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diff --git a/42540-h/42540-h.htm b/42540-h/42540-h.htm index bf49d06..129aaff 100644 --- a/42540-h/42540-h.htm +++ b/42540-h/42540-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The History of Peter the Great, by Tobias Smollett from Voltaire. @@ -141,46 +141,7 @@ table { </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of -Russia, by Voltaire - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia - -Author: Voltaire - -Translator: Tobias Smollett - -Release Date: April 15, 2013 [EBook #42540] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PETER THE GREAT *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Paul Clark and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42540 ***</div> <div class="transnote"> <p>Transcriber's Note:</p> @@ -296,7 +257,7 @@ the grand reformation.</td></tr> <td>Congress and Treaty with the Chinese.</td></tr> <tr><td class="tdr padr"><a href="#CHAP_VIII">VIII.</a></td> -<td>Expedition to the Palus Mæotis; conquest of Azoph.—The +<td>Expedition to the Palus Mæotis; conquest of Azoph.—The czar sends young gentlemen into foreign countries for improvement.</td></tr> @@ -508,7 +469,7 @@ Hubner gives it the name of Black, nor for what reason the government of Kiow should be named Red Russia.</p> <p>It is very likely that Madies the Scythian, who made an irruption into -Asia, near seven hundred years before our vulgar æra, might have carried +Asia, near seven hundred years before our vulgar æra, might have carried his arms into these regions, as Gengis-Khan and Tamerlane did afterwards, and as probably others had done long before Madies. Every part of antiquity is not deserving of our inquiries; that of the @@ -911,7 +872,7 @@ Boristhenes to the Tanais, and well furnished with forts and redoubts.</p> <p>Farther northward we cross the Tanais, and come into the government of Worownitz, or Veronise, which extends as far as the banks of the Palus -Mæotis. In the neighbourhood of the capital of this province, which is +Mæotis. In the neighbourhood of the capital of this province, which is called, by the Russians, Woronestch, at the mouth of the river of the same name, which falls into the Don, Peter the Great built his first fleet; an undertaking which was at that time entirely new to the @@ -1013,12 +974,12 @@ the east, we shall find the limits of Europe and Asia again confounded. A new name is wanting for a considerable part of the globe. The ancients divided their known world into Europe, Asia, and Africa: but they had not seen the tenth part of it: hence it happens, that when we pass the -Palus Mæotis we are at a loss to know where Europe ends, or Asia begins; +Palus Mæotis we are at a loss to know where Europe ends, or Asia begins; all that tract of country lying beyond mount Taurus was distinguished by the general appellation of Scythia, and afterwards by that of Tartary. -It might not be improper, perhaps, to give the name of Terræ Arcticæ, +It might not be improper, perhaps, to give the name of Terræ Arcticæ, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> Northern Lands, to the country extending from the Baltic Sea to the -confines of China; as that of Terræ Australes, or Southern Lands, are to +confines of China; as that of Terræ Australes, or Southern Lands, are to that equally extensive part of the world, situated under the Antarctic Pole, and which serves to counterpoise the globe.</p> @@ -1252,7 +1213,7 @@ or Slavi.</p> <p>Upon reflection, we shall find that most states were formed in the same manner. The French are an assemblage of Goths, of Danes called Normands, of northern Germans, called Burgundians; of Franks, Allmans, and some -Romans, mixed with the ancient Celtæ. In Rome and Italy there are +Romans, mixed with the ancient Celtæ. In Rome and Italy there are several families descended from the people of the North, but none that we know of from the ancient Romans. The supreme pontiff is frequently the offspring of a Lombard, a Goth, a Teuton, or a Cimbrian. The @@ -1521,11 +1482,11 @@ off while he was making his speech to him. Others attribute this adventure to a Tartar, and others again to a French ambassador.