawson withdrew on February 28th, 1900, Willard assumed the -duties of Secretary, holding the office for years, until compelled by -sickness, on January 18th, 1911, to relinquish the work. On February -21st, 1900, Baruch having resigned, M. H. Newmark began a service of -twelve years as President. The strength of the organization was -materially increased when, in March, 1908, F. P. Gregson, well up in -the traffic councils of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad, -assumed the management of the recently-established traffic bureau. - -On April 10th, 1908, after many years of hardship, financial trouble -and disappointment, during which the Executive Committee and Secretary -Willard had frequent conferences with J. C. Stubbs and William Sproule -(then Stubbs's assistant) of the Southern Pacific, and W. A. Bissell, -of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad, it became evident that -more equitable rates for shippers into the San Joaquín Valley and -elsewhere could not peaceably be obtained. A promised readjustment, -lowering Los Angeles rates about twenty per cent., had been published; -but at the request of the San Francisco merchants, the new -tariff-sheet was repudiated by the transportation companies. A -rehearing was also denied by them. The Associated Jobbers then carried -the case before the newly-created Railroad Commission and obtained -concessions amounting to fifty per cent. of the original demands. -Guided by their astute Traffic Manager, F. P. Gregson, the jobbers, -not satisfied with the first settlement, in 1910 renewed their -activity before the Commission; and on the 15th of the following -February, still further reductions were announced. The last rates -authorized in 1912 are still in effect. - -In 1899, James M. Guinn, after some years of miscellaneous work in the -field of local annals, issued his _History of Los Angeles County_, -following the same in 1907 with a _History of California and the -Southern Coast Counties_. As I write, he has in preparation a still -more compendious work to be entitled, _Los Angeles and Environs_. - -At half-past four o'clock on the morning of December 25th, a slight -shock of earthquake was felt in Los Angeles; but it was not until some -hours later that the telegraph reported the much greater damage -wrought at San Jacinto, Riverside County. There, walls fell in heaps; -and a peculiar freak was the complete revolution of a chimney without -the disturbance of a single brick! Six squaws, by the falling of their -adobes at the Reservation some miles away, were instantly killed. When -day dawned and the badly-frightened people began to inspect the -neighborhood, they found great mountain-crevices, into some of which -even large trees had fallen. - -Toward the end of the nineties, Henry E. Huntington sold much or all -of his large holdings in the San Francisco railways and began both to -buy up Los Angeles railway stocks and to give his personal attention -to the city's traffic-problems. At the same time, he bent his energies -to the crowning work of his life--the development of the various -interurban electric systems focusing in Los Angeles. In 1902, the road -to Long Beach was completed; and in the following year electric cars -began to run to Monrovia and Whittier. In 1903, the seven-story -Huntington or Pacific Electric Building at the corner of Main and -Sixth streets was finished. The effect of these extensive improvements -on local commerce and on the value of real estate (as well as their -influence on the growth of population through the coming of tourists -seeking the conveniences and pleasures of social life) cannot, -perhaps, be fully estimated--a fact which the people of this city -should always remember with gratitude. - -During the winter of 1899-1900, business cares so weighed upon me that -I decided temporarily to cast off all worry and indulge myself with -another visit to the Old World. This decision was reached rather -suddenly and, as my friends insist, in a perfectly characteristic -manner: one morning I hastened to the steamship office and bought the -necessary tickets; and then I went home leisurely and suggested to my -wife that she prepare for a trip to Europe! - -About the first of January, therefore, we left Los Angeles, reached -Naples on February 1st and traveled for nine months through Great -Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden and -Denmark. I returned to my birthplace, Loebau, which in my youth had -appeared of such importance; but although somewhat larger than it used -to be, it now nevertheless seemed small and insignificant. - -While making this tour of Europe, I revisited Sweden and renewed my -acquaintance with the families that had been so kind to me as a boy. -Time had lamentably thinned the ranks of the older generation, but -many of the younger, especially those of my own age, were still there. -Those only who have had a similar experience will appreciate my -pleasure in once again greeting these steadfast friends. I also -reviewed numerous scenes formerly so familiar. It is impossible to -describe my emotions on thus again seeing this beautiful country, or -to convey to the reader the depth of my respect and affection for her -intelligent, thrifty and whole-souled people, especially when I -remembered their liberal encouragement of my father about forty years -before. - -Thanks to the indefatigable labors of Mrs. A. S. C. Forbes of Los -Angeles, the beautiful ceremony of strewing flowers upon the restless -ocean waters in honor of the naval dead was first observed at Santa -Monica on Memorial Day in 1900, and bids fair to become an appropriate -national custom. - -Señora António F. Coronel entrusted to the Chamber of Commerce, on -June 6th, the invaluable historical souvenirs known as the Coronel -Collection; and now[43] for years these exhibits, housed in the -Chamber of Commerce Building, have been one of the sights of the city, -a pleasure and a stimulation alike to tourist and resident. - -A good anecdote as to the transfer of this collection is related on -the authority of Miss Anna B. Picher, President of the Boundary League -and the lady who made the first move to secure the interesting League -mementos now preserved and displayed at the County Museum. When the -matter of making the Coronel heirlooms more accessible to the public -was brought to Señora Coronel's attention, she not only showed a -lively interest, but at once agreed to make the donation. She imposed, -however, the condition that Miss Picher should bring to her M. J. -Newmark and John F. Francis, then directors, in whose integrity and -acumen she had great confidence. This was done; and these gentlemen -having pledged their personal attention and sponsorship, the Señora -committed the historic objects to the Chamber of Commerce for the -benefit, forever, of all the people. - -The Los Angeles _Herald_, on July 7th, passed into the hands of a -group of stockholders especially interested in petroleum, Wallace R. -Hardison being President and General Manager, and R. H. Hay Chapman, -Managing Editor. At the same time the newspaper's policy became -Republican. - -The Harvard School was opened, on September 25th by Grenville C. Emery -and was the first notable military academy for youth in Los Angeles. -After many terms of successful work under Congregational auspices, the -School has passed to the control of the Rt. Reverend J. H. Johnson, as -trustee for the Episcopal Church, which has acquired other valuable -school properties in the Southland; Professor Emery remitting fifty -thousand dollars of the purchase price in consideration of a promise -to perpetuate his name. - -A tunnel was put through Bunker Hill--by the way, one of the highest -of downtown elevations--from Hill Street to Hope on Third, in 1901, -bringing the western hill district into closer touch with the business -center of the town and greatly enhancing the value of neighboring -property. The delay in cutting through First and Second streets, which -would afford so much relief to the municipality, is a reproach against -the good sense of the City. - -The Los Angeles _Express_, which enjoys the honor of being the oldest -daily newspaper still published in Los Angeles, and which, for fifteen -years, has been so well managed by H. W. Brundige, was sold in January -to Edwin T. Earl, who moved the plant to a building erected for it on -Fifth Street between Broadway and Hill. Earl came to Los Angeles in -1885, having previously for years packed and shipped fruit on a large -scale. In 1890, as a result of the obstacles handicapping the sending -of fresh fruit to the East, Earl invented a new refrigerator car with -ventilating devices; and unable to get the railroads to take over its -construction, he organized a company for the building of the -conveyors. On selling out to the Armours, Earl made large investments -in Los Angeles real estate. A few years ago, the _Express_ was moved -to Hill Street near Seventh. Possibly owing to the renewed interest in -local historical study, the _Express_, in 1905, commenced the -republication of news items of "Twenty-five Years Ago To-day"--a -feature of peculiar pleasure to the pioneer. - -William F. Grosser, who died on April 15th, was long active in Los -Angeles Turnverein circles, having popularized science before -institutions and lecture-courses existed here for that purpose. A -native of Potsdam, Prussia, Grosser came to Southern California _via_ -Panamá, and on settling in Los Angeles, laid out the Grosser Tract. -Having been an advanced student of astronomical science and -microscopy, and possessing a good-sized portable telescope, he was -soon in demand by societies and schools, for which he lectured without -financial remuneration. One of Grosser's sisters, Mrs. A. -Jelinek--whose husband, a Boston cabinet-maker, had an interesting -part in the carving of the chair made from "the spreading chestnut -tree" and presented to the poet Longfellow by the school children of -Cambridge--has been for years an honored resident of Ocean Park, where -she was one of the early investors. A granddaughter is Fräulein Elsa -Grosser, the violinist. - -On April 24th, Samuel Calvert Foy died, aged seventy-one, survived by -his wife and six children. - -A little town in Ventura County, bearing the name of the famous -student and author, recalls the death near here in July of Charles -Nordhoff, whose pioneer book, _California: For Health, Pleasure and -Residence_, published in the early seventies, did more, I dare say, -than any similar work to spread the fame of the Southland throughout -the East. - -Charles Brode, who died in August, first saw Los Angeles in 1868, when -he came here to nurse Edward J., my wife's brother, in his last -illness. He then opened a grocery store at South Spring Street near -Second, and was active in Turnverein and Odd Fellow circles. The -mention of Brode recalls the name of one who has attained distinction -here: even as a messenger boy at the California Club in the eighties, -Oscar Lawler gave promise of an important future. He had come from -Iowa as a child, and his personality, ability and ambition soon -brought him prominently before the Bar and the people. He served as -United States Attorney for this district from 1906 until 1909, when he -became Assistant to the Attorney-General of the United States. He is -high in Masonic circles, being Past Grand Master of the Masonic Grand -Lodge of California. In 1901, he married Miss Hilda, daughter of -Charles Brode. - -Catalina Island, in the summer of 1902, established wireless -connection with the mainland, at White's Point; and on August 2d, the -first messages were exchanged. On March 25th of the following year -began the publication of the Catalina newspaper known as the -_Wireless_. - -After graduating from the University of California in 1902, my son -Marco attended for a while the University of Berlin; after which he -returned to Los Angeles and entered the house of M. A. Newmark & -Company. - -The women of California, in the late eighties, wishing to pay Mrs. -John C. Frémont an appropriate tribute, presented her with a residence -at the northwest corner of Hoover and Twenty-eighth streets, Los -Angeles where, on December 27th, 1902, at the age of seventy-eight -years, she died. Mrs. Frémont was a woman of charming personality and -decidedly intellectual gifts; and in addition to having written -several meritorious works, she was engaged, at the time of her death, -on her autobiography. Her ashes were sent East to the banks of the -Hudson, to be interred beside those of her distinguished husband; but -her daughter, Miss Elizabeth Benton Frémont, has continued to reside -here in the family homestead. - -On the site of one of my early homes, the corner-stone of the new -Chamber of Commerce was laid on March 28th with impressive Masonic -ceremonies. The principal address was made by Jonathan S. Slauson. -Ferdinand K. Rule was then President of the Chamber; and the Building -Committee consisted of M. J. Newmark, Chairman; A. B. Cass, Homer -Laughlin, F. K. Rule, H. S. McKee and James A. Foshay--the latter for -sixteen years, beginning with the middle nineties, having demonstrated -his efficiency as Superintendent of City Schools. - -Early in 1903, G. A. Dobinson, a Shakespearian student and teacher of -elocution, induced me to build a hall on Hope Street near Eleventh, -connected with a small theater; and there, in the spring of 1904, he -opened the well-known Dobinson School, which he conducted until 1906. -Then the Gamut Club, an organization of 1904--whose first President -was Professor Adolph Willhartitz,[44] the artistic German -pianist--moved in. - -The pioneer experiments with the navel orange have already been -referred to; a late episode associates the luscious fruit with a -President of the United States. On May 6th, amid great festivity -participated in by all Riverside, Theodore Roosevelt replanted, in -front of Frank Miller's Mission Inn, one of the original, historic -trees. - -William K. Cowan came to Los Angeles as a jeweler in 1887, later -embarked in the bicycle trade and was one of the first men in Los -Angeles to sell automobiles, at length building in 1903 at 830 South -Broadway the first large garage here. - -Some months later, if I recollect aright, witnessed the advent on our -streets of a number of horseless carriages, and I was seized with a -desire to possess not one, but two. My acquisitions were both -electric, and soon I was extending, right and left, invitations to my -friends to ride with me. On the first of these excursions, however, -one of the machines balked and the second also broke down; and to make -a long story short, no mechanic in town being sufficiently expert to -straighten out the difficulty, I soon disposed of them in disgust for -about seven hundred dollars. - -In 1903, a notable change was made, and one decidedly for the better -interests of the public schools, when one hundred citizens, pursuant -to a change in the City's charter, selected a non-partizan Board of -Education consisting of John D. Bicknell, Joseph Scott, J. M. Guinn, -Jonathan S. Slauson, Charles Cassatt Davis, Emmet H. Wilson and W. J. -Washburn. - -On October 23d the Southwest Society was founded here by Charles F. -Lummis with Jonathan S. Slauson as its first President; Charles F. -Lummis, Secretary and W. C. Patterson, Treasurer. Associated with -these officers were J. O. Koepfli, M. A. Hamburger, General H. G. -Otis, Henry W. O'Melveny, Major E. W. Jones, J. A. Foshay, the Right -Reverend Thomas J. Conaty, J. D. Bicknell and others. In the -beginning, it was a branch of the Archæological Institute of America; -but so rapid was the Society's growth that, in three years, it had -fifty per cent. more members than belonged to the thirty-year-old -parent organization in Boston, with which it remained affiliated until -1913 when it withdrew in order that all its funds might go toward the -maintenance of the Southwest Museum, a corporation founded in 1907 as -the result of the Southwest Society's labors. - -The first plant of the Los Angeles _Examiner_, a newspaper owned by -William Randolph Hearst, was installed in 1903 by Dent H. Robert, then -and now publisher of the San Francisco _Examiner_. The paper, -illustrated from the start, made its first appearance on December 12th -and sprang into immediate favor. R. A. Farrelly was the first managing -editor. The office of the paper was on the west side of Broadway near -Fifth Street, where it remained for ten years, during which it -rendered valuable service to the community, notably in conducting a -successful campaign for the sale of seven hundred and twenty thousand -dollars' worth of school bonds which had hitherto proven unmarketable. -In the meantime, Robert had been succeeded, first by a Mr. Strauss, -and then by Henry Lowenthal and William P. Leech, while Farrelly was -followed by Foster Coates, Arthur Clark and W. P. Anderson. In 1908, -the enterprising Maximilian F. Ihmsen assumed the responsibilities of -publisher, and at the same time Frederick W. Eldridge became the -efficient managing editor. Under the able direction of these -experienced men, this morning daily has attained its highest -prosperity, marked by removal in the fall of 1913 to the _Examiner_ -Building at Broadway and Eleventh Street. - -Abbot Kinney, foreseeing a future for the tide-flats and lagoons south -of Ocean Park, in 1904 purchased enough acreage whereon to build the -now well-known Venice, which, as its name implies, was to be adorned -with canals, bridges and arcades. Through Kinney's remarkable spirit -of enterprise, a wonderful transformation was effected in a single -year. Such in fact was the optimism of this founder of towns that, in -order to amply supply the necessary funds, he closed out important -city holdings including the Flat Iron Square, lying between Eighth and -Ninth, and Main and Spring streets, the Abbotsford Inn property and -the large southeast corner of Spring and Sixth streets, at present -occupied by the Grosse Building. Kinney's foresight, courage and -persistence have been rewarded, the dreams of his prime becoming the -realities of his more advanced age. - -The task of building here a King's Highway--El Camino Real--intended -to connect all the missions and _presidios_ between San Diego and -Sonoma was undertaken in the troublous days of Don Gaspar de Portolá -and Father Junípero Serra; but time in a measure obliterated this -landmark. Since 1904, however, such kindred spirits as Miss Anna B. -Picher--for nearly twenty years a zealous toiler for the preservation -of our historic monuments, and whose zeal in behalf of the royal road -was paramount--Mr. and Mrs. A. S. C. Forbes, Dr. Milbank Johnson, R. -F. Del Valle, Mrs. C. R. Olney of Oakland and Frank Ey, Mayor of Santa -Ana, have so caused the work to prosper that at the present time much -of the original highway is about to be incorporated with the good -State roads of California. The first bell for one of the mission-bell -guide posts (designed, by the way, by Mrs. Forbes) was dedicated at -the Plaza Church on August 15th, 1906; and since then some four -hundred of these indicators have been placed along the Camino Real. - -An interesting attempt to transplant a small Eastern town to -California was made in 1904 when Alfred Dolge, the founder of -Dolgeville, New York (and the author of the elaborate work, _Pianos -and their Makers_, published in 1911 at little Covina), established -Dolgeville in Los Angeles County, opening there, with three hundred or -more operatives, a felt works for piano fixtures. The experiment had -been undertaken because of expected advantages in the supply of wool; -but changes in the tariff ruined the industry, and after some years of -varying prosperity, Dolgeville was annexed to Alhambra. - -A syndicate, styled the Los Angeles Herald Company, whose President -was Frank G. Finlayson, in 1904 bought the _Herald_, at that time -under the editorial management of Robert M. Yost. - -Future generations will doubtless be as keen to learn something about -the preserving of albacore, commonly spoken of as tuna, as I should -like to know how and by whom sardines were first successfully put into -cans. The father of this industry is Albert P. Halfhill, a Minnesotan -drawn here, in 1892, through the opportunities for packing mackerel on -this southern coast. In 1894, we find him organizing the California -Fish Company, soon to be known as the Southern California Fish -Company. In 1904, Halfhill, while experimenting with various western -sea-foods, accidentally discovered the extraordinary quality of the -albacore, a briny-deep heavyweight so interesting to the angler and so -mysterious to the scientist. As a mere bit of gossip, Halfhill's -assurance that M. A. Newmark & Company purchased the first canned tuna -is entitled to mention. - -The Turnverein-Germania took a notable step forward this year by -buying a lot, one hundred by three hundred feet, on South Figueroa, -between Pico and Fifteenth streets; and on September 3d, 1905, the new -club building and gymnasium were formally opened. - -William H. Workman in 1904 was elected Treasurer of the City of Los -Angeles for the third time, his first term of office having begun in -1901. This compliment was the more emphatic because Workman was a -Democrat and received four thousand five hundred votes more than his -opponent--and that, too, only a month after Roosevelt had carried Los -Angeles by a majority of thirteen thousand. - -In a previous chapter, I have described the vender of _tamales_ and -ice-cream, so familiar through his peculiar voice as well as his -characteristic costume. About 1905, another celebrity plying a trade -in the same line, and known as Francisco, appeared here and daily made -his rounds through the more fashionable Westlake district. He had a -tenor voice of rare quality and power, and used it, while exquisitely -rendering choice _arias_, to advertise his wares. Such was his merit -that lovers of music, as soon as his presence was known, paused to -listen; with the natural result that business with Francisco was never -dull. Whenever a grand opera company came to town, the Italian was -there, in a front seat of the gallery; and so great was his -enthusiastic interest in the performance of those whose voices were -often inferior to his own, that he could be seen, with gaze fixed on -the proscenium, passionately beating time as if to direct the -orchestra. Seven or eight years ago, the long-favorite Francisco was -foully murdered, and under strange circumstances; leading many to -believe that, having perhaps degraded himself from his former estate -and fleeing, an alien, to an unknown land, he had fallen at last the -victim of a _vendetta_. - -In 1905, I took part in a movement, headed by Joseph Mesmer, to raise -by subscription the funds necessary to buy the old Downey -Block--fronting on Temple and North Main streets, and extending -through to New High--for the purpose of presenting it to the National -Government for a Federal Building site. Unusual success attended our -efforts, and the transfer to Uncle Sam was duly made. In the meantime, -an appropriation of eight hundred thousand dollars had been secured -for the building, and it was with no little surprise and -disappointment when the bids for construction were opened, in May, -1906, that the lowest was found to be nearly a million dollars. This -delayed matters until the following fall. In October, the site at the -corner of Main and Winston streets was sold for three hundred and -fourteen thousand dollars; and the deficiency having thus been -supplied, it was not long before the new building was in course of -construction. - -Desiring to celebrate the fifty years which had elapsed since, perched -upon an ox-cart, he rode into Los Angeles for the first time, William -H. Workman on January 21st gave a banquet to five hundred pioneers in -Turnverein Hall, the menu being peculiarly _mejicano_. The -reminiscences, speeches and quips were of the friendliest and best; -and the whole affair was one that recalled to both host and guests the -_dolce far niente_ days of dear old Los Angeles. - -On February 21st, the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad was -completed--the fourth transcontinental line, with its connections, to -enter Los Angeles. - -In the spring, A. C. and A. M. Parson bought a tract of land on -Alamitos Bay and there, at the mouth of the San Gabriel River, founded -Naples, with features somewhat similar to those at Venice; but unlike -the latter town, the new Naples has never developed into a crowded -resort. - -Arriving in California in 1869, at the age of seven, Frank Putnam -Flint, a native of Massachusetts concerning whom much of importance -might be related, was elected in 1905 United States Senator from -California. His brother, Motley H. Flint, high in Masonic circles, has -also enjoyed an important career, having long been associated with -many local public movements. - -An optimist of optimists, still young though having passed more than -one milestone on the road to success, Willis H. Booth came to Los -Angeles a mere lad and is a product of the Los Angeles High School and -the State University. Before, while and since filling the office of -President of the Chamber of Commerce, Booth has been identified with -nearly everything worth while here and gives promise of an important -and interesting future. He is now one of the Vice-Presidents of the -Security Trust and Savings Bank. - -In August, Juan B. Bandini, second son of the famous Don Juan, died at -Santa Monica. Two of Bandini's daughters were noted Los Angeles -belles--Arcadia, who became the wife of John T. Gaffey, of San Pedro; -and Dolores, who married into the well-known literary family, the -Wards, of London. - -Strenuous efforts were made in 1905 to house the Historical Society of -Southern California, which, incorporated on February 12th, 1891, -boasts of being the oldest organization of its kind on the Coast and -the only one doing State work; and the Legislature appropriated one -hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars for a building. Governor -Pardee, however, vetoed the bill--an act which later contributed to -the endowment, by the State, of the comely County Museum in which the -Historical Society now has its home. - -In the spring of 1905, the then eight-year-old town of Redondo, with -her large hotel and busy wharf, and famed for her fields of -carnations, became the scene of one of those infrequent, but typically -American, real estate frenzies which come suddenly, last a few days -and as suddenly depart. This particular attack, not to say epidemic, -was brought on by one or two newspaper headlines announcing to the -breakfasting reader that Henry E. Huntington had decided to spend -millions of dollars in making immense railroad and other improvements -in the seaside town, and that this would at once raise Redondo from -the humble status of a village to almost metropolitan dignity. In -about as little time as is required to relate it, the astonished -beach-dwellers found themselves overwhelmed by a surging mass of -humanity struggling for the privilege of buying lots. The real estate -offices were soon surrounded by hundreds of people, fighting, pushing -and shoving, all possessed of but the one idea--to buy. - -And they bought. They bought corners and they bought in the middle of -the blocks; they bought heaps of sand and holes in the ground; they -bought in one breath and sold in the next; they bought blindly and -sold blindly. Redondo had become a huge, unregulated stock exchange, -lots instead of stocks for five days becoming the will-o'-the-wisps of -the fated bidders, until the boom collapsed leaving hundreds with lots -they had never seen and which, for the time being, they could not sell -at any price. - -Huntington did not spend his millions--at least then and there. -Redondo did not suddenly become a big center. Yet, in passing through -the experience of many a town, Redondo has gradually grown in -population and importance, even developing something of a -suburb--Clifton-by-the-Sea. Such was the famous boom of 1905; and such -will probably be the story of similar California booms to come. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[43] Installed, of late, in the County Museum. - -[44] Died on January 12th, 1915, aged seventy-eight years. - - - - -CHAPTER XLII - -THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE - -1906-1910 - - -On January 1st, 1906, after more than half a century of commercial -activity--with some things well done, and some poorly enough--during -which it has never been my ambition to better myself at the expense of -others, I retired from business to enjoy the moderate but sufficient -affluence which years of varying fortune had bestowed upon me. - -Rather early in the morning of April 18th, news was received here of -the awful calamity that had befallen San Francisco; and with lightning -rapidity the report spread throughout the city. Newspaper and -telegraph offices were besieged for particulars as to the earthquake, -which, strange to say, while it also affected even San Diego, was -scarcely felt here; and within a couple of hours, more than a thousand -telegrams were filed at one office alone, although not a single -message was despatched. Thousands of agitated tourists and even -residents hastened to the railroad stations, fearing further seismic -disturbance and danger, and bent on leaving the Coast; and soon the -stations and trains were so congested that little or nothing could be -done with the panic-stricken crowds. Meanwhile, more and more details -of the widespread disaster poured in; and Los Angeles began to -comprehend how paralyzing to her sister cities must have been the -wreck and ruin following, first, the shaking of the earth, and then -the much more serious fires and explosions. Soon, too, refugees from -the North commenced flocking into our city; and these thousands, none -with complete and few with decent attire, each pleading pathetically -for assistance, told the sad tale much more frankly than could the -noisy newsboy, with his flaring headlines and shrill, intermittent -_Extra!