</p> <p>Olearius pretends, that the czar Michael<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> Theodorowitz, banished the -marquis of Exideüil, ambassador from Henry IV. of France, into Siberia; +marquis of Exideüil, ambassador from Henry IV. of France, into Siberia; but it is certain, that this monarch sent no ambassador to Moscow, and -that there never was a marquis of Exideüil in France. In the same manner +that there never was a marquis of Exideüil in France. In the same manner do travellers speak about the country of Borandia, and of the trade they -have carried on with the people of Nova Zémbla, which is scarcely +have carried on with the people of Nova Zémbla, which is scarcely inhabited at all, and the long conversations they have had with some of the Samojedes, as if they understood their language. Were the enormous compilations of voyages to be cleared of every thing that is not true @@ -1567,7 +1528,7 @@ great lord, conservator of all the Russias, prince of Wolodomer, Moscow, Novogorod, &c. tzar of Casan, tzar of Astracan, and tzar of Siberia.' Tzar was, therefore, a title belonging to these eastern princes; and, therefore, it is more probable to have been derived from the tshas of -Persia, than from the Roman Cæsars, whom the Siberian tzars, on the +Persia, than from the Roman Cæsars, whom the Siberian tzars, on the banks of the Oby, can hardly be supposed to have ever heard.</p> <p>No title, however pompous, is of any consequence, if those who bear it @@ -2076,7 +2037,7 @@ played with her brother, the emperor Theodosius.</p> prince of only ten years old to the throne, the exclusion of the elder brother, and the intrigues of the princess Sophia, their sister, excited a most bloody revolt among the strelitzes. Never did the janissaries, -nor the prætorian guards, exercise more horrible barbarities. The +nor the prætorian guards, exercise more horrible barbarities. The insurrection began two days after the interment of Theodore, when they all ran to arms in the Kremlin, which is the imperial palace at Moscow. There they began with accusing nine of their colonels, for keeping back @@ -2780,7 +2741,7 @@ revived with redoubled vigour.</p> <blockquote> -<p>Expedition to the Palus Mæotis; conquest of Azoph.—The czar sends +<p>Expedition to the Palus Mæotis; conquest of Azoph.—The czar sends young gentlemen into foreign countries for improvement.</p></blockquote> <p>It was not so easy to have peace with the Turks, and indeed, the time @@ -2807,7 +2768,7 @@ expedition.</p> <p>1694.] This grand army began its march under the command of marshal Sheremeto, or Scheremetoff, in the beginning of the summer of 1695, to attack the town of Azoph, at the mouth of the Tanais, and at the -extremity of the Palus Mæotis, now called the Zaback Sea. The czar +extremity of the Palus Mæotis, now called the Zaback Sea. The czar himself was with the army, but only in quality of a volunteer, being determined to learn, some time before he took upon him to command. During their march, they stormed two forts which the Turks had built on @@ -2904,7 +2865,7 @@ country, and the advantage of the Christian faith. The Cossacks were employed in building a number of those light boats in use amongst them, and which were excellent for the purpose of cruising on the coast of Crim Tartary. The Ottoman empire was alarmed at this powerful armament; -the first that had ever been attempted on the Palus Mæotis. The czar's +the first that had ever been attempted on the Palus Mæotis. The czar's scheme was to drive the Turks and the Tartars for ever out of the Taurica Chersonesus, and afterwards to establish a free and easy commerce with Persia through Georgia. This is the very trade which the @@ -3043,7 +3004,7 @@ XII. a youth of only fifteen years of age. This was in all appearance a conjuncture the most favourable for the czar's design; he had it in his power to extend his dominions on the Gulf of Finland, and on the side of Livonia. But he did not think it enough to harass the Turks on the Black -Sea; the settlements on the Palus Mæotis, and the borders of the Caspian +Sea; the settlements on the Palus Mæotis, and the borders of the Caspian Sea, were not sufficient to answer his schemes of navigation, commerce, and power. Besides, glory, which is the darling object of every reformer, was to be found neither in Persia, nor in Turkey, but in our @@ -3665,7 +3626,7 @@ and of a few forts built in its neighbourhood.</p> <p>It was not possible for the czar to extend his dominions on the side of Turkey, without drawing upon him the forces of that empire, before divided, but now united. His naval projects were too vast for the Palus -Mæotis, and the settlements on the Caspian Sea would not admit of a +Mæotis, and the settlements on the Caspian Sea would not admit of a fleet of men of war: he therefore turned his views towards the Baltic Sea, but without relinquishing those in regard to the Tanais and Wolga.</p> @@ -3803,7 +3764,7 @@ Germans, but did not know till after they had surrendered, that they had been conquered by eight thousand men. Amongst the prisoners, was the son of a king of Georgia, whom Charles sent to Stockholm: his name was Mittelesky Czarovits, or czar's son, an additional proof that the title -of czar, or tzar, had not its original from the Roman Cæsars.</p> +of czar, or tzar, had not its original from the Roman Cæsars.