_ - -Long before much information was secured as to just what had happened, -public-spirited men and women, some under the banners of regular -organizations, some acting independently, moved energetically to -afford relief. The newspapers led off with large subscriptions, while -the Chamber of Commerce, Board of Trade and the Merchants & -Manufacturers' Association swelled the amount. Eventually some two -hundred and fifty thousand dollars was raised. At the same time, and -within two or three hours after the terrifying news had first been -received, the Directors of the Chamber of Commerce met and appointed -various committees headed by Francis Quarles Story, a patriotic and -indomitable citizen who arrived in 1883; and having the valuable -coöperation of Frank Wiggins, who served as Secretary, they went -actively to work to render the most practical assistance possible. A -Supply Committee, of which M. H. Newmark was chairman, by five o'clock -the same afternoon had assembled fourteen carloads of goods, partly -donated and partly sold to the Committee at cost, to go by rail, and -nine carloads to go from San Pedro by water. This train full of -necessaries was the first relief of its kind that reached San -Francisco; other shipments of supplies followed daily; and with the -first relief train went a corps of surgeons, under the chairmanship of -Dr. L. M. Powers, Health Officer, who established a hospital in the -Jefferson Square Building, treating two thousand patients in less than -three weeks. Among the chairmen of the several committees were: J. O. -Koepfli, J. Baruch, R. W. Burnham, Niles Pease, Perry Weidner, John E. -Coffin, J. J. Fogarty, W. L. Vail, D. C. McGarvin, W. A. Hammel, F. -Edward Gray, Mrs. R. M. Widney and D. J. Desmond; while H. B. Gurley, -long identified with Frank Wiggins in Chamber of Commerce work, was -Assistant Secretary. - -In this way was our sister-city laid low; but only, as it were, for a -moment. While the flames were yet consuming the old San Francisco, -her children were courageously planning the new; and supported by that -well-nigh superhuman spirit which community misfortune never fails to -inspire--the spirit that transforms weakness into strength, and -transmutes, as by an altruistic alchemy, the base metal of "eachness" -into the pure gold of "allness"--this stricken people built and built -until, to-day, less than a decade after that memorable night, there -stands by the Golden Gate a finer and more beautiful city than the one -from which it sprang. And, as if to emphasize to other nations the -fulness of San Francisco's accomplishment, her invincible citizens are -now organizing and triumphantly carrying out a great world's -exposition. - -One incident of this period of excitement and strain is perhaps worthy -of record as evidence of the good fellowship existing between Los -Angeles and the prostrate city. On May 2d the Executive Committee[45] -of the Associated Jobbers passed resolutions discouraging any effort -to take advantage of San Francisco's plight, and pledging to help -restore her splendid commercial prestige; whereupon Samuel T. Clover -made this editorial comment in the Los Angeles _Evening News_: - - We commend the reading of these expressions of kindly good - will to every pessimist in the country, as an evidence that - all commercial honor is not wiped out in this grossly - materialistic age. The resolutions, as passed, are an honor - to the Jobbers' Association in particular, and a credit to - Los Angeles in general. The _Evening News_ desires to - felicitate President Newmark and his associates on the - lofty attitude they have taken in the exigency. We are - proud of them. - -Among the many who at this time turned their faces toward Los Angeles -is Hector Alliot, the versatile Curator of the Southwest Museum. Born -in France and graduating from the University of Lombardy, Dr. Alliot -participated in various important explorations, later settling in San -Francisco. Losing in the earthquake and fire everything that he -possessed, Alliot came south and took up the quill, first with the -_Examiner_ and then the _Times_.[46] - -Mr. and Mrs. M. Kremer, on April 9th, celebrated their golden wedding; -less than a year later, both were dead. Mrs. Kremer passed away on -March 5th, 1907, and her husband followed her two days later--an -unusual dispensation. - -In July, I was seized with an illness which, without doubt, must have -precluded the possibility of writing these memoirs had it not been for -the unselfish attendance, amounting to real self-sacrifice, of Lionel -J. Adams. From that time until now, in fair weather or foul, in good -health or ill, Adams uncomplainingly and, indeed cheerfully, has -bestowed upon me the tender care that contributed to the prolongation -of my life; and it affords me peculiar pleasure to record, not only -the debt of gratitude that I owe him and the sincere friendship so -long marking our relations, but also his superior character as a man. - -J. M. Griffith, for years a leading transportation agent and lumber -merchant, died here on October 16th. Griffith Avenue is named after -him. Just two weeks later, William H. Perry passed away--a man of both -influence and affluence, but once so poor and tattered that when he -arrived, in February, 1854, he was unable to seek work until he had -first obtained, on credit, some decent clothes. - -Sometime about 1907, Major Ben C. Truman, both a _connoisseur_ of good -wines and an epicure, figured in an animated controversy as to the -making of mint-julep, the battle waging around the question whether a -julep's a julep, or not a julep, with the mint added before or after a -certain stage in the concocting! - - [Illustration: Harris and Sarah Newmark, at Time of Golden Wedding] - - [Illustration: Summer Home of Harris Newmark, Santa Monica] - -In an exceedingly informal manner, at the Westlake Avenue residence of -my daughter, Mrs. L. Loeb, my wife and I on the 24th of March, 1908 -celebrated our golden wedding anniversary, the occasion being the -more unusual because both the nuptials and the silver wedding -festivity had occurred in Los Angeles.[47] Our pleasure on that -occasion was intensified by the presence of friends with whom, during -most of our married life, we had maintained unbroken the most amicable -relations. - -Many years after spur-track switching charges had been abolished -throughout other industrial districts of the United States, the -Western railroads continued to assess this charge in Los Angeles, to -the extent that, as was estimated, our merchants were paying through -this tribute alone an amount not less than $250,000 a year. In August, -1908, however, or shortly after F. P. Gregson became identified with -the Associated Jobbers, suit was filed by M. H. Newmark, as President, -before the Interstate Commerce Commission; and on May 7th, 1910, a -decision was rendered in favor of local shippers. But unfortunately -this decision was reversed on July 20th, 1911, by the Commerce -Court.[48] Joseph P. Loeb and Edward G. Kuster, young attorneys, -handled the case in a manner recognized among men of their profession -as being unusually brilliant; while Gregson brought together a mass of -valuable facts. This was probably the most notable of all the cases of -its kind in the commercial history of Los Angeles. The other directors -at the time the suit was brought were: J. O. Koepfli, C. C. Reynolds, -F. W. Braun, L. C. Scheller, H. R. Boynton, A. Douglass, D. Wiebers, -W. H. Joyce, W. E. Hampton and E. H. Greppin. - -Not the least interesting step forward in providing Los Angeles with a -harbor was the acquisition of a strip of land known as the Shoe String -connecting Los Angeles with San Pedro and Wilmington. This practical -idea made possible in 1909 the unhampered consolidation of the three -places; and before the beginning of April their various civic bodies -had been considering the formation of committees to bring this about. -On Saturday, April 3d, the Los Angeles appointees met at the rooms of -the Chamber of Commerce for permanent organization. They were William -D. Stephens, Mayor of Los Angeles; Stoddard Jess; Homer Hamlin, City -Engineer; F. W. Braun; J. A. Anderson, Attorney for the Harbor -Commission and ex-member of the Board of Public Works; Leslie R. -Hewitt, City Attorney; Frank Simpson; Joseph Scott, President of the -Board of Education; M. H. Newmark, President of the Associated -Jobbers; J. M. Schneider, President of the Merchants and -Manufacturers' Association; A. P. Fleming, Secretary of the Harbor -Commission; ex-Mayor M. P. Snyder, H. Jevne, O. E. Farish, President -of the Realty Board; and F. J. Hart. Jess was elected President; -Fleming, Secretary; and to the admirable manner in which they -conducted the campaign, much of the ultimate success of the movement -must be attributed. The delegates from San Pedro and Wilmington -refused to go on until the Associated Jobbers had pledged themselves -to obtain for the harbor districts, after consolidation was effected, -the same freight advantages enjoyed by Los Angeles. This promise was -given and fulfilled. Various other pledges were outlined in the -Committee's report and adopted by the City Council; but many of these -assurances have not thus far been carried out by the authorities. Then -a vigorous campaign was projected, as a result of which both -elections--that of Wilmington and Los Angeles on August 5th, and the -other, of San Pedro and Los Angeles, on August 12th--resulted in -handsome majorities for consolidation. These substantial victories -were fittingly celebrated throughout the consolidated cities; and on -February 13th, 1910, the port became officially known as Los Angeles -Harbor. - -In April, 1906, the one hundred thousand books of the Los Angeles -Public Library, then under the administration of Charles F. Lummis, -were moved from the City Hall to the Laughlin Building. With the -opening of September, 1908, the Library was again moved by the same -Librarian, this time to the Hamburger Building.[49] - -On the evening of October 11th, 1909, I attended a banquet tendered to -President Taft by the City of Los Angeles, at the Shrine Auditorium. -Every honor was shown the distinguished guest, and his stay of two or -three days was devoted to much sight-seeing, to say nothing of the -patriotic efforts of many politicians whose laudable desire was to -whisper in the Presidential ear _à propos_ of government employment. - -The election of George Alexander as Mayor on November 10th, 1909 was -largely responsible for the later success of the Progressive -party--with whose Socialistic policies I am not in sympathy. W. C. -Mushet, the more acceptable candidate, ran on a ticket endorsed by -business-men organized under the chairmanship of M. H. Newmark, while -George A. Smith was the Republican candidate. Alexander's campaign was -managed by Meyer Lissner, an arrival of 1896 who had a brief -experience as a jeweler before he turned his attention to law. He -possessed much political sagacity, and was therefore quick to turn the -Alexander success to the advantage of Hiram Johnson who was soon -elected Governor. George N. Black, who came here a child in 1886, and -graduated from the Los Angeles High School, later being President of -the California State Realty Confederation and Grand President of the -Independent Order B'nai B'rith of this district, directed Smith's -campaign. - -On January 29th, 1910, the citizens of Los Angeles, under the -leadership of Max Meyberg, tendered to D. A. Hamburger (Chairman), -Perry W. Weidner, Fred L. Baker, William M. Garland, M. C. Neuner, -Dick Ferris and F. J. Zeehandelaar, the committee in charge of the -first Aviation Meet here, a banquet at the Alexandria Hotel. The -contests had occurred a few days before at Dominguez Field, on a part -of the once famous _rancho_; and to see the aërial antics of the huge -man-made birds, as they swiftly ascended and descended, was no less -nerve-racking, at least to me, than it was interesting. - -Litigation having established a clear title to the property once held -by the Sixth District Agricultural Association, and the State, the -declared owner, having agreed to lease the ground to the County and -the City for fifty years, decisive steps were taken in January, 1910, -by the Historical Society of Southern California to provide the Museum -building now such a source of civic pride. Other bodies, including the -Fine Arts League, the Southern California Academy of Science and a -branch of the Cooper Ornithological Society, were invited to -coöperate, each being promised a place in the park and museum plans; -and by the middle of February, the supervisors had agreed to vote the -necessary building funds. On July 11th, 1910, in the presence of a -large and representative gathering at Exposition Park, ground was -broken for the building, although the corner-stone was not laid until -the 10th of December. - - * * * * * - -In the dark hours of the night of April 25th, 1910, after an illness -of four days and almost entirely free from suffering, she who had -shared with me the joys and sorrows of over half a century was called -to her reward. She passed from this life as she had passed through -it--gently and uncomplainingly. I was left in the midst of a gloom -that I thought would be forever black; for six out of our eleven -children had preceded their mother, whose spirit on that night was -reunited with theirs. I was soon to find, however, how true it is that -"The Lord tempers the wind to the shorn lamb." Common misfortune and -common memories made but stronger the tie, always strong, between my -children and myself. Time has performed his kindly offices: he has -changed the anguish of grief to the solace of recollection; and in -assisting me to realize that I was permitted so long and so happy a -companionship, he has turned my heart from its first bitterness to -lasting gratitude. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[45] President, M. H. Newmark; First Vice-President, J. O. Koepfli; -Second Vice-President, C. C. Reynolds; Third Vice-President, F. W. -Braun; Treasurer, L. C. Scheller; Secretary, Charles Dwight Willard; -Directors: H. R. Boynton, J. Baruch, P. A. Benjamin, A. Douglass, I. -A. Lothian and D. Wiebers. - -[46] One of Dr. Alliot's most recent accomplishments is a -comprehensive _Bibliography of Arizona_, recently published--the -result of Dr. J. A. Munk's liberal provision. - -[47] On July 5th, 1915, Mr. and Mrs. S. Lazard celebrated their golden -wedding, Mrs. Lazard being the third daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph -Newmark to enjoy the privilege--almost unique in a single family, and -that will become the more remarkable if Mrs. Eugene Meyer (the fourth -daughter) and her husband live to commemorate, on the 20th of -November, 1917, the fiftieth anniversary of their marriage. - -[48] The Supreme Court of the United States, on June 8th, 1914, -affirmed the decision of the Interstate Commerce Court, and thus was -obliterated this very iniquitous charge. - -[49] On June 1st, 1914, the Library--directed by Everett R. Perry, who -came to Los Angeles in the fall of 1911, from the staff of the New -York Public Library--was removed to the Metropolitan Building at the -northwest corner of Broadway and Fifth Street, its shelves, a month -later, holding 227,894 volumes. - - - - -CHAPTER XLIII - -RETROSPECTION - -1910-1913 - - -At one o'clock in the morning of October 1st, 1910, occurred the most -heinous crime in the history of Los Angeles. This was the dynamiting, -by the evil element of union labor, of the building and plant of the -Los Angeles _Times_, resulting in the sudden extinction of no less -than twenty human lives and the destruction of the property of the -corporation. The tragedy, lamented in obsequies of the most impressive -kind ever witnessed in this city, was followed by the construction, on -the same site and at the earliest moment, of the present home of the -_Times_. The trial of some of those deemed responsible for this -disaster brought to the fore John D. Fredericks, District Attorney[50] -in 1900, 1902, 1906 and 1910. - -Not the least of the many and far-reaching losses entailed through the -ruin of this printery was a _History of the Medical Profession of -Southern California_ by Dr. George H. Kress, with an introduction by -Dr. Walter Lindley--a work of extended research almost ready for -publication. After all such material as could be saved from the ruins -had been assembled, an abridged edition of the volume once planned was -issued. - -In strong contrast to this annihilation of man by his brother, were -the peaceful exercises marking the afternoon of the previous Sunday, -June 19th, when the Kaspare Cohn Hospital, on Stephenson Avenue, was -dedicated; a worthy charity made possible through the munificence, -several years before, of the pioneer after whom the hospital is named. - -As Superintendent of City Schools here for four years beginning in -1906, C. E. Moore laid the foundation for that national reputation -which, in July, 1910, led to his being called as a professor to Yale -University. - -Jacob A. Riis, the famous Danish-American sociologist, who was so -instrumental in cleaning up New York's tenement districts, visited Los -Angeles for the fourth time, on March 10th, 1911, lecturing at the -Temple Auditorium on "The Battle with the Slum." - -The City Council having created a Harbor Board, Mayor George -Alexander, in October, 1909, appointed Stoddard Jess, Thomas E. Gibbon -and M. H. Newmark as Commissioners. In March, 1911, at a popular -election, the Board was made a charter body, and Mayor Alexander -reappointed the gentlemen named. Owing, however, to the numerous -difficulties thrown in the way of the Commissioners in the -accomplishment of their work, M. H. Newmark resigned in December, 1911 -and Stoddard Jess in January, 1912; while Thomas E. Gibbon, for many -years one of the most formidable advocates of a free harbor, met with -such continued obstacles that he was compelled, in the summer of 1912, -to withdraw. - -Having left Los Angeles, as I have said, in 1879, Myer J. Newmark made -San Francisco his home until December, 1894, at which time he returned -here and became associated with Kaspare Cohn. In December, 1905, he -once more took up his abode in San Francisco where, on May 10th, 1911, -he died at the age of seventy-two years. - -The first issue of the Los Angeles _Tribune_, a wide-awake sheet -projected by Edwin T. Earl, owner of the _Express_, appeared on July -4th, flying the banner of the Progressive party, but making its -strongest appeal for support as the first one-cent morning newspaper -on the Coast, and a readable journal advocating the moral uplift of -the community. Like all the other newspapers of this period, the -_Tribune_ was illustrated with photo-engravings. - -In 1911, William R. Hearst, of national newspaper fame, bought the Los -Angeles _Daily Herald_, making it at the same time an evening -newspaper and placing it under the management of Guy B. Barham. The -latter had come to Southern California with his father, Richard M. -Barham, who located in 1873 at Anaheim, conducting there the old -Planters' Hotel. After school was out, Guy did chores. Graduating, he -worked for Hippolyte Cahen, the Anaheim merchant; then he kept books -for Eugene Meyer & Company, and in time became Deputy Internal Revenue -Collector. For some years he has been a Custom House broker, in which -activity, in addition to his newspaper work, he is still successfully -engaged. - -The Federal Telegraph Company, which had established itself in Los -Angeles in the fall of 1910, inaugurated in July, 1911 a wireless -service with San Francisco and other Coast cities; and just a year -later it effected communication with Honolulu, although oddly enough -at first, owing to atmospheric conditions, it was necessary to flash -all messages across the waste of waters during the night. For some -years, the giant steel masts erected by the Company in the -southwestern part of the city have puzzled the passer-by. - -At half-past three o'clock on November 28th, I turned the first -spadeful of earth in the breaking of ground for the Jewish Orphans' -Home of Southern California. This privilege was accorded me because, -in response to the oft-expressed wish of my wife to assist those -dependent children bereft of their natural protectors, I had helped, -in a measure, shortly after her demise, to assure the success of the -proposed asylum. - -Sixteen years after Colonel Griffith J. Griffith agreeably surprised -Los Angeles in the presentation of Griffith Park, his munificent -bounty again manifested itself in another Christmas donation, that of -one hundred thousand dollars for the construction of an observatory on -Mount Hollywood, the highest point in Griffith Park. Incidental to the -making of this gift, due official recognition of the Colonel's -large-heartedness was displayed at a public meeting in the City Hall, -in which I had the honor of participating. - -M. A. Newmark & Company in February, 1912 removed to their present -quarters on Wholesale Street--a building (it may some day be -interesting to note) five stories high with a floor space of one -hundred and thirty thousand square feet. - -In common with the rest of the civilized world, Los Angeles, on April -15th, was electrified with the news of the collision between an -iceberg and the great ocean steamer _Titanic_ which so speedily -foundered with her 1535 helpless souls. For a day or two, it was hoped -that no one with Los Angeles connections would be numbered among the -lost; but fate had decreed that my nephew, Edgar J. Meyer, a son of -Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Meyer, should perish. He was one of those who -heroically hastened to the aid of the women and children; nor did he -rest until he saw his wife and child placed in one of the lifeboats. -They were saved, but he went down, with other gallant men, among whom -I may mention Walter M. Clark, son of J. Ross Clark, of this city. - -Nor can I refrain, while mentioning this awful catastrophe, from -alluding to another example of courage and conjugal devotion[51] than -which, perhaps, neither song nor story portrays one more sublime. As -the huge liner was sinking into the dark abyss, one frail woman -declined to become the beneficiary of that desperate command, "_Women -and children first!_" The wife of Isadore Straus, unafraid though face -to face with Death and Eternity, still clung to her loyal husband, -refusing, even in that terrible moment, to leave him. She chose rather -to die by his side; and as the black sea roared out its chill welcome, -it received one who, in the manner of her going, left a precious -heritage for all mankind. - - [Illustration: Harris Newmark, at the Dedication of M. A. Newmark & - Co.'s Establishment, 1912] - - [Illustration: J. P. Newmark, about 1890] - - [Illustration: Harris Newmark Breaking Ground for the Jewish Orphans' - Home, November 28th, 1911] - -Through a high school friendship of my son Marco I came to know quite -well one who, though physically handicapped, acquired much -international fame. I refer to Homer Lea, a native of Denver, who came -to Los Angeles in 1890, at the age of fourteen, studied at the High -School, Occidental College and at Stanford, and then conceived the -monumental idea of freeing the Chinese from the despotism of the old -Manchurian dynasty. Making his first trip to China in 1900, he took an -active part in a revolutionary campaign; and returning to America a -Lieutenant-General and a force in the Chinese Republican party, he -devoted himself to drilling Chinese troops, and to literary work, some -of his writings, notably _The Valor of Ignorance_, when widely -translated, bringing him repute as a military strategist. Having -married Mrs. Ethel Powers, General Lea, late in 1911, joined Dr. Sun -Yat Sen, the Chinese leader, and proceeded with him from London to -Shanghai, only to arrive there after the revolution had actually -started. Even then success was not to crown his labors; during the -convention called to establish the Republic, General Lea was stricken -with paralysis and his public career was at an end. He returned to -Southern California; and at Ocean Park on November 1st, 1912, while -looking out toward the land that he loved so well, Homer Lea yielded -up his soul. He was not destined to see the fulfillment of his dream; -but when the people for whom he labored shall some day have -established a true democracy, his name will loom large in their -history. - -In December, the Museum of History, Science and Art, so favorably -situated in Exposition Park, was informally opened[52] to the public -under the scholarly administration of Dr. Frank S. Daggett, who had -been appointed Director the year previous; and during the few months -following, Professor Daggett, backed by the Board of Supervisors, -carried forward with such enterprise the excavations of the pits at La -Brea _rancho_ that, before the ornate building was ready to receive -the finds, a unique collection of fossils invaluable for the study of -California fauna had been assembled. The discovery of these evidences -of primeval animal life, already concentrating the attention of the -scientific world, may well be regarded with pride by every Southern -Californian; while the proper housing here of precious souvenirs -recalling those whose lives have contributed so much to making Los -Angeles what it was and is, will permanently add to the attractions of -the Southland. - -Pluckily resisting the inroads of an insidious disease, yet cheerful -under all the discouraging circumstances and as deeply interested as -ever in the welfare of this community, Charles Dwight Willard has been -confined to his home for many months. On my last visit I found him -very feeble,[53] though still fired with a resistless enthusiasm; the -power of his mind asserting itself over the flesh in forcible, if -quiet, expression. We sat in a comfortable little bower at his home on -San Rafael Heights, with Mrs. Willard, his faithful companion; and -after he had uttered an earnest desire to see these memoirs published, -we chatted about his life and his activities here. Born in Illinois -and graduating from the University of Michigan, an affection of the -lungs, brought on by an attack of typhoid fever, induced him in 1888 -to come to Los Angeles in search of a milder climate. His first -occupation here was to serve as a reporter for the _Times_, and then -for the morning _Herald_. In 1891, he was elected Secretary of the -Chamber of Commerce; and during the six years of his incumbency he -raised the membership from one hundred and fifty to a thousand, at the -same time contributing in a powerful manner to the leading part played -by this organization in the fight for a free harbor. During that -period also, in conjunction with Frank A. Pattee and Harry Brook (both -well-known wielders of the pen), he started the _Land of Sunshine_ -(six months later taken over by Charles F. Lummis, as editor, and in -1902 renamed the _Out West Magazine_;) while in 1897 he assumed the -management of the Los Angeles _Express_, from which he resigned two -years later. In 1892, he organized with others the Municipal League, -serving it ever since as either Secretary or Vice-President, and in -the same energetic way in which he toiled as Secretary of the -Associated Jobbers. In his literary capacity, Willard has been equally -efficient, being the author of a compact _History of Los Angeles_, a -_History of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce_, _The Free Harbor -Contest_ and a high school text-book on city government, all of -which, as well as contributions to the San Francisco _Argonaut_, have -been favorably received by a discerning public. - -Frank Wiggins' name is considered by many of his friends a synonym for -that of the Chamber of Commerce. Like his predecessor, Charles D. -Willard, Wiggins came to California for his health; and upon its -restoration, identified himself with the Chamber of Commerce on -September 17th, 1889, becoming Secretary in 1897. Although ferociously -bewhiskered, he is the mildest and best-natured man in town. He has -had charge, in all parts of the country, of many exhibits so unique -and so successful that he is known from coast to coast. - -On May 24th, 1913, while many thousand people were assembled at Long -Beach for a Southern California celebration of Empire Day, one of the -worst of local catastrophes occurred through the caving-in of the -defective floor of a crowded dancing pavilion. Medical and police aid -were at once despatched from Los Angeles; but the result of the -accident, the death of forty persons and injury to many more, cast a -deep spell over the two cities. - -Dr. Charles F. Lummis, assisted by other public-spirited men and women -of Los Angeles including Lieutenant-General Adna R. Chaffee[54] (the -first President), Joseph Scott, Mrs. Clara B. Burdette, Miss Mary E. -Foy, M. H. Newmark and William Lacy, on the last day of 1907 -incorporated the Southwest Museum.[55] On the 1st of March, 1910, Dr. -Lummis, celebrating his fifty-first birthday, conveyed to the Museum -his priceless collection of _Americana_. A sightly eminence of -seventeen acres near Sycamore Grove was secured; and on November 16th, -1912, ground was broken with the formalities usual to such events, the -first spadeful being turned by Miss Elizabeth Benton Frémont, daughter -of the Pathfinder, followed by General Chaffee and Dr. Lummis. An -inspiring feature of the day was the raising by Miss Frémont and -General Chaffee of the same flag that on August 16th, 1842 General -Frémont had unfurled on the crest of the Rocky Mountains. On this -occasion Henry W. O'Melveny presented a certified check for fifty -thousand dollars, the bequest of Mrs. Carrie M. Jones. This auspicious -beginning was followed, on July 9th, 1913, by the pouring of the first -concrete.