</p> <p>Charles XII. did not lose more than one thousand two hundred men in this battle. The czar's journal, which has been sent me from Petersburg, @@ -3951,7 +3912,7 @@ seamen. Peter employed the greatest part of the year 1701, in building on this lake an hundred half gallies, to carry about fifty men each; and other armed barks were fitted out on the lake Ladoga. He directed all these operations in person, and set his new sailors to work: those who -had been employed in 1697, at the Palus Mæotis were then stationed near +had been employed in 1697, at the Palus Mæotis were then stationed near the Baltic. He frequently quitted those occupations to go to Moscow, and the rest of the provinces, in order to enforce the observance of the late customs he had introduced, or to establish new ones.</p> @@ -4273,7 +4234,7 @@ in order to establish, by degrees, the several alterations he had made in the laws, manners, and customs of Russia. He regulated the finances, and put them upon a new footing. He expedited the works that were carrying on in the Woronitz, at Azoph, and in a harbour which he had -caused to be made on the Palus Mæotis, under the fort of Taganrock.</p> +caused to be made on the Palus Mæotis, under the fort of Taganrock.</p> <p>Jan. 1704.] The Ottoman Porte, alarmed at these preparations, sent an embassy to the czar, complaining thereof: to which he returned for @@ -5173,7 +5134,7 @@ and marching all together against the besiegers: he had visited the countries which surround the Ukraine; namely the duchy of Severia, watered by the Desna, already made famous by his victory: the country of Bolcho, in which the Occa has its source; the deserts and mountains -leading to the Palus Mæotis; and lately he had been in the neighbourhood +leading to the Palus Mæotis; and lately he had been in the neighbourhood of Azoph, where he caused that harbour to be cleansed, new ships to be built, and the citadel of Taganroc to be repaired. Thus did he employ the time that passed between the battles of Lesnau and Pultowa, in @@ -5659,13 +5620,13 @@ the king of Sweden, but, as may readily be supposed, merely from a view to his own interest. The Khan of the Crim Tartars could not without dread, be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>hold a neighbour so powerful as Peter I. The Porte had, for some time, taken umbrage at the number of ships which this prince had on -the Palus Mæotis, and in the Black Sea, at his fortifying the city of +the Palus Mæotis, and in the Black Sea, at his fortifying the city of Azoph, and at the flourishing state of the harbour of Taganroc, already become famous; and, lastly, at his great series of successes, and at the ambition which success never fails to augment.</p> <p>It is neither true, nor even probable, that the Porte should have begun -the war against the czar, on the Palus Mæotis, for no other reason than +the war against the czar, on the Palus Mæotis, for no other reason than because a Swedish ship had taken a bark on the Baltic, on board of which was found a letter from a minister, whose name has never been mentioned. Norberg tells us, that this letter contained a plan for the conquest of @@ -6229,7 +6190,7 @@ successful, if he put his master in possession of the towns and harbours which made the subject of the war, stopt the progress of the victorious army under Renne, and obliged that general to quit the banks of the Danube, and return back<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> into Russia, and for ever shut the entrance of -the Palus Mæotis, the Cimmerian Bosphorus, and the Black Sea, against an +the Palus Mæotis, the Cimmerian Bosphorus, and the Black Sea, against an enterprising prince; and, lastly, if he avoided taking these certain advantages, on the hazard of a new battle (in which, after all, despair might have got the better of superiority of numbers). The preceding day @@ -6543,7 +6504,7 @@ ever the battle of Narva was; for after that defeat he had found means not only to retrieve his losses, but also to wrest Ingria out of the hands of Charles XII.; but by the treaty of Falksten, in which he consented to give up to the sultan his forts and har<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>bours on the Palus -Mæotis, he for ever lost his projected superiority in the Black Sea. He +Mæotis, he for ever lost his projected superiority in the Black Sea. He had besides an infinite deal of work on his hands; his new establishments in Russia were to be perfected, he had to prosecute his victories over the Swedes, to settle king Augustus firmly on the Polish @@ -6804,7 +6765,7 @@ ne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>goti resolved to assist him in driving out the Swedes from the continent, and cooping them up for ever within the narrow isthmus of Scandinavia, began to turn his views entirely towards the north-west coasts of Europe, not -laying aside all thoughts of the Palus Mæotis, or Black Sea. The keys of +laying aside all thoughts of the Palus Mæotis, or Black Sea. The keys of Azoph, which had been so long withheld from the basha, who was to have taken