[56] How broadly and well those have built who planned this -much-needed institution may be seen from both the distinguishing -architectural features of the structure, including the caracole tower -of cement, and the location--one of the most notable occupied by any -museum in the United States. - -Dr. J. A. Munk, an Ohioan, to whom I have just referred, has not been -in Los Angeles as long as many others, having arrived only in 1892, -but he is known among his friends for his charming personality, and -among historians and scientists for his splendid collection of -_Arizoniana_--commenced on his first trip to Arizona in 1884--all of -which has been given to the Southwest Museum. - -Among the features of the Southwest Museum is the large square, or -so-called Torrance Tower, the funds for which were generously provided -by Jared S. Torrance, whose residence in Pasadena dates from 1887. In -that year he came from the Empire State; and ever since he has been an -active participator in the development of Southern California. The -town of Torrance is an example of his enterprise. - -My sixty years' residence in Los Angeles has been by no means free -from the ordinary family cares, vicissitudes and sorrows, and it seems -proper that I should refer to the physicians who, in times of illness, -have ministered to the comfort of my home and its inmates. Our first -doctor was John S. Griffin, and he continued in that capacity until I -left for New York. Shortly before 1873, Dr. Griffin, whose advancing -age compelled him to withdraw from general practice, had been calling -Dr. Joseph Kurtz into consultation; and it was then that the latter -became my family physician. For a short time, I consulted Dr. Charles -A. H. De Szigethy, a relic of the old school, whose nauseating doses -were proverbial; and then Dr. John R. Haynes, now well known as an -advocate of Socialism, who had arrived from Philadelphia in May, 1887, -assumed the responsibility. Again a long period elapsed before events -caused a change. In the year 1897, my nephew, Dr. Philip Newmark, came -to Los Angeles from Berlin and succeeded Dr. Haynes. - -Notwithstanding these mutations and cares, my friends have often -insisted that I am quick and perhaps even sprightly for my age, and -have more than once asked to what I attribute this activity and -alertness. It is due, I think, first, to the inheritance from my -parents of a strong constitution; and, secondly, to the preservation -of my health by a moderate, though never over-abstemious, manner of -living. - -To begin with, ever since I traveled with my father in Sweden, I have -kept my mind healthfully employed, while I have never long deprived -myself of rest. I have also always used tobacco and liquor in -moderation; and in this connection I can testify that, although wine -and beer were at the free disposal of my children, they have grown up -to use it either most temperately or not at all. This fact I ascribe -to liberal views on such subjects; for it has always been my belief -that to prohibit is to invite, whereas to furnish a good example and -at the same time to warn, is to insure rational restriction and -limitation. In short, in preparation for a vigorous old age, I have -followed as closely as I could the ancient ideal, "A sound mind in a -sound body." - -At the age of nineteen, I came to Los Angeles; and after a lapse of -exactly sixty years--that is, on October 21st, 1913--I find myself -completing these reminiscences, ruminating on the past, and attempting -a prophecy for the future. - -A battle of eighty years with the world cannot, in the nature of human -affairs, leave any man or woman unscarred; but I have learned many -things, and among them the consolations of philosophy. It would be -presumption on my part to make complaint against the inscrutable -decrees of that Providence which guides the destinies of us all; I -dwell, rather, on the manifold blessings which have been my lot in -this life--the decision of Fate which cast my lines in the pleasant -places of Southern California; the numerous excellent and estimable -friends whom I have met on life's highway; the many years of happiness -vouchsafed me to enjoy; and, finally, whatever degree of success has -attended my more serious efforts. - -When I came, Los Angeles was a sleepy, ambitionless adobe village with -very little promise for the future. The messenger of Optimism was -deemed a dreamer; but time has more than realized the fantasies of -those old village oracles, and what they said would some day come to -pass in Los Angeles, has come and gone, to be succeeded by things much -greater still. We possessed however, even in that distant day, one -asset, intangible it is true, but as invaluable as it was -intangible--the spirit popularly called "Western," but which, after -all, was largely the pith of transferred Eastern enterprise. This -characteristic seized upon a vast wilderness--the same which Daniel -Webster declared, in the Senate of the United States, unworthy of -membership in the sisterhood of States; and within this extensive area -it builded great cities, joined its various parts with steel and iron, -made great highways out of the once well-nigh impassable cattle-paths, -and from an elemental existence developed a complex civilization. Nor -is there to-day in all this region a greater or finer city than fair -Los Angeles. - -Many of us saw it grow; none of us foresaw that growth, even from -decade to decade. - -"Westward the course of empire takes its way." When Bishop Berkeley so -poetically proclaimed this historic truth, even he could hardly have -had in mind the shores of the Pacific; but here we have an empire, and -one whose future is glorious. This flourishing city stands, in fact, -with its half million or more human beings and its metropolitan -activities, at the threshold of a new era. The operations of Nature -change so slowly as to show almost no change at all: the Southern -California of the coming years will still possess her green hills and -vales, her life-giving soil, her fruits, flowers and grain, and the -same sun will shine upon her with the same generous warmth, out of the -same blue sky, as ever. The affairs of men, on the other hand, change -rapidly. After gigantic labor initiated but ten short years ago, the -Panamá Canal is dedicated to the use of mankind, and through its -crowded waters will come the ships of every nation, bringing to the -marts of Los Angeles choice products to be exchanged for our own. For -this and other reasons, I believe that Los Angeles is destined to -become, in not many years, a world-center, prominent in almost every -field of human endeavor; and that, as nineteen hundred years ago the -humblest Roman, wherever he might find himself, would glow with pride -when he said, "I am a Roman!" so, in the years to come, will the son -of the metropolis on these shores, wheresoever his travels may take -him, be proud to declare, - - "I AM A CITIZEN OF LOS ANGELES!" - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[50] In 1914, Fredericks was the Republican candidate for the -Governorship of California. - -[51] Even while this manuscript is being revised, the name of another -Angeleño--that of the lamented A. C. Bilicke, a self-made man of large -accomplishments, who perished on May 7th, 1915, in the awful -destruction of the _Lusitania_--is added to the scrolls of the -ill-starred. - -[52] The formal dedication took place on November 5th, 1913. - -[53] During the night of January 21st, 1914, Willard died--on the -anniversary of his birth. - -[54] Died on November 1st, 1914. - -[55] The present officers are: President, Dr. Norman Bridge; -Vice-Presidents, Mrs. Clara B. Burdette, Joseph Scott and J. S. -Torrance; Founder Emeritus, Charles F. Lummis; Treasurer, Stoddard -Jess; Curator, Hector Alliot; Directors, Dr. Norman Bridge, Robert N. -Bulla, Mrs. Clara B. Burdette, E. P. Clark, Charles F. Lummis, Dr. J. -A. Munk, M. H. Newmark, Joseph Scott and J. S. Torrance. - -[56] On December 6th, 1913, the corner-stone for the building already -looming large was laid by the Rt. Reverend Thomas J. Conaty--the -broad-minded, scholarly and much-respected Bishop of Monterey and Los -Angeles, who died on September 18th, 1915--and by General Chaffee. - - - - -INDEX - - - A - - Abalones, 427; shells as jewelry, 261; gatherer trapped, 428 - - Abarca, Luis (Louis), 63 - - Abarta, Señorita, 526 - - Abbotsford Inn, 566, 627 - - Abbott, William and Mrs. (_née_ Garcia), 186 - - Abell, J. B., 543 - - Ábila, Francisco, 100 - - Ábila, H., 403 - - Ábila, José María and Señora, 100 - - Ábila ranch, 447; springs, 210 - - Abolitionists, 296, 308 - - _Acacia latifolia_, 544 - - Acapulco, 359 - - Acorns, as Indian food, 203 - - Aqueduct, Owens River, 50 - - _Active_, U. S. ship, 251 - - Adams, Lionel J., 636 - - Adams, Professor, 419 - - Adams Street, 459 - - Adams & Co., 242 - - _Ada Hancock_, disaster to steamer, 75, 109, 132, 154, 295, - 300, 316, 319, 329 - - Adelsdorfer Bros., 120 - - Adler, Adelaide (later Mrs. Samuel Hellman), 142 - - Adler, Caroline (later Mrs. I. M. Hellman), 142 - - Adobe, municipal and county, 36, 40, 41, 209, 256, 324, 338, - 530 - - Adobes, 31, 32, 38, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 73, 76, 78, 80, - 81, 94, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 109, 113, 115, 119, 121, - 124, 134, 147, 165, 167, 193, 197, 202, 220, 256, 257, 263, - 293, 317, 335, 343, 347, 372, 376, 396, 444, 466, 492, 510, - 518, 620 - - _Adrienne Lecouvreur_, Modjeska in, 494 - - Advertisements, 137, 151, 177, 281, 292, 297, 396, 422, 465, - 469, 486, 492, 558; pictures in, 356 - - Advertising, freak, 571; boom --, 573ff. - - Æneas, xiii - - Africa, 193, 211 - - Agricultural Park, 462, 640; -- Society, 426 - - Agua Caliente, 50, 92, 414 - - _Aguardiente_, 134, 278 - - Aguilar, Casildo, 147 - - Aguilar, Cristóbal, 66, 98, 100, 120, 366, 445 - - Aguilar, José María, 210 - - Aguirre, José António, 174 - - Aguirre, Martin G., 551 - - Alameda Street, 63, 112, 187, 197, 201, 304, 383, 394, 400, - 408, 493, 562 - - Alamitos, Los, 599, 520 - - Alamitos Bay, 374, 630 - - Alamitos ranch, 166, 329 - - Alaska, 397, 463, 602 - - Albacore, 628 - - Albino, exhibition of, 186 - - Albuquerque, 222 - - Alder, 197 - - Alder, Captain, 251 - - Alexander, David W., 23, 35, 38, 43, 61, 64, 74, 120, 218, - 343, 350, 441, 500; Mrs. -- (formerly Mrs. Francis Mellus), - 227; -- & Banning, 218; -- & Mellus, 62, 151 - - Alexander, Frank, 206 - - Alexander, George, 639, 642 - - Alexander, George C., 74, 194, 297 - - Alexander, Henry N., 39, 241, 260; Mrs. --, 39 - - Alexander, Ramón (Raimundo), 59, 64, 193 - - Alexandria Hotel, 77, 639 - - Alfilaria, 126 - - Alhambra and A. Tract, 445, 454, 563, 628 - - Alisal, El, 543 - - _Aliso, El_, 198 - - _Aliso_, meaning of, 197 - - Aliso Mill, 198, 218, 303, 499 - - Aliso Road, 198, 412; -- Street, 71, 112, 197, 198, 238, - 288, 292, 400 - - Aliso Vineyard, 197, 198 - - Allanson, Horace S., 62, 256 - - Allen Block, 372 - - Allen, Charles H., 532 - - Allen, Gabriel, 221 - - Allen, Jesse, 414, 416 - - Alliot, Hector, 635, 636, 647 - - Alosta, 579; Lamar's Addition to, 579 - - _Alta California_, 270 - - Altadena, 178, 337 - - Alta Vista, 579 - - Alton, John, 606 - - Altschul, Richard, 230 - - Alvarado house, the, 115 - - Alvitre, Felipe, 139 - - Alvitre, José Claudio, 147 - - Amat, Thaddeus, 189, 279 - - America, foreign ideas as to, 361 - - _America_, steamship, 149 - - American Bakery, 405 - - American boy, first born here, 33 - - American Colony, 521 - - American Express Co., 234 - - American Fork, 155 - - Amestoy, Domingo, 310, 421; -- Building, 537 - - _Amigo del Pueblo, El_, 308 - - _Amigos, Los dos_, 64 - - Amo, Dr. del, 174 - - Amusements, 102, 124, 135, 161, 182, 183, 186, 192, 229, - 263, 282, 286, 318, 352, 372, 381, 383, 384, 409, 422, 463, - 488, 547, 569, 592, 596, 605 - - Anaheim, 177, 212, 309, 329, 376, 398, 401, 406, 441, 451, - 526, 580, 593 - - Anaheim, proposed County of, 406, 593 - - _Anaheim Gazette_, 414 - - Anaheim Landing, 366 - - Anchorage, 404 - - _Ancon_, steamer, 465 - - Anderson, D., 83, 297 - - Anderson, J. A., 638 - - Anderson, John, 476 - - Anderson, W. P., 627 - - Andersonville, 295 - - Andrews, Harry E., 616 - - Anecdotes, 43, 51, 52, 53, 56, 82, 141, 151, 155, 162, 175, - 176, 177, 183, 190, 196, 222, 269, 283, 300, 301, 325, 336, - 337, 338, 345, 419, 458, 474, 492, 523, 579, 598, 610 - - Angelus Hotel, 508 - - Angels, City of the, 25, 68 - - Animals, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to, 548 - - Antelope Station, 415 - - Apablasa, Juan, 31 - - Apache Indians, 188, 415 - - Apothecaries' Hall, 156 - - Appleton & Co., D., 589; _Appleton's Journal_, 430 - - Apponyi, C. E., 559 - - Arbuckle, Samuel G., 36, 65 - - Arcade Depot, 112 - - Arcadia, 574, 578, 579 - - Arcadia Block, 77, 186, 214, 226, 229, 256, 272, 293, 309, - 313, 338, 342, 343, 537, 545 - - Arcadia, Doña (see under Baker, Bandini, Stearns) - - Arcadia Hall (see Stearns Hall) - - Arcadia Hotel, 314, 568, 580 - - Arcadia Street, 226, 408, 518 - - Archæological Institute of America, 626 - - Archer Freight and Fare Bill, 489 - - Archibald, John, 412 - - Archives, L. A., removed to San Francisco, 231 - - Ardinger, William C., 150 - - Arenas, Luis, 179, 210 - - _Argonaut_, San Francisco, 525, 647 - - Arguello, Concepción, 99 - - Arguello, María António, 473 - - Arguello, Refúgio, 255 - - Arguello, Santiago, 99, 177, 255 - - Arizona, 222, 354, 361, 366, 370, 414, 430, 431, 450, 507, - 510, 514, 542, 587, 648 - - _Arizona, Bibliography of_, 636 - - _Arizoniana_, 648 - - Arlington Heights, 357 - - Armory Hall, 205; new --, 579; --, San Francisco, 312 - - Armour, Phil D., 582; -- & Co., 582, 623 - - Arnold, Thomas, 422 - - Arroyo de los Reyes, 450 - - Arroyo Seco, 225, 401, 448 - - Artesian wells and water company, 192, 313, 574 - - Arza, Syriaco, 262 - - Asparagus, 125 - - Asphalt, 114; for sidewalks, 114, 287 - - Aspinwall, 315 - - Assayers, 130 - - Associated Jobbers of Los Angeles, 619, 635, 637; of - Southern California, 619 - - Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad, 63, 83, 123, 153, 482, - 556, 562, 569, 570, 576, 581, 585, 597, 603, 614, 619; coast - line, 589; depot, 477, 586; first train, 549 - - Atkinson, Samuel, 393 - - Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, 614 - - Atlantic States, imports from, 151 - - Auctioneers and auctioneering, 155, 281, 349, 379, 483, 484, - 523, 578, 580 - - Austin, Henry C., 427, 434 - - Australia, 160, 439, 544; noted --n convict, 21 - - Austria, 564; Austrian Verein, 584 - - Automobiles, 626 - - Avalon, 430, 522, 568 - - Averill, Anna, 533 - - Aviation meet, first, 639 - - Ávila, Juan, 262 - - Axtell, S. B., 397, 399 - - Ayers, James J., 427, 499, 501, 556, 614 - - _Ayuntamiento_, 100 - - Aztec, derivation from the, 364 - - Azusa and Azusa ranch, 87, 162, 174, 326, 476, 578, 579 - - - B - - Babylon, xi - - Bachman, Felix, 66, 212, 256, 275, 290; -- & Co., 223, 290, - 332; -- & Bauman, 61 - - Baer, Abraham, 337; Mrs. --, 338, 409 - - Baer, Henry, 337 - - Baer, John Willis, 566 - - Bahama Islands, 14 - - Bahia, Brazil, 451 - - Bailes, 528 - - Baker, Arcadia (_née_ Bandini), 215, 255, 568 - - Baker, Charles K., 206 - - Baker, Edward Dickenson, 285 - - Baker, Francis, 221 - - Baker, Frederick, xv - - Baker, Fred L., 592, 639 - - Baker, George the, 192 - - Baker, Horace, xv - - Baker, J. H., 447 - - Baker, Milo, 592; -- Iron Works, 592 - - Baker, R. S., 143, 181, 215, 255, 421, 437, 459, 467, 479, - 510, 568, 586 - - Baker, Mrs. T. J., 214 - - Baker Block, 70, 356, 510, 517, 518, 556 - - Bakers and bakeries, 77, 191, 244, 311, 332, 367, 368 - - Bakersfield, 143, 453, 496 - - Baldwin, E. J. ("Lucky"), 282, 421, 474, 475, 478, 510, 526; - --'s Grain Warehouse, 475; -- Hotel, 475 - - Baldwin & Co., 130 - - Baldwin, Jeremiah, 587 - - Baldwin, John M., 450 - - Ball, W. F., 551 - - _Ballad of Bouillabaisse_, 118 - - Ballestero, María, 99 - - Ballona, La, 179, 299, 321, 359, 375, 460, 580; Port --, - 581; --Railroad, 576 - - Balls, 109, 284, 427 - - Banbury, Colonel, 579 - - Bandini, Alfredo, 255 - - Bandini, Arcadia (later Señora Stearns and Señora Baker), - 255 - - Bandini, Arcadia (later Mrs. J. T. Gaffey), 631 - - Bandini, Arturo, 255 - - Bandini, Dolores (later Mrs. Johnson), 255 - - Bandini, Dolores (later Mrs. Ward), 631 - - Bandini, José María, 255 - - Bandini, Josefa (later Señora P. C. Carrillo), 255 - - Bandini, Juan 109, 135, 183, 254, 391, 631; Señora -- (_née_ - Estudillo), 255; Señora -- (_née_ Arguello), 255 - - Bandini, Juan B., 631 - - Bandini, Juan de la Cruz, 255 - - Bandini, Juanito, 255 - - Bandini, Margarita (later Mrs. J. B. Winston), 183, 255 - - Bandits (_bandidos_), 206, 333, 453 - - Bangs, Mrs. Emma C., 532 - - Banks and bankers, 171, 242, 416, 423, 435, 466, 467, 482; - first --, 372; b. failures, 423, 479, 482; B. of California, - 477, 478; -- of L. A., 423; Commercial --, 472; First Nat'l - --, 472. (See Farmers & Merchants' --.) - - Banning, Hancock, 522, 568, 606 - - Banning, J. B., 522, 568 - - Banning, Phineas, 23, 35, 42, 74, 157, 199, 218, 236, 248, - 250, 274, 276, 283, 296, 301, 306, 313, 320, 321, 322, 327, - 343, 345, 346, 353, 354, 356, 361, 363, 368, 370, 375, 394, - 410, 412, 421, 426, 441, 495, 500, 507, 548, 562, 568; -- - Mrs. (_née_ Sanford), 320; (_née_ Hollister), 368, 411; -- & - Alexander, 187; -- & Co., 290, 302, 336, 343, 344, 395; -- & - Hinchman, 274, 307, 313 - - Banning, William, 522, 568 - - Banquets, 254, 399, 594, 595, 630, - - Barbecues, 145, 202 - - Barbers, 137, 297, 396, 412, 420; as surgeons, 297 - - Barcelona, Spain, 490 - - Barclay, H. A., 520 - - Barham, Guy B., 643 - - Barham, Richard M., 643 - - Barker, Obadiah Truax, 518; -- & Mueller, O. T. -- & Sons, - -- Bros., 518 - - Barker, partner of Corbitt, 244 - - Barker, W. A., 606 - - Barley, 247, 331, 354, 386, 534 - - Barnard Bros., 450 - - Barnes & Co., A. S., 418 - - Barnum, P. T., 13 - - Barracuda, 127 - - Barrett, Lawrence, 588 - - Barri, Juan, 62, 65; -- & Mascarel Block, 189 - - Barrows, Henry Dwight, 69, 106, 141, 200, 202, 219, 224, - 246, 284, 315, 355, 419, 483, 541, 614; Mrs. -- (_née_ - Wolfskill), 142; (_née_ Woodworth), 142; (_née_ Greene), 142 - - Barrows, James Arnold, 142; Mrs. --, xv - - Barrows, Prospero, xv - - Barter, George W., 414 - - Bartlett, A. G., 68, 579 - - Bartolo, Paso de, 180 - - Barton, James R., 36, 55, 81, 118, 139, 179, 206ff., 223, - 244, 275; -- & Nordholt, 61; -- Vineyard, 281 - - Bartow, Mrs. R. C., xv - - Baruch, Jacob, 367, 425, 619, 634, 635 - - Baseball, called town-ball, 596 - - Bashford, Levi, 416 - - Basques, 310, 549 - - Bassett, J. M., 450 - - Bastanchury, Domingo, 310 - - Batcheller, Charles L., 598 - - Bathing, in ocean, 466; in river, 116; in _zanjas_, 322 - - Baths and bathrooms, 92, 119, 210, 371, 396 - - Bath Street, 210; -- School, 33, 190, 389, 419 - - Bath, A. L., 358, 614 - - Bayer, Joe, 231; -- & Sattler, 230 - - Beaches, excursions to, 250, 429, 486, 487; growing - popularity of, 394 - - Beale, E. F., 143, 222, 285, 459; --'s Route, 222; -- & - Baker, 437 - - Beale, Truxton, 460 - - Beal(l), B. L., 204, 317, 469 - - Bean, J. H., 50; --'s Volunteers, 47 - - Beane, Charles E., 446 - - Beans, 332; castor --, 364 - - Bears, 195, 291, 337, 447 - - Bear Valley Mines, 247, 268 - - Beard, A. S., 36 - - Beau de Zart, Fred W., 559 - - Beaudry, Prudent, 61, 70, 73, 128, 132, 142, 164, 165, 211, - 291, 292, 342ff., 353, 362, 365, 366, 372, 386, 408, 412, - 417, 449, 558, 567, 618 - - Beaudry, Victor, 241, 386, 558, 567 - - Beaudry Avenue, 74 - - Beaudry & Marchessault, 247 - - Beaumont, 579 - - Beckley, Anna McConnell, xv - - Beckwith, Jim, 63 - - Beebe, J. W., 339 - - Beebe, Richard, 543 - - Beecher, Henry Ward, 497 - - Beel, Sigmund, xv - - Beer, 123, 230, 258, 272, 273, 402; -- gardens, 193, 409, - 460 - - Beers, G. A., 455 - - Bees and beehives, 81, 127, 494 - - Beet-sugar, 388; first factory, 598 - - Behn, John, 64, 86, 364 - - Behn, Louisa, 364 - - Behrendt, Casper, 72, 270, 271 - - Behrendt, Samuel, xv - - Behymer, Lynden Ellsworth, 607 - - Belgian hare aberration, 608 - - Bell, Alexander, 57, 61, 383, 429; Mrs. --, 38, 61, 133 - - Bell, Horace, 35, 57 - - Bell, Jacob, 40, 419 - - Bell, Major, 224 - - _Bell, Song of the_, 119 - - Bell Street, 61 - - Bella Union, 25, 27, 80, 92, 93, 94, 110, 136, 150, 154, - 169, 183, 184, 219, 223, 226, 227, 228, 229, 245, 250, 251, - 256, 265, 269, 271, 272, 291, 306, 316, 327, 341, 347, 348, - 349, 354, 358, 362, 369, 380, 397, 398, 399, 400, 436, 469, - 472 - - Bella Union, San Francisco, 22 - - Belleville, 268 - - Bellevue Terrace, 532, 559 - - Bells, Plaza Church, 101 - - Bell's Row or Block, 27, 57, 61, 119, 362 - - Bellue, Marius, 551 - - Belmont, the, 559 - - Belmont Hall, 563 - - Belshaw (of Judson & --), 385 - - Benedict, Samuel W., 476 - - Bengough, E., and the -- School, 494 - - Benjamin, P. A., 635 - - Benjamina, 528 - - Benner, John, 78; Mrs. --, 527 - - Bennett, "Hog," 78 - - Bent, Arthur S., xv - - Bent, Henry Kirk White, 386, 443, 446 - - Bergin, J. J. and W. B., 470 - - Berkeley, George, 650 - - Berlin, University of, 624 - - Bernard, Juan, 63, 200, 280, 366; Mrs. --, 63 - - Bernero, George, 554 - - Bernstein, Fanny, 535 - - Berry, D. M., 412, 447ff., 483 - - Berry, George, 138 - - _Bessie_, steamboat, 387 - - Best, John T., 352 - - Bethune, 579 - - Betting on races, 160; with cattle, merchandise, land, 161 - - _Between the Gates_, 514 - - Beythien, Cyrus, 212 - - Bicknell, Frederick T., 488 - - Bicknell, John D., 468, 488, 540, 555, 597, 598, 626; -- & - White, 540 - - Bicycles, 626 - - Bien, William, 605 - - Biggs, Peter, 60, 137, 138, 330 - - Bigotry, Russian, 5; a later phase of local social life, 383 - - Bilderback Brothers, 424 - - Bilderback, J. F., 330 - - Bilderback, Dora, xv - - Bilderrain, Jesus, 432 - - Bilicke, A. C., 492, 606, 644 - - Bill (Hickey), the Waterman, 116, 117, 350 - - Billiards and b. tables, 81, 261, 384 - - _Billy Blossom_, race horse, 282 - - Binford, Joe, 373, 545 - - Bird, O. B., 567 - - Birdsall, Elias, 339, 340 - - Bishop, Samuel A., 143; -- & Beale, 143, 234 - - Bishop & Co., 444, 545 - - Bissell, W. A., 619 - - Bits (coin), 162, 279, 461; (harness), 159 - - Bixby, Eula P., 355 - - Bixby, John W., 421, 520 - - Bixby, Jotham, 67, 166, 403, 421, 422, 467, 520; -- & Co., - 521 - - Bixby, Llewellyn, 67, 421 - - _Black Bess_, circus horse, 453 - - Black, George N., 639 - - Blacking, early, 4 - - _Black Maria_, 118 - - Blacksmiths, 82, 115, 140, 153, 213, 231, 340, 357, 358 - - Blackstone, N. B., 536 - - _Black Swan_, race horse, 160, 161; dray, 279 - - _Black Warrior_, race horse, 282 - - Blair, Widow, 184 - - Blanchard F. L., 68; -- Hall, 68, 536 - - Blanchard, J. H., 597 - - Blanco, Miguel, 209 - - Bland, Adam, 103, 246; Mrs. --, 106 - - Blankets, Mexican, 29, 158 - - Bleeding, 297 - - Blinn, L. W., 606 - - Blond, J. H., 94 - - Bloodsworth, Harry, 58 - - Bluett, W. C., 606 - - _Blue Jim_, carrier pigeon, 430 - - Blue Wing Shaving Saloon, 396 - - Blum, A., 608 - - B'nai B'rith, 314, 338, 339, 608; used for Christian - worship, 618 - - Boar, wild, 447 - - Board of Education, 105, 162, 187, 190, 211, 216, 262, 321, - 354, 388, 538, 539, 547, 626 - - Board of Trade, attempt to organize, 425, 537, 569, 586, 634 - - Boardman, William E., 246 - - Boehme, George, 480 - - Bohen, Daniel, 356; -- Lodge, 402 - - Bollo, Santiago, 78 - - Bonaparte, Napoleon, 1 - - Bonebrake, George H., 539, 587 - - Bonita Tract, 579 - - Bonnets, all of one pattern, 132 - - Bonshard, F., 413 - - Book, J. H., 587 - - Bookbinders, 213, 410 - - Bookstores, 428 - - Boom, development of the Great, 569; height of, 581; - collapse of, 582; activities of tricksters, 573; advertising - during, 573-580; assessments, 582; purchases of land by - non-residents, 582; 174, 232, 367, 379, 556, 559, 560, 563, - 568, 569ff., 590, 604 - - Boom, early real estate, 401 - - Boorham, George, 153 - - Bootblacks, 396 - - Booth, Edwin, 494, 588 - - Booth, Willis H., 631 - - Boot-jacks, 87 - - Boots, 86, 158 - - Boquist, C. V., xv Borax and Owens Lake, 387 - - Bordenave & Co., Émile, 279 - - Bors, the miller, 351 - - _Boston_, clipper-brig, 237 - - Boston Dry Goods Store, 536 - - Boston, market for wool, 438; fire, 438 - - Boswell, James, xi - - _Bota de agua_, 195 - - Botello, Refúgio, 78 - - Bothnia, Gulf of, 5 - - _Boticas_, 110 - - Botiller, D., 63 - - Boundary League, 622 - - Bouelle, A., 385 - - Bouelle, Frank A., 385 - - Bounties to encourage silk industry, 390 - - Bouton, Edward, 374, 472 - - Bovard, F. D., 516 - - Bovard, M. M., 516, 566 - - Bowman, Mary, xv - - Boyce, H. H., 555 - - Boyle, Andrew, 198, 232; Mrs. --, 232; -- Avenue, 220; -- - Heights, 198, 202, 232, 374, 492, 551, 598 - - Boynton, H. R., 635, 637 - - Bradbury, John, 607 - - Bradbury Block, 513, 614 - - Bradfield, Mason, 418 - - Bradfield, Mrs. C. P., 418 - - Bradley, C. H., 377 - - Brady, Bill, 160 - - Brady, James D., 81 - - Brandy for tropics, 14; S. Calif. --, 200, 238 - - Branding iron, 83, 242 - - _Brasero_, 113 - - Braun, Frederick William, 469, 589, 619, 635, 637, 638 - - Brea, 114, 287, 346 - - Brea _rancho_, la, 37, 114, 287, 407, 645 - - Breakwaters, 426, 618 - - Breckenridge, John C., 282; -- Democrats, 285 - - Breed Block, 192 - - Breer, Louis, 153, 239 - - Bremerman, hotel-keeper, 380 - - Brent, J. Lancaster, 35, 45, 47, 105, 178, 243, 295, 325, - 512; --Street, 47 - - Brentano, Mrs. Arthur, 71 - - Breweries: Gambrinus, 258; Henne, 230, 259; New York, 258; - Philadelphia, 197, 500; brewer at Anaheim, 213 - - Brewster, "Professor," 527 - - Bricks and b. making, 63, 83, 115, 226, 233, 256, 269, 355, - 367, 396; champion b. layer, 550 - - Bridge, Norman, 595, 647 - - Bridger, Jim, 171 - - Bridger, Joe, 421 - - Bridles, 85, 159 - - Brierly, John R., 464 - - Briggs, Mary A., 201, 608 - - Briggs, Samuel, 201, 280 - - Brinckerhoff, John, 107 - - Briswalter, Andrew, 124, 125 - - Broad Acres, McCoy's Addition to, 579 - - Broadway, naming of, 466, 511, 588, 592 - - Broadway Department Store, 613 - - Broaded, John, 471 - - Brock, Alvan D., 574 - - Brode, Charles, 624 - - Brode, Hilda, 624 - - Broderick, David Colbert, 130 - - Brodie, John P., 190 - - Brodrick, W. J., 180, 280, 365, 383, 389, 443, 446, 461, - 462, 483, 489, 562; -- & Reilly, 428 - - Bromberg, Prussia, 3 - - Bromley, Allan, xv - - Broncos, 243 - - Brook, Harry, 646 - - Brookside Vineyard, 281 - - Broom-making, 261 - - Brousseau, Julius, 597 - - Brown, stage-driver, 414, 416 - - Brown, Dave, 46, 139ff. - - Brown, Jason, 530 - - Brown, John of Ossawatomie, 530 - - Brown, Owen, 530 - - Brown, Thomas B., 363, 587, 597 - - Brown, Tom, 363 - - Brown, William M., 444 - - Brown's Restaurant, 279 - - Browne, J. Ross, 333 - - Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 264 - - Brownstein & Louis, 601 - - Brownstein, Newmark & Louis, 601 - - _Browsings in an Old Book Shop_, 612 - - Brun, murdered peddler, 323 - - Brundige, H. W., 623 - - Brunson, Anson, 517, 520, 521, 586, 593; -- & Eastman, 476; - -- Eastman & Graves, 476; -- & Wells, 517 - - Brunswig Drug Co., 224 - - Brush Electric Lighting Co., 535 - - Bry, Theresa, 225 - - Bryan, William J., 613 - - Bryant, J. S., 455 - - Bryant, Joseph, 320 - - Bryson, John, 538; -- Block, 105, 539, 563 - - Buchanan, James, 163, 214, 219, 231, 239 - - Buckboards, 375, 414 - - Bucket-brigade, 119 - - Buckskin Bill, 424 - - Buddin, Henry, 527 - - Buehner, Valentin, xv - - Buffum, William, 67, 381, 466; -- & Campbell, 416; --'s - Saloon, 405 - - Buggies, spring, 417 - - Buhn, Susan, 229 - - Bulkhead Bill, 269 - - Bull-fights, 161, 182, 282 - - Bulla, Robert N., 540, 647 - - Bullard, Rose, xv - - Bullard Block, 67, 115, 229, 240, 449 - - _Bulletin, The Commercial_, 559 - - _Bulletin_, San Francisco, 284, 285 - - Bullock's Department Store, 382 - - Bumiller Block, 530 - - Bunker Hill, 563, 622; -- tunnel, 622 - - _Buñuelo_, 102 - - Burbank, David, 578 - - Burbank, Luther, 315 - - Burbank, 578, 579 - - Burbank Theater, 170, 578 - - Burdette, Clara B., 588, 647 - - Burdette, Robert J., 588 - - Burdick, Cyrus, 90, 127 - - Burdick, Helen L., 90 - - Burdick, Lucretia, 106 - - Burglaries, 486 - - Burgundy, 398 - - Burials, 307, 406, 409, 430; private --, 494, 520 - - Burke, J. H., 84, 115, 340 - - Burland, Captain, 10ff. - - _Burlington Hawkeye_, 588 - - Burnett, Sir Robert, 445 - - Burnham, R. W., 545, 606, 613, 634 - - Burns, J. F., 67, 106, 208, 209, 339, 381, 395, 405, 420, - 424, 433, 466; Mrs. --, 209 - - Burns, Hôtel de, 413 - - Burns, J. O., xv - - Burns & Buffum, 466 - - Burr-clover, 126 - - Burrill, George Thompson, 56, 57, 171, 190 - - Burrill, S. Thompson, 51, 57 - - Burros, 272, 544, 583 - - Burton, George W., and Mrs., 356, 373; --'s School, 356; - _Burton's Book on California_, 373 - - Busbard & Hamilton, 490 - - Business, center of, 214; -- conditions in the fifties, 129; - --depression, 334, 339; -- district, extension of area, 518, - 570; --methods, 62, 311; -- prosperity, 289; -- - specialization, lack of, 189, 280; --, temporary closing of, - 65, 81; --, trend northward, 511 - - Butler, visit of Benjamin F., 522 - - Butler, George, 217, 389 - - Butler, Sam, 404 - - Butterfield, John, 234, 301; -- & Co., 234; -- routes and - stages, 143, 234, 235, 259, 285, 361, 375 - - Butters, First Mate, 154 - - Butts, William, 133, 447 - - - C - - _Caballero_, 85, 158 - - _Caballos de silla_, 157 - - Cabbage, 125, 272 - - Cable railway, first, 546, 563; Boyle Heights --, 594; - Downey Avenue --, 594; Second Street --, 559, 563, 594; - Temple Street --, 547, 558, 567, 594; -- viaduct, 594; - description of cars, 595 - - _Cachucha_, 135 - - _Cactus_, 126, 463; -- as food, 315 - - Cafeterías, then and now, 133 - - Cahen, Hippolyte, 549, 643; Mrs. --, 549 - - Cahen, Simon, 550 - - Cahen, Sophie, 465 - - Cahn, Nathan, 540 - - Cahuenga, 179, 196 - - Cajón Pass, 228 - - _Calabozos_, 66, 558 - - Caler, Otmar, 212 - - Calhoun, John C., 296 - - Caliente, 496 - - California, 6, 14; -- Constitutional Convention, 47, 48, 49, - 55, 89; admission of --, 22, 93; advertising -- in the East, - 597; -- Governors from the Southland, 109, 269, 378, 540, - 598, 617; -- Legislature, first speaker of, 185; Fourth -- - Infantry, 318; -- soldiers in the Civil War, 294, 295, 300, - 353; -- at the Centennial, 497, 498; unhealthy -- - prosperity, 477; -- fauna, 645; -- fruits, first carload - shipments, 511; _California_, steamer, 346, 465; California - Central Railroad, 581; -- Editorial Association, 525; -- - Fish Co., 628; --Hospital, 473; -- Silk Center Association, - 391; -- State Telegraph Co., 307; University of --, 593; "-- - on Wheels," 482 - - _California of the South_, 589 - - _California: for Health, Pleasure and Residence_, 624 - - _California and the Southern Coast Counties, History of_, - 620 - - _Californian_, 93 - - _Calzoncillos_ and _calzoneras_, 158 - - Camels and camel-express, 222, 234, 297, 281, 316, 418, 543 - - Camino Real, El, 533, 627; -- guide posts, 628 - - Camp Alert, 303; -- Independence, 386; -- Latham, 299 - - Campbell, Alexander, 596 - - Campbell, Malcolm, xv - - Campbell, Thompson, 146 - - Camphine, imported by J. P. Newmark, 34 - - Camping, 429 - - Camp meetings, 195 - - Camulos _rancho_, 40, 98, 347, 511, 531, 583 - - Cañada de Brea, la, 346 - - Canal & Reservoir Co., 372, 450 - - Candidates' announcements, 43, 283 - - Candles, 34, 183; for lighting tunnels, 502 - - Cannibal Islands, 93 - - Cañon Crest Park, 591 - - Canterbury, England, 469 - - _Capitol_, the, 612 - - Capitol Mills and Co., 87, 367 - - Caracole Tower, 648 - - Cárdenas, Anastácio, 372 - - Cárdenas, Ruperto, 372 - - Card-playing, 55, 81, 230 - - Cardwell, H. C., 125 - - Carizosa, Manuel, 549 - - Carleton, James Henry, 296, 299, 315 - - Carlisle, Laura E., 389 - - Carlisle, Robert and Mrs., 168, 197, 347, 348, 389 - - Carnations, 631 - - Carnegie Foundation, 567 - - _Carne seca_, 25 - - Carpenter, Frank J., 209 - - Carpenter, Joseph, 209 - - Carpenter, L., 417 - - Carpenter, Lemuel, 106, 172, 180, 261 - - Carpenters, 81, 203, 213 - - Carr, Charles E., 35, 36 - - Carr, J. E., 600 - - _Carrera_, 160 - - _Carretas_, 68, 83ff., 126, 135, 153, 192, 196, 528 - - Carriages and c. makers, 83ff., 184, 417 - - Carrier-pigeons, 430 - - Carrillo, J. A., 98, 99, 114, 396; Señora -- (_née_ Pico), - 98; - - Carrillo, Joaquín, 56, 57 - - Carrillo, J. J., 255, 510 - - Carrillo, Pedro C. and Mrs., 255 - - Carrillo, Ramón, 326 - - _Carrington_, ship, 121 - - Carroll, Gabe, xv - - Carsley, Bob, 186 - - Carson, George, 174, 196, 217, 421; Mrs. --, 174, 217 - - Carson, J. W., xv - - Carson, Kit, 187 - - Carson, Moses, 187 - - Carson River, 418 - - Carson Station, 217 - - Cartago, 387 - - Carter, Dr., 206 - - Carter, Nathaniel C., 442, 525; -- excursions, 442 - - _Casalinda_, 185 - - _Casamiento_, 136 - - _Cascarones_, 136 - - Cashin, John, 446 - - Cashmere goats, 127, 413 - - Cass, Alonzo B., 469, 484, 625; -- Bros. Stove Co., 484 - - Casson, C., 491 - - Castillo Rapids, 15 - - Castle, Walter M., xv - - Castor-oil mill, 364 - - Castro, José, 178 - - Castruccio Bros., 550; James --, 549, 553 - - Caswell, Samuel B., 358, 441, 443, 449; -- & Ellis, 358; --, - Ellis & Wright, 358 - - Caswell, W. M., 358, 545 - - Catalina (see under Santa Catalina Island) - - _Catalina, Antiquities of_, 558 - - Cathedral of Sancta Vibiana, 490 - - Catholics, Roman, 102, 103, 232 - - Cattle, 90, 95, 110, 160, 215, 263, 302, 332, 334; --, bet - on races, 160; branding of --, 182, 242; --, driven to Utah, - 330; --, effect of drought on, 329; slaughtering of --, 302; - stampeding of --, 182; --, stolen by Indians, 275 - - Cauliflower, 125 - - Cawston, Edwin, 547; -- Ostrich Farm, 547 - - Caystile, Helen, 512 - - Caystile, Thomas, 512 - - Celery, 125 - - Cellars dug in hillsides, 233 - - Cemeteries: Evergreen, 104; at Flower and Figueroa, 104; - Fort Hill, 104, 280; Jewish, 104, 122, 317; Protestant, 103, - 104, 280, 317; Roman Catholic, 103, 317; Rosedale, 104 - - Censorship, Federal, 371 - - Centenary of Los Angeles, 528 - - Centennial Exhibition, 355, 482, 493, 497, 499, 569, 605; -- - parade, Philadelphia, 498; celebration in Los Angeles, 50, - 365, 593 - - Centinela Ranch, 445 - - Central American village life, 16 - - Central Avenue, 378 - - Central Pacific Railroad, 388, 423, 440, 475, 497, 504 - - Central Park, 417 - - _Century Magazine_, 531 - - Cerradel, Manuel, 326 - - Cerritos, los, 166; -- _rancho_, 67, 166, 521 - - Cerro Gordo, 386; -- Freighting Co., 388; -- mines, 385 - - Chaffee, Adna R., 647 - - Chamber of Commerce, first, 425, 449, 450, 482, 489, 498, - 503, 569 - - Chamber of Commerce, present, 334, 569, 589, 622, 634, 647; - --Building, 625 - - _Chamber of Commerce, History of the_, 646 - - Champagne, California, 199 - - Chandler, Harry, 616 - - _Chaparral_, 126 - - Chapels, private, 103 - - Chapin & Co., George W., 313 - - Chapman, Alfred Beck, 46, 52, 335, 351; Mrs. --, 46 - - Chapman, A. B., 516 - - Chapman, J. S., 476, 598 - - Chapman, Joseph, 87 - - Chapman, R. B., xv - - Chapman, R. H., 594, 622 - - _Chapollin_, 232 - - Chapules, Calle de los, 232 - - Chapultepec, 232 - - Charity Street, 232, 355, 535 - - Charity, Sisters of, 189, 203, 210 - - Charles, Henry, 206 - - Charleston Harbor, 352 - - Charter, City, 587 - - Chartres Coffee Factory, 405 - - Chauvin, A. C., 383, 529, 550 - - Chauvin, Laura, 529 - - Chavez, Julian, 64; -- Ravine, 118; -- Street, 64 - - Chavez, Vasquez's aide, 453, 457 - - Chestnut trees, 163 - - Chevalier's Apothecary, 371 - - Chicago, fire at, 431; -- Grand Opera Co., 607; -- World's - Fair, 605 - - Chicken Thief, the, 220 - - Children, Society for Prevention of Cruelty to, 549 - - Children's Hospital, 70 - - Childs, M. W., 77 - - Childs, O. W., 69, 125, 127, 163, 201, 223, 231, 342, 353, - 423, 428, 462, 495, 516, 543, 573; Mrs. -- and the naming of - streets, 201, 231; -- Avenue, 69; -- & Hicks, 69, 223; -- - Grand Opera House, 464, 543, 588, 590 - - Childs, Mrs. O. W., Jr., 606 - - Chile, 332, 389, 542 - - _Chilicothe_, 364 - - Chilis, California, 87 - - Chimneys, 113 - - China, Revolution in, 645 - - Chinatown, 31, 434 - - Chinese, 31, 79, 123ff., 188, 261, 278, 297, 382, 389, 418, - 428, 503; agitation against the --, 504; at the Centennial, - 497; -- feuds, 432; first -- here, 123; -- goods and shops, - 279, 298; -- Government demands indemnity, 435; -- junk, - 427; -- massacre, 423ff.; -- music and festivals, 585; -- - peddlers of vegetables, 514; -- priests and memorial - services, 435; -- trunks, 175; -- women, traffic in, 418, - 432 - - Chino, 598; -- _rancho_, 38, 63, 167, 168, 175, 226, 347, - 598 - - Chlapowski, Charles Bozenta, 494 - - Cholera in Prussia, 4 - - Cholo, Viejo, 277 - - Chop-house restaurants, 513 - - Christian worship in Jewish temple, 618 - - Christians, church of, 610 - - Christmas Eve celebration, 102 - - _Chronik_, Los Angeles, 388 - - _Chronicle_, San Francisco, 455 - - Chuckawalla (Chucky Valley), 414 - - Church festivals, 98 - - Church of Our Lady of Los Angeles, 100 - - Chute's Park, 463 - - Chuzzlewit, Martin, 571 - - Ciénega _rancho_, 357, 375, 460 - - Ciénega ó Paso de la Tijera, 275 - - Cigarettes, 252, 253; --, use by Vasquez, 459 - - Cigars, 253 - - Circuses, 186, 381, 453 - - Citrus fruits, 88; industry threatened by scale, 544 - - City Gardens, 200, 460 - - City Guards, 147 - - City Hall (adobe), 229, 256, 338, 379; (second), 105, 539; - (present), 314, 591, 593 - - City lots, 33, 36, 112, 125, 322, 379, 402, 539 - - City Market, auction of stalls, 258 - - City Marshal, last, 510 - - City officials, salaries of, 302 - - City of Paris store, 452, 540 - - Civic Center proposed, 510 - - Civil War, 47, 236, 289, 299, 305, 311, 323, 325, 330, 334, - 339, 352, 353, 616; -- and aëronautics, 561 - - _Clamor Público, El_, 156, 333 - - Clams, 298 - - Clancy, J. H., xv - - Clanmorris, Lord, 422 - - Clarendon Hotel, 469 - - _Clarissa Perkins_, bark, 107 - - Clark, Alice Taylor, 50 - - Clark, Arthur, 627 - - Clark, Eli P., 612, 647 - - Clark, J. Ross, 599, 644 - - Clark, Thomas B., 483 - - Clark, W., 308 - - Clark, Walter M., 644 - - Clark, William A., 599 - - Clark & Patrick, 559 - - Clark & Sons, Alvan, 567 - - Clarke, George J., 373, 431, 513 - - Classen, C. H., 252, 259 - - Clay, Henry, 93 - - Clayton Vineyard, 200 - - Clemente, vineyardist, 202 - - Cleveland, E. R., 543 - - Cleveland, Grover, 565, 590; Mrs. --, 474 - - Clifford, Pinckney, 139 - - Clifton-by-the-Sea, 632 - - Climate of Southern California, 271, 370, 382, 448; - advertising of, 525, 569, 571 - - Clinton, E. M., 254 - - Clock-tower, 241 - - Clover, Samuel T., 612, 635 - - Clubs, 230, 272, 383, 409, 473, 545, 600, 604, 607, 624 (see - also Turnverein) - - Coal, blacksmith, 345; --, shipped at low rates, 557 - - Coal Creek, 155 - - Coal oil refined without distillation, 346 - - Coast freighting, 331 - - Coast Line Stage Co., 496 - - Coastwise boat service, 246, 366 - - Coates, Foster, 627 - - Coblentz, Joe, 372 - - Cock fights, 161 - - Coffin, Captain, 153 - - Coffin, John E., 634 - - Coffins, 208; use of one as bed, 492 - - Cohn, Albert, 551 - - Cohn, Bernard, 180, 383, 425, 550, 595 - - Cohn, Herman, xv - - Cohn, Isaac, 409 - - Cohn, Kaspare and Mrs., 13, 249, 260, 353, 354, 376, 383, - 414ff., 443, 444, 474, 480, 514, 549, 555, 561, 564, 613; - -- Hospital, 641; Kaspare Cohn & Co., 549 - - Cohn, Max, 451, 549 - - Cohn, Samuel, 13, 196, 353, 375, 444 - - Coins, early American, 247; bits, 162, 279; small coin - despised, 247; importation of foreign, 129, 267 - - Cole, Cornelius, 294 - - Cole, Louis M., 248 - - Cole, Nathan, 530 - - Cole, Nathan, Jr., 533 - - Colegrove, 612 - - Coleman, William T., 55 - - Colling, B. W., 401 - - Collyer, Vincent, 431 - - Colorado River, 38, 227, 228; -- Indians, 317 - - Colorado, proposed State of, 188, 241 - - Colorado Steam Navigation Co., 473 - - Colton, D. D., 303, 504; town of --, 549 - - _Comet_, 250, 290, 307 - - Commerce Court, 637 - - Commercial Bank, 472 - - Commercial Restaurant, 490, 538 - - Commercial Street, 36, 128, 189, 293, 383, 400, 401, 408, - 472, 493, 578; New --, 401, 405 - - Commercial Street wharf, San Francisco, 237 - - Commercial Union Insurance Co., 280 - - Commission merchants, 310, 342, 434, 436 - - Compère, George, 474 - - Compton, G. D., 340, 516; Compton (Comptonville), 263, 340, - 382, 393, 466, 574 - - Comstock Mines, 474, 477 - - Conaty, Thomas J., 626, 648 - - Concord coaches, 417 - - Confederates and the Confederacy, 295, 308, 311, 318, 323, - 325, 337, 338 - - Confidence Engine Co., No. 2, 464, 500 - - Congregational Church, 622 - - Conscription, proposed, 323 - - Consolidated Electric Railway Co., 612 - - Consolidation of Los Angeles with harbor towns, 638 - - _Constantine_, steamer, 346, 465 - - _Contessa d'Amalfi_, 529 - - Continental Railway, 397 - - Continental telegraph, 307 - - Conway, C. R., 306, 315, 341, 350 - - Cooper, Bill, 471 - - Cooper Ornithological Society, 640 - - Copenhagen, 4, 6 - - Copley, Thomas, 233 - - Copp Building, 314 - - Coquillett, D. W., 544 - - Corbitt, William, 244; --, Dibblee & Barker, 170 - - Corn, 366 - - Coronel, António F., 36, 80, 105, 135, 171, 190, 201, 316, - 441, 444, 530, 604, 608; Señora (Mariana, _née_ Williamson) - --, 444, 530, 604, 622; -- chapel, 103; -- home, 444, 530 - - Coronel, Manuel, 36 - - Coronel, Pancho, 426 - - Coronel, Ygnácio, 36, 98, 99, 105, 316; Señora, 105 - - Coronel Collection, 622 - - Coronel Street, 36 - - Coroner sleeps in coffin, 492 - - _Corpus Christi_, 101 - - _Correr el gallo_, 162 - - Corridors, 113 - - Corrugated iron buildings, 120, 190 - - _Cortez_, 19 - - Cortez, Hernando, xii - - Corzina, María, 190 - - Cosmopolitan Hotel, 252, 469, 525 - - Cota, Francisco, 304 - - Cota, María Engracia (later Señora Dominguez), 535 - - Cotton, experiments in cultivating, 317 - - Coues, Elliott, xii - - Coulter, B. F., 450, 510, 511, 610; -- & Harper, 372, 511; - -- Dry Goods Co., 511 - - Coulter, Frank M., 511, 545 - - Council Room, intolerable atmosphere of, 505, 524 - - County Court, 518; -- Judge, first, 518 - - County Medical Society, 423, 473 - - County Treasurer, work and emoluments, 260 - - Court house, -- Temple, 40, 240, 242, 286, 449; --, present, - 301, 452 - - Court of Sessions, first, 176 - - Courtier, "Professor," 318 - - Courtroom, untenantable, 256; -- used for religious - services, 246, 314 - - Courts and court life, 45, 46, 50, 55, 56, 493, 560 - - Coutts, Cave J. and Mrs. -- (_née_ Bandini), 255 - - Covarrúbias, José María, 216 - - Covarrúbias, Nicolás, 592 - - Covent Garden, 360 - - Cowan, William K., 625 - - Cowboy sport, 510 - - Cow counties, 95 - - Cows and chickens, legislation governing, 572 - - _Coyote_, race horse, 262 - - Coyotes, 337, 391 - - Coyotes, Los, 166, 180 - - Crabb, Alexander, 150 - - Crabb, Henry A., 205 - - Crackers, first locally-baked, 77, 288 - - Cracroft, Mrs., 306 - - Craig, Robert L., 600, 619; Mrs. --, 600; -- & Stuart, 600; - -- & Co., R. L., 600 - - Crank, J. F., 585, 594 - - Craw, Alexander, 544 - - Crawford, James S., 390, 446 - - Crawford, Joseph U., 485 - - Crawley, J. M., 606 - - Credit, shaken, 328; -- system, little, 130 - - Creighton, W. W., 495 - - Crematory and cremations, first, 567 - - _Cricket_, steamboat, 326 - - Criminals and crimes, 25, 31, 35, 58, 68, 139, 205, 221, - 223, 304, 323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 333, 394, 418, 419, 424, - 432, 453, 470, 486, 512, 641 - - Crocker, Charles F., 324, 504ff., 524; famous threat to - punish Los Angeles, 506 - - Croft, Thomas H., 448 - - _Cronica, La_, 443 - - Crosby, Mormon Apostle, 345 - - "Crown of the Valley," 448 - - _Crusoe's Island_, 333 - - Cruz, Martin, 217 - - _Cuartel_, 66 - - Cuatro Ojos, 76 - - Cuba, 252, 399, 616 - - Cucamonga, _rancho_, 167, 168; -- vineyard, 265; -- winery, - 239 - - Cudahy Packing Co., 201 - - _Cuisine_, native, 133 - - Cullen's Station, 415 - - Cupping, 297 - - Curley, scout, 261 - - Currency, depreciation of, 311, 319 - - Currier, A. T., 531 - - Curtis, E. A., 125 - - Curzon, Lady, 602 - - Custer Massacre, 261 - - Custer, Mrs. George Armstrong, 597 - - Cuzner, James, 515, 606 - - - D - - Daggett, Frank S., 645 - - Daguerreotype, first one made here, 94 - - Daimwood, Boston, 324 - - Dairies, 289 - - Daley, Charles F., 206 - - Dalton, E. H., 162 - - Dalton, Eliza M., 162 - - Dalton, George, 94, 162, 174 - - Dalton, Henry (Enrique), 87, 90, 120, 162, 174, 179, 190, - 200, 335, 441, 476 - - Dalton, R. H., 372 - - Dalton, Winnall Travelly, 162 - - Dalton Avenue, 162 - - Daly, James, 395; -- & Rodgers, 395 - - Dana, Richard Henry, 135, 197, 226, 227, 255, 296; -- - Street, 227 - - Dancing and dances, 136, 183, 402, 427; licenses for --, 137 - - Daniel, Pancho, 46, 49, 51, 55, 206, 208, 223 - - _Danube_, shipwrecked brig, 238 - - Darlow, Gertrude, xv - - Date Street, 198 - - David, a kind of torpedo, 352 - - Davidson, A., 599 - - Davies, J. Mills, 537, 543 - - Dávila, José María, 549 - - Davis, Charles Cassatt, 626 - - Davis, Charles W., 529 - - Davis, Jefferson, 222, 331, 337 - - Davis, Johanna, 75 - - Davis, M. M., 150 - - Davis, S. C., 75 - - Dawson, Ernest, xv - - Dawson's Book Shop, xv - - Day, Charles E., 587 - - Dead bodies, robbery of, 320 - - Dead Man's Island, 290, 426 - - Dean, hardware dealer, 217 - - Death Valley, 378, 431 - - De Celis, A., 516 - - De Celis, Eulógio F., 251, 443 - - Decoration Day, 621 - - Deen, Louise, xv - - Deighton, Doria, 65 - - De la Guerra, Pablo, 48 - - De la Osa, Vicente, 252 - - Delano, Thomas A., 147 - - Delaval, Henry, 303 - - Del Castillo, Guirado L., 352; Amelia Estrella --, 352 - - De Long, Charles, 143 - - De Longpré, Paul, 617 - - Del Valle, Josefa, 173 - - Del Valle, Lucretia, 103 - - Del Valle, R. F., 98, 103, 469, 511, 517, 628 - - Del Valle, Ygnácio, 40, 41, 98, 99, 102, 103, 173, 190, 251, - 511; --ranch house, 531 - - Deming, J. D., 87; -- Mill, 367 - - _Democratic Press_, 339 - - Democrats, 91, 323, 330, 380 - - Den, Nicholas, 108 - - Den, R. S., 107ff., 371 - - Denmark, 2, 4, 6, 564, 621 - - Dentists, 297, 368; itinerant --, 349, 368, 390 - - Desmond, C. C., 405 - - Desmond, Daniel, 230, 405 - - Desmond, D. J., 405, 634 - - Desmond, William, 155 - - Desert travel, 312, 316, 354 - - Desperadoes, 149, 333 - - De Szigethy, Charles A. H., 649 - - _Deutscher Klub_, 230 - - Devil's Gate, 374 - - De White, Mrs., 493 - - Dewdrop Vineyard, 200 - - Dewey, Samuel, 545 - - _Dexter_, race horse, 423 - - Diaz, Bernal, viii - - Diaz, Porfirio, 542 - - Dibblee, ranchman, 244 - - _Dick Turpin_, 453 - - Dickens, Charles, 253, 590 - - Dickens, Charles, Jr., 590 - - Dillon, Richard, 529; -- & Kenealy, 529 - - Dimitry, George E., xv - - Dimmick, Kimball H., 45, 49, 50 - - Directories, city, 443, 567; first, 410 - - _Directory_, the _Weekly_, 559 - - Disasters, 22, 48, 154, 165, 204, 224, 238, 312, 319, 439, - 536, 644, 647 (see, also, Droughts and Floods) - - District Court of Los Angeles, 518 - - _Dixie_, 301, 338 - - Dobinson, G. A., 625; -- School, 625 - - Dockweiler, Henry, 251 - - Dockweiler, Isidore B., 251, 469 - - Dockweiler, J. H., 251, 606 - - Dodge, George S., 467 - - Dodson, Arthur McKenzie, 78, 193 - - Dodson, James H., 78; -- & Co., 258 - - Dodson, William R., 471 - - Dodsworth, M., 482, 537 - - Dogs, poisoning of, 57 - - Doheny, E. L., 603 - - Dohs, Fred, 412 - - Dol, Victor, 490 - - Dolge, Alfred, 628; Dolgeville, New York and California, 628 - - Dolls, French, 370 - - _Dolores_, 428 - - Domec, Pierre, 344 - - Domestic inconveniences, 335 - - Domestics, 123, 124, 297, 313 - - Domingo, J. A., 238 - - Domingo, Juan, 238 - - Dominguez, Anita, 51 - - Dominguez, Cristóbal, 173 - - Dominguez, Juan José, 173 - - Dominguez, Manuel, 51, 173, 217, 236, 340, 421, 535; Señora - --, 535; -- chapel, 103; -- Field, 639; _rancho_ --, 35, - 214, 217, 244, 246, 340, 639; battle of --, 101 - - Dominguez, Nasário, 78, 173 - - Dominguez, Pedro, 39, 173 - - Dominguez, Reyes, 78 - - Dominguez, Robert, xv - - Dominguez, Victoria, 173 - - Dominguez, Victoria (later Mrs. George Carson), 174, 217 - - Door-plates, 377 - - Doors, how fastened, 113 - - Dorado, El, barroom, Los Angeles, 103; --, barroom, San - Francisco, 22; --, store, 550 - - Dorsey, H. P., 118, 143, 144, 163, 214 - - Dorsey, Kewen H., 145 - - Dorsey, Rebecca Lee, 552 - - Dotter, Charles, 377; -- & Bradley, 378 - - Douglas, Stephen A., 282 - - Douglass, A., 635, 637 - - Dow, E. L., 423 - - Downey, Eleanor, 214 - - Downey, John Gately, 35, 66, 68, 109, 169, 189, 214, 269, - 292, 307, 322, 323, 334, 340, 346, 355, 362, 366, 372, 376, - 388, 399, 423, 426, 432, 434, 440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 449, - 462, 483, 498, 502, 516, 521, 537, 541, 578; Mrs. --, 103, - 498, 537, 549; --, town of, 180, 340, 362, 367; -- Avenue, - 322; -- Block, 66, 70, 343, 372, 390, 406, 443, 545, 593, - 630; -- Bridge, 594 - - Downey, Patrick, 343, 346 - - Downing, P. H., 301 - - Downs & Bent, 426 - - Dozier, Melville, 532 - - Drackenfeld, B. F., 230 - - Drake, J. C., 473 - - Draper, Durell, xv - - Drays, 74, 116, 138, 279, 527 - - Dress, evening, in Los Angeles, 400; native --, 158 - - Dreyfus, Alfred, 451 - - Drinking and drunkenness, 24, 25, 31, 32, 58, 60, 369, 413, - 429, 463 - - Driscoll, Marjorie, xv - - Droughts and their effects, 108, 203, 205, 257, 311, 313, - 328, 329, 331, 333, 334, 391, 445, 507; smallpox, incidental - to --, 322, 329, 508 - - Drown, Ezra, 45, 48, 149, 189, 246, 296; death of Mrs. --, - 48 - - Druggists and drug stores, 109, 185, 371, 461, 589 - - Drum, Richard Coulter, 247; Camp --, 301, 321; -- Barracks, - 247, 299, 301, 321, 331, 358, 398, 451 - - Dryden, William G., 36, 45, 50ff., 56, 118, 210, 282, 354, - 397; Mrs. -- (_née_ Nieto), 51; Mrs. -- (_née_ Dominguez), - 51; -- Springs, 210 - - Duane, C. P., 150 - - Duarte, 174, 578 - - Dubordieu, B., 64, 332 - - Ducks, 279, 490; wild --, Owens Lake, 387 - - Ducommun, Charles L., 68ff., 76, 235, 291, 346, 423; -- - Hardware Co., 69; -- Street, 69 - - Dudley, T. H., 603 - - Duels, 347, 348, 351, 384, 516 - - Dunann, S. D., xv - - Duncan, Father William, 602 - - Dunham, Ed., 396; -- & Schieffelin, 396 - - Dunkelberger, Isaac R., 411, 514, 587, 589; Mrs. --, 411 - - Dunkers, 576 - - Dunlap, Deputy Sheriff, 424 - - Dupuy, J. R., 597 - - Duque, Tomás Lorenzo, 355, 589; Mrs. --, 589 - - Durfee's farm, 471 - - Dutchman, Flying, 351 - - Du Puytren, Pigné, 541 - - Dye, Joseph F., 221, 418 - - Dyer, G. S., 599 - - Dyer, J. J., 349 - - - E - - _Eagle_, ship, 123 - - Eagle Mills, 87, 123 - - Earl, Edwin T., 623, 642 - - Earthquakes, 165, 204, 312, 439, 620, 633ff. - - East Los Angeles, 322, 445, 539, 548; -- Park, 557 - - Eastman, James G., 501, 593 - - Eastman, J., 385 - - Easton, Jim, 335 - - _East Prussia to the Golden Gate, From_, 403 - - _East Side Champion_, 548 - - Eaton, Benjamin S., 45, 50, 66, 316, 336, 448, 561, 614; - Mrs. --(_née_ Hayes), 47, 50; Mrs. -- (_née_ Clark), 50; - --'s Cañon, 337 - - Eaton, Frederick, 50, 66, 90, 106, 446 - - Ebell Club, 607 - - Eberle, F. X., 460, 463; Marsetes --, 460 - - Ebinger, Lewis, 367 - - Echeandia, José María, 604 - - _Echo_, race horse, 423 - - Echo Park, 372 - - Eckbahl, Gottlieb, xv - - Eckert, Bob, 231 - - Edelman, A. M., 314 - - Edelman, Abraham Wolf, 122, 314, 339, 501, 540, 608 - - Edelman, D. W., 314 - - Edgar, George A., 551 - - Edgar, William Francis, 58, 227, 614 - - Edwards, D. K., 382 - - Egan, Richard, xv - - Ehrenberg, 415 - - Eichler, Rudolph, 367 - - Eighth Street, 202 - - Eintracht Society, 272 - - Eisen, T. A., 606 - - Eldridge, Frederick W., 627 - - Elections, 42, 44, 401, 442, 613 - - Electric Homestead Tract, 546; -- Association, 609 - - Electric light, distributed from high masts, 535; objections - to its introduction, 535 - - Electric railways, first, 462, 546, 594, 609, 612, 620 - - Elias, Jacob, 70, 118, 122, 203; -- Bros., 70 - - Elizabeth Lake, 457 - - Elks Hall, 584 - - Ellington, James, 139 - - Elliott, John M., 466, 473, 598, 614 - - Elliott, Thomas Balch, 447, 448; Mrs. --, 448 - - Ellis College, 566 - - Ellis, John F., 358 - - Elm Street Synagogue, New York, organized by Joseph Newmark, - 122 - - El Monte (see under Monte) - - Elsaesser, A., 230 - - Elysian Park, 37, 364, 539, 557, 615 - - Emerson, Ralph, 212, 257 - - Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 257, 519 - - Emerson Row, 257 - - Emery, Grenville C., 622 - - Empire Saloon, San Francisco, 22 - - Empire Stables, 357 - - Employment agency, 138 - - Ems, 564 - - _Enchiladas_, 134 - - Encino, El, 252, 438 - - Episcopalians and Episcopal Church, 246, 339, 340, 356, 361, - 622 - - Equator, celebration of crossing, 121 - - Esperanza store, La, 550 - - Espinosa, bandit, 209 - - Espinosa, Ensign, 169 - - Espionage in Southern California, 299 - - Estates lost through easy credit, 130, 131 - - Encino, El, 252, 438 - - _Estranjero, El_, 605 - - _Estrella de los Angeles, La_, 92, 93 - - Estudillo, Dolores, 255 - - Estudillo, José G., 521, 587 - - Estudillo, José, 255 - - Etchemendy, Juan, 311 - - Eucalyptus trees, 439; notable tree blown down, 439 - - Euclid Avenue, 579 - - Eugénie, Empress, 360 - - Europe, travel to, 165 - - Evans, Charley, 205 - - Everhardt, Joseph, 251, 274, 275; -- Mrs., 442; -- & Koll, - 251 - - Evertsen, Laura Cecilia, 89, 315 - - Ewington, Alfred, xv - - _Examiner_, Los Angeles, 626, 636; -- Building, 627; --, San - Francisco, 627 - - Excursions, 250, 393, 394, 404, 442, 488, 525; dependent on - subscriptions, 430; -- and fares, 430 - - Exposition Park, 640, 645 - - _Express, Evening_, and _Los Angeles_, 427, 441, 498, 516, - 526, 538, 543, 612, 623, 642, 646 - - Express business, 138, 373 - - Express, Pony (see Pony Express) - - Ey, Frank, 628 - - Eytinge, Rose, 498 - - - F - - Fabian, 527 - - Fair Grounds, 375 - - Fair Oaks, 316, 337; -- Avenue, 316 - - Fairs, public, 512 - - Faith Street, 232 - - _Faja_, 542 - - _Falcon_, steamer, 568 - - Falkenstein, Germany, 451 - - Fall, George M., 405 - - Families, large, 178, 202 - - _Fandangos_, 135, 136, 453 - - _Fandangueros_, 135 - - Fares, excursion, 430; --, steamer, 71, 568; --, railroad, - 404 - - Farish, O. E., 638 - - Farmers, 126, 354, 363, 393 (see, also, under Ranchers) - - Farmers & Merchants Bank, 63, 70, 404, 423, 465, 467, 476, - 478, 481, 565 - - Farragut, David Glasgow, 328, 350 - - Farrelly, R. A., 627 - - Fashion Stables, 499 - - Faulkner, Charles J., 287 - - Faulkner, William, 280 - - Fayal, 404, 405 - - Federal Building, 67, 444, 604, 630 - - Federal Government and Secession, 318, 321, 330, 339 - - Federal Telegraph Co., 643 - - Feliz, Reymunda, 238 - - Fences scarce on ranches, 182 - - Ferguson, William, 377 - - Ferner & Kraushaar, 61 - - Ferrell, William C., 53 - - Ferris, Dick, 639 - - Fiddle used at funerals, 307 - - Field, Stephen J., 565 - - Field, Leiter & Co., 602 - - _Fiestas de los Angeles_, 605ff. - - Figueroa Street, 104, 125, 232, 380, 450, 548 - - Fillmore City, 155 - - Fine Arts League, 640 - - Finger-bowls, first here, 377 - - Finland, 5 - - Finlayson, Frank G., 628 - - Fires, fire-fighting, and fire companies, 119, 120, 223, - 225, 229, 257, 275, 288, 356, 362, 405, 446, 464, 489, 500, - 539, 565, 566, 568, 586, 593, 633, 640; first engine, 446; - first protection, 120; hand-cart, 119; ordinances, 286; - racing to fires, 464; San Francisco, 633ff.; volunteer - firemen, 446, 464, 539 - - Fire insurance companies: Phoenix and New England, 280 - - Firearms, free use of, 59, 60 - - Fire-proof buildings, first, 120, 190 - - Fireworks, 594 - - Firmin, Point, 581 - - First Dragoons' Band, 296 - - First National Bank, 472, 515 - - First Street, 62, 112, 408, 417, 518, 543, 570 - - Fischer, John, 212 - - Fischer, G., 261 - - Fish and fish trade, 127, 278 - - Fish, Captain, 152 - - Fiske, John, xii - - Fitch, Tom, 479, 580 - - Fitzgerald, Edward Harold, 190, 262 - - Five Brothers, the, 550 - - Five Points, New York, 12 - - Flag presentation, early, 296 - - Flashner, Marcus, 245; -- & Hammel, 245 - - Flat Iron Square, 627 - - Flatau, Herman, 344, 535, 538 - - Flax, experiments with, 401 - - Fleishman, Israel, 72, 256 - - Fleming, A. P., 638 - - Fleming, David P., xv - - Fletcher, Calvin, 447 - - Flint, Bixby & Co., 170 - - Flint, Frank Putnam, 630 - - Flint, Motley H., 631 - - Floods, 257, 258, 309, 313, 362, 365, 412, 541, 551 - - Floors, earthen, 113 - - Florence, 388 - - Flores, José María, 178, 182 - - Flores, Juan, 47, 206, 208, 210 - - Flores, Las, 173, 180, 332, 442 - - Flour, 322, 331; -- mills, 493 - - Flowers, festivals of, 512; painter of --, 617; -- strewn on - waters, 621 - - Flower Street, 232, 472 - - Floyd, pavement layer, 519 - - Fluhr, Chris, 176, 251, 252; -- & Gerson, 469 - - Flying horses, 193 - - Fogarty, J. J., 634 - - Foley, W. I., 617 - - Follansbee, Elizabeth A., 536 - - Fonck, Victor, 512 - - Foodstuffs, affected by heat, 88, 287; prices, 331, 332; - supply, 88; variety, 124 - - Foot-bridges, 289, 412 - - Forbes, A. S. C., 628; Mrs. --, 621, 628 - - Forbes, Charles Henry, 214 - - Forest of Arden, 494 - - Forest Grove Association, 439 - - Forman, Charles, 172, 477, 573 - - Forster, Francisco (Chico), 526 - - Forster, Juan, 98, 173, 326, 332, 526, 531; Doña -- (_née_ - Pico), 98, 173, 531 - - Fort Hill, 104, 209, 280, 417 - - Fort Pillow Massacre, 330 - - Fort Street, 400, 408, 417, 466, 472, 561; called Broadway, - 511, 592; property values on, 67, 332, 381; prophecy as to, - 466; widening of, 588 - - Fort Tejón, 194, 195, 207, 234 - - Fort Yuma, 424 - - Forthman, J. A., 470 - - Forwarding, 23, 74, 236, 242, 272, 274, 312, 342, 343, 351, - 373; toll for, 345 (see Camel-express) - - Foshay, James A., 606, 625 - - Fossils, excavation of, at La Brea _rancho_, 645 - - Foster, F., 239 - - Foster, Stephen C., 30, 35, 49, 105, 120, 139, 140, 147, - 200, 263, 500; Mrs. --, 263 - - Foster, Thomas, 107, 108, 118, 156, 189, 203, 246, 312, 321; - Mrs. --, 107 - - Foster, Timothy, 118 - - Foster & McDougal, 76 - - Foster Vineyard, 200, 201 - - Foundry, Stearns, 186, 226 - - Fountains, 418; presentation to city, 534 - - Four-story structure, first, 534 - - Fourth of July celebrations, 47, 157, 193, 273, 300, 321, - 330, 428, 429, 499 - - Fowler, James G., xv - - Fox, ostrich handler, 547 - - Foy Bros., 110 - - Foy, James C., 110 - - Foy, James Calvert, 111 - - Foy, John M., 110, 111 - - Foy, Mary E., 111, 647 - - Foy, Samuel C., 110, 111, 205, 256, 500, 624; Mrs. --, 92, - 106, 205, 224 - - Frame buildings, first on Fort Street, 466; -- of the - seventies, 518 - - France, 564, 621 - - Francisco, A. W., 606 - - Francisco, the vender, 629 - - Francis, John F., 174, 606, 613, 622 - - Frank, H. W., 216, 606 - - Franklin, John, 306; supposed records of, 395 - - Franklin, Lady, visit to Los Angeles, 306, 395 - - Franklin Alley, 36, 40 - - Franklin Street, 36, 334, 408 - - Fraser, A. R., 603 - - _Frazadas_, 29 - - Fredericks, John D., 641 - - Fredericks, Katherine, 378 - - _Free Harbor Contest_, 646 - - Free, Micky, 413 - - Free lunches, 303, 402, 571 - - Freeman, Dan, 421, 445, 510, 606 - - Freight: dissatisfaction with rates, 504, 506; high rates, - 290, 404; shipment of --, 153 - - Freighting along the coast, 345, 435; -- by teams, 290, 416 - - Frémont, Elizabeth Benton, 625, 647 - - Frémont, J. C., 61, 99, 156, 171, 173, 178, 272, 297, 514, - 597, 612, 648; -- Trail, 448 - - Frémont, Jessie Benton, 606, 625; carriage of, 86; gift of - residence to, and death of, 625 - - French, E. C., 483 - - French, L. W., 368 - - French, T. B., 121 - - French Benevolent Society, 303, 338, 402, 500 - - French bread, 77 - - French Consul, 254 - - French Hospital, 402 - - French language, 341, 450, 528 - - Frenchmen, 199, 207 - - French newspapers, 516, 541 - - French Restaurant, 279 - - Friday Morning Club, 600 - - Friedlander, Isaac, 331 - - _Frijoles_, 134 - - Frink, E. B., 405; --'s Ranch, 414 - - Fröhling, John, 117, 212, 213, 294 - - Frosts, 212, 525 - - Fruit, sent to the President, 219; peddler of, 126; -- - grafts, first from New York, 33; -- trees imported from the - East, 139 - - Fuentes, José María, 549 - - Fullerton, 577 - - Fulton, J. E., 483; -- Wells, 483 - - Funeral customs, 306, 307 - - Furman, George, 464 - - Furniture, 81, 377 - - Furrey, W. C., 69, 605 - - Fussell, Effie Josephine, xv - - - G - - Gadsden Purchase, 222 - - Gaffey, John T. and Mrs., 631 - - Gage, H. R., 603 - - Gage, Henry T., 168, 617; Mrs. -- (_née_ Rains), 617 - - Galatin, 362, 367, 425 - - Gale, Anita, 170 - - Gallagher, James, 462 - - Gallardo, Francisca, 100 - - Galta, P., 191 - - Gamblers and gambling, 29ff., 149, 510; property lost - through --, 131; -- at San Francisco, 21, 29 - - Gamut Club, 625 - - Ganahl, Frank J., 416, 488 - - Ganée, P., 516 - - Garage, first, 626 - - Garcia, Francisca, 95 - - Garcia, Joseph S., 65, 237, 239; Mrs. --, 239 - - Garcia, Manuel, 206 - - Garcia, Merced, 186 - - Garcia, Ygnácio, 66, 67, 335 - - Gard, George E., 464, 529, 552, 579 - - Garden of Paradise, 192, 272, 273, 523 - - Garden Grove, 177 - - Gardens, few, 54, 69, 114, 124, 147, 163, 192; outdoor --, - 273, 275, 340, 410, 463, 500 - - Gardiner, James, 530 - - Garey, Thomas A., 91, 483 - - Garfias, Manuel, 36, 178, 237, 238 - - Garfield, James A., memorial services here, 529; Mrs. --, - resident, 529 - - Garland, W. M., 606, 639 - - Garnier Bros., 421, 438; --, Camille, Eugène, Philip, 438 - - Garra, António, 50, 168, 169 - - Garter, Mexican, 158 - - Garvanza, 578 - - Garvey, Richard, 282 - - Gas, 267, 349, 355, 370, 396, 561, 604; -- fixtures, 355; -- - Co., 349, 561; -- rates, 489 - - Gasoline stoves, 516 - - Gates Hotel, 566 - - Gattel, Bernhard, 319 - - Gaviota Pass, 246 - - Gefle, 4 - - Gelcich, V., 110, 428, 548 - - Geller, William, 74 - - George the Baker, 65 - - Georgetown, 193 - - Gephard, George, 532 - - Gerkins, J. F., 510 - - Germain, Eugène, 510, 537, 581 - - German bankers and statesmen, visit of, 539 - - German Benevolent Society, 272; -- of ladies, 527 - - German bread, 77 - - German hotels and highways, 564 - - German language, demand for teaching the, 383 - - German music, 213, 214, 259, 272, 409, 584; -- newspapers, - 388, 465, 584; first German newspaper here, 465; -- school, - first, 428 - - Germania Life Insurance Co., 319 - - Germans and Germany, 207, 212, 272, 378, 453, 564, 621; - German-born American citizens, 239; travel in Germany in - 1849, 3 - - Gerson, Charles, 251, 469 - - Getman, William C. (Billy), 31, 208, 220, 221 - - Gibbon, Thomas Edward, 595, 606, 642 - - Gibbons, James, 586 - - Gibson, A. P., xv - - Gibson, C. W., 470, 537 - - Gibson, Fielding W., 90, 261 - - Gibson, Frank A., 545, 598, 613 - - Gieze, F. J., 291 - - Gift, George W., 294 - - Gila River, 38, 188, 261; --, passage by emigrants, 188 - - Gilbert & Co., 155 - - Gilchrist, Ira, 81 - - Gillette, J. W., 614 - - Gilman's, 414 - - Gilroy, 234, 497 - - Ginnochio, G., 549 - - Gird, Richard, 599 - - Giroux, L. G., 480 - - Gitchell, Joseph R., 45, 54, 246 - - Glaciers, 398, 602 - - Gladstone, William Ewart, 579; --, proposed town of, 579, - 593 - - _Gladstone_, race horse, 593 - - Glasscock, J. Sherman, xv - - Glassell, Andrew, 363 - - Glassell, Andrew J., 350, 352, 363, 423, 488, 517; -- & - Chapman, 352; --, Chapman & Smith, 351; --, Smith & Patton, - 