possession of that place for the sultan, his master, were now given up; and, notwithstanding all the endeavours of the king of Sweden, @@ -6936,7 +6897,7 @@ banker, named Samuel Bernard, who had accumulated an immense fortune by making remittances for the government to foreign countries, and other private contracts. This man was intoxicated with a species of pride very rarely to be met with from people of his profession. He was immoderately -fond of every thing that made an éclat, and knew very well, that one +fond of every thing that made an éclat, and knew very well, that one time or another the government would repay with interest those who hazarded their fortune to supply its exigencies. Count Sparre went one day to dine with him, and took care to flatter his foible so well, that @@ -7738,7 +7699,7 @@ all ranks, and consequently humbling the nobility, there might be less danger of civil wars, which, in former times, were so frequent and destructive to the peace of the state. In a word, the title of marquis and count, with possessions equivalent to that dignity, are like those -of knight, without being of any order; or abbé, without any church +of knight, without being of any order; or abbé, without any church preferment; of no consequence, and not looked upon by the sensible part of the nation.</p> @@ -7960,7 +7921,7 @@ witness of the terms on which the regent stood with the king of England, and whether that prince was staunch to his alliance.</p> <p>Peter the Great was received in France as such a monarch ought to be. -Marshal Tessé was sent to meet him, with a number of the principal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> +Marshal Tessé was sent to meet him, with a number of the principal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> lords of the court, a company of guards and the king's coaches; but he, according to his usual custom, travelled with such expedition, that he was at Gournay when the equipages arrived at Elbeuf. Entertainments were @@ -7975,7 +7936,7 @@ sumptuous manner: but Peter, who was come only to see what might be of use to him, and not to suffer these ceremonious triflings, which were a restraint upon his natural plainness, and consumed a time that was precious to him, went the same night to take up his lodgings at the -other end of the city in the hotel of Lesdiguiére, belonging to marshal +other end of the city in the hotel of Lesdiguiére, belonging to marshal Villeroi, where he was entertained at the king's expense in the same manner as he would have been at the Louvre. The next day (May 8, 1717.) the regent of France went to make him a visit in the before mentioned @@ -8136,7 +8097,7 @@ highest honours and most important posts: Peter, who sometimes softened the toils of government, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> indulging his people in amusements, which befitted a nation as yet not entirely reformed by his labours, promised his writing-master, to bestow on him one of the highest dignities in the -world; accordingly, he appointed him knéz papa, or supreme pontiff, with +world; accordingly, he appointed him knéz papa, or supreme pontiff, with an appointment of two thousand crowns, and assigned him a house to live in, in the Tartarian quarter at Petersburg. He was installed by a number of buffoons, with great ceremony, and four fellows who stammered were @@ -11833,7 +11794,7 @@ Hague.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> The chaplain Norberg, pretends, that, immediately after the battle of Narva, the Grand Seignior wrote a letter of congratulation to the king of Sweden, in these terms. 'The sultan Basha, by the grace -of God, to Charles XII. &c.' The letter was dated from the æra of the +of God, to Charles XII. &c.' The letter was dated from the æra of the creation of the world.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -12873,7 +12834,7 @@ A title,<br /> Which, instead of adding to his glory,<br /> Became glorious by his wearing it.<br /> Let antiquity be dumb,<br /> -Nor boast her Alexander, or her Cæsar.<br /> +Nor boast her Alexander, or her Cæsar.<br /> How easy was victory<br /> To leaders who were followed by heroes!<br /> And whose soldiers felt a noble disdain<br /> @@ -13134,381 +13095,6 @@ them on his throne, and to defend him powerfully, <span class="u">toge-</span><b them on his throne, and to defend him powerfully, <span class="u">together</span></p> </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Peter the Great, -Emperor of Russia, by Voltaire - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PETER THE GREAT *** - -***** This file should be named 42540-h.htm or 42540-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/5/4/42540/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Paul Clark and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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