363 - - Glassell, Wm. T., 352 - - Glendale, 177, 424, 578, 579 - - Glendora, 576, 578, 579 - - Goats, Angora, 413; --, Cashmere, 413; --, wild, 216 - - Godey, Alexander, 272; --'s ranch, 272 - - Godfrey, John F., 499, 556 - - Gold, 39, 94, 95, 142, 247, 268, 321, 333, 380, 402, 476; - appreciation of --, 319; -- bars, 415; -- dust, 95, 96, 130, - 242; found in ruins, 223; -- mining, 148, 149, 201, 228; --, - searching for, 254, 313, 318, 386; -- notes, 319; -- nugget, - 39, 40; -- and the San Francisco Clearing House, 95 - - Gold Hill, Nevada, 477 - - Golden Gate, 17, 19, 121, 123, 204, 211, 283, 635 - - _Golden State_, steamer, 306 - - _Gold Hunter_, steamer, 22, 152 - - Goldwater, Joe and Mike, 321 - - _Goliah_, 22, 143, 152, 153, 311 - - Goller, John, 28, 65, 82, 85, 121, 149, 153, 239, 300, 384, - 417, 433 - - _Gondolier_, 307 - - Gonzales, Juan, 140 - - Gonzales & Co., José E., 308 - - Goodall, Nelson & Perkins, Goodall, Nelson & Co., 465 - - Goodman, Morris L., 150, 213 - - Goodwin, L. C., 70, 150, 500; Mrs. --, 70 - - Goodwin, Pat, 357 - - Gordo, Louis, 369, 370 - - Gordon, John W., 362 - - Gordon, Captain, 483 - - Gordon's Station, 195 - - Gospel Swamp, 366 - - Gothenburg, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 - - Gould, Will D., 597 - - Government, messenger to New Mexico, 282; -- stores, - transportation of, 354 - - Graff, M. L., 597 - - Grand Army of the Republic, 579 - - Grand Avenue, 232 - - Grand Central Hotel, 469, 492 - - Grand Hotel, San Francisco, 430, 440 - - Grand Opera House, 590 - - Grand Rabbi of France, 450 - - Grand, S., 382 - - Grange stores, 483 - - Granger, Lewis, 33, 36, 45, 53, 105 - - Granite Wash, 414, 415 - - Grant, U. S., 255, 328, 446, 500 - - Grapes, 25, 103, 139, 142, 199, 265, 285, 412, 576; --, - first sent east, 139; vines grown in dry soil, 337 - - _Graphic_, 612 - - Grasshoppers, 266 - - Grasshopper Street, 232 - - Graves, J. A., 69, 475; --, O'Melveny & Shankland, 476 - - Gray, Charlotte, 91 - - Gray, F. Edward, 634 - - Gray, William H., 432 - - _Greasers_, 140 - - Great Salt Lake, 302 - - Greek George, 223, 234, 281, 455, 457, 543 - - Greenbacks, 319, 380, 522 - - Greenbaum, E., 72; Mrs. --, mother of first Jewish child - born here, 104 - - Green Meadows, 40 - - Greenwich Avenue School catastrophe, New York, 224 - - Greene, Bessie Anne, 142 - - Gregory, John H., 405 - - Gregson, F. P., 619, 637 - - Greppin, E. H., 637 - - Grey Town, 14 - - Grierson, B. H., 587 - - Griffin, George Butler, 526 - - Griffin, John S., 47, 106, 107, 108, 193, 200, 205, 207, - 237, 241, 252, 294, 316, 320, 322, 337, 346, 365, 371, 412, - 423, 426, 445, 448, 449, 500, 594, 614, 617, 618, 648; Mrs. - --, 47, 205, 316; -- Avenue, 322 - - Griffith, Alice H., 476 - - Griffith, Fred, 546 - - Griffith, Griffith J., 541, 614, 643; -- Park, 614, 643 - - Griffith, J. M., 190, 290, 340, 356, 428, 441, 449, 466, - 476, 546, 614, 636; -- Avenue, 636; -- Lynch & Co., 466 - - Griffith, J. T., 606 - - _Gringos_, 159, 160, 305, 453 - - Groningen, Johann, 238 - - Grosse Building, 627 - - Grosser, Elsa, 624 - - Grosser, William F., 623 - - Grosser Tract, 623 - - Grosvenor, Gilbert H., xv - - Guadalupe, 496 - - Guatemala, 542 - - Guerra, Pablo de la, 35, 48 - - Guerra, Trinidad de la, 336 - - Guillen, Eulalia Perez, 493 - - Guillen, Mariana, 493 - - Guinn, James Miller, 402, 419, 526, 533, 541, 614, 620, 626 - - Guiol, Frederico, 369 - - Guirado, Bernardino, 549 - - Guirado, F. L., 35 - - Guirado, Francisco, 499 - - Gunsmiths, 147, 230 - - Gurley, H. B., 634 - - Gwin, William McKendree, 296 - - Gymnasiums, Turnverein, 192, 409, 584, 629; 273; petition - for a --, 383, 545 - - - H - - Haap, Mary, 213 - - Haas, Abraham, 230, 425, 537; --, Baruch & Co., 367, 425, - 595 - - Haas, Jacob, 425 - - Habra, la, 166, 179, 547 - - _Hacienda_, 168 - - Hacks, 306, 389, 417 - - Hafen, Conrad, 378; --, Hafen House, 378 - - Haight, Fletcher M., 279 - - Haight, H. H., 279 - - Hail, 314 - - Haiwee Meadows, 387 - - Hale, Charles, 77 - - Haley, Robert, 285, 311 - - Haley, Salisbury, 22, 152, 181, 204, 311; Mrs. --, 181 - - Halfhill, Albert P., 628 - - Half-Way House, 25 - - Hall, Charles Francis, 395 - - Hall, E. A., 568 - - Hall, Hiland, 146 - - Hall, John, 527 - - Halle University, Germany, viii - - Halsey, Dr., 211, 212 - - Halstead, Willard G., 386 - - Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insurance Co., 120 - - Hamburger, Asher, 529; -- & Sons, A., 529; -- Building, 593, - 639 - - Hamburger, D. A., 529, 639 - - Hamburger, M. A., 529, 626 - - Hamburger, S. A., 529 - - Hamilton, Harley, 606 - - Hamilton, Henry, 192, 280, 371, 413, 446 - - Hamilton, Maggie, 355 - - Hamlin, Homer, 638 - - Hammel, Henry, 259, 316, 380; -- & Denker, 469, 581 - - Hammel, William A., 115 - - Hammel, William A., Jr., 115, 634 - - Hammond, Miss L. J., milliner, 491 - - Hampton, W. E., 637 - - _Hancock, Ada_, disaster, 75, 132, 300, 329 - - Hancock, George Allan, 37 - - Hancock, Henry, 34, 36, 37, 104, 112, 149, 500; Mrs. --, 18, - 37; --'s surveys, 33, 38; -- ranch, 114 - - Hancock, Winfield Scott, 82, 246, 247, 265, 281, 282, 294, - 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 346, 512; Mrs. --, 300 (see under - _Hancock, Ada_) - - Hangtown, 428 - - Hanlon, John, 591 - - Hanna, D. W., 566 - - Hansen, George, 34, 37, 38, 212, 372, 411, 423, 450, 614 - - Haparanda, 4, 5 - - Haraszthy, Augustin, 37 - - _Harbor Contest, The Free_, 646 - - Hardison, Wallace R., 622 - - Hardy, Alfred, 206, 207 - - Hardy, surveyor, 34 - - Hard times, 256, 333 - - Harford, Port, 346 - - Harmon, J., 371 - - Harned, J. M., 429 - - Harper, Arthur C., 372 - - Harper, Charles F., 371; -- & Moore, --, Reynolds & Co., - Harper-Reynolds Co., -- & Coulter, 372 - - Harper's Ferry, 530 - - _Harper's Magazine_, 547, 597; -- _Weekly_, 590 - - Harris, Emil, 405, 409, 425, 433, 434, 455ff. - - Harris, L., 18, 216 - - Harrison, William Henry, 93, 519 - - Harrison, Miss, 225 - - Hart, F. J., 638 - - Hart, Mary E., 599 - - Harte, Bret, 32, 428 - - Hartley, B. F., 455 - - Hartman, Isaac and Mrs., 54 - - Hartshorn Tract, 391 - - Hartung Edgar J., xv - - Harvard School, 622 - - Harvey, J. Downey, 214 - - Harvey, T. J., 269 - - Harvey, Walter Harris and Mrs., 214 - - Haskell, Leonidas, 272 - - Hathaway, C. D., 405 - - Hathwell, Belle Cameron (later Mrs. C. E. Thom), 52 - - Hathwell, Susan Henrietta (later Mrs. C. E. Thom), 52 - - Hat-makers, native, 159 - - Hatter, first, 230, 405; 213 - - Havilah, 148, 149, 375 - - Hawkes, Emma L., 355 - - Hawthorne, H. W., 404 - - Hay, high price of, 445, 453 - - Hayes, Benjamin, 35, 45, 46, 48, 139, 189, 256, 501, 596; - Mrs. --, 46 - - Hayes, Chauncey, xv - - Hayes, Helena (later, Mrs. B. S. Eaton), 47, 50 - - Hayes, Louisa (later, Mrs. J. S. Griffin), 47, 106, 107 - - Hayes, Rutherford B., 522, 596 - - Hayes, R. T., 107, 143, 156, 320, 423 - - Hayes. T. A., 91 - - Haynes, John R., 473, 649 - - Hay-scale, public, 288 - - Hayward, A. B., 107, 291 - - Hayward, James Alvinza, 372; -- & Co., 372 - - Hayward Hotel, 192 - - Hazard, A. M., 74 - - Hazard, Dan, 74, 415, 416 - - Hazard, George W., 74, 258 - - Hazard, Henry T., 74, 235, 415, 433, 442, 446, 521, 584, - 590, 594, 606; Mrs. --, 74; --'s Pavilion, 512, 590, 592; -- - Street, 75 - - Healdsburg, 389 - - Healey, Charles T., 618 - - Hearst, William Randolph, 626, 643 - - Heat, excessive, 257 - - Heath, Samuel M., 91, 92 - - Hebrew Benevolent Society, 122, 432; --, Ladies', 409 - - Hecht, Sigmund, 618 - - Heinsch, Hermann, 213, 214, 230, 259, 272, 383; Mrs. --, - 213; --Building, 214 - - Heinsch, R. C., 214 - - Heintzelman, Henry, 35 - - Heinzeman, C. F., 230, 371 - - Hellman, H. M., 142, 311 - - Hellman, Herman W., 53, 142, 248, 383, 425, 449, 608; --, - Haas & Co., 425, 500, 506, 595; -- Building, 53 - - Hellman, I. M., 142, 248, 311, 409, 423, 480; -- & Bro., - 309, 311, 462, 478, 480, 539 - - Hellman, I. W., 53, 63, 70, 191, 248, 311, 346, 366, 372, - 383, 423, 516, 555, 560, 562, 595; -- Building No. 1, 383; - -- Temple & Co., 372, 416, 423; -- & Co., 417 - - Hellman, James W., 69 - - Hellman, Marco H., 248 - - Hellman, Maurice S., 143 - - Hellman, Samuel, 142, 311, 365, 428, 605; -- & Widney, 311 - - Henderson, A. J., 304 - - Henderson Bros., 416 - - Henderson, John W., 304 - - Henne, Christian, 230, 259, 334; -- Block, 192 - - Henrickson, Clois F., 401 - - Henriot, François and Mme., 225 - - _Henry_ steamer, _Chancey_, 359 - - Henseley, Captain, 62 - - _Herald_, Los Angeles, 450, 498, 516, 556, 595, 607, 612, - 614, 622, 628, 643, 646 - - _Herald_, New York, 234 - - Hereford, M., 320 - - Hereford, Margaret S., 169 - - Hereford, Robert S., 150 - - Hereford, Thomas S., 169 - - Herodotus, xii - - Hester, R. A., 324 - - Hewitt, Eldridge Edwards, 321, 404, 489, 506 - - Hewitt, J., 389, 397 - - Hewitt, Leslie R., 638 - - _Hermosa_, steamer, 15 - - Hernösand, 4 - - Hickey, William (Bill, the Waterman), 116, 117, 350 - - Hicks, J. D., 69, 142, 217; -- & Co., 69, 142 - - Hides and hide-business, 196, 197, 257, 331, 408, 613; - shipping hides, 197 - - Higbee, George H., xv - - High, E. Wilson, 150 - - High School, Los Angeles, 301, 419, 452, 532 - - Hill-property, 376, 460, 558 - - Hill Street, 377, 472 - - Hinchman, A. F., 66, 67, 241, 313 - - Historical Society of Southern California, 541, 604, 631, - 640; open air meeting of, 604 - - Hodge, Frederick Webb, xii - - Hodges, A. P., 107 - - Holbrook, J. F., 377 - - Holcomb, William, 268; -- Valley and -- Mines, 268, 282 - - Holder, Charles Frederick, 557 - - Hollenbeck, John Edward, 357, 461, 473, 492; Mrs. --, 598; - -- Home, 220, 494, 598; -- Hotel, 492, 518, 598; -- Park, - 598 - - Hollingsworth, H. T., 449 - - Hollingsworth, Lawson D. and Mrs., 449 - - Hollister, John H., 368, 410, 543 - - Hollister, Mary, 368, 410 - - Hollywood, 455, 563, 612, 617 - - Hollywood, Mount, 643 - - Holmes, James, 401 - - Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 519 - - Home of Peace Society, 104, 599 - - Home Telephone and Telegraph Co., 484 - - Homes, furnishing of, 113, 124 - - Honolulu, 156; --, wireless telegraphing to, 643 - - _Honeymoon, The_, 286 - - Hook, Thomas J., 609 - - Hook, William Spencer, 609 - - Hoover (formerly Huber), Leonce, 185, 199, 200, 201; -- - Street, 201; -- Vineyard, 198 - - Hoover, Mary A., 201 - - Hoover, Vincent A., 200, 201, 467 - - Hope, A. W., 35, 99, 107, 109 - - Hope Street, 232, 472 - - Hopkins, Mark, 324 - - Hopper, Joseph, xv - - Horn, A. J., 91 - - Horn, Cape, 37, 62, 86, 107, 121, 123, 167, 203, 221, 284, - 352, 397, 411 - - Hornbeck, Robert, 176 - - Hornung, Adelbert, xv - - Horses, 243, 318, 332, 354; --, bet on races, 160; --, - breaking in, 243; --, breeding of, 95, 215, 423, 592; --, - effect of drought on, 215, 329; horse-thieving, 326; runaway - --, 243 - - Horse cars, 460ff., 562, 609 - - Horsemanship, 242, 243 - - Horse-racing, 109, 160, 182, 375 - - Horticultural Hall, 512 - - Hospitality, 113, 135; --, Spanish-American, 71, 150, 252, - 604; -- of the City, 341, 398 - - Hospitals, 210, 250 - - Hotels and hotel life, 227, 245, 369, 380, 396, 397, 408, - 481; --, advertising, 469; lack of, during Boom, 581; under - surveillance, 299; Hotel Splendid, 581. (_See, also_, under - Alexandria, Angelus, Bella Union, Bellevue Terrace, Belmont, - Cosmopolitan, Hollenbeck, Lafayette, Lanfranco, Lankershim, - Nadeau, National, New Arlington, Pico, St. Charles, St. - Elmo, United States, What Cheer House, etc.) - - Hotz, Walter, xvi - - Hough, A. M., 515 - - Houghton, Sherman Otis, 596; --, Silent & Campbell, 596 - - House, building, 82; --, furnishing, 82; --, moving of, 477; - --, three-story, 372 - - Howard, Charles, 384 - - Howard, Fred H., 439; -- & Smith, 439 - - Howard, Frederick Preston and Mrs., 201, 461 - - Howard, James G., 347, 350, 554, 555 - - Howard, O. O., 431 - - Howard, Volney E., 54, 55, 346, 356, 384, 529, 593; Mrs. --, - 55; --, Butterworth & Newmark, 312 - - Howard, William D. M., 227; -- & Mellus, 227 - - Howard-Nichols duel, 384 - - Howe, F. A., xvi - - Howell, R. H., 600, 606; -- & Craig, 600 - - Howland, F. H., 535, 546 - - Hoyt, Albert H., 106 - - Hoyt, Gertrude Lawrence, 92, 106, 107, 258 - - Hoyt, Mary, 107, 257, 321 - - Hubbell, S. C., 461, 521 - - Huber, Caroline, 201 - - Huber, Edward, 201 - - Huber, Emeline, 201 - - Huber, Joseph, 200, 201; Mrs. --, 201 - - Huber, Joseph, 201, 261 - - Huber, William, 201 - - Hudson River, 625 - - Hughes, Captain, 237, 276 - - Hughes, saloon-keeper, 103 - - Hughes, W. E., 589 - - Hughes, steam-bath proprietor, 371 - - Hull, England, 7, 8, 10 - - Human life, disregard for, 31 - - Humber Docks, 8 - - Humbert, Augustus, 130 - - Humphreys, Frank, 601 - - Humphreys, J. F., 589 - - Hunsaker, W. J., 469 - - Hunsicker, John G., 559 - - Hunt, Sumner P., 606 - - Hunt, W. S., 619 - - Hunter, Edward, 35 - - Hunter, Jesse, 115, 340 - - Hunter, Morton C., 397 - - Hunting grounds, 73 - - Huntington, Collis P., 324, 440, 468, 502 - - Huntington, Henry E., 232, 515, 620, 631, 632; -- Building, - 515, 620; -- Purchase, 69; -- Hotel, 54 - - Hutton, Aurelius W., 597 - - Hydrophobia, 325 - - Hyde, E. W., 440 - - Hydrants, 446 - - - I - - Ice, 233, 247, 370; first --, 191; formed here, 381; -- - house, 247, 370; -- machine, first, 427; -- wagon, 370 - - Ice cream, first, 191, 391; venders, 391, 629 - - Ice Water Convention, 13 - - _Icerya purchasi_, 544 - - Icicles, 525 - - Idaho, 351 - - Ide, Clarence Edward, xvi - - Ihmsen, Maximilian F., 627 - - Illich, Jerry, 513 - - Illinois, 576 - - _Illinois_, steamer, 14 - - _Imprenta_, 94 - - _Independence_, steamer, 48 - - Indian Wells, 387, 414 - - Indiana, 576; --, Colony, 412, 447, 481 - - Indians, 25, 35, 42, 47, 62, 82, 89, 95, 105, 106, 123, 124, - 126, 131, 134, 165, 169, 182, 202, 203, 217, 218, 227, 228, - 248, 253, 259, 261, 262, 266, 275, 277, 281, 285, 286, 317, - 322, 330, 352, 415, 429, 430, 431, 448, 519, 528, 530, 542, - 553, 604; Polonia, 253; -- agents, 143, 168; --, dances of, - 278; fire signals, 415; Apache --, 431, 541; Chippewa --, - 448; Colorado River --, 317; pueblo --, 542; -- as illegal - voters, 43; -- reservation and adobes, 248, 620 - - Ingersoll, Luther, xvi - - Institute, Sisters', 190 - - Institute, Teachers', 389 - - Insurance, 120, 223, 389, 516 - - Interstate Commerce Commission, 637 - - Inyo County, 386, 521 - - Iowa, 576 - - Iron buildings, corrugated, 120, 133, 190 - - _Ironsides_, 352 - - Irrigation, 115, 213, 215, 218, 329 - - Irving party, 46, 175, 190 - - Irving, Washington, 65 - - Isthmuses, the, and Isthmian travel, 15, 38, 48, 201, 232, - 315 - - Italian Benevolent Society, 553 - - Ivanhoe, 579 - - - J - - Jackson, Andrew, 254 - - Jackson, Helen Hunt (_H. H._), 41, 102, 444, 519, 530 - - Jackson, John E., 404 - - Jackson, R. W., 261 - - Jackson, Simon, 150 - - Jackson Street, 293 - - Jackstones, 103 - - Jacobi, A., 28 - - Jacobs, Lewis, 151 - - Jacoby, Abraham, 287, 606; -- Bros., 287 - - Jacoby, Charles, 287 - - Jacoby, Conrad, 230, 465, 540 - - Jacoby, Herman, 287 - - Jacoby, Lesser, 287 - - Jacoby, Morris, 287 - - Jacoby, Nathan, 286 - - Jacoby, Philo, 465 - - Jail, old, 115, 286, 511, 530 - - Jail Street, 36 - - Jamaica, 14 - - James, Collector, 341 - - James, George Wharton, 588 - - Janeiro, Rio de, 123 - - Japanese at the Centennial, 497 - - Jazynsky, Louis, 212, 219 - - Jefferson, D., 396 - - Jelinek, Mrs. A., 623 - - Jenkins, Charles Meyers, 94, 295 - - Jenkins, William W., 76 - - Jenny Lind Bakery, 77, 191 - - Jerkies, 375 - - Jerky, 25 - - Jess, Stoddard, 473, 638, 642, 647 - - Jevne, Hans, 76, 550, 606, 638 - - Jewish Cemetery, 104, 122, 396 - - Jewish Orphans Home of Southern California, 643 - - Jewish reformed ritual, 314 - - Jewish services, 122, 314, 608, 618 - - Jewish synagogue, first, 314 - - Jewish temple, 608 - - Jewish women, 104, 409, 432, 535, 599, 644 - - Jews, threat to drive out the, 342 - - Jinks, Captain, 278 - - Johnson, Adelaida, 61 - - Johnson, Albert, 455 - - Johnson, Andrew, 361 - - Johnson, Bridget, 28 - - Johnson, Captain, 376 - - Johnson, Charles R., 62, 249, 255; Mrs. --, 255; -- & - Allanson, 62, 151 - - Johnson, Dick, 82 - - Johnson, E. P., 378, 606 - - Johnson, Hiram, 639 - - Johnson, J. A., 91 - - Johnson, James (Santiago), 53, 61, 279; Mrs. --, 38 - - Johnson, Joseph H., 622 - - Johnson, Margarita, 53 - - Johnson, Micajah D., 488 - - Johnson, Milbank, 628 - - Johnson, O. T., 581 - - Johnston, A. J., 428 - - Johnston, Albert Sidney, 107, 294, 316, 337; Mrs. --, 316, - 321, 337 - - Johnston, Albert Sidney, Jr., 320 - - Johnston, Hancock M., 322; Mrs. --, 50 - - Johnston, William Preston, 295 - - Jolly, Hi, 222 - - Joly, Joseph, 405 - - Jones, C. W., xv - - Jones, Chloe P., 533 - - Jones, Clara M., 355 - - Jones, Eleanor Brodie, xv - - Jones, E. W., 589, 626 - - Jones, G. M., 603 - - Jones, John, 65, 342, 353, 356, 366, 383, 427, 432; Mrs. --, - 65, 409 - - Jones, John H., 85, 86; Mrs. (Carrie M.) --, 85, 542, 648 - - Jones, John P., 181, 479, 485ff., 521, 586 - - Jones, John T., 105 - - Jones, M. G., 65, 545 - - Jones, Wilson W., 35, 107 - - Jones Block, 536 - - Jones's Corral, 455 - - Jordan Bros., 549 - - _Jota_ 135 - - Joughin, Andrew, 357 - - Joyce, W. H., 637 - - Juan, Cojo, 238 - - Judd, Henderson, xvi - - Judges of the Plains, 182, 183, 242 - - Judson & Belshaw, 385ff. - - Juez de Paz, 99 - - _Julius Cæsar_, 588 - - Jumper, 446 - - Juneau, 602 - - Junge, Adolph (Adolf), 290, 367 - - Junta Patriotica, 338 - - Jurupa _rancho_, 175ff., 255, 391 - - - K - - Kahn, John, 72, 606 - - Kahn, Zadoc and Mme., 450 - - Kaiser, Charles, 273 - - Kalamazoo, Mich., 106 - - Kalisher, W., 61; Mrs. --, 409; -- & Wartenberg, 61, 409 - - _Kalorama_, steamer, 465 - - Kane, Mr., 337 - - Katz, B., 405; Mrs. --, 409 - - Kays, James C., 469, 545, 618 - - Kearney, Phil., 614 - - Kearny, S. W., 206, 255 - - Keller, M., 35, 128, 200, 292, 293, 346, 436, 446, 483 - - Keller's Building, 94 - - Kellogg, D. P., xvi - - Kellogg & Co., 130 - - Kelly, Dan, 413 - - Kenealy, John, 529 - - Kercheval, Albert Fenner, 428, 574; -- Tract, 574 - - Kerckhoff, George, 515 - - Kerckhoff, William G., 515, 545; -- Building, 515 - - Kerckhoff, Mr., 581 - - Kerlin, Fred E., 320 - - Kern, Paul, 481 - - Kern County, 188, 272, 426, 437 - - Kern River, 148, 149, 317 - - Kerosene, 346 - - Kewen, A. L., 54 - - Kewen, Edward J. C., 45, 54, 55, 170, 185, 249, 285, 318, - 351, 356, 441; Mrs. --, 185 - - Keyes, C. G., xvi - - Keysor, E. F., 466, 470; -- & Morgan, 470 - - Kimball, C. H., 355 - - Kimball, Cyrus, 348 - - Kimball, Nathan, 447 - - Kimberly, Martin M., 318 - - Kimble, L., 619 - - Kindergarten, 356, 566 - - King, Andrew J., 89, 91, 246, 250, 315, 344, 347, 350, 366, - 380, 397, 426, 433, 443, 446; Mrs. --, 89, 315; -- & Co., - 350; -- & Waite, 380 - - King, Frank, 347 - - King, F. W., 606 - - King, Henry, 358 - - King, Houston, 347 - - King, John, 245, 316, 358, 380 - - King, Samuel, 91, 92 - - King, Thomas, 210 - - King, William R., 121 - - King-Carlisle duel, 347ff. - - Kingston, Tulare Co., 453 - - _Kinneloa_, 519 - - Kinney, Abbot, 519, 530, 566, 595, 603, 606, 627 - - Kip, William Ingraham, 340 - - Kirkland Valley, 415 - - Klokke, E. F. C., 606 - - _Knäckebröd_, 5 - - _Kneipe_, Temple Block 230 - - Knight, William H., 612 - - Knights Commander, Order of, 542 - - Knowles, Charles, 455 - - Knowlton, Charles, 396, 455, 469 - - Knowlton, Willis T., xvi - - Koebele, Albert, 544 - - Koepfli, J. O., 544, 606, 619, 626, 634, 635, 637 - - Kohler, F. D., 130 - - Kohler, G. Charles, 212, 213; -- & Fröhling, 213 - - Koll, Frederick W., 251, 275 - - Koster, John, 368 - - Kragevsky, Miguel, 206 - - Kremer, Campbell & Co., 280 - - Kremer, Maurice, 39, 71, 72, 189, 191, 201, 260, 280, 287, - 334, 347, 355, 365, 400, 415, 419, 636; Mrs. -- (_née_ - Newmark), 191, 599, 636 - - Kress, George H., 641 - - Kuhn, Henry, 258 - - Kuhrts, Jacob, 228, 229, 409, 446, 552, 585, 606; Mrs. --, - 229, 527 - - Ku-Klux Klan, 516 - - Kurtz, Carl, 367, 606 - - Kurtz, Joseph, 230, 367, 409, 434, 526, 540, 548, 587, 593, - 649 - - Kuster, Edward G., 637 - - - L - - Labatt Bros., 69 - - Laborie, Antoine, 64 - - Labrador, 398 - - Lacey, Sidney, 377, 446 - - Lachenais, A. M. G., 40, 303, 419 - - Lacy, Richard H., 377; -- Manufacturing Co., 377 - - Lacy, William, 377, 647 - - Lacy, William, Jr., 377 - - Ladies, escorting of, 184; -- at political gatherings, 282 - - Ladybird, 544 - - Ladybug, 544 - - Lafayette Hotel, 176, 251, 275, 321, 384, 389, 396, 397, 469 - - La Fetra, Milton H., 483 - - Lafoon, Charles, 366 - - Lager beer, first, 40 - - Lamanda Park, 578 - - Lambourn, Fred, 87, 471 - - Lamps, coal oil, 34 - - Lamson, George F., 155 - - Lamson, Gertrude, 155 - - Lamson, S. F., 338 - - Lancaro, B. H., 179 - - Land bet on races, 161 - - Land Commission, 238 - - Land Commissioners, Board of, 146, 509 - - Landmarks Club, 542 - - Land Office, Register of, 143, 214 - - Land values, unscientific consideration of (see under - Property) - - _Land of Sunshine_, 542, 646 - - Land patents, 509 - - Land syndicates in the Boom, 572 - - Lander, James H., 45, 53, 339, 348; Mrs. --, 38, 53 - - Lane, the, 394 - - Lane, Joseph, 282 - - Lane's Crossing, 281 - - Lanes, 25, 112, 126, 198, 394, 485, 614 - - Lanfranco Block, new, 371; --, old, 71, 231, 367, 369, 465, - 550; the --, hotel. 369 - - Lanfranco, Juan T., 70, 71, 216, 369, 433; Mrs. --, 71, 181, - 508 - - Lanfranco, Mateo, 70, 216 - - Lanfranco, Petra Pilar, 135 - - Lang, Gustav J., 442 - - Langenberger, A. and Mrs., 212 - - Langs, confusion as to, 442; Lang, John, No. 1, 274, 442; - --, No. 2, 442, 447; --'s Station, 387, 447, 496, 498 - - Lankershim, Isaac, 381, 421, 493; -- Ranch, 578 - - Lankershim, J. B., 381, 584, 606; Mrs. --, 65; -- Block, 192 - - Lanterns, candle, camphine, coal oil, 34 - - Largo, Juan, 169 - - Larkin, Thomas O., American Consul, 108 - - La Rue, John, 27ff., 61 - - Larrabee, Charles H., 376, 441 - - Larronde, Pedro, 311 - - Lasker, Edward, 539 - - Lasky, L., 72 - - Lasso, 243 - - Latham, Milton S., 109, 282, 285; Camp --, 299; Fort --, 321 - - Latterday Saints, 345 - - Laubheim, Samuel, 290 - - Laughlin, Homer, 201; -- Building, 201, 608, 625, 638; -- - Annex, 593 - - Laughlin, Richard, 187 - - Laundries, first, 78, 298, 310 - - _Laura Bevan_, wreck of, 66, 152 - - Laurel Tract, 442 - - Laurence, H. F., 385 - - Lauth, Philip, 230 - - Laventhal, Elias, 146, 189 - - Lawler, Oscar, 624; Mrs. --, 624 - - Lawlor, W. B., 373, 443; -- Institute, 373 - - Lawyers, 45ff.; --', fees, 47; --' Block, 596 - - Lazard, Abe, 72 - - Lazard, E. M., 72 - - Lazard Frères, 439, 522, 540 - - Lazard, Max, 89 - - Lazard, Solomon, 65, 71, 89, 120, 123, 133, 163, 224, 287, - 290, 347, 365, 366, 383, 449, 489, 503, 504, 508, 618, 637; - Mrs. --, 224, 253, 347, 508, 637; -- & Co., 132, 171, 229, - 355, 362, 400, 452; -- & Kremer, 71, 189; -- & Wolfskill, 72 - - Lazarowich, Joe, 550 - - Lazarus, P., 230, 365; Mrs. --, 365; -- Stationery Co., 365 - - Lea, Homer, 644 - - Lead mines, 385, 388 - - Lechler, George and Mrs., 235 - - Leck, Henry v. d. and Mrs., 64 - - Leck, Lorenzo, 64, 78, 259, 304, 409; Mrs. --, 304, 317; - --'s Hall, 314 - - Lecouvreur, Frank, 149, 152, 230, 319, 344, 403, 411; Mrs. - --, 411 - - Lectures, public, 190, 623 - - Ledger, reflections caused by an old, 219 - - Ledyard, Captain, 338 - - Lee, Bradner W., 475, 516, 517 - - Lee, Bradner W., Jr., xvi - - Lee, Charles, 453 - - Lee, John D., 217 - - Lee, John P., 325 - - Lee, Robert Edward, 328, 353 - - Leech, William P., 627 - - Leeds, England, 276 - - Leggings, leather, 159 - - Legislature appealed to, 207 - - Lehman, Andrew, 86 - - Lehman, George, 192, 193, 272, 273, 417, 463, 522ff. - - Leiter, Levi Z., 602 - - Leiter, Mary Victoria, 602 - - Lelande, H. J., xvi - - Lelong, Joseph, 77 - - Lemberg, Fred, 351 - - Lemons, and lemon-culture, 211, 212, 412 - - Lemon, Frank, 476 - - Lemon, William, 476 - - Le Mésnager, George, 541 - - Le Moyne, Francis Julius, 567 - - Leon, Ralph, 481 - - Leonis, Miguel, 310 - - Le Sage, Gideon, 470 - - Lessen, 3 - - Letter boxes, 94, 410 - - Letter, Jacob, 72 - - Letts, Arthur, 613 - - Levering, Noah, 540 - - Levy, E. J., 601 - - Levy, Isaac, xvi - - Levy, Michael, 372; -- & Co., 372; -- Coblentz, 372 - - Lewin, Louis and Mrs. 365; -- Co., Louis, 365 - - Lewis, David, 91; and Mrs., 93 - - Lewis, John A., 93; --, McElroy & Rand, 93 - - _Lewis Perry_, 237, 276, 290 - - Lewis, S. B., 589, 607 - - Lewis, Thomas A., 589 - - Libby Prison, 295 - - Libraries, loan, 428 - - Library Association, Los Angeles, 443 - - Library, Los Angeles, 257, 443, 513, 542, 593, 638; --, - first, 256; transferred to the City, 513 - - Lichtenberger, H., 607 - - Lichtenberger, Louis, 153, 154, 428 - - Lick, James, 71, 216, 568 - - Liebre, Rancho de la, 195 - - _Lied von der Glocke, das_, 119 - - Life insurance, 319 - - _Life and Sport in the Open_, 558 - - Lighthouses, first here, 473; --, at Catalina, 319 - - Lighting of streets and buildings, 34, 349, 408, 410 - - Lightner, Isaac, 344 - - Lily Langtry Tract, 575 - - Lincoln, Abraham, 142, 236, 238, 249, 264, 289, 297, 307, - 315, 330, 334, 337, 338, 339, 399, 595; vote in Los Angeles, - 282 - - Lindley, Albert, 473 - - Lindley, Henry, 473 - - Lindley, Ida B., 473 - - Lindley, Milton, 473 - - Lindley Walter, 322, 473, 589, 641 - - Lindskow, 404 - - Lindville, 405 - - Lips, Charles C., 356, 409, 449, 539 - - Lips, Walter, 356; --, Craigue & Co., 356 - - Lissner, Meyer, 639 - - Little, W. H., 206, 207 - - Littlefield, J. C., 444 - - Little Lake, 387 - - Liverpool, England, 8, 9, 10, 381, 447, 493 - - Livery stables, 377, 383, 389, 429 - - Livingstone, David, 211 - - Llewellyn, David, 559 - - Llewellyn, Llewellyn J., 559; -- Iron Works, 559 - - Llewellyn, Reese, 559 - - Llewellyn, William, 559 - - Lloyd, Reuben, 474 - - Locomotives (see under Railroads) - - Lock-boxes, postal, 372 - - Locust trees, black, 162, 539 - - Loeb, Edwin J., xv., 355 - - Loeb, Joseph P., xv., 355, 637 - - Loeb, Leon, 355, 383, 540, 606; Mrs. --, 355, 636 - - Loebau, 1, 5, 7, 12, 360, 361, 564, 621 - - Loew, Jacob, 87, 367, 425; Mrs. --, 367 - - Loewenstein, Emanuel, 75 - - Loewenstein, Hilliard, 75, 233; Mrs. --, 75 - - Loewenthal, Max, 75 - - Logan, honey dealer, 127 - - Lomas de Santiago _rancho_, 170 - - London, 360, 407 - - London & San Francisco Bank, 412 - - Lone Pine, 375 - - Long Beach, 166, 167, 374, 519, 580, 601, 620; -- disaster, - 647 - - Longevity, 493, 528, 649 - - Longfellow, Henry W., 624 - - Lopez, bandit, 209 - - Lord, Isaac W., 377, 449, 489, 505, 563, 576 - - Lordsburg, 576, 578 - - Loricke, E. M., 462 - - Loring, Frederick, 430, 431 - - Los Angeles, 6, xv., 22ff., 36, 52, 205, 231, 240, 258, 313, - 338, 348, 349, 365, 379, 388, 400, 402, 417, 440ff., 445, - 504, 510, 528, 539, 541, 557, 598, 614, 618, 626, 640, 642, - 643; extension of hospitality, 398, 639 - - Los Angeles advertised at the Centennial, 483, 498 - - Los Angeles and consolidation with harbor towns, 638 - - _Los Angeles and Environs_, 620 - - Los Angeles and the Civil War, 294, 299ff., 305, 308, 311, - 316, 318, 321, 323, 326, 328, 330, 333, 334, 337ff., 350, - 353, 371 - - Los Angeles and the Southern Pacific Railroad problem, 440 - ff, 489, 502ff - - Los Angeles as market for the interior, 385; as market for - whalers, 308 - - Los Angeles charity, criticism of, 431 - - Los Angeles Coffee Saloon, 279 - - Los Angeles College, 566 - - Los Angeles College Clinical Association, 367 - - Los Angeles County, 25, 35, 92, 188, 426; organization of, - 35; ownership of, 166; proposed divisions of, 406, 593; - reward unpaid, 425 - - _Los Angeles County, An Historical Sketch of_, 365, 501 - - _Los Angeles County, History of_, (Guinn) 620 - - Los Angeles County Bank, 466 - - Los Angeles County Homeopathic Medical Society, 548 - - Los Angeles County Railroad, 592 - - Los Angeles Court House, adobe, 40, 256; Temple --, 67, 294, - 339, 441, 449; present --, 301, 452 - - Los Angeles Crematory Society, 567 - - Los Angeles, early views of, 364 - - Los Angeles Furniture Co., 378 - - Los Angeles Gas Co., 489 - - Los Angeles Guards, 499 - - Los Angeles Harbor, 545, 637, 642; -- Board, 642; -- - dredging, 426; proposed harbors, 581. (See _Harbor - Contest_.) - - _Los Angeles, History of_, (Willard) 646 - - Los Angeles High School, 301, 419, 452, 532; first -- - student to enter State University, 536 - - Los Angeles Infirmary, 210 - - Los Angeles Medical Society, 370 - - Los Angeles Pacific Railroad Co., 613 - - Los Angeles, panoramic views of, 364 - - Los Angeles Produce Exchange, 537 - - Los Angeles Rifleros, 499 - - Los Angeles River, 116, 258, 289, 398, 412; --, right to - water of, 541 - - Los Angeles Saddlery Co., 82 - - Los Angeles Savings Bank, 358 - - Los Angeles Soap Co., 470 - - Los Angeles Social Club, 383, 500 - - Los Angeles Soda Water Works, 363 - - _Los Angeles_: steamer, 346; little steamer, 395, 398, 404; - locomotive, 402, 404 - - Los Angeles Street, 30, 288, 383, 400, 408, 433, 472, 510 - - Los Angeles Terminal Railroad, 597 - - Los Angeles Theater, 590 - - Los Angeles Water Co., 366, 377, 384, 389, 418, 446, 510, - 534, 617 - - Los Angeles & Independence Railroad, 485, 487, 488, 521, - 569; --depot, 485 - - Los Angeles & San Gabriel Valley Railroad, 549, 585 - - Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad, 295, 318, 321, 334, 353, - 354, 363, 370, 375, 380, 383, 384, 393, 396, 404, 408, 430, - 440, 441, 452, 506, 521; --, depot, (later owned by the - Southern Pacific) 107, 383, 393, 400, 401, 403; first train - into Los Angeles, 401; first regular trains, 403; first - midnight train, 402; first popular excursion, 402 - - Los Angeles & Truxton Railroad, 460 - - Lothian, I. A., 619, 635 - - Lott, A. E., 386 - - Lotteries, land sales by, 573 - - Louis French, 369 - - Louis Vielle (Louis _Gordo_), 369 - - Louisiana Coffee Saloon, 279 - - Love, Harry, 58 - - Lover's Lane, 198 - - Low, Frederick, F., 323, 338 - - Lowe, Ella Housefield, xvi - - Lowe, T. S. C., 561, 604; -- Railroad, Mount, 604; -- - Astronomical Observatory, 604 - - Lowe, W. W., 521 - - Lowenthal, Henry, 627 - - Lucky, W. T., 389, 452 - - Lugo, António María, and the Lugo family, 35, 47, 74, 102, - 135, 159, 167, 168, 174, 183, 200, 214, 253, 263, 376 - - Lugo, Felipe, 220, 242 - - Lugo, José del Carmen, 87, 174 - - Lugo, José María, 87, 99, 174 - - Lugo, José Ygnácio, 171, 263 - - Lugo, Magdalena, 171 - - Lugo, Vicente, 87, 99, 102, 174 - - Lugo, Ygnácio, 74, 158, 174 - - Luleå, 4 - - Lumber-famine, 380 - - Lumber, from San Bernardino, 88; -- yards, 81, 88, 274, 380 - - Lummis, Charles F., 232, 364, 541ff., 593, 607, 626, 638, - 646, 647, 648; personality, 542; on the memoirs of Harris - Newmark, xii - - Lummis, M. Dorothea, 548 - - _L'Union Nouvelle_, 516 - - _Lusitania_, sinking of the, 644 - - Last, C. F. A., 607 - - Lynch, Joseph D., 516, 556, 581 - - Lynchings: Brown, 140; Alvitre, 147; Flores, 209; Daniel, - 223; Cota, 304; Daimwood, 324; wholesale, 325; Cerradel, - 326; Wilkins, 327; Lachenais, 420; Chinese, 30, 433; --, - defense of, 141; --, El Monte boys at, 91, 324, 471 - - Lyons, Cy, 194, 195; --'s Station, 194 - - Lyons, Sanford, 194 - - - M - - Macaulay, Thomas Babington, xi - - MacGowan, Granville, 201 - - McArthur, Anna, 107 - - McBride, James, 404 - - McConnell, J. R., 597 - - McCoy, Frank, 579 - - McCracken, T. W., 416 - - McCrea, John, 404 - - McCrellish, Frederick J., 270, 271, 283ff.; -- & Co., 270 - - McCullough, J. G., 341 - - McDonald, Edward N., 218; -- Block, 206, 218, 545 - - McDonald, N. A., 404 - - McDougal, F. A. and Mrs., 168, 383 - - McDowell, Hugh, 617 - - McDowell, Irwin, 341 - - McElroy, John, 93 - - McFadden, James, 506 - - McFadden, P., 366 - - McFadden, William, 419 - - McFarland, Albert, 556 - - McFarland, James P., 107, 109; -- & Downey, 109 - - McGarry Tract, 574 - - McGarvin, D. C., 607 - - McGinnis, Ed., 137 - - McGroarty, John S., 102 - - McGuire, Thomas, 422 - - McKee, H. S., 625 - - McKee, William, 107, 163, 321, 539 - - McKinley, William, 616, 618 - - McKinney, Preston, 559 - - McLain, George P., 446; -- & Lehman, 559 - - McClellan, Bryce, 464, 483 - - McClellan, George F., 483 - - McClellan, H., 483 - - McLoughlin, Ben, 153 - - McMullen's Station, 415 - - Machado, Augustin, 63, 179 - - Machado, Susana, 63 - - Machado, Ygnácio, 179 - - _Machete_, 231 - - Mackey, A. F., 587 - - Maclay, Charles, 459 - - Macniel, Hugh Livingston, 561 - - Macy, Lucinda, 106 - - Macy, Obed, 26, 91, 92, 150, 297; -- Street, 92, 198, 412 - - Macy, Oscar, 91, 92, 210, 216, 297 - - Madigan, Eliza, 321, 355 - - Madigan, Mike, 383; -- lot, 396 - - Madox, A., 91 - - Madras, 547 - - Magic performances, 318 - - Magruder, John B., 224 - - Mahler, first Jewish child to die here, 104 - - Mahlstedt, Mrs. D., 527 - - Maier, Simon, 69, 607 - - Mail, dead-letter, 267; --, disturbed, 291; --, sent by - express company, 374, 375; Overland --, 256, 259; uncertain - arrival of --, 235, 374; -- routes, 361; improvement in - despatch of --, 264; small amount of -- business, 431; - introduction of money-orders by --, 431; -- by stages, 234, - 373, 374 - - Main Street, 31, 32, 73, 112, 125, 158, 335, 472, 518, 519, - 535, 543, 561, 573, 584 - - Main Street Savings Bank, 561 - - Main Street & Agricultural Park Railway Co., 389, 462 - - _Maine_, the, 616 - - Maison Dorée, 513 - - Major, L. A., 516 - - Mallard, Augusta, 361 - - Mallard, Joseph Stillman, 33, 36, 89, 205, 361, 364, 411; - Mrs. --, 46; -- Street, 36 - - Mallard, Mary, 411 - - Mallard, Walter, 89 - - Mallory, Stephen Russell, 467 - - Maloney, Richard, 239 - - Manilla, 365 - - Manning, Celeste, xvi - - Manning, Joe, 464 - - Mansfield, John, 541, 587, 597 - - Manufacturers' Association, 611 - - Marble-cutter, first, 406 - - Marchessault, Damien, 132, 241, 258, 350, 366 - - Mariguana, 14 - - Mariposa, 148 - - Mariposa, La, 550 - - Mariposa Big Trees, 272 - - Market House, Temple, 240, 241, 258, 263, 294 - - Markham, Henry Harrison, 378, 517, 598 - - Marks, Baruch, 75; -- & Co., B., 75 - - Marriages, native, 136 - - Marsh, William, 149 - - Marshall & Henderson, 537 - - Marshals, U. S., 315, 543 - - Martial law, 207 - - Martin & Co., E., 356 - - Martin, Jack, 268 - - Martin, Mrs. Peter, 355 - - Martin, W. H., 237 - - Martinez, Nicolás, 391 - - Mascarel, José, 62, 63, 65, 339, 341, 423, 596; -- & Barri, - 189 - - Masonic Temple, San Francisco, laying of corner-stone, 270 - - Masons, F. & A., 156, 208, 317, 371, 624; Lodge No. 42, 26, - 105, 118, 203 - - Massachusetts Cavalry, Second, 295 - - Matches, Swedish, 120 - - Mathes, S. J., 482 - - Mathews, John R., 537 - - Maurício, Maurice, 191 - - Maximilian, Emperor, 224, 359 - - Maxwell, George W., 567 - - Maxwell, Walter S., 71, 537, 568; Mrs. --, 71 - - Mayerhofer, Josephine, 191 - - Mayors of Los Angeles, 32, 33, 36, 50, 100, 105, 115, 147, - 218, 288, 302, 372, 379, 388, 398, 399, 445, 467, 556, 561, - 566, 613, 616, 638, 639, 642; Mayor as Justice of Peace, 524 - - Mazatlán, 23, 27 - - Meat-packers, 482 - - Meat, price affected by cold, 381 - - Mechanics' Institute, 190 - - Medical aid, visiting Europe for, 164 - - Medical colleges, Los Angeles, 280, 593; first medical - school, 548 - - _Medical Profession of Southern California, History of the_, - 641 - - Medicines, early, 110 - - Meiggs, Harry, 21 - - Mellus, Francis, 35, 36, 39, 61, 87, 105, 119, 132, 137, - 227, 256, 265, 288; Mrs. --, 61, 227 - - Mellus, Henry, 39, 85, 132, 133, 226, 227, 256, 268, 284, - 288; Mrs. --, 85, 133, 227; -- & Howard, 61 - - Mellus, James J., 61, 537, 607 - - Mellus' Row, 60, 61, 71, 75, 248, 309, 313, 351, 472 - - Mendell, George H., 618 - - Mercantile Place, 539 - - Merced Ranch, 167, 520 - - Merchandise, bet on races, 161; --, early prices of, 73 - - Merchandising, extravagant stories about, 38 - - Merchants' Association, 605, 611 - - Merchants and Manufacturers' Association, 611, 634 - - Merchants, small stocks of, 311; --, tricks of, 131, 177 - - Merrymaking, 135 - - _Mesa_, 322 - - _Mescal_, 134, 205, 424 - - Mesmer, Joseph, 244, 630 - - Mesmer, Louis, 191, 244, 303, 380, 523, 581, 596 - - Messer, Kiln, 123, 200, 274, 275, 410; Mrs. --, 442 - - Methodists, 103, 340, 516 - - Metlakahtla, 602 - - Metropolitan Building, 639 - - Mexican War, 108, 169; -- Veterans, 138, 499 - - Mexicans, 89, 322, 330, 333; _cuisine_ of, 102, 133, 630; - dress of, 99, 157; goods of, 62, 66, 279; as laborers, 25; - as outlaws, 206, 333; as illiterate voters, 42 - - Mexico, 397; peace proclamation of, 400 - - Mexico, City of, 57, 546 - - Meyberg, Max, 605, 606, 639; -- Bros., 611 - - Meyberg, Mrs. Morris, xvi - - Meyer, Constant, 452 - - Meyer, Edgar J., 644 - - Meyer, Eugene, 68, 198, 237, 290, 355, 366, 377, 381, 383, - 400, 450, 452, 464, 466, 480, 499, 523, 540, 644; Mrs. --, - 196, 290, 377, 564, 637, 644; -- & Co., Eugene, 452, 643 - - Meyer, Isaac A., 309; -- & Breslauer, 309 - - Meyer, J. A., 297 - - Meyer, Louisa, xvi - - Meyer, Mendel, 233, 459 - - Meyer, Samuel, 26, 75, 150, 194, 233, 309, 383; Mrs. --, 75 - - Meyer & Breslauer, 309 - - Meying, William, xvi - - Michaels, M., 72 - - Micheltorena, Manuel, 92, 178 - - Midwinter Fair, San Francisco, 605 - - _Mikado_, 547 - - Miles, Charles E., 446, 454, 457 - - Miles, Nelson A., 581, 586, 587 - - Military academy, first, 622; -- bands, 296, 394, 398, 579; - -- posts, Los Angeles trade with, 265 - - Milk, early peddling of, 172 - - Miller, marble cutter, 406 - - Miller, John M., 543 - - Miller & Lux, 458 - - Milliner's advertisement, 492 - - Millington, S. J., 427 - - Mills and millers, 54, 87, 213, 218, 367, 381, 470, 581 - - Millspaugh, Jesse F., 532 - - Milner, John, 404, 452, 568; Mrs. --, 527 - - Miner, Randolph Huntington, 473, 612; Mrs. --, 473 - - Mining and miners, 17, 94, 108, 123, 126, 148, 149, 228, - 268, 271, 318, 321, 385ff., 474, 475, 476, 477 - - Minstrels, 186 - - Mint Valley, 415 - - Minting, early, 130 - - Miron, Juan María, 202 - - Miron, Juana, 202 - - _Mirror_, Los Angeles, 444, 474, 482, 530, 533, 617 - - Mission Dolores, 276 - - Mission Fathers, 88, 92, 101, 115, 199 - - Mission Inn, Frank Miller's, 625 - - Mission Play, 102 - - Mission Road, 42, 533 - - Missions (see under Spanish Missions) - - Mitchell, Charles E., xvi - - Mitchell, Henry Milner, 417, 455, 457, 488, 499; --, shot by - mistake, 517; Mrs. --, 517 - - Mitchell, John S., 492 - - Mix, W. A., 405 - - Mob, psychology of the, 324 - - Modjeska, Helena, 494, 495; -- Avenue, 495 - - Moerenhaut, Jacob A., 254, 317, 501 - - Moffatt & Co., 130 - - Moffitt, A. B., 521 - - Mohave County, Arizona, 92 - - _Mohongo_, 465 - - Moiso, Jim, 550 - - Mojave, desert, 317; Fort --, 281; --, town of, 386, 387 - - _Molino, El_, 54 - - Mondonville, 579 - - Money, exchange with San Francisco, 129; expressing -- as - coin to San Francisco, 129; hoarding -- in bags, 129; -- - orders, first foreign, 431 - - Monk, Hank, 429 - - Monroe, William N., 563 - - Monrovia, 467, 563, 576, 578, 620 - - Montana, 304, 351 - - Monte, El, 71, 88, 90, 91, 92, 107, 150, 196, 207, 234, 251, - 261, 317, 324, 325, 354, 426, 452, 471 - - Montebello, 535 - - Monterey, 22, 47, 254, 255, 279, 520 - - _Monterey_, steamer, 465 - - Monte Vista, 579 - - Montgomery Saloon, 31, 209, 282 - - Moody, Dwight L., 590 - - Moore, C. E., 642 - - Moore, Maggie, 381 - - Moore, Walter S., 71, 464, 587; Mrs. --, 71 - - Moore, William, 319 - - Moran, John, 363 - - More, Ira, 532, 604 - - Moreno, bankrupt, 68 - - Moreno, Francisco, 159 - - Morford, W. E., 476 - - Morgan, Octavius, 469, 568 - - Morgan, Cosmo, 465; -- & Newmark, 465 - - Mormons, 87, 88, 151, 155, 156, 217, 218, 242, 320, 345 - - _Morning Call_, San Francisco, 427 - - Morris, Herman, 72 - - Morris, Jacob, 72 - - Morris, J. L., 72, 383 - - Morris, Moritz, 72, 356, 383, 540; -- Bros., 104; -- - Vineyard, 104, 539 - - Morris, shoemaker, 86 - - Morrison, Murray, 185, 295, 365, 436; Mrs. --, 185, 436 - - Morsch, Fred, 409 - - Mortimer, C. White, 597 - - Morton, F., 65, 66, 152, 248 - - Morton, Levi P., 617 - - Mosher, L. E., 583, 607, 616 - - Mosquito Gulf, 14 - - Mott, John G., 72 - - Mott, Stephen Hathaway, 82, 366, 472, 534 - - Mott, Thomas D., 64, 72, 73, 81, 82, 160, 181, 309, 311, - 323, 324, 335, 366, 383, 440; Mrs. --, 181, 309; -- Hall, - 590; -- Market, 590 - - Moulton, Elijah T., 171, 289; Mrs. --, 171 - - Mountain Meadow Massacre, 106, 217 - - Mountain travel, difficulty of, 120, 121, 285 - - Mounted Rifles, Los Angeles, 294 - - Mud Springs, 387 - - Mueller, Otto, 518 - - Muir Glacier, 602 - - Mulberry-tree, 390 - - Mule Springs, 414 - - Mules, 16, 92, 312; on street railways, 462; mule trains, - 187, 312, 385 - - Mulholland, William, 50, 509, 555 - - Mullally, Joe, 396; --, Porter & Ayers, 83 - - Mumus, 125 - - Municipal and County Adobe, 36, 40, 41, 209, 256, 324, 338, - 530 - - Municipal League, 545, 646 - - Munk, J. A., 636, 647, 648 - - Murat, John, 258 - - "Murchison, Charles F.," 590; -- Letters, 590 - - Murders, 31, 35, 46, 58, 139, 190, 206, 303, 304, 323, 324, - 326, 327, 330, 340, 418, 424, 430, 432, 470, 512, 629 - - Murdoch, W. T., 610 - - Murieta, Joaquín, 58 - - Murphy, Joe, 381 - - Murphy, Sheriff, 223 - - Muscupiabe, 90 - - Museum of History, Science and Art, 110, 159, 238, 253, 258, - 291, 457, 479, 622, 631, 640, 645 - - Mushet, W. C., 639 - - Music, early, 157, 183, 193, 268, 398; Spanish and Mexican, - --, 22, 31; -- teachers, 373; musicians, 183, 213, 214, 412 - - Mustard, wild, 126 - - Mutton, 216 - - Myles, Henry R., 109, 111, 320 - - - N - - Nadeau, George A., 304 - - Nadeau, H., 492 - - Nadeau, Remi, 304, 385ff., 421, 513, 534, 558; -- Block, - 558; --Hotel, 385, 513, 518, 534, 587; -- Park, 576, 579; -- - Station, 388; _rancho_, 388 - - Napa Valley, 199 - - Naples, 621 - - Naples, California, 630 - - Nast, Thomas, 590 - - Natick House, 63, 77 - - _Nation, The_, xii - - National Hotel, 396 - - Natives, naïve temperaments of, 162 - - Naud, Edouard, 202, 288; Mrs. --, 202; --'s Warehouse, 288 - - Needles, 440 - - Negroes, 123, 138, 330, 527; negro troops, 330 - - Negros, Calle de los, 30, 98, 288, 510 - - Neuendorffer, R. C., xvi - - Neumark, West Prussia, 1 - - Neuner, M. C., 639 - - Nevada Bank, San Francisco, 595 - - New Arlington Hotel, 418, 552 - - New High Street, 472 - - Newberry, John R., 551 - - Newell, Jerry, 83 - - Newfoundland, storm off, 11 - - Newhall, Walter S., 607 - - Newhall, 41, 95, 170, 504 - - Newman, Edward, 330 - - Newmark, Abraham, son of Joseph Newmark, 538 - - Newmark, Augusta, wife of J. P. Newmark, 163, 191, 240; - death of, 611 - - Newmark Bros., 559 - - Newmark, Caroline, daughter of Joseph Newmark, 121, 347 - - Newmark, Edith, daughter of Harris Newmark, 470 - - Newmark, Edward J., son of Joseph Newmark, 121, 376, 624 - - Newmark, Edward J., son of Harris Newmark, 515 - - Newmark, Ella, daughter of Harris Newmark, 517, 533 - - Newmark, Emily, daughter of Harris Newmark, 367 - - Newmark, Estelle, daughter of Harris Newmark, 355 - - Newmark (Neumark), Esther, mother of Harris Newmark, 1, 2, - 3, 7; death of, 360 - - Newmark, Harriet, daughter of Joseph Newmark, 121, 195, 290 - - Newmark, Harriet, daughter of J. P. Newmark, 444 - - Newmark (Neumark), Harris, son of Philipp Neumark, birth, 1; - boyhood, 2; accompanies father to Sweden, 3, 649; first - experience at sea, 3; in Denmark and Sweden, 4; returns to - Loebau, 4; becomes shoeblacking apprentice, 4; visits - Finland, 5; experience with Russian bigotry, 5; last winter - at Loebau, 5; invited by brother, J. P. Newmark, to come to - California, 6; leaves Gothenburg for America, 7; forms - peculiar acquaintance, 7ff.; lands at Hull, 8; arrested - with fellow-passenger at Liverpool, 9; misses steamer, 9; - sails from Liverpool, 10; narrowly escapes shipwreck, 11; - arrives at New York, 12; tries peddling--for a day, 13; - sails for California _via_ Nicaragua, 14; crosses the - Isthmus, 15; adventure on a mule, 16; shares the - vicissitudes of the trip with Lieutenant William Tecumseh - Sherman, 17; reaches the Pacific, 18; enters the Golden - Gate, 19; meets Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Newmark and family, 121; - absorbed with early San Francisco life, 19ff.; continues - sea-trip to Southern California, 22; disembarks at San - Pedro, 22; meets Phineas Banning, 23; comes by stage to Los - Angeles, 24; amazed at first sight of Indians, squirrels and - _carne seca_, 25; reunion with brother, 26; clerks for - brother, 27; makes rounds of Los Angeles gambling dens, 30 - ff.; faces gun of drunken neighbor, 58; and confronts weapon - of another joker, 60; early associations with Mayor Nichols, - 32; acts as agent for Henry Hancock, 37; lives in the family - of Joseph Newmark, 121; first meeting with George Hansen, - 37; friendship with George Carson, 217; learns Spanish - before English, 121; becomes charter member of Los Angeles - Hebrew Benevolent Society, 123; establishes himself in - business, 128; sacrifices necessary to attain success, 128; - first business profits, 128; duns a debtor at some personal - risk, 144; becomes partner in Rich, Newmark & Co., 146; - business trips and adventures, 150ff.; attends bull-fight, - 161; experiences first earthquake, 165; participates in - early social life, 183; forms friendship with Cameron E. - Thom, 228; proposes marriage to Miss Sarah Newmark, 103; - third business venture, 189; revisits San Francisco, 191; - rides horseback to Fort Tejón, 194ff.; begins buying hides, - 196; joins the Masonic order, 203; second experience with - earthquake, 204; as Vigilante, 205; again visits San - Francisco, 211; dealings with Louis Robidoux, 175; engages - in sheep business, 220; eyewitness to slaying of Sheriff - Getman, 221; marries Miss Sarah Newmark, 224, 589; engages - in the clothing trade, 237; unfortunate business venture at - Fort Tejón, 248; participates in a _rodeo_, 242; forms - friendship with Winfield Scott Hancock, 246; N. on Hancock's - patriotism, 300; becomes citizen of the United States, 249; - associations with Juan Bandini, 255; appointed Deputy County - Treasurer, 260; delegate to Masonic ceremonies, San - Francisco, 270; first opportunity to use the telegraph, 271; - cordial relations with Senator Gwin, 296; sees lynching of - Cota, 304; embarks in the commission business, 310; suffers - first loss of a child, 317; is examined for health and - becomes pioneer policy holder of Germania Insurance Company, - 319; present at wholesale lynching, 324; condones lynch-law, - 141; probable narrow escape from accidental assassination, - 330; observes fearful effect of drought, 329; loss in hide - speculation, 331; pays high price for flour and beans, 332; - buys first home, 335; plays poker in jury-room, 55; - represses an anti-Lincoln demonstration and saves a friend, - 337; in response to a threat, establishes, with Phineas - Banning, the firm of H. Newmark, soon H. Newmark & Co., 342 - ff.; takes Frank Lecouvreur into his service, 344; dealings - with Mormons, 345; forces business competitors to - capitulate, 353; buys out Banning, 353; spectator at the - King-Carlisle duel, 348; also at the Kewen-Lemberg affray, - 351; decides to remove to New York, 359; with family, - crosses the Isthmus of Panamá, 359; opens branch office in - the metropolis, 359; buys home in New York, 359; revisits - Europe, and sees again birthplace and father, 360; at the - Paris Exposition of 1867, 360; unpleasant predicament at - Covent Garden, 360; bears to Miss Mary Hollister proposal of - marriage from Phineas Banning, 368; returns to Los Angeles, - 376; imports one of the first grand pianos seen here, 376; - introduces finger-bowls, 377; installs bathroom in adobe, - 119; buys city acreage at auction, 379; purchases site for - home on Fort Street, 68, 381; helps organize first social - club, 383; friendship with Remi Nadeau, 386ff.; assists in - welcoming William H. Seward, 398; with an amusing result, - 400; involuntary candidate for Supervisorship, 403; - counsellor to Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society, 409; - intimate relations with early ranchers, 421; helps organize - Sixth District Agricultural Society, 426; on committee to - arrange patriotic celebration, 428; witnesses Chinese - massacre, 434; psychologically affected by the wool craze, - 437ff.; member of committee to invite Southern Pacific - Railroad Company to build into Los Angeles, 440, 502; helps - prepare County railroad ordinances, 441; one of the founders - of the Public Library, 443; visits Vasquez in captivity, - 458; travels to San Francisco by stage, 465; N. on the - future of Fort Street, 466; housewarming, 467; first meeting - with Lucky Baldwin, 474; visits Lake Tahoe, 477; advises - Juan Matías Sanchez against risking his property, 478; buys - first lot sold in Santa Monica, 480; coöperates in editing - Chamber of Commerce report for Centennial, 482; by stage and - rail to San Francisco, 496; visits Centennial Exhibition, - 497; crossing Continent to New York by rail, 497; makes use - of early typewriter, 497; again in San Francisco, 498; takes - part in the opening of San Fernando Tunnel, 504; N. on - discourteous treatment of C. F. Crocker by municipal - authorities, 504; relations with Leland Stanford, 322, 506; - dealings with John E. Hollenbeck, 492; failure to appreciate - land-values, 513; sells Van Nuys Building site, 515; removes - temporarily to San Francisco, 520; President of the - Congregation, B'nai B'rith, 608; President, Temple Block - Co., 596; meets Mme. Modjeska, 495; director, Board of - Trade, 537; celebrates silver wedding, 538; entertains Dr. - Edward Lasker, 540; tours Mexico and visits New Orleans - Exposition, 546; retires from wholesale grocery business, - 549; with Kaspare Cohn forms K. Cohn & Co., 549; resumes - shipping of hides and wool, 549; relations with Alessandro - Repetto, 552ff.; administrator of Repetto's estate, 553; - one of the purchasers of the Repetto _rancho_, 552, 555; a - founder of Newmark and Montebello, 555; invited to stand as - candidate for Mayor, 556; brings in Eastern coal at - fabulously low rates, 557; again tours Europe, 564; N. on - State division, 592; invests in gas-making plant, 561; in - Alaska, 602; at the Chicago Fair, 605; dissolves partnership - with Kaspare Cohn, 613; revives H. Newmark & Co., 613; on - Pioneer Society committee, 614; N.'s tribute to his brother, - J. P. Newmark, 611; builds residence on Grand Avenue, 593; - once more buys a lot at Santa Monica, 596; final visit to - Europe, 621; builds Blanchard Hall, 68; buys electric - automobiles--and soon sells them, 626; proposes monument to - S. M. White, 469; erects Gamut Club, 625; participates in a - movement to provide land for Federal Building, 630; retires - from business, 633; N.'s tribute to Lionel J. Adams, 636; - golden wedding anniversary, 636; at banquet to William H. - Taft, 639; N. on the death of his wife, 640; recollections - of family physicians, 648; breaks ground for Jewish Orphans' - Home, 643; joins in testimonial to Griffith J. Griffith, - 643; speech at the half-century jubilee of M. A. Newmark & - Co., 344; receives loving cup, 344; at Santa Monica, looking - backward, vii, 649; views on longevity and health, 649; - attitude toward alcohol and tobacco, 649; pride in Los - Angeles, 651; object in writing his memoirs, ix, 477 - - Newmark & Co., H., wholesale grocers, establishing of the - firm, 343; monopolize trade, 345; supply Government stores, - 354; agents for insurance, 280; affected by hard times, 358; - open branch office in New York, 359; trade with Arizona, - 414; declared "the largest shippers," 436; attitude toward a - proposed opposition steamer, 436; assistance rendered Remi - Nadeau, 386ff.; dealers in wool, 437; purchase the Santa - Anita _rancho_, 439; the first to operate a two horse - flat-truck, 439; sale of the Santa Anita, 474; their - patronage solicited by Leland Stanford, 322, 506; twice - burglarized, 486; fight with the Southern Pacific Railroad - Co., 506; purchase of Temple Block, 510; early to employ - traveling salesmen, 521; loss in barley speculation, 534; - among the first to use the telephone, 531; give fountain to - the City, 534; removal from Arcadia Block to Amestoy - Building, Los Angeles Street, 537; dissolution of the firm, - 549; revival, a decade later, 613; 111, 230, 252, 301, 375, - 379, 382, 422, 425, 444, 451, 475, 478, 500, 502, 514, 521, - 526, 535 - - Newmark, Henry M., son of Myer J. Newmark, 465 - - Newmark, Hulda, niece of Harris Newmark, 443 - - Newmark (Neumark), Johanna, sister of Harris Newmark, 7 - - Newmark (Neumark), Joseph, uncle of Harris Newmark, and - first to adopt the English form of the name, 122; - personality, 122; reaches New York, 122; organizes there Elm - Street and Wooster Street synagogues, 122; joins the Masons, - at Somerset, Connecticut, 122; marries Miss Rosa Levy, 122; - removes to St. Louis, 122; then to Dubuque, 122; arrives in - Los Angeles, 121ff.; brings first Chinese servant seen - here, 123, 297; establishes Los Angeles Hebrew Benevolent - Society, 122; officiates as rabbi, 122; holds first Jewish - service in Los Angeles, 122, 314; leads movement for a Los - Angeles Jewish cemetery, 122; performs ceremony at marriage - of sons and daughters, 191, 224, 290, 347, 464; member of - Newmark, Kremer & Co., 189; death of, 520; 37, 205, 228, - 409, 464, 637 - - Newmark (Neumark, Joseph Philipp), J. P., brother of Harris - Newmark, 2; and first of family to come to California, 6; - assists father in Sweden, 3; goes to England, 3; embarks for - America, is drawn to San Francisco by the gold fever, and - settles in Los Angeles, 6; buys out Howard, 27; partner of - Jacob Rich, 19, 32; as merchant, 27, 37, 57, 73, 427; - wholesaler, 32; imports first camphine to Los Angeles, 34; - attends three-day barbecue, 157; sends for Harris, 6; - furnishing him with funds, 13; and gives him employment, 27; - interrupts an entertainment, 60; removes to San Francisco, - 60; sells out and establishes credit for his brother, 128; - acts also as his business adviser, 146, 359; helps organize - Rich, Newmark & Co., 146; becomes a Mason, 203; revisits - Europe, 163; bearer of U. S. Government despatches, 163; - marries, in Germany, Fräulein Augusta Leseritz, 163; returns - from Europe, 191; member of Newmark, Kremer & Co., 189; - removes again to San Francisco, 240; activity there as - commission merchant, 240, 344, 438; forms partnership with - Isaac Lightner under title of J. P. Newmark & Co., 344; - advises Harris to remove to New York, 359; visits Lake Tahoe - and the mines of Nevada, 477; member of the delegation from - San Francisco to attend the opening of the San Fernando - tunnel, 503; visits Carlsbad, 520; returns to San Francisco, - 520; journeys again to Europe, 589; and returns to Los - Angeles, 589; death of, 611; 26, 271, 444, 559, 564, 598; -- - & Kremer, 237; --, Kremer & Co., 36, 104, 176, 189, 219, - 235, 237; -- & Rich, 33; -- & Co., J. P., 344 - - Newmark, Josephine Rose, youngest daughter of Harris - Newmark, 564, 593 - - Newmark, Leo, son of Harris Newmark, 515 - - Newmark, Leo, son of J. P. Newmark, xv, 564, 598 - - Newmark, Marco R., son of Harris Newmark, accompanies - parents to Europe, 564; visits Alaska, 603; graduates from - the University of California and attends the University of - Berlin, 624; enters the wholesale grocery trade, 624; - friendly association with Homer Lea, 644; vii - - Newmark, Matilda, daughter of Joseph Newmark, 121, 191 - - Newmark (Neumark), Morris A., nephew of Harris Newmark, - arrives in Los Angeles, 344; clerks for H. Newmark, later H. - Newmark & Co., 354; admitted as partner, 444; marries - Harriet, daughter of J. P. Newmark, 444; helps organize M. - A. Newmark & Co., 549; participates in their fiftieth - anniversary, and receives silver cup, 344; 443, 514, 601 - - Newmark & Co., M. A., successors to H. Newmark & Co., 549; - removal to Wholesale Street, 644; celebrate their fiftieth - anniversary, 343; 517, 535, 559, 600, 624, 629, 644 - - Newmark, Maurice H., son of Harris Newmark, sent to school - in New York and Paris, 450; partner in M. A. Newmark & Co., - 549; association with first three _fiestas_, 606, 607; - member of Executive Committee of Sound Money League, 613; - President of Associated Jobbers, 619, 635, 637; Chairman of - Supply Committee for Relief of San Francisco, 634; helps - incorporate Southwest Museum, 647; member of Executive - Committee, Stephen M. White Memorial Fund, 469; one of - Committee on Harbor Consolidation, 638; Chairman, W. C. - Mushet Campaign Committee, 639; appointed Harbor - Commissioner, 642; resigns from Commission, 642; presents - silver cup to M. A. Newmark, at half-century jubilee, 344; - v, 497, 545, 642 - - Newmark (Neumark), Max N., nephew of Harris Newmark, 382; -- - & Edwards, 382; -- Grain Co., 382 - - Newmark, Myer J., son of Joseph Newmark, journeys to - California _via_ the Horn, 121; keeps diary of the voyage, - 121; arrives in Los Angeles, 121; serves, later, as member - of the Coleman Vigilance Committee, San Francisco, 55; - admitted to the Bar, 249; as attorney, witnesses killing of - Dorsey by Rubottom, 144; helps organize the first public - library here, 256; partner in Howard, Butterworth & Newmark, - 312; Secretary of Los Angeles Mounted Rifles, 294; City - Attorney, 46; represents H. Newmark & Co., in New York, 359; - member of H. Newmark & Co., 422, 444; indirectly associated - with the founding of Pasadena, 449; marries Miss Sophie - Cahen, 464; early purchaser of land at Santa Monica, 480; - opposes anti-railroad legislation, 489; pioneer in - advertising Los Angeles in the East, 499; retires from H. - Newmark & Co. and removes to San Francisco, 514; on - Committee, Chamber of Commerce (later becoming President), - 625; instrumental in securing the Coronel Collection, 622; - in Europe, 564; returns to Los Angeles, 642; association - with Kaspare Cohn, 642; returns to San Francisco, 642; death - there, 642 - - Newmark (Neumark), Nathan, brother of Harris Newmark, 7 - - Newmark (Neumark), Philip, son of Nathan Newmark, 649 - - Newmark (Neumark), Philip A., nephew of Harris Newmark, 601; - -- & Co., P., 601 - - Newmark, Philip H., son of Harris Newmark, 515 - - Newmark (Neumark), Philipp, native of Neumark, West Prussia, - and father of Harris Newmark, 1, 360; sent, as a boy, to - Napoleon Bonaparte, 1; manufacturer of blacking and ink, 2; - travels in Sweden and Denmark, 2, 621; voyages to New York, - 2; returns to Europe, 2; resumes enterprises in Denmark and - Scandinavia, 3ff.; takes Harris into business, 4; operates, - with son, workshops at Copenhagen and Gothenburg, 6, 7, 649; - consents to lad's departure for California, 7; warns Harris - against strangers, 8; death, 360 - - Newmark, Phineas, son of J. P. Newmark, 559 - - Newmark, Rosa, wife of Joseph Newmark, 122; removes to Los - Angeles, 121, 123; Prime mover in formation of Ladies' - Hebrew Benevolent Society, 409; death of, 482; 464, 637 - - Newmark, Samuel M., son of J. P. Newmark, 559; -- Bros., 559 - - Newmark, Sarah, daughter of Joseph Newmark and wife of - Harris Newmark, arrives here _via_ the Horn, 121; narrow - escape in school catastrophe, 224; engaged to Harris - Newmark, 103; marriage, 224; Vice-President, Ladies' Hebrew - Benevolent Society, 409; celebrates silver wedding, 538; - visits Mexico, 546; tours Europe, 564; keeps diary of the - journey, 565; revisits Europe, 621; celebrates golden - wedding, 636; death, 640; interest in orphans, 643; 106, 195 - - Newmark, Los Angeles County, 555 - - New Mexico, 282, 301, 361, 507, 542 - - New Orleans Exposition, 546 - - New Orleans Shaving Saloon, 137 - - Newport, 494 - - Newport Landing, 506 - - _Newport_, steamboat, 506, 507 - - _News, Evening_, 612, 635 - - _News_, Los Angeles, 283, 306, 315, 316, 317, 350, 370, 380, - 420, 431, 446 - - News, slow transmission of, 93, 211; -- of the War, 305 - - _News Letter_, 339 - - Newspapers, first issues of, 92, 133, 156, 223, 308, 318, - 388, 427, 443, 444, 450, 465, 495, 516, 530, 533, 541, 548, - 557, 559, 584, 626, 642; --, first free advertising, 533; - --, from the East, 235, 256; illustrated --, 627, 642; first - seven-day issues, 557; --, during the Boom, 574ff; --, - during the Civil War, 305, 339, 371 - - New Town (San Pedro), 236, 290 - - New Vernon, 579 - - New Year's, early celebration of, 58, 59 - - New York City, 12, 13, 14, 17, 359, 497; shipment of hides - to, 331 - - _New York Herald_, 497 - - New York Mine, 475 - - _New York Times_, 497 - - Nicaragua, 14, 18, 236, 459 - - Nicaragua Route, 13, 18, 467, 517; --, Lake, 15 - - Nichols, Daniel B., 33, 384 - - Nichols, John Gregg, 32, 33, 35, 36, 105, 115, 205, 218, - 246, 356, 364, 384, 400, 616; Mrs. --, 46 - - Nichols, John Gregg, Jr., 33 - - Nichols' Canyon, 455 - - Nickels, 248 - - _Nido, El_, 473 - - Niedecken, Henry, 508 - - Nieto, Dolores, 51 - - Nieto, Manuel, 180 - - Nietos, _rancho_, Los, 180, 214, 261, 362; town of --, 549; - -- Valley, 413, 577 - - Nigger Alley, 30, 31, 400, 432, 433, 510 - - Nordhoff, Charles, 445, 624; --, town of, 624 - - Nordholt, William, 65, 202, 244; Mrs. --, 202, 245 - - Nordlinger, Louis S., 356 - - Nordlinger, Melville, 356 - - Nordlinger, S., 356; -- & Sons, 356 - - _Normandie_, 564 - - North Beach, San Francisco, 478 - - North Beach, Santa Monica, 612 - - Northcraft, C. L., 483 - - Northcraft, W. H., 483; -- & Clark, 484 - - Norton, Myron, 45, 47, 54, 140; -- Avenue, 48 - - Norton, M., 72 - - Norton, S. B., xvi - - Norway, 336, 621 - - _Novius cardinalis_, 544 - - Noyes, E. W., 349, 484 - - _Nuestra Señora Reyna de los Angeles, La_, 100 - - Nurses, scarcity of trained, 409 - - Nuts, 412 - - - O - - Oak Knoll, 169 - - Oak trees, 126 - - Oath of allegiance, 308, 321 - - Oatman girls, 218 - - O'Brien, Jack, 348 - - O'Brien, Thomas, 386 - - O'Campo, Francisco, 99, 100 - - O'Campo, Tommy, 429 - - Occidental College, 566 - - _Occidental Sketches_, 361 - - _Ocean_, steamer, 308 - - Ocean Park, 603, 627, 645 - - Ocean Spray, 579 - - Odd characters, 253, 277, 527, 528, 610 - - Odd Fellows Lodge No. 35, 49, 149, 355, 402, 624; -- halls, - 300, 513 - - Oden, George N., 394 - - Odontological Society of Southern California, 368 - - Off, J. W. A., 607 - - Offices, 570; furnishing of --, 435, 570 - - Offutt, R. H., 380 - - Ogier, Isaac Stockton Keith, 35, 45, 53, 246; -- Street - (Lane), 54 - - _Ohio_, steamer, 152 - - Oil, 377, 379, 407, 622; -- found in residence district, - 603; -- hair, 138; -- Queen, 603 - - Olden, W. R., 441 - - Old Mission, 54, 150 - - _Old Oaken Bucket, The_, 231 - - Old Settler's Society, 614 - - Oleander, 579 - - Olives and their culture, 92, 212, 302, 412, 472; -- oil, - 302 - - Olive Street, 73, 472 - - Olivewood, 579 - - _Olla-podrida_, 118 - - _Ollas_, 117, 184 - - Olney, Mrs. C. R., 628 - - Olvera, Agustin, 35, 47, 99, 102, 214, 215; -- Street, 99 - - Olvera, Louisa (later Mrs. C. H. Forbes), 214 - - _Olympia_, 436 - - O'Melveny, H. K. S., 285, 403, 426, 441, 466, 493; Mrs. --, - 403 - - O'Melveny, H. W., 403, 476, 578, 614, 626, 648 - - Omnibuses, 389, 397, 402 - - O'Neill, Lillian Nance, 155 - - _On Horseback_, 597 - - Ontario, 516, 579 - - Onteveras, Pacífico, 212 - - Opéra Comique, Paris, 565 - - Ophir Mine, 474 - - Orange, town of, 177, 352 - - Orange County, 177, 594 - - Orange Grove Association, 445, 448 - - Oranges and orange groves, 211, 212, 286, 352, 382, 391, - 412, 448, 532, 576, 578; orange trees brought from - Nicaragua, 459; first navel oranges, 451, 625; device for - picking oranges, 265 - - Orchards, 28, 112, 162, 573, 578 - - Ord, E. O. C., 33, 34, 112, 336; -- Survey, 334 - - O'Reilly, James, 475 - - O'Reilly, John Boyle, 605 - - Oriental Restaurant, 491 - - Oriental Stage Co., 417 - - _Oriflamme_, 346 - - _Orizaba_, 376, 381, 397, 398, 405, 465 - - Orme, Henry S., 371, 423, 614 - - Ormsby, J. S., 130 - - Ormsby, W. L., 234 - - _Oropel_, 136 - - Orphans, homes for, 190, 643 - - Ortega, Émile C., 87 - - Ortiz, Miguel, 272 - - Osborn, John, 373 - - Osborn, William, 386, 387 - - Osborne, H. Z., 543, 607 - - Osburn, William B., 94, 107, 108, 109, 138, 155, 192, 194 - - Osgoodby, George, 590 - - Ostriches, 547; the Ostrich Farm, 547 - - Otaheite, 254 - - _Othello_, 588 - - Otis, Harrison Gray, 468, 533, 555, 556, 557, 589, 607, 616, - 626; Mrs. --, 617 - - Otter hunting, 170 - - _Our Italy_, 597 - - _Out of Doors California and Oregon_, 476 - - "Out of town," 32, 105 - - _Out West Magazine_, 542, 646 - - Overland Mail, 259, 301, 375; -- Co., 234; -- Route, 234, - 242, 271, 294; -- staging, 91, 234, 267 - - Overman & Caledonia mines, 477 - - Overstreet, Dr., 107 - - Owens, Bob, 138; Mrs. (Aunt Winnie), 138 - - Owens Lake, cleansing properties of, 387 - - Owens, Madison T., 607 - - Owens River and country, 375, 385ff.; -- Aqueduct, 50, 545; - -- Mines, 322, 385ff.; -- Valley, 440 - - Oxarart, Gaston, 310; -- Block, 513 - - Oxnard, Henry T., 598; --, town of, 599 - - Oxnard, Robert, 598 - - Ox-teams, 201, 233 - - Oyharzabel, Domingo, 549 - - Oysters, 279 - - - P - - _Pacific_, 336, 346, 465 - - Pacific & Atlantic Telegraph Co., 283 - - Pacific Coast compared to other countries, 398 - - Pacific Electric Building, 620 - - Pacific Light and Power Co., 515 - - Pacific Mail Steamship Co., 465, 486 - - Pacific Railway Expedition, 364; --'s view of Los Angeles, - 364 - - Packard, Albert, 168 - - Packard, T. T., 500 - - Packet Service, Coast, 152, 153, 237 - - Pack-trains, 272 - - Padilla, Juan N., 32, 244; -- Building, 57 - - _Padres_ (see Mission Fathers) - - _Paisano_, 159 - - Palace Saloon, 455 - - Palacio, El, 223 - - Palmas, Dos, 414 - - Palmer, Joseph C., 272 - - Palomares, Ygnácio, 174, 179; --, town of, 578 - - Palos Verdes _rancho_, 71, 182, 357, 581 - - Panamá Canal, 236, 651; -- Route and travel, 13, 46, 142, - 305, 315, 359, 532, 623; -- hat, 158, 159; --, Kern County, - 453 - - Panamint, 387, 479 - - _Pan de huevos_, 134 - - Panic following prosperity, 478 - - _Panocha_, 134 - - Paper, local manufacture of, 384 - - Pardee, George C., 631 - - Paris, 67, 360, 450, 564; --, Commune, 491; --, Exposition, - 1855, 164; --, Exposition, 1867, 360 - - Paris Exposition Circus, 381 - - Parish, E. C., 92 - - _Parisian_, 381 - - Parker House, San Francisco, 22 - - Parker, E. S., 512 - - Parkman, Francis, xii - - Parks, 97, 388, 417, 539, 557, 614, 643 - - Parnell mines, 475 - - Parris, Willis, 483 - - Parrott, Dr., 200 - - Parson, A. C., 630 - - Parson, A. M., 630 - - Pasadena, 178, 238, 316, 337, 445, 557, 576, 578, 579, 585, - 586, 592, 599, 601, 613; --, Colony and Settlement, 50, 532; - --, origin of name, 448; South --, 586; -- Railroad, 563 - - Paso de Águila, El, 82 - - Paso de Robles, 329, 496 - - Paso, El, 546 - - Passports, 163, 315 - - _Pastores, Los_, 102 - - Pastrymen, 288 - - Patagonia Copper Mining Co., 276 - - Patents to lands, 146, 166, 172, 173, 174, 179, 182, 244, - 275, 509 - - _Patios_, 113, 135 - - Patrick, M. S., 472 - - Pattee, Frank A., 646 - - Patterson, W. C., 607, 626 - - Patti, Adelina, 590, 607 - - Patton, George S. and Mrs., 363 - - Patton, George S., Jr., 363, 568; Mrs. --, 363 - - Patton, Harry, 612 - - Paul, C. T., 516 - - Paulding, Joseph, 261 - - Pavements, 519, 561, 584 - - Pawnbrokers, 221 - - Payne, Henry T., 465, 499, 557 - - Paynter, J. W., 427 - - Peach and honey, 40 - - _Peachbrand_, chewing tobacco, 253 - - Pearl Street, 231, 362, 461, 559 - - Pease, 126 - - Pease, Niles, 607, 634 - - Peck, George H., 452, 453 - - _Pedro_, game of, 230 - - Pedro, the Indian, 124 - - Peel. B. L., 425, 436; -- & Co., B. L., 425 - - Pekin Curio Store, 232 - - Pellissier, Germain, 362 - - Penelon, Henri, 82, 293 - - Pennies, 248, 511 - - Peoples, Superintendent, 415 - - People's Store, 530 - - Pepper trees, 97, 291 - - Pepys, Samuel xi; -- Diary, xiii - - Perry, Everett R., 639 - - _Perry, Lewis_, 237, 276 - - Perry, Mamie (Perry-Davis, later Mrs. Modini Wood), 528, 529 - - Perry, W. H., 66, 81, 162, 317, 349, 366, 428, 521, 528, - 543, 636; Mrs. --, 66, 162, 528; -- & Co., 81; -- & - Woodworth, 81, 82, 127, 412 - - Persimmon tree, 163 - - Peru, 71, 120, 162, 389, 542 - - _Pescadero_, 127 - - Pesthouse, 118 - - Peter, Father, 553 - - Petroleum, 459 - - Petsch, A., 607 - - Peyton, Valentine, 604 - - Pflugardt, George W., 206 - - Phæton, first here, 511 - - Phelps, E. C., 405 - - Philadelphia, 497; -- Brewery, 197, 500; --, Centennial at, - 497; --Oil Co., 170; -- & California Oil Co., 302 - - Philbin, John, 248, 249 - - "Philip's Best" beer, 231 - - Philippines, 616 - - Philippi, Jake, 230 - - Phillips, Louis, 89, 531; -- Block, 115, 530; 161, 330, 421; - Mrs. --, 89 - - Photographers, 82, 293, 364, 465; wet-plate --, 365 - - Physical culture, first, 273 - - Physicians, 26, 58, 92, 94, 99, 106, 107ff., 193, 227, 237, - 245, 322, 389, 423, 548, 589, 593, 598, 641, 648 - - Pianos, 376 - - _Pianos and their Makers_, 628 - - Picayune, 192 - - Picher, Anna B., 622, 628 - - Picnics, 132, 397, 401, 429 - - Pico, Andrés, 38, 92, 99, 135, 172, 173, 178, 179, 180, 190, - 208, 214, 381, 400, 441, 488, 493; -- ranches, 179 - - Pico, António María, 297 - - Pico, Jesus, 178 - - Pico, Pio, 27, 98, 99, 102, 160, 170, 173, 177, 179, 180, - 293, 294, 297, 332, 400, 471, 531, 608; -- Crossing, 180; -- - Heights, 609; --House, 98, 180, 186, 396, 431, 469, 488, - 491, 500, 516, 518; --ranches, 180; -- Spring, 346; -- - Street, 73, 125 - - Pico, Ysidora, 173 - - Pierce, Edward T., 532 - - Pierce, Franklin, 65, 121 - - Pierce, H. A., 121 - - Pierce, N. & Co., 152 - - Pigeon messengers, 430 - - Pig lead, 387 - - Pike, George H., 590 - - _Pilgrim_, brig, 226 - - _Pilon_, 77 - - _Pinafore_, 547 - - Pinikahti, 277, 278 - - Pinney Block, 192 - - _Pinole_, 134 - - Pintoresca, 586 - - Pioneer Oil Co., 346 - - Pioneer Race Course, 303 - - Pioneers, banquet to, 630; neglected duty of --, vii; early - proposed society of --, 561; -- first as tourists, 353 - - Pioneers of Southern California, Los Angeles County, 239, - 614 - - Pipes, clay and brier, 253 - - Pipes, iron, 365, 377, 384, 445; -- wooden, 350, 366 - - Pitch-roofs, 114 - - Piteå, 4 - - Pi-Utes, 275 - - Pixley, Frank, 525 - - Plains, continental, 71, 77, 82, 304, 403; local - significance of, 276 - - Planters Hotel, Anaheim, 643 - - Plater, John E., 467, 607 - - Playa del Rey, 125, 459, 490 - - Plaza, 30, 31, 47, 66, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 106, 107, 112, - 115, 149, 210, 224, 232, 254, 262, 272, 281, 285, 294, 296, - 300, 381, 385, 388, 417, 418, 461, 488, 511, 518, 535, 557; - -- water tank, 211, 388, 418 - - Plaza Church, 82, 97, 100, 101, 112, 114, 258, 293, 628; --, - repairing of, 293 - - Plaza Hotel, San Juan Bautista, 270 - - Plaza, San Francisco, 21, 98 - - Pleasant Valley, 496 - - Pleasants, J. E., 106, 126, 127, 171, 326, 413, 494 - - Ploennies, Otto von, 499 - - Plows, iron and steel, 357 - - Plumbers' tools, brought from San Francisco, 384 - - Plunger, luck of a, 333 - - _Pocahontas_, gunboat, 350 - - Poe, Edgar Allan, 101 - - Poker playing, 55, 154 - - Polaski, Isidor, 70 - - Polaski, Louis, 70; -- & Goodwin, 70; -- & Sons, 70 - - Polaski, Myer L., 70 - - Polaski, Samuel, 70; -- Bros., 70 - - Polhamus, A. A., 384, 393 - - Police, first chief of, 510; lack of --, 333; poor -- - protection, 487 - - Politeness, accident due to excessive, 419 - - Political celebrations, 268; -- gatherings, 40, 282, 511 - - Pollitz, Edward, 230 - - Pollock, merchant, 70; -- & Goodwin, 70 - - Polonia, 253 - - Pomegranates, 126 - - Pomona, 330, 576; -- Valley, 578 - - Pond, Edward B., 598 - - Ponet, Victor, 382 - - Pony Express, 245, 264, 291, 294, 373 - - Population of Los Angeles, 25, 266, 271, 528, 567 - - Porches, 113 - - _Porcupine_, 57 - - Portable houses, 203 - - Port Ballona, 579; -- Harford, 346; -- Los Angeles, 468; -- - San Carlos, 16; -- San Luis, 152 - - Porter, David Dixon, 222 - - Porter, F. B., 459 - - Porter, George K., 459 - - Porter, murder of, 35 - - Porterfield, W. H., 610 - - Portius, Dr., 599 - - Portland, Oregon, 373 - - Portolá, Gaspar de, 627 - - Portugal, Adolph, 244, 248, 311, 346 - - Portuguese Bend, 581 - - _Posse_, Sheriff's, 206, 348, 455, 457, 471; -- _comitatus_, - 324, 433 - - Postage stamps, sale of, 431; --, scarcity of, 410 - - Post, delay of, 93, 147, 264 - - Postmasters, remuneration of early, 380, 449 - - Post Office, 66, 94, 231, 291, 349, 354, 372, 380, 410, 514, - 560, 604, 630 - - Potatoes, 331 - - Potomac Block, 115 - - Potrero Grande, 181 - - Potter, Nehemiah A., 203, 218, 246; -- & Co., 219 - - Potter, O. W., 405 - - Potts, J. Wesley, 61, 126 - - Poulterer, De Ro & Eldridge, 281 - - Pound Cake Hill, 301, 374, 452 - - Powers, Ethel, 645 - - Powers, L. M., 634 - - Prager, Charles, 104, 180, 383 - - Prager, Sam, 104, 105, 314, 383 - - Prairie schooners, 201, 345, 414 - - Prentice, B. H., xvi - - Presbyterians, 566 - - Prescott, 415, 416 - - President of the United States, gift to, 219 - - Prentiss, Samuel, 238 - - Preuss, Edward, 409; Mrs. --, 39; -- & Pironi, 363 - - Prévost, Louis, 390 - - Price, Burr, xvi - - Prices of commodities, early, 345 - - Prickly pear, 126 - - _Pride of the Sea_, clipper-brig, 237 - - Pridham, George, 405, 481 - - Pridham, R. W., 606, 607, 611 - - Pridham, William, 106, 373, 374, 481; Mrs. --, 373; -- - Block, 192 - - Principal, Calle, 31 - - Prisoners on public works, 286 - - Pro-Cathedral, Episcopal, 301 - - Processions, 101, 254, 296, 338, 442, 499, 528, 529, 606 - - _Progrès, le_, 541 - - Progressive Party, 639, 642 - - Prohibition, convention, 13; first -- community, 340 - - Promontory Point, Utah, 388 - - Property, low valuations of, 37, 220, 379, 572 - - Protestants and the Protestant Church, 102, 103, 208, 246, - 313, 314, 516 - - _Providencia_, locomotive, 592 - - Providencia _rancho_, 74, 578 - - Provincial life in the late sixties, 377 - - Prudhomme (Prudhon), L. Victor, 62, 427 - - Pryor, Charles, 293 - - Pryor, Lottie, 293 - - Pryor (Prior), Nathaniel (Miguel N.), 292, 293; Mrs. --, - first wife, 293; Mrs. --, second wife, 293 - - Pryor, Nathaniel, Jr., 293 - - Pryor, Pablo, 293 - - Pueblo-like life of the early sixties, 266 - - Puente, la, 475, 494, 520; -- Creek, 471; -- Mills, 470; -- - oil, 172, 377; -- _rancho_, 87, 172, 242, 377 - - Puerto San Miguel, Barcelona, 490 - - Pursuits, humble, 79 - - Pyle, B. W., 235, 236 - - - Q - - Quakers, 449, 576 - - Quartermaster, U. S. A., 246, 265, 297 - - Queen City, proposed town of, 318 - - Queen & Gard, 370 - - _Queen of the Pacific_, steamship, 602 - - Quimby, C. H., xvi - - Quinces, 126 - - - R - - Race track, 462 - - Raffles, 385 - - Raho, Padre Blas, 293 - - Railroads, 331, 352, 363, 370, 373, 380, 402, 423, 430, 440, - 452, 486, 507, 556, 562, 581, 583, 604, 614, 630; accidents, - 536, 583; affected by steamers, 404; Railroad Commission, - 620; excursions, 393, 394, 404, 430, 442, 485, 525; first - fight against the -- companies, 506, 507; locomotives, 376, - 380, 397, 402; first one built here, 592; war between --s, - 556, 570; San Pedro -- (see Los Angeles & San Pedro R. R.); - opposition to --s, 354, 441; private cars, 487; Seward's - prediction as to --s, 399 - - Raimond, R. E., 283 - - Rainfall, effect and importance of, 34, 215, 309, 329, 360, - 380; rains, 241, 289, 328, 329, 487, 541 - - Rains, Fannie V., 617 - - Rains, John, 197, 302, 326, 348, 617; Mrs. --, 168 - - Raisins, 412 - - Ralphs, George A., 550; Mrs. --, 550; -- & Francis Grocery, - 550; --Grocery Co., 550 - - Ralston, W. C., 477, 478 - - Ramirez, Andrés, 63 - - Ramirez, B. F., 443 - - Ramirez, Francisco P., 156, 333, 493 - - Ramirez, town of, 575 - - _Ramona_, 41, 102, 445, 520, 531 - - _Rancherias_, 176, 520 - - Ranch stores, 175 - - _Ranchito_, 98, 470 - - _Ranchos_ and _rancheros_, 84, 110, 166ff., 175, 181, 214, - 242, 313, 329, 332, 340, 344, 421; ranch fences, 167, 274; - Spanish ranch houses, 167 - - _Ranger, Reminiscences of a_, 58 - - Rangers, 35, 53, 58, 74, 83, 99, 139, 147, 207, 221 - - Rankin, Collector, 306 - - Rapp, William, 480 - - Rate war, 556, 557 - - Rattlesnakes, 415 - - Rattlesnake Island, 174, 268, 426, 601 - - Ravenna, Manuel, 233, 234, 475 - - Ravenna, town of, 475 - - Rawson, A. M., 619 - - Raymond, 576, 578, 579; -- Hotel, 576, 586 - - Real Castillo, 424 - - _Real Estate Advertiser_, 370 - - Real estate, 232, 332, 333, 362, 401, 513, 522, 569ff., - 583; leap frog with --, 536; sudden advances in --, 570 - - Realty agents, first, 401 - - _Reata_, 34, 85, 92, 150, 333 - - Reaume, Captain, 381 - - Rebbick, Lydia, 250 - - _Rebozos_, 66, 158 - - _Record, Los Angeles_, 610 - - Records, Edward, 557 - - Redlands, 176, 591 - - Redondo, boom at, 631, 632; -- Salt Works, 133, 492 - - Red Rock, 387 - - Redwood, 230 - - Reed, Henry, 316 - - Reed, maniac, 220 - - Reed, Thomas Brackett, 614 - - Reese, Michael, 329, 520 - - Refreshments, 184 - - Refrigerator cars, 623 - - Registration of 1869 voters, 401 - - Reid, Hugo, 89, 107; Mrs. --, 165; --, library of, 47 - - Reid, Templeton, 130 - - Religious services held in courts, 314, 339 - - Rendall, Stephen A., 364 - - Repetto, Alessandro, 421, 454, 458, 552ff.; -- _rancho_, - 450, 552, 555; --'s brother, 553ff. - - _Republican, Evening_, 495, 533 - - Republicans, 91, 285, 296, 323, 639; "black" --, 240 - - Requena, Manuel, 38, 105, 190, 219, 253; -- Street, 32, 38 - - Restaurant life, early, 27, 369, 490; outdoor restaurants, - 340 - - Reward unpaid by L. A. County, 425 - - Reyes, Pablo, 202 - - Reyes, Ysidro, 202 - - Reynolds, C. C., 619, 635, 637 - - Reynolds, J. J., 389, 397, 417, 429 - - Rhea, Mlle., 543 - - Rheim, Philip (Felipe), 58, 59, 64 - - Rice, 329 - - Rice, George D., 612 - - Rice, Mr., 502 - - Rich, B. B., xvi - - Rich, Jacob, 19, 21, 23, 24, 32, 60, 61, 118, 189; Mrs. --, - first Jewess to settle here, 60, 61, 104; -- Bros., 12; -- & - Laventhal, 189; --, Newmark & Co., 146 - - Richards, C. N. & Co., 133 - - Richland, 352 - - Rico, Mr. and Mrs., 181 - - Riis, Jacob A., 642 - - Riley, Frank, 262 - - Rinaldi, C. R., 377 - - Rincon de los Bueyes, 460 - - Rincon _rancho_, 74 - - Rio Colorado, U. S. Surveying Expedition to, 183 - - Rio Grande, 222, 232 - - _Rise and Fall of the Mustache, The_, 588 - - Ritchie, William, 320 - - Rivara, Dominico, 550 - - Rivera, 180, 577 - - Riverside, 175, 391, 451 - - River Station, 531 - - Robarts, John, 535, 554ff. - - Robert, Dent H., 626 - - Robidoux Hill, 175 - - Robidoux, Louis, 64, 174, 176, 177, 374, 391; Señora --, - 175; --Mount, 175; -- _rancho_, 391; --, spelling of name, - 176 - - Robinson, Edward I., xvi - - Robinson, J. C., 594, 595 - - Robinson, J. W., 536; -- Co., 513; -- Dry Goods Co., 536 - - Robinson, W. W., 587 - - Rocha, A. J., 37 - - Rocha, Jacinto, 174 - - Rock-fish, 127 - - Rocky Mountain Circus, Bartholomew's, 262 - - Rodeos, 182, 242 - - Rodgers, Walter E., 455 - - Roeder, Louis, 153, 154, 239, 267; -- Block, 267 - - Rogers, Ralph, 568 - - Rojo, Manuel Clemente, 53, 54, 56 - - Roller-skating, 426 - - Roman Catholics (see under Catholics) - - Rome, 398 - - Romero, Guadalupe, 226 - - Roofs, of tar, 114; --, tiled, 114; --, weighted with - stones, 336 - - Roosevelt, Theodore, 625, 629 - - Roosters, game, 162 - - Rosa, José de la, 93 - - Rose, Annie Wilhelmina, 403 - - Rose, L. J., 43, 200, 285, 286, 403, 421, 426, 427, 439, - 441, 472, 483, 578, 584, 585, 589, 592; Mrs. (Amanda) --, - 578; Rose Meade, 592 - - Rose, Truman H., 389, 390, 419, 452; Mrs. --, 390 - - Rosecrans, William Starke, 33, 382, 397; --, town of, 579 - - Rosedale, 609; -- Cemetery, 548, 567 - - Rose Tournament at Pasadena, first, 592 - - Roses, imported from the East, 139 - - Ross, Erskine Mayo, 230, 488, 565, 607 - - Ross, W. G., 150 - - Round House, 41, 64, 126, 192, 259, 272, 273, 428, 499, 522, - 585; --George, 193, 463 - - Rouse, W. J., xvi - - Row, The, 61, 351 - - Rowan, George D., 510 - - Rowan, James, 191 - - Rowan, P. D., 511 - - Rowan, R. A., 511; -- & Co., 511 - - Rowan, Thomas E., 191, 269, 383, 405, 446, 552, 606; Mrs. - --, 191; --Avenue, 191; -- Street, 191 - - Rowland, John, 87, 91, 106, 172, 211, 421, 494; Mrs. --, 91 - - Rowland, Nieves, 172 - - Rowland, William (Billy), 172, 377, 454, 455, 458, 532 - - Royere, Paul P., xii - - Rúbio, José de, 23, 201, 202; Señora --, 202, 609; Rúbio's, - 202 - - Rubottom, Ezekiel, 91, 144 - - Rubottom, William (Uncle Billy), 91, 144 - - Rugby School, 422 - - Rule, Ferdinand K., 597, 607, 625 - - Rumph, John and Frau, 402 - - Russ Garden, San Francisco, 275 - - _Russia_, steamship, 360 - - Ryan, Andrew W., 495 - - Ryan, F. G., 603 - - Rydall, E. H., 547 - - - S - - Sabichi, Frank, 171, 607 - - Sabichi, Josefa Franco, 171 - - Sabichi, Mateo, 171 - - Sabine Pass, 350 - - Sachs & Co., L. & M., 381 - - Sackett & Morgan, 346 - - Sackett, Russell, 36 - - Sackville-West, Lord, 590 - - Sacramento, 260, 389, 403, 453, 496, 562 - - Saddle-horses, 157 - - Saddles and saddlery, 74, 82, 85, 110, 111, 132, 157, 159, - 291, 383, 473, 528 - - Saeger, J., 619 - - Safes, for valuables and money, 129, 343, 487 - - _Saginaw_, steamer, 341 - - Sailing vessels, 237, 290, 345; from and to the Atlantic, - 151, 331. (See also under Cape Horn) - - Sainsevain, Jean Louis, 132, 163, 197, 198, 239, 254, 265, - 273, 300, 350, 365, 366, 369, 592; -- Bros., 199; -- Street, - 199; -- Vineyard, 198 - - Sainsevain, Louis, xvi - - Sainsevain, Michel, 199 - - Sainsevain, Paul, 199 - - Sainsevain, Pierre, 198, 199, 265 - - St. Athanasius Church, 301 - - St. Charles Hotel, 469, 514 - - St. Elmo Hotel, 252, 469, 525, 613 - - St. George d'Oléron, France, 281 - - St. James, 579 - - St. Louis, 416 - - St. Paul's School, 340 - - St. Valentine's Day, 46, 296 - - St. Vincent's College, 232, 341 - - Salaberri, Juan, 549; -- & Co., J., 549 - - Salandie, Mme., 78 - - Salesmen, traveling, 521 - - Salinas City, 497 - - Saloons, 21, 29, 30, 31, 39, 59, 64, 134, 149, 209, 230, - 347, 405, 480, 570; --, synonym for shops, 137, 396 - - Salsido, Vicente, 114 - - Salt Lake City, 66, 74, 155, 187, 233, 248, 304, 345, 351, - 498; --, Great, 187; --, trade with, 187, 290 - - Salt Lake Express, Great, 155 - - Salt Lake Route, 82 - - Salt, Liverpool, 557 - - Samsbury, Stephen, 424 - - San António _rancho_, 174, 220, 263 - - San Bernardino, 71, 74, 88, 90, 150, 155, 165, 187, 198, - 207, 233, 234, 242, 287, 312, 313, 323, 337, 366, 411, 414, - 415, 549; -- County, 87, 281, 426 - - San Bernardino Mountains, 350, 370; --, ice from, 191, 247, - 370 - - San Bernardino _rancho_, 263 - - San Buenaventura, 153, 209, 246, 298, 395, 496 - - San Carlos, Port, 16 - - San Clemente Island, 216 - - San Diego, 28, 67, 71, 152, 160, 207, 397, 398, 411, 418, - 472, 589, 633; --, Old Town, 153, 367; -- County, 426, 531 - - San Diego, 520, 589, 633 - - San Diego & Gila River Railroad, 382 - - San Dimas, 578, 579 - - San Feliciano Cañon, 95 - - San Fernando, 386, 459, 496, 516, 579; -- Farm Association, - 381 - - San Fernando Mission, 92, 120, 196, 459 - - San Fernando Mountains, 321, 323, 385, 459, 502 - - San Fernando placers, 313 - - San Fernando ranches, 179, 180, 381, 459 - - San Fernando Street, 63, 160, 493; -- railroad station, 211 - - San Fernando tunnel, 323, 386, 459, 496, 502; --, declared - impossible, 503; --, inauguration of, 504 - - San Fernando Valley, 275, 531; -- and bears, 447 - - San Francisco, 19ff., 39, 71, 73, 120, 152, 153, 160, 199, - 211, 216, 233, 240, 242, 260, 283, 284, 294, 296, 322, 325, - 359, 397, 401, 411, 417, 453, 497, 504; -- compared with Los - Angeles, 582; --, dependence of Los Angeles on, 73, 152, - 305, 311, 313, 332, 384, 405, 406, 410, 438; theatrical - talent from --, 286, 381, 422; -- earthquake and fire, 633 - ff., 636; relief furnished -- by Los Angeles, 634; --, first - three-story building there, 610; -- Grand Opera House, 560; - lead shipped to --, 388; -- Dock & Wharf Co., 269; -- - _rancho_, 40, 120; --& San José Valley Railroad, 393; -- as - a standard of comparison, 491 - - San Francisquito Cañon, 95; -- Ranch, 170, 174 - - San Gabriel, 50, 54, 71, 87, 89, 90, 106, 107, 126, 161, - 165, 199, 208, 376, 384, 386, 579; -- Cañon, 95; locomotive, - 376 - - San Gabriel Electric Co., 515 - - San Gabriel Mission, 55, 88, 102, 171, 199, 200, 255, 286, - 493, 501 - - San Gabriel Mountains, 179 - - San Gabriel placers, 313 - - San Gabriel River, 91, 180, 257, 471; New --, 406 - - San Gabriel, sheep at, 216 - - San Gabriel Valley, 90, 91, 107, 168, 374, 531, 576 - - San Gabriel Wine Co., 302 - - San Jacinto and Valley, 374, 620 - - San Joaquín Ranch, 181, 206 - - San Joaquín Valley, 440; -- rate case, 619, 620 - - San José, 153, 234, 357, 453, 458, 497 - - San José _rancho_, 144, 174, 178, 179, 476 - - San Juan Bautista, 270 - - San Juan Cajón de Santa Ana, 166 - - San Juan Capistrano, 157, 181; Don San Juan and Don San Juan - Capistrano, 173; -- Mission, 92, 206, 207, 254, 326 - - San Juan de Fuca, 346 - - San Juan del Norte, 14, 15, 18 - - San Juan del Sur, 16, 17, 18 - - San Juan River, 15 - - San Luis Obispo, 22, 48, 153, 178, 188, 246, 496; -- County, - 246, 447 - - _San Luis_, 465 - - San Pasqual _rancho_, 36, 178, 237, 316, 346, 412, 448 - - San Pedro, 22, 23, 24, 27, 48, 68, 74, 127, 152, 155, 156, - 170, 173, 188, 197, 199, 202, 205, 227, 236, 245, 250, 274, - 276, 290, 301, 302, 306, 308, 346, 359, 380, 395, 404, 424, - 427, 460, 468, 522, 637, 638 - - San Pedro Harbor, 174, 268, 290, 320, 404, 426, 450, 468, - 581, 617, 618; -- fight, 617 - - San Pedro, journey by foot from, 68, 149 - - San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad, 341, 535, 630 - - San Pedro, New, 236, 250, 290, 302, 307, 317, 321 - - San Pedro New Town, 236, 290, 307 - - San Pedro Railroad (see under Los Angeles) - - San Pedro, _rancho de_, 173, 340 - - San Pedro Street, 25, 160, 200, 202, 335, 459; -- Railway, - 487, 488 - - San Pedro Wharf, 568 - - San Quentin Prison, 206, 326 - - San Rafael Ranch, 178, 214; -- Heights, 646 - - San Timoteo Cañon, 591 - - San Vicente _rancho_, 143, 181, 479, 586 - - Sanchez, Francisco, 181 - - Sanchez Hall, 99 - - Sanchez, Juan Matías, 181, 421, 478 - - Sanchez, Pedro, 183 - - Sanchez, Tomás A., 43, 99, 275, 324, 326, 344 - - Sanchez, Vicente, 99, 114, 294; -- Street, 99, 293 - - _Sandía_, 126 - - Sandwich Islands, 93, 156, 320, 390 - - Sandy Hook, 12 - - Sanford, E. M., 362, 403 - - Sanford, John, 327 - - Sanford, Rebecca, 327 - - Sanford, W. T. B., 105, 187, 320, 327; Mrs. --, 320 - - Sanford, Mr., 217 - - Sangiovanni, A. Bergamo, 528 - - Sanitary Commission, U. S., and San Francisco 325; -- and - Los Angeles, 326 - - Sanitation, primitive, 119 - - Sansome Street, San Francisco, 22 - - Santa Ana, 166, 177, 401, 576, 594; -- River, 212, 348, 391, - 406; --, new channel, 541 - - Santa Anita, 578; -- Mining Co., 241; -- placers, 313; -- - _rancho_, 170, 244, 439, 449, 474, 526 - - Santa Bárbara, 22, 48, 108, 152, 153, 244, 246, 399, 411, - 436, 496, 583; -- Channel, 216; -- County, 108, 426; --, - road to, 246 - - Santa Catalina Island, 15, 89, 216, 238, 318, 333, 407, 430, - 522, 568, 624; 1859 excursion to --, 250ff.; proposed - harbor of --, 581; --Co., 568 - - Santa Clara River, 40 - - Santa Cruz Island, 216 - - Santa Cruz, Mariano G., 162, 458, 549 - - Santa Fé Railroad (see Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé) - - Santa Fé, town of, 63, 83, 187 - - Santa Gertrudis _rancho_, 180, 340, 362 - - Santa Margarita _rancho_, 173, 180, 332, 531 - - Santa Monica, 231, 429, 460, 465, 466, 468, 479ff., 485 - ff., 490, 568, 569, 580, 581, 603, 621; advertising --, 486, - 580; sale of first lots at --, 479, 480; gravity railroad, - 569; opposition of Southern Pacific Railroad to --, 521; -- - Cañon, 401, 429; -- hotels, 479, 488, 568; -- Land Co., 486, - 488, 586; --, South, 488 - - _Santa Monica_, palace car, 487 - - Santiago Cañon, 127, 207, 494 - - _Sarah Gamp_, 250 - - Saratoga mineral waters, 363 - - _Sarco_, race horse, 160 - - Sartori, Joseph F., 143 - - Saunders & Co., J. B., 371 - - Sausal Redondo, 382 - - _Savannah_, war-ship, 182 - - Savarie J., 527 - - Savarots, J. B., 549 - - Sawmill, first, 81 - - Sawtelle, 586 - - Saxe, H. K., 355 - - Saxon, Thomas A., 501 - - Scale, fluted, 544 - - Schaeffer, Henry C. G., 147, 299 - - Scheller, L. C., 619, 635, 637 - - Schieck, Dan and Mrs., 117 - - Schieffelin, Charles L., 396 - - Schiff, Ludwig, xvi - - Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich, 119 - - Schlesinger, Herman, 75, 177; -- & Sherwinsky, 76, 177 - - Schlesinger, Jacob, 350, 471 - - Schlesinger, Louis, 320, 329 - - Schlesinger, Moritz, 75, 76, 350 - - Schliemann, Heinrich, 20 - - Schloss, Benjamin, 290 - - Schmitt, H., 491 - - Schneider, J. M., 536, 638 - - Scholle Bros., 381 - - _School for Scandal_, 543 - - School teachers, 163, 402 - - Schools, 54, 105ff., 156, 190, 211, 262, 308, 321, 341, - 354, 355, 356, 390, 419, 453, 494, 526, 533, 547, 610, 625, - 626, 642; --, lack of public money for, 257; -- closed for - want of money, 211; dirty --, 262; private --, 106, 225, - 257, 341, 494, 563, 622; -- and sectarianism, 269; sewing in - --, 547. (See also under Teachers) - - Schooners, coastwise freight, 65, 152, 170, 237, 276, 290, - 331 - - Schreiber, Emanuel, 608 - - Schreiber, W. G., 607 - - Schulze, A. W., 303 - - Schumacher, Frank G., 39 - - Schumacher, John, 39, 40, 64, 85, 200, 356, 376, 419, 500; - Mrs. --, 39, 40; -- Building, 39, 40 - - Schumacher, John, Jr., 39, 607 - - Schurz, Carl, 406 - - Schwabenverein, 584 - - Schwarz, Louis, 230 - - Schwed, Max, 549 - - Sciscisch, Lucas, 550 - - Scott Exclusion Act, 468 - - Scott, Frankie, 355 - - Scott, Hattie, 355 - - Scott, Jonathan R., 45, 46, 53, 87, 139, 176, 209, 355, 356; - Mrs. --, 46 - - Scott, J. R., Jr., 46 - - Scott, J. W., 568 - - Scott, Joseph, 469, 605, 626, 638, 647 - - Scott, P. M., 587 - - Scott & Co., E. L., 153 - - Scotti, 553ff. - - Scripps, E. W., 610 - - Scully, Thomas J., 610 - - _Sea Bird_, steamer, 152, 181, 204, 205 - - Seabury, Mr., 519 - - Sea-captains, 10, 11, 12, 22, 46, 65, 66, 121, 152, 153, - 154, 226, 251, 276, 308, 311, 312, 320, 352, 359; brutality - of --, 352 - - _Sea Eagle_, brig, 610 - - Search, P. W., 607 - - Searles, Moses, 94 - - _Sea Serpent_, schooner, 152 - - Seattle, 602 - - Second Street, 419, 477, 518, 563, 570 - - Security of property on the desert, 387 - - Security Trust and Savings Bank, 358, 631 - - Sedgwick, Thomas, 397 - - Seeley, Thomas W., 154, 312, 320 - - Seligman, Carl, 517, 549 - - _Semi-Tropical California_, 361 - - _Semi-Weekly Southern News_ (see under _News_) - - _Senator_, steamer, 153, 154, 210, 264, 285, 290, 300, 306, - 312, 320, 326, 336, 465 - - Sentous, Jean, 78; -- Street, 78 - - Sentous, Louis, 78 - - Sentous, Louis, Jr., 78 - - Sepúlveda, Andrónico, 181 - - Sepúlveda, Ascención, 181, 309 - - Sepúlveda, Bernabé, 181 - - Sepúlveda, Diego, 87, 181 - - Sepúlveda, Dolores, 181 - - Sepúlveda, Fernando, 181, 262 - - Sepúlveda, Francisca Ábila, 309 - - Sepúlveda, Francisca, 100, 181 - - Sepúlveda, J., 120 - - Sepúlveda, Joaquín, 181 - - Sepúlveda, José Andrés, 57, 97, 104, 160, 181, 206, 210, - 309; Señora --, 160; -- Avenue, 57 - - Sepúlveda, José del Carmen, 181 - - Sepúlveda, José Loreto, 71, 181 - - Sepúlveda, Juan, 35, 181 - - Sepúlveda, Juan María, 181 - - Sepúlveda Landing, 202 - - Sepúlveda, Maurício, 181 - - Sepúlveda, Miguel, 181 - - Sepúlveda, Petra Pilar, 71 - - Sepúlveda, Ramona, 181 - - Sepúlveda, R. D., xvi - - Sepúlveda, Tomása, 181 - - Sepúlveda, Tranquilina, 181 - - Sepúlveda, Ygnácio, 57, 181, 314, 420, 424, 443, 489, 519, - 546; Mrs. --, 546 - - Sequoya League, 542 - - _Serapes_, 66, 158 - - Serenades, 184, 467 - - Serra, Junípero, 88, 627 - - Serrano, José, 199 - - Servants, Chinese, 123; Indian --, 124; --, San Francisco - agency for, 313 - - Seventh Infantry Band, 579 - - Seventh Street, 472, 535 - - Severance, Caroline, 473, 566 - - Severy, Calvin Luther, xvi - - Severy, Luther, 549 - - Seward, Frederick and Mrs., 397 - - Seward, William Henry, 49, 339, 397ff., 440 - - Sewers, 265, 469, 472 - - Sexton, Daniel, 254 - - Seymour, (Johnson) & Co., 483 - - Shankland, J. H., 476 - - Shark hunting, 268, 308 - - Shasta, proposed State of, 241 - - Shatto, George R., 568; -- Street, 568 - - Shaw, Dr. and Mrs., 459 - - Shaw, Frederick Merrill, 610 - - Sheep, 167, 216, 218, 220, 310, 322, 332, 362, 374, 381, - 419, 437, 445, 507; -- shearing, 362; --, bet on races, 160; - -- wash, 252 - - Sherman, John, 547 - - Sherman, M. H., 612 - - Sherman, William Tecumseh, 17, 18, 20, 21, 55, 107, 255, 328 - - Sherman, town of, 382 - - Sherwinsky, Tobias, 75, 177 - - Sheward, J. T., 607 - - Shields, James, 271 - - Shiloh, Battle of, 295, 316 - - Shoes and shoemakers, 86, 159, 213 - - Shoe-String strip, the, 637 - - Shoo-Fly Landing, 459 - - Shooting alleys, 402 - - Shorb, J. de Barth, 169, 302, 445, 483; Mrs. --, 302; -- - Station, 169, 302 - - Shore, John W., 39 - - Shore, William H., 246 - - Shrimps, 446 - - Shrine Auditorium, 639 - - Shrubbery, imported from the East, 139 - - Sichel, Julius, 72 - - Sichel, Parisian oculist, 164 - - Sichel, Philip, 290 - - Sichel Street, 290 - - Sidewalks, 20, 34, 211, 226, 229, 287, 343, 518 - - Side-wheelers, 153 - - Siemens, Judge, 539 - - Sierra Madre and Colony, 168, 519, 526, 563, 595; -- - Mountains, 526 - - _Sierra Nevada_, 346 - - Sigel, Franz, 406 - - Signal Hill, 374 - - Signoret, Felix, 137, 420; -- Building, 252, 420 - - Signs, early, 80, 111; --, painters of, 94 - - Silent, Charles, 596, 615 - - Silent, Edward D., 596, 607 - - Silk industry, 390; -- worms, 391 - - Silver, Herman, 594, 595 - - Silver, supply of in the fifties, 129; -- coins, first from - San Francisco mint, 247 - - Simi Pass, 208 - - Simmie, J. W., 568 - - Simmons, John, 335, 439 - - Simmons, Mrs., nurse, 250 - - Simpkins, Charles H., 489 - - Simpson, Frank, 638 - - Sims, Columbus, 51, 55, 246, 296, 303 - - Sinsabaugh, H., 552 - - Sisson, Wallace & Co., 482 - - Sisters' Hospital, 100, 233, 553 - - Sisters of Charity, 100, 189, 190, 203; Sister Ana, 190, - 210; --Angela, 190; -- Clara, 190; -- Francisca, 190; -- - María Corzina, 190; -- María Scholastica, 190 - - Sitka, 602 - - "Sixteen to One," 613 - - Sixth District Agricultural Association, 640 - - Sixth Street, 73, 231, 375, 461, 515 - - _Skat_, 230 - - Skinner & Small, 467 - - Sketchley, Dr., 547 - - Skull Valley, 415 - - Slaney Bros., 86 - - Slaughter, F. N., 426 - - Slauson, James S., 546 - - Slauson, Jonathan S., 467, 476, 546, 561, 578, 625, 626 - - Slotterbeck, Henry, 230 - - Slugs, gold, 130, 160; --, thrown to actors, 186 - - Small, C. M., 405 - - Smallpox, 118, 202, 322, 329, 508 - - Smeltzer, D. E., 125 - - Smiley, Albert K., 591 - - Smiley, Alfred H., 591; -- Heights, 591 - - Smith, Aaron, 446 - - Smith, Charles W., 614 - - Smith, D. K., 455, 457 - - Smith, Emily R., xvi - - Smith, George, 279 - - Smith, George A., 639 - - Smith, George H., 351, 363, 443, 521; Mrs. --, 363 - - Smith, Josephine Rosanna, 411 - - Smith, Orin, 268 - - Smith, William A., 118 - - Smith & McPhee, 567 - - Smith & Walter, 377 - - Smoking, 252; -- in the street cars, 463 - - Smurr, C. F., 561 - - Snow, 314, 525 - - Snyder, Meredith P., 469, 613, 638 - - Soap, first manufacture of, 78 - - Social customs, 135, 136, 184, 224, 228, 347 - - Social distinctions, absence of, 185 - - Social life, simplicity of, 185; --, marked by cordiality, - 135, 184, 312, 383 - - Society Islands, 254 - - Soda in Owens Lake, 387 - - Soda water and fountains, 363 - - Söderhamn, 4 - - Sohms, Henry, 340 - - Solano, Alfredo, 78, 545, 607 - - Solano, Francisco, 78 - - Solar heater, inventor of, 615 - - Soldiers, 586; -- Home, 143; --, return of, to the Coast, - 353 - - Soledad, 375, 496; -- Pass, 440 - - Solomon, David, 342, 343 - - Solomon, M. S., 608 - - _Sombrero_, 158, 264 - - _Song of the Bell, The_, 119 - - Sonita, 205 - - Sonora, 42, 90, 205 - - Sonora Town, 31, 62ff., 78, 97, 134, 161, 227, 362, 458, - 549 - - Sortorel, Romo, 433 - - Sound Money League, 613 - - South Africa, 547 - - South California, proposed State of, 591 - - South Pasadena, 178, 448 - - Southern California, 22, 26, 95, 146, 166ff., 168, 176, - 183, 187, 205, 211, 215, 242, 252, 261, 274, 328, 334, 421, - 437, 439, 450, 477, 493, 503, 519, 520, 530, 544, 569, 597, - 616, 640, 645, 650; -- in State affairs, 35, 353, 406 - - Southern California Academy of Science, 599, 640; -- Science - Association, 599 - - Southern California Architects Association, 470 - - Southern California Coffee and Spice Mills, 559 - - Southern California Colony Association, 391 - - Southern California Fish Co., 628 - - Southern California, University of, 566 - - _Southern Californian_, 92, 133, 141, 148, 177, 190, 447 - - _Southern News_ (see under _News_) - - Southern Overland Mail Route, 301 - - Southern Pacific Railroad Co., 190, 322, 388, 450, 451, 453, - 468, 475, 482, 493, 496, 498, 503ff., 506, 510, 517, 521, - 549, 556, 561, 563, 569, 576, 619; threat to cut off Los - Angeles, 502; Arcade Depot, 112, 512, 531, 562; River - Station, 531, 562; --, Coast line, 583 - - _Southern Vineyard_ (see under Vineyard) - - _Southerner_, 152 - - Southland, new interest in the, 509 - - Southside, 579 - - Southwest Museum, 595, 635, 647, 648 - - Southwest Society, 542, 626 - - Spadra, 89, 144, 330 - - Spain, King of (Alfonso XIII.), 542; grant from King of - Spain, 40 - - Spalding, William A., 516, 556, 612 - - Spanish-American War, 616 - - Spanish archives, 400; -- drama, 352; -- families, 97; -- - Fathers, 101; -- language and names, 56, 93, 133, 170, 262, - 308, 315, 354, 371, 422, 528, 563; -- Missions, 102, 326, - 398, 520, 542, 589, 604; --newspapers, 93, 156, 308, 443; -- - -Mexican restaurants, 133, 178 - - Speculation during the Boom, mania for, 572 - - Spence, Edward F., 467, 473, 516, 521, 552, 566 - - Spencer, William, 609 - - Spikes, golden, 388, 504 - - Spiritualism, 483 - - Sports, 157, 159ff., 182, 242, 282, 401, 423, 490 - - Spring Street, 112, 335, 336, 401, 408, 417, 419, 472, 518, - 561; --, origin of the name, 336; Spring and Sixth Street - Railway, 460ff. - - Sproule, William, 619 - - Spurgeon, William H., 401 - - Spurs, 110, 159 - - Squatters, 382 - - Squirrels, ground, 24, 163, 215 - - Stages and staging, 117, 198, 234, 235, 246, 270, 302, 337, - 357, 374, 389, 391, 393, 394, 414, 416, 429, 435, 464, 465, - 481, 496, 497, 498, 532, 583; coast line, 153; express and - mail by stages, 234, 373; staging from San Pedro to Los - Angeles, 24, 341, 464; from Los Angeles to San Francisco, - 464; stage robberies, 394 - - _Stamboul_, stallion, 592 - - Stamped envelopes, 291, 374 - - Standard Wooden Ware Co., 601 - - Stanford, Leland, 322, 324, 388, 440, 503, 506, 507, 562 - - Stanley, John Quincy Adams, 35, 43, 44 - - _Star King_, 10 - - _Star_, Los Angeles, 54, 89, 92, 93, 94, 133, 162, 191, 240, - 249, 262, 276, 280, 292, 301, 306, 312, 315, 361, 371, 414, - 446, 447, 464, 498, 612 - - _Star of the West_, steamship, 14, 289 - - Stark & Ryer, 286 - - Stassforth, H., 303 - - State divisions, proposed, 188, 241, 520, 521, 591 - - State moneys, how carried to Sacramento, 260 - - State Normal School, 532 - - Stationers, 389 - - Stealing, Indians prone to, 131 - - Steam-bath, 371 - - Steam Navigation Co., 336 - - Steam separator, first, 384 - - Steam wagon, 276 - - Steamers, 237, 290, 346, 366, 395; little --, or tugs, 165, - 237, 290, 398; --, affecting schedule of trains, 404; - arrival of -- announced by a signal gun, 153; change of - names, 152; competition of --, 285, 435; departure of -- - affected by high seas, 154; or dependent on whim of captain, - 154; express sent by --, 373; -- and mail, 374; Pacific --, - 336; coastwise service of --, 22, 149, 152, 154, 210, 300, - 311, 312, 336, 381, 432, 436, 460, 465, 486, 506; service - often miserable, 336, and inconvenient, 486 - - Stearns, Abel, 30, 46, 70, 73, 77, 84ff., 109, 151, 166, - 189, 214, 215, 223, 226, 229, 255, 295, 313, 329, 343, 344, - 377, 430, 510; -- & Bell, 200; -- carriage, 85; -- Hall, - 314, 381, 385, 420, 427; Doña Arcadia -- (_née_ Bandini), - 85, 109, 254, 430 - - Steele, Harriet, xvi - - Stephens, Albert M., 597 - - Stephens, William Dennison, 600, 638 - - Stereopticon, early used in advertising, 499 - - Stern, Alfred, 43 - - Stern, Charles F., 43 - - Stettin, Germany, 3, 4 - - Stevens & Wood, 363 - - Stevenson, J. D., & --'s Regiment, 39, 49, 94, 476 - - Stewart, George H., 607, 613 - - Stewart, William M., 479 - - Still, William G., 283, 333 - - Stock breeding, 427 - - Stockholm, 5 - - Stockton, Robert Field, 24, 100, 178 - - Stockton, William M., 199 - - Stoermer, August, 147 - - Stoll, H. W., 363, 409 - - Stoll, Philip, 409 - - Stone, artificial, 490 - - Stoneman, George H., 394, 441, 443, 488, 499, 503, 528, 540, - 581 - - Storke, C. A., 450 - - Storms, off Newfoundland, 11; of 1856, 194; incidental to - earthquakes, 312 - - Story, Francis Quarles, 634 - - Stovell, Thomas, 568 - - Stower, John S., 230 - - _Stranded Bugle, The_, 583 - - Strassburg, 564; University of --, 598 - - Straus, Isadore and Mrs., 644 - - Strauss, Mr., 627 - - Strauss, Levi & Co., 381 - - Strawberries, 125, 428 - - Street of the Maids, 63, 159 - - Street railways: first (Spring & Sixth Street), 460, 461, - 609; second (Main Street line), 389, 462; tickets, how sold, - 461; transfers, 462; first double-track, 562 - - Streets, lighting of, 34, 68, 267, 349, 400, 408; --, bad - condition of, 34, 307, 584; --, filled with refuse, 34; --, - neglect of, 83; --, ungraded, 34; street numbers, absence - of, 80; -- parades in, 338, 499ff., 528, 529; - street-scenes, 222; -- sprinklers, 416 - - Strelitz Block, 511, 550 - - Stroble, Max von, 346, 406 - - Strobridge, George F., xvi - - Strohm, Thomas, 550 - - Strong, Charles, 416 - - Stuart, J. H., 203 - - Stubbs, J. C., 504, 619 - - Subdividing and subdivisions, 292, 376, 570, 572ff. - - _Sued-Californische Post_, 465, 584 - - Suffrage Convention, Equal, 13 - - Sugar-beets, 388, 598; beet-sugar refining, 388, 598 - - Sugranes, Eugene, xvi - - Sulky, pioneer, 71 - - Sullivan, Arthur, 547 - - _Sultana_, 253 - - Summer outings, 429, 481 - - Summers, Emma A., 603 - - Summit Creek, 155 - - Sumner, Edwin V., 294, 316 - - Sumter, Fort, 266, 294, 616 - - Sundsvall, 4 - - Sunny Slope, 200 - - Sunset Oil Co., 379 - - Sun Yat Sen, 645 - - Superintendent of Schools, 105, 106, 389, 390, 419, 452, - 526, 642; office once vacant, 396 - - _Supply_, steamship, 222 - - Supreme Court, 637 - - Surgeons and early surgery, 108, 110, 297 - - Surveyors and surveys, 33, 34, 36, 38, 112, 149, 411 - - Sutter, John A., 476; --'s Creek, 39 - - Swamps, 112 - - Swansea, Wales, 388 - - Sweden, 2, 3, 6, 336, 564, 621 - - Sweet-potatoes, 126 - - Switching-charge case, 637 - - Switzer, Carrie, xii - - Switzer (Sweitzer), C. P., 543; --'s Camp, 543 - - Switzerland, 336, 398 - - Sycamore Grove, 401, 647 - - Sycamore tree, 126, 197, 401, 543 - - _Sydney Ware_, race horse, 160 - - Sylvester, John, 58 - - - T - - Tacoma, 602 - - Taft, William H., banquet to, 639 - - Tag, game of, 596 - - Tahoe Lake, 477 - - Tailors, 338; American --, 159; Mexican --, 159 - - Tajo Building, 90 - - Tally, Thomas L., 443; --'s Theater, 443 - - _Tamales_, 134, 277, 391; _tamale_ vender, 391, 629 - - _Tanner_, brig, 345 - - Tannery, 82; attempt to establish a --, 269 - - Tapía, Luciano, 206, 210 - - Tatooing, by Indians, 218 - - Taxes, 298, 333, 446; --, property sold for delinquent, 334, - 443; --, delinquent during Boom, 582; --, not collected, 328 - - Taylor, Benjamin Franklin, 514 - - Taylor, W. J., 412 - - Teachers, 47, 92, 105ff., 111, 141, 163, 190, 257, 263, - 308, 331, 355, 356, 373, 389, 390, 402, 419, 473, 494, 532, - 539, 610; first woman public school teacher, 47 - - Teachers' Institute, first, 418 - - Tecate, 424 - - Tedro, Philip, 222 - - Teed, M., 614 - - Tefft, Henry A., 56 - - Teháchepi, 44, 440, 582; disaster near --, 536 - - Tejón, Fort, 46, 204, 222, 234, 248, 297, 317, 327, 333; -- - Band, 157; -- Paso, 58 - - Tejunga Pass, 208, 454; -- _rancho_, 74 - - _Telegram, Evening_, 533 - - Telegram, $75 to U. S. Senate, 503 - - Telegraph, electric, and telegraphing, 234, 271, 283ff., - 305, 307, 308, 411; rates, 401; undeveloped --, 9; first - wire into a business office, 425; shortage of wire, 284; - wireless --, 624, 643 - - Telegraph Stage Line, 496, 497 - - Telephone, 560; --, first introduction here, 531 - - Telescopes, astronomical, 566 - - Tell, Will, and Tell's Place, 429, 460, 490, 581 - - Temécula, 124, 234 - - Temescal mines, 272, 302 - - Temple Auditorium, 590 - - Temple, Francis Phinney Fisk, 67, 167, 274, 282, 292, 317, - 328, 372, 435, 441, 454, 479; known as _Templito_, 167, 292; - death of, 167, 479, 520; -- _rancho_, 435; -- & Workman, - 435, 454, 467, 478, 482, 510 - - Temple, John (Juan), 37, 66ff., 74, 80, 122, 129, 139, 159, - 165, 229, 240, 256, 258, 263, 287, 291, 302; Mrs. --, 67; -- - Building (adobe), 67, 78, 291, 343, 372; -- Court House, 67, - 339, 440; -- Market, 240, 294; -- _rancho_, 204; --, sale of - properties, 67; -- Street, 61, 66, 417, 472; -- Theater, - 240, 263, 286, 318; subdivision of West Temple Street, 61, - 112; -- & Alexander, 23; -- & Gibson, 340 - - Temple Block, 32, 67, 229, 273, 279, 300, 312, 364, 410, - 435, 462, 490, 510, 519, 524, 534, 596 - - Terminal Island, 601 - - Terminal Railroad, 601 - - Terry, David S., 130 - - Teschemacher, H. F., 284 - - Teutonia, 214, 338; -- Hall, 426; -- Concordia, 259, 428 - - Texans, 91; exodus to Texas, 266 - - Thackeray, William Makepeace, 118 - - Thayer, John S., 545 - - Theaters, 185, 543, 559; John Temple's Theater, 240, 263, - 286, 318; Merced Theater, 103, 186, 422, 443, 450; Rough and - Ready Theater, 186; Spanish theater, 352, 422; theatrical - plays postponed, 286 - - Theodore Bros., 87 - - Thirty-Eights, firemen, 356, 446, 464, 500 - - Thirty-fifth parallel, 285, 399, 440 - - Thom, Cameron E., 45, 49, 51, 52, 139, 146, 172, 224, 228, - 295, 339, 347, 383, 434, 446, 481, 488, 521, 565, 587; Mrs. - -- (first wife, _née_ Hathwell), 52; Mrs. -- (second wife, - _née_ Hathwell), 52 - - Thomas, Bill, 404 - - Thomas, Frank J., 596, 607 - - Thompson, Captain, 226 - - Thompson, Ira W., 91, 196, 218, 251 - - Thompson, James, 181, 208, 246 - - Thompson, J. S., 505; Mrs. --, 181 - - Thompson, Judge, 457 - - Thompson, P., 405 - - Thompson, Robert, 432, 433, 434 - - Thompson, S. S., 120 - - Thorn, A. O., 357 - - Thornton, Harry I., 146 - - Threadneedle Street, 407 - - Three-fingered Jack, 58 - - Throop, Amos G. ("Father"), 599; -- College of Technology, - 599 - - Thurman, H. L., 92 - - Thurman, J. S., 92 - - Thurman, S. D., 92 - - Thwaites, Reuben Gold, xii - - Tibbetts, Jonathan, 91 - - Tibbetts, L. C., 451 - - Tichenor, H. B., 380, 467 - - Tiffany, George A., 427, 446 - - Tiffany & Wethered, 267 - - Tilden, A. F., 273 - - Tilden, Samuel J., 297, 323, 591 - - Tileston, Emery & Co., 384 - - _Times_, Los Angeles, 373, 444, 482, 530, 533, 541, 556, - 583, 590, 591, 612, 616, 617, 636, 646; Times-Mirror Co., - 533, 555, 556, 557; the Times Building, 453; --, destruction - of, 641; _Times Magazine_, 617 - - Timms, Augustus W., 23, 342, 500, 522; -- Cove, 522; -- - Landing, 23, 237, 522; -- Point, 522 - - Tipton, 496 - - Tischler, Hyman, 75, 329, 330; -- & Schlesinger, 229 - - _Titanic_, steamship, disaster to the, 644 - - Titus, L. H., 200, 423, 426, 445, 591, 593 - - Tivoli Garden, 273, 340; -- Opera House, 559 - - Toasts, old-fashioned, 399 - - Tobacco, 253, 505, 649; -- growing, 252; indulgence in --; - by women, 253 - - Toberman, James R., 330, 372, 373, 445, 446, 535; -- Street, - 446 - - Todd, Surgeon, 321 - - Toland, Dr. H. H., 319 - - Tomatoes, early, 428 - - Tom Gray Ranch, 357 - - Tomlinson, J. J., 23, 42, 236, 274, 290, 370, 371; -- & Co., - 337, 342; -- & Griffith, 420; -- corral gate, 327, 420, 433 - - Tonner, P. C., 419 - - _Toreador_, 161 - - Torneå, 5 - - Toros, 414 - - Toros, Calle de, 161 - - Torrance, Jared S., 647; -- Tower, 648 - - _Tortillas_, 134 - - Tourists, great influx of, 570 - - Tournament Park, Pasadena, 592; Tournament of Roses - Association, 592 - - Town ball, 596 - - Town, R. M., 472 - - Towns, frenzied founding of, 570 - - Townsend, B. A., 23 - - Trafford, Thomas, 326, 418 - - Transatlantic travel, 10ff., 67, 163, 164, 360, 564, 621 - - Trask, D. K., 607 - - Travel, difficulties of railway, 393, 496 - - Treadwell and Treadwell Mines, 602 - - Treasure, digging for, 254 - - Trees, 269, 291, 388; --, dearth of early, 162, 291; - Mariposa big --, 272; --, objection to watering, 163; --, - sacrificed for fuel, 141 - - _Trenza de sus Cabellos, la_, 352 - - Tres Pinos, 453, 457 - - _Tribune, Daily_, Los Angeles, 556 - - _Tribune_, Los Angeles, 642 - - Trinity Methodist Church, corner-stone opening, 474 - - Tropical life, 15 - - Tropico, 547 - - Truck, first flat, 335 - - Truck gardening, 124, 125 - - Truckee River, 370 - - Trudell, Jean B., 132; Mrs. -- (formerly, Mrs. Henry - Mellus), 133 - - Truman, Ben C., 361, 394, 441, 446, 447, 483, 498, 605, 607, - 612, 636; Mrs. --, 361, 612 - - Truth, native shyness of, 131 - - Truxton, 460 - - Tuch, Nathan, 89 - - Tucson, 301, 317, 375, 504 - - Tuffree, J. R., 581 - - Tulare County, 188 - - Tules, 112 - - Tuna, canned, 628 - - Tunnels, 496, 502, 504, 622; made and needed, 623 - - Turck, W. I., xvi - - Turkey, mammoth, 423 - - Turner, Joel H., 379, 388, 398, 399 - - Turner, John, 87 - - Turner, William, 500 - - Turner, William F., 87, 470; Mrs. --, 470 - - Turntable, first railroad, 397 - - Turnverein, 214, 272, 402, 409, 410, 428, 623; -- Building, - first, 428; -- Block, 192; Turnverein-Germania, 428, 584, - 629; -- Hall, 192, 526, 529, 533, 573, 584, 630 - - Tustin (Tustin City), 181, 577 - - Tustin, Columbus, 577, 578 - - Twain, Mark, 32 - - Tweed, William Marcy, 590 - - "Twenty-five Years Ago To-day," 623 - - Twist, W. W., 147, 209 - - Twitchell, Cæsar C., 106 - - _Two Years before the Mast_, 197, 226, 255, 296 - - Typewriter, first, 497 - - Ty, Sing, 433 - - Tyson's Wells, 415 - - - U - - Uhrie, Marie, 39 - - Ulyard, August, 77, 191, 287, 481; Mrs. --, 77 - - Umeå, 4 - - Unangst, E. P. and Mrs., xvi - - Union Hardware and Metal Co., 409 - - Union League, 338; -- Club, Philadelphia, 498 - - _Union_, steamer, 360 - - Union Warehouse, 288 - - Union & Texas Pacific Railroad, 486 - - Unionists, 224, 296, 306, 321, 333, 339, 341; --, San - Francisco, 339 - - United States and North America, 399 - - United States Army and officers, 166, 171, 173, 221, 224, - 247, 271, 272, 297, 303, 341, 358; headquarters, 246, 265, - 297, 299, 301, 311, 321, 341, 358, 517, 587 - - United States Circuit Court, 565; -- District Court, first - judge, 279 - - United States Government, 299, 308, 311, 321, 339, 353, 426, - 435, 630 - - United States Hotel, 149, 244, 279, 303, 380, 397, 469, 481, - 581 - - Universal City, 344 - - University of California, 403, 536, 624, 631 - - University of Chicago, 567 - - University of Southern California, 516, 536, 548 - - University Place, 609 - - Unruh, H. A., 475 - - Upper Main Street, 63, 159 - - Usurers, 130 - - Utah, 507, 301, 330 - - - V - - Vaccination, opposition to, 118, 322 - - Vaché, Adolphe, 281 - - Vaché, Émile, 280; -- Frères, 280, 548 - - Vaché, Théophile, 280; -- & Co., T., 281 - - Vail, W. L., 634 - - Valdez, José María, 58 - - Valle, António, 550 - - Vallejo, General, 263 - - _Valor of Ignorance, The_, 645 - - Vandever, William, 591 - - Van Dyke, Walter, 596 - - Van Dyke, William M., xvi - - Van Gilpin, Professor, 373 - - Van Nuys, Isaac Newton, 381, 421, 493, 514, 515, 537, 607; - --Building, 515; -- Hotel, 340 - - _Vaquero_, steamship, 430 - - _Vaqueros_, 90, 182, 243 - - _Vara_, the, 33, 262 - - Varela, Serbo, 266 - - Vasquez, Tibúrcio, 223, 453ff., 471, 517; --, recipient, in - cell, of flowers, 458; --, executed, 458 - - Vassallo, Francisco, 550 - - Vawter, E. J., 481 - - Vawter, William D., 481 - - Vawter, W. S., 481 - - Vegetables, 88, 124ff., 192, 272, 317, 332, 428, 504, 514, - 552; --peddled to steamers, 12 - - Vejar, John C., 147 - - Vejar, Ricardo, 174, 178, 200, 329; -- Vineyard, 474 - - Vejar, Soledad, 147 - - Velardes, Francisco, 159 - - Velocipedes, 384 - - Venice, 627, 630 - - Ventura (see San Buenaventura) - - _Ventura_, 346 - - Ventura County, 22, 599 - - Verandas, 113 - - Verde, Cape, 123 - - Verdugo Cañon, 424; --, Casa, 178 - - Verdugo family, 177 - - Verdugo, Guillermo, 178 - - Verdugo, José María, 177; -- _rancho_, 178, 181, 424 - - Verdugo, Julio, 178 - - Verdugo, Julio Chrisostino, 178 - - Verdugo, Victoriano, 178 - - Verelo, Miguel, 427 - - Vergara, Manuel, 35 - - Vernon, 575, 609 - - Vernon Avenue, 202 - - Vernondale, 575 - - Vickery & Hinds, 550 - - Vielle, Louis, 369 - - Vigilance Committees, 66, 139, 147, 207ff., 324ff., 419; - --, San Francisco, 21, 54, 340 - - Vignes, Jean Louis, 62, 89, 100, 108, 171, 190, 197, 198, - 200, 312; --Street, 198 - - Vignolo & Sanguinetti, 550 - - Villard, Henry, 539 - - Vineyard, James F., 143 - - Vineyard, Lake, 169, 306 - - _Vineyard, Southern_, 224 - - Vineyards, 25, 103, 112, 132, 142, 162, 197ff., 200, 213, - 233, 238, 249, 265, 281, 286, 292, 293, 300, 337, 363, 378, - 398, 445, 474, 610; -- affected by floods, 309; mother - vineyard, 199 - - Vintage, 294 - - Virgen, P. J., 34; -- Street, 34 - - Virgenes, Calle de las, 159 - - Virgin Bay, 16 - - Virginia City, Nevada, 477 - - Visalia, 270, 234; -- and the Southern Pacific, 503 - - Visiting, 81 - - Visitors, commotion caused by, 137 - - Vista del Arroya, 532 - - Voting precinct, first, 41 - - Vulture Mines, 415 - - - W - - Wachtel, J. V., 589 - - Wackerbarth, August, xvi - - Wade, K. H., 607 - - Wadhams, Collins, 76; -- & Foster, 76 - - Wagons, 24, 83; --, bet on races, 161; --, used for gallows, - 433; --from Salt Lake, 187; spring-wagon, 85; wagon-trains, - 242, 322, 354 - - Waite, Alonzo, 306, 315, 350, 380, 443, 446 - - Waite, James S., 94, 191, 192; -- & Co., 133 - - Waldeck, Jacob E., 605 - - Waldron, Dave, 462, 463 - - Walker, Frank, 615 - - Walker, Irving M., 355 - - Walker, William, 21, 54, 407 - - Wall Street, 448 - - Wallace, William A., 106, 192 - - Waller, G. M., 512 - - Walleria, 579 - - Walnut seed, black, 163 - - Walters, George, 63 - - Walther, F. G., 388 - - Walton, Charles S., 606 - - Ward, Ben E., 580 - - Ward, Mrs. J. T., xvi - - Ward, John, 83 - - Wards, London publishers, 631 - - Ware, Jim, 268 - - Warehouses, 288 - - Warner, Charles Dudley, 597 - - Warner, Jonathan Trumbull (Juan José), 169, 170, 224, 256, - 323, 372, 426, 501, 515, 541, 578, 609; --, Mrs., 170; --'s - Ranch, 169, 234, 294, 542 - - Warren, William C., 221, 327, 339, 418 - - Wartenberg, Henry, 61, 405, 409 - - Washburn, W. J., 626 - - Washburne, Elihu B., 360 - - Washing clothes, mode of, 117; --, in the river, 117 - - Washington, Colonel, 183 - - Washington Gardens, 447, 462, 463, 547 - - Washington, George and Martha, 500; --'s Birthday - Celebrations, 147, 264 - - Washington Street, 474 - - Washoe Gold Fields, 333 - - Wass Molitor & Co., 130 - - Watchmakers, 68, 213, 235, 356 - - Water, 211, 355, 360, 365, 370, 372, 418, 446, 533, 613, - 618; --Commissioner, 116; -- Companies, 366, 377, 384, 418, - 446, 454, 495, 509, 534; -- dam, 372; -- ditch, Child's 231; - domestic -- supply, 116, 117; --, Los Angeles River, 116; - water system, nucleus of, 210; --, objection to use of, 163; - --, peddling of, 116, 117, 350; -- pipes, iron, 377, 384, - 445; -- pipes, wooden, 211, 350, 366; --, pollution of, 116; - --, scarcity of, 114; --, stealing of, 125; --, _zanja_, - 115, 116 - - Watermelons, 126, 563; seeds of, for medicinal uses, 127 - - Waters, James, 63 - - Waters, Russell Judson, 605 - - Watkins, Commodore, 306 - - Watson, James A., 139, 174, 318 - - Way, Daniel E., 318 - - Weapons, carrying, 224; --, forbidden, 348 - - Weather prophets, 126, 421 - - Weaver Diggings, 321 - - Webber & Haas, 244, 303 - - Weber, shoemaker, 86 - - Webster, Daniel, 93, 650 - - Weddings, 136, 224, 347, 410, 464, 538, 636, 637 - - Weed, Edward A., 548 - - _Weekly Mirror_, see under _Mirror_ - - Weidner, Perry W., 634, 639 - - Weil, Alexander, 565 - - Weil, Alphonse, 551 - - Weil, Jacob, 91 - - Weiner, Captain, 150 - - Weinschank, Andrew A., 453 - - Weinschank, Caroline, 453 - - Weinschank, Frank A., 453 - - Weixel, Jacob, 115 - - Welch, J. C., 109, 320 - - Wells Fargo & Co., 39, 57, 111, 201, 233, 241, 245, 260, - 261, 280, 313, 320, 330, 373ff., 395, 410, 475 - - Wells, G. Wiley, 517 - - Wesley Avenue, 462, 516 - - West, B. R., 318 - - Western Union Telegraph Co., 411 - - Westlake district, 629; -- Park, 349, 609; --, subdivision, - 112 - - Westminster, 177; -- Hotel, 419 - - Weston, Olive E., xvi - - West Prussia, 1 - - Weyse, H. G., 202 - - Weyse, Julius, 202 - - Weyse, Otto G., and Mrs., 202 - - Weyse, Rudolf G., 202; Mrs. --, 142, 202 - - Whaling, 268, 308 - - Wharf, Long, San Francisco, 21, 89, 199; --, Port Los - Angeles, 468 - - Wharf, Santa Monica, 485 - - Wharves, absence of, 19, 22, 56 - - What Cheer House, 369 - - Wheat, 332, 381, 493 - - Wheat, A. C., xvi - - Wheeler, Horace Z., 38, 218 - - Wheeler, John Ozias, 38, 133, 218, 249, 279, 373, 379, 462, - 529, 562; -- Bros., 38 - - Wheeler, Mary Esther, 106, 373 - - Wheelwrights, 82, 84, 115, 153, 239, 358, 384 - - Whigs, 91 - - Whipping post, 66 - - Whipple Barracks, Arizona, 587 - - Whisky Flat, 357 - - Whist, 230 - - Whitcomb, George, 576 - - Whitcomb, Ledora, 576 - - White, Caleb E., 512 - - White, Charles H., 452, 556 - - White, Jennie, 185, 436 - - White, Michael, 87, 90 - - White House, 219, 542, 618; --, hotel, 418, 552 - - White Pine, Nevada, 424 - - White River, 414 - - White, Stephen M., 467, 553ff., 565, 596, 597, 607; --, - monument to, 468 - - White, Thomas J., 107, 185, 200, 267, 356, 436 - - White, T. Jeff, 185 - - White's Point, 624 - - Whitman, George N., 43 - - Whittier, John Greenleaf, 576; --, town of, 180, 374, 555, - 576, 620; --, origin of name, 489 - - Whitworth, James H., 250 - - Wholesalers' Board of Trade, 538 - - Wickenberg, 415 - - Wicks, Moye, 477 - - Wicks, Moses Langley, 476, 540 - - Widney, Joseph P., 370, 423, 457, 483, 501, 516, 521, 529, - 548, 589 - - Widney, Robert Maclay, 370, 401, 412, 426, 434, 442, 449, - 460, 483, 489, 503, 515, 521; Mrs. --, 634 - - Widney, Samuel A., 311 - - Wiebecke's beer garden, Frau, 409 - - Wiebers, D., 601, 635, 637 - - Wiggin, Kate Douglas, 474 - - Wiggins, Frank, 607, 634, 647 - - Wigmore, George H., 619 - - Wilburn, Robert, 275 - - Wilcox, Henry, 472, 473 - - Wild animals, first, 463 - - Wilde, Charles L., xvi - - Wiley, H. C., 180, 395, 492; Mrs. --, 180, 493 - - Wilhart, Louis, 82, 200 - - Wilkins, Charles, 327 - - Willard, Charles Dwight, vii, 543, 545, 607, 619, 635, 646; - Mrs. --, 646, 647 - - Willhartitz, Adolph, 625 - - Williams, Francisca, 168, 347 - - Williams, George, 348 - - Williams, George, grocer, 551 - - Williams, Hiram, 197 - - Williams, J. A. & Co., 613 - - Williams, Julian Isaac, 38, 167, 168, 197, 226, 263, 326, - 347, 598, 617; --, Mrs., 347 - - Williams, María Merced, 168 - - Williamson, George, 379 - - Williamson, Mariana, 444 - - Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton, 603 - - Williamson, Nels, 82, 444 - - Williamson Tract, 573 - - Willmore, W. E., 521; -- City, 521 - - Willows, 126, 198, 212, 329, 614 - - Willow Springs, 414 - - Wills, Mrs. Charlotte LeMoyne, 567 - - Wills, John A., 567 - - Wills, W. LeMoyne, 363, 567, 607 - - Wilmington, 218, 236, 247, 299, 301, 311, 321, 326, 342, - 353, 363, 366, 375, 376, 381, 384, 389, 393ff., 397, 402, - 404, 506, 520, 548, 637, 638; --, charge for hauling from, - 343; -- Harbor, 426; --shipping, 236; --, Southern Pacific - Railroad influence in favor of, 521; -- Street, 551; -- - Transportation Co., 568 - - _Wilmington Journal_, 404 - - Wilmington, Delaware, 236 - - Wilshire, H. G., 580; -- Boulevard, 580 - - Wilshire, W. B., 607 - - Wilshire district, 379; -- subdivision, 112 - - Wilson, Benjamin (Benito) Davis, 63, 168, 172, 175, 190, - 200, 241, 302, 306, 316, 320, 322, 346, 363, 412, 440, 445, - 451; Mrs. -- (_née_ Yorba), 169; Mrs. -- (formerly Mrs. M. - S. Hereford), 169, 316, 320; proposed -- College, 451; --, - Mount, 566; --'s Peak, 168 - - Wilson, Bob, 248 - - Wilson, C. N., 541 - - Wilson, Emmet H., 626 - - Wilson, John, 28, 428 - - Wilson, Peter (Bully), 279, 429 - - Wilson, Ruth, 363 - - Wilson's Station, 415 - - Windmills, 460 - - Windstorms, 336 - - Windward Passage, 14 - - Wine cellars, 294; -- gardens, 193 - - Wineries, wine-making and wines, 134, 200, 202, 203, 219, - 233, 238, 239, 265, 280, 294, 369, 407 - - _Winfield Scott_, steamship, wreck of, 22 - - Winston, James B., 107, 108, 109, 183, 245, 255, 346, 380; - Mrs. --, 183, 255; -- & Co., J. B., 316; -- & Hodges, 26, - 92; -- & King, 380 - - _Wireless_, 624 - - Wise, K. D., 457 - - Witmer, Henry Clay, 563 - - Wolfenstein, V., 364 - - Wolfskill, John, 170; -- Tract, 586 - - Wolfskill, Joseph, 212, 263 - - Wolfskill, Juana, 142 - - Wolfskill, Louis, 170, 174, 263, 439 - - Wolfskill, Magdalena, 171 - - Wolfskill, Mateo, 170, 171 - - Wolfskill, Timoteo, 72 - - Wolfskill, William, 72, 89, 106, 112, 125, 142, 163, 170, - 174, 187, 199, 201, 211, 212, 219, 229, 244, 286, 326, 336, - 357, 394, 439; Mrs. --, 171; -- Building, 362; -- Lane, 485; - -- orange grove, 212; --ranch and subdivision, 544; -- Road, - 273; -- Tract, 562; -- Vineyard, 201 - - Wollweber, Theodore, 201, 291 - - Woman's Gun, 101; -- rights, 278 - - Women's clubs, 473, 600, 607; --, open air meeting of, 409 - - Wood as fuel, 37, 141 - - Wood, lynching of, 324, 327 - - Wood, C. Modini, 529; --, Mrs. (see under Perry) - - Wood, F. W., 606 - - Wood, John, 463; --'s Opera House, 463; --'s Band, 499 - - Woodworth, Alice, 142 - - Woodworth, John D., 231, 445 - - Woodworth, Samuel, 231 - - Woodworth, Wallace, 81, 231, 263; --, Mrs., 200, 263 - - Wool, and the wool-craze, 288, 421, 437ff., 628; woolen - mills, 450, 511 - - Woollacott, H. J., 79, 607 - - Woolwine, Thomas Lee, 111 - - Woolwine, W. D., 607 - - Wooster Street Congregation, New York, 122 - - Worden, Perry, viii., 119 - - Workman, Antónia Margarita, 167 - - Workman, Boyle, 233 - - Workman, David and Mrs., 132 - - Workman, Elijah H., 132, 269, 417 - - Workman, Thomas H., 42, 132, 142, 320; Mrs. --, 142 - - Workman, William, 132, 172, 205, 242, 317, 355, 372, 479, - 494 - - Workman, William H., 42, 43, 132, 141, 202, 224, 232, 256, - 269, 349, 419, 481, 561, 587, 589, 594, 598, 629, 630; -- - Bros., 291; -- Street, 132 - - Workman, William H., Jr., 233 - - Works, John D., 517; -- & Lee, 517 - - Wright, E. T., 568 - - Wright, George, 436 - - Wright, John H., 358 - - Wright, J. T., 285 - - - Y - - _Yankee Doodle_, 501 - - Yankee notions, 218 - - Yarnell, George, 427; -- & Caystile, --, Caystile & Brown, - 444; --, Caystile & Mathes, 530, 533 - - Yarnell, Jesse, 427 - - Yarrow, Henry G., 76 - - Yates, J. D., 78, 279 - - Yates, Mary D., 79 - - Ybarra, Francisco, 457 - - Yeast powders, 346 - - Yellow fever, 14, 359 - - Yellow tail, 127 - - Yerba Buena, 49 - - Yorba, Bernardo, 169, 177, 212, 238 - - Yorba, José António, 181 - - Yorba, Josefa, 103 - - Yorba, Ramona, 169 - - Yost, Robert M., 628 - - Young, Brigham, 156, 218, 345, 498 - - Young, Ewing, 170, 187 - - Young, Frances, 143 - - Ystad, 3, 4 - - Yuma, Fort, 35, 74, 205, 234, 247, 274, 283, 294, 301, 343, - 375, 514 - - - Z - - Zahn, Johann Carl, 430 - - Zahn, Oswald F., 430 - - Zahn, Otto J., 430 - - _Zanjas_, 88, 115, 119, 125, 210, 218, 265, 322, 364, 472, - 548, 573; _zanja madre_, 116, 210 - - _Zanjero_, 36, 94, 116, 125, 286, 295, 302, 573 - - Zarate, Felipe, 424 - - Zeehandelaar, Felix J., 607, 611, 639 - - Zeppelin, Ferdinand, 561 - - Zola, Émile, 451 - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sixty Years in Southern California -1853-1913, by Harris Newmark - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS IN SOUTHERN *** - -***** This file should be named 42680-8.txt or 42680-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/6/8/42